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ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012019
Microstrip Antenna Design with Array Rectangular Patch 2x2
for Ship Radar at 2.2 GHz
A D Santoso1, F B Cahyono1, I Suwondo1, Arleiny1, B B Harianto2
1
Politeknik Pelayaran Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya, Indonesia
[email protected] Abstract. This antenna uses FR4 substrate material with a substrate material thickness of 1.6
mm. The simulation results of the patch array microstrip antenna rectangular 2x2 elements
with substrate material are FR4 able to work at a frequency of 2.2 GHz, with a frequency range
of 2.1607 – 2.24 GHz, a return loss value of -18,086 dB with a bandwidth of 83.6 MHz,
VSWR 1.284, the gain of 4.714 dB and beam width of 53.6 deg, these results will be compared
with a single rectangular antenna and array antenna rectangular 1x2 that work at the frequency
same of 2.2 GHz with range frequency of a single antenna 2.161 – 2.222 GHz, the return loss
value - 13,934 with a bandwidth of 61 MHz, VSWR 1,502, a gain of 2.1988 dB and a
beamwidth of 94.9 deg. As for the 1x2 array antenna, the value working range is of frequency a
single antenna 2.164 – 2.247 GHz, the return loss value is -20.3717 with a bandwidth of 83
MHz, VSWR 1.21, a gain of 4.58 dB, and a beamwidth of 81.7 deg.
1. Introduction
Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging) is an electromagnetic wave system that is useful for detecting,
measuring distances, altitudes, and mapping an object. Radar can be used to detect aircraft, ships,
spacecraft, missiles, motor vehicles, weather, and so on. The way radar works, in general, is that the
radar emits electromagnetic waves in a certain direction, then the waves are reflected by the object
being observed. The reflected signal is then captured by radar [1]. The power level of the reflected
signal received by the radar is very small because the attenuation obtained is very large, however, the
signal can be detected because the radar system has a large gain [2].
According to the Radar’s range, the ship's radar functions to detect objects around the ship within a
radius. The Radar unit is divided into two parts consisting of a monitor unit that is installed and can be
read in the bridge room, the second unit is a scanner which is equipment that can rotate and is located
above the bridge room or mounted on one of the ship's masts [3]. The radar system is divided into two
main parts, namely the transmitter and the receiver. The results of radar detection will be displayed by
the Display Unit, which processes the signal received from the receiver into an image that can be
easily interpreted by the user. There is an antenna control that functions to adjust the movement of the
antenna by the display on the screen from the Display Unit. The synchronizer serves to adjust the
signals sent by the transmitter with the desired display on the Display Unit. One part of the radar
system is an antenna that functions as a transformer. The antenna will transmit radio waves in the air
and will convert electromagnetic waves into electric waves.
Microstrip antenna is one of the antenna materials consisting of 3 main components, namely:
ground plane, substrate, and radiating elements (patch). Where the metal conductor is attached to the
top of the substrate and the ground plane is at the bottom of the substrate. Because of the shape and
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ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012019
size of the compact antenna, causing the antenna is much in demand in the development of antennas
for various applications [4] [5] [6].
The ship's radar works at the frequency S-band, several researchers have developed antennas at the
frequency S-Band such as the design of a spiral antenna [7], research on designing a spiral antenna at a
frequency of 2.68 to 4 GHz, rectangular patches 1x2 and 1x4 [8], research The discussion discusses
the antenna design with a circular design at a frequency of 2.4 GHz as well as various studies others
developed at the frequency S-Band. Then the application of 2 x 2 antenna arrays, many researchers
have done antenna designs including [9][10].
From the results of research that has been developed by several researchers, we will design a 2 x 2
antenna at a frequency of 2.2 GHz rectangular patch whose analysis will be compared with antenna
single patch and a 2x1 patch array at the frequency same, where the array feeding uses the N-Ways
Wilkinson Combiner technique.
