IF CLAUSES

RELATIVE CLAUSES
WRITING
REPORTED SPEECH
PASSIVE VOICE

BRUSH UP YOUR ENGLISH

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 type if clause main clause
I Simple Present will-future (or Modal + infinitive)
II Simple Past Conditional (would + infinitive)
III Past Perfect (Conditional Perfect) would + have + past participle

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I.
Only use the will-future in the main clauses.

Example: If I __ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film.

Answer: If I go to the cinema, I will watch an interesting film.

1) If I ………………………… (to study), I ………………………… (to pass) the exams.

2) If the sun ………………………… (to shine), we ………………………… (to walk) to
the town.
3) If he ………………………… (to have) a temperature, he ………………………… (to
see) the doctor.
4) If my friends ………………………… (to come), I ………………………… (to be) very
happy.
5) If she ………………………… (to earn) a lot of money, she …………………………
(to fly) to New York.
6) If we ………………………… (to travel) to London, we ………………………… (to
visit) the museums.
7) If you ………………………… (to wear) sandals in the mountains, you
………………………… (to slip) on the rocks.
8) If Rita ………………………… (to forget) her homework, the teacher
………………………… (to give) her a low mark.
9) If they ………………………… (to go) to the disco, they ………………………… (to
listen) to loud music.
10) If you ………………………… (to wait) a minute, I ………………………… (to ask)
my parents.
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I.
Only use the will-future in the main clauses. Mind the negations in the sentences.

Example: If I __ (to go) to the café, I ________ (not/to drink) milk.

Answer: If I go to the café, I will not drink milk.

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1) If it ………………………… (to rain), the children ………………………… (not/to go)
for a walk.
2) If she ………………………… (not/to read) the novel, she …………………………
(not/to pass) the literature test.
3) If I ………………………… (not/to argue) with my father, he …………………………
(to lend) me his motorbike.
4) If we ………………………… (to take) the bus, we ………………………… (not/to
arrive) in time.
5) If Dick ………………………… (not/to buy) the book, his friends
………………………… (to be) angry with him.
6) If Tom ………………………… (not/to tidy up) his room, …………………………
(not/to help) him with the muffins.

7) If the boys ………………………… (not/to play) football, the girls

………………………… (not/to come) to the football pitch.
8) If you ………………………… (to eat) too much junk food, you
………………………… (not/to lose) weight.
9) If I ………………………… (not/to make) breakfast tomorrow morning, my girlfriend
………………………… (not/to love) me anymore.
10) If they ………………………… (not/to hurry), they ………………………… (not/to
catch) the train.

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type I.
Only use the will-future in the main clauses. Mind the position of the if-clause.

Example: Thomas ________ (not/to catch) the bus if he _________ (to get up) late.

Answer: Thomas will not catch the bus if he gets up late. or

Thomas won't catch the bus if he gets up late.

1) If you ………………………… (to dive) into this river, you ………………………… (to
hurt) yourself.
2) If the sun ………………………… (to shine), the children ………………………… (to
play) outside.
3) Richard ………………………… (to walk) to school if he ………………………… (to
miss) the bus.

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4) Emily ………………………… (to buy) the cola if you ………………………… (to
pack) the picnic basket.
5) If I ………………………… (to be) in Venice, I ………………………… (to rent) a
boat.
6) Michael's teacher ………………………… (to phone) his parents if he
………………………… (to write) text messages during the lesson.
7) If she ………………………… (to answer) this question correctly, she
………………………… (to get) an extra point.
8) My sister ………………………… (to be) angry if I ………………………… (to turn)
on the music too loud.
9) Your room ………………………… (to look) much tidier if you …………………………
(to keep) your hamster in the cage.
10) If we ………………………… (to surf) the Internet, we ………………………… (to
find) a lot of information about Loch Ness.
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type II.

Example: If I __ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film.
Answer: If I went to the cinema, I would watch an interesting film.

1) If ………………………… (to come) home earlier, I ………………………… (to

prepare) dinner.
2) If we ………………………… (to live) in Rome, Francesco ………………………… (to
visit) us.
3) If Tim and Tom ………………………… (to be) older, they ………………………… (to
play) in our hockey team.
4) If he ………………………… (to be) my friend, I ………………………… (to invite)
him to my birthday party.

5) If Susan ………………………… (to study) harder, she ………………………… (to

be) better at school.
6) If they ………………………… (to have) enough money, they …………………………
(to buy) a new car.
7) If you ………………………… (to do) a paper round, you ………………………… (to
earn) a little extra money.
8) If Michael ………………………… (to get) more pocket money, he
………………………… (to ask) Doris out for dinner.

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9) If we ………………………… (to hurry), we ………………………… (to catch) the
bus.
10) If it ………………………… (to rain), Nina ………………………… (to take) an
umbrella with her.
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type II.
Example: If I __ (to go) to the café, I ________ (not/to drink) milk.

Answer: If I went to the café, I would not drink milk.

1) If Oliver ………………………… (to find) money, he ………………………… (not/to

keep) it.
2) If they ………………………… (not/to wear) pullovers in the mountains, it
………………………… (to be) too cold during the night.
3) If Tony ………………………… (to know) her phone number, he
………………………… (not/to give) it to Frank.
4) If we ………………………… (not/to visit) this museum, you …………………………
(not/to write) a good report.
5) If it ………………………… (not/to be) so late, we ………………………… (to play) a
game of chess.
6) If Jeff ………………………… (not/to like) Jessica, he ………………………… (not/to
buy) her an ice-cream.
7) If I ………………………… (to be) you, I ………………………… (not/to go) to Eric's
party.
8) If you ………………………… (to drop) this bottle, it ………………………… (not/to
break).
9) If she ………………………… (not/to bully) her classmates, she
………………………… (to have) more friends.

