22CCT324 1st Assignment schemes like the Saubhagya Yojana, aiming to provide electricity connections to

all households.
1] Discuss Energy Scenario under India conditions
Ans: The energy scenario in India has been dynamic, with It's important to check for the latest developments and policy changes
ongoing efforts to balance the growing demand for energy, environmental for the most up-to-date information on the energy scenario in India.
sustainability, and energy security. Please note that the situation may have
evolved since then. Here's an overview of the energy scenario in India: 2] Discuss Renewable and Non Renewable energy. Explain any one
1. Energy Mix: source for each. Ans: RENEWABLE ENERGY:
1. Renewable energy comes from natural sources
Fossil Fuels: Historically, India has heavily relied on fossil fuels, particularly that are constantly replenished, making them sustainable in the long run. These
coal, for its energy needs. Coal has been a major contributor to electricity sources have a minimal impact on the environment and contribute to reducing
generation. However, there has been a concerted effort to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. One notable example of renewable energy is solar
dependence on coal due to environmental concerns and the impact on air power.
quality. 2. Renewable Energy: India
has been making significant strides in promoting renewable energy sources. Solar Energy : Solar power harnesses energy from the sun to generate
Solar and wind energy, in particular, have seen substantial growth. The electricity or heat water. Photovoltaic (PV) cells, commonly known as solar
government has set ambitious targets for renewable energy capacity addition, panels, convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar thermal systems use
aiming to increase the share of renewable in the energy mix. sunlight to heat a fluid, which then produces steam to drive a turbine connected
2. Renewable Energy Initiatives: to a generator. Solar power is abundant, clean, and inexhaustible, making it a
1. Solar Power: India has emerged as one of the key player in the transition to more sustainable energy systems. Advances in
largest solar energy markets globally. The government launched various technology have also made solar panels more efficient and cost-effective,
schemes and incentives to promote solar power, including the National Solar increasing their widespread adoption.
Mission. Large solar parks and rooftop solar installations have been key
components of this strategy. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY:
2. Wind Power: Wind energy has been harnessed through both onshore and Non-renewable energy sources are finite and will eventually be depleted
offshore projects. India has been investing in wind power capacity, and several as they cannot be replaced on a human timescale. These sources are associated
states have favorable conditions for wind energy generation. with environmental concerns, including pollution and the release of greenhouse
3. Policy Initiatives: gases. One example of non-renewable energy is fossil fuels.
The Indian government has implemented
policies and initiatives to encourage clean energy adoption, such as the Goods Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are formed from the
and Services Tax (GST) reduction for solar modules, financial incentives, and remains of ancient plants and animals. They are extracted from the Earth and
subsidies. The Pradhan Mantri used as energy sources. When burned, fossil fuels release carbon dioxide (CO2)
Ujjwala Yojana aims to provide access to clean cooking fuel (LPG) to households, and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change and air
reducing dependence on traditional biomass and improving air quality. pollution. Additionally, the extraction and processing of fossil fuels can have
4. Challenges: detrimental environmental impacts, including habitat destruction and water
Challenges pollution. The finite nature of these resources and their environmental
include the intermittency of renewable sources, the need for energy storage consequences highlight the importance of transitioning to more sustainable and
solutions, and the modernization of the power grid to accommodate renewable energy sources.
decentralized renewable energy generation.
Balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability 3] Explain solar energy system along with its advantages and
remains a complex task, and India faces challenges in transitioning away from disadvantages Ans: Solar power in India is a fast developing
traditional, polluting energy sources. industry. The country's solar Installed capacity reached 20GW. One of the first
5. International Commitments: renewable sources of energy Sunlight it is the reason why light on the planet
India is a signatory to international Earth has flourished and is the one truly renewable source of energy. 70% of
agreements like the Paris Agreement, committing to reducing its carbon sunlight gets reflected back into the space 30% of sunlight to meet up energy
emissions and increasing the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. demands. They are first meet to solar heaters, whether it is industrial grade
6. Energy water heating simple heating to cook food, solar energy can be utilized quite
Access: easily, with the development of solar panels & photovoltaic cells.
