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Chapter

Introducing Park Facilities and

Novelties to Support Individual’s
Intention to (Re)Visit
Marija Opačak

Abstract

Many developed countries have recognized the importance of public parks in

sustainable development of cities as they help minimizing the negative impact of
urbanization. Developing countries, on the other hand, are facing problems such as
lack of public awareness and inadequate facilities for sports and social activities to
attract visitors to public parks, which positively affect the social and psychological
human well-being. Parks are venues that enable people of all age groups to engage in
different activities with family and friends and connect with nature. While plan-
ning a city development, policy makers should consider new findings in the area of
brownfield regeneration, to use the existing land more efficiently and ensure public
acceptance of the proposed projects. This chapter contains five sections. Section
1 gives an introduction to land use challenges faced by policy makers, brownfield
sites, and stimulus that motivate people to use public parks. In Section 2, the impor-
tance of urban parks to human health and key elements to achieve urban sustain-
ability are presented. Section 3 introduces novelty among park facilities. Section 4
gives an example of a landfill-to-park transformation. Section 5 summarizes policy
suggestions for decision makers to increase their focus on the importance of parks.

Keywords: greenery areas, physical health, environment, recreation, novel park

facilities

1. Introduction

Managing land represents a big challenge for city planners and policy makers,
for instance, in India [1, 2], Vietnam [3], Sri Lanka [4], Australia [5], Germany
[6], Japan [7], and South Africa [8]. Given the current course and future tendency
in increasingly dynamic urbanized areas that are facing the lack of buildable land,
the orientation is expected to shift towards the existing surfaces, which includes
brownfields. The definition of a brownfield is found in Public Law 107–118 (H.R.
2869): “The term ‘brownfield site’ means real property, the expansion, redevelop-
ment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence
of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Cleaning up and reinvesting
in these properties protects the environment, reduces blight, and takes development
pressures off greenspaces and working lands” [9].
According to the brownfield regeneration approach and urban planning devel-
opment, for instance, old landfills can be converted into useful sites at the end of

1
Outdoor Recreation - Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health

their functional life since landfills are conveniently located near major transporta-
tion routes and other major infrastructure in urban areas. In such a situation,
alternative landfill conversions are possible, including but not limited to building
parks, solar panels, residential buildings, malls, golf courses, dirt BMX bike tracks,
or combined development [10, 11].
According to the literature, policy makers are suggested to organize environ-
mental education programs [12] and make extensive improvements in facilities for
higher satisfaction of visitors [13]. Numerous examples demonstrate successful con-
versions of old landfills (Table 1) into recreational parks, such as Flushing Meadows
(New York, USA), Mt. Trashmore (Virginia, USA), Freshkills Park (New York,
USA), Cesar Chavez Park (Berkley, USA), Sai Tso Wan Recreation Ground (Hong
Kong), Pulau Semakau (Singapore), Port Sunlight River Park (Birkenhead, UK),
Hiriya Park (Tel-Aviv, Israel), and so forth. Thus, it seems that the option of building
recreational parks after closing old municipal landfills could prove to be a promising
measure, based on previous research literature on the redevelopment potentials of
landfills [14–17] and the making of urban green space strategies [18, 19].
It is very possible that in modern dense urban areas, former landfills may end
up being the only available, large, and open locations to build new public parks.

Landfill site Existing and proposed afteruse

Shuen Wan A 145-bay golf driving range has been opened for use by the public since April 1999. For
details, please click Golf Driving Range at Shuen Wan. The development of golf course
is being planned

Sai Tso Wan Sai Tso Wan Recreation Ground for soccer and baseball. For details, please click Sai Tso
Wan Recreation Ground
Gin Drinkers Bay The Hong Kong Jockey Club International BMX Park situated on the Gin Drinkers Bay
Landfill was opened in October 2009. For details, please click Hong Kong Jockey Club
International BMX Park. Another portion of the site has been allocated to the Hong
Kong Cricket Association for development of temporary cricket grounds
Jordan Valley Jordan Valley Park was opened to public in August 2010