10) If he ………………………… (not/to print) the document, I …………………………

(not/to correct) it.

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type II.
Mind the position of the if-clause.

Example: Thomas ________ (not/to buy) a new car if he _________ (to win) won
20,000 Euros.

Answer: Thomas would not buy a new car if he won 10,000 Euros. or
Thomas wouldn't buy a new car if he won 10,000 Euros.

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1) If you ………………………… (to help) your grandma, I ………………………… (to
do) the shopping.
2) Andrew ………………………… (to water) the flowers if he …………………………
(to stay) at home.
3) If she ………………………… (to have) 5 pounds more, she …………………………
(to buy) herself this T-shirt.
4) If they ………………………… (to offer) me the job, I ………………………… (to
take) it.
5) You ………………………… (to have) summer holidays from June till August if you
………………………… (to live) in the USA.
6) We ………………………… (to sell) the bike for 20 Euros if Ron
………………………… (to repair) it.
7) If you ………………………… (to use) a pencil, the drawing …………………………
(to be) perfect.
8) The children ………………………… (to be) happy if he ………………………… (to
teach) them English.
9) If Ireen ………………………… (to visit) us, we ………………………… (to go) out
tonight.
10) They ………………………… (to come) again if he ………………………… (to plan)
a second stay.

Put in the verbs in brackets and form Conditional sentences type I or type II.
Example: If they learn the poem, they ________ (to get) a good mark.

Answer: If they learn the poem, they will get a good mark.

1) If you come with me, I ………………………… (to do) the shopping with you.
2) Walter ………………………… (to help) his mother in the garden if she reads him a
story this evening.
3) If it ………………………… (to rain), I will stay at home.
4) Our teacher will be happy if we ………………………… (to learn) the poem by heart.
5) If they had enough money, they ………………………… (to buy) a new car.
6) We ………………………… (to pass) the exam if we studied harder.
7) If Pat ………………………… (to repair) his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with
us.

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8) She would get 100 pounds if she ………………………… (to sell) this old shelf.
9) If I were you, I ………………………… (to invite) Jack to the party.
10) If the weather ………………………… (to be) fine, the children can walk to school.

Put in the verbs in brackets and form Conditional sentences - type I or type II.
Example: If Adam spoke Italian, he ________ (to work) in Italy.

Answer: If Adam spoke Italian, he would work Italy.

1) If Tracy had a mobile phone, she ………………………… (to phone) all her
friends.

2) I ………………………… (to be) very angry with Nick if he forgets my CD again.

3) If the boys ………………………… (to win) this match, their coach will invite them
to a barbecue.

4) If you don't read these articles, you ………………………… (not/to know) the facts
about Africa.

5) You would get very wet if you ………………………… (to walk) in this rain.

6) The engine ………………………… (not/to start) if Ben connected these two

cables.

7) If he has time, he ………………………… (to buy) her some sweets.

8) Maria ………………………… (to play) in the school orchestra if she practised the
trumpet more often.

9) We won't fetch something to drink if Jim ………………………… (not/to bring)

some sandwiches.

10) If he ………………………… (to carry) the rucksack, I'd pull the suitcase.

Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III.

Example: If I _______ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film.

Answer: If I had gone to the cinema, I would have watched an interesting film.

1) If the weather ………………………… (to be) nice, they …………………………

(to play) football.

2) If we ………………………… (to go) to a good restaurant, we

………………………… (to have) a better dinner.

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3) If John ………………………… (to learn) more words, he …………………………
(to write) a good report.

4) If the boys ………………………… (to take) the bus to school, they

………………………… (to arrive) on time.
5) If the teacher ………………………… (to explain) the homework, I
………………………… (to do) it.
6) If they ………………………… (to wait) for another 10 minutes, they
………………………… (to see) the pop star.
7) If the police ………………………… (to come) earlier, they
………………………… (to arrest) the burglar.
8) If you ………………………… (to buy) fresh green vegetable, your salad
………………………… (to taste) better.
9) If Alex ………………………… (to ask) me, I ………………………… (to email)
the documents.

10) If he ………………………… (to speak) more slowy, Peggy

………………………… (to understand) him.
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III.
Example: If I _______ (to go) to the café, I ________ (not/to drink) milk.

Answer: If I had gone to the café, I would not have drunk milk. or
If I'd gone to the café, I wouldn't have drunk milk.

1) If you ………………………… (to check) the car, it …………………………

(not/to break) down in the middle of the desert.

2) If it ………………………… (not/to rain), the children ………………………… (to

play) outside.

3) If my parents ………………………… (not/to be) so tired, they

………………………… (to watch) the film on TV.
4) If she ………………………… (to buy) a new hard disk, she
………………………… (not/to lose) all data.
5) If we ………………………… (to use) the town map, we …………………………
(not/to get) lost.

6) If Tom ………………………… (to eat) more salad, he …………………………

(not/to catch) a cold.

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7) If the police ………………………… (not/to stop) me, I …………………………
(to reach) you in time.

8) If his older brother ………………………… (not/to drive) so fast, he

………………………… (not/to crash) into the other car.
9) If Fred ………………………… (not/to cheat) at the test, his teacher
………………………… (not/to phone) his father.
10) If I ………………………… (not/to switch off) the radio, I
………………………… (to know) about the second goal.
Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III.
Example: Thomas ________ (not/to buy) a new car if he _________ (to win) won
20,000 Euros.

