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Organic fertilizer of coffee peel with PUMAKKAL starter formula for
sustainable plantation cultivation
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Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1796 (2021) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012038
Organic fertilizer of coffee peel with PUMAKKAL starter
formula for sustainable plantation cultivation
Eva Yenani1, Handoko Santoso1, Agus Sutanto1, Muhfahroyin1
1
Postgraduate Program at Muhammadiyah Metro University, Lampung, Indonesia
Abstract. Coffee is a strategic commodity that generates promising foreign exchange, where
Lampung is the main coffee production centre which continues to increase its production, and
more than 80% of it is smallholder coffee. Between 40% and 55% of coffee, production is coffee
husk waste, which has not been optimally utilized. Previous research showed that pineapple
liquid waste indigen bacteria (Pumakkal) were able to increase acidity and decompose waste
organic matter, and the final result was a suitable fertilizer for plant cultivation. This research
will solve the problem of coffee husk waste used as compost by utilizing a starter from the
previously tested pineapple liquid waste bacteria (Pumakkal). The research was conducted with
the first stage of making coffee skin compost with a starter formula of KA (3 bacteria), KB (6
bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12 bacteria) and KE (15 bacteria), the second stage was to test
the quality of the coffee husk compost organic fertilizer followed by a pilot plan application
using the best formula. The application uses spinach and chilli plants. The result shows that KC
is a model the most appropriate coffee skin compost starter formula.
Keywords: Coffee skin, compost, pumakkal
1. Introduction
The problem of unused coffee husk waste has a negative impact due to the high C / N ratio. The amount
of coffee husk waste ranges from 50-60% of the harvest. If the coffee produced is around 500-600 kg/ha,
then 300-360 kg is coffee waste. Coffee peel waste consist of lignocellulose containing hemicellulose
and other chemical compounds [1]. So far, coffee husk waste has not been processed in the factory
because only coffee beans are used, which are then turned into instant coffee powder [2]. Coffee shell
or what is called Parchmenthull (endocarp) is used for animal feed, and coffee pod skins are allowed to
accumulate around the plantation area [3]. Its composition consists of 57.9% cellulose, 21.63%
hemicelluloce, 5.21% lignin, 2.28% pectin and inhibitor substance such as 0.86% caffeine, 4.81%
tannins, 3.48% polyphenol [4]. According to Paerl H W et al., the skin of the coffee fruit horn contains
1.27% nitrogen (N), 0.06% phosphorus (P) and 2.46% potassium (K).
The use of coffee bean husks as a raw material in composting will provide multiple benefits. Coffee
pulp solids contain only one fifth of the nutrients taken out of the soil by export of the green bean.
However, it is a good source of humus and organic soil carbon [5]. Mixture of coffee husk, animal
manures and phosphate rock was fermented by two anaerobic and aerobic methods. The compost can
be used for soil application after 6 months of composting. The quality of the compost was improved in
comparision with before that [6]. Coffee peels also contain higher levels of N, P and K so they can be
used as an alternative to using fertilizers. The C-organic content of the coffee fruit skin was 45.3%,
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1796 (2021) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012038
nitrogen content was 2.98%, phosphorus 0.18% and potassium was 2.26% and also contained elements
of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn [7]. In addition, other data shows that the Corganic content of coffee fruit
skin waste is 10.80%, the nitrogen content is 4.73%, phosphorus is 0.21%, and potassium is 2.89% [8].
The quality of compost depends on fermentation by microbes to break down organic matter.
A consortium is defined as several species or populations of microorganisms functioning in a co-
ordinated, complementary fashion, so that production, growth and nutrient cycling are enhanced over
what a single species or population can achieve alone under similar environmental conditions [9].
Concordia is a mixture of bacterial populations in the form of communities that have the potential to be
used in the waste treatment process. The waste processing process will be easier with the activity of
microorganisms which will break down the substances in the waste into simpler ones. The bacterial
consortia used in this study was the pineapple liquid waste (Pumakkal) indigenous bacteria consortium.
