CHAPTER

CLASS
01 SOLUTIONS
(XIL

Composition of Solutlons
Expressing Concentratlon of Solutlon Types of Solutlons Colligative Properties
o Mass erventage : ) Relatjve lowering of vapour
Mass ot the solution = pressure:The relative Joweriy in
Mass of solute x 100 On the basis of number of
components: o Ideal solutions : A-B vapour pressure of an jdeal
Mass of solution o Binary (Having two components) interactions are of same solution containing the n9n
J Parts per million : ppm ot A =
o Ternary (Having three components)| magnitude as A-A and B-B yolatile solute is equal to the mole
Mass of component Ax 106 Quaternary (Having four interactions, AVnix = 0 and fraction ofthesolute (y) at agiven
Total mass of solution components)
o Molarity : (M) = On the basis of physical state of AHmix =0. temperature.
solute
No. of moles and solvent: + PB
ofsolute x 1000 o Types ofbinary solutions =3² =9 Protal PA 1PB n
Volumeofsolution (mL) (for dilute solutions, n2 <<< nj)
o Molality : (m) = oTypes of ternary solutions
No. of moles ofsolute =3= 27 P p°-P:M2 (for dilute as well
as concentrated
oTypes of quaternary solutions Ps
Mass of solvent in grams 1000 solutions)
=3= 81| X =0
o Mole fraction : Mole Xp=0 Xp = 1 oElevation in boiling point :
fraction of a Mole fraction > Elevation in boiling point (i.e.
component = Different types of binary solutions
No. of moles of the component x and x = mole fraction of ATH) is directly proportional to the
S.No. SoluteSolvent Example
Total no, of moles of all component Aand Brespectively. molality (m) of the solute in
o Normality : (N)= 1, Solid Solid Alloy oNon-ideal solutions : A-B solution.

No. of gram equivalent of solute 2. Solid Liquid Sugar solution interactions are of different
in water AT,c m
Volume of solution in mL X 1000 magnitude than A-A and
3. Solid Gas Iodine vapourS B-B interactions, AVmig ± 0 AT;=kym
Formality :() =of formula masses of solute in air
and AHmix #0. where k, =molal boiling point
Non-ideal solutions elevation constant
Volume of solution in litre 4. Liquid Solid Hydrated salt
5. Liquid Liquid Ethanol in showing +ve deviations:
o Mass percentage,%:2 A-B interactions are 7Vapour
|W -x 100 water
pressure
(w; + w) weaker than A-A and /Curve
6. Liquid Gas Water vapours
B-B interactions,
ent

o Volume percentage, V ]O .
x 100 in air Solven lutiong
.
v (VË +V) 7 Gas Solid Dissolved gases AVmix =+ve, AHmix=tve
in minerals Boiling
W and resulting vapour point
o Mass by volume percentage,%:
V
W
-x 100
Vsolution (in m)
9
Gas

Gas
Liquid
Gas
Aerated drinks
Air
pressure is higher than that
expected.
Vapour pressure
T
Temperature (K)
AlBlevation
W
of solution
oMass fraction, |%:
Wtotal )
W] W2
oDepression in freezing point
Laws
Pp Depression in freezing point (i.e.
W1 + W2 W1 + W
AT) is directly proportional to the
o W2 (in g) o Henry's Law : The law states molal concentration of solute (m).
Strength (gL): vsolution (in mL) x 1000 that "the mass of gas(m) P
dissolved per unit volume of the AT; c m
solvent at constant temperature XA =0 AT=km
Abnormal Molecular Mass XE = 1
is directly proportional to the Mole fraction where k, = molal freezing point
When the molecular mass of asubstance determined pressure (p) of the gas in depression constant
by any of the colligative properties comes out to be equilibrium with the solution." Non-ideal solutions
different than the expected value, the substance is Vapour
pressureFrozen
mcp showing -ve deviations : solvent
soven
said to show abnormal molecular mass. A-B interactions are solution,
m=KHp
where Ky=Henry's constant stronger than A-A and
van't Hoff Factor and its Significance
B-B interactions, AVmix
o Raoult's Law : The law states
It is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of = -ve, AHmix = -ve and A
that "at a given temperature, for
the colligative property to the calculated value of the resulting vapour AT,Freezing
a solution of volatile liquids, the point
colligative property. pressure is lower than
partial vapour pressure of each
that expected. depression
i
Observed value of colligative property component in solution is equal T T
Normal value of colligative property Vapour pressure Temperature (K)
to the product of the vapour of solution
Calculated molecular mass pressure of pure component Vapour
pressure o Osmotic Pressure : At any
Observed molecular mass and its mole fraction." temperature, the osmotic pressure
o For solute undergoing association: PA=P°axXA (r) of a solution is proportional to
a=(1-)i<l n-1
where
P=p°sxXp the molar concentration (c) of the
o For solute undergoing dissociation: