EAT

Lesson Spotlight
In thtS 1(•5SOU you will IPum ab ,,•,1t
1 t1 (•1111.il ( ':O...~'dfl~ 1, ' ' lm,'t.1
c11ti1 r ii ,'x:p 111:--1,'1•
' 1t1( •1111,d ,'\f1,l)1~l,1' I . St'('
,11Hi 1[4"; :,~,~lil\ l' 1.'•':--

0u u,utv l 1l h,',1,. ~~',' -' f1~ t· -..1t ._; 1 , l,'

lll',ll l \ lp,ll'llV

Cl111dL11.'l,)( ~ , lfh' lr' ::- Ul dtC' ~

,'.1l(lllllh'II\'

·' Cl1dll~W 1. '' ~ ~1.1t('

What is Temp 1 ratu e?

krnprr .itui t' b t 11...' , 11..•~1 .._'1..' ,,f t-,' , ::-;:- ..
bodv.
What 1s Heat?

l'lll'f~IY, h(',J t I~ ,'lj1..' ...-y,,1 '.._' 1.. ' f ,-,, ··~· ',' '
f kut t'Tlt'HlV b ti ,r,~:1..' · ,'.._! --·-- r...' T -1 ... -- , ,
 Whe n atom s and molecules absorb heat from expa nds m o re than the i1l l:; 1od. Th
a
source, the molecules whic h are cons tantl y in incre ase in leng th of co ppcI re-. l is neart
moti on start vibrating with increased kine tic 3/2 time s the increase in leng th of thy
energy. They require mor e space to vibrate so iron rod . Thu s, the incr ea~e in leng th of:
the obje ct expands. Solids expand the least and rod depe nds on the m aterm l ol the rod.
gases the most. Alm ost all solids, liqui ds and
2. Sup erficial Exp ans ion .\
gases expand on heat ing and cont ract on '\.I '''. . .
, . ' .,

cool ing. Superficial expansion refers to increase in ar

whe n a solid is heat ed . Whe n a so lid in the forea
There are three ways in which we cate goris
e of a met al plate is heat ed, its leng th and breadt~
t herm al exp ans ion - Line ar Exp ans ion,
Superficial Expansion and Cubical Expansion. both increase. This increases the area of th~
These correspond to expansion in leng th, area plate .
and volume of a substance. Exp erim enta lly it is obse rved t hat the increase
in
area of a meta l plate depe nds on:
1. Linear Expansion
a. The initial area of the plate: Larger the
Linear expansion refers to increase in leng th
initia l area of plate, mor e is the increase in its
when a solid is heated . Whe n a solid in the form
of a rod (or a wire) is heated, only the linea area on heat ing.
r
expansion (i.e., increase in leng th) is effective. b. The increase in temperature: More is the
The increase in leng th of a meta l rod on heat ing rise in temp erat ure, mor e will be the increase
depends on the follo wing thre e factors: in area of plate.
a. Orig inal leng th of the rod, c. Material of the plate: A brass plate expands
b. Increase in temp erat ure, and mor e than an iron plate of sam e dimensions
for the same rise in temp erat ure.
c. Material of the rod .
If Ao is the area of plate at 0°C and A, is the
a. Original length of the rod: If we heat
area of plate at t°C, the increase in area is
two rods of the same meta l - one shor t
given as:
and the othe r long , to the sam e
temp erat ure, we will find that the long A,-Aa = Aa~t
rod expands mor e than the shor t rod. wh~re ~ is.the coef ficie nt of superficial expansion
Thu s, long er the rod, grea ter is the whic h 1s diffe rent for diffe rent solids/m aterials.
increase in its leng th.
3. Cubical Expansion -.. 1 \ , 'i-,_'
" 1I_·,
b. Increase in temperature: If we heat two H ) 1) rl' ,~ , , _, 1,
-
iden tical rods (of the same meta l and of Cub ical exp ans ions refe rs to incr ease in
the sam e leng th) , one at a high er v~lu ~e whe n a solid is heated. It expands in all
temp erat ure than the othe r, we find that ~ 1rect1ons i.e. , its leng th, brea dth
and thickness
the rod heat ed to the high er temp erat ure increase. Thu s, the volu me of the solid too
expa nds mor e than the rod heated to the increases .
less er tem pera ture . Thu s, mor e the
Expe rime ntall y it is observed that the increase in
increase in temp erat ure of rod, greater is
volu me of a solid depe nds on:
the increase in its leng th.
c. Mat eria l of the rod: If we heat two rods a. The initial volume of solid: More is the
initia l volu me o f soliid , m o re is the
of sam e leng th, but one of copp er and
t h e oth er of iron at the sam e increase in its volu me.
tem pera ture, we find that the copp er rod b. The rise in temperature: More is the rise
98
 .
in temperature , mo re is th e inc rease in its A
lume. PPhccJtior
Vo
ou r d;:iily '''e :
c. The mate~ial of the
solid : A bra - rn e rs wi ~h t h •
1. In t h e- -s uin e in cre as e in
than ss .ball
increases in vo lum e mo re tern t L

e~ exp and To
an iron . I pera ure co ncrett bridg
ball of same radius for the same rise in so ve thi 's prob!
· to
temperature. · ·em, we leave small gap
other end wit h
onlle end and support the
lfV0 is the vo lum e of a solid at oo
c an . ro ers.
. d vi IS
the vo lum.e at t°C ' the n increase · In ~n ter , telephone wire co
ntract. In order to
. in 2.
volume 1s given as: avoid this problem, we lea
ve wires slack so
length.
V1 -V0 =V0yt tha t they are free to change
inc rea se in
icient of cubical 3. In the su mm ers wit h the
"!
where is called_the . coeff tem pe rat ure railway lines
expand. To solve
ent for different
expan~1on of a sohd. It is differ between sections
this pro ble m, gaps are left
matenals . ge of the rails .
of railway lines to avoid dama
Relationship be tw ee n a, f3 an
d y: UIDS
THERMAL EXPANSION IN LIQ
and y are related
The three coefficients a, f3 Liq uid s have no definite sha
pe of their own. A
as f3 = 2a and y = 3a of the ir container in
liq uid always attains shape
e, when a liq uid is
or a: f3 :y =1 :2 :3 wh ich it is poured. Therefor
co nta ine r un de rgo a
heated, bo th liq uid and the
st liq uid s expand in
Physics in Our Lives change in their volume. Mo
is increased. Water is
vo lum e when tem pe rat ure
mo de rat ing the ng be low 4°C begins
Oceans are res po ns ibl e for an exception. Water on co oli
I

'•
tem pe rat ure an d ma kin g
ou r pla ne t Earth
to expand un til it reaches 0°C
. On further co oli ng
ly as it changes int o
inh ab ita ble . its vo lum e increases su dd en
co ole d below 0°C, it
ic-e at 0°C. Wh en ice is
dy tem pe rat ure decreases like solids.
• Ma mm als ' an d bir ds ' bo co ntr ac t, i.e., its vo lum e
the su rro un din g water is called the
do es no t ch an ge wi th This unsual expansion of
sh ive r in the cold 1
tem pe rat ure he nc e the y an om alo us expansion of wa
ter.
nd itio ns to retain / ns ion of liq uid s
and sw ea t in the ho t co Ap pli ca tio ns of the rm al ex pa
the ir tem pe rat ure . in ou r da ily life :
ange the ir bo dy
• Cold blo od ed rep tile s ch Final level, B
tem pe rat ure according to
the ir surroundings. 0 Initial level, A
in summer an d
Th ey are mo re ac tiv e
in winter_:__..------- Narrow glass tube
be co me slo we r or hib ern ate

- - -NS- -~ '
' .
I
i
I
f

Col our ed water

ION IN SOLIDS /
THERMA'L EXPA I

!h e ~i~e/ ()~ngth,
It ts th~ i~crea~~__or _ge~r~c1se o_f
e to a c~ange in
are a or volume) of a bo dy .du
nsion is l~rger ·in
tem pe rat ur e. Thermal expa
uids an d !solids : Fig. 6.1: Expansion in a liquid
ga se s an d relatively small fat liq I '

99 :
 ■;t:; 1; , tm
lu•,t .,,. d1tt,... H 11t .,, ,h,I· , ,, ,:111,I d1 ll r1r1
1 th \-du •fl
l"l' ·ln , 1 'w.1 l( .I , l.rtt·1t·1H ll,1111 ,!. ,1h11
r•\p .1 nd tt , 1:

, hlln r111 .- ,11 1, !,. 111.i 11 ll )Jnl t"I P, t • ~1 Ott Juu!t• ,rn f:
p l'ly -, ,c 1.,, Jef 1n1•d thP 0w ( 111
c> qu 1v,1lt•n r o l he.1r TtH· tllJ<J r •
4 1 J/ c.11 ,.., c ail ed m ,'Lh drHc
\ J,1
1" q 11 , v a Ien t o f h ea t J n Cl 1 •
1 epre ~en ted by t hf> sym bo l
I in hon o ur of Joul e
\\ .II 1 11

----- -- -- -- .........---• .. D --- ___ _-1 tHiHt 4J

f l tJ (> • ' { \ 1 ',1 '1\ I ,• / ,•/ 1! 1 I , t// ! / /II . I //Ji // 1 1(11//1 °/ 1 •/
) -
Aim : To stu dy the fact or s whi ch
atte c;
qu antity of t1eat gain ed or lost by a bod
y.
I h e t nH.> in t' t e , W I I l • ll t Ii 1 • IL' 111 pt· r a I t 1 1 e
Materials Req uire d: Fou r identical bea
II H ' h .' ~l ~t ' '- 111 till' tl1t ·1111l i1 1it'l
l: 1 tl1l'l l Ille nwr cu,y kers
lo four t11ermometers, bun sen burners with
111tilt• h1tlh 1' x1M r1d ~ 111!11 tl1t• 11dnow tube (,1~ tripoo
,hu wn in tiu . l ,.? ) stan ds . water. oil.

TH[· RM AL f)(P AN SIO N IN GASES Procedure: In bea ker A, 200 ml of wate

r 1s
taken. In bea ker B also , 200 ml of wate
Mol ccull!:i within qt.1scs c1 1t' furth er dpd r Is
rl and taken. In bea ker C , 400 ml of water is
weokly Jlt rn ctecl tu ctl ch othe r. ~ !eat ca taken.
uses the In bea ker D, 200 ml of oil is taken .
mo lec ules to mov e fa$ lCr (he at ene All the
rg y is bea kers are plac ed on bur ner s with the
convert t:d to kinetic energy) whi ch mea help
ns that of tripod stan ds and hea ted . Let the
the volu me of a oas increases mor e
than the
heating
be con tinu ed till tem per atu re of water
volu me of a solid or liqu id . or on
dou bles (to 50° C) in A, C and D. In B
App li cati ons of lher n1d l exp ans ion of let the
gas es in hea ting be con tinu ed till tem per atu re of
ou, daily life. water
alm ost trip les to abo ut 70° C. Not e dow
I. Tyre burs ts In hot days when filled with full
n time
of take n in eac h cas e.
air due to ther mal expansion.
2. Wh en the ball on is kep t in the sun ligh t, 50°C
due 70°c
to sun 's heat, the kine tic ene rgy of gas
eou s
par tide s insi de the bal loo n also
get s -Wa ter
incr eas ed and the ball oon expands. This I -Wa ter

increase the pressure on the walls of

will
the ,,'. JV:,
ball oon . It con tinu es to expand and com
to a stag e whe n the ball oon bursts.
es
,,,.
·"--
A

_,'
- B

~ 50°C
Qu antity of Heat Ii
11
I•

Wh en a bod y is hea ted , its tem

per atu re
11

11
I -Wa ter
increases and when it is cooled, its tem
per atur e 1! -r-; .-,r
decreases . The amo unt of heat gajn . 1 ;11""'\
ed or lost 'l , fl ~ .
by a bod y dep end s on various factors. C D
Fig. 6.3 Factors affecting quantity of
hea t gained or lost by a body
100
 conclusion:
It takes a longer time and thu v.. ith ~, ,;,;(.
)
quantity o f h eat for water ,n C s more tunperature )' \ t
same temperature as th to reach the
mass of c 1s more. at in A (soc.c) as Q
If ,._\O 15 I
<>ase in tC1mper
u) It takes more time and h be the h
t
a ure. Ut('n O should
for water in 8 to reach ence more heat eat !:iUpplied If \0
temperature than that a_ much higher temperature ti Q . IS denedse l!1
. ,en should be hedt given out
. in A as the
difference in temperature 1s more. spec1"fiic heat capacity (C) - Q
ui) It takes a lesser time for ot.1 .tn D to h
the same temperature of 500 reac In calorie, water has . ml'-.0
1000 Vk o a specific heat capacity of
in A as the two substance s are C t~an water ca g C or 1 cal/g 'C .
different.