Pineapple Liquid Waste Indigenous bacteria (Pumakkal), are bacteria that have the potential to act as
decomposers and can be used as a starter in waste recovery called Pumakkal. Variation treatment
grouped into five treatments, namely starter KA (3 bacteria), KB (6 bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12
bacteria) and KE (15 bacteria). KA and KB has 5 types of potential bacteria, namely Bacillus cereus and
Bacillus subtilis. KC and KD have ten types of bacteria which are bacteria, namely Bacillus careus,
Acinobacter baumanni, and Bacillus subtilis. KE has 15 types of potential bacteria, namely Bacillus
careus, Acinobacter baumani, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Bacillus careus
bacteria, Acinobacter baumani have the ability to degrade organic acids, then Bacillus subtillis bacteria,
and Pseudomonas pseudomallei have the ability to degrade other than organic acids [2]. The purpose of
this research is to know the effect of variations in the addition of organic waste to composting coffee
skin using pumakkal on the quality of compost. To find out what variations in the addition of organic
waste have the best effect on composting coffee husks using pumakkal on the quality of compost.
2. Methods
The research used experimental methods of the variation of Pumakkal bacterial consortia in making
coffee husk compost. The research design used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five
treatments, one control and five repetitions. Consortium of LCN bacteria used C3 (3 bacteria), C6 (6
bacteria), C9 (9 bacteria), C12 (12 bacteria) and C15 (15 bacteria). Compost is fermented for one month
then analyzed the content of carbon (C), C/N ratio, levels of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and potassium
(K), pH at the Chemical Laboratory of the Muhammadiyah University of Malang. The data were
analyzed quantitatively using the Kruskal Wallis Non-Parametric Anava test.
3. Results and Discussion
Research result Organic Coffee Skin Fertilizer with Starter Formula Indigenous Bacteria Pineapple
Liquid Waste (Pumakkal) for Sustainable Plantation Cultivation is presented as follows.
3.1. Level C Organic
The results of testing the levels of C-organic in the organic fertilizer of the coffee husk are five
treatments, namely control (KO), KA (3 bacteria), KB (6 bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12 bacteria)
and KE (15 bacteria) after fermentation. They are presented in Figure 1.
2
Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1796 (2021) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012038
45
40
40
35 31 30 30 31
27
Percentage
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
KO KA KB KC KD KE
Kind of Concorsia
Figure 1. Graph of Average Carbon Content, (C)coffee skin organic
fertilizer
Figure 1 shows that the lowest C-organic content is in the organic fertilizer of KC treatment coffee
husk, namely 27% (p <0.05). The low levels of C-organic are due to the use of Pumakkal as a starter for
decomposer microorganisms, among other bacillus cereus and able Bacillus subtilis break down organic
compounds such as carbohydrates and proteins during the fermentation process into simpler compounds
that can be utilized by plants. Organic C is contained in the soil organic fraction, which consists of the
cells of microorganisms, plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition, stable "humus"
synthesized from residues, and highly carbonized compounds such as charcoal, graphite and coal
(elemental forms of C) [10]. These microorganisms use carbon as an energy source in decomposing
organic matter during the fermentation process [2]. During the fermentation or composting process,
organic materials undergo severe decomposition by heterotrophic microorganisms, namely bacteria,
fungi, actinomycetes and protozoa where carbon is a source of energy for microorganisms and can be
seen from the following reactions [3] :
𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑐
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑡𝑠 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑁𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑠 + 𝐸
Then followed by an anaerobic process which takes place gradually. The first stage, several types of
facultative bacteria will break down organic material into fatty acids. He was then followed by the
second stage, where another group of microbes will convert fatty acids into ammonia, methane, carbon
dioxide and hydrogen. The heat generated in the anaerobic process is lower than that of aerobes. The
following is a reaction that occurs under anaerobic conditions. With the following reaction:
𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 → 𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑁𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑠
The mixed microbial populations present in the coffee pulp were able to carry out a complete
oxidation of such carbon sources and to transform them into CO2 and other small molecular-weight
carbon compounds, as reflected by the sharp decrease in organic carbon observed during the first 14
days [7]. Maximum 32% C-organic, so the carbon content in all treatments in this study meets the
standard.
3.2. Nitrogen (N) Levels
The results of testing Nitrogen levels in the organic fertilizer of coffee husks in three treatments, namely
control (KO), KA (3 bacteria), KB (6 bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12 bacteria) and KE (15 bacteria)
after fermentation are presented in Figure 2.