The Park is featured with a radio-controlled model car racing circuit, horticultural
education center, community garden, children’s play areas, elderly exercise corner,
jogging track, etc. For details, please click Jordan Valley Park
Ngau Chi Wan Ngau Chi Wan Park was fully opened to public in Sept 2010 (its first phase opened in
Aug 2009). The Park is featured with archery field, jogging trail, elderly fitness corners,
children’s play areas, basketball court, etc. For details, please click Ngau Chi Wan Park

Ma Yau Tong Part of the site adjacent to the existing Lam Tin Park has been developed into a sitting-
Central out area in January 2011

Ma Yau Tong West Part of the site has been developed into a sitting-out area in September 2011

Tseung Kwan O Waterfront of the former Tseung Kwan O Stage I Landfill was developed into a cycle
Stage I track cum footpath and was opened to the public in June 2012
Tseung Kwan O In 2005, top platform of the former Tseung Kwan O Stage Stage II/III Landfill had been
Stage II/III developed into a model airplane training field for the Hong Kong Air Cadet Crops to
use during weekends and public holidays. It is now used as a training field of unmanned
aerial vehicle for land surveying
Pillar Point Valley Part of the site has been developed into a shooting range in July 2016

Ma Tso Lung For recreational use by Tung Wah Group of Hospitals

Siu Lang Shui Currently as green zone

Ngau Tam Mei Currently as green zone

Table 1.
Examples of alternative landfill reuse scenarios.

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Introducing Park Facilities and Novelties to Support Individual’s Intention to (Re)Visit
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93135

Their conversions present a great opportunity to correct the negative perception

of dumps and the incessant patterns of environmental injustice. There are around
500,000 landfills in Europe [20], with the number of landfill sites increasing
constantly. Therefore, they present a huge future potential, and their afteruse plan
should be taken into consideration.
Ten percent of the total waste generated in the European Union is municipal,
and 23% of the generated municipal solid waste was landfilled, a practice being
particularly popular in SE Europe [21]. Twelve countries landfill almost half of
their municipal waste: Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Croatia, Latvia, Slovakia,
Bulgaria, Spain, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Portugal. With new policies and
technologies, old landfills can be turned into beautiful sceneries, renewable energy,
and building materials. Burying rubbish and keeping it in the ground represent
environmental and financial cost. The land can be successfully reused, and waste
can be mined for metals used to create fuel for use in cars, homes, or industrial
plants. The problem of land reuse used to be technology, but now it is the lack of
knowledge, which created fear among the people. Landfill conversions are generally
unfavorably perceived, as many people are fearful that the local environment and
quality of life will be negatively affected. As this fear is based on emotional rather
than scientific information, research is expected to play a crucial role in educating
people to support land recovery projects in the future.
Since residential development cannot take place for longer period due to the
possibility of gas escaping (which is safe as long as they are not in confined spaces),
using the municipal waste landfill site for recreational purposes is recommended.
Parks as leisure services look for ways to differentiate themselves through the
creation of their physical surroundings to attract visitors and stimulate repeated
visitations. In order to succeed, regular refreshing of the facilities is required [22],
which represents a huge financial burden for park owners. Therefore, renewal
schemes based on objective rather than subjective assessments should be employed.
According to empirical results, the higher the level of shopping values, the stronger
their intention to revisit [23]. In that sense, it is suggested to introduce distinctive
attributes in new parks that will be recognized as improvements and thus stimulate
visitations. The conclusions of this chapter were based on the relevant literature key
components of the surroundings and how customers perceive it.

2. Urban parks

Urban parks are a valuable municipal source of and a key element for city sustain-
ability, as they are able to facilitate proper land resource allocation for citizens so
as to meet their recreational demands and play other social functions as well [24].
They are fundamental to social and psychological well-being of city residents [25].
It has been proven that staying in urban greenery areas, like parks and forests, has
positive and restorative effects on people’s mood, peacefulness, concentration,
and stress release [26–30]. Urban parks contribute to the beautification of the city
and have positive effects on environmental quality, including air freshness, carbon
sequestration, water purity, as well as biodiversity. They thus improve city dwellers’
overall quality of life in areas including physical health, social cohesion, tourism,
and consequently employment and revenues [18, 31–34]. Furthermore, green spaces
can act as leisure, sport, and recreational resources, reducing criminal and antisocial
behavior as well as cutting down on obesity, since such spaces encourage physical
fitness and exercise [35–38].
Parks as facility-driven leisure venues look for ways to differentiate themselves
through the creation of their physical surroundings. According to empirical results,

