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Chapter-11: Social Sector - Extending Reach
and Driving Empowerment
INDEX

Trend in Social Services Expenditure (SSE) ...................................................................... 2

Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2023-24 ..................................................... 3
Evidence on the distribution of benefits from the PDS ........................................................... 3
The PDS/PMGKAY rations improve welfare ............................................................................ 4
Primary Survey ...................................................................................................................... 4
EDUCATION: TREADING NEW PATHWAYS ........................................................................ 5
School education ................................................................................................................... 5
National Framework for Early Childhood Stimulation, Navchetana ......................................... 5
National Curriculum for Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), Aadharshila .............. 5
Social and emotional learning (SEL). ...................................................................................... 6
The Tim Tim Tare initiative .................................................................................................... 6
Bridging the gap: Digital technology in education and the essentiality of digital literacy ........ 7
Children with Special Needs (CwSN): Developing a culture of inclusivity ................................ 7
Higher Education ................................................................................................................... 8
TOWARDS A HEALTHY NATION ........................................................................................ 8
Estimates of the National Health Accounts 2021-22 .............................................................. 9
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) ................................................................................... 12
Rural Economy .............................................................................................................. 14
Rural Infrastructure ............................................................................................................ 14
PM-JANMAN and PMGSY:.................................................................................................... 15
PM-Awas Yojana .................................................................................................................. 15
Food, Nutrition, Health, and WASH (FNHW) ........................................................................ 17
State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs) ............................................................................ 17
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) ........................................................................... 17
National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) ..................................................................... 17
DAY-NRLM .......................................................................................................................... 18
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA) .................. 19

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India's economic growth strategy emphasises inclusivity and welfare for all its citizens. The
government’s focus is on empowering citizens through education, healthcare, skill
development, and social infrastructure development. All these aspects have seen significant
progress.

The virtuous cycle of economic and social development starts with sustainable and inclusive
economic growth.
While growth expands the economic pie, development represents the process of sustained
economic progress and is a medium to long-term outcome of growth.
Such growth supports inclusion by providing better and more equal opportunities, enhancing
incomes, and reducing extreme poverty. Inclusive growth also improves the overall living
standards of citizens of the country in terms of healthcare, education, basic necessities of life
and livelihood.

TREND IN SOCIAL SERVICES EXPENDITURE (SSE)

 The general government’s social services expenditure (SSE) has shown a rising trend since
FY17.
 The SSE as a percentage of total expenditure (TE) has increased from 23.3 per cent in
FY21 to 26.2 per cent in FY25 (BE).
 The social services expenditure witnessed an increase of 21 per cent in FY24 (RE) over
FY23 and another 10 per cent increase in FY25 (BE) over FY24 (RE).
 During the five years from FY21 (pandemic year) to FY25 (BE), the SSE grew at a CAGR of
15 per cent.
 While the SSE outlay of the centre and state governments was ₹14.8 lakh crore in
FY21, it has increased steadily to stand at ₹25.7 lakh crore in FY25 (BE).
 Expenditure on education has grown at a CAGR of 12 per cent from ₹ 5.8 lakh crore in
FY21 to ₹ 9.2 lakh crore in FY25 (BE).
 Expenditure on health grew at CAGR 18 per cent from ₹ 3.2 lakh crore in FY21 to ₹ 6.1
lakh crore in FY25 (BE).

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HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE SURVEY 2023-24

 The average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) in rural and urban India in 2023-
24 is estimated at ₹4,122 and ₹6,996,
respectively.
 Considering the imputed values of
items received free of cost through
various social welfare programmes,
these estimates rise to ₹4,247 and
₹7,078, respectively, for rural and
urban areas.
 The urban-rural gap in MPCE has
declined to 71 per cent in 2022-23
from 84 per cent in 2011-12.
 It has further come down to 70 per
cent in 2023-24, which confirms the
sustained momentum of consumption
growth in rural areas.
 The Gini coefficient improved for rural areas (declined to 0.237 in 2023-24 from 0.266
in 2022-23) and urban areas (declined to 0.284 in 2023-24 from 0.314 in 2022-23).
 The bottom 5 per cent of the rural population, ranked by MPCE, has an average MPCE
of ₹1,677, compared to ₹2,376 in urban areas.
 The top 5 per cent have average MPCEs of ₹10,137 in rural and ₹20,310 in urban areas.
 The largest growth in average MPCE between 2022-23 and 2023-24 occurred among the
bottom 5–10 per cent of the population in both rural and urban areas.
 The bottom 5 per cent of the rural population saw a 22 per cent increase, while the
corresponding urban segment experienced 19 per cent growth in the MPCE.

Evidence on the distribution of benefits from the PDS

1. Food subsidies constitute the largest fiscal outlay in the government’s large set of
social schemes.
2. In 2022-23, Union government spent 6.5 per cent of its budget on the PM Pradhan
Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) to provide free and subsidised food
rations.
3. The Union food subsidy bill increased from 0.5 per cent to one per cent of GDP
between FY19 and FY23.
4. In 2022-23, 84 per cent of the population had access to a ration card, including 59
per cent who reported holding a Below Poverty Line (BPL), Antyodaya Anna Yojana
(AAY), or Priority Household (PHH) card in their household.
5. In practice, 74 per cent of the population actively consumes food rations (or
kerosene) via the PDS/PMGKAY, with rice and wheat as the most commonly consumed
food.
6. Coverage of ration cards is higher in rural areas (at 89 per cent of the population)
compared to urban areas (72 per cent).

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The PDS/PMGKAY rations improve welfare

 An imputation exercise was conducted based on HCES microdata to evaluate the welfare
gains from PDS-related consumption.
- The results suggest that the market-equivalent value of the PDS/PMGKY subsidy
equals four per cent of the (final or post-subsidy) nominal monthly consumption
expenditure per capita (MPCE), on average, across all households.
- The relative subsidy is higher in rural (four per cent) than in urban areas (two per
cent).
- The imputed average subsidy is also equivalent to 7 per cent of (post-subsidy) food
consumption (eight per cent among rural households).
- The average PDS benefits increased in 2022-23, relative to three per cent in 2011-
12.
- The imputation exercise suggests that the benefits (expressed relative to consumption)
are higher among lower consumption groups.
- In 2022-23, the value of the subsidy accounted, on average, for seven per cent of
household consumption among the rural bottom 20 per cent but only for two per cent
among the top 20 per cent.
- The subsidy amount (rupees per capita) was higher among lower-income and rural
households and lower among higher quintiles and urban households.

Primary Survey
 The survey was conducted in selected districts of Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and
Uttar Pradesh in November 2024.
 A survey was conducted among married women aged 25 to 45 in rural areas who were
relatively less financially privileged.
 The survey focused on those receiving loans from SHGs, representing a population poorer
than the average Indian population.
 The prevalence of cash schemes is also very high among the surveyed households, with 77
per cent of households receiving cash from either the centre or a state government,
indicating a preference towards cash schemes among economically vulnerable households.
 Overall, 44 per cent of the surveyed households spend the money on increased food
consumption, and another 31 per cent spend primarily on non-food consumption (e.g.,
electricity, water), savings, or loan repayments, while 14 per cent spend on house repair.
 Among the 10 per cent of ‘better off’ households in the sample, 52 per cent primarily
spend on food consumption, and less than 20 per cent primarily spend on non-food
consumption, savings, or loan repayments.
 A significant share of the sample (37 per cent) is engaged in SHGs.
- Among those in SHGs, 78 per cent have received a loan.
- While household consumption (34 per cent) is the most reported usage for SHG
loans, there is significant usage for health expenditure (22 per cent), starting businesses
(19 per cent) and agricultural expenditure (19 per cent).

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- Relatively low use for education (3 per cent) may point to the success of DBTs
provided for education.

EDUCATION: TREADING NEW PATHWAYS

School education
 India's school education system serves 24.8 crore students across 14.72 lakh schools
with 98 lakh teachers (UDISE+ 2023-24).
 Government schools make up 69 per
cent of the total, enrolling 50 per cent of
students and employing 51 per cent of
teachers, while private schools account
for 22.5 per cent, enrolling 32.6 per cent
of students and employing 38 per cent of
teachers.
 The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) is near-
universal at the primary (93 per cent) and
the efforts are underway to bridge the gaps
at the secondary (77.4 per cent) and
higher secondary level (56.2 per cent),
driving the nation closer to its vision of
inclusive and equitable education for all.
 School dropout rates have steadily declined in recent years, standing at 1.9 per cent for
primary, 5.2 per cent for upper primary, and 14.1 per cent for secondary levels.
 However, challenges persist, with retention rates at 85.4 per cent for primary (class I to
V), 78 per cent for elementary (classes I to VIII), 63.8 per cent for secondary (classes I to
X), and 45.6 per cent for higher secondary (classes I to XII).

National Framework for Early Childhood Stimulation, Navchetana

 It was launched in 2024.
 It focuses on holistic development for children from birth to three years, offering 140
age specific activities through a 36-month stimulation calendar.
 It emphasises the inclusion of differently-abled children, maternal mental health, and
"Garbh Sanskar" (practices during pregnancy).

National Curriculum for Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE), Aadharshila
 It was launched in 2024.
 Aadharshila, blending Indian and international research, promotes play-based learning
with over 130 activities for children aged three to six years that support child-led and
educator-led learning. It aims to lay a strong foundation for lifelong learning, aligning with
the National Curriculum Framework for Foundational Stage 2022 (NCF-FS) and improving
the quality of ECCE through competency-based, user-friendly lesson plans.
 The objective is to improve the quality of ECCE delivered at the Anganwadi centre by
prioritising competency-based lesson plans and activities presented in a simple and user-
friendly manner.

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Social and emotional learning (SEL).

 UNESCO defines SEL as a process of acquiring the competencies to recognise and manage
emotions, develop care and concern for others, establish positive relationships, make
responsible decisions, and handle challenging situations effectively.
 CASEL (Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning) outlines five core
components of SEL, which serve as foundational pillars in fostering holistic
development. These components—
1. Self-Awareness
2. Self-Management
3. Social Awareness
4. Relationship Skills
5. Responsible Decision-Making.
- It equip students with the skills necessary to navigate life challenges, enhance mental
well-being, and improve academic performance.
 According to some estimates, for every dollar invested in SEL initiatives, the estimated
long-term economic return is USD 11, with outcomes around mental health, education,
and employability.
 Further, a 2020 UNESCO study, highlights that such investments not only yield immediate
educational and behavioural benefits but also result in long-term economic gains, including
a 30 per cent increase in per capita income.

The Tim Tim Tare initiative

 Started in 2009 in Tamil Nadu, TTT has now expanded to other states in a phased manner,
reaching millions of students across India.
 It is a pioneering initiative that aims to impart essential life skills to adolescent
students across India.
 It places emphasis on soft skills—key components of personal growth, effective
communication, emotional intelligence, and social well-being. Through TTT, students
are empowered to face life's challenges confidently and clearly.
 This initiative equips students with essential life skills to navigate the complexities of
modern life.
 Built on the World Health Organization's (WHO) Life Skills Framework, TTT addresses a
wide range of 16 core life skills (such as empathy, critical thinking, etiquette, time
management, etc) and over 100 related topics designed to meet the evolving needs of
today’s youth.
 The State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) officially approved
the TTT programme, which adds credibility and ensures alignment with national
educational standards.

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Bridging the gap: Digital technology in education and the essentiality of digital
literacy
 UNESCO defines digital literacy as– ‘Includes competencies that are variously referred to
as computer literacy, ICT literacy, information literacy and media literacy’.
 Data from the Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey 2022-23 reveals a rural-urban
digital divide in India with lower internet-searching capabilities in rural areas, especially
among females.
- Sixty-three per cent of males and 55 per cent of females in rural areas can search
the internet for information compared to 74 per cent males and 69 per cent of females in
urban areas.

Children with Special Needs (CwSN): Developing a culture of inclusivity

 According to the latest UDISE+ report (2023–24), 16.8 lakh CwSN are enrolled at the
elementary level, 2.87 lakh at the secondary level, and 1.18 lakh are enrolled at the
higher secondary level.
 Government launched PM e-Vidya DTH Channel for Indian Sign Language, a significant
step towards an inclusive and accessible education system for hearing-impaired students in
India.
 The ICT and Digital Initiatives component of Samagra Shiksha provides financial
assistance to establish ICT labs and smart classrooms and covers government and aided
schools having classes VI to XII across the country.

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Higher Education
 Overview of India's Higher Education System
 Enrollment Growth:
- In 2021-22, there were 4.33 crore students enrolled in higher education
institutions (HEIs), marking a 26.5% increase from 3.42 crore students in
2014-15.
- The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) for the 18–23 age group rose from 23.7% in
2014-15 to 28.4% in 2021-22.
- To achieve the government’s goal of increasing GER to 50% by 2035, there is a
need to double the educational network and infrastructure.
 Expansion of Institutions
 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs): Increased from 16 in 2014 to 23 in 2023.
 Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs): Grew from 13 in 2014 to 20 in 2023.
 Medical Colleges: Expanded significantly from 387 in 2013-14 to 780 in 2024-25.
 Universities: Increased from 723 in 2014 to 1,213 in 2024, registering a growth of
59.6%.
 Total HEIs: Increased by 13.8% from 51,534 in 2014-15 to 58,643 in 2022-23.

 The Illam Thedi Kalvi Scheme was launched by the Tamil Nadu government to bridge
the education gap brought about by the Covid-19 pandemic and the digital divide. The
initiative focuses on education through physical methods, which is the primary goal of the
Illam Thedi Kalvi.

TOWARDS A HEALTHY NATION

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Estimates of the National Health Accounts 2021-22

 Total Health Expenditure (THE) in India

(FY22)
 Total Health Expenditure (THE):
- Estimated at ₹9,04,461 crore in
FY22.
- Represents 3.8% of GDP and
₹6,602 per capita at current
prices.
- THE per capita (at constant prices) has shown an increasing trend since FY19.

 Breakdown of THE:
- Current Health Expenditure (CHE): ₹7,89,760 crore (87.3% of THE).
- Capital Expenditure: ₹1,14,701 crore (12.7% of THE).
- The share of capital expenditure in THE increased from 6.3% in FY16 to
12.7% in FY22, indicating progress in building broader and better health
infrastructure.

 Healthcare Financing Schemes

 Government Health Insurance Schemes:
- Constitute 5.87% of healthcare financing schemes.
- Social Insurance Schemes (e.g., ESIC, CGHS, ECHS): 3.24% share.
- Government-Supported Voluntary Insurance Schemes (e.g., Ayushman Bharat-
PMJAY, RSBY, state-specific schemes): 2.63% share.
 Government Health Expenditure (GHE) and Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE)
 Trends in GHE and OOPE:
- GHE Share: Increased from 29.0% in FY15 to 48.0% in FY22.
- OOPE Share: Declined from 62.6% in FY15 to 39.4% in FY22.
 Impact of AB-PMJAY:
- Played a decisive role in reducing OOPE by increasing social security and primary
health expenditure.
- Recorded savings of over ₹1.25 lakh crore.
- Other initiatives like the Free Dialysis Scheme benefited around 25 lakh people.
 Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
 Overview:

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- Provides health coverage to the bottom 40% of India’s most vulnerable

populations.
- Covers 12 crore families (approximately 55 crore individuals).
- Offers annual hospitalisation benefits of up to ₹5 lakh per family for secondary
and tertiary care.
- Launched to address health inequities, prioritising the poorest segments based on
the Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011.

 Key Statistics:
- As of 1 January 2025, over 36.36 crore Ayushman cards have been issued.
 Expansion:
- On 11 September 2024, AB-PMJAY was expanded to include senior citizens
aged 70 and above, irrespective of socio-economic status.
- Benefits approximately 6 crore senior citizens across 4.5 crore families.
- Eligible seniors receive a Vay Vandana Card for free health coverage of up to ₹5
lakh per family annually.
- Those already covered under the scheme receive an exclusive top-up of ₹5 lakh
annually for their healthcare needs, separate from their family’s coverage.
- As of 15 January 2025, over 40 lakh senior citizens have been enrolled.
 Ayushman Bharat:
 Launched in 2018.
 1,75,560 units of Ayushman Arogya Mandirs have been established.
 PM-AB Health Infrastructure Mission:
 Launched in October 2021, the Mission is being implemented over five years from
FY22 to FY26, with the aim to strengthen the public health infrastructure to fill
critical gaps in health infrastructure, surveillance, and health research – spanning
both the urban and rural areas.
 Free Diagnostics Service Initiative (FDSI) 2015:
 To reduce OOPE for patients at public health facilities, the government launched
the FDSI under the National Health Mission (NHM).
 This provides financial support to states/UTs for ensuring the availability of
essential drugs: 106 drugs at SHCs, 172 drugs at PHCs, 300 drugs at CHCs, 318
drugs at Sub-District Hospitals (SDHs), and 381 drugs at district hospitals.

