5G Antenna For Enhanced Wireless Communication
KAPIL KUMAR MAHTO - AM.EN.U4ECE21126, CK NAVANEETH -
AM.EN.U4EAC21079,DEVARAG RM - AM.EN.U4EAC21027, MIDHIN MANOJ -
AM.EN.U4ECE21134
Name of the Guide: Rahul Lal
Designation: Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024
Contents
Challenges faced by 5G and 6G
Objective of the project
Literature review
Overview
Problem Statement
Proposed Methodology
Timeline
Reference
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024
Challenges faced by 5G and 6G
1. Spectrum and Signal Issues
Spectrum Scarcity: Difficulty in accessing and managing higher frequency bands (mmWave
for 5G, THz for 6G).
Short Range and Attenuation: High-frequency signals (mmWave/THz) suffer from high path
loss and limited coverage.
2. Infrastructure and Deployment
Network Densification: Need for dense small cell deployment to ensure coverage,
especially in urban areas.
Cost of Deployment: High investment in infrastructure upgrades and backhaul systems.
3. Latency and Real-time Communication
Ultra-low Latency: 5G targets <1ms latency, 6G aims for <100 microseconds, requiring
edge computing and precise synchronization.
4. Energy Efficiency
Power Consumption: High power requirements for both infrastructure and user devices due
to higher data rates and massive MIMO.
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
Maximize Data Throughput:Increase data rates by minimizing signal loss and enhancing
bandwidth efficiency. Improve Coverage:Expand signal coverage in both urban and rural areas,
reducing dead zones.
Optimize for Latency: Reduce latency to support real-time applications such as IoT, autonomous
vehicles, and AR/VR.
Support Multiple Frequencies :Ensure compatibility with a wide range of
frequencies, including sub-6 GHz and mmWave bands.
Enhance Energy Efficiency :Design antennas with lower power consumption
to improve energy efficiency.
Scalability :Enable scalability for network infrastructure, allowing for the
seamless integration of future technologies.
Robustness and Reliability :Build antennas that perform well in different
environments and withstand interference.
Cost-effectiveness :Develop solutions that are affordable for widespread
deployment.
This project will ultimately contribute to the advancement of 5G
infrastructure and enable faster, more reliable wireless communication
systems.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024
LITERATURE REVIEW
Journal Title Authors
Miniaturization for Air and Space A Wideband 5G Cubesat Patch El Ham-
Systems,Volume 3 , No.2 Antenna(2022) moumi,
Faisel
Tubbal
International Journal of Antennas Advancing 5G Connectivity: A Poonam
and Propagation,Volume2023, Comprehensive Review of MIMO Tiwari ,
Article ID 5906721 Antennas for 5G Applications Vishant
(2023) . Gahlaut
Journal of Communications, Performance Enhancement of Ahlam
Microstrip Patch Antenna Based Alsudani1
Volume17,No.10 and
on Frequency Selective Surface
Substrate for 5G Communication Hamzah
Applications(2022) M.
Marhoon
International Conference on A Review of Beamforming Muhammad
Emerging Trends in Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Saeed and
Engineering,Sciences and for Future 5G/6G Networks Augustine
Technology (2024) Nwajana
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 5/19
Literature Review-I
OBJECTIVE • The paper aims to design and develop a wideband microstrip
patch antenna for Ka-band CubeSat applications, compatible with 5G
standards. The antenna is designed to provide high gain, wide impedance
bandwidth, and operate in the millimeter-wave frequency range, specifically for
use in low-Earth orbit (LEO) CubeSat constellations, enhancing 5G
communication networks and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 6/19
Literature Review-I
The antenna consists of a square patch printed on a grounded FR4 substrate.
A parasitic element and circular slots are integrated to enhance impedance
bandwidth and improve gain.
The design occupies only 0.72 percent of a 1U CubeSat’s surface, leaving
99.28 percent for solar cells
The design operates at 28 GHz in the Ka-band and includes parametric
optimization for maximum performance.