2. Antenna Calculation
The stages of the research carried out began with a literature study, using some literature in the form
of textbooks and journals that were relevant to the problems studied and the software used. The next
step is to determine the value of the parameters to be obtained according to the characteristics of the
microstrip antenna, namely the working frequency of 2.2 – 4.3 GHz, the reflection coefficient (S11)
below or equal to -10 dB, and the VSWR between 1-2. The next step is to determine the dimensions of
the antenna, which is to calculate the dimensions of the patch, ground plane, substrate thickness, and
placement feed point. Then the design of the antenna calculation will be simulated. The optimal
simulation results are then made in the form of a prototype as an analysis material for comparison
between simulations. Then determine the type of substrate used. In this case, using the FR4 Epoxy
type. The results of this simulation are then determined whether it needs to be optimized or not. This
optimization is in the form of setting the size of the substrate, patch, ground plane, and placement of
feed points. The next step is to compare the microstrip antenna and measure it based on the reflection
coefficient (s11), VSWR, radiation pattern, and gain.
Table 1. Antenna Specifications
Specification Description
patch rectangular
frequency 2.2 ghz
return loss >=10 db
vswr <=2
impedance ±50ω
dielectric constant 4.3 εr
patch thickness 0.035 mm
substrate thickness 1.6 mm
substrate material fr-4
patch material copper
Based on the purpose of this design, we will design a microstrip antenna with a working frequency
of 2.2 – 4.3 GHz, VSWR value 2, Channel impedance 50 ohms, and using connectors 50 ohms. The
substrate on the microstrip antenna affects the bandwidth, quality factor, and efficiency of the antenna.
Microstrip antennas with thicker substrates will have wider bandwidth but lower quality and efficiency
factors.
The permittivity of the substrate will affect the dimensions, bandwidth, quality factor, and
efficiency of the microstrip antenna. The larger the permittivity value, the smaller the dimensions of
the antenna produced and the smaller the permittivity value, the larger the antenna will be, a large
permittivity will result in bandwidth a narrower, small efficiency, and a large quality factor. In this
2
ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012019
antenna design using a substrate Epoxy FR4 with Relative Permittivity of 4.3, dielectric thickness 1.6
mm and conductor thickness 0.035 mm.
The use of Epoxy FR4 as a substrate by the authors is based on the purpose of designing a smaller
antenna but the impact on lower antenna efficiency and wide bandwidth antenna. This is due to the
relatively large value of the relative permittivity and thickness of the dielectric and the easily available
materials.
Figure 1. Single antena design
Figure 1 shows the design of a rectangular patch antenna with the insert feeding method. The
calculation has been done using formulas 1 and 2 to get the desired frequency value, while the width
of the feed line uses formulas 3 and 4 with the results as shown in table 2. The arrow lines indicate the
dimensions in designing the antenna which is symbolized by the letters listed in Figure 1.
Table 2. Antenna specifications and optimization
No Part Symbol Specification (mm) Optimization (mm)
1. patch diameter Lpa 39.2 38
2. line width Wfa 3 3
3. ground plane length Lg 48 48
4. width of ground length Wg 57 57
6. insert feeding length Wifa 9 5
5. gap width Gpf 1 1.5
Table 2 is the specifications and optimization of the antenna. The length of the patch/radiating
element is symbolized by (Lpa), with a calculated value of 39.2 mm. after optimizing the Lpa value to
38 mm. The feeding length (Lfa) is 23mm, the feeding width (Wfa) is 3 mm, the size of the feeding
width indicates that the antenna has an impedance of 50 ohms as is used in most antennas according to
the calculations in formulas 3 and 4. In this design the antenna uses insert feeding aims to maximize
the return loss value. The width of the insert feeding (Wifa) is 1 mm and after optimization it becomes
1.5 mm and has a length of insert feeding (Lifa) of 5 mm. While at the bottom of the substrate there is
a ground with a ground length (Lga) of 48 mm and a ground width (Wga) of 57 mm.
Below is the formula for designing the antenna, which includes [10]:
Patch Radius
8,791 ×109
𝐹= 𝑓𝑟 √𝜀𝑟
(1)
𝐹
𝐿𝑝 = 2ℎ 𝜋𝐹 (2)
{1+( )[ln ( )+ 1,7726]}0,5
𝜋𝜀𝑟𝐹 2ℎ
3
ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012019
𝐹 is a parameter whose value depends on the resonant frequency, while 𝑓𝑟 is the desired working
frequency in designing the antenna and 𝜀𝑟 is the value of the permeability of the material. Then in
formula 2 are 𝐿𝑝 which is the radius of the rectangular antenna, a patch antenna radius value depends
on ℎ which is a substrate height.