Hence, we can say that the he a t 1ost or gamed

. ~;To~le i i 'sui>siances'· and their specific
heat copicity
by a substance depends on th e followmg
.
factors:
l(Q, mass of the body. . I
,• w 1
Water 4,186
0.lbincrease or decrease in temperature.
Air 1000
({i_!.iJ)nature of the substance being heated or Vegetable Oil 1670
cooled. 230
Silver
In other words (i) more the mass of the body, Copper 385
more the heat required (ii) more the Iron 450
temperature difference, more the heat required ;A: 138
Mercury
(iii) amount of heat required depends on nature
Glass 670
of substance (called its specific heat capacity).
Milk 3390
Specific t,ieat Capacity Alumunium 900
The same quantity of oil requires lesser
Note:
amount of heat than water to produce the
1. For calculations we take specific heat
same change in temperature. Oil is said to 0
capacity of water as 4200 J/kg C.
have a different specific heat capacity than
2. SI unit of specific heat capacity can also be
water.
written as J/kgK as difference of 1°C is
The specific heat capacity of a substance is
same as 1 K.
defined as the quantity of heat required to raise
the temperature of 1 g or 1 kg of the From the aforementioned table we see that of
all substances, water has a very high specific
substance by 1 °C. -@t 1° K
0
The SI unit of specific heat capacity is J/kg C. heat capacity. Hence, it would require a much
·n J/gdC If Q is the larger quantity of heat to increase it. s
It can• a Isof hb e tmeasure d l
1· d to mass .rn of a body temperature. It requires 4200 J to increas
quantity o ea supp 1e 101
- --------------~~----:S=o •=e~d~E;xampE ~~-

High Specific Heat

Ans. :
L

hec:.

2.
,. :s ·~se:::

-~=-:::~-=---
· -·---- -
3.
Heat Capacity
-----r--
._ -
-------
4.
~o~;.les ~-,=-=-
---·---
~1•-r~-
••G-"- •

:s ca.?as:e
__
_,,~_ ... _..._
?""o-1""'\-t:!r--,

~e\·eraf es. . -:

-::,~
5. Coa.:::.~ -~e--.
.... c.. ... ' e a c:::::!e:-
c::, ,~_;:,•,

Hea: capad:y ::-.xc

6.
-'-""'---.-,.::---::..,
- ___ ~-
.... ..._

th€ roor:-:s.

Physics in Our UveJ

water'T'e:ci1 remai"'s co:
than a ca Ke \\ "'e" ro:~ are tal(e~ o..-: o.. a C

refr ge--ator as ,., atermelor- nas a a! o· -Ya:e~.

- .g. o, ma:m,g :.~e ::-c.sc c· .:.
(Specific heat :apa c'ty of water ·s very h ·gn. thick. ·:s t.~:;nai ca~adt): ·r.ce~s2s
------- imparts s:.ifficient h~at tG a
temperature for quicker aqd p.mp.€r .:c- '~~
102
10
Text Q.Uc\non, 1
,
1
, mq mf 1f t l
'r p' ' • Jf( 'I t. · t
, ; r
I J r I
' , J, I r,f Ctf. _. I ( I

L. ' .rr · · L; r~ J,ir<iv!f: of

, · ' ,1,.
r alr. ri 1 Th e princ•plt.! of calorimetry
t
• r/
•1 lt, ,t f, ;u(tl{ d) '·P' ' f t,
... titc... th '1t when two bodies at different
I

I {IJ r, I',(' ,, tr fflf,( ( t "' d / r: ,,~ !fc , I

temperature8 are in contact, then heat lost
rt' 111 Wt,uld r, 4 11r<· hy the hot br>dy is equal to the heat gained
by f.h(; cold body. This is in accordance with
, I 1() c ii of h• ,it L, )( 1 1, lr,f hr ,,t
1hr: law of conservation of energy The
, J 1_ r ,11 of hr J1 ,n~~IUJ J ,f hc•,,t 1
r1 rmr.ipk: of calorimetry is valid provided there
VJ,1tr r ,•, lJ'/ d d ', ' (j f; !,J(l1 !(l rr,r,rr, , ';f; !r -r•. ;,r, ,J i·, r10 <:xc.hange of heat with the surroundings
01.'. ',< rt , { >r, 1c-- i ' , <i ', 1l and no change of state is taking place.

