WORLD WAR I Unit 6
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WW1 by Academia Play (transcrip)
Introduction:
World War I (often abbreviated to WWI or WW1), also known as the First
World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that
lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
World war one also known as the Great War was a global war that mainly
took place in Europe and spanned from 1914 to 1918.
Over 9 million combatants and 7 million civilians died as a result of the war.
A very high death rate compared to previous wars. The high number of
casualties was mainly due to the belligerents' technological and industrial
sophistication.
In the great war, the great military powers of the era were drawn in.
The "Big Bertha" howitzer cannon is one of the most significant examples of the pre-World War I arms race. It weighed about
43,000 kg, and was capable of launching projectiles of up to 830 kg. Of German manufacture, it was used with great success in the
early phases of the conflict, against the Belgian forts of Liège, although later its poor maneuverability would strongly restrict its use.
Background
Overnight Germany who arrived late on the
colonial scene is incorporated into the large
nations club. Its great army has defeated the
France of Napoleon III in a humiliating defeat for
the French and Prussian King Wilhelm proclaim
himself emperor Kaiser of the German Empire.
France loses the regions of Alsace and Lorraine.
France and England put aside their
differences when the German giant started
overshadowing them creating an Entente
Cordiale in 1904 which following the
Annexation of Russia was named the
Triple Entente.
Background
Overnight Germany who arrived late on the colonial
scene is incorporated into the large nations club. Its great
army has defeated the France of Napoleon III in a
humiliating defeat for the French and Prussian King
Wilhelm proclaim himself emperor Kaiser of the German
Empire.
France loses the regions of Alsace and Lorraine France
and England put aside their differences when the
German giant started overshadowing them creating an
Entente Cordiale in 1904 which following the Annexation
of Russia was named the Triple Entente
Who fought in WWI?
There were two opposing sides On one side
there was a triple Entente and the other side
was the Triple Alliance an agreement of The
Central Powers the German Empire the
Austria-Hungary Empire.
The Triple Alliance was the coalition initially
integrated by the German Empire the
Austria-Hungary Empire Let by the chancellor
Otto von Bismarck. These countries agreed To
support each other in case of being attacked
by France or Russia.
Both alliances integrated more countries the
Ottoman Empire and the kingdom of Bulgaria
joined the Central Powers. Italy change sides
and joins the winning alliance the Triple
Entente, They were also joined by the Empire
of Japan and the United States.
What was the direct cause?
The main underlying cause was the imperialism and
colonialism developed by the involved power for decades.
However, the incident that sparked the conflict began on June
28th, 1914 in Sarajevo with the assassination of Archduke
Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife.
The murderer was a Serbian nationalist. The assassination
provoked a diplomatic crisis: Austria-Hungary and Germany
required Serbia to open an investigation and take action in
Serbia.
Serbia refused supported by Russia ruled by Tsar Nicholas II.
Austria-Hungary finally declared war on Serbia, and Russia
then decided to support Serbia. Afterward, Germany declared
war on Russia and France and invade Belgium. England
declares war on Germany and so on.
Suddenly, the world was at war with the other half.
Today the joy that the outbreak of war fronts, the Western front and the Eastern in ditches dug into the ground exists thanks to
produced in Germany would be unthinkable front. the
the German thought it would be a quick war revolutionary use of firearms, this kind of war
Trench warfare After the Battle of the Marne, the Western
defeating France by entering Paris, invading Front became immobile. Trenches were built from Switzerland to the reached its peak of cruelty and death on the
North Sea. Even the smallest advances made during this phase resulted
neutral Belgium and then moving all its war in enormous casualties. From that point on, both the Central Powers
Western Front.
(allies based on the Triple Alliance agreement) and the Allied Powers
machinery towards Russia within a few (allies based on the Triple Entente agreement) had to find new allies who
months. However, the French resisted the could provide more soldiers. The Ottoman Empire entered the war in late
1914, followed by Italy and Bulgaria in 1915 and Romania in 1916. The
armament advance imposed a very expensive Germans launched a new offensive on the Western Front in 1916 but
were stopped by the French at the Battle of Verdun. The French and
and long war which was quickly aggravated British then attacked the German lines at the Battle of the Somme. Both
offensives achieved very little, despite the enormous casualties on both
becoming an authentic slaughter. sides
The war of movement The war began on the Western
Front when the German army suddenly attacked France through Belgium
and Luxembourg (the Schlieffen Plan). The Germans hoped to win
quickly so it would be able to then concentrate on the Eastern Front.By
the beginning of September 1914, the Germans were 40 km from Paris.