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 It ensures drug quality by procuring only from Good Manufacturing Practices

(GMP) certified manufacturers and conducting mandatory post-supply testing of
medicines at the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration
Laboratories (NABL)-accredited laboratories before distribution.
 Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP):
 Launched as the Expanded Programme on Immunisation in 1978, it was
rebranded as UIP in 1985, extending coverage from urban to rural areas to bridge
healthcare disparities.
 It provides life-saving vaccines to millions of newborns and pregnant women
annually.
 Currently, the UIP offers 11 vaccines free of cost, protecting against 12 vaccine
preventable diseases.
 A child who has received Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG), three doses of Oral Polio
Vaccine (OPV), three doses of Pentavalent and one dose of Measles Rubella (MR) by
the first year of age is called a fully immunised child.
 With full immunisation coverage for FY24 at 93.5 per cent nationally, the UIP
continues to safeguard public health and ensure equitable access to essential
vaccines.
 U-WIN:
 The U-WIN portal marks a transformative step in India’s immunisation efforts,
digitising vaccination records for pregnant women and children up to 16 years
under the UIP.
 The portal is accessible in 11 regional languages.
 Over 1.7 crore pregnant women and 5.4 crore children are registered digitally and
tracked more than 26.4 crore vaccine doses in real-time.
 E-Sanjeevani:
 E-Sanjeevani - the National Telemedicine Service, has emerged as the world's
largest telemedicine implementation in primary healthcare.
 Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM):
 Launched in September 2021 with the aim of creating a national digital health
ecosystem.
 Total 72.81 crore Ayushman Bharat Health Account (ABHA) have been created.
 Medicines from the Sky:
 The World Economic Forum (WEF) launched the project in collaboration with the
government of Telangana in September 2021 in the Vikarabad district in
Telangana.
 This programme was the first of its kind in Asia to deliver medicines and jabs to
test the feasibility of medium range delivery options.

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 Later, in 2022, the project was carried out in Arunachal Pradesh with the aim of
analysing the response of the state’s healthcare system when integrated with drones.
 ‘i-DRONE’ (ICMR’s Drone Response and Outreach for North East)
 It was launched under the aegis of the MoHFW in October 2021 with the view to
assess the feasibility of using drones to deliver vaccines and medical supplies.
 National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (2018):
 It is developed by NITI Aayog.
 The strategy emphasised how AI combined with robotics and the Internet of
Medical Things (IoMT) can potentially become the ‘new nervous system for
healthcare’, providing solutions to address healthcare problems and helping the
government achieve universal health for all.
 eSwasthya Dham Portal:
 launched by the Uttarakhand Government. The portal helps monitor the Char
Dham Yatra pilgrim's (Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath-together
called as the Char Dham Yatra) health parameters and offers a variety of benefits
for pilgrims, including the ability to generate an ABHA in under two minutes.

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)

 NCDs are chronic diseases that are not passed from person to person. The four
major NCDs are:
- Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): Diseases related to the heart and blood
vessels.
- Cancers: Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases (CRDs): Long-term respiratory conditions
like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- Diabetes: A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels.
 These diseases share four common behavioural risk factors:
- Unhealthy diet: Consuming calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods.
- Lack of physical activity: Sedentary lifestyle.
- Tobacco use: Smoking or chewing tobacco.
- Alcohol consumption: Excessive intake of alcoholic beverages.
 Population-Based Screening (PBS):
- A government initiative aimed at early detection of NCDs by screening
individuals aged 30 and above for diabetes, hypertension, and common
cancers.
- The National NCD Portal, launched in 2018, manages patient data and
integrates health records with ABHA IDs (Ayushman Bharat Health Account IDs),
ensuring a unified digital health record system.
 Healthcare Infrastructure Under NP-NCD:

