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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

Internal Combustion Engines

(Module III)

Prof. Niranjan Sahoo

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
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List of Topics

1. Internal Combustion Engine – Components, Nomenclature and Classifications

2. Basic Engine Cycle and Engine Kinematic Analysis

3. Engine Operating Characteristics

4. Thermodynamic Analysis of Air Standard Cycles

5. Valve Timing Diagram and Fuel – Air Cycle

6. Thermochemistry and Fuel Characteristics

7. Combustion Phenomena in Engines

8. Heat Transfer Analysis in Engines

9. Exergy Analysis and Engine Emission/Pollution

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Lecture 1

Internal Combustion Engine – Components, Nomenclature and

Classifications

 Introduction to Internal Combustion (IC) Engine

 Basic Engine Components

 Engine Nomenclature

 Classification of Engines

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Introduction to IC Engine
• An engine is a device that transforms one form of energy to another form (heat or
work). The IC engine is a heat engine that converts chemical energy in a fuel into
mechanical energy in the form of rotating output shaft.
• The chemical energy is first converted to thermal energy by means of combustion that
raises temperature and pressure of gases within the engine.
• The expansion of high pressure gas against mechanical mechanisms of the engine
drives the rotating crankshaft, thus transmits the power in the form of mechanical
energy.

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Introduction to IC Engine
• Heat engines are broadly classified as “Internal Combustion Engines and External
Combustion Engines (ECEs)”. The combustion takes place outside the mechanical
engine systems for ECEs.
• Most IC engines are reciprocating type having pistons that reciprocates back and forth
in the cylinder internally within the engine. Few other categories of IC engines are rotary
type.

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Introduction to IC Engine
• With respect to a moving engine, this transmission is often referred as propulsion of
the vehicle (automobile, locomotive, marine vessel, airplane etc.). On the other hand,
stationary engines drive generators, pumps etc.
• Reciprocating engines can have one or many cylinders arranged through different
geometric fashion to produce power ranging from 100 W to thousands of kW per
cylinder.
• Similar engines can be produced that differ in size, geometry, style, operating
characteristics and manufacture.
• The coverage of IC engines will highlight most of the engine operating principles,
characteristics and their thermodynamic aspects.

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Introduction to IC Engine
• Most of the earliest engines in 17th & 18th century were referred as
“atmospheric engines”. In 19th & 20th century, the automobiles are powered by
IC engines while for 21st century, the IC engines challenges its existence by
electric propulsion system due to scarcity of fossil fuels and environmental
pollutions. Some historical insight towards IC engine developments are listed
below.
 Atmospheric engines (large engines with single piston and cylinder
operated with atmosphere and vacuum with various fuels) – 17th & 18th
century
 Petroleum industries producing gasoline – 20th century
 Development of pneumatic rubber tire – John B. Dunlop (1888)
 First practical engine – J.J.E Lenoir (1822-1900)
 Development of SI engine – Nicolaus A. Otto (1832-1891)
 Development of CI engine – Rudlof Diesel (1858-1913)
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 First electric starter for automobiles – C. Kettering (1912)
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Basic Engine Components

 Engine block: It is the body of the engine

containing cylinders (made out of cast
iron/aluminium) housing all support
structures.
 Cylinder and Piston: These are integral
part of the engine. The piston is cylindrical
shaped mass that reciprocates back and
forth in the cylinder. The top of the piston is
called as ‘crown’ and sides are called
“skirt”. Pistons are made out of cast
iron/steel/aluminium. Piston rings are kept
in circumferential grooves around the
piston and forms a sliding surface against
cylinder walls. 8
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Basic Engine Components

 Connecting rod: It interconnects piston
of the engine to the crankshaft for
transmitting gas forces from piston to
crankshaft.
 Gudgeon pin (Wrist pin or Piston pin):
Pin fastening the small-end of connecting
rod to the piston.
 Crank pin: It connects the crank of the
piston to the big-end of connecting rod.
 Crankshaft: It converts reciprocating
motion of the piston to the rotary motion
of shaft output.
 Crankcase: It is a part of the engine
block that surrounds rotating crankshaft.
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Basic Engine Components

