01 abuse

object
1 2 3 4 5 6 distant
encounter
7 8 9 10 11 12
exceptional
apparently
virtually
resemblance

1. category 2. encountered 3. exceptional

1.
2.
3.

But this seems not to shake your faith [that the object
remains a lemon].
[ ] your faith

category
think through
inject
artificially

2
 And [if you’re a child, and an adult is willing to pay
you to do something], that’s a clue [that you wouldn’t
otherwise enjoy doing it].
[ ] [ ] a clue

conduct
figure out
dislike
intuitively
relatively
It is [this guaranteed cost of competition] that allows
occupy
incentive
deceptive individuals [to {exaggerate their strengths}
clue and {play down their weaknesses} without necessarily
piece together getting caught].
It is ~ that ... [ ]
[ ] allows
1. dislike 2. occupy 3. incentive { } and to
1.
2.
party
3.
escalate
contest
blend
exaggeration
opponent
compete
deceptive
play down
moose
crab
claw

1. escalate 2. exaggeration 3. deceptive

1.
2.

3.

3
 present
norms
pour into
laboratory room
questionnaire
bystander
passerby
unresponsive
likelihood

1. norms 2. passerby 3. unresponsive

1.
2.

3.

In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for

smoke to pour into a laboratory room [in which
students were sitting {completing questionnaires}].
[ ] a laboratory room
{ } students

rush
keep calm

4
 Dorothy Smith

[Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian,

Babylonian, and Aztec empires], spent [a large 16
proportion of social capital {(covering such things as 2 17 14
the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the
society)}] on religious activity.
[ ] [ ] spent
{ } social capital

profound
natural philosophy
keen
vast
inhabit
supernatural
heritage
The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed
dominate
into the ruler [sitting at his desk], [as in the famous
priest
cases of { Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century
extension
and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth }].
proportion
[ ] the ruler [ ]
religious
{ }
of and
1. philosophy 2. heritage 3. religious
1. René Descartes
2. formation
3. centralization
note
sociologist
issue
questionnaire
archive
official
assist
Philip II
Louis XIV

5
 [ ] to { }
1. centralization 2. issued 3. assist the extent
1.
2. primary
3. determine
extent
generalize
hypothesis
proceed
modify
investigate
exposure to
aggression
conduct

1. primary 2. exposure 3. aggression

1.
2.

3.

The primary goal of replication is [to determine the

extent {to which an observed relationship generalizes
across different tests of the research hypothesis}].

6
 A remote interlocutor [is much less likely to pick up
these cues] and [therefore will continue to make
cognitively demanding conversation at a time {when
the secondary task needs to be shut down to devote
resources to the main driving task}].
[ ] and
[ ] { } a time

disruptive
passenger
non-verbal
cue
concentrate on
tricky
cognitively
demanding
secondary
devote ~ to ...
in terms of
For example, the price for the “sports + food + drama +
allocation
interfere with
news” bundle is not much more than the price [the
computation service would charge for the sports package alone].
diminished much more [ ] the price

1. disruptive 2. cue 3. concentrate bundle

1. convenience
2. specialize in
3. essentially

7
practice experience} and {the real thing}].
profit [ ] shown
{ } and between

1. convenience 2. profit(s) 3. specialize

1.
recognize
2.
experiment
juicy
3.
slice
throat
sourness
reaction
organize
vividly
visualize

1. slicing 2. reaction 3. vividly

1.
2.
3.

Many studies have shown [that the brain cannot

recognize the difference between {a well-imagined

8
 1. variable 2. dimensions 3. prejudice
1.

2.

3.

Thus, [if your hypothesis involves a general

construct], you may be able to improve your
hypothesis by [breaking that multidimensional
construct down into its individual dimensions] and
then [making hypotheses {involving those individual
components}].
[ ]
[ ] and by
[ ] { } hypotheses

hypothesis
variable
involve
construct
break ~ into ...
multidimensional
dimension
component
aspect
commitment
intimacy
interfere with
encoding
rehearsal
prejudice
conscious

9
 02
1 2 3 4 5 6
[When there is a conflict between {what the 7 8 9 10 11 12
customers want} and {what the boss wants}], the boss
wins.
[ ]
{ } and between

implementation
phase
self-serving
hierarchical
alive and well
assume
responsive gonna hafta tryna
promote
frontline
conflict
supervisor 2

1. assume 2. responsive 3. conflict(s)

1.
2.
3.

However, the demands of comprehending and

producing language require additional flexibility
[because speakers produce forms {that deviate from
standard patterns} and listeners must be able to
comprehend them].
[ ] { } forms

comprehend
systematic

10
additional
shortcut
fluent
overlap
conflicting
extensive
obtain
[If you can come up with a great creative idea {that
stress
fits within the confines of the strategy}], then you’re a
deafness
genius.
[ ] { } a great creative idea
1. comprehend 2. fluent 3. overlaps
1.
2. phrase
3. convention
limitation
framework
concrete
budget
dimension
ingredient
strategy
come up with
genius
off the mark
essence
execution
placement

1. concrete 2. budget(s) 3. genius

1.

2.
3.

11
 1. exploit 2. devised 3. deposits
1.
2.
3.

57 9%

[What is unusual about our species] is [that we’ve

been able to use more and more energy without
{having to evolve into a different species}].
[ ] [ ]
{ } without

arrange
autotroph
heterotroph
exploit
capture
evolve
combination
claw
power station [To retain high levels of profitability], media
spear corporations have closed or merged titles and cut jobs,
do the trick [{often moving journalists long distances away from
devise the communities they serve } and {no longer being
domestication able to provide content of relevance to them}].
mechanisation [ ] to [ ]
deposit media corporations

12
 { } and
the communities

institution
multiple
crisis
representation
accountability
capitalism
decline
take over
sustainability
circulate
retain
These may be poor substitutes for [what they replace],
profitability
but they are habitats [that can add more {if properly
corporation
managed}].
merge
[ ] for
relevance
[ ] habitats { }
if they are
1. multiple/many 2. relevance 3. profitability
1.
2. complexity
3. intervention
ecosystem
adapt
die out
enclose
reserve
habitat
urbanization
landscape
thrive
motorway
deposit
abundant
substitute
properly
conserve

1. urbanization 2. enclosed 3. substitute

1.
2.
3.

13
 combination
agent
reinforce
overcome
troublesome
weakness
dominate
automatic pilot
periodically

1. reinforce 2. troublesome 3. weaknesses

1.
2.
3.

Alex Haley
1976 Roots
The Saga of an American Family
Odyssey Iliad

When you allow others to dominate the programming

of your mind, then when your mind runs on automatic
pilot, you end up [behaving in ways {that achieve the
goals of those programmers}] rather than [behaving
in ways {that would make you happier}].
~ rather than ...
[ ]
{ } ways

14
 We’re all familiar with the children’s game [in which
a message is whispered from one person to another
{until it goes around a room}].
[ ] the children’s game
{ }

familiar
whisper
invariably
distorted
misleading
accurately
transmit
[When it {bares its teeth}, {frowns its brows}, {makes
ancestor
fierce noises}, or {displays its horns}], it signals to
heroic
the other animal [that fighting such a strong adversary
compose
may not be worth it].
[ ]
1. ancestor(s) 2. composed 3. misleading { } or [ ]
1. signals

2. criterion
3. prepare
literally
figuratively
intense
prompt
repertoire
arch
bare
frown
brows
fierce
horn
adversary
aggression
withdraw
interpret

1. criteria 2. prepare 3. prompted/prompts

1.
2.
3.

15
 construct
identity
furnishings
pottery
15 17
elaborate
refine
spatial
arrangement
dynamic

1. flourished 2. construct 3. consumption

1.
2.
3.

15 17

This is [why so much was spent on objects], [why so

many new kinds of objects came into existence], [why
19
the arts flourished now in the domestic world {as they
Austin College Sneed
had earlier in the ecclesiastical world}].
[ ] { }
as had had
flourished flourished

construction
furnish
interior
flourish
domestic
consumption

16
 The distribution of US farm homesteads [granted to
pioneer settlers] is a classic case of artificial
boundaries [not matching natural boundaries].
[ ] US farm homesteads artificial
boundaries

distribution
grant
pioneer
property
allocate
survey
regular
boundary
regardless of
lay of the land For example, suppose [you read a few studies showing
subject to {that a new behavioral therapy for depression
erosion significantly reduces symptoms of depression in
consequence patients}].
restoration [ ] suppose that
flash-flood { } that
showing

1. grant 2. pioneer(s) 3. allocate

effect
1.
overstate
2.
literature
3.
therapy
depression
significantly
symptom
effectiveness
accept
manuscript
bulk
compromise

1. therapy 2. accept 3. effect

1.

17
2.
3. overcome
encourage
poverty
satisfy
appeal
earn
innovation
grind away at
stock
consequence
reflect on
prisoner

1. earn 2. satisfy 3. Innovation

1.
2.
3.

mother culture Daniel Quinn Ishmael

Daniel Quinn
mother
Ishmael
culture

Ishmael

In other words, people work to earn money [to satisfy

wants (and of course needs)], but their effort results in
production of goods, including new innovations, [that,
when marketed, increase others’ desires].
[ ] to [ ]
goods

18
 03 while
disclosing
{ }

1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 agree ~ with ...
circumstance
addressee
unique
statement
unoriginal
dull
appropriate
personalize
analysis
reveal

1. circumstance(s) 2. unique 3. revealed

1.
2.
3.

An analysis of what is one’s own might then reveal

[much of what the speaker has borrowed from parents,
guides, friends, books, fashions, etc.], [while at the
same time disclosing {how all these influences have
converged into the unique results of what the author
said}].
[ ] reveal [ ]

19
 2
2020

You engage in worrying, [hoping against hope that

you’ll finally nail down the unsolvable questions
{troubling your life}].
[ ]
{ } the unsolvable questions

uncertainty
doubt
awareness
mystery
impatience
thread
aspect
quest
resolution
drive
tireless
commitment
willingness
[As more and more of our actions, interactions and
transactions are mediated through digital technology],
1. doubt 2. impatience 3. commitment those [who write code] increasingly write the rules [by
1. which the rest of us live].
2. [ ]
[ ] those the rules
3.

commercial
scholar
legislator
strict
commonplace
access
virtual currency
controversial
corruption
violate

20
transaction business support].
mediate [ ] businesses
[ ] realize { }

1. legislator(s) 2. controversial 3. violate

1.
concept
2.
privatize
competition
3.
fierce
differentiate
enthusiastically
embrace
influential
surround
notion
70 80

1. competition 2. influential 3. notion

1.
2.

3.

70 80

Even businesses [serving other businesses] began to

realize [that {having a brand} was an important

21
 Wheeler

Railroad tracks seem to converge in the distance, and

yet [when we walk to the spot {where they apparently
merged}] we find them to be parallel.
[ ] { } the spot
Lesley Wheeler

ordinary
apparently
merge
parallel
distorted
perception
multiply
endlessly
phenomenon
misleading
reverse
[Having benefited from the welcoming shelter of
shade trees planted by others], Wheeler has little
1. parallel 2. distorted 3. perception patience for “cranky” referees [who poison the air
1. with mean-spirited reviews].
[ ]
2. having p.p. [ ]
3. “cranky” referees

proverb
shade
scholar
generosity
manuscript
shelter
referee
mean-spirited
gracious
Lesley Wheeler constructive

22
conscientiousness factors {that affect creativity}]: ~.
[ ] learn { }
the negative factors
1. generosity 2. anonymous 3. constructive
1.
foster
creativity
2.
flourish
3.
aspect
further
negative
cognitive
interference
task-irrelevant
inhibition
anxiety
free riding
illusion
productivity
potential
Meissner
accountability
opportunity

1. negative 2. productivity 3. potential

1.