Feed line width (35.5, 50 Ω, 70.7 Ω)
60𝜋2
𝐵= 𝑧0 √𝜀𝑟
(3)
2ℎ 𝜀𝑟 −1 0.61
𝑊1 = {𝐵 − 1 − ln(2𝐵 − 1) + [ln(𝐵 − 1) + 0.39 − ]} (4)
𝜋 2𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑟
Distance between patch elements
𝜆
𝑑=2 (5)
Array factor
1
𝐴𝐹 = 2 cos [ (𝑘𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝛽)] (6)
2
The or feedline is adjusted to the value impedance 𝑍0 connector to be used. The width of the feed
line or feedline can be determined through the following equation 4. ℎ is the thickness of the substrate
material, which 𝜋 is a constant that has a value of 3.14, 𝜀𝑟 is the dielectric constant of the substrate,
and the value of 𝐵 which is the value of the impedance material is obtained from equation 3.
Development of an array antenna design
Figure 2. is the development of the antenna array design development of a single patch antenna. In
Figure 2.a is a 1x2 antenna design and in Figure 2.b is a 2x2 antenna design for feeding the two
antennas using the N-Ways Wilkinson Combiner technique.
𝑍 = 𝑍0 √𝑁 (7)
Where N is the number of branches on the microstrip array antenna and Z0 is the input impedance.
By applying the results of this calculation, there are 2 T-Junction methods that are used to produce an
impedance value of 50 Ohms as shown below.
(a.) (b)
Figure 2. Design of 1x2 and 2x2 Array Antenna
After the calculation is done, the simulation software design is carried out and the calculated value
is entered, but the calculation still does not get the result frequency desired working according to the
parameter value, then the next step is to perform optimization with the values listed in table 3 and
table 4.
4
ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012019
Table 3. Optimization of 1x2 array antenna
Part Symbol Optimization
patch length Lpb 31,38 mm
feeding 1st length Lfb1 23.5 mm
feeding 2nd length Lfb2 10 mm
feeding 3rd length Lfb3 12 mm
width 1st feeding Wfb1 1 mm
width 2nd feeding Wfb2 2 mm
width 3rd freeding Wfb3 67 mm
width 4th feeding Wfb4 3 mm
width of insert feeding Lifb 5 mm
length of insert feeding Wifb 1.5 mm
In table 3. Patch Length of 1x2 antenna element is symbolized by (Lpb), after optimization the Lpb
value is not equilateral, but there is a difference in length, namely 31 and 38 mm. Feeding 1st length
(Lfb1) is 23.5 mm, length of 4th feeding (Wfb4) is 3 mm, the size of the feeding width indicates that
the antenna has an impedance of 50 ohms as is used in most antennas. In this design, the antenna uses
insert feeding, which aims to maximize the return loss value. The width of the insert feeding (Wifb) is
fixed at 1.5 mm and the length of the insert feeding (Lifb) is 5 mm. The next step is compiling the
antenna array feeding, the width 1st feeding (Wfb1) is 1 mm, the width 2nd feeding (Wfb2) is 2 mm,
then the width 3rd feeding (Wfb3) is 67 mm while the width 4th feeding (Wfb4) is 3 mm.
Table 4. Optimization of 2x2 array antenna
Part Symbol Optimization
patch length Lpc 31.5,43 mm
feeding 1st length Lfc1 16 mm
feeding 2nd length Lfc2 20.5 mm
feeding 3rd length Lfc3 33.5 mm
width 1st feeding Wfc1 2 mm
width 2nd feeding Wfc2 66 mm
width 3rd freeding Wfc3 5 mm
width 4th feeding Wfc4 3 mm
width of insert feeding Wifc 1 mm
length of insert feeding Lifc 11 mm
In table 4 is the specification of the antenna array 2x2 patch length (Lpc) is 31.5 and 43 mm. The
feeding 1st length (Lfc1) is 16 mm, feeding 2nd length (Lfc2) is 20.5 mm, the feeding 3rd length
(Lfc3) is 33.5 mm. For the width, the width 1st feeding is (Wfc1) is 2 mm, width 3rd freeding (Wfc2)
is 66 mm, width 3rd freeding (Wfc3) is 5 mm, then for width 4th (Wfc4) is 3 mm. Then for the
specifications of the Insert Feeding Length (Wifc) is 1 mm, and also the size of the Insert Feeding
Width (Lifc) is 11 mm.
3. Antenna Simulation
Return loss is the ratio of the reflected wave level to the transmitted wave level. The return loss value
will occur due to a mismatch between the transmission line and the load. The return loss value of the
antenna must be less than -10 dB for the antenna to be used. The smaller or minus the value of return
loss of an antenna, the more efficient the antenna is designed [11] [12].