3
Outdoor Recreation - Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health

park visitors perceive physical surroundings as novel. The higher the level of shop-
ping values, the stronger their intention to revisit. In that sense, it is suggested to
introduce distinctive attributes in new recreational venues that will be recognized
as improvements and thus stimulate visitations (e.g., giant slide, graffiti, swings,
tree-lined path, BMX tracks, skate bowl).

2.1 Urban sustainability

Due to the global climate change, sustainable management became one of the
key elements to achieve urban sustainability. The most recent findings in the field
of waste management [39–45] were collected and summarized in a list of challenges
that policy makers should take into consideration:

• Technical integration and social acceptability are the critical aspects that
advance municipal solid waste (MSW) management.

• Novel technology to be implemented.

• Environmental educational programs, actions, and projects to boost virtuous

circle.

• Developing a culture of environmental protection.

• Integrated waste management has the best environmental impact.

• Zero-waste circular economy perception.

• Important role of waste pickers.

• Life cycle methods for decision-making improvement.

• Regulatory pressures to enhance smart waste management.

• Different locations/cities focus on different frameworks when dealing with

specific environmental concerns.

• Social issue discovered to be the main factor that reduces MSW management
sustainability.

The aforementioned challenges/suggestions were drawn from studies that dealt

with the concept of solid waste. The term “solid waste” implies all the waste which
excludes liquid residues and airborne emissions [46, 47]. Given the different loca-
tion of landfills around the world and the corresponding geoclimatic and techno-
logical characteristics, we acknowledge that a MSW management pattern to follow
does not exist. However, if similar conditions are met, policies can be replicated or
used as benchmarks.

3. Novelty among park facilities

To perceive a product as new, an observer has to experience a certain level of

change to his present knowledge. In that sense, radically new and incrementally
new can be distinguished, where the first one involves a revolutionary change
to present knowledge and the latter only a minor improvement or adjustment to

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Introducing Park Facilities and Novelties to Support Individual’s Intention to (Re)Visit
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93135

present knowledge [48]. When there is a perceptible difference between the old and
the new, the absolute threshold of newness occurs. For it to be evident, the initial
stimulus must be stronger than the subsequent one [49]. Recognizing the extent
to which novelty is incorporated within a service from the consumer point of view
can assist parks owners, investors, or administration avoid unsound assumptions,
especially in terms of how innovative the consumer perceives a product or a service
and, based on that, makes his decision. It is important to point out that the newness
and novelty arise from the observer or from products and services [50] that have to
hold a new dimension relative to previous or other products/services, for example,
a new roller coaster, a painted wall, or a new entrance gate.
In terms of atmospherics, the most commonly used model is Bitner’s services-
cape model with three dimensions of physical surroundings: ambient conditions,
space/function, and signs, symbols and artifacts [51]. However, in the case of
leisure “built environments” like parks, being renewable and visible are the neces-
sary components of physical surroundings [52]. Wakefield and Blodgett suggested
five dimensions to assess the impact of physical components of the servicescape
on consumer behavior in leisure environment (sport stadiums, recreation centers,
and theaters). They are as follows: facility esthetics, spatial layout and placement,
seating comfort, electronic equipment and display, and cleanliness. As suggested by
the same authors, (theme) park managers may consider regular renewals of physi-
cal surroundings by adjusting the esthetic of the facility and layout and placement
to intensify visitor perceptions of the quality of the physical surrounding.
To describe visitor perceptions of park physical surroundings, researchers of
consumption experiences commonly use the term “shopping values” [53], with
utilitarian and hedonic perspectives [54]. If a service has a utilitarian value, it is
essentially goal-oriented and functional, and the utilitarian value is determined
when the consumption need is realized, which stimulated the shopping in the first
place. Services with hedonic value, on the other hand, are more subjective and
personal, experiential, and symbolic, and they arouse fun and excitement [55].
The consumer can positively and negatively react to the surroundings. When
it comes to leisure service facilities, the consumer will experience greater satisfac-
tion when the surrounding aspects (e.g., decoration and architecture) convey
a higher esthetic sense. To measure the perception of the newness of physical
surroundings for repeat visitors, the physical surroundings should be perceptible,
have gone through renovation, and capable of renewal, and the novelty should be
visible [23].