2.
3.

cognitive interference

Students need to learn [how to avoid the negative

23
 1.
2.
3.

spaced learning

massed learning

H2O

[Although it has been demonstrated {that spaced

learning sessions are usually more effective than
massed learning sessions}], in real-life settings this
advantage may sometimes be compromised by
practical considerations.
[ ] it
{ }

session
compromise
available
revise
break
obviously
overall
represent
efficient
worthwhile
practical
agreement

1. available 2. worthwhile 3. practical

24
 In many places water is free, or priced so low that the
revenue [it generates] is not enough to maintain, or
upgrade, reservoirs, distribution pipes, and treatment
plants.
so ~ that ...
[ ] the revenue

flow
low-value
right
productive
climate
export
conserve
dance around
reflect
scarcity
[When chimpanzees and bonobos, {the nearest
essential
price incentive
genetic relatives to modern humans}, encounter large
revenue predators in the wild], they run.
[ ] { } chimpanzees and
bonobos
1. reflect 2. essential 3. revenue
1. basic
2. represent
3. evolutionary
encourage
flee
ancient
encounter
ancestor
cave bear
genetic
predator
distinctly
coward

1. Ancient 2. encounter 3. predator

1.

2.

3.

25
 hardly
struggle
scientific community
1950 recognize
genetic
biochemical
makeup
complex
Mortimer Johnston biological
process
sustain
lifespan
doubtful
rare
characteristic

2009
1. complex 2. genetic 3. rare
5
1.

2.
1950
3.

4 15

[If you are doubtful that a yeast cell can tell us

anything about cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, rare
diseases, or aging], consider [that there have been five
Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine awarded for
genetic studies in yeast, including {the 2009 prize for
discovering how cells counteract telomere shortening,
one of the characteristics of aging}].
[ ] [ ] consider
{ } including

26
 04
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12

American business and political communication is

rife with bad habits and unhelpful tendencies [that can
do serious damage to the companies and causes {they
seek to promote}].
[ ] bad habits and unhelpful tendencies
{ } the companies and 20
causes

govern
explicit
impose
cultural norms
conduct
ordinary
involuntary
subconscious
convention
tendency
promote
inflexible
absolute
destination

1. Ordinary 2. involuntary 3. tendency

1.
2. [If we’re going to argue for a massive change in
3. human society, {which is what will be required to end
our use of fossil fuels}], it seems reasonable [to ask
that we move beyond detection].
[ ] { } a massive

27
 change in human society
it [ ]

statement
fossil fuel
call for
rapid
transition
carbon
emission
bold
detection
argue
massive
reasonable
tremendous
insist The rules [that are followed in forming a ‘correct’
downside utterance and a well-organised discourse] exist only
doubt in the minds of the individual speakers as learned
observe dispositions [held in the neurophysiological memory
traces of their brains].
[ ] The rules [ ]
1. rapid 2. transition 3. bold
learned dispositions
1.
2.
3. structure
external
constrain
be independent of
subjective
preference
subject
object
possessive
Durkheim consciously
apply
partial
awareness
unreflective
formulate
comprise
utterance
discourse
disposition

28
trace

1. external 2. constrain 3. awareness

More recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J.
1.
Gibson studied the ways [in which {the design and
2.
3.
appearance of environmental configurations and
objects } encourage particular responses in human
behavior].
Émile Durkheim [ ] the ways { }
of

involve
in relation to
assemblage
social psychologist
envision
comprised of
vector
Kurt Lewin J. J. Gibson interact
Lewin translate
quality
terminology
Lewin Affördungsqualitäten resemble
observation
invitational
instructive
qualities J. J.
filled with
Gibson
arrangement
compelling
Lewin
neutrality
Lewin Gibson
indifference

1. assemblage 2. instructive 3. compelling

1.
2.
3.

29
 sociologist
profession
exclusive
Andrew Abbott apply
abstract
struggle
inhabit
shift
institutional
strict
licensing
entry
1
prohibit
clarity
accessibility
Matt Carlson
potentially
suspect

1. status 2. professions 3. exclusive

1.
2.
3.

0 gatekeeping

Even before the rise of the internet helped shift

[institutional gatekeeping power] away from news
organizations and toward technology platforms,
journalists had difficulty establishing themselves as a
“somewhat exclusive group of individuals.”
[ ] shift themselves establishing
journalists

argue
unstable
professional
status

30
 regulatory agency
coordinate

1. management 2. transportation 3. division

1.
2.
3.

Modern computer systems attempt to help by

[automatically diagnosing the situation] and [either
{responding autonomously} or {offering operators
the instructions to be followed }], but the diagnosis
or recommended course of actions is not always
appropriate (because in each complex system, most 8 84
accidents involve different unique factors).
[ ] and by
by -ing
[ ] { } either ~ or ... 20
the instructions to 46 60
39

management
transportation
involve
division
authority
procedure
up to date
factor
maintain
relevant
automatically
diagnose
operator
instruction

31
 We end up suppressing our childish natures,
[{slipping into routines} and {following the routes
we always take }].
end up -ing [ ]

{ } and the routes

determinant
spatial
cognitive
attribute
proficient
ease off
suppress
slip into
navigate
surroundings
competent
alternative
egocentric
wander
have a way of -ing The Japanese great tit, [it turns out], is the first animal
clip apart from humans [who can use phonological
syntax — the ability to combine sounds {that
individually have no meaning} into a collective
1. determinant(s) 2. spatial 3. attribute(s) sound] — [that does].
1. [ ] [ ] humans
2. { } sounds
3. [ ] the first animal does
uses phonological syntax

employ
mate
flock
claim
territory
intruder
predator
prominent

32
vocalization
combine
instruct Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among coping
attract
responses — [abruptly shifting from one to another
without checking {whether anything has worked}],
1. attract 2. combine 3. prominent
[an agitated attempt to {cover all the bases} and
1. {attempt a variety of responses simultaneously}].
[ ] a nervous scrambling among coping
2. responses { } checking
[ ]
3.
{ } and to

organism
confront
struggle
evade
issue a ticket
scrambling
shift
attempt
cover all the bases

simultaneously
detect
restless
by definition
ultimately
gene
relevant

1. evade 2. shift 3. detect

1.
2.
3.

33
 infant
crawl
Fei Xu majority
10 14 demonstrate
reactive
maximize
desire

1. prediction(s) 2. evidence 3. contain

1.
2.
3.

David Howes

Like little statisticians, they [form hypotheses], [assess

probabilities based on their knowledge], [integrate
new evidence from the environment], and [perform
tests].
[ ] and they

statistical
prediction
hypothesis
probability
integrate
evidence
developmental psychologist
contain

34
 He suggests [that scent is felt to be symbolically
appropriate for moments of social transition {because
it so frequently accompanies and marks other types of
physical transition, as when cooking smells signal
the transformation of raw ingredients into food }].
[ ] suggests { }
as when

association
scent
transition
funeral
symbolically
accompany
mark
raw ingredient
deliberate [Variability in judgments] is expected and welcome in
adaptation a competitive situation [in which the best judgments
overwhelming will be rewarded].
retain [ ] [ ] a competitive
exposure situation

variability
1. scent(s) 2. deliberate 3. retain
judgment
1.
generate
2.
innovative
solution
3.
angle
forecaster
call
fame
triumph

1. judgment(s) 2. solution 3. generate

1.
2.

3.

35
 crucial
overemphasize
shortchange
self-evident

1. hypothesis(hypotheses) 2. skip
3. overemphasize
1.
Thomas Eisenmann 2.
3.
Triangulate

intelligent failure

Thomas

Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to

“the ‘fail fast’ mantra,” [which overemphasizes action,
{shortchanging preparation}].
attribute ~ to ...
[ ] “the ‘fail fast’ mantra”
{ } which ~ action

hypothesis
start-up
skip
launch
founder
probe

36
 05 punish those who do not do the same even when
doing so is costly to the punisher}].
1 2 3 4 5 6 [ ] strong reciprocity
7 8 9 10 11 12 to { } and a
tendency { }
those

cooperation
hallmark
considerately
substantial
evolution
arise
interact
sociality
foundation
morality
discredited
promote
prosocial
reciprocity

costly

1. Cooperation 2. morality 3. promote

1.

which 2.
where in which
3.
Not merely people
do
new models of the evolution of human sociality
them
ways argue
argued
to to cooperate ~ others and
a tendency to
to punish

In particular, such conditions may have promoted the

evolution of strong reciprocity, [a tendency {to
cooperate with anonymous unrelated others} and {to Angelsen Kaimowitz

37
 140 macroeconomic

1. generalise 2. quantitative 3. adjustment

1.
2.
3.

21
16 18
They pointed out, however, [that many research
studies have adopted poor methodology and low
Paul Feyerabend Science in a Free Society
quality data, {which makes the drawing of clear
conclusions about the role of macroeconomic factors
difficult}].
Feyerabend
[ ] pointed out
{ }
makes difficult

deforestation
driver
generalise
quantitative
correlation
analyse
be associated with
shortage
reform
liberalisation
adjustment
adopt
methodology It’s not clear [that there still is a fair competition

38
 between science and its alternatives]; and it’s not
straightforward [that science has to prove its epistemic
superiority in the 21st century in a way {comparable
to the period of the scientific revolution (16th-18th
centuries)}].
It it [ ]
[ ] { } a way
SES

astonishing
predict (A) A hallmark is
justify
dominant
(B)
societal
through which
marginalize
(C) and study devote
alternative
do
acquisition
straightforward
superiority During adolescence, immigrants’ peer groups often
comparable to become more segregated from nonimmigrants’ peer
argument groups, [with the immigrant adolescents supporting
cast ~ as ... their peers’ academic achievement, particularly for
prevail higher SES (socioeconomic status) adolescents].
merit [ ] with
warrant
reliable

immigrant
1. justify 2. dominant 3. prevail socioeconomic
1. place a high value on
achievement
2. adolescent
3. primary
aspiration
internalize
devote ~ to ...
segregated

1. immigrant 2. aspiration(s) 3. internalize

1.

2.
1
3.

39
 specifically
confidence
decrease
anxiety
context

1. extensive 2. confidence 3. decrease

1.
2.
3.

(C)

(A)

[Learning how to express yourself on the spot without

(B)
relying on research, extensive preparation, or notes]
will help you [do well {in your public speaking class}
and {in less-structured speaking situations beyond the
classroom}].
[ ] [ ]
help
{ } and

(C) (C)
preparation
impromptu
engage in
in this respect
on the spot
extensive (A)
expertise (A)
relevant

40
 (B)

(C) (A) (B)

Consequently, there is a trade-off and therefore an

optimal level of team quality [that will vary from
team to team depending on variation in the fan base].
[ ] an optimal level of team quality

in principle
intuitively
profit it which
outcome
uncertain The vast majority of the 65,500 billion tons of
competitive carbon on Earth hold held
opponent
concession is released continually
field
trade-off the natural carbon cycle
acting
optimal it takes
vary
to for
variation
to stabilize
in doubt
improvement
performance [If temperatures increase {due to a period of intense
presumably volcanism}], more carbon will be drawn down from
the atmosphere, [which will take temperatures back to
their previous levels].
1. outcome 2. vary 3. improvement [ ] { }
1. [ ]
2.
3.

extend
driver
geological timescale
remainder
reside in
draw down
planetary
intense
65 5 volcanism

41
stabilize players] [{how to replicate the effects they got}, and
{which notes and beats should be emphasized}].
[ ] show [ ] show
1. geological 2. resides 3. intense
{ } and
1.
2.
record
3.
surviving
physically
replicate
note
to some extent
oral
El Arranque hand down
Ignacio Varchausky Si Sos Brujo transmission
baton
bandstand
El Arranque
1. replicate 2. oral 3. transmission
1.
2.

3.

Wynton Marsalis

Varchausky

El Arranque

The older players had to physically show [the younger

42
 3.

Web conferencing and videoconferencing are richer,

more interactive tools [better suited to complex tasks
such as problem solving and negotiation], [which
require squaring different ideas and perspectives].
[ ] richer more interactive tools
[ ] complex tasks such as
problem solving and negotiation

know
have ~ at one’s disposal avoiding
range from ~ to ... that what What is it
platform (that) they are avoiding? know
videoconferencing what it is (that) they are
suited avoiding
dimension the extent remains
nonverbal
cue travel
determine having experienced
lean
bulletin board
circulate suggesting
routine all prospective behavior consider
be considered
1. platform 2. determine 3. circulate
1. Clearly these behaviors are functionally prospective,
but the extent [to which they are controlled by
2. cognitive processes] remains an open question.

43
 [ ] the extent

future-oriented
functionally
prospective The result is effective and continuous recycling of
cognitive plant nutrients [which are capable of {moving back
migrate and forth between the soil and the plants almost
resulting indefinitely}].
determine [ ] plant nutrients { }
awareness of
cue

fungus
1. prospective 2. cognitive 3. migrate notably
1. rot
release
2. nutrient
liberate
3. litter
vast
fungal thread
sticky
indefinitely
vegetation
regenerate
disturbance

1. nutrients 2. vast 3. disturbance

1.
2.
3.

(C) 1
20

44
 Beagle vine
(B) overrun
conventional
observe
voyage
1983 Daphne
(A)
1. mold 2. conventional 3. observing
1.

2.

John Thompson 3.

Such 1
20
(C) (C)

(B)
1983 Daphne

(A)
(C) (B) (A)

They are a privileged case of the paradigm [that the

biologist John Thompson has called “relentless
evolution.”]
[ ] the paradigm

natural selection
unroll
sculpt
beat
mold
pointy
distinctly
trait
exemplary
relentless
superabundant

45
 06 profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 manage
strategy
7 8 9 10 11 12
maximize
revenue
commitment
measure
organization
achieve
assess
fireworks
track
accumulate
execute
return on investment

1. organization 2. achieved 3. manage

1.
2.
3.

revenue generate
generating generated

know
it stands
where
assess as well as to to
set
additional tickets sell

should be performed
to

An organization cannot achieve its objectives [if it

does not know where it stands in meeting those
objectives].
[ ] it an
organization

46
 19
20

They have a need [to {identify all the toys that are in
a box }, or {explore every room of a new space}].
[ ] a need to
{ } or to
{ } all the toys

sibling
startled
satisfaction
completion
disappointed
Different papers [competing in the same towns] chose
explore
[to limit or spread out their physical distribution and
overall
editorial coverage to different radial distances from
layout
the central city].
frustrated
[ ] Different papers
location
[ ] chose to
infant
strive
identify compete
wonder predominantly
circulation
primarily
1. frustrated 2. location 3. infant bound
1. publication
2. streetcar
3. region
distribution
editorial coverage
geographical
coincide

47
 appreciation
evaporate
1. circulation 2. compete(d) 3. coincide(d)
moisture
1.
distribute
2.
surface
3.
significant
vapour

1. appreciation 2. moisture 3. surface

1.
2.
3.

50

José Marengo

(A) involved evaporated Cosme Nueva Australia

moisture from large bodies of water 1890
being distributed being

(B) water it
(C) called Kennedy Smith
what Stanley Wood

Traditionally, it was thought [that the planet’s water

cycle mostly involved { evaporated moisture from
large bodies of water being distributed by wind
across the Earth’s surface}].
it that [ ]
{ } involved
This occurred with the English initially spoken in
Cosme and Nueva Australia, [which were rural
cycle Paraguayan communities {founded by Australian
atmospheric circulation immigrants in the 1890s}].

48
 [ ] Cosme and Nueva Australia (B)
{ } rural Paraguayan communities
(A)

caregiver (C)
surroundings
social (B) (A) (C)
variety
class A mosquito bite, [triggering a very small number of
ethnicity pain receptors], will create a mild sensation of
gender awareness in the brain.
expression [ ] A mosquito bite
generation
cease
community
neurological
immigrant
response
external
1. social 2. ceased 3. communities stimulus
1. excitement
2. neuron
assert
3. consciousness
bee sting
liquid
trigger
signal
relay
insertion
crush
(B)
overwhelm

(A) 1. response 2. signal 3. insertion

1.

2.

(C) 3.

49
 violently
distress
treatment
multi-disciplinary
disappointed
provoke
appropriate
essential

1. undertake 2. assessment(s) 3. distress

1.
2.
3.

To develop ~ conflict
being is
the people involve
involved

To remove ~ or
to insist
work effectively

angry distressed or disappointed people

response
whose

[The very act of undertaking a risk assessment on an

individual or family] carries with it the likelihood of
[decisions being taken {with which some of the
people involved may violently disagree}].
[ ] carries
[ ] of
decisions being taken { }
decisions

conflict
professional
undertake
assessment

50
 The crash may be just at the point [when {you are
asked to stand up and present your ideas} or {you
need to kick off that tricky task on your to-do list}].
[ ] the point
{ } or

contain
fibre
release
boost The flip side is [that an unfocused strategy leads to
crash ads {that must deliver many different points all at the
tricky same time}].
profound [ ] is { } ads
take delight in
simply
register as
odds
strategy
1. fibre 2. boost 3. tricky deliver
1. singular
bore
2. make one s point
3. make a mess of
tremendously
impulse
shield
absolute
chaos

1. impulse 2. delivers/delivered 3. odds

1.
2.
3.

51
 chip grass joint hardware native tongue
fluency
commerce
commonality
acquisition

1. Accurate 2. apprehension 3. acquisition

1.
2.

3.

it
attend to attend
changed or have acquired

transitivity
is
the characteristics
owned

will be achieved generally

For those [who are learning English as an additional

language], apprehension of English forms and
structures, and their meanings [may pose difficulties],
or [even may be tinged with aspects of meaning from
the characteristics {owned by the native tongue}].
[ ] those
[ ] or [ ]
{ } the characteristics

additional
demonstrate
construct
make-up
complete Consider [whether your goals are {focused on short-term
accurate gains} or {designed to look forward to a bigger
apprehension picture}].

52
 [ ] Consider
{ } or are

be prone to
instant
constantly
trendy
immediate
self-discipline
reward (B)
delayed
temptation (C)
budget
(A)
mindfully
discipline
(B) (C) (A)
patience
impulse
financial [Because this skepticism often comes to us in the
form of sound bites], and [because uncertainty about
experimental tools is an aspect of science {that is not
1. instant 2. temptation 3. discipline familiar to most people, even people with a bachelor’s
1. degree in science}], the skepticism may seem like
2. waffling.
3. [ ] and
[ ] { } an aspect of science

uncertainty
procedure
discipline
annoying
come one s way
(B) confirm
disconfirm
crucial
(C) replicate
bachelor s degree

1. uncertainty 2. annoying 3. confirmed

1.
2.
3.

(A)

53
 07 overconfidence
1 2 3 4 5 6 accomplish
self-efficacy
7 8 9 10 11 12
decline
lack
familiarity
execute
accuracy
excessively
feature
conceptually
problematic
unrealistically
capability

1. decline 2. lack 3. capability

1.
2.

3.

AI

improves is AI
does AI
have performed poorly

understand what

and Children
may decide
problems those AI
AI
Children may also [be excessively swayed by certain
AI
task features] and [decide {based on these} {that they
can or cannot perform the task}].
AI
[ ] and may also
{ } decide
{ } decide AI

54
 1.
AI
2.
AI
3.
AI

AI

AI
AI

Generative AI may, for instance, produce inaccurate 1

or misleading content [that could harm {the reputation
or credibility of recruiters or candidates}].
[ ] inaccurate or misleading content
{ } harm 3

generative AI AI
3 7
inaccurate
misleading
reputation
credibility
recruiter
candidate
ethical Mary Budd Rowe
legal
consent
ownership 1 3
review
sign off on
communication
complement
creativity
verify
edit
monitor
performance
impact
outcome
[Having asked the class a question], the average
American teacher typically waits less than a second
1. ethical 2. communication 3. impact before picking a child to provide an answer ~.

55
 [ ] the average American teacher
waits

(A) The planet’s crust explore

average has been
typically explored
strong message (B) their minute concentrations
value because of that make the process
complex highly expensive in energy terms their minute
immediate concentrations
elaborate (C) calculate
viewpoint the total amount dissolved
consideration corresponds to 10 years of the present mine production
alternative theory
that
encourage
sophisticated
exercise
The oceanic floor is geologically too recent for
patience containing ores; [only the sea floor {near the
original continents}] could be a useful source of minerals.
[ ] { } the sea floor

1. average 2. immediate 3. encourage

1. high grade
2. mineral
3. crust
explore
dig
oceanic floor
geologically
contain
metal ion
extract
minute
concentration
dissolve
copper
barrier
solar system
geochemically

1. floor 2. contain 3. dissolve

10 1.
2.
3.

56
 constant
countermeasure
underlying

1. link 2. foundation 3. evolution

1.

2.
3.
1940

(C)

(A)

(B)

In fact, [if we don’t understand {how the “problem” is

linked to or supported by the ecosystem}], then we
are defining the problem in human terms without
understanding its biological or ecological foundation.
[ ] how
{ } understand

(C)
nest
biological
link
ecological
(A)
foundation (B)
pest (C) (A) (B)
agriculture
evolution This lack of clarity is due to [{the brain} being so
resistant much more complex than any other organ in the

57
 body], but it also reflects the fact [that human
conscious awareness is as much a social as a
biological entity, and therefore human mental
disorders have a major social input].
[ ] due to
{ } [ ] watching the main character in a
the fact horror movie
makes make making
remain
far from to address
organ
entity our brains face
mental disorder faced
treatment uncomfortable or These physical
cancer therapy responses can be
bacterial painful
infectious disease only horror-movie-level smart

which
1. remain 2. organ 3. treatment
1.
In fight-or-flight mode, the part of our brain [that
2. takes over] is only horror-movie-level smart, [which
3. isn’t very smart at all].
[ ] the part of our brain
[ ]

encounter
potentially
shift
devote
address
perceived
threat
extensive
distress signal
autonomic nervous system
involuntary
blood vessel
trigger
extreme

1. threat 2. trigger 3. extreme

1.