tl) fl,!', t ,1,~h rJ,r1du 1 .1 l(J rt bJ ti tJ hw h 1

, ',pr -r,1 i 1r, Heat lost by hot body = Heat gained by cold body
tibJl (d f , ,ir. 11 /

calorimeter is a device which is used for

/-c..,
r,) i', (• ~',JIV :)11,id,ihlr• J1
1 l', 1r1r /f>< · r 1',1 J< ·
accurate measurement of temperature
4 lh< • t,f1P<-if 1t.. h(•,JI (.,JfM<,i l / ';f 1/,11(·( I', ~hanges, heat lost and heat gained; hence the
t1) /IJ(J(J l/r~'•( hJ '11<;() r.,)I /r~·-r_ name calorimetry.

r.11; 00 <rJl/h~'•( rJ) !!)<;<; l/h((

Solved Examples
~- f ht· r>h(,lf.;-il qu;1rtl ,t / •J/ttl'J1 I', ;.J prrJpU t / of
1000 g of water at 60° is mixed with 500 g of
H,f· ·,11b•,1 anu· 1•,
water at 40°. Find the final temperature of the
:1) H1':rrnal r:qi.dlibriurn b) h<:dt capr1r.it/ mixed water.
q ·.pr;cii1c hc!,i1 c;.ip;:1r_it 'I dJ 1c((JrJ(; P';1·ur(: Ans. Let the final temperature of the mixed
water be T.

Conductors and Insulators Heat lost by - Heat gained by

hot water cold water
Metals have free electrons which easily
conduct heat. They are called conductors.
Mc,i.t, c:<mr.luctors hr.ive low spE:CJ·f·IC· heat
r;bpbc:iti<:s. Mf!tals like silver, iron, copper, l 000 X 4200 (60 - T) = 500 X 4200 (T - 40)
1000 1000
alurriiniurn r:2r<; grJ(Jd r..:onductors. (60 - T) = 1 (T - 40)
lnaulatots are those materials that do not 2
5t 120- 2 T = T -40
allow heat to pass through easi!Y· Mo
ln~ut<1tor--s h,Wf: r(!lativdy high sper:Jfic heat
u,p;:,,Jtie1,. (Hass, W<JOd and plastir: are poor
160 =3T
'<mductcH~ ,if heat <1r insulators. = 160 = 53.3°C
Final temperature (T)
At,; rnet.ali h<lVf: liJ-W .8perJH<: heat capacities it is 3
f':i'J~ t,J- htbt lhtrn up or r;<JfJI thern down.
103
 PHYSICS TOONS
things ca n happen.
thing and three
Put heat energy into some ' . arn .
. . ui d li ke Amit s ice ere .,.,,/ MELT!
1. If it 's soli d it might melt into a liq ---

STEAM!

If it's already a liquid it m ig , ., turn into a

2
· gas-l ike water when it bo ils

BURN!
3. Or it m ight burst into flame s.

. " h · state " Bas ically w h at' s goi ng on is t hat heat energy
Scientists call t he first two effects a c ange in · . .
.1s making
. t he atoms wo bbl f
e so as t th at they bre ak free of the neighbo
.· u ring ato ms. If th ey stick
,
· · hb
cIose tot h e1r ne 1g ours, the substance is a liquid-but
. if t hey go off in search of adve ntu re they re
a gas.

Change of State temperature called melting point, the . so_lid

undergoes a change of state and becomes a
We have just studied that heating or cooling a
liquid. This process is called melting.. T~e
body results in a change in temperature.
fixed temperature at which the solid gets
When heat is given to a body or extracted from converted to a liquid is called melting point
a body its state can also change. The three or fusion point. E.g. ice melts at 0°C.
states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. Due
to heat supplied a solid can get converted to a Freezing or Solidification
liquid or gas. This is called a change of state. The process by which a liquid on cooling gets
Sublimation converted to a solid is . callec;i solidificatipn or