 Camshaft: It controls the opening and closing
of the inlet/exhaust valves for correct timings,
keep them open for certain duration. Hence, it
provides drive to ignition system.
 Combustion chamber: It is the space
enclosed in the upper part of the cylinder. The
combustion of fuel and consequent release of
energy builds up pressure in this region. The
size of combustion chamber changes from a
minimum value (piston at TDC) to a maximum
value (piston at BDC).
 Inlet and Exhaust Manifold: These are pipes
that connects intake system to inlet valve (for
air-fuel mixture to be drawn into the cylinder)
and exhaust system to the exhaust valve (to
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escape combustion products into atmosphere).
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Basic Engine Components

 Carburetor: Venturi type flow device that controls air flow rate to the SI engine by
means of pressure differential.
 Spark plug: It is a component that initiates combustion process in SI engines and
located on the cylinder head.
 Choke/Throttle: It is a butterfly type valve at carburetor intake to create fuel-rich
mixture in the intake system.
 Fuel Injector: A pressurized nozzle that sprays fuel into the incoming air in SI engines
or into the cylinder on a CI engine.
 Fuel pump: Electrically/mechanically driven pump to supply fuel from the fuel tank to
the engine.
 Oil pump: These pumps distribute oil from ‘oil sump’ to required lubrication points.
 Water pump: This pump circulates engine coolant through the engine and radiator.
 Water jacket: These are system of liquid flow passages surrounding the cylinders and
structured as a part of engine block and engine head.
 Radiator: Liquid-to-air heat exchanger that removes heat from the engine coolant.
 Fly wheels: Inertial mass in the form of wheel attached to output shaft to achieve
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uniform torque/power.
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Basic Engine Components

 Supercharger: They are mechanical compressors powered by the crankshaft
to compress the incoming air into the engine.
 It is used to increase inlet air pressure to engine. (Pressure augmentation)
 Compressor is driven by engine crankshaft.
 They provide fast response to engine speed changes but adds parasitic load
to engines.

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Basic Engine Components

Turbocharger: It is a turbine-compressor assembly to compress the incoming
air into the engine.
 The turbine is powered by exhaust flow of the engine and drives the
compressor. (Waste heat recovery)
 It increases inlet air pressure to the engine. (Pressure augmentation)
 It adds to no extra load to the engine but results turbo-lag (slower response)
to engine speed changes.

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Engine Nomenclature
• Bore (B): Inner diameter of the
cylinder slightly higher than the
diameter of the piston. Typically, its
value ranges from 5 mm to 0.5 m.
• Piston area (A): Area of circle
diameter equal to cylinder bore.
• Stroke (S): Nominal distance through
which the piston moves between two
successive reversal of its motion.
• (B/S) ratio: One of the specification
of the engine that ranges from 0.8 to
1.2. An engine can be made operate at
higher speed with larger bore and
shorter stroke.
- (B/S) > 1 (over square engine)
- (B/S) < 1 (under square engine)
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- (B/S) = 1 (square engine)
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Engine Nomenclature
• Dead Centre: It is the position
of working piston and the
moving parts at two instances:
when the direction of the piston
is reversed at either end of the
stroke. The “top dead center –
TDC” refers to the instantaneous
location of the piston, when the
piston is at the farthest point of
the crankshaft. The “bottom
dead center – BDC” refers to the
instantaneous location of the
piston, when the piston is the
closest to the crankshaft.
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Engine Nomenclature
• Displacement/Stroke Volume (Vs): It
is the nominal volume swept by the
piston when travelling from one dead
center to the other. (expressed as cc
or cubic centimeter)
• Clearance Volume (Vc): It is the
nominal volume of the combustion
chamber above the piston when it is at
TDC.
• Engine capacity (Ve): It is displaced
volume of an engine cylinder
multiplied by number of cylinders.
• Compression Ratio (CR): It is the
ratio of total cylinder volume when the
cylinder is at BDC to the clearance
volume. 16
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Classifications of Engines
• Nature of Ignition: When the fuel-air combustion process in the engine is initiated with a
high voltage discharge by using a “spark plug”, then it is called as “spark ignition (SI)”
engine. If fuel-air mixture is self-ignited due to high temperature (due to compression) in
the combustion chamber, then it is known as “compression ignition (CI)” engine.