58
 identifies patterns [that might escape traditional
2. analysis], [enabling businesses to anticipate future
needs and tailor offerings accordingly].
3. by -ing [ ] patterns
[ ]

advent
artificial intelligence
revolutionize
profound
invaluable
AI insight
facilitate
AI foster
vast
comprehensive
anticipate
AI tailor
browse
empower
fine-tune
AI

1. artificial 2. revolutionized 3. profound

1.
AI 2.

3.

AI

AI 19
15
AI 18

AI
1680 107
60 1800
10
By analyzing past behaviors and interactions, AI

59
 19

Wray Vamplew William Hamilton

19 Hamilton

75
Hamilton

50
75 Hamilton

[One of the key constraints on the development of

sports tourism prior to the nineteenth century] was the by helped
lack of suitable transport. helping
[ ] One sacrificed they ants
was themselves
realised
constraint that
suitable the 50 per cent pass on
onwards passed be
costly
vastly a form of extended family
substantial where
efficient where
afford
exclusive Cambridge biologist William Hamilton studied the
catchment area social behaviour of ants and wondered to himself, [not
only {why they often sacrificed themselves for their
nestmates}, but also {how it was that sterile worker
1. constraint 2. substantial 3. efficient
1.
ants might have arisen, given these females don’t
2. breed but rather leave this to the queen }].
3. [ ] wondered { }
not only ~ but also ... given
given that
that

60
 this breeding

sacrifice
nestmate
breed
natural selection This fallibility of human drivers no doubt contributes
pass on to a rate of injury and fatality [that, {in other
proportion contexts}, would be considered a public health crisis].
colony [ ] a rate of injury and fatality
perceive { }
extended family
serve
justification
implementation
1. sacrifice 2. breed 3. proportion reasonable
1. fatality
2. prevalence
3. ethical
protest
assume
demonstrably

1. justification 2. implementation 3. fatality

1.

2.
3.

(B)

(A)

61
 (C)
08
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12

(B)

(A)

(C)
(B) (A)
(C)

And yet, [none of these examples of common sense]

represents knowledge [that we were born with];
instead, we have learned all these things.
[ ] none
[ ]
knowledge

numerous
common sense
pole
state dinner transmit efficient
routinely efficiently
expectation Emotion categories make are
sociological made
gain that a particular combination of facial actions
expose and cardiovascular changes
obvious a particular combination is

agree
1. expectation 2. expose 3. obvious whether ~ or not
1.
2.
the fact
that
3.

[If people agree {that a particular combination of

facial actions and cardiovascular changes is anger in

62
 a given context}], then it is so.
[ ] { } agree
that
Hebrew
category University of Jerusalem Lev Muchnik
collective intentionality
communicate
context
explicitly
be aware of
agreement
in principle
function
transmit
concept 32%
inborn
brow
indicate
efficiently
by virtue of
initiate
prediction
brand
cooperative
act
[After seeing an initial upvote] (and recall that it was
entirely artificial), the next viewer became 32% more
1. explicitly 2. transmit 3. inborn
likely to give an upvote.
1.
[ ] After -ing
2.

3. dynamic
interaction
psychology
process
collective intentionality comment
colleague
carry out
diverse
post
vote up down
automatically
artificially
rating
sensible

63
 the world around us in a truer, more helpful way].
1. comments 2. diverse 3. sensible [ ]
1. { } a listener
2. [ ] an opportunity
3. [ ] { } ourselves

anew
interpret
discern
overlook
deny
tale
noble
miserable

1. interpret 2. overlook 3. miserable

1.

2.
3.

24% Retailer’s Edge

Bruce D. Sanders

4 1
[Finding a listener {who will give our story their full
attention}, {who is prepared to become completely
caught up in the tale}], is an opportunity [to meet
ourselves, {complete with our noble hopes and
miserable failings}], and [to understand ourselves and (A) when the left hemisphere

64
 gets
(B) for
why

(C) was chosen the pair

positioned

Bruce D. Sanders, [author of Retailer’s Edge], notes

[that our eyes move to the right {when the left
hemisphere of the brain, where we do the math , gets
active}].
[ ] Bruce D. Sanders
[ ] notes
{ } the left hemisphere of
the brain

horizontal
display
hemisphere These consumers are different from those in the past
get a good deal [because they also demand {better access to care} and
dominate { b e t t e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d a n ew l eve l o f
shift participation with their healthcare providers}].
purchase those consumers [ ]
conscious { } and demand
rational
rate
identical
access
dismissive
consumer
timely
1. hemisphere 2. dominate 3. conscious previous
1. demand
2. accommodate
3. obtain
involve
procedure
treatment
devise
jointly
execute

1. access 2. obtain 3. Consumers

1.
2.

65
3. significant
optimistic
effectiveness
antidepressant
incidence
depression
correlation
factor
conditions
gloomy

(C)
70 1. precise 2. optimistic 3. factor
10 1.
(B) 2.
3.

40
(A)
DNA
20

(C)
(B)

(A)
(C) (B)
(A)

[While our gut may usually give us a good general

sense of {how the world works}], it is frequently not
precise. multiple iterations of the design
[ ] { } of multiple iterations is
are

precise whether
sharpen

66
 they are intended for for
whom the people
for whom 19
places
where

is to to
find

Designers use diagrams, pictures, and simple

illustrations [to explain their work], whether it is [how
to turn the power on or off in a machine] or [how to
use a DNA synthesizer or even a washing machine].
[ ] to
[ ] to or

diagram
illustration
synthesizer
intend
invariably
confused
[To the ancient mother, philosophy], still belong
device
[several important kinds of enquiries notably
injury
metaphysics, logic, ethics and aesthetics ] but the
flaw
sciences themselves are no longer studied as
release
subdivisions of philosophy.
procedure
[ ]
modification
still belong [ ]
[ ] philosophy the ancient mother
1. intend 2. confused 3. flaws
1. inquiry enquiry
2. embrace
3. undifferentiated
civilisation
separate
physics
chemistry
biology
geology
mater scientiarum notably
ethics
aesthetics

67
subdivision
suppose
aspiration
1. inquiry 2. embraced 3. undifferentiated dorm dormitory
1. property
2. deserve
3. ancient
diagnose
excessive
prosperity
greed
desire
vanish

1. aspired 2. property 3. deserved

1.
2.
3.

Seneca 2,000

Suppose [that people’s aspirations rise as they get

more money]. explore and to to
[ ] Suppose visualizes visualize
as a world

68
 long are living

it(the car) drive

itself
be used to -ing be
used to

to

We have a greater mastery of the physical world [that

a l l ow s u s t o { d r e a m o f } , a n d { bu i l d } , n ew Samuel
technologies {that allow us to explore other planets Koenig
and visualize billions of galaxies }].
[ ] a greater mastery of the physical world
{ } and
to new technologies
{ } new technologies
and to
allow

humanity
era
wired
predictive
diminish
precision
mastery
physical world [The main reason for this discrepancy in the
galaxy development of man’s understanding of the two
alter distinct environments the physical and the social ]
probably lies [in the greater observability and control
of physical phenomena], as well as [in the impersonal
1. predictive 2. diminish 3. precision
approach {that they afford}].
1.
[ ]
The main reason lies
2.
[ ]
3.
~ as well as ... { }
the impersonal approach they
precision medicine physical phenomena

progress
physical

69
aspect However
in comparison to
distinct (B)
lie in
phenomenon (A)
impersonal (C) however
afford
concrete
a measure of
(B) (A) (C)
detachment
investigation
involved in
For a producer [working in a studio], it is not crucial
objectivity [whether a process runs in real time].
[ ] a producer it
[ ]
1. progress 2. comparison 3. aspect
1. process
2. in time
3. in real time
set up
performance
crucial
prefer

1. performance 2. processed 3. prefer

1.
2.
3.

(B)

(A) 3 7
3

(C)

70
 09 identify
contrast
1 2 3 4 5 6 operate
edge
7 8 9 10 11 12
perceive
complete
extreme
hazardous
arouse

1. operate 2. identify 3. complete

1. TV
2.

3.

secure hazardous

The fewer the contrasts, [the less able we are to

identify details, and the less able we are to navigate
the environment]. Such a discovery
the the ... The inventor of
[ ] the ... the filtering device the invention
the ... and of a device

fundamental For example, imagine that a scientist discovers [that a

relative certain previously unknown form of magnetic wave

71
 strikes the earth’s atmosphere from deep space], and
[that this kind of wave has an adverse effect on the
transmission of data between the earth and
communications satellites].
[ ] that and
discovers

enormous
commercial
implication
inherent
patentable
revolve around
distinction
principle
magnetic wave
(A) (B)
atmosphere
utility
adverse
relational
transmission
satellite
be entitled to
biotechnology

1. inherent 2. principle 3. entitled “Farm animals, lab animals, sport horses...”: our
1. language [when we refer to some animals] often
2. focuses [on their exploitation] and [on the benefits
3. {humans get from them}], for example, animals as a
source of food, used in biomedical research or for
recreational activities.
[ ]
[ ] on and focuses
{ } the benefits

refer to
exploitation
benefit
biomedical
research
imply
companionship
domestic
represent

72
 were established to strategically assist urban areas}].
1. benefits 2. research 3. companionship [ ] ignore { } the fact
1.
2.
3. integrity
urban
policy
positive
intervention
phenomenon
launch
prolong
address

1. policy 2. Positive 3. phenomena

1.

2.

Cannes Film Festival 3.

Brighton Festival
1979 Venice
Carnival

(A)

ignore
acknowledge 1 4
(B) 1 4 1 9

economic
recreational
(C) 1 4

deliberate
accidental

And we cannot ignore [the fact {that some festivals

73
 Cooley

(c) irrelevant important

Because of this, white bread may cause a spike in

blood sugar, [whereas whole grain bread {is less
processed} and {has its fiber intact}].
[ ] whereas more less
{ } and

Sentiment is very close to emotion in meaning, but

[when social psychologists use the term sentiment],
yield
they emphasize the social aspect of emotion.
carbohydrate
[ ] they social psychologists
protein
compound
influence
refine sentiment
strip ~ of ... emotion
fiber emphasize
spike response
release contrast
instinctive
social interaction
1. influence 2. refine 3. release individual
1. stimulus
2. contemporary
3. distinguish
immediate

74
grief to [ ]
jealousy
endure
trigger rot away
shell
fossil
1. contrast 2. individual 3. contemporary
involved
1.
unlikely
2.
outcome
3.
entomb
rock
burial
prevent
misfortune
predator
flesh
fibrous tissue
reasonable

1. unlikely 2. outcome 3. reasonable

1.
2.
3.