I
Soild
Melting

Freezing
Liquid
Boiling l
Gas
freezing. The whole . of the liquid· get~
converted : to the solid at a constant
temperature call:ed the fre¢zing point. for
Condensation 1

most subst~nces that are pure, the melti~g

Melting or Fusion Poin t and fr~ezing: pointiare the same. ·
When heat is continuously supplied to a solid Vapourisation or Boiling
, I : '
its temperature goes on increasing. At a fixed
Soiling is the process ~y which a ' liquid gets
104 : ..
 t ts \ p
Soi mg po'nt or \
~ers to the constant t~
t
the }quid gets con,~e
~ 0 \\..i! , 1

t on or l1quef ct,on
th, \ : ,·! . , , , , ,
Th, p c~~~ ~ ,'JIL-J ,-,, _'11,.J,,',, , :--,_' .lh,' ,' tl'L· r . I \,1,,~•r~·.\ \ ,, "~ "\ 't i t'~ Ll
1\ ,' It~ tl, l>l \' 11 \
tt,' ' I\" '-'
, ,:- ,, f ,li! .. •, ;\'I: II ' 1::, 1!1·, 11k. 1, 1 1'111 1,1
-t lactio~. Theconden~ ,1 ti 1..':ln pt,int ._,l
:-1,1i-· 1111:- 1"•.11 ~ .1,r 1,1i,•,1
..... ~.,
1 ' ,, .,.
- . , , , ., ,· . 1, 1 \ : , ,
'{ :1efaction point refers to tlw '()" . t , 1 1
,\IH I
1
\. 1..'"'~ '\"~ L\.', 1· 1,1 '1 1'111 1· '
1 :-, 1,1 t ,'ll\\'1'1,lllll,'
ttroperature ut which 3 vapc.,u r l'r ~l-1 $
11 <-' 1:1.·,, 1:-- 1.·.111..-,l l.1k11t lw.1t. 1lw \.1h-11I ht·.,t of
(hanges into it s liquid statr .
,l :-ubsLm'-'1.' ts dcfi1H•d ,ts tlw ,ll1llH\I\I ol
h'-•,1t 1cqui1,·d Ill ,:ll.mqc.• the ~t.,k tlf .,

sut,st.1111.."t' .11 .1 l'l'll:-.l.l\ll kmpt.•t.,lwc

Sl'c1..·ific l.tk nt lw.tl is ,h•fhwd .,-. lhc.•
sublimation
.mwu11l l,f ih.',1! n·qui1 ,·d tn c:h.mqc tlw st.,tt•
~ is a process b, ,,hteh !'1.:1lt .. i ~wt::- . ll1\'..-tl\
,1 nf l "-!l {lll' l ~1) l)f suhsl.nh't' .,t ., nu1sl,11tl
~,,:,,ertt=d into th0 gJS1:1..1 u::- ~t,ik . t" ~1 ll.'mp1.'r.1I urc.• ll is r,·pn'St'l\kd .,s 1..
1.:!!·1w':1or a.nd naphth-1le1w ~Jl'l dirc1:t l\
~l u111I ,,t :--j't',·i!i\· L1k11l ht'.11 1s .J,,ulc k~1
(cmerted to \.:lPl""Ur dt rol"1m templ'r,1tLtrl'.
l)tlh'l ,\'ll\t'lli,'111 lllllh l)I Sj 1t'vili,· l.1k11t ltt·dl
dlt'_I ~l. ,-.,t k\1· 1.·,1l )1 -

rl1t' .thin' ,·q11,1!11 1 11 l't'l'l\'St'lth lilt' q11.i11ltly ul

1 1

\l)l) lll',\l l~ {J) l't'ljllil't'll tl, ,·l\,11\q~• !lit' SI.tit' \II' 111
Water 0
k~l t'f subsl,H\l't' with sp,,,·Hk l.ill-111 llt'<II I .1/1~1.
1083 I In I
Copper l"ll,'rt' ,ll't' I\.Vll tvpcs I if l.1k11! llt'.11 l,1!1•11!
'):") I.'
Silver 96l ht\ll l,f v,111l,uris.1th,11 ,111d l.1k11l IH'dl 111 lu:,1\111
-218
In., 1