Answer: Thomas would not have bought a new car if he had won 20,000 Euros. or
Thomas wouldn't have bought a new car if he'd won 20,000 Euros.

1) If he ………………………… (to come) earlier, he ………………………… (to

meet) Tina.

2) The water in the pool ………………………… (to be) warmer if the sun
………………………… (to shine) more often.
3) If Betty ………………………… (to write) more applications, she
………………………… (to get) an apprenticeship.
4) If I ………………………… (to see) you, I ………………………… (to talk) to you.

5) We ………………………… (to given) the man the documents if we

………………………… (to know) him.
6) If you ………………………… (to phone) me, I ………………………… (to
record) the show.

7) They ………………………… (to understand) the film if they

………………………… (to read) the book.
8) If the car ………………………… (to turn) left, the old lady
………………………… (to cross) the street.
9) If she ………………………… (to realize) the red traffic light, she
………………………… (to stop).
10) The boys ………………………… (to win) the match if they
………………………… (to train) regularly.

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Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III.
Example: I ___________ (to bake) a cake if I _________ (to know) that they were
coming.

Answer: I would have baked a cake if I had known that they were coming. or
I'd have bought a a cake if I'd known that they were coming.

1) If it ………………………… (to be) warmer, we ………………………… (to go)

swimming.

2) My parents ………………………… (to buy) this house if the man

………………………… (not/to sell) it to someone else.
3) If he ………………………… (not/to fail) his driving test, his parents
………………………… (to lend) him their car.
4) If my uncle ………………………… (to tell) me the way to his office, I
………………………… (not/to arrive) so late.
5) She ………………………… (to be) at the airport if she …………………………
(to read) the message carefully.

6) Lucy ………………………… (not/to hurt) her foot if she …………………………

(not/to drop) the old box.

7) If you ………………………… (to use) a sharp knife, you …………………………

(not/to cut) yourself.

8) If Victoria ………………………… (to celebrate) her birthday at home, I

………………………… (to bring) her some flowers.
9) We ………………………… (to take) the train to Edinburgh if it
………………………… (to run) on time.
10) If Max ………………………… (not/to forget) my schoolbag, he
………………………… (to give) you your USB flash drive.

Decide whether the following Conditional Sentences are Type I, II or III.

1. If he had dropped the vase, it would have broken.

Type I Type II Type III
2. If you have to do the washing up, I will help you.
Type I Type II Type III
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 3. If I had a hammer, I'd hammer in the morning ... (song)
Type I Type II Type III
4. I wouldn't run away if I saw a spider.
Type I Type II Type III
5. We'd have given you a lift if you hadn't had your bike with you.
Type I Type II Type III
6. If you had listened to me, the accident wouldn't have happened.
Type I Type II Type III
7. If we don't get tickets for the concert, we'll stay at home.
Type I Type II Type III
8. They'd go by bus if they didn't have a car.
Type I Type II Type III
9. She'll hear us if you don't stop laughing.
Type I Type II Type III
10. He wouldn't have taken the bread if he hadn't been hungry.
Type I Type II Type III

Complete the Conditional Sentences. Decide whether to use Type I, II or III.

1. If I had time, I ………………………… shopping with you.

2. If you ………………………… English, you will get along with them perfectly.
3. If they had gone for a walk, they ………………………… the lights off.
4. If she ………………………… to see us, we will go to the zoo.
5. I would have told you, if I ………………………… him.
6. Would you mind if I ………………………… the window?
7. If they ………………………… me, I wouldn't have said no.
8. My friend ………………………… me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
9. If I ………………………… it, nobody would do it.
10. If my father ………………………… me up, I'll take the bus home.

Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into the
correct form.

1. If they (have) ………………………… time at the weekend, they will come to see
us.
2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) ………………………….
3. If we (know) ………………………… about your problem, we would have helped
you.
4. If I (be) ………………………… you, I would not buy that dress.
5. We (arrive) ………………………… earlier if we had not missed the bus.

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 6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) …………………………
complete.
7. Okay, I (get) ………………………… the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
8. If I (tell) ………………………… you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
9. She (go) ………………………… out with you if you had only asked her.
10. I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) ………………………… it in
such an obvious place.

NEW ORLEANS

New Orleans was founded by the French. It first had a French name, Nouvelle-Orléans,
in honor of the Duke of Orleans, King of France. The city lies on the river Mississippi
and a riverboat cruise on the Mississippi is an unforgettable experience. New Orleans
is also an important center for music, especially for jazz and rhythm and blues.

Exercise

Put the verbs into the most suitable form

to make correct conditional sentences
(type I, II or III).

1. Do you like jazz music? Because if you (like) ………………………… jazz, you
(love) ………………………… New Orleans.
2. Vanessa hates boat trips. But if she (hate / not) ………………………… boat
trips, she (enjoy ………………………… a riverboat cruise on the Mississippi.
3. I (do) ………………………… a course in jazz dancing if I (have)
………………………… more time. But unfortunately I don't have time.
4. If the founders of the city (hate) ………………………… the King of France, they
(call / not) ………………………… the place Nouvelle-Orléans in honor of him.

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RELATIVE CLAUSES

We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting
another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes
more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.

How to Form Relative Clauses

Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether
he knows her. You could say:

A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?

That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause:
you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important
thing – you want to know who the girl is.