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Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1796 (2021) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012038
1,0 0,9
0,8 0,7 0,7
Percentage
0,6 0,5
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,0
KO KA KB KC KD KE
Kind of Concorsia
Figure 2. Graph of Average Nitrogen (N) Contentcoffee
skin organic fertilizer.
Figure 2 shows that nitrogen levels in the KA, KB and KC, KD and Ke treatments increased
significantly, with significant differences (p <0.05) and the best KC. This is thought to be due to the use
of Pumakkal and the waste containing protein. From these data, it can be seen that the highest nitrogen
content is in the KC treatment, which is 0.90%. The increase in nitrogen levels is thought to be caused
by the breakdown of organic matter by bacteria acinetobacter baumanni as nitrifying bacteria which
convert ammonia to nitrate at the end of the fermentation process. Ammonium is returned to the
environment when organisms die, and its fate (and the variety of subsequent forms of nitrogen) depends
on whether the local environment contains oxygen [11]. In addition, microorganisms also contribute a
number of single-cell proteins which are obtained during the fermentation process. After the
decomposition process is complete, nitrogen will be released again as one of the components contained
in the compost. Bacteria have the ability to increase the efficiency of N-use in the soil. The bacteria uses
free nitrogen for protein cell synthesis in which the protein will undergo mineralization in the soil after
the bacteria have died [12]. Various types of nutrients, especially N as a result of the description, will
be bound in the microorganism's body and will return after the microorganisms have died [9]. Here is a
reaction to nitrogen formation, according to [13]:
𝑂𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑 → 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 (𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑠 → 𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑎 (𝑁𝐻3 ) + 𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑚 (𝑁𝐻4 )
Ammonia Nitrification Reaction by Nitrosomonas and Nitrcoccus nitrate bacteria. Nitrogen is an
element needed by plants in vegetative growth and protein formation, and if the plant is deficient in
nitrogen it will cause the plant to become stunted, leaves turn yellow and fall, and limited root growth.
The nitrogen content contained in the coffee husk compost with the Pumakkal starter treatment has met
internal standards according to [14] i.e. at least 2% (N, P, K).
3.3. C/N ratio
The results of the calculation of the C / N ratio of the coffee husk organic fertilizer in five treatments,
namely control (KO), KA (3 bacteria), KB (6 bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12 bacteria) and KE (15
bacteria) after fermented is shown in Figure 3.
50,00 45,00
Average of C/N
40,00
30,00 20,00 18,00
20,00
8,00 8,20 8,40
10,00
0,00
KO KA KB KC KD KE
Kind of Concorsia
Figure 3. Graph of Average C / Norganic coffee skin.
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Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1796 (2021) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012038
The results of the analysis showed that there were significant differences and had a significant effect
(p <0.05), the best nine bacteria consortia treatment. The role of organic carbon and inorganic nitrogen
for cell synthesis, growth and metabolism in all living organisms, is critical. For proper nutrition, carbon
and nitrogen must be present in the substrate at the correct ratio [15]. The C/N ratio is the ratio of the
mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in a substance. New organic material has a C/N ratio higher than
the C/N ratio after the composting process. This means that composting is an effort to reduce the C/N
ratio of organic matter so that it has a C/N ratio that can be absorbed by plants. Each organic material
has a different C/N ratio. In the late study, Increase in wastewater C:N ratio increased both microbial
biomass and carbohydrate (acid minus water-extractable), which was accompanied with a decrease in
hydraulic conductivity [16] . The higher the C/N ratio of a material, the longer its decomposition time
will be. Organic matter that can be absorbed by plants is the organic matter with a C/N ratio close to the
C/N ratio of the soil, which is around 12-15 and the temperature is almost the same as the ambient
temperature. C/N ratio contained in the compost of shrimp pond sediment with Pumakkal starter
treatment ranging from 8-10, it has met internal standards [14] which is less or equal to 25.
3.4. Content of Phosphor (P)
The results of the research on phosphorus content (P) inorganic fertilizer from coffee peels in three
treatments, namely control (KO), KA (3 bacteria), KB (6 bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12 bacteria)
and KE (15 bacteria) after fermentation is presented in Figure 4.