[The most obvious requirement for an organism {to

end up as a fossil}] is [that it must become entombed
within rock, usually by burial].
[ ] { } an organism

75
 equation
limitless
expectation

1. disappointment 2. reliably 3. survival

1.
2.
3.

myelinate
(A) (B)
familiar rewarding

Cortisol prompts a mammal to try something

different, but [after a few disappointments] it can be
hard [{for the mammal} to predict where to invest its
energy].
[ ] it
[ ] { } to

groom
prompt
mammal
disappointment
predict
invest
neural superhighway
electricity
pathway
behavior
reliably
reward
score a touchdown
quarterback

survival
surge
social reward

76
 able unable 18

On average, [even police officers, lawyers, judges,

psychiatrists, and members of other groups {that
encounter more frequent and serious lies than
ordinary people}] perform no better.
[ ] { } members of other
groups

determine
intuition
factual
ground
indicator 18
tone of voice
body language
facial expression
subtle
consciously
evoke
feedback
judgment
distrustfulness
distinguish
psychiatrist

1. determine 2. subtle 3. distinguish (e) respected violated

1.
2. At the same time, [hundreds of thousands of European
3. and North American men and women] campaigned
for [the ending of slavery] and [the liberation of
slaves].
[ ] [ ] and
for

warrant
pity
capture
torture
deserve
religious
preach

77
deny
attitude 10
playwright 1 2 3 4 5 6
revive
7 8 9 10 11 12
faculty
cultivate
seek
foundation
civil society
praise
sympathy
counter-force
devise
elicit
inspire
liberation
empathy
dignity
unprecedented
struggle

1. pity 2. religious 3. attitude

1.

2.
3.

reduce improve

[Following the outbreak], however, the population of

the alien, as well as its ecological impact, may decline
substantially.
[ ] as well as ~

striking
feature
invasion
massive
outbreak
alien

78
destructive
initial
ecological It is useful [to note {that there are two angles to sport
substantially
marketing}].
adjustment
It [ ] [ ]
shield
{ } note
community

association
1. invasion 2. massive 3. shield note
1. involve
2. equipment
competition
3. athlete
corporation

1. association 2. equipment 3. athlete

1.
2.
3.

10 10
6

In contrast

79
 10

(A) (B)
likelihood Posner
randomness
AB aa
Bb

Aa Ab

For example, the 10-year flood may occur on the AA

average of every 10 years, but it is possible [{for
several floods of this magnitude} to occur in any one 2
year], just as it is possible [to throw two straight sixes
with a die].
it [ ] it
[ ] { } to occur
in any one year (A)

determine use
probability avoidance
particular (B)
hazard evaluation
reasonably
drought quickly slowly
assign
on the basis of
(C)
element

1. probability 2. reasonably 3. element relying pass

1.

2. [Among the first studies to suggest the use of

specifically a visual in contrast to verbal or
3. phonologically based temporary memory for verbal
stimuli] were those conducted by psychologist Posner
and his colleagues, [who developed a visual letter-
matching task {in which pairs of letters were shown
in their upper case (e.g., AB) or lower case (e.g., aa)
versions or a mixture of both (e.g., Bb)}].
[ ] were

80
 [ ] psychologist Posner and
his colleagues { }
a visual letter-matching task

specifically
verbal
stimulus
identical
advantage

1. stimuli 2. identical 3. advantage

1.
2.

3.

1,000 10,000

(c) untrustworthiness trustworthiness

These are the people [that we know in real life] and

[with whom we have a relationship].
[ ] and the people

50

influence
pun
10,000 50,000
promote
celebrity
strategy
perceive
2020
authentic
trustworthy
1,000 10,000 lack

1. perceive 2. strategy 3. trustworthy

1.
2.
1,000 3.

81
 literally
empirical
vulnerable
take ~ at face value
legitimate
reflective
fall prey to
sophisticated
bear
compensation

1. legality 2. vulnerable 3. sophisticated

1.
2.
3.

David Hoffman

125
confirmed
contradicted

Advertisements often use widely exaggerated or

metaphorical claims, [a practice called “puffery,”
{which, in contrast to misleading advertising, is
legally permitted in some countries, for example, the 1 1
United States}]. 1
[ ] { } a practice 1
called “puffery”

extent
metaphorical
misleading
legality

82
 David Hume

For example, an average hectare of open ocean

provides fewer services [than does {an average
hectare of reef}], and an average hectare of desert
provides fewer [than does {an average hectare of
tropical rainforest}].
[ ] than does
{ }

valuation
underappreciate
monetary David Hume
trillion
put ~ into perspective
crucial
dependent David Hume
macro
hectare
open ocean (A) (B)
tropical rainforest represent continuing

1. monetary 2. crucial 3. dependent

1.

2.
And [even if those past events happened {because of
3. laws}], why believe [those laws will continue to
govern events in the future]?
[ ] { }
ecosystem service
[ ] believe

natural law
grouping
gravity
govern
additional
Hume
1. gravity 2. govern 3. additional

83
1. consistent
2. particle
3. formulate
law of motion
reproducible
microscopic
contradict
clear-cut
reveal
inherent
Newtonian

300
Isaac Newton 1. consistent 2. reproducible 3. contradict
1. Kate

2.

3.

20

confirm defy

Yet, these built-in uncertainties are just as relevant to

our lives as those Newtonian forces [that govern
{what happens when two cars crash into each other}].
as ~ as ...
[ ] those Newtonian forces
{ } govern

inflate

84
 runaway
neural
wholesale
plasticity
sensory
progressively
magnify
bias
positive reinforcement
biochemistry

1. instinctive 2. adaptation 3. sensory

1.
2.

3.

positive feedback loop

(e) expanded narrowed

[Rather than being adapted for specific environments],

with a limited set of hardwired, instinctive behaviors,
we have evolved cognitive flexibility and responsiveness,
[allowing us to adapt ourselves to our individual
environments].
[ ] Rather than
being p.p. [ ]

circuit
mediate
mature
synapse
modify
populate
hardwired
instinctive
reinforce
adaptation
restrict

85
 11 pioneering
inventory
1 2 3 4 5 6 violate
prediction
7 8 9 10 11 12
prescription
implicit cost

rational
reluctance
Daniel Kahneman Amos Tversky
1. inspired 2. reluctance 3. rational
1.
20 2.
10
1,000 10 3.

10
10
10

20 10
1,000
10

relative absolute X

People often explain [their reluctance {to make the

drive for the television}] by saying [the $10 savings
is such a small percentage of its price].
[ ] explain { } their
reluctance to
by -ing
[ ] saying

inspire

86
 On the surface, this seemed fine, but it soon started to 4
stir up some controversy [because people did not
understand {why they were getting an email, when
someone else was getting a face-to-face
conversation }].
[ ] { } understand
when

regardless of
generation
value
express 40,000
receive
client
struggle with
inform
stir up
controversy
(A) (B)
limit
sophisticated
unintentionally
significance

1. generation(s) 2. unintentionally 3. controversy

1.
2.
3.
Our species has been making music most likely for as
long as we’ve been human.
for long as ~ as ...
: 2

X : 1965 1980 permanent

musical instrument
:X 1990 intriguing
delicate
testify to
ancestor
seal

87
correspond to dominating
musical scale sharing
hemisphere
craftworker
Gladwell cites the experience of Jews [who
abstract
{immigrated to New York in the early twentieth
century} and {went on to prosper in the garment
1. testify 2. intriguing 3. abstract industry}].
1. [ ] Jews { }
and who
2.
seemingly
3. Jew
immigrate
prosper
garment
raise
hire
Protestant
option
Gladwell 20 case
hostile
corporate
takeover
expertise
capitalize on
explosive
vastly

1. explosive 2. expertise 3. vastly

1970 1980 1.
2.

3.

(A)
rejected
hired
(B)
beneath
above 60

(C) chair

88
 rhyme
superficial
sensory
33% implicit
52% unconscious
75% trace
explicit
phenomenon
guidance
retention
enhanced

1. superficial 2. trace 3. guidance

Henry Roediger 1.

2.
3.

(d) disappears occurs

This is a general rule, [which the American

psychologist Henry Roediger states as follows:
“{Making learning conditions more difficult, thus
requiring students to engage more cognitive effort},
often leads to enhanced retention].”
[ ] a general rule
{ }

cognitive more less

89
 But, more importantly, the natural home [they 2
depended on] was much less likely to be severely
damaged than were [the crops and structures {the
agricultural community relied on}]. 1 10 1
[ ] the natural home 100
than [ ]
were { } the
crops and structures

region
significant
storm 2
drought
flood
torrential rain
severe
1 10 1
pose
possession
up and
crop But [even allowing nonbasic terms] and [even
replace allowing the highly specialized vocabulary of the
construction paint industry], the distinctions [that languages make
paradoxically in the color space] are astronomically small in
defenseless comparison to well over 2 million distinctions in color
[that the human eye can discern].
[ ]
1. pose 2. possessions 3. crops and
1.
[ ] the distinctions
2.
[ ] well over 2 million distinctions in color
3.

term
distinction
distinct
commercial
palette
label
visual
2 perceptual
violet posy wing commander capture
Aztec tan

1. distinctions 2. labeled 3. visual

90
1.
2. property
3. nobility
accessible
peasant
conduct
small-scale
fuel
livestock
demand
wool
privatize
cut off
enclosure
primary
resource
correlation
pastureland
landlord
charge
fee

1. conducted 2. livestock 3. privatized

1.
2.
3.

(A) (B)
blocked resembles

They used the commons [to conduct small-scale

agriculture], [to collect wood for fuel and cooking],
and [to raise small amounts of livestock for their
families]. Ralph Waldo Emerson
[ ] to
and

91
 reluctance
urge

80 100
[This urge to {interrupt} and {get a word in}] can be
quite powerful.
[ ] { } and
to to This
urge

narcissistic
race
tendency
presume
refer to
impatient
philosopher
poet
interrupt
get a word in
confirm
validate
existence
big ego

1. poet 2. interrupt 3. validate

1.
2.
(e) eliminating capturing
3.

[When there were relatively few people, {most of

whom lived, went to the bathroom, and died on or
near the farm}], [leaving fields uncultivated] or
[planting legumes and plowing them under] was a
reasonably sustainable way to produce food.
[ ] When

92
 { } relatively few people
[ ] or
12
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
account
agricultural
accompany
fertilizer
harvest
crop
nitrogen
nutrient
accumulate
pass through
waste
net
withdrawal
relatively
uncultivated
reasonably
sustainable
replace
run out
for the foreseeable future
figure out

1. accompanied 2. harvest 3. withdrawals

1.
2.
3.
unattainable possible

The territory is therefore meaningful in containing

natural resources [which economic processes can
appropriate].
[ ] natural resources

reproduce
territory
conflict
be doomed to
significance
legitimate

93
consumption
ecosystem
answerable to
subject
appropriate
deposit
provision

It is also possible [that screens can put confidentiality

1. territory 2. legitimate 3. answerable at risk {if people feel that they have to speak more
1. loudly in order to make themselves heard }].
2. It [ ] { }
3. feel

non-provisioning ecosystem services

impersonal
:
provoke
provisioning services
suspicious
regulating services
aggressive
cultural services
barrier
supporting services
sensible
4
arrangement
3
reception
security
discourage
violence
abusive
put ~ at risk

1. impersonal 2. suspicious 3. aggressive

1.

2.
3.