Do you know the girl …

As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the
additional information – the girl is talking to Tom. Use „the girl“ only in the first part of
the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the
relative pronoun „who“). So the final sentence is:

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Relative Pronouns
relative use example
pronoun
who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the woman
who lives next door.
which subject or object pronoun for animals and Do you see the cat which is
things lying on the roof?
which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t read which
surprised me.
whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the boy whose
mother is a nurse?
whom object pronoun for people, especially in I was invited by the professor
non-defining relative clauses (in defining whom I met at the conference.
relative clauses we colloquially prefer
who)
that subject or object pronoun for people, I don’t like the table that
animals and things in defining relative stands in the kitchen.
clauses (who or which are also possible)

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Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that
are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as
follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun.
Subject pronouns must always be used.

the apple which is lying on the table

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative
pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative
clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Relative Adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often
makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.

→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative meaning use example

adverb
when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met
him
where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met
him
why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met
him

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative
clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining
relative clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask
somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five
girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

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Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative
clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-

restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define
it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you
ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining
because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).

1. This is the bank ………………………… was robbed yesterday.

2. A boy ………………………… sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.
3. The man ………………………… robbed the bank had two pistols.
4. He wore a mask ………………………… made him look like Mickey Mouse.
5. He came with a friend ………………………… waited outside in the car.
6. The woman ………………………… gave him the money was young.
7. The bag ………………………… contained the money was yellow.
8. The people ………………………… were in the bank were very frightened.
9. A man ………………………… mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
10. A woman ………………………… daughter was crying tried to calm her.
11. The car ………………………… the bank robbers escaped in was orange.
12. The robber ………………………… mask was obviously too big didn't drive.
13. The man ………………………… drove the car was nervous.
14. He didn't wait at the traffic lights ………………………… were red.
15. A police officer ………………………… car was parked at the next corner
stopped and arrested them.

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Decide whether the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun or an object pronoun.

1. Do you know the girl who I danced with? …………………………

2. Do you know the girl who danced with me? …………………………
3. The apples that are lying on the table are bad. …………………………
4. The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. …………………………
5. We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. …………………………
6. We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us. ……………….
7. That is a museum which I like very much. …………………………
8. That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town. …………………………
9. This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland. …………………………
10. This is the man who lives in Scotland. …………………………

Stonehenge is a mystical place. Its stone circles are probably more than 4,000 years
old. The huge stones come from an area about 30 km north of Stonehenge. The
smaller stones possibly are from the Preseli Mountains in Wales, almost 400 km away
from Stonehenge.

Nobody knows for sure what the function of Stonehenge was. Maybe it was a druid
temple. Maybe it was a sacrificial altar. Maybe it was some kind of observatory.

1. The people

………………………… built Stonehenge lived several thousand years ago.

2. The huge stones ………………………… are more than 6 metres high weigh
about 45 tons.
3. The smaller stones weigh about 4 tons and are from an area in Wales
………………………… is 400 kilometres away from Stonehenge.
4. As Stonehenge lies in a large field, tourists ………………………… come to this
place can already see the stones from a distance.
5. Everybody ………………………… has visited Stonehenge says that it is very
impressive.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 16

Complete the sentences using relative clauses.

1. A Scot is a person (live in Scotland) ………………………………………………….

2. Nessie is a monster (live in Loch Ness) ……………………………………………..
3. A fridge is a thing (keep food cool) …………………………………………………...
4. A DJ is someone (play music in a disco) …………………………………………….
5. A bee is an insect (make honey) ……………………………………………………..
6. A lemon is a fruit (be yellow and sour) ……………………………………………….
7. A watch is a thing (tell the time) ………………………………………………………
8. A ferry is a ship (carry people across the water) ……………………………………
9. A shop assistant is someone (work in a shop ……………………………………….
10. A key is a thing (can open and lock doors) ………………………………………….

Study the situations and then decide whether the following relative
clauses are defining or non-defining.

defining – no commas
non-defining – commas

1. I have three brothers.

My brother who lives in Sidney came to see me last month.
My brother, who lives in Sidney, came to see me last month.
2. I have one sister.
My sister who is 25 years old spent her holiday in France.
My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France.
3. Bob's mum has lost her keys.
Bob's mum who is a musician has lost her car keys.
Bob's mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys.
4. My friend Jane moved to Canada.
My friend Jane whose husband is Canadian moved to Canada last
week.
My friend Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last
week.
5. I am a shoe fanatic.
The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable.
The shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.
6. Mr Robinson is very famous.
Mr Robinson whom I met at the trade fair is a famous inventor.
Mr Robinson, whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 17

 7. Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.
Tamara's two cats which can play outside are black.
Tamara's two cats, which can play outside, are black.
8. Kevin has four cats. Two of them are black.
Kevin's two cats which are black can play outside.
Kevin's two cats, which are black, can play outside.
9. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
The church which we visited yesterday is very old.
The church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.
10. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.
St. Mary's Church which we visited yesterday is very old.
St. Mary's Church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.

Combine the sentences using a relative clause. Use relative pronouns only
where necessary. Note that you have to use commas in some of the sentences.

A holiday in Scotland

1. We spent our holiday in Scotland last year. Scotland is in the north of Great
Britain.
Last year we……………………………………………………………………………..
2. People live in Scotland. They are called Scots.
The people……………………………………………………………………………….
3. We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
We first…………………………………………………………………………………...
4. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes
stories.
Arthur Conan
Doyle……………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Then we visited a lake. It is in the Highlands.
The lake………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Loch Ness is 37 km long. People know it for its friendly monster.
Loch Ness………………………………………………………………………………..
7. There we met an old man. He told us that he had seen Nessie.
An old man……………………………………………………………………………….
8. We then travelled to a mountain. The mountain is near the town of Fort William.
We then…………………………………………………………………………………..