Oxygen I .tktll llt',11 l11l',III~ 'llidd1'1\ lll'l\1 •

I /'.">0
Lead 327
J'.1 I lntcnt Hc,,t of Fusion
Mercury --39
/H The l,1hml lu~al. of fusion ls tho .uuoqul of
Alcohol t 14
lu~.,t rm1uirnd lo d1u11ut~ ,, suhstam:t, , h'o111
. · l ' d of whlclt l Imul
~olld to liquid or from liquid to :-1olh l wt
The above table also gives us ,.m J( l
su b stances exist in so lJC s •
. I ·t tll' l'(Hll'1
· >I
.,t • t
uny dmnqc 111 tmtptWlt lll'tl,
11
,
t
., is 11>t1ut ••~} l ..
t uIc ~ points l'I H' ~pnc.: 1111c I., t t~ll t ltoil t o f f us Ion I•, 11
tC . Room tempern
emperature. Twltin(l ' ,lbl Wt,
opper, silver, lead have 1 · \1/ • ,r ·ury ,llysh\tl qwmll1y tli,11 1-, d1,11,wt1•1 ·bli1 · Ill llw
. .in so l'd
25oc . so exist stJtl' vvdll'I, rm l •
1 .
1 .. -~, ''l' ~ttln-,1,llll't' ,111 d i•, ddhn.•d 11~. ll,t~ <flh.lllllly of
. t. le ·s thc.1n ..,.J . tll H.1
I holhavemeltingpotns .::..
aco 105 ,1 1,d,·11/ 11, ,1 \'1l',\' ,'\,,LL•.~ ',•1·•· 1
,,,•.\

J~ ~\II'',\•' ii:\,\'!
,., l ''"' \ ,,k l•,11\•,, l11
 • . . i ubst$nce ,tv i
heat req'uired· by it kg of ~ · . I nq - l
l
convert It frop, so1id to qu i II id st~l'e at I a
0
i. HJO 1"<:- - - - : - - • • -. -
:·it,1
I .·
• ; I !
' I I I t..,... 90 ~
constant' temp~ratu~e (L,). ! · . :. I Q.I I
. i f f' ·ion :of ice! is I .... I
/:
E. g. the specifk latei'1t heat. o ~JS • : 1
I ~ 19· - I
'
' ' I ! I
336 x l O'i J/kg. . ! : ,
I

;~
'-

!
Latent Heat ·of Viapou:risatl!on: When to !I E 5q
~l
Q.)