Efforts are ongoing to improve energy access in rural areas through It can also be used to needed
create and store energy solar power homes, cars, and appliances are common
these days. As are solar farms that as becoming provide electricity to areas That 5] Explain the how coal based power generation is link to the building
are not on the grid. Solar energy con also be used for drying clothes. By plants energy. Ans: Coal-based power generation and building energy
in the process of photosynthesis and humans to keep their body warm during are linked in various ways, primarily through the generation of electricity and
winter season Advantages: the subsequent use of that electricity in buildings. Here's an explanation of how
1. Very pure form of energy. coal-based power generation is connected to building energy:
2. Sustainable [can be used for long time] 1. Electricity Generation:
3.Provide electricity to remote places. Coal is a significant source of energy for electricity generation. Power plants
Disadvantages: burn coal to produce steam, which drives turbines connected to generators,
1. Storage of huge quantity of energy is ultimately producing electricity.
difficult. 2. Costly equipments are 2. Electricity Transmission: The electricity generated at coal-fired power
required to collect solar energy. 3. High install plants is then transmitted through the electrical grid to reach different locations,
charges. 4. High including residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
maintenance cost. 3. Building Energy Consumption: Once the
5. Not available in rainy season electricity reaches buildings, it is used to power various appliances, lighting,
heating, cooling, and electronic devices. Therefore, the electricity generated
4] Explain the concept of energy conservation with examples. from coal directly influences the energy consumption in buildings. 4.
Ans: Energy conservation: Coal and other fossil fuels. Which have taken Impacts on Building Energy Efficiency: The reliance on coal-based power
Three million years to form are likely to deplete soon. In the last 200 years we can have implications for the overall energy efficiency of buildings. If the
have consumed 60% of all resources for sustainable development, we need to electricity used in buildings comes from coal-fired power plants, it may
adopt energy efficient measures. Today, 85% of primary energy comes from non contribute to higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution
renewable and fossil sources [coal, on, etc). These reserves are continually compared to electricity from cleaner sources. 5. Environmental
diminishing with increasing consumption and will not exist for future Impact: Coal-based power generation is associated with environmental
generations. What challenges, including air pollution and carbon dioxide emissions. The
is energy conservation: Energy conservation is achieved when growth of environmental impact of coal-fired electricity generation affects the overall
energy Consumption is reduced, measured in physical terms. Energy sustainability of the energy used in buildings.
conservation can therefore be the result of several processes or developments, 6. Renewable Energy Transition: Many
such as productivity Increase or technological progress energy efficiency regions are actively working to transition away from coal-based power toward
promoted promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy conservation cleaner and more sustainable sources of energy, such as renewable (solar, wind,
and is therefore an integral part of energy conservation promotional policies. hydro). This transition has the potential to reduce the environmental impact of
Need for Energy building energy consumption. 7. Energy Policies
conservation: 1. Energy and Regulations: Government policies and regulations play a crucial role in
efficiency saves you money shaping the energy landscape. Policies that encourage the use of cleaner energy
a] Buying ENERGY STAR appliances saves 30%. of electricity bill. sources and promote energy efficiency in buildings can influence the link
b]Replacing incandescent light bulbs CFL4 LED bulbs saves Upto between coal-based power generation and building energy.
30-80% Power c] Taking daily, energy efficient action. 8. Technological Advances: Advances in technology, such as
2. Energy efficiency improves the economy. smart grids and energy storage systems, can enhance the efficiency of energy
a] Saving billions transmission and consumption in buildings. These technologies can contribute to
b] Creating Jobs energy efficient projects, Improvements more sustainable and resilient energy systems
& Infrastructure repairs. 3. Energy efficiency is good for the
environment. a] Saving energy resource 6] Explain the concept of energy efficiency
b] Avoiding Pollution Ans: Energy efficiency concept:
4. Energy efficiency improves The energy efficiency of a building is the extent
national security a] Enhancing energy to which the energy consumption per square meter [m²] or floor area of the
independence - save energy for future generation to use. b] Saving building measures up to established energy consumption benchmarks for That
money for defense. c] Keeping our troops safe 5. particular type of building under defined climatic Conditions values for building
Energy efficiency enhances quality of life. energy consumption BM are representative common building types against
a] More comfortable b] More productivity which a buildings actual performance can be compared.
c] More accessible Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency is the
goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services
there are many motivations to improve energy efficiency reducing energy we energy security by diversifying the energy mix. Incorporating renewable energy
reduces energy casts & may result in a financial cast saving to consumers it the technologies in buildings, such as solar panels and wind turbines, contributes to
energy saving onset any additional casts of Implementing an energy efficient a more resilient and secure energy infrastructure.