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 18

 9. The mountain is the highest mountain in Great Britain. It is called Ben Nevis.
The
mountain…………………………………………………………………………………
10. I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis.
The
postcard………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 19

Helpful Language - FOR AND AGAINST ARGUMENT

Expressing Both Sides Ordering

pros and cons First of all,

advantages and disadvantages Then,
plus and minus Next,
Finally,
Providing Additional Arguments
Summarizing
What is more,
In addition to ..., the ... To sum up,
Further, In conclusion,
Not only will ..., but ... will also ... In summary,
All things considered,
Showing Contrast
Expressing Your Opinion
However,
On the other hand, In my opinion,
Although ....., I feel / think that ...
Unfortunately, Personally,

Exercise

Choose an for and against argument from one of the following themes

Living in the country or living in the city

Getting Married
Having Children
Changing Jobs
Moving

 Write down five positive points and five negative points

 Write down an overall statement of the situation (for introduction and first
sentence)
 Write down your own personal opinion (for final paragraph)
 Summarize both sides in one sentence if possible
 Use your notes to write a For and Against Argument using the helpful language
provided

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 20

WRITING

A Great City

This is part of a description about New York. Read it and respond to the question.

New York is an interesting city with many things to discover. There are 7 million people
who live in New York. The winters are very cold and the summers are very hot. You
can find any type of food you may want; Italian food, Greek food, French food, Mexican
food, and, of course, American food. There are many theaters in New York.

Now write a short description of a city of your choice. (about 50 words).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Likes and Dislikes

This is part of a description of a person's likes and dislikes. Read it and respond to the
question.

I enjoy reading the classics; Shakespeare, Goethe, Dante and so on, and I enjoy
listening to jazz. I don't like going to the disco or rock concerts. I like playing football,
tennis and volleyball and I try to play tennis at least once a week

Now write a short description about your likes and dislikes. (about 50 words)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 21

Americans

Here is a part of a description of American people. Read it and respond to the question.

Americans like eating American food (hamburgers, Coca-Cola) and going to fast food
restaurants. They also like playing many different types of sports; football, tennis,
basketball and baseball etc. Americans usually work very hard and only have two
weeks of holiday a year.

Now write a short description of the people in your country (about 50 words)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

My Friend Tom

Here is part of a description of a friend. Read it and respond to the question.

Tom likes listening to classical music, but doesn't like jazz. He also enjoys traveling
abroad. He speaks three languages; English, French and Spanish and often visits
France in the summer. He is married and has two children

Now you write a short description of a friend (about 50 words).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 22

My Home

Here is part of a description of a person's home. Read it and respond to the question.

There are three bedrooms, two bathrooms, a kitchen and a big living room. In my
kitchen, there is a big table with four chairs. On the table, there are usually some
flowers.

Now write a short description of your home (about 50 words).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

My Hobby

Here is part of a description of a person's hobby. Read it and respond to the question.

I like traveling because I learn about other cultures. I like trying different kinds of food
and drinking the local wine. I think it is important to learn a few words of the country's
language. I also like visiting museums when I travel.

Now, write a short description of your hobby (about 50 words).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

My Daughter

Here is part of a description of a person's child. Read it and respond to the question.

My daughter is 3 years old. She likes playing with her toys. Her favorite toy is her doll
"Maria". She likes fish and turkey, but doesn't like vegetables.

Now, write a short description of a member of your family (about 50 words).

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 23

 If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the
speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech.
Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported
speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to
transform a statement, question or request.

Statements

When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

present tense verbs (3rd person singular)

place and time expressions

tenses (backshift)

Type Example
direct speech “I speak English.”
reported speech
He says that he speaks English.
(no backshift)
reported speech
He said that he spoke English.
(backshift)

Pronouns

In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on

who says what.

Example

She says, “My mum doesn’t have time today.” – She says that her mum doesn’t
have time today.

Tenses

No backshift

Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g.
He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the
present tense verb (3rd person singular).

Example

He says, “I speak English.” – He says that he speaks English.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 24

 Backshift

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g.
He said). This is called backshift.

Example

He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past
Present Progressive Past Progressive
Simple Past
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Past Progressive
Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
Past Perfect Progressive
Future I (going to) was / were going to
Future I (will)
Conditional I (would)
Conditional I (would)

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do
not normally change.

Example:

He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 25

 Place and Time expressions

For place and time expressions you have to check whether place and time
are the same in direct and reported speech or not. Check out the following
example:

It is Friday and you meet James at a restaurant. James tells you that he saw
Caroline in this restaurant today. (“I saw Caroline here today.”) A few
minutes later, Helen joins you and you want to report what James has told
you. Place (here) and time (today) are the same and you can say:

→ James said that he had seen Caroline here today.

One day later, you meet Mary at the same restaurant. Again, you want to
report to her what James has told you. The place is the same, but not the
time (it happened yesterday). So you would say:

→ James said that he had seen Caroline here yesterday.

Still a few days later, Tom rings you at home. Again, you want to report to
him what James has told you. However, now you are not at the restaurant
(but at home) and a few days have passed since then. So you would say:

→ James said that he had seen Caroline at the restaurant on Friday.

→ I met James in a restaurant on Friday and he said that he had seen

Caroline there that day.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 26

 Therefore you always have to think which place and time expressions are
logical in a certain situation.