4. Landfill-to-park transformation: An example of Jakuševec landfill

in Zagreb, Croatia

Croatia faced the issue of land reuse recently while considering closure and
transformation of Jakuševec-Prudinec landfill (hereinafter Jakuševec) in Zagreb
(Figure 1). The suggestions of land use alternatives for the particular site are related
to leisure services that encourage physical fitness and exercise [56].
The closure of Jakuševec was announced years ago and had been spurring on
residents’ dissatisfaction ever since, in particular, the dissatisfaction of residents
living in the immediate vicinity of the site. The management of the landfill, orches-
trated by a city-owned company named ZGOS Ltd., carried out landfill remediation
in 2003 and suggested December 31, 2018, as the starting date for waste disposal
cessation processes [57]. The Jakuševec landfill was established in 1965 and has
gradually led to significant negative environmental impacts on its surrounding
regions. Statistical surveys indicate that just up to the beginning of the 1990s, the

5
Outdoor Recreation - Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health

Figure 1.
Study site location and the layout of Zagreb. Source: Geoportal of the state geodetic Administration of the
Republic of Croatia, 2018.

landfill has occupied and polluted almost 1 million m3 of soil (soil material) and
seriously jeopardized the quality of groundwater intended for drinking [58]. The
groundwater pollution line has been spreading eastward, particularly in times of
changing hydrodynamic conditions in the aquifer, which further increases concern
among the citizens.
This is one of the seldom case studies in developing and small countries such as
Croatia that supports brownfield regeneration, a new sustainable urban develop-
ment planning method that functions by proposing a land use transformation based
on a nonmarket valuation (NMV) method. This study addresses several questions
based on a conducted survey, where the visitor’s intention to visit recreational
parks in the future is one of them. Similar to Kountouris, Nakic, and Sauer [59],
specific timing was used to collect data. According to Latinopoulos, Mallios, and
Latinopoulos [60], survey data may be considered as a form of public investment
at an early stage of planning, which is likely to improve the public acceptance of the
proposed projects. The suggestions made based on the research results should be
of interest to researchers and policy makers looking for a way to introduce parks to
be created from old landfills. It should be highlighted that this study effort is not
a common practice in this part of Europe, where people have a certain measure of
distrust and fear of certain types of government policies.
Based on public park visitation trends and tourism trends in the city of Zagreb
[61], as well as the data obtained by the contingent valuation method (CVM) survey
[56], the hypothetical recreational park atop the current landfill is expected to be
most visited by local citizens, domestic tourists, and foreign tourists, respectively.
As much as 96% of the respondents are willing to visit the park in the future. The
respondents’ gender ratio is 33:67 between males and females. The dominant age
group is 30–49 years (42.8%), whereas the other two age groups were distributed
evenly. 42% of respondents are single and 39% of respondents are married.
According to these study results, the majority of respondents hold a master’s or
higher university degree (62.4%). Only 8.9% hold a bachelor’s degree as the high-
est level of education, and 28.9% of respondents graduated from high school.
More than half of the respondents (54.2%) earn HRK5,000–10,000 every month,
which corresponds to the average of a net monthly salary in Croatia for September
2019—HRK6,418 [62]. 38.7% of respondents earn less than HRK5,000, and 7% of
respondents earn more than HRK10,000.
In regard to travel habits, 62% of respondents visit public parks monthly or
during holidays, whereas 22% of them go more frequently, on a weekly basis.