However, the French and British armies stopped the advance at the Battle
of the Marne.On the Eastern Front, Germany beat Russia at the Battle
of Tannenberg, but the Russians recovered and reached the border of
the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the Balkans, Serbia stopped
Austria-Hungary's advance.
The trenches barely moved in this war there
were new cannons, machine guns,
submarines, tanks, fighter ships, airships, On the Eastern front the German military
poisonous gases such as mustard gas. was commanded by an old fighting legend
It was a fight between many fronts in the Paul von Hindenburg following his victories he
Balkans, the Dardanelles, the Middle East, the ended up
Caucasus, the Italian Alps in Africa, in the Far
East, in the Pacific and in the Atlantic.
However, the main efforts concentrated on two The trench warfare where troops seek shelter
Ludendorff as a subordinate. Both men would
end up creating a military dictatorship leading
the country de-facto and marginalizing Kaiser
Wilhelm II and the German Parliament.
being the chief of general staff with general
Taxi model Renault AG in red, "the taxis
of the Marne". At a time when France
was overwhelmed by the situation, the
French government ordered the transfer
of reserve troops to the Marne defensive
line under any circumstances. For them,
they resorted to sending taxis to the
front with the reserve troops. In the
collective memory of Parisians was
engraved by fire the presence of some
660 taxis continuously sending people to
the front in the first days of September
1914.
Path of glory (attack)
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VkUKAtzE0r0
1917 the decisive year
The Germans tried to isolate the British with U-boat
submarines. These submarines attacked British ships
supplying British Isles again and again. In 1915 the
German sink the RMS Lusitania, a big ocean liner representing
the pride and power of the British Empire a hundred and twenty
eight Americans died when it sank. This led the United States to
declare war on the central empired in 1917, threatening the
balance of power.
In addition, that same year in Russia, famines and war casualties The
led to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution forcing the Russian
delegation
abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. was sent to
The Bolsheviks took charge, they signed the armistice with a Brest-Litovsk for the signing of the treaty with the Central Powers. In the top
row, Leon Trotsky, second from the right, can be seen.
central empire and later a peace treaty. The Germans took advantage of this victory to send its eastern
army to the Western front, aiming to obtain a quick response
before the massive arrival of the Americans. It was their definite
trump card however, the German troops were poorly fed and
exhausted and they couldn’t resist a furious counter-offensive,
failing against the final target Paris arriving within 120 kilometers
RMS
Lusitania from the French capital.
General Foch commanded the French and US troops to victory in
the Second Battle of the Marne. The first British tanks engaged
in combat and the allied air superiority was evident.
The Italians also defeated the Austro-hungarians. Ludendorff and
Hindenburg wanted a media capitulation as they believed that the
front will fall apart at any time replacements German Headquarters 8 January 1917. Chief of Staff (General)
Paul von Hindenburg and Kaiser Wilhelm II with General Erich
American troops continued landing and even Italy prepared to Ludendorff.
send troops to France.
Germany and the Central Powers had
lost the war on paper, American President
Wilson announced will only negotiate
with a Democratic German
government following a socialist revolution
in Berlin, the Kaiser fled to Holland it was
the end of the German Kaiser’s.
After the Treaty of Versailles, Germany
suffered humiliating sanctions feeding
German hate against the winners.
The French were particularly eager in their
reprisals against Germany.
The Treaty propitiated Hitler’s rise to
power and the Second World War.
End of academia play video transcript
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBrfg2tTiIk Chanson de Craonne
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds8cKgPdE6M Sister Sufragette Mary Poppins
Treaty of Versailles
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The League of Nations
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Kandinsky https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qt89fWM9ex4
Cubism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IF-nmwm7-Bg
Futurism https://youtu.be/jERSbNRyx7E
Expresionism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDYj4qLapTI
Life in the
Trenches
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les.com/history/
britain-in-world
war-i/trench-wa
rfare-during-wo
rld-war-i
On the Western Front, the war was fought by soldiers in trenches.
Trenches were long, narrow ditches dug into the ground where soldiers lived.
They were very muddy, uncomfortable and the toilets overflowed. These conditions caused some
soldiers to develop a problem called trench foot. Infectious diseases such as dysentery, cholera
and typhoid fever spread rapidly. Trench mouth, a type of gum infection, thought to be caused by
the stress of non-stop bombardment, was also common.
There were many lines of German trenches on one side and many lines of Allied trenches on the
other.