From the simulation results that have been carried out, the return loss value is obtained as shown in
Figure 3. Return Loss or also called reflected coefficient is the value of the antenna efficiency when
emitted. Value antenna working visits of the acquisition value of the return loss below 10 dB, which
5
ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012019
means that only 10 percent of the power of the transmitter is returned while 90 percent of the power
transmitted via the antenna.
Figure 3. The return loss of antenna, single an array of 1x2 and 2x2 arrays
Figure 3 is a combination chart return loss value which consists of a single patch antenna, 1x2 array
antenna, and 2x2 antenna array. The single patch is symbolized by a dotted line with a circle style
marker, while the 1x2 patch array antenna return loss uses a dotted line with a rectangular style marker
and a full line 2x2 patch array with a triangle style marker. S11 single patch works at a frequency of
2.164 – 2.247 GHz with a bandwidth of 83 MHz and a return loss value of -13,934 dB, for a 1x2 patch
array antenna, the frequency range starts from 2.161 – 2.222 GHz with a bandwidth of 61 MHz and a
return loss value of -13,934 MHz, while the 2x2 patch array antenna works from a frequency of
2.1607 GHz – 2.24 GHz with a bandwidth value of 83.6 MHz and a return loss value of -18,086 dB.
Figure 4. below shows a graph of the frequency against the gain value in dB units. In the graph,
there is a triangle that shows the frequency value and the amount of gain.
Figure 4. The gain of the 2x2 antenna
The center frequency in the antenna design for the ship's radar of 2.2 GHz. With gain value of
4.714 dB. While the frequency of the bottom there is a triangle number 1 rated frequency 2.159 GHz
while the value gain of 4.128 dB then the highest frequency that is equal to 2.239 GHz with a value of
6
ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012019
4.446, after passing through the working frequency of the highest value of the gain is likely to go
down to the frequency of observations at 2.5 GHz.
Figure 5. Shows a graph of the radiation pattern of the far field directivity theta/Degree antenna to
the amplification of isotropic radiation, then the Fairfield directivity Phi/Degree to the amplification of
isotropic radiation.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5. The radiation pattern of a single antenna, 1x2 array, and 2x2 array
In Figure 5a, the radiation pattern of 2.2 GHz shows the main lobe magnitude of 6.08 dBi, then the
main lobe direction of 1 degree. Angular width (3dB) of 94.9-degree side lobe level of -12.9 dB. In
Figure 5 b, the value of the main lobe magnitude is 8.79dBi, while the main lobe direction is 10 deg.
While the angular width is 81.7 dB and the side lobe level is -13 dB. Then in figure 5c. The value of
the main lobe magnitude is 8.51 dBi while the main lobe direction is 42 deg and the angular width is
53.6 deg.
The results of the analysis of the three designs above can be compared with the design of a single
patch, 1x2 patch array, and 2x2 patch array including values of return loss, VSWR, bandwidth, gain,
and beamwidth. The results of the comparison of values can be seen in Table 5 below.
Table 5.Comparison of antenna parameter values
No Parameter Single Patch Array Patch 1x2 Array Patch 2x2
1 Frequency 2.2 GHz 2.2 GHz 2.2 GHz
2 S-Parameter -13.934 dB -20.371 dB -18.086 dB
3 VSWR 1.502 1.211 1.284
4 Bandwith 61 MHz 83 MHz 83.6 MHz
5 Gain 2.144 dB 4.58 dB 4.714 dB
6 Beamwidth 94.9 deg 81.7 deg 53.6 deg
From table 5 above it can be concluded that the best efficiency value is in the 1x2 patch array
antenna design worth -20,371 dB, and the lowest VSWR value is 1.211 then the lowest bandwidth is
61 MHz and the highest bandwidth is 83.6 MHz there is no significant difference in the highest
bandwidth value of 83.6 or a difference of 6 kHz. The highest gain value is 4.714 dB and the lowest
beamwidth is 53.6 deg.
7
ICATECH 2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117 (2021) 012019 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012019
4. Conclusions
Based on the results in chapter 3, it can be concluded that increasing the number of patches on the
antenna affects the bandwidth and gain values but reduces the beamwidth.
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[3] Xia J 2020 Design and implementation of method to increase the isolation of boat rocking for
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