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Introducing Park Facilities and Novelties to Support Individual’s Intention to (Re)Visit
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93135

Their main means of transportation is personal vehicle (48%), followed by public

transportation (18.5%), bicycle (16.2%), and walking (14%). In the case of purpose
of visiting a park, 46.9% of respondents consider fresh air as the main purpose of
visit, and 13.7% say it is sightseeing, followed by 12.2% of respondents that report
natural resources (12.2%) as the main purpose of their visit. The respondents spend
HRK11.89 on average when visiting a park.
Two of the questions in the CVM survey were presented with pictures in color
for better understanding, as they were related to perceived experience with regard
to the status of the current landfill (Figure 2, Table 2). According to results, 49.4%
are moderately aware of the status of the area around the landfill, 13.3% have never
seen it, and 37.3% are well aware of it. When it comes to the respondents’ perceived
experience with respect to the landfill-park conversion, the majority cannot wait to
enjoy the new park (54.2%), 38.7% are more focused on the landfill being closed,
and only 7% welcome the project as they assume it will help in reducing the crowd
in other parks. In regard to desired conversion of Jakuševec landfill, 131 respondents
(48.3%) said that they would like to see a recreational park built, 78 respondents
(28.8%) prefer a theme park, and 50 respondents (18.5%) would like to see a forest,
whereas real estate land for commercial development and other was answered by 4
people (1.5%) for each of the categories.
The foregoing findings provide the following conclusions and suggestions for
this potential land use transformation from landfill to a city recreational park in the
city of Zagreb. First, converting the waste landfill site to a recreational park perhaps
is one of the best choices. This is aligned with the Spatial Plan of the City of Zagreb
and the concept Zagreb on Sava [63], which aims at redesigning the Sava river

Figure 2.
Visitor’s perceived experience.

7
Outdoor Recreation - Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health

Demographic variable Frequency %

Perceived experience with regard to the status of the area around Jakuševec
“Have never seen it” 36 13.3

“Moderately aware of it” 134 49.4

“I have seen it many times” 101 37.3

Perceived experience with regard to conversion of Jakuševec landfill to a recreational park
“Finally the landfill is closed” 105 38.7

“Less crowd in other parks” 19 7

“Cannot wait to enjoy the new park” 147 54.2

Table 2.
Perceived experience of visitors with regard to the status of Jakuševec landfill.

banks to be stretched from Slovenia to Croatia (Sisak) in order to best serve citizens’
recreational and leisure activities. Thus, it is foreseeable that the strategy of ceasing
the current landfill operations and converting it into a recreational park in Zagreb
seems to fit the city’s overall landscape design. Second, besides trees, flowers,
and other types of fauna and flora, it may be beneficial to add more products and
services to the park including to encourage park (re)visitations among different age
groups. Third, the performance of parks can be improved by using a combination of
newer physical surroundings together with promotional activities. Fourth, physical
surroundings or attributes that contribute to consumers’ perception and consump-
tion experience possess (i) utilitarian value, namely, goal-oriented, functional, and
instrumental, and (ii) hedonic value, related to the immediate personal satisfac-
tion gained from emotional benefits provided by consumption experience. Fifth,
newness and novelty can be influenced by different factors such as the time interval
between two visits, the duration of the trip, the periodicity of service usage, and
individual perceptual abilities. Finally, the study results contribute both theoreti-
cal and empirical literature credible solutions for efficient landfill conversions,
nonmarket resource management, waste management, environmental protection,
and novelties among park facilities and payment vehicles [64]. The model presented
here can be used as an example for any projects that require a cost–benefit analysis
of nonmarket valuation to alleviate policy development for the management of
public resources and financial sustainability at both local and national levels.

5. Policy suggestions

It is crucial to notice that only participation and awareness from the begin-
ning of a policy planning can end up in public acceptance [65]. After developing
a policy, an effective implementation has to take place. In order to reach its goal, a
policy-to-implementation process should include the following steps: constructing
operational rules and guidelines; organizing and allocating human and financial
resources effectively; applying monitoring system for all-level-policy and program
decisions; setting up a multi-directional feedback process for beneficiaries, imple-
menters, and policy makers; establishing follow-up mechanisms to ensure compli-
ance with policy; and introducing a policy implementation evaluation system. In
terms of environmental protection, new (or altering existing) environmental regu-
lations and control systems that will have an effect on the activities that are subject
to it should be developed. Therefore, it is critical to develop an overall strategy for
compliance and enforcement.