94
 seemingly
misleading
relevant

1. conceal 2. apparently 3. verbal

1. Mark
2.
3.

(A) specific 1

(B) similar

3,000

While explanation includes the particular [covered by

a general law], decoding substitutes one element with (A)
another in accordance with a rule [that may be
individual to the particular case]: ~. (A) inhibited
[ ] the particular facilitated
[ ] a rule (B)

verbal
signal
determine (B)
apparently rising falling
random (C)
conceal
substitute (C) stimulate obstruct
in accordance with

95
 Hyperventilation before holding your breath [blows
off carbon dioxide from the body] and [enables a
longer period to go by {before carbon dioxide builds
up to a level sufficient to stimulate breathing }].
[ ] and
[ ] { } a level

carbon dioxide
regulator
concentration
terminate
oxygen
stimulate
sufficient

1. regulator 2. terminated 3. stimulate

1.
2.
3.
(e) insufficient sufficient

Countless children will have discovered [that {they

cannot appeal to the logic that inadequate uniform
does not affect their learning }, and {nor can they
resort to any individual to plead their case}], for the
power rests within the policy itself: ~.
[ ] discovered
{ } and { }
the logic { }
nor they can

self-evident
outworking
exercise
compel
depersonalisation
imply
authority
resort to
exert

96
determine
democratically This is not a paradox [that will ever be fully resolved].
inevitable [ ] a paradox
reliance
consequent urban
comply cluster
enforce pavement
inadequate hire
landscape
carefree
1. authority 2. exerted/exercised 3. inevitable
track
1.
designated
2.
fare
3.
precise
sum
inherently
objectionable

1. urban 2. designated 3. inherently

1.
2.
3.

Noam Chomsky

maintenance surrender

97
 15
20
40
400

70%

It is more likely that language evolved in several

stages in the same way, for instance, as [our large
brains did] or [our tool-making ability].
[ ] or as
[ ] did evolved in several
stages [ ] did

evolve
in principle
intermediate
notion (A) (B)
linguistic shifted
champion participatory
pop up
ape

1. evolved 2. linguistic 3. intermediate

1.
2. People today are not simply [innocent consumers of
information], but also [providers of information
3. through their own content creation], [which is “the
material people contribute to the online world.”]
not simply ~ but also ...
[ ] [ ]
their own content creation

designated
authority
telecommunicator
statistics

98
manuscript disprove our theory]: [when the results of our
innocent experiment are consistent with the theory], we have
distribution no reason to suspect [that anything is wrong with it].
[ ] an experiment
[ ] [ ] suspect
1. statistics 2. innocent 3. distribution
it the
1.
theory
2.

3. typically
incidental
observation
formulation
explanation
theory
hypothesis
disprove
consistent
suspect
exclude
yield

1. incidental 2. Observation 3. suspect

1.
2.

3.

match conflict

Now, we can design an experiment [that aims to

99
 grasp
get off-track
intervention
conceptual

1. immense 2. relevant 3. intervention

Heddy Sinatra 2013
1.
Francek 2013
2.

3.

(e) worsen prevent

In general, essays [that require students {to invoke

relevant scientific principles and theories} and {to
explore potential applications}] are more genuine
assessments of student knowledge than objective tests
of short questions [paired with possible answers
already furnished].
[ ] essays
{ } and students
[ ] objective tests of short questions

insincere
immense
relevant
assessment
furnish
concretize

100
 retirement
sustain
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 slot
08 09 10 11 12 13 14 flexibility
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 assign
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 consult
upset
shift
01 salaried
address
Stevens
4 Langford

02

Dustin
6 Dustin

Dustin

Kate Greenbaum Dustin

Dustin

I
I
In the last six weeks, though, [the new manager of I
volunteer services] has begun assigning us to
volunteer schedules without consulting us, [{causing I I
a great deal of upset among the volunteers} and
{resulting in numerous cancellations of shifts}].
[ ] [ ]
{ } and

102
 [By now accustomed to the darkness], I could make
out [that Dustin’s bookcases had fallen into the center
of the room, {narrowly missing his bed}].
[ ] [ ] However, observations are absolutely essential [for
make out { } you to generate working hypotheses {that are
grounded in reality}].
[ ] for you to
strike { } working hypotheses
instant
outstretch intuition
blindly requirement
feel for organism
aftershock graduate committee
knock working hypothesis
peer into
accustomed to ground
make out reserve
crawl manipulation
sigh preconceived notion
relief distraction
matter

04
03

GCM

100

103
 [No region is isolated from the rest of the planet], so
[the GCM part of the model can {keep track of what
is going on globally } and {exchange information
with the finer-scale regional climate model}].
[ ] so { }
and can keep track of

latitude
tropics The bear not only knows [where and when to find
the Mediterranean food], he also knows [when to retreat to his den to
fine ride out a challenging time].
put up not only ~ (but) also ...
insurance [ ] to
isolate knows
keep track of
regional
retreat
ride out
general circulation model : urge
carve out
restorative
sensible
impulse
withdraw
take stock of
fruition
05 isolation
deprive ~ of ...
inspiration
revitalize

104
06 ineffectual
intrinsically
flourish
welfare
soil
atmosphere

07

fútbol
Estadio Azteca 1970 1986

fútbol

[While we can (and do) dismiss the moral importance

of plant experiences], [to pretend that they don’t exist]
is a very dangerous form of disregard.
[ ]
[ ] to

set piece
distinct They are global phenomena [that {emerged almost
affection exclusively from Western civilization — from
dismiss European nations and European settler societies}
pretend (that) — and {spread to other parts of the world}].
disregard [ ] global phenomena
utilitarian { } and

105
contemporary Meanwhile, Mexico was the only country among
cuisine those listed in the chart [where the student-to-teacher
blending ratio in secondary schools was higher than in
phenomenon elementary schools].
emerge [ ] the only country among those listed in the chart
exclusively
civilization
bar
ratio
flourish
public
ignite
uniquely
filled to overflowing
a multitude of
conclude
fuse 09
Helen Moore Sewell
Mesoamerica : Helen Moore Sewell
Sewell
12 Pratt Institute

Aztec Maya Olmec Alexander Archipenko

Teotihuacan
Sewell 1924
Susanne K. Langer The Cruise
of the Little Dipper and Other Fairy Tales
08 1930 ABC for Everyday
1 1 Building a House in
2019 OECD 7 Sweden Emily
1 Dickinson Jane Austen
1 Sewell
50 1955
1 Alice Dalgliesh The Thanksgiving Story
05 Caldecott
1
1 5 Sewell 1930 ABC for Everyday
1 Building a
House in Sweden

She also studied under the Ukrainian American artist

1 56 Alexander Archipenko, [who dramatically influenced
her style].

106
 [ ] the Ukrainian American artist Alexander admission
Archipenko accommodate
walk-in
illustration reserve
attend
dramatically
collaborate
classic
11
poet

10 24

Windsor

4 18 6 8
Windsor
Windsor 12

100 GivingFriday

Sarah Bunyan 860-627-

1482
unpluggn townwindsorgu.
co.uk

GivingFriday is an annual global event [dedicated to

promoting the spirit of giving].
Pre-registration is required [as we cannot accommodate [ ] an annual global event
walk-ins].
[ ] dedicate
nonprofit
accompany foster

107
donation
distribute Social networking sites [make it easier {for us to stay
directly connected to our friends}], but [make it more difficult
host { t o m a i n t a i n o u r p r iva c y ( e s p e c i a l l y f r o m
food drive advertisers)}].
recruit [ ] but Social
networking sites [ ] it
{ } { } for
us to
12
enact
invariably
limitation
vivid
suitable
lengthy
analysis
privacy
caller identification
screen
constraint

affordance :

13
makes it easier it makes
is
to be
they them new
media media medium them

Television news
allows
Social networking sites 4
connected 8 4
4
so ~ that ... that

108
 4

8 8
4
usual
unusual

[To appreciate {that chance can be unpredictable in

the short run but dependable in the long run }],
realize [that {although a casino may lose several bets
in a row}, the casino always wins in the end].
[ ] to
{ } appreciate
but
[ ] realize
{ } although Social transmission of predator recognition makes
functional sense [because individuals {that must
experience predators for themselves to learn they are
chance dangerous} may not survive those experiences].
distribute [ ] { }
random individuals
assign
flip
predator
conversely
recognition
unpredictable
functional
appreciate
involve
bet
rear
in captivity
exhibit
encounter
14 observer
withdrawal
vocalization
neutrally
acquire
discrimination

109
15
Ebbinghaus
1880 Hermann Ebbinghaus
16
Philip Lieberman
Homo erectus
Ebbinghaus

Lieberman i meet u you

Lieberman
Ebbinghaus

100
Ebbinghaus
Homo sapiens

1880 Hermann Ebbinghaus

[What Ebbinghaus discovered] was [that the rate of

forgetting was predictable].
[ ] [ ]
[{For natural selection} to produce and maintain this
arrangement], [Lieberman argues], some basic speech
psychologist abilities must have been present beforehand.
shut oneself up in [ ] { } to
nonsense produce and maintain this arrangement
timed [ ]
rate of forgetting
predictable linguist
remind argue
recall ancestor
spaced repetition refined

110
reasoning
horizontal contribute to
favor particularly
appearance derive from
massive sprint
incredibly observation
gradual definition
evolution rare
exhaust
identify

17 underlie

18

Nor is meaning exhausted by a set of examples, [as if

one identified the concept of dog with a set of dogs].
Nor is meaning Sometimes, however, [potential parties to a verbal
[ ] exchange] find themselves [sharing little more than
as if physical proximity to one another].

111
 [ ] [ ]
find little more than ~ What if a machine could be responsible for the entire
scientific process [formulating a hypothesis],
[designing and running the experiment], [analyzing
local community data], and [deciding which experiment to run next]
overlapping all without human intervention?
converse What if ~? ’
argue [ ] and
practical
exchange aid
radically decade
previous identify
enforced promising
speech community hypothesis
practice draw
intervention
drastically
accelerate

19 advancement
laboratory instrument
screen
sequence
plot
(B) sci-fi
virtually

(A)

20
(C)
(B)
2009

(B) (C)
(B)
(A)
(A)

(C)
(A)
(B) (A) (C)

112
 The Iliad

(B)
(B)

(C)
(A)

(B) (C) (A)

Alternatively, we may choose [to restore our urban

streams and their floodplains, {the flat land adjacent
to the river that periodically floods }, as greenbelts].
[ ] choose to
{ } their floodplains
the flat land

habitat Early farmers had to toil as hard as if not harder than

migratory bird hunter-gatherers, and [for the last few thousand years]
interact with farmers primarily exercised, often through sports, to
conscious prepare for fighting.
implement as as ~
urban if not ~
hazard [ ]
potential
remedy
significantly ancient
alternatively combat
restore generalization
floodplain obvious
periodically primarily
carving
testify
sprinting
preach
21 gymnastics
martial art

113
22 23

PSAs

In much the same way

There is considerable debate about [whether or not

the future really exists] and, [{if it does}, where one
could find it].
[ ] and about
[ ] { } does exists (A) (B)
steering evoking

scholar
considerable
debate
biologist
genetic
Emotions play powerful roles in health-related
govern
behaviors, [motivating both current behavior and
predict
efforts to change future behavior], [altering the way
forecast
accurately
{we process health-related information}] and [shaping
health-related judgments and decisions].
[ ] and

114
 [ ] { } the way

current
alter
judgment
theoretical
intervention
emphasize
attitude
crucial
component
exclusively
scare
memorable
boost
outcome
tune out
substantial

fear appeal : (d) likely unlikely

Lateral thinking is needed, [the fundamental principle

of which is {that any particular point of view is but
24~25 one of many possibilities}].
[ ] Lateral thinking
{ }
Lateral thinking is like building a vault or a bridge
with scaffolding [that is torn down {once construction
has been completed}].
2 [ ] scaffolding { }
Edward de Bono once

emphasize
logical
proceed
predetermined
vertical
foster
decline
innate
integral
fundamental