technology. Reducing energy use is also seen as a solution to the problem of Occupant Comfort and Productivity: Energy
reducing greenhouse gas emission. According to The energy efficiency in use directly impacts the comfort and productivity of building occupants. Proper
International energy agency, improved buildings, Industry processes and heating, cooling, and lighting contribute to a comfortable indoor environment,
transportation could reduce the world’s energy needs in 2050 by one third, and fostering well-being and productivity. Smart building technologies can optimize
help control global emissions of greenhouse gases energy use while maintaining occupant comfort. Regulatory
1] Energy efficiency in street lighting in India's: Compliance: Many regions have implemented building codes and energy
a. Energy efficiency street Lights identified 9 states for efficiency standards to promote sustainable construction and reduce energy
street Lighting projects till date. b. Replacement of old inefficient street consumption. Complying with these regulations is essential for ensuring the
Lights by LED based efficient street lighting system. c. Estimated reduction of environmental performance and sustainability of buildings.
1400MW avoided capacity by these projects. 2] Target for Urban Planning and Sustainability:
LED bulb replacement is: a. 30 Sustainable urban development relies on energy-efficient buildings. Efficient
million for 2015 b. 150 buildings contribute to the overall sustainability of cities and communities,
million for 2016 c. 500 helping meet environmental goals, reduce pollution, and create healthier living
million for 2017-2020. 3] environments.
Target for LED street light replacement:
a. 6 million street lights in & municipalities in 2015 8] Explain application of solar energy in building design.
b. 15 million streetlights in 100 cities in 2016 Ans: Building energy needs and available solar
c. 30million streetlights in 2017 - 2020 period technologies: Solar energy, in its active passive forms,
4] Energy efficiency for Buildings: is able to deliver the entire set of building energy needs
a. Energy monitoring Space heating & Cooling
b. Energy modeling lighting Domestic hot water
c. Energy efficient Electricity
materials & technologies Space cooling also.

7] Explain the importance of energy use in buildings.

Ans: The importance of energy use in buildings stems from several key
factors, as buildings play a significant role in shaping energy consumption
patterns and overall sustainability. Here are some reasons highlighting the
importance of energy use in buildings: Environmental Impact: Buildings
contribute to a substantial portion of global energy consumption and
greenhouse gas emissions. The energy used in buildings, especially for heating,
cooling, lighting, and appliances, has a direct impact on the environment.
Reducing energy use in buildings is crucial for mitigating climate change and
minimizing ecological footprints.
Resource Conservation: Efficient energy use in Different solar technologies covering different building energy needy :
buildings helps conserve valuable natural resources, including fossil fuels and 1. Domestic hot water can be produced using active solar
water. By adopting energy-efficient technologies and practices, buildings can thermal collectors. 2. Space heating can be easily provided by The
contribute to resource conservation and reduce the depletion of non-renewable direct passive solar gains heating The building through the windows. the needed
resources. heat con also be provided indirectly, by using active solar thermal collectors.
Economic Benefits: Improving energy efficiency in buildings can lead to 3. Electricity for appliances can
significant cost savings for occupants and owners. Energy-efficient buildings be produced by photovoltaic modules 4. Space lighting should
generally have lower utility bills, and investments in energy-saving measures be provided as far as possible by using passive sun light photovoltaic modules
often result in long-term financial benefits. This is especially important for can then provide what is needed for electric lighting. 5. Space cooling
homeowners, businesses, and governments looking to manage energy costs can be greatly supported by appropriate passive night ventilation. Recently
effectively. Energy solar thermal systems able to transform solar heat into cold have been
Security: Reducing dependence on non-renewable energy sources enhances developed helping deliver building cooing needs.
9] Explain types of radiation and their application. droughts, and heavy precipitation events. While individual events cannot
Ans: be directly attributed to climate change, the overall pattern aligns with
the expected impacts of a warming climate.
10] Explain the concept of zero energy building 6. Changes in Atmospheric Circulation: Observations and modeling
Ans: Zero Energy building: A zero energy building, also known as studies show changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, including
zero net energy building. Zero energy building is a building with zero energy shifts in jet streams and alterations in weather systems. These changes
consumption. means the total amount of energy used by the building on an can lead to regional variations in climate, affecting weather patterns and
annual basis. is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy precipitation.
created on the site. Most 7. Arctic Amplification: The Arctic region is experiencing temperature
zero net energy building get half or more of their energy from the grid and increases at a rate about twice as fast as the global average. This
return The same amount @ other items. Buildings that produce a surplus of phenomenon, known as Arctic amplification, has widespread
energy over the year may call “energy plus building” and buildings That implications, including the melting of sea ice, permafrost thawing, and
consume slightly more energy Than they produce are Called ultra low near-zero changes in ecosystems.