In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time
expressions into reported speech.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

today that day
now then
yesterday the day before
… days ago … days before
last week the week before
next year the following year
tomorrow the next day / the following day
here there
this that
these those

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 27

 Reported Speech without backshift – Change of Pronouns

Helen is in front of the class holding a presentation on London. As Helen is

rather shy, she speaks with a very low voice. Your classmate Gareth does
not understand her, so you have to repeat every sentence to him.

Complete the sentences in reported speech (no backshift). Note the change
of pronouns and verbs.

Helen: I want to tell you something about my holiday in London.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: I went to London in July.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: My parents went with me.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: We spent three days in London.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: London is a multicultural place.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: I saw people of all colours.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: Me and my parents visited the Tower.

Gareth: What does she say?

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 28

 You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: One evening we went to see a musical.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: I love London.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Helen: The people are so nice there.

Gareth: What does she say?

You: She says that …………………………………………………………………............

Reported Speech without backshift – Change of Pronouns and

Places

Your friend is an exchange student in the USA at the moment. You are
speaking with him on the phone and your friend Sue is standing next to you.
She is very excited - you have to repeat every sentence to her.

Complete the sentences in reported speech (no backshift). Note the change of
pronouns, places and verbs.

Tom: I'm fine.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: The weather here is great.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: My host family is very nice.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: I have my own room.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 29

 Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: We have a national park here.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: We went there yesterday.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: It was great.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: I'd love to go there again.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: The teachers at my school are very nice.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Tom: My English has improved.

Sue: What does he say?

You: He says that …………………………………………………………………............

Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and time

expressions where necessary.

1. She said, "I am reading."

→ She said that …………………………………………………………………........

2. They said, "We are busy."

→ They said that …………………………………………………………………......

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 30
 3. He said, "I know a better restaurant."

→ He said that …………………………………………………………………..........

4. She said, "I woke up early."

→ She said that …………………………………………………………………........

5. He said, "I will ring her."

→ He said that …………………………………………………………………..........

6. They said, "We have just arrived."

→ They said that …………………………………………………………………......

7. He said, "I will clean the car."

→ He said that …………………………………………………………………..........

8. She said, "I did not say that."

→ She said that …………………………………………………………………........

9. She said, "I don't know where my shoes are."

→ She said that …………………………………………………………………........

10. He said: "I won't tell anyone."

→ He said that …………………………………………………………………..........

Imagine you want to repeat sentences that you heard two weeks ago in another
place. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and
expressions of time and place where necessary.

1. They said, "This is our book."

→ They said …………………………………………………………………..............

2. She said, "I went to the cinema yesterday."

→ She said …………………………………………………………………...............

3. He said, "I am writing a test tomorrow."

→ He said ………………………………………………………………….................

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 31

 4. You said, "I will do this for him."

→ You said …………………………………………………………………...............

5. She said, "I am not hungry now."

→ She said …………………………………………………………………...............

6. They said, "We have never been here before."

→ They said …………………………………………………………………..............

7. They said, "We were in London last week."

→ They said…………………………………………………………………...............

8. He said, "I will have finished this paper by tomorrow."

→ He said…………………………………………………………………...................

9. He said, "They won't sleep."

→ He said…………………………………………………………………...................

10. She said, "It is very quiet here."

→ She said………………………………………………………………….................

Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns

and tenses.

1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.

→ She asked………………………………………………………………….............

2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.

→ Martin asked us…………………………………………………………………....

3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"

→ He asked…………………………………………………………………...............

4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.

→ The mother asked her daughter………………………………………………..

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 32

 5. "Which dress do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.

→ She asked her boyfriend…………………………………………………………

6. "What are they doing?" she asked.

→ She wanted to know………………………………………………………………

7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.

→ He wanted to know………………………………………………………………

8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"

→ The teacher wanted to know……………………………………………………

9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.

→ She asked me………………………………………………………………….......

10. "Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.

→ My friend asked me………………………………………………………………

Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns

and tenses.

1. "What's the time?" he asked.

→ He wanted to know………………………………………………………………..

2. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.

→ She asked me………………………………………………………………….......

3. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.

→ She asked him…………………………………………………………………......

4. "Where did they live?" he asked.

→ He wanted to know………………………………………………………………..

5. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.

→ He asked her…………………………………………………………………........

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 33

 6. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.

→ She asked me………………………………………………………………….......

7. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.

→ The teacher wanted to know…………………………………………………….

8. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.

→ She wanted to know………………………………………………………………

9. "Did you see that car?" he asked me.

→ He asked me………………………………………………………………….........

10. "Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.

→ The mother asked the twins……………………………………………………

Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns

in some sentences.

1. She said, "Go upstairs."

→ She told me…………………………………………………………………...........

2. "Close the door behind you," he told me.

→ He told me………………………………………………………………….............

3. "Don't be late," he advised us.

→ He advised us………………………………………………………………….......

4. "Stop staring at me," she said.

→ She told him…………………………………………………………………..........

5. "Don't be angry with me," he said.

→ He asked her…………………………………………………………………........

6. "Leave me alone," she said.

→ She told me…………………………………………………………………...........

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 34

 7. "Don't drink and drive," she warned us.

→ She warned us…………………………………………………………………......

8. "John, stop smoking," she said.

→ She told John…………………………………………………………………........

9. "Don't worry about us," they said.

→ They told her………………………………………………………………….........

Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is

a request, a statement or a question.

1. He said, "I like this song."

→ He said…………………………………………………………………...................

2. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.

→ She asked me………………………………………………………………….......

3. "I don't speak Italian," she said.

→ She said………………………………………………………………….................

4. "Say hello to Jim," they said.

→ They asked me………………………………………………………………….....

5. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.

→ He said…………………………………………………………………...................

6. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.

→ She told the boys…………………………………………………………………..

7. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.

→ She asked him…………………………………………………………………......

8. "I never make mistakes," he said.

→ He said…………………………………………………………………...................

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 35

 9. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.

→ He wanted to know………………………………………………………………..

10. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.

→ The stuntman advised the audience ………………………………………….

11. "I was very tired," she said.

→ She said………………………………………………………………….................

12. "Be careful, Ben," she said.

→ She told Ben………………………………………………………………….........

13. "I will get myself a drink," she says.

→ She says………………………………………….………………………...............

14. "Why haven't you phoned me?" he asked me.

→ He wondered…………………………………………………………………........

15. "I cannot drive them home," he said.

→ He said…………………………………………………………………..................

16. "Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?" she says.

→ She asks Peter………………………………………………………………….....

17. "Where did you spend your holidays last year?" she asked me.

→ She asked me………………………………………………………………….......

18. He said, "Don't go too far."

→ He advised her………………………………………………………………….....

19. "Have you been shopping?" he asked us.

→ He wanted to know………………………………………………………………..

20. "Don't make so much noise," he says.

→ He asks us…………………………………………………………………............

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 36

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not
know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the

following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame
anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence
(or is dropped)

Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
Simple Active: Rita writes a letter.
Present Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Simple Past
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present Active: Rita has written a letter.
Perfect Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Active: Rita will write a letter.
Future I
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Active: Rita can write a letter.
Auxiliaries
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 37

Examples of Passive
Tense Subject Verb Object
Present Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Continuous Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Continuous Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Active: Rita had written a letter.
Past Perfect
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Future II
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Active: Rita would write a letter.
Conditional I
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Conditional II
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one
of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which
object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant.
That’s why it is usually dropped.

Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes
the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object
(transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal

passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the
passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you
need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal
Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 38

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages
(e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs
of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women
live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more

common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live
longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the
sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the
sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary
verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect
object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

WRITE PASSIVE SENTENCES IN SIMPLE PRESENT

1. the documents / print

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. the window / open

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. the shoes / buy

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. the car / wash

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. the litter / throw away

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. the letter / send

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 39

 7. the book / read / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. the songs / sing / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. the food / eat / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. the shop / close / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

WRITE PASSIVE SENTENCES IN SIMPLE PAST

1. the test / write

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. the table / set

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. the cat / feed

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. the lights / switch on

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. the house / build

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 40

 6. dinner / serve

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. this computer / sell / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. the car / stop / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. the tables / clean / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. the children / pick up / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

WRITE PASSIVE SENTENCES IN PRESENT PERFECT

1. the postcard / send

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. the pencils / count

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. the door / close

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 41

 4. the beds / make

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. the mail / write

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. the trees / plant

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. the money / spend

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. the room / book / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. the rent / pay / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. the people / inform / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

WRITE PASSIVE SENTENCES IN SIMPLE FUTURE

1. the exhibition / visit

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 42

 2. the windows / clean

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. the message / read

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. the thief / arrest

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. the photo / take

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. these songs / sing

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. the sign / see / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. a dictionary / use / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. credit cards / accept / not

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 43

REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE

1. He opens the door.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. We set the table.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. She pays a lot of money.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. I draw a picture.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. They wear blue shoes.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. They don't help you.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. He doesn't open the book.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. You do not write the letter.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 44

 9. Does your mum pick you up?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Does the police officer catch the thief?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE

1. She sang a song.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Somebody hit me.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. We stopped the bus.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. A thief stole my car.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. They didn't let him go.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. She didn't win the prize.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 45

 …………………………………………………………………………………….

7. They didn't make their beds.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. I did not tell them.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Did you tell them?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Did he send the letter?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE

1. Kerrie has paid the bill.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. I have eaten a hamburger.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. We have cycled five miles.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 46

 4. I have opened the present.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. They have not read the book.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. You have not sent the parcel.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. We have not agreed to this issue.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. They have not caught the thieves.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Has she phoned him?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Have they noticed us?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE

1. Jane will buy a new computer.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 47

 2. Her boyfriend will install it.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Millions of people will visit the museum.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Our boss will sign the contract.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. You will not do it.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. They will not show the new film.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. He won't see Sue.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. They will not ask him.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Will the company employ a new worker?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 48

REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE

1. I can answer the question.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. She would carry the box.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. You should open the window.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. We might play cards.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. You ought to wash the car.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. He must fill in the form.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. They need not buy bread.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. He could not read the sentence.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 49

 9. Will the teacher test our English?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Could Jenny lock the door?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE

1. John collects money.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Anna opened the window.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. We have done our homework.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. I will ask a question.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. He can cut out the picture.