115
phenomenon
perspective David
alternative Albert (A)
conclusion David Albert
assessment
postpone (D) David Albert
retrace
keystone (B)
Albert David
26~28 (A)
(C)

David Albert
(D) (B) (C)
(A) David
(a) (c) (d) (e) Albert (b) David

David Albert

Albert

(D) My son, David, [participated in Scouts when he was

David Albert younger] and [learned everything from {how to build
a fire} to {how to help those in our community}].
My son David [ ] and
Albert { }
David from ~ to ...

scout
(B) David understatement
David swell
Albert pass away
be confined to
sense of duty
gather
Albert
branch
pile
mess
(C) Albert David
lawn
knock
Albert
stack
Albert David
chat
awful
David thunderstorm
scatter
garage

116
 requirement
perspective
expertise
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 insight
08 09 10 11 12 13 14 invaluable
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 endeavor
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 appreciate
workflow

01
02
Ruth Allen Sal
Sal
Orville Rivera

Ruth.
Orville Rivera

Sal
Ruth Allen
I

As I embark on this task, I’m in the initial stages of

[gathering information about the existing systems]
and [understanding the requirements from the users’
perspective]. I just wanted to see [this man {whom I loved so
[ ] and of much}] [{come out of the surgery} and {be free of
this threatening disease}].
recently [ ] see { } this man
corporate [ ] see
strategy { } and
responsibility
initial
operation

117
surgery plain
pray translation
threatening devalue
cancer misinterpret
in store for confusion
discipline
ascribe ~ to ...
03 specialised
apparently
re-phrase
spare
interpreter

04

Scientists should never expect people outside their

discipline [to understand the exact meaning {they
ascribe to a specialised term — even an apparently
simple one like ‘model’}].
[ ] expect { } the exact
meaning

avoid
article
application

118
 In a competitive and uncertain world, companies [that
are creative] would most certainly have advantage
over companies [that are not].
[ ] companies Situations and circumstances are neutral [until we
[ ] that are not creative decide {what they mean whether positive, negative, or
insignificant}].
pursuit [ ] { } decide
figure
corporate
ethic interpret
institutionalize respond
prescribed external
relevant circumstance
white space neutral
excellence
have deep pockets bias
dip into scout
distant
hopeless
black box :
outstanding
opportunity

05 06
5%
95%

119
 Aroma is the sense [that is most strongly associated
with memory], and this relationship can be
manipulated during cooking to trick our brain to
reconstruct [what {it perceives} the food should taste
like].
[ ] the sense [ ]
reconstruct { }

arena
aroma
memory
manipulate
reconstruct
perceive It is easy [to see {why the representativeness heuristic
convince might be useful in everyday reasoning}] ~.
aromatic It [ ]
spice
{ } see
cinnamon
rosewater
overoptimism
vanilla
bias
sweetener
generalize
companion
representative
statistical
represent
07 cognitive
shortcut
assess
probability
erroneous
infer
correlate
underestimate

120
08 1900
P. F. Frankland
Birmingham Wolverhampton
3
2022

University of Birmingham
J. H. Poynting Aston
1910 Birmingham
Cambridge J. J. Thomson
1920 Cambridge
4 1
Farnborough
Aston

1
1922
10
4

3 1
Farnborough

30% 21% He was educated at [{Mason College}, {the

3 1 forerunner of Birmingham University}], [where he
studied chemistry].
[ ] { }
[ ] [ ]
[In the three countries above the global average], at
least four out of ten respondents said [that they
merchant
experienced any cybercrime].
optical rotation
[ ] [ ] said

laboratory
vacuum
reference
discharge tube
encounter
research fellow
incident
outstanding
respondent
proportion

10
09 Caremaxy
Francis William Aston
Francis William Aston
Harborne
Birmingham University Mason College
1898 1900 1

121
2 3 12 4 45 7 30
120
3
eWallet

15

bookfair woodlawschool.ac.us

3 12 4 45

The Woodlaw School Book Fair provides an

opportunity [for students of all ages to enrich their
Note [that {when the ozone function is on}, the unit home libraries and cultivate a love for reading].
will not generate heat]. [ ] students of all ages to
[ ] Note { } an opportunity

fair
moisture enrich
eliminate cultivate
adjust designated
initially secure
generate alternative
excessive account
contribute

11
12
Woodlaw School

Woodlaw School

3 10 3 14 Woodlaw

122
 aim
target
undertake
in response to
disproportionate
share
previous
exaggerate
recruitment
structuring
participation undertaken in response to requests from
amplify
others that
participation bring brings

an organization which 13
of which
get others
involved
are likely not only ~ but also ... to
say yes to to
participate
the socioeconomic structuring of political
participation it
PTSD
[Seeking to get results as efficiently as possible],
rational prospectors aim their requests at those [who
are likely not only to say yes but also, on assenting, to
participate effectively].
[ ] rational
prospectors
as ~ as possible
[ ] those

request
take part
politically suppress
arise from display
source
sermon This of course raises the question as to [how we can
attempt determine in advance {whether or not a memory is
rational likely to be useful in the future}].
prospector as to [ ] as to
bias { } determine

123
 vehicle
in advance sophisticated
extreme aim at
manifest itself detect
overwhelm aspect
maladaptive forward-looking
evolutionarily alert
ensure rapid
take place
act on
14 intervention
distract
present

15
Tyler Volk

[One example of information {that has greatest value

when it is in the awareness of a human operator}] can
be found in the context of driving.
[ ] { } information

operator

124
 A biologist, Tyler Volk, points out [that cells are
self-generated dynamic entities {that at any given
moment are always on the cusp between persisting
and dying}].
[ ] points out { }
self-generated dynamic entities

point out
self-generated
dynamic
persisting
manage to
stay ahead
expel [Struggling to hold on to information and then recall
molecule it] had helped the group [distracted by math
compensate
problems] transfer the information from short-term
exchange
to long-term memory.
net
[ ]
so much
[ ] the group
nutrient
help the group distracted by
run up against
math problems transfer the information
principle
from short-term to long-term memory
physics
sphere
interior
sustain recite
distract
pop quiz
recall
16 purely
struggle
immediate
15
15
17
15 2

125
 hold back
stick one s neck out
perception
extrovert
introvert

18

It helps them report — and hence catch and

correct — errors [to avoid worse outcomes], and it
makes it possible [to experiment in thoughtful ways [These seemingly ephemeral qualities of public space]
to generate new discoveries]. can bring deep psychological comfort by [triggering a
[ ] to it familiar memory], [creating an interconnectedness],
[ ] or [forming a continuum between the past and the
present].
psychological [ ] qualities
be in over one s head [ ] or by
eliminate
preventable
avoid regularly
outcome uproot
experiment locale

126
political
conditions
relocate (B)
vastly (C) (A) (B)
aside from
private
realm
There are neuronal groups [whose firing patterns
play a role
correspond spatially to the struc tur e of the
sense of belonging
input] — for example, when a column of neurons fires
sensory
together to represent the fact [that a line is part of the
fence
visual stimulus].
utmost
trigger
[ ] neuronal groups
continuum [ ] the fact
establish
neuron
region
sensory
19 stimulus
fire
input
combined
(C) representation
property
device
correspond to
(A) spatially
column

(B) 20

(B)

(A)
(C) (C) Friedrich Jahn
19
(A) (A) Jahn

(C) 1, 2

127
 (B)

Friedrich Jahn
(A)
(C)

(B) (A) (C)

Later, similar worries in America were spurred [by the

embarrassing lack of fitness among many men {who however
enlisted or were drafted for World Wars I and II}] and
[by the poor state of fitness among schoolchildren at
the start of the Cold War].
[ ] and were spurred
[ ] { } many men

influential
humiliating
restore [Were climate belts to shift toward higher latitudes],
physical [which seems the most likely overall result], parts of
moral the Sahara and southern Russia would receive
nationalism increased rainfall.
anxiety [ ] if Were
urge climate belts [ ] [ ]
flag-waving
participate
military service
reduction
draft
climatologist
drum up
climatic
for the sake of
enhanced
occur
greenhouse effect
evaporation
exceed
21 soil
frost

128
moist engagement
instructional goal
accessible
22 refrain from
firework
purpose
practical
classroom assessment technique

virtual

23

[When selecting digital tools], refrain from being

attracted to apps with fireworks and flying colors
[because such highly attractive apps may not
necessarily serve {your academic purposes} nor
{your students’ learning needs}].
[ ] When
[ ] { }
not ~ nor ...
serve (A) (B)
audience flexibly
enhance
foster

129
 Tswana

Furthermore, using a list of rules is oddly indirect:

instead of [relying on rules {you’ve been told will Tswana
produce clear text}], surely it would be more effective
[to {understand how readers think}, and {write to that
understanding}].
[ ] instead of { } rules
you’ve which
that it [ ] 1970 Botswana
{ } and Tswana
to

crystal-clear
compose
graphic
active voice
figure
quantity
in principle
authority Tswana
entail
bend Tswana
oddly
indirect
(e) reject welcome

Because these young Americans did not seem to be

24~25 either, the Tswana [who saw them sitting alone]
naturally assumed [that there had been a breakdown
1970 Botswana in hospitality] and [that the volunteers would welcome
some company].
Tswana [ ] the Tswana
Tswana [ ] and assumed
Hoyt Alverson
Alverson
burned out
Tswana assignment
hostile
host
Tswana anthropologist
entitled to

130
privacy
witch
breakdown Edge
hospitality Jo
company (A)
Jo Edge
Edge
(D)
26~28 Edge
(B)
Edge
(A) Edge Edge Edge
Jo Jo (C)
Edge (A)
(D) (B) (C)
Jo (a) (b) (c) (d) Edge (e)

(D) Jo Edge

Jo Edge [When Edge returned to the sage], the sage used the
Edge mystical herb [to fix Edge’s wing].
[ ] [ ]
Edge to

freedom
(B) Jo determined
Edge journey
Jo wipe out
Edge encounter
obstacle
feather
overcome
hut
take pity on

(C) Edge Edge

Jo
Edge

Edge Edge

131
 02
Santa Teresa
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Santa Teresa
08 09 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28

01
2025 1 20
TBS
Calbary 40cm
Calbary

TBS

1 21 I Santa Teresa

TBS I
Caroline R. Robbins

[As I {squeezed my daughter’s hand} and {did my

best to keep time with the lively beat}], my heart was
This evening, the City of Calbary [has issued a
filled with joy.
snowstorm alert] and [is encouraging residents to stay
[ ] As
home].
{ } and
[ ] and

soak up
heavy snowstorm
chapel
issue
to make matters worse
resident
motion
previously
shrug
assign
the next thing I knew
review
squeeze

132
keep time with external
lively purely
predominantly
credit

03 exclusively

04

Apple Steve Jobs Guardian Jonathan Freedland

Microsoft Bill Gates

It’s all too easy [to see {failures in our lives as purely
or predominantly due to outside (external) forces},
and {successes in our lives as purely or predominantly
due to inside (internal) forces}].
It [ ]
{ } and
see ~ as ...