' ' ' di g

I

liquid gets convert¢d to its qorrespon ! I

• :a
, b sor b ed !;at consta1 Jd
vapours, heat 1s :nt
temperature tm all the liquid get$ converted to 1.()
B C
vapours. d
I 0°c·. lL:__-- - - --
The latent heat of vapourisation is the . A Ttme - +
qu~ntity of heat required to change a liquid A temperature v/s time graph is drawn
to vapour state or from vapour to liquid
conclusion: Change in state takes place at
state at constant temperature.
a constant temperature.
The specific latent heat of vapourisation is a
physical quantity which is characteristic of the In the region AB of graph, ice at - I0°C has
substance and is defined as the quantity -of absorbed heat to reach 0°C. 0°C is the melting
heat required by 1 kg of substance to point of ice. In the portion BC, ice is melting to
convert it from liquid to vapour state at a
water. BC is the region where there is partly ice
- constant temperature (Lv)-
and rest is water. The temperature remains
The specific latent heat of vapourisation of constant at 0°C. At C all ice has been
steam is 2,260 x 103 J/kg. converted to water. After this, in region CD as
heat is supplied the temperature of water
increases. D is the boiling point of water. In
Aim: To observe that temperature remains region DE water is converted to steam at
constant during the change of state. To plot constant temperature 100°C. So there is water
- the relationship between time versus and steam in this region. All water is converted
ten:iper~ture of ice which is being heated. to steam at E. After this, temperature of steam
will increase. In region BC, the bonds in solid
Materials Required: Ice cubes in a pan, a
thermometer, a clock, burner. are being broken to form liquid. ln region DE.
the liquid in bonds are being broken to form
Procedure: Take ice cubes in a pan. Fix a
vapour (steam).
thermometer m it. Heat the ice. Note down
the temperature in 1 minute intervals. You Importance of High Latent Heat of
will notice that as the ice starts melting, the
Vapourisation of Steam: The specific latent
temperature remains constant. Continue 3
-heating the water. Continue noting down heat of vapourisation of steam (2260 x 10 J kg
temperature at fixed time intervals. Again or 540 caVg) is a very high value. 1t has th e
-when all the water is getting converted to following applications:
vapour (steam) the temperature will remain 1. In cold regions or countries , stearn b
constant ·
circulated in a closed pipe system for
106
 nd
heating the_ bu~ ldin gs . . Thi s is fa ster a Evaporation
rnore effectrve m hea ting tha n circ ula ting
gel:.,
hot water. 1 g of ste am at 100°c give
s A liquid boils at its boiling poin t and
it con den ses to wat e r. converted to its vap our phase. A liqu id can
540 cal of hea t wh en at a
g of water, on the oth er han d, will g ive a lso con ver t to its vap our pha se
1 This
only 1 cal of hea t wh en it coo ls by 1°c. ~em per atur e belo w the boiling poin t.
hap pen s in a pro ces s called eva por atio n.
z. Since water h~s ~ ver y hig h spe cifi c late nt -liquid
s Evaporation is a process by which a
heat of vap oun sati on, wat er in the soil doe ature
t. converts into vapour state at a temper
not eva por ate quickly due to Sun 's hea
below the boiling point.
The plants are pro tec ted . of
s Evaporation take s plac e from the surf ace
3.. Steam eng ine s run trai ns as ste am con tain the liquid; if a grea ter surf ace is exp ose d ta~
the
a large qua ntit y of hea t whi ch can be atm osp her e, the n mo re eva por atio n take
s
converted to me cha nic al ene rgy . plac e.
4. Water from ope n wat er bod ies like sea s, Evaporation cau ses cooling as the late nt
h_e at
ly
lakes, rivers, pon ds do not vap our ise easi of vapourisation is take n from the surf ace
of
as eno rmo us am oun t of hea t is req uire d
for ic! __ __
the liqu id itse lf. Thi s ena ble s_ the liqu
--- this-;- - -- · mol ecu les to go into gas eou s pha se.
led
5. Steam is also use d in the rma l pow er plan
ts E.g. water kept in an eart hen pot gets coo
al
- -to convert hea t ene rgy of coa l to electric in sum mer .
-the
___ __ • _____ --l lle -water-ooze s out into -the--fiHe--poFes-in
energy.
;te a~ ~l so- c~~ ses mo re sev ere tess el and evaporates. It take s away the late nt
- 6.-C-onversely, cooHng
at hea t from the water in the pot, ther eby
burns :tha n wat er tho ugh bot h may be
-·· .i00°q 1 g ~f stea m will rele ase 540 cal of the water.
he$ aty due 10 - eva por atfo n; a -fan -
-
_conv ertt=_d_In to _ w~~ ei:_ ~!_ ·-E. g:- clot
·- - heat on ~et ting the
mak es us feel cooler due to eva por atio n of
· 100°C This cau ses mo re sev ere hea t bur ns.
swe at from our bodies.
- fmporta hce of High Latent Heat ofl= usion
Physics in Our Lives
---~!Jee: The specific late ~! pea t_~f fusionhasof the
ice
is 80 ~~hJ -~; -336 x103 J/kg. Thi s • Wet clothes dry quickly whe n they are
-~ bppliaatior:i_t_______ - -·-- - -- spread out.
1. Water ! in lake s a ~d pon ds in col~ plac
es • Evaporation causes cooling effe ct but
dQes -tlot
,
freeze sµd derl ly. It freeze$ slowly,
: . J... th tem per atur e
vapourisation does not have this effect. I'
I
e • ns. The eva por atio n rate dep end s on
1 -
the hea t rele ase dI keeitJs
I • •
--

,
--- -m od ~-the-surrourldin9-re gio
,
tem pera ture difference, surf ace area ,1
_ 1

: ff ctiveit byf ice

2· Drinks; are .coole<tl, mo fie e e f; exposed, natu re of liquid and pre sen ce
-80 ..,.,1 of h at rom
• ;
cub esl- 1 ·g-Ot-tce -tak es~ Ca,.i
I
of wind or breeze.
f
; -· -
. • W ~t
• I

:?. ~o __ ebe rgs • Ele pha nts spla sh wat er ont o thei r
j
--"- _ th~ co~d dri~ k to aet co \_ve~
T S-no~ nmo unt ain s, I glac ierspro , !
s o
f bac ks in summer. When the water
The ces
eva por ates on their bac k it coo ls them /
i
· . •
_. _ . . · • d
__ . doe sn't mel t sup den ly.
-rnelti~ij is -slow-asa lot of hea t IS requ ire down. _ _ _ _ _ _._:_)
-- __ . for the cha ntJe of st~t e ~ take plac ~. 107 1I