…………………………………………………………………………………….
Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 50
 6. The sheep ate a lot.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. We do not clean our rooms.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. William will not repair the car.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Did Sue draw this circle?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Could you feed the dog?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE

1. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. My father is washing the car.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 51

 3. Farmer Joe is milking the cows.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. She is taking a picture of him.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. I am writing a poem.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. We are not playing football.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. He is not wearing a tie.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. Is she preparing the party?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Are they talking about the meeting?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Is she watering the flowers?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 52

REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN PASSIVE VOICE

1. Jenny would congratulate you.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. We would pick you up.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. She would order a pizza.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. He would build a new house.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. They would take the opportunity.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. You would not recognize Jim.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. I would not do that kind of job.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. Would they decorate the room?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 53

 9. Would the DJ play this song?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Would Simon open the window?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE

VERBS IN ACTIVE OR PASSIVE VOICE (USE SIMPLE PRESENT)

1. He (sell) ____________________cars.

2. The blue car (sell) ____________________.

3. In summer, more ice-cream (eat) ____________________than in winter.

4. She (call) ____________________her grandparents every Friday.

5. The letters (type) ____________________.

6. He (take) ____________________his medicine every day.

7. Jane (take / not) ____________________to school by her father.

8. We (go) ____________________to school by bus.

9. She (work / not) ____________________for a bank.

10. Milk (keep) ____________________in the refrigerator.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE

VERBS IN ACTIVE OR PASSIVE VOICE (USE SIMPLE PAST)

1. They (visit) ____________________their granny.

2. We (visit) ____________________by our teacher.

3. My friend Paul (bear) ____________________in Dallas.

4. She (go) ____________________to school in Boston.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 54
 5. Antony (grow up) ____________________in the country.

6. The new shopping centre (build) ____________________last year.

7. The film (produce / not) ____________________in Hollywood.

8. Barbara (know) ____________________James very well.

9. The jewels (hide / not) ____________________in the cellar.

10. We (spend / not) ____________________all day on the beach.

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF THE

VERBS IN ACTIVE OR PASSIVE VOICE (USE PRESENT PERFECT)

1. The car (steal) ____________________.

2. I (bake) ____________________a cake.

3. My friends (buy) ____________________a house.

4. The cup (put) ____________________on the table.

5. Trees (plant) ____________________in the street.

6. The boy (fall / not) ____________________off his bike.

7. I (bite / not) ____________________by a snake.

8. He (step) ____________________on my toe.

9. We (walk) ____________________all the way home.

10. She (pick up / not) ____________________by a friend.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 55

Rewrite the following sentences into the PASSIVE VOICE.

1. They make shoes in that factory.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. People must not leave bicycles in the driveway.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. They built that skyscraper in 1934.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. The students will finish the course by July.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. They are repairing the streets this month.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. They make these tools of plastic.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. They have finished the new product design.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. They were cooking dinner when I arrived.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Smithers painted 'Red Sunset' in 1986.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Did the plan interest you?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

11. They had finished the preparations by the time the guests arrived.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

12. You should take care when working on electrical equipment.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 56

 13. They are going to perform Beethoven's Fifth Symphony next weekend.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

14. Someone will speak Japanese at the meeting.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

15. Karen is going to prepare the refreshments.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

16. They built these houses in 1902.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

17. She bakes a cake every Sunday.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

18. He broke the vase yesterday.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

19. I clean the shoes every Friday.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

20. We wrote the exercise an hour ago.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

21. They use this road very often.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

22. Thieves stole his car.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

23. They cancelled all the flights.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

24. Brian told the truth.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 57

Summary - The Fellowship of the Ring (J.R.R. Tolkien)

Decide whether to use simple present, simple past, present perfect, conjunctive
or passive voice.

The Fellowship of the Ring (be)

____________________ the first book of

J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy,

which (set) ____________________ in a fictive

world, Middle Earth. It (tell)

____________________ the story of Frodo, a

hobbit, and a magic ring.

As the story (begin) ____________________, Frodo (give)

____________________ a magic ring. The wizard Gandalf then (tell)

____________________ him of the Rings of Power and of Sauron, the Dark

Lord, who (make) ____________________ the Master Ring to rule all other

Rings. Gandalf (advise) ____________________ Frodo to leave home and

keep the ring out of Sauron's hands who

already (send) ____________________ his

Black Riders in search for it. Frodo's ring

(give) ____________________ Sauron the

power to enslave Middle Earth.

Frodo (leave) ____________________ the

shire with three travelling companions: Sam, Merry and Pippin. First they

(know/not) ____________________ that the Dark Riders (pick up)

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 58

____________________ their trail already. But soon the four friends (find out)

____________________ about that.

They (have) ____________________

a few encounters with the Dark Riders

which Frodo and his friends (can)

____________________ only just

escape. In one attack by the Dark

Riders, however, Frodo (wound)

____________________ badly. Still, his friends (manage)

____________________ to escape with him. Travelling on, they (reach)

____________________ the country of the elves. There Frodo (heal)

____________________ by Elrond, a half-elven.

A council then (decide____________________ that the ring (must /

destroy____________________ and (send____________________ nine

individuals, the fellowship of the ring, to the Cracks of Doom to fulfil this task.

The group (travel____________________ through the lands of Hollom and

finally (come____________________ to the mines of Moria. There they (have

to____________________ fight against orcs and a demon of flames called

Balrog. Fighting Balrog on the bridge of

Khazad-Dum, Gandalf

(save____________________ his

friends. Gandalf himself, however,

(drag____________________ into the

depths by the demon. The others

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 59

 (manage____________________ to

escape.

When Boromir, one of the fellowship,

(try____________________ to steal the

ring, Frodo

(realise____________________ that he (have to____________________

continue on his own. His dear friend Sam, however,

(want/not____________________ to let him go alone. So he

(accompany____________________ him and eventually the two of them

(reach____________________ the evil land of Mordor.

Millington Drake IF CLAUSES/RELATIVE CLAUSES/WRITING/REPORTED SPEECH/PASSIVE VOICE 60