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 The National Programme for Prevention and Control of NCD (NP-NCD), formerly
known as NPCDCS, has strengthened healthcare infrastructure by decentralizing
services and reaching rural and remote areas.
 Key infrastructure developments include:
 770 District NCD Clinics at district hospitals.
 6,410 Community Health Centres (CHCs) with NCD clinics.
 233 Cardiac Care Units and 372 daycare cancer centres.
 Impact of Lifestyle Choices:
 Lifestyle choices, particularly dietary habits, play a significant role in preventing
NCDs.
 Reducing excess calorie intake and improving dietary quality can prevent
cardiovascular events.
 Ultra-Processed Foods (UPFs): Highly processed foods that are often calorie-dense
and low in nutrients. Their consumption is linked to both physical health issues
(e.g., obesity, diabetes) and mental well-being.
 Increase in NCD Mortality:
 According to the 2017 study report ‘India: Health of the Nation's States’ by
ICMR:
- The proportion of deaths due to NCDs in India increased from 37.9% in 1990 to
61.8% in 2016.
 This highlights the growing burden of NCDs in India.
 Population-Based Screening (PBS) Achievements:
 As of the latest data:
- 42.2 crore individuals (aged 30 years and above) have been enrolled in the
PBS initiative.
- 39.80 crore individuals have been screened for diabetes, hypertension, and
common cancers.
 Early detection through PBS enables timely interventions, reducing long-term
healthcare burdens.
 Ultra-processed food (UPF):
 WHO India, reports that, between 2011 and 2021, the value of retail sales in the
UPF segment grew at a CAGR of 13.7 per cent. Though there was a YoY growth
rate decline from 12.7 per cent to 5.5 per cent during 2020, the very next year, it was
11.29 per cent.
 According to the HCES 2022-23, almost 9.6 per cent of the food budget in rural
areas and 10.64 per cent in urban areas is spent on beverages, refreshments,
and processed food.

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RURAL ECONOMY

Rural Infrastructure

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PM-JANMAN and PMGSY:

 For the development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) under
Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN), a separate
vertical has been launched under PMGSY by relaxing the population norms upto
100 to provide the connectivity to unconnected PVTG habitations.

 A total of 8,000 Km of Road length is targeted to be constructed under this

vertical.
- The implementation period is till March 2028.
 A total of 1,557 road works of 4,781.44 Km of road length have been sanctioned till 9
January 2025.

PM-Awas Yojana
1. PMAY-G Objectives:
 PMAY-G aims to provide pucca houses with basic amenities to all houseless
families and families living in kutcha (temporary) or dilapidated houses in rural
areas by 2029.
 The scheme has completed the construction of 2.69 crore houses since its
inception in 2016 and plans to construct an additional two crore houses over the
next five years.
2. Beneficiary Identification:
 Beneficiaries are identified using a waitlist derived from:
 Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC), 2011.
 Awaas+ surveys (2018 and 2024) for verification and updating beneficiary
lists.
 Recent changes have reduced exclusion criteria from 13 to 10, enhancing
inclusivity by removing barriers like ownership of fishing boats or motorized two-
wheelers and raising the income threshold to ₹15,000/month.
3. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT):
 Assistance is credited directly into beneficiaries' bank accounts under the DBT
model.
 Construction progress is monitored through geo-tagged photographs, ensuring
transparency and reducing administrative delays.
4. Design and Technology Integration:
 PAHAL Repository: A collection of housing designs tailored to regional needs,
incorporating disaster resilience, eco-friendly materials, and cost-effective
technologies.
 Rural Mason Training Programme: In partnership with CSDCI and NSDC,
2,86,843 masons have been trained and certified to improve construction quality
and efficiency.

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 Use of AI/ML-based object detection and geo-referencing for monitoring and

deduplication of assets.
5. Employment Generation:
 Construction of one house generates approximately direct 314 person-days of
employment, including skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled labor.
- It includes 81 skilled, 71 semi-skilled, and 164 unskilled person-days.
 Since 2016, PMAY-G has created:
 Over 192 crore man-days of skilled labor.
 Nearly 250 crore man-days of unskilled labor.
 Indirect employment benefits arise from backward and forward linkages to
construction activities.
6. Time-taken for the construction of one unit:
 With the above measures on average, the time taken for the construction of one
unit has improved to 114 days under PMAY-G from 314 days under IAY.