for better or worse

singular
fall victim to
bias
attribute ~ to ... It is not always falsified information, but [it is often
self-reflection {opinions that differ hugely from our own } that
objectivity are labelled fake news by politicians and the media
accomplishment alike].
institution [ ] it is ~ that ... { } { }

133
 opinions our own
our own opinion(s)

emergence
identity
give rise to
phenomenon
fake
conform to
tribe
The logic is [that {when we don’t know the answer},
reject
real knowledge can arise, {so it is best to go slowly,
be labelled as
think carefully, and enjoy the process of trying to find
falsified
out what is going on }].
term
[ ] [ ]
cognitive
bias
{ } { } it
correspond to
assertion
viewpoint ambiguity
belong to as such
boundary misattribute
sort mindset
evolution contribute to
political climate misbelief
tendency multiple
narrative hypothesis
admire
conviction

05
06

134
 07

[An executive assistant {who has a better understanding

of machine learning}] might suggest [that calendar
software learn more explicitly from patterns that
develop over time, {reminding them when their boss
has not met with a team member for an unusually
long time}].
[ ] { } An executive
assistant [ ] suggest

(should )
{ } calendar software

Through the omission of visual cues and by

nonprofit embracing the openness of the work, radio storytelling
machine learning has the capacity [to {make personal connections},
spot {paint pictures with sound}, and indeed {create
application scenes that would be impossible in another
promising context }].
executive assistant
[ ] the capacity to
calendar
{ } and to
explicitly
scenes
specialty

135
practitioner democracy
theatre positive
engage benefit
narrative
uniquely
cue
capacity
09
Barbara Hillary
connection
Barbara Hillary 1931 New York City
compelling
Harlem
undiminished
distribution
New York City New School
mediate 55
enthusiast 67 Hillary
parameter 25%
realm

2007 75
2011
08 79

6
6 2011

18 39 40
6

At age 67, Hillary was diagnosed with lung cancer,

3 2 18 39
[which required surgery to remove].
[ ] lung cancer

6
major in
40
retire
30
be diagnosed with
surgery
40 reduction
45

Among the six countries, the U.S. shows [the lowest

10
Greenfields
percentage of adults ages 40 and older {who say
2025 Greenfields
social media has been positive for democracy in their
country}, at below 30 percent]. 6 10
[ ] shows { } adults ages 40
and older

136
 1 7 7 11 2
2 7 14 18

2
3
4

9 2 1
5 2
10
250 50 3

805-222-3990 greenhorseclub abc.com

250 50
10

During camp, participants will enjoy a variety of

games and activities [focused on learning about [Slide the food compartment upwards to remove it],
horses]. [without pressing or twisting it].
[ ] a variety of games and activities [ ] [ ] pressing
twisting or without

unforgettable
facility automatic
handle feeder
available specific
arrow
desired
11 precaution
dishwasher
Smart

12

137
 respect
nutrition
aggressiveness
pen
statistical

13

them which
to measuring

pedigree links
are
to to assess
DNA
mean
that

For instance, [to assess aggressiveness in individual

pigs {when groups of pigs are mixed with others}], a
test must be used [in which all animals are mixed with
a standardized number of unfamiliar animals, within a
controlled weight range, and into pens of the same accumulate release
size].
[ ] to { } Storing and retrieving information is so key to
[ ] a test survival that nature has evolved thousands of
techniques to do so.
so ~ that ...
livestock do so store and retrieve information
measure
commercial
laboratory retrieve
constraint evolve
trait interval
standardized release
rearing subsequent

138
snap shut demonstrate
constantly
sequential illustrate
encoded inference
cognition hypothesis
demonstrate
circumstance
14 occur
guarantee
Hans Reichenbach consistent
for a fact
inherent
100 inductive reasoning

15

Philosopher of science Hans Reichenbach and others

use the colour of crows [to illustrate {why inference
based upon hypothesis tests cannot demonstrate with
certainty that a circumstance always occurs }].
[ ] to { }
illustrate

139
 ~ and the more you spend time with your animals,
the more of this true vocabulary you will notice. [When they eventually introduced the offspring to the
the ~ the ... scent of cherry blossoms], the pups started [shaking]
and [displaying other symptoms of anxiety].
[ ]
domestication [ ] and started
beyond recognition
ancestor conduct
communication experiment
intention cherry blossom
annoyance mate
lick resultant
offspring
subtle
16
Dias Ressler 17
3

140
 ~, so obtaining the keys involves [knowing the Some enterprises view tough times as an opportunity
position of the keys relative to the chest as well as [to strengthen their businesses].
one’s own position relative to that chest]. view ~ as ... [ ]
[ ] involves an opportunity to
~ as well as ...
severely
location survival
long-term memory enterprise
involve strengthen
association aggressively
chest of drawers expense
habitual free will
relative to risk
spatial market share
inference
ego-centered
sufficient 19

18
(B)

(A)

(C)

141
 (C)

(B)
(A)
(A)
(C)

(B) (A) (C)

The decision [about the behavior of an autonomous (B)

car] was made [when a decision was made about its
programming]. (A) (A)
[ ] The decision
[ ] (C)

vehicle (B) (A) (C)

status
moral agent However, the term is more commonly used [to
genuine describe a society consisting of minority immigrant
implement cultures {existing alongside a predominant,
lengthy indigenous culture}].
legal [ ] to { } minority
regulation immigrant cultures
attempt

multiculturalism
ideology
20 advocate
fairness
preserve
immigrant
intercultural
negotiation
(B) minority
interchangeably
multiple

(A) 21

142
 induction

22

Richard Serra

[Looking at science’s history] suggests [that {the This

answer to the question, what is this thing called
science }, is {that there is no single thing called
science}].
[ ]
[ ] suggests
{ } the question So are [film, photographic paper, concrete, cloth, and
{ } the huge slabs of steel {that the sculptor Richard Serra
uses to make his sculptures}].
current so are
continuous [ ] { } the huge slabs of
capture steel
overcome
modern medium
particularly quote
prevalent copyright
pessimistic qualify for

143
original
marker A review of available evidence indicates [that {both
raw reading and expressing emotions} are related but
lyrics {only when individuals are trying to communicate
steel their feelings to others}].
sculpture [ ] indicates
{ } { }

23 recognize
typically
mixed
review
indicate
spontaneously
cue
accuracy
be tied to
intentional
insight
underlying

24~25

10
(A) (B) 4 5
guarantee deliberate
Max Kleiber
Kleiber 1930
34
23

144
 Larry

Larry

(D) 2
Larry DNA

(e) 6
fewer more Larry

[The relationship between how fast an animal burns (B)

calories and its mass] is named Kleiber’s law after Larry
Max Kleiber, [who showed in the 1930s {that an Larry
animal’s metabolic rate scales to the 3/4 power of its 2 3 5
mass}]. McDonald
[ ] relationship NCAA
‘A B between A and B 6 NBA
[ ] Max Kleiber
{ } showed Larry 13 1
(C) Larry Jordan
Michael CBS
mammal 9
life span 300
vulnerable 26
predator
fundamental
metabolic rate 2 1
surface area
compensate Larry
generate Larry
mass (A) Larry DNA
Larry

26~28 (D)
Larry Jordan Michael Jordan Larry
(A) Larry (B)
Larry 5 8
Larry

145
Larry Michael (C)

(d) Larry Larry

6
Larry

He [admired the kid’s raw speed and developing

skills] but [figured {that he was destined to remain
small like the rest of his family}].
[ ] but
[ ] { } figured

When the coach announced the varsity roster, all of

the kid’s friends [who were six feet or taller] were
chosen.
[ ] all of the kid’s friends

live up to
miraculous
scout
jaw-dropping
hero-worshiping
devastated
privilege
junior
cool
confess
destined to do

146
윤혜정의 개념/ 수능특강 FINAL
패턴의 나비효과 수능특강 문학
사용설명서 실전모의고사
윤혜정의 기출의 연계 기출
하루 3개 1등급
나비효과 국어독서
수능완성 만점마무리
사용설명서 봉투모의고사
수능 빌드업 수능연계교재의 시즌1
수능 VOCA 1800 하루 6개 1등급
기출의 미래 영어독해
수능특강 수능연계 기출 수능 영어
만점마무리
Light Vaccine VOCA 간접연계
수능 봉투모의고사
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수능 수능연계완성
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감(感)잡기
봉투모의고사
고난도 Hyper
수능특강 수능완성
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미니모의고사 표 분석의 패턴 수능 직전보강
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스타트 수능완성R 수능 등급을 올리는 봉투모의고사
모의고사 변별 문항 공략

윤혜정의 개념/패턴의 나비효과 윤혜정 선생님과 함께하는 수능 국어 개념/패턴 학습 국어

수능 빌드업 개념부터 문항까지 한 권으로 시작하는 수능 특화 기본서 국/수/영
수능 스타트 2028학년도 수능 예시 문항 분석과 문항 연습 사/과
수능 감(感) 잡기 동일 소재 . 유형의 내신과 수능 문항 비교로 수능 입문 국/수/영
수능특강 Light 수능 연계교재 학습 전 가볍게 시작하는 수능 도전 영어
수능개념 EBSi 대표 강사들과 함께하는 수능 개념 다지기 전 영역
윤혜정의 기출의 나비효과 윤혜정 선생님과 함께하는 까다로운 국어 기출 완전 정복 국어
수능 기출의 미래 올해 수능에 딱 필요한 문제만 선별한 기출문제집 전 영역
수능 기출의 미래 미니모의고사 부담 없는 실전 훈련을 위한 기출 미니모의고사 국/수/영
수능특강Q 미니모의고사 매일 15분 연계교재 우수문항 풀이 미니모의고사 국/수/영/사/과
수능완성R 모의고사 과년도 수능 연계교재 수능완성 실전편 수록 수학
수능특강 최신 수능 경향과 기출 유형을 반영한 종합 개념 학습 전 영역
수능특강 사용설명서 수능 연계교재 수능특강의 국어 . 영어 지문 분석 국/영
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수능 영어 간접연계 서치라이트 출제 가능성이 높은 핵심 간접연계 대비 영어
수능연계교재의 VOCA 1800 수능특강과 수능완성의 필수 중요 어휘 1800개 수록 영어
수능연계 기출 Vaccine VOCA 2200 수능 - EBS 연계와 평가원 최다 빈출 어휘 선별 수록 영어
하루 N개 1등급 국어독서/영어독해 매일 꾸준한 기출문제 학습으로 완성하는 1등급 실력 국/영
수능연계완성 3주 특강 단기간에 끝내는 수능 1등급 변별 문항 대비 국/수/영
박봄의 사회 . 문화 표 분석의 패턴 박봄 선생님과 사회 . 문화 표 분석 문항의 패턴 연습 사회탐구
수능 등급을 올리는 변별 문항 공략 EBSi 선생님이 직접 선별한 고변별 문항 연습 수/영
FINAL 실전모의고사 EBS 모의고사 중 최다 분량 최다 과목 모의고사 전 영역
만점마무리 봉투모의고사 시즌1/시즌2 실제 시험지 형태와 OMR 카드로 실전 연습 모의고사 전 영역
만점마무리 봉투모의고사 고난도 Hyper 고난도 문항까지 국 . 수 . 영 논스톱 훈련 모의고사 국·수·영
수능 직전보강 클리어 봉투모의고사 수능 직전 성적을 끌어올리는 마지막 모의고사 국/수/영/사/과