Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities

eISSN: 2589-7799
2023 August; 6(1): 1526-1533

RFID Sensing & Its DATA Analysis Using Micro-Controller For Vehicle
Security & Its Tracking
Bhupendra Patell, L K Katariya2, C D Upadhyay3
1*
Research Scholar& APEED, VGEC Chandkheda Gujarat Technological University
2
Assistant Professor, EED L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad
3
Assistant Professor, EED L D College of Engineering, Ahmedabad

Abstract:

In this paper, the state-of-the-art technology for Vehicle Tracking (VT) and Vehicle Security (VS) using RFID is
studied in reference to Indian scenario. The paper shows the basic and cheaper hardware which can be used for the VT &
VS of the vehicle in Indian Market. However, the state-of-the-art technology for RFID is better for several reasons
because of its numerous advantages which are also mentioned in this study. Apart from that the use of RFID and other
technology for Tracking and Security is discussed separately which are discussed by several research groups within last
decade. This paper represents the VT & VS using RFID EM-18 and found effective way of communication for the
same.

Index Terms - RFID, Vehicle Tracking, Vehicle Security, Data Storage, Data Analysis, Modulation Index.

I. INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, there has been a noteworthy amount of progress in intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). This is
largely because of the recent developments in vehicle positioning technologies [1]. The significance of positioning
system accuracy and reliability has increasingly been emphasized because of its vehicle guidance and safety related
applications such as traveller information, route guidance, automatic emergency calls, freight management, advanced
driver assistance, or electronic fee collection [1,2]. Global positioning systems (GPSs) are used in greater extent in vehicle
positioning nowadays [1,3,4]. However, a GPS is not accurate and reliable navigation solutions because of signal
interruption or blockage due to some obstacles [2,3,5,6]. As an alternative, there has been rapid development of wireless
location technologies [7–10] in recent years, such as Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), Bluetooth, Ultra -Wide
Band (UWB) and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Among them, RFID is the most popular and worthy of
research efforts due to its merits of being non-contact, cheaper in cost, more accuracy, with long-distance
communication and the capability of working in a diverse-environments [11–13]. RFID is an automatic identification
technology that depends on remotely stockpiling and retrieving data using tags and readers. Anti-Theft System for Car
Security using RFID: Vehicle hijacking or theft is becoming increasingly common nowadays. More number of car theft
has pushed the creation of anti-theft systems [14]. Now, various technologies that ascertains sophisticated security in
desire places and even in remote location. The security systems can be called to as automatic identification systems that
is also by using RFID technology. This advance technology locates the identity of an object and automatically exchange
the information of the object without any physical connection [15,16].

System Overview [17]

Fig.1 Overview of tracking system

II. Vehicle Tracking

Within a decade, traffic congestion has become a crucial problem. Early solutions attempted to lay more lanes to avoid
congestion, but increasing number of lanes is becoming less and less feasible. So, to avoid this, an increasing reliance
on traffic surveillance, has resulted in a need for better vehicle detection [18]. It can be used in probe vehicles to
measure real-time traffic data to identify the area of traffic jam. It is very useful in an emergency case to quickly and

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eISSN: 2589-7799
2023 August; 6(1): 1526-1533

automatically report a vehicle location to a rescue agent when an accident happens to the vehicle [19]. The tracking
system is also needed for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) [20].

2.1 Existing Technology for Vehicle Tracking (VT)

There are various methods of Vehicle Tracking using GPS, RFID, GSM etc. In recent years Vehicle Tracking and
Safety both have become utmost important for security reasons as well as Human safety emergency. Here, various
methods of VT and VS are discussed for researchers to choose them in accordance with need.

2.1.1 GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS) requires more than 20 satellites, which allows for accurate position triangulation
[21]. GPS technology is principally used in vehicles in order to aid route planning and vehicle position estimation. The
elementary requirement for effective GPS triangulation is direct line-of-site. Contemporary infrastructure, like
skyscrapers in urban areas and underground tunnels, can effectively thwart all GPS signals, which indicates that effective
position triangulation will not be achieved. Multi-path effects could
also remain, due to the skyscrapers in dense urban locations [22]. In addition to the drawbacks listed above, an updated
map database isalso a requirement for accurate vehicle location [22].

Fig.2 Block Diagram of GPS

2.1.2 RFID
RFID is a technology which uses communication by using radio waves to transfer data between a reader and an
electronic tag attached to an object to carry out identification and tracking. RFID makes it possible to give each product
in a grocery store its own unique identifying number, to provide assets, people, work in process, medical devices etc. all
with individual unique identifiers - like the licenseplate on a car but for every item in the world.

Fig.3 Block Diagram of RFID

RFID tags send its data to the RFID tag reader using amplitude modulation. The reader is connected either through wire
or wireless to the host-microcontroller or computer. Every time RFID signal can be read anywhere on the vehicle by the
reader using particular frequency. Theoretically, a propagation model can be applied to estimate the distance between the
RFID reader and a tag depending upon the signal strength of the RFID tags. In obstruction less space, the Friis
transmission equation [13] shows that the signal strength level decreases at a rate inversely proportional to the distance

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travelled. The relationship between Received Signal Strength (RSS) and Distance

Here, power received by receiver antenna is Po, the power input to transmitter antenna is given by 𝑃𝑖, transmitter
antenna gain can be given by 𝐺𝑖, receiver antenna gain can be given by 𝐺0, loss factor can be given by L, wavelength is 𝜆
and the distance between transmitter antenna and receiver antenna is given by 𝑟. Based on this relationship and if the
value of RSS is known, we can calculate the distance between the RFID tag and the reader. In vehicle applications, the
parameters of this model must be determined in a specific environment by statistical analysis of the experimental data
[23].

2.1.3 GSM Network

Localization and tracking can be achieved with GSM technology [24]. Global System for Mobile communication
(GSM) can be integrated with GPS technology to overcome the limitations of a standalone GPS system [25]. GSM
technology can be used as the communication platform for the system, in which collected data can be stored in the
cloud [25]. A GSM module which allows for the position information along with the vehicle ID, to be transmitted to a
central server [25]. The improvement in vehicle tracking is the development of an integrated system using GPS
technology for locating and GSM technology to transfer GPS coordinates to a central server and database system [25].
This system is made up of a tracking system which is implemented on buses, a display system which is installed at bus
stops, and a base station which facilitates the remote monitoring of data.

Fig.4 Block Diagram of GSM

III. Vehicle Security

A report by Tech Crunch [14, 26] stated that United Sates Citizens lost one smart phone yearly, on average which
resulted to 30-billion-dollar loss in 2012. This indicates the necessity to develop a system that will afford car owners to
be conscious of possible case of intruder. The term anti-theft system is a technology which is used for protecting and
lessening theft action [14, 15]. In past, conventional setting up of security personnel to guard vehicles was the practice [14-
16]. In addition, some part of the technology can be attached to a vehicle with an anti-theft system to identify its location
when it is stolen [27]. Quicker location of vehicle allows faster security response for both travelers and driver [28].

3.1 Existing Technology for Vehicle Security (VS)

Vehicle Theft has been serious concern for all citizens. So, antitheft systems or vehicle security system are in need and
growing exponentially. At present Smart Card, CCTV as well as all existing Technology for VT are used for Vehicle
Security. Some of them arediscussed here with working methods.

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3.1.1 RFID for Security

RFID system is something similar to magnetic strip or barcode. Being similar to barcode or magnetic strip, to get
identifying information, RFID systems have to be scanned [29]. The Technology of RFID is developed in various sectors
for Security and Anti-theft systems. Thedata of RFID can be utilized by IOT, IOE and Vehicle Security Systems [30].
An approximation to the useful range of a RF transmitting system is given by:

So, here 𝑑𝑖 is the range of transmitting system, ℎ𝑖 is the height of emitter from ground level, ℎ0 is the height of receiver
from the groundand 𝜆 can be given as wavelength of RF signal.
3.1.2 Smart Card
As shown in the Fig. 4, smart card is embedded into a plastic enclosure which is used in data storage system that has
microprocessor which provides additional computing capacity [14]. The memory which it has is programmable for
recording user defined data. Smart cards can be subdivided in terms of their memory and integrated microprocessor.
Encryption mechanism is used for the protection of data. Also, when new application is made available to the public,
update of data can be obtained, even after purchased by user. They are extensively used in financial sector for making
less costly and safe financial transaction. However, to maintain this technology is costly and also, it is sensitive to
corrosion, and dirt [15].

Fig.5 Smart Card

3.1.3 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) System

The CCTV surveillance in Traffic, Parking zone helps to identify Vehicle Tracking as well as in Security as shown in
Fig.5. The CCTV camera has been installed extensively in places like department stores, small groceries, shopping malls,
school communities, within cities and towns, financial institutions and many more. This technology has contributed
greatly for the improvement of security and surveillance work in busy places and even remote locations. Nevertheless,
deploying CCTV is quite costly and as such organizations are gradually shifting attention to cost effective technology
[28].

Fig.6 CCTV in Parking Zone

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IV. Application of RFID

Fig.7 Application of Vehicle Positioning and Connected Vehicle

Under normal situations, if a vehicle checks-in to a parking-lot without RFID notification, then after that vehicle will not
be ableto check-out. In that way, unauthorized entries will be averted. If a checked-in vehicle does not get checked-out, it
won't be able to check- in to any of the parking lots in the city in the centralized system. With this system an automatic
income reporting and a centralized vehicle monitoring will be possible. Without stopping the vehicles, check-ins and
check-outs will be possible [31]. Because of RFID system a flexible, scalable and competitive solution for
pharmaceutical drug delivery has been developed [32]. With the help of optimized RFID, intelligent delivery van of
pharmaceutical drugs delivery time and reliability increases as data is collected to centralized system without any
human involvement. To add on, a route is developed according to cargo loads with the help of optimized RFID system
and dealers or customers can track their orders. So, it represents a successful experience of using Ambient Intelligence
environments in a viable way to resolve a real logistic need [33]. Many innovative applications have been tested or
under the working, including cooperative collision warning [34-36] intersection safety supporting [37], intersection
movement assist and many more. In these applications, real-time vehicle positioning is supposed in their algorithms and
protocols for motion guidance, operational control, and interaction with other vehicles. With accurate data regarding
positions and speeds of connected vehicles, it is viable to synchronize these vehicles on one or more special, managed
lanes at higher speeds without waning safety. Such a model is illustrated in above Fig.7. RFID tags on the ground point
out the location of each vehicle which is equipped with a tag reader. When a vehicle passes over a tag, the reader can
receive the position information stored in the tag. Thus, this kind of RFID positioning can help by providing real-time,
accurate vehicle positions and speeds information [38]. The RFID tags can be used on the numbering plates of the
vehicle [39]. So, it becomes easy to find any lost vehicle [40]. The information collected by the reader can be
aggregated through LAN or WLAN and processed in the server to find out the thief [41]. RFID technology can be used
for monitoring purpose to avoid theft as well [42]. RFID tagging of cars is offered as an alternative method to control
the traffic through the data is collected from inductive loops placed beneath the road surface. The information about the
traffic collected by the reader tags then the data collected from reader tags is used to control traffic at cross-roads or
critical points inthe city [43].
RFID tags are extensively used in identification badges by replacing earlier magnetic stripe cards. RFID can also be
used in the shopping centres. To add on, Logistic and transportation are the main areas of implementation of RFID.
Additionally, it can also be used in the Libraries to manage books. Moreover, RFID can be used to get accurate
stopwatch readings for every instant in the race from racestart to race end timings.

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V. Flow Chart

Fig.8 Flow Chart of RFID

The Fig.8 shows Flow Chart for the VT and VS using RFID. Here, RFID module EM 18, RFID tag, 89C51
Microcontroller with MAX232 is used with voltage regulator 7805 and LCD display 16 X 2. The circuit Diagram is
shown in Fig.8. C programming is done with microcontroller and implemented successfully with following steps.

VI. Circuit Diagram of RFID

Fig.9 Circuit Diagram of RFID

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VII. Steps to Operate

Host Managers Readers and issue commands, Reader and Tag communication via RF signal, Carrier signal generated
by the reader (upon request from the host application), Carrier signal hits Tag(s), Tag receives and modifies carrier signal,
“send back” modulated signal (Passive Backscatter-FCC and ITU refer to as “field distribution device”), Antennas
receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader, Reader decodes the data, Results returned to the host
application.

VIII. Advantages of RFID

There are many advantages of RFID based VT and VS, some of them are RFID tags can be read at much greater
distance, the range to read a barcode is much less. This system can be extensively used in place of barcode system.
Barcode readers require a direct line of sight to the printed barcode whereas RFID readers do not require a direct line of
sight. Reading speed of RFID tags are much fasteras compared to Barcodes. RFID can be implanted in the product itself.
RFID has greater data capacity. RFID has read/write capability whereas Barcodes have no read/write capability.

IX. Conclusion

Though RFID system is costly and complex, it gives better results with compact and efficient vehicle tracking. It purely
depends on samples of RFID modulation. Sometimes, momentarily more than one RFID tags responds which is to be
simplified using particular frequency between 900KHz to 1500MHz. This is implemented or two-wheeler or four-
wheeler with higher accuracy.

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