700,00 650,00 640,00 650,00
Average of Phospor (P)
600,00 550,00
500,00 450,00
mg/100 gr
400,00 300,00
300,00
200,00
100,00
0,00
KO KA KB KC KD KE
Kind of Concorsia
Figure 4. Graph of Average Phosphor Content (P)coffee skin organic
fertilizer.
Figure 4. shows that coffee skin organic fertilizer in treatment A, B and C there was an increase
Phospor and breal difference (p, 0.05). Based on [14] that is at least 2% is a combination of N, P and K,
treatment C is 0.65%. Although the fermentation process has been running optimally due to the
Pumakkal starter [17].There is an increase in several types of nutrients by microorganisms, especially
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These nutrients can be returned through weathering the remains
of living things when these microorganisms die. In soils, concentrations of available P in soil solution
are typically low (<0,01 to 1 mg L- in highly fertile soil) due to comparatively low content of pin the
parent material, but also due to high reactivity of Pi that result in strong retention by soil’s mineral
matrix. This has led to microorganisms developing a wide range of strategies to enhance P availability
in soil [18]. Among the phosphate solubilizing microbes, strains from the bacterial genera Pseudomonas,
Bacillus and Rhizobium and fungi such as Pencillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Helminthosparium,
Alternaria etc. are the most powerful phosphate solubilizers [19]. Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes,
algae such as cyanobacteria and mycorrhiza have also been reported to show P solubilization activity.
The existence of soil fauna activity makes it easier for microorganisms to utilize organic matter so that
the mineralization process runs faster and the supply of nutrients for plants is better [13]. Plants use
phosphorus to accelerate root growth, accelerate flower formation and accelerate fruit ripening and
increase grain production.
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Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1796 (2021) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012038
3.5. Content of Calcium (Ca)
The results of the research on the content of Calcium (Ca) in organic fertilizer from the coffee peel in
three treatments, namely control (KO), KA (3 bacteria), KB (6 bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12
bacteria) and KE (15 bacteria) after fermented is shown in Figure 5.
Average of Calsium (Ca) 600,00 530,00 525,00 530,00
475,00
500,00 400,00
400,00 300,00
mg/100 gr
300,00
200,00
100,00
0,00
KO KA KB KC KD KE
Kind of Concorsia
Figure 5. Graph of Average Calcium (Ca) Contentcoffee skin
organic fertilizer
Figure 5 shows that the coffee husk organic fertilizer on treatment A, B and C has an increase in
calcium and is significantly different (p <0.05). Calcium have the main role for plant calcium thus has
to be considered in relation to three growth mechanisms: the mitoses in the apical meristem, the initiation
of the cell elongation, determining the rate of cell elongation, and the factor limiting the duration of
elongation [20]. And so the calcium ion is now firmly estabilished as a second messenger in numerous
plant signaling pathways, conveying a wide range of environmental and developemental stimuli to
appropriate physiological responses [21]. The results of the research all met these criteria, and the
highest was in the KC treatment, namely 0.53%. Giving KC starter with nine isolates resulted in the best
digestion due to the potential microbial content to break down organic matter. Microbes that play a role
in dissolving phosphate and calcium are bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Among the bacteria groups:
Bacillus firmus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. polymixa, B. megatherium, Arthrobacter,
Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus and Mycobacterium. Pseudomonas is a
genus of the Pseudomonadaceae family. These bacteria are chemoorganotrophic aerobic bacteria, in the
form of straight or curved rods, the size of each bacterial cell is 0.5-0.1 1μm x 1.5- 4.0 μm, does not
form spores and reacts negatively to Gram stain. In the soil, the amount is 3-15% of the bacterial
population. Pseudomonas is divided into groups, among which are the sub-group fluorescent
(Fluorescent) which can secrete the pigment phenazine.
3.6. Kalium (K) Content
The results of the research on the content of Kalium (K) inorganic fertilizer from coffee peels in three
treatments, namely control (KO), KA (3 bacteria), KB (6 bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12 bacteria)
and KE (15 bacteria) after fermentation is presented in Figure 6.
600.000
471.386 478.506 478.030 474.333
Average of Kalium K (
500.000
374.799
400.000
mg/100 gr
259.109
300.000
200.000
100.000
0
KO KA KB KC KD KE
Kind of Concorsia
Figure 6.Graph of Average Potassium Content (K) coffee skin
organic fertilizer.