In the middle was no man's land, which soldiers crossed to attack the other side.
A pictorial diagram of a typical trench system. Protected by several lines of barbed wire was the
front line, or “main fire trench” facing the enemy. Behind this was another trench called a support
line. Here dugouts were cut into the side of the trench wall, just large enough for three or four men
to squeeze in for shelter, or for a telephone position for a signaller, or for a Platoon or Company
HQ. Communication trenches linked the rear areas with both lines, along which men men, equipment and supplies moved as and when needed.
ORGANIZATION OF
PEACE
THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
In January 1919 a conference was opened in Paris to discuss the conditions of peace.
From there emerges a series of treaties signed independently with each of the
defeated countries. The Treaty of Versailles, signed with Germany, is the most
significant of all:
● Germany is declared solely responsible for the outbreak of the conflict and is
forced to pay heavy war reparations.
● Its army and navy are completely dismantled, and it is forbidden to rearm. ●
Its colonial empire is taken away, which is divided between England and France.
● Germany was forced to return territories that were considered not to be
legitimately German, with Alsace and Lorraine being the most significant.
Germany always considered that
the Treaty of Versailles was an
unjust imposition and that it
obeyed more the spirit of revenge
than any other factor, so that it
will be one of the elements that
drove nationalism and the desire for
revenge among a good part of the German
population. In the picture, popular protests
against the Treaty of Versailles.
A NEW EUROPE
In addition to the Treaty of Versailles, other treaties were fragmenting the defeated
countries. According to the ideas of US President Wilson (Wilson's Fourteen Points),
every nation had the right to form an independent state. To do this: * The old country
of Poland, which disappeared in the eighteenth century, is rebuilt with territories of
Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany.
* Russia loses almost the entire Baltic coast.
* The Turkish Empire almost disappeared completely, ceding large territories to the
British and French as protectorates.
* Austria-Hungary disintegrates, and in its place emerge Czechoslovakia, Austria and
Hungary.
* In the Balkans Yugoslavia is created as an amalgam of different small nations, with
Serbia at the head.
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
An international
organization, the
League of Nations (SDN),
was
created to ensure peace,
foster
international cooperation,
monitor
compliance with treaties and
diplomatically settle conflicts. The
SDN was installed in Geneva, with
two bodies, the Assembly, of which
all member States were to be part,
and the Council, composed of the
victorious powers.
The Russian
Revolution
and the USSR
Unit 6 (Part 2)
Vídeo Academia Play
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=8qNksuheBeY
What was the Russian Revolution?
The February revolution overthrew Tsar
The
Russian
Revolution
was a
series of
revolts that
took place
in Russia in
1917.
Nicholas II
and the October revolution led to the creation of the
Soviet Union.
What kind of government was in
place before the revolution?
The pre-revolutionary form
of government in the
Russian Empire was an
absolute monarchy or
autocracy: the Tsar
(Emperor) of Russia held
absolute state power.
The Tsar (Emperor) of
Russia was supported
by:
● the bureaucracy
● the army
● and the Orthodox
Church.
Boney M. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz7xz_xk2-s Rasputin - The Man Behind The Tsarina
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBr8a8mWAJc
What were the causes of the Russian
Revolution
There were four causes of the Russian Revolution:
a) Highly unequal society: in pre-revolutionary Russian society there were three social groups with great
inequalities: o The aristocracy was the privileged group and owned almost all the land.
o Peasantry: made up the majority of the population. For centuries they had worked the land of the aristocracy, who imposed
miserable living conditions on them.
o Proletariat: a social group that emerged with Russian industrialization, with very low wages and long working hours to the
point of exhaustion.
b) The emergence of workers' political parties: Faced with their appalling living conditions, the Russian proletariat, influenced by
Marxist ideas, organized itself. Two political groups were particularly important:
o The Mensheviks (means minority): the group among the workers and the most moderate.
o Bolsheviks (means majority): group among the workers, and the most radical. Led by Lenin, their aim is the proletarian
revolution.
There were also other political parties: Populists (Socialist Revolutionary Party), Anarchists, Liberals (Kadets)
c) World War I: With Russia fighting in World War I, there were military defeats and general discontent among the working classes
over a large number of casualties and the lack of food and basic necessities, as farmers and workers had become soldiers.
d) Unpopularity of Tsar Nicholas II: this situation is due to his disastrous management as a ruler and his brutal repression of popular
demonstrations for reform.
What were the phases of the Russian
Revolution?