• Engine Cycle: When there is four piston movements over two engine revolution in each
cycle (or one power stroke per two crankshaft revolution), it is called as “four-stroke
engine”. On the other hand, a “two stroke engine” has two piston movements over one
engine revolution in each cycle (or one power stroke per one crankshaft revolution).

• Basic Design: “Reciprocating engines” have one/more cylinders in which pistons

reciprocates back and forth. The combustion chamber is located in the closed end of the
cylinder while power is delivered from piston to the rotating crankshaft. The complicated
“Rotary engines” have stator blocks built around large non-concentric rotor and
crankshaft. The combustion chambers are built into non-rotating block (e.g. Wankel
engines in Mazda model). 17
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Classifications of Engines

• Valve Location:
 Valve on head (over head
valve – I head engine)
 Valve on block (flat head – L
head engine)
 Valve on one-side of cylinder
(T head engine)
 Intake valve on head and
exhaust valve on block (F
head engine)

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Classifications of Engines
• Piston and cylinders
configurations in reciprocating
engines:
 Single cylinder engines
 Inline engines (cylinders are
positioned in straight lines)
 V-engines (cylinders are
positioned at an angle 60°° to
90°°)
 Opposed cylinders engines
 W-engines (two V8 engines
connected by single crankshaft)
 Opposed piston engines
(combustion chamber is kept at
the center between pistons)
 Radial engine (Engines with
piston positioned in a circular

plane around central crankshaft)

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Classifications of Engines
• Air Intake Process:
 Naturally aspirated engine (no intake air pressure boosting system)
 Supercharged engine (intake air pressure is increased with compression)
 Turbocharged engine (intake air pressure is increased with turbine-
compressor system driven by exhaust gases)
 Crankcase compressed engine (Two stroke engines using compressor as
intake air pressure boosting)
• Fuel Usage:
 Gasoline & Diesel (Conventional liquid fuels)
 Methyl and Ethyl Alcohols, Bio-oils (Alternative liquid fuels)
 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) & Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
 Methane, Hydrogen (recent development)
 Duel fuel engines (combination of one or more liquid & gaseous fuels)

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Classifications of Engines
• Fuel Input Method (SI engine) – Fuel-air mixture enters the combustion chamber
 Carbureted
 Multipoint port fuel injection (one/more fuel injector at intake)
 Throttle body fuel injection (injectors in intake manifold)
 Direct injection fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber
• Fuel Input Method (CI engine) – Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber
 Direct injection of fuel into the main combustion chamber
 Indirect injection – fuels injected into secondary combustion chamber
 Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) – Some fuels added
during intake stroke
• Type of Cooling:
 Air cooled engines (typically SI engines)
 Liquid/water cooled engines (typically CI engines)
• Applications:
 Engines – automobiles, locomotive, agricultural, marine & aircraft
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Numerical Problems
Q1. A four-cylinder spark ignition engine is designed for compression ratio 8
with a swept volume of 0.0028 m3. For a square engine, calculate the bore,
stroke and clearance volume of the engine.

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Numerical Problems
Q2. The capacity of a four-stroke over-square spark-ignition engine is 245 cc
(cubic centimetre). The over-square ratio is 1.1 and the clearance volume of the
engine is 27.2 cc. Calculate the bore (in ‘mm’), stroke (in ‘mm’) and
compression ratio of the engine.

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THANK YOU

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