houses Most zero energy buildings we the electrical grid 8. Carbon Dioxide Concentrations: Atmospheric concentrations of
for energy storage. but some are Independent of the grid. Energy is usually greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), have increased
harvested on site through energy producing technologies like solar and wind significantly since the pre-industrial era. The burning of fossil fuels,
while reducing The overall use of energy with highly efficient HVAC [Heat deforestation, and industrial processes are major contributors to this rise
ventilation air condition] and lighting technologies. The zero energy goal is in greenhouse gas levels.
becoming more practical as the costs of alternative energy technologies 9. Paleoclimate Evidence: Examination of ice cores, tree rings, and other
decreases and the costs of traditional fossil fuel increase. geological records provides a historical perspective on past climate
conditions. These records show a correlation between increased
11] Explain the current evidences for global climate change greenhouse gas concentrations and periods of global warming in Earth's
Ans: The scientific consensus on global climate change is based history.
on a robust body of evidence gathered from various sources, including direct
observations, measurements, and analyses of climate data. Here are some key
pieces of evidence supporting the reality of global climate change: 12] Explain the concept of building orientation with reference to the
energy savings in buildings
1. Temperature Records: Global surface temperatures have been Ans: Building orientation refers to the alignment of a building in
systematically recorded for over a century. The instrumental relation to its surroundings, particularly with respect to the cardinal directions
temperature record shows a clear warming trend over the past several (north, south, east, and west). The proper orientation of a building can have a
decades. Both surface air temperatures and sea surface temperatures significant impact on energy efficiency and the overall environmental
have increased, with many of the warmest years on record occurring in performance of the structure. Here's how building orientation affects energy
recent years. savings: 1] Passive
2. Glacial Retreat and Ice Melt: Glaciers and ice sheets worldwide are Solar Heating: Proper building orientation takes advantage of passive solar
experiencing widespread retreat and shrinkage. This includes the heating, where a building maximizes its exposure to the sun during the winter
melting of ice in polar regions, such as the Arctic and Antarctic, as well months. By positioning the main living areas and windows on the south side, a
as the retreat of mountain glaciers. The loss of ice contributes to rising building can capture more sunlight, reducing the need for artificial heating. This
sea levels. design approach helps in energy savings by utilizing solar energy for space
3. Sea Level Rise: Global sea levels have risen over the last century, heating. 2] Reduced Cooling Load: In hot
primarily due to the thermal expansion of seawater as it warms and the climates, proper building orientation can help reduce the cooling load by
melting of glaciers and ice caps. Recent satellite measurements also minimizing direct exposure to the sun during peak sunlight hours. This involves
show an acceleration in the rate of sea level rise. placing windows, especially larger ones, on the north and south sides of the
4. Ocean Warming: Oceans act as a significant sink for excess heat in the building while minimizing east and west-facing openings. Shading elements like
Earth's climate system. Observations indicate that the upper layers of eaves, overhangs, or external louvers can further prevent excessive solar heat
the world's oceans have been warming over the past several decades. gain. 3] Day lighting: Building orientation plays a crucial role in
This warming contributes to changes in marine ecosystems, including maximizing natural daylight penetration into interior spaces. By aligning the
coral bleaching events. longer sides of a building along the east-west axis, more rooms can benefit from
5. Extreme Weather Events: There is an increasing frequency and daylight, reducing the need for artificial lighting during the day. This day lighting
intensity of extreme weather events, including heat waves, hurricanes, strategy contributes to energy savings by lowering electricity usage for lighting.
 4] Solar Panel
Placement: For buildings incorporating solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, proper
orientation is essential to maximize solar energy capture. Ideally, the roof or
other surfaces with solar panels should face south in the northern hemisphere
and north in the southern hemisphere, optimizing exposure to sunlight and
improving the overall energy efficiency of the renewable energy system.
5] Wind Exposure: Building
orientation also considers prevailing wind patterns. By aligning the building to
minimize wind exposure on the windward side and maximize wind access on the
leeward side, natural ventilation can be optimized. This reduces the reliance on
mechanical ventilation systems, contributing to energy savings.
6] Seasonal Considerations: The building's orientation should consider the
seasonal variations in the sun's path. Designing for both winter and summer
conditions allows for the optimization of passive solar heating in colder months
and the reduction of solar heat gain in warmer months.
7] Site-Specific Factors: Site-specific factors
such as local climate, topography, and surrounding buildings should be taken
into account when determining the optimal building orientation. This ensures
that the design is responsive to the specific conditions of the location, enhancing
energy efficiency and comfort