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Introducing Park Facilities and Novelties to Support Individual’s Intention to (Re)Visit
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93135

Several suggestions in terms of landfill-park conversions for decision makers

were derived:

• Landfills should be inexpensive to buy, free of charge, or supported by loans,

subsidies, or grants, as their conversion and maintenance costs are high.

• Different financial models should be created for different conversions.

• Conversion and maintenance costs can be shared by the former landfill owner
and the new owner.

• The closure and the new use of a site have to be well researched and planned
and supported by standard regulations issued by environmental protection
agencies to adequately address gas production and ground settlement issues.

• The municipality or other legal entities should assist these kinds of projects,
financially or in any other way that will make them a reality.

After developing a policy, an effective implementation has to take place in order

to successfully achieve intended results [66]. Policies require various inputs to
reach their goals [66]: clear implementation plans, strong leadership, cross-sectoral
stakeholder involvement, adequate resources, and effective monitoring systems. In
ideal circumstances, the following sequence would exist:

1. Policies would be translated into constructive operational rules and guidelines.

2. Resources, namely, human and financial, would be allocated and organized

efficiently.

3. Monitoring systems would be applied for all-level-policy and program

decisions.

4. A multi-directional feedback process would be established for beneficiaries,

implementers, and policy makers.

5. Follow-up mechanisms would be set up to ensure compliance with policy

guidelines (e.g., national monitoring board or sanctions for noncompliance).

6. Policy implementation evaluation system should be introduced.

Policy issues may appear throughout the entire policy-to-action continuum,

which is the reason why it is essential to understand the nature of policy implemen-
tation [67]. In that aspect, a key capability for policy makers is the ability to address
the barriers to policy implementation.

6. Conclusions

Sites such as landfills, decommissioned animal feedlots, and manufacturing

plants constitute a challenging problem faced by city management, especially
for regions and locations which have limited land areas to be utilized for such a
purpose. The challenges come from the constraints of the land space and from
finding proper land use alternatives after it becomes decommissioned. To ensure

9
Outdoor Recreation - Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health

an efficient utilization of land recovery find out the best land use alternatives, the
decision makers should make sure to assess the economic value to be potentially
accrued by the recovered resources or by the potential consumers who are directly
affected by the land recovery strategies. The Jakuševec landfill-park conversion sug-
gested in this chapter represents a great opportunity to become a relevant example
to similar scenarios in the future.
Urban parks are fundamental to social and psychological well-being of city
residents and a key component for city sustainability. While parks contribute to the
beautification of the city and have positive effects on environmental quality, spend-
ing time in parks has restorative effect on people’s mood and stress release. Based
on empirical results and relevant literature in key components of surroundings and
how customers perceive it [23, 51, 52, 68], several conclusions are drawn:

• Physical surroundings that are most commonly recognized to have an impact

on consumers’ perception of quality and behavioral intentions include special
layout and placement, ambient conditions, facility esthetics, cleanliness, and
electronic equipment and display.

• There is a significant impact of novel physical surroundings on revisitation

behaviors, and other studies report that relationship can be mediated by
hedonic shopping values and utilitarian shopping values.

• Park performance, in terms of consistent visitations, can be improved by

implementing a market positioning strategy, by investing in a combination
of promotional activities and newer physical surroundings.

• In the absence of close alternatives, visitors will search for any setting
associated with satisfying their needs for relaxation.

• To retain positioning, parks can implement an effective strategy of refreshing

the visitor experience on a regular basis.

• Newness and novelty can be influenced by different factors such as the time
interval between two visits, the duration of the trip, the periodicity of service
usage, and individual perceptual abilities.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the respondents who showed interest in this
study and interviewers who patiently filled out surveys.

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Introducing Park Facilities and Novelties to Support Individual’s Intention to (Re)Visit
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93135

Author details

Marija Opačak
Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, PR China

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

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Outdoor Recreation - Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health

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