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Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1796 (2021) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012038
Kalium is needed by plants to regulate the mechanism of photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and the
opening of stomata and the supply of carbon dioxide. If there is a lack of potassium in the plant, it can
cause the leaf segments to shorten, the edges of the leaves are brown, and the plant cannot grow [22].
The results of testing the levels of potassium in the organic fertilizer of the coffee peel of the five
treatments significantly different (p <0.05). The increase in potassium levels in the highest KC treatment
was due to the decomposition process carried out by decomposer microorganisms from Pumakkal. This
is reinforced by [13]. There is an increase in several types of nutrients by microorganisms, especially
nitrogen, phosphorus, and kalium. These nutrients can be returned through the decay of the remains of
living things when these microorganisms die.
Result analysis of the kalium has been done obtained a potassium content of 0.478%. The results
obtained have met the standards based on[23]amounting to at least 0.20%. The presence of potassium
in the compost is because a lot of potassium comes from organic matter. Organic materials can increase
the cation exchange capacity, and this is related to the negative charges that come from the group-COOH
and OH which dissociate to form COO- and H + and O- + H +.
3.7. Degree of Acidity (pH)
The results of the study of the degree of acidity (pH) in the organic fertilizer of coffee husks in five
treatments, namely control (KO), KA (3 bacteria), KB (6 bacteria), KC (9 bacteria), KD (12 bacteria)
and KE (15 bacteria) after fermentation is presented in Figure 6.
7,4
7,2
Average
7
6,8
6,6
6,4
6,2
KO KA KB KC KD KE
Kind of Concorsia
Figure 6. Graph of Averagedegree of acidity (pH)
fertilizer organic coffee skin
Figure 6. shows that the liquid organic fertilizer treated using the Pumakkal bioremediation
experienced an increase in pH, the highest in the KC and KE treatments, namely pH 7.2. The results
obtained have met the standards based on Canfield D E et al., which is equal to 6.80-7.49. The change
in pH to neutral is due to an acid-base reaction that is formed between the Pumakkal bio activators when
they experience decay during the fermentation process with the following reaction:
𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐻 + + 𝑂𝐻 −
In general, nutrients will be easily absorbed by plants at a pH of 6-7, because at that pH most of the
nutrients will dissolve easily in water. The pH degree in the soil also indicates the presence of elements
that are toxic to plants [24]. The Pumakkal bio activator contains bacteria Acinetobacter baumanni and
Pseudomonas pseudmallei, which has the ability to decompose organic acids in waste [25]. The effect
on pH in fertilizers is very important in determining the absorption of nutrient ions by plants. If fertilizer
is applied and causes the soil to become acidic, there will be many elements of aluminium (Al) which
can poison plants and bind phosphorus so that it cannot be absorbed by plants, while in alkaline
conditions there will be many elements of Na (sodium) and Mo (Molybdenum) which can poison plant.
The pH conditions also determine the development of microorganisms, at a pH of 5.5 - 7 fungi and
bacteria that decompose organic matter will grow well [23]. Pumakkal as a bio activator is able to
decompose shrimp pond sediment into compost that meets the criteria of the content of C, N, C/N, P.
Ca, K and pH.
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Young Scholar Symposium on Science Education and Environment (YSSSEE) 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1796 (2021) 012038 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1796/1/012038
4. Conclusion
The research conclusions are the pumakkal pineapple liquid waste bioremediator is able to degrade
fertilizer organic coffee skin from the parameters of activated carbon, C / N ratio, Nitrogen, Calcium,
Kalium and the degree of acidity (pH). The most effective treatment was Konsorsia C (9 isolates) with
the best average yield. Treatment of the Consortium C (KC) yielded 6% organic C yield, for a C / N
ratio of 6.9; Nitrogen (N) 8%, Pospor 650 mg / 100g,kadar Kalium treatment 478.506 mg / 100g, levels
of Calcium (Ca) amounting to 530 mg / 100g and pH 7.2. The results of bioremediation of shrimp pond
sediment are suitable for compost according to Minister of Agriculture Regulation No.261 / KPTS /
SR.310 / M / 4/2019 concerning Minimum Technical Requirements for Organic Fertilizers, Biological
Fertilizers and Soil Improvement and Specifications for compost from domestic organic waste SNI 19-
7030-2004.
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