The design was simulated using HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator),
focusing on factors like reflection coefficient (S11), bandwidth, and gain.
A prototype was fabricated and tested in an anechoic chamber to validate the
simulated results.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 7/19
Literature Review-I
The proposed antenna achieved a 20.2 percent impedance bandwidth
(25.5-31.2 GHz), which surpasses existing designs.
It demonstrated a reflection coefficient of 45 dB at 28 GHz, ensuring minimal
signal loss.
The gain measured was 6.9 dB at 28 GHz, with a high efficiency of 82
p ercent.
The comparison with existing antennas showed that this design offers
superior bandwidth and performance in CubeSat applications while
maintaining compactness.
This antenna can significantly enhance CubeSat communication capabilities
in 5G networks due to its wide bandwidth, small size, and high efficiency.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 8/19
Literature Review-II
OBJECTIVE
To review the design, challenges, and advancements of MIMO antennas in 5G
networks and how they enable faster, more reliable wireless communication
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 9/19
Literature Review-II
1. Basic Concept of MIMO:MIMO technology utilizes multiple antennas at
both the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) to send and receive multiple
signals simultaneously.
2. How MIMO Works: Transmission: In a MIMO system, the transmitter
sends multiple independent data streams through different antennas.
Reception: The receiver has multiple antennas that collect these transmitted
signals.
3. Beamforming:MIMO antennas in 5G employ beamforming techniques,
which allow antennas to direct signals towards specific users or devices.
4. Precoding and Spatial Multiplexing:Precoding is a technique used at
the transmitter to ensure that the signal is transmitted with the proper
amplitude and phase to reach the receiver without distortion.
5. Interference Mitigation:MIMO systems in 5G reduce interference by
using techniques like multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), where multiple users
can share the same frequency channel simultaneously without causing
interference to each other.
6. Challenges in Implementation:Compact Design: Designing compact
MIMO antennas with minimal mutual coupling is a significant challenge.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 10 / 19
Literature Review-II
The review concludes that MIMO antennas are essential for 5G due to their
ability to improve data rates, enhance user experience, and increase network
capacity. Advancements in antenna design, such as the use of beamforming,
polarization diversity, and decoupling techniques, offer promising solutions to
the challenges.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 11 / 19
Literature Review-III
Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs) are essential elements in contemporary wireless
communication, especially in 5G applications. Their small dimensions, affordability, and
straightforward integration render them optimal for high-frequency communication
systems. Nevertheless, they are constrained by deficiencies like as inadequate gain and
limited bandwidth, particularly inside the mmWave frequency spectrum essential for 5G
applications. This study seeks to improve the efficacy of a conventional MPA by
integrating Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) to maximize gain, bandwidth, and
radiation efficiency, specifically for 28 GHz 5G applications.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 12 / 19
Literature Review-III
The project’s primary objective is to build and simulate a rectangular MPA utilizing
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software, with a focus on the 28 GHz
frequency spectrum.
The MPA design use Rogers RT5880 substrate, recognized for its low dielectric
constant, essential for attaining high-frequency performance. To circumvent the
inherent constraints of MPAs, the design incorporates an FSS substrate that
works as both a bandpass and a bandstop filter.
FSS layer, situated above the MPA with an air gap, reflects extraneous radiation
while permitting the intended frequencies to transmit, thereby enhancing gain and
diminishing return loss.
design leverages a parameter sweep in CST to fine-tune the antenna size for best
performance.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 13 / 19
Literature Review-III
This research successfully boosts the performance of a typical MPA for 5G
applications by integrating an FSS substrate. The incorporation of the FSS layer
raised the antenna gain from 6.69 dBi to 9.44 dBi, while retaining effective
impedance matching and low return loss at the 28 GHz frequency. Although
certain restrictions in bandwidth were noticed, the improvements in gain and
radiation pattern make this design a good choice for future 5G installations
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 14 / 19
Literature Review-IV
The transition from 4G to 5G networks represents a major leap in wireless
communication due to the need for higher data rates, lower latency, and greater
connectivity. The upcoming 6G networks are expected to build on 5G by
providing even higher data speeds and supporting next-generation applications
such as holographic communications and advanced IoT (Internet of Things).