There were two phases of the
Russian
revolution:
a) Revolution of February 1917: the
bourgeois revolution that puts
an
end to the rule of Tsar Nicholas
II,
as well as reforms to establish a
democratic republic in Russia.
b) October Revolution of 1917: the
reforms of the democratic
republic are ended and a
workers'
state is created under the
control
of the Bolsheviks.
What were the characteristics of the February Revolution?
The characteristics of the February Revolution were threefold:
a) Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II: The revolution of February 1917 broke
out
spontaneously when the popular classes of Petrograd (the Slavic
name for St.
Petersburg, then the capital of Russia, where the Tsar resided)
demonstrated
against the Tsar and the army supported them, forcing the Tsar to
abdicate.
b) Formation of a provisional government, charged with organizing a
democratic
republic in Russia, to abolish the Tsarist regime. It is a bourgeois
revolution.
c) Participation in World War I: the Provisional Government decides to continue
participating in the war, which provokes public discontent and the
Bolshevik-controlled soviets (assembly-like councils of workers, soldiers, and
peasants) call for a withdrawal from the war and the dismissal of the
Provisional Government. In practice, there is a duality of powers: the
Provisional Government is pitted against the Bolshevik
Russian Provisional Government
soviets.
Line to get bread in St. Petersburg, 1917
What were the characteristics of the
October Revolution
The characteristics of the October Revolution were
threefold:
a) Bolsheviks control the soviets: the slow pace
of
reform gives them popular support and
they
take control of the soviets.
b) Proclamation of the workers' state, following
the Bolsheviks' seizure of the Winter
Palace, the
seat of the provisional government. Lenin's
proclamation of the workers' or Soviet
state.
c) Revolutionary new measures:
o The lands of the aristocracy were
distributed among the peasants.
o The factories came under workers'
control.
o The Peace of Brest-Litovsk (1918) was
signed with Germany, whereby Russia left
the First World War, although it lost
important territories on the European
side.
The revolutions of February and October did not
take place, from the point of view of the West, in
these months. Because of slight differences
between the Western and Russian calendars, the
exact dates do not coincide.
Vladimir
Ilyich
Ulyanov,
known as
Lenin, was
the main
Bolshevik
leader and
inspiration
behind the
October Revolution of
1917. He was imprisoned
and deported to Siberia
and then exiled to
Switzerland. After the
victory of the February
Revolution, he returned to
Russia to lead the
Bolshevik's seizure of
power.
The creation of the USSR
The Soviet government was consolidated after winning the Civil War, which broke out after the October
Revolution, and Russia in 1922 became the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).
with Germany.
What was the Russian Civil War? - Red Army: organised by Trotsky, it is the Bolshevik
The Russian Civil War was the war that broke out after army made up of peasants and workers.
the October Revolution in Russia, lasting three years Victory went to the Red Army, which introduced war
and pitting two sides against each other: communism, whereby industry was nationalised, land
- White Army: composed of the dispossessed was collectivised, peasants were forced to hand over
aristocracy, part of the old Tsarist, well-to-do their crops to the state.
peasants and French and British troops, still at war What were the characteristics of the new Soviet state?
The characteristics of the new Soviet state were fourfold: Dictatorship of the proletariat: power is monopolised by
- Creation of the USSR: in 1922, the Soviet state became the CPSU, which represents the proletariat, i.e. the
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a federal majority of the population.
state that brought together the different nationalities - Lenin and Stalin: The first president of the USSR was
within the territory of Tsarist Russia. Lenin, who died in 1924. He is succeeded by Stalin as
- Totalitarian system: in the USSR there is only one legal head of the USSR.
party, the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union). -
Leon Trotsky was one of the most well-known leaders of the
Russian revolutionary process. Though he was initially more
interested in the positions of the Mensheviks than the
Bolsheviks, he ended up being one of the greatest
representatives of the new Russia on an international level,
signing a peace treaty with Germany. He was also the person
in charge of organizing the Red Army. He established control
of each unit via Bolshevik political commissaries and imposed
a strong discipline, which would be determinant in the
formation of the new Soviet military power.
Confronted by the opposing power of Stalin, he would end up
in exile before the growing power of his rival. He was
eventually assassinated in 1940 under the direct order of
Stalin.
Each republic retained its language
and had authority over justice and
education, but not over the
Communist Party, the army, the
economy and foreign policy.
The USSR was a federal state with a
parliament (Supreme Soviet) and a
single party, the CPSU (Communist
Party of the Soviet Union). It was a
totalitarian system that was justified
by the theory of the dictatorship of
the proletariat.