7. Social Equity and Empowerment:

 60% of targets are reserved for SC/ST households, with 59.58 lakh SC houses
and 58.57 lakh ST houses completed.
 5% of targets are reserved for differently-abled beneficiaries and another 5%
for families affected by natural disasters.
 74% of sanctioned houses are owned by women (solely or jointly), promoting
women's empowerment.
8. Convergence with Other Schemes:
 PMAY-G integrates with schemes like:
 MGNREGA: For labor support.
 SBM-G (Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin): For sanitation facilities.
 Jal Jeevan Mission: For water supply.
 Surya Ghar: For solar energy access.
 This ensures beneficiaries have access to water, toilets, LPG, electricity, and solar
energy.
9. Impact on Living Standards:
 88% of respondents reported improvements in their standard of living due to
PMAY-G.
 The scheme contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
particularly reducing the percentage of households living in kuccha houses.

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Food, Nutrition, Health, and WASH (FNHW)

 To address health, nutrition, WASH, and sanitation issues, DAY-NRLM implements FNHW
interventions, focusing on promoting the consumption of produce from nutri-gardens,
poultry, small ruminants, and dairy.
 Currently, FNHW interventions are being implemented in 5369 blocks across 682
districts.

State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs)

 State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs) have developed state-specific strategies to
integrate DAY-NRLM components and community institutions, addressing issues such as
child education, early marriage, asset creation for women, and violence against women.
 Currently, 32 SRLMs are implementing these gender interventions.

National Legal Services Authority (NALSA)

 The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA), established under the Legal Services
Authorities (LSA) Act of 1987, provides free legal services to disadvantaged sections of
society to ensure equal access to justice, as outlined in Section 12 of the Act.
 The Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 aims to provide access to justice at the grassroots
level in rural areas. As of October 2024, 313 Gram Nyayalayas have disposed of over 2.99
lakh cases from December 2020 to October 2024.

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

 It is a social security programme for the vulnerable section of our society.
 The objective of the programme is to provide a basic level of financial assistance to old age,
widows, and disabled persons as well as to bereaved households in the event of the death of
the breadwinner belonging to the Below Poverty Line.
 It caters to 3.09 crore BPL beneficiaries.
 Further, States/UTs are also providing financial assistance to additional 5.86 crore
beneficiaries through State Pension Schemes.
 Therefore, around nine crore beneficiaries (central NSAP plus additional state
beneficiaries) are covered under the pension safety net of the country at an estimated
annual expenditure of more than ₹1 lakh crore.

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DAY-NRLM

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Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGA)

The MGNREGA 2005 aims at enhancing the livelihood security of households in rural areas of
the country by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial
year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

1. Efficiency Reforms for Transparency:

 To ensure transparency, probity, and elimination of leakages, MGNREGS has
implemented several reforms:
 Geotagging: Before, during, and after work to track progress.
 Digital Payments:
 99.98% payments are processed through the National Electronic
Fund Management System (NeFMS).
 96.3% of active workers use Aadhaar-based payment systems.
 99.23% of successful wage transactions are processed through the
Aadhaar Payment Bridge System (APBS) as of December 2024.
 Social Audit Units: Established in 28 states/UTs to ensure accountability
and transparency.
2. Evolution of MGNREGS:
 Initially a wage employment scheme, MGNREGS has evolved into a durable rural
asset creation programme for sustainable livelihood diversification.
 The share of individual beneficiary works on individual land has increased
significantly:
 From 16.2% of total completed works in FY15 to 71.2% in FY25.
 Expenditure-wise, it rose from 11.65% in FY15 to 28.9% in FY25.
3. Environmental and Agricultural Impact:
 MGNREGS has contributed to improving rural ecological health by:
 Enhancing soil quality.
 Promoting plantation activities.
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 Improving rural water management through Integrated Watershed

Management (IWM) assets.
4. Capacity Development of Workers:
 Initiatives like:
 Bare Foot Technicians (BFT): Training workers to become skilled
technicians.
 UNNATI Skilling Project: Promoting skill development among rural
workers.

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