Central to both 5G and 6G is the role of antennas. Microstrip patch antennas are
particularly favored in these networks because of their low-profile structure,
ease of fabrication, and ability to be integrated into compact devices.
Beamforming is one of the most critical technologies in 5G/6G communication.
It allows directional signal transmission by adjusting the phase and amplitude of
the signals from multiple antenna elements, thereby enhancing signal quality
and reducing interference(PublishedArticle). This ability to steer beams makes
beamforming essential for applications like massive MIMO, where multiple
users require simultaneous and reliable access to the network.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 15 / 19
Literature Review-IV
Beamforming Techniques:
Analog Beamforming: This technique adjusts the phase and amplitude of
signals using analog components such as phase shifters and attenuators.
Although it is simple and cost-effective, analog beamforming lacks the
flexibility of digital methods and offers limited control over beam direction,
making it less suited for high-precision applications(PublishedArticle).
Digital Beamforming: Unlike analog beamforming, digital techniques digitize
the signals from each antenna element and then use digital signal
processing (DSP) algorithms to achieve fine-grained control over the beam
direction. This offers better beamforming resolution and adaptability but
requires more complex hardware, resulting in higher costs and power
consumption(PublishedArticle).
Hybrid Beamforming: The hybrid approach merges the advantages of both
analog and digital methods. It uses analog phase shifters to handle coarse
beam steering, while digital processing offers fine-tuning of the beam
direction. Hybrid beamforming strikes a balance between performance,
power consumption, and cost, making it a promising solution for future 5G
and 6G systems(PublishedArticle).
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 16 / 19
Literature Review-IV
Microstrip Patch Antennas for Beamforming
Microstrip patch antennas are highly favored in beamforming applications due
to their compact form factor and ease of integration into devices. These
antennas are often arranged into arrays to achieve beamforming, where the
spatial arrangement of antenna elements allows for constructive and
destructive interference to steer the beam in the desired direction.
The paper explains various array configurations, such as linear arrays, circular
arrays, and planar arrays, and compares their effectiveness in terms of gain,
beamwidth, and directivity
Substrate Materials and Feeding Networks
In designing beamforming microstrip patch arrays, the choice of substrate
material plays a significant role in determining the antenna's performance.
Dielectric materials, such as Rogers RT/Duroid and Taconic RF, are frequently
used due to their favorable dielectric constant, low loss tangent, and thermal
stability
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 17 / 19
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Designing and implementing advanced antenna systems to address
the challenges in 5G and 6G communication.Techniques such as
parasitic elements, circular slots, and beamforming arrays are
proposed to enhance performance.
Group 16 ECE,EAC (ASE) 19ECE495 PROJECT PHASE 1 September 25th,2024 3/19
Proposed Methdology
Proposed Methodology
TIMELINE
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REFERENCE
1. M. El Hammoumi et al., "A Wideband 5G CubeSat Patch Antenna," in IEEE Journal on
Miniaturization for Air and Space Systems, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 47-52, June 2022, doi:
10.1109/JMASS.2022.3195520.
2. Tiwari, & Gahlaut, Dr. Vishant & Kaushik, & Rani, Preeti & Shastri, Anshuman & Singh,
Bhupender. (2023). Advancing 5G Connectivity: A Comprehensive Review of MIMO Antennas
for 5G Applications. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation. 2023.
10.1155/2023/5906721.
3. Khazaal, Ahlam & M. Marhoon, Hamzah. (2022). Performance Enhancement of Microstrip
Patch Antenna Based on Frequency Selective Surface Substrate for 5G Communication
Applications. Journal of Communications. 17. 852-856. 10.12720/jcm.17.10.851-856.
4. Saeed, Muhammad & Nwajana, Augustine. (2024). A review of beamforming microstrip patch
antenna array for future 5G/6G networks. Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. 9.
10.3389/fmech.2023.1288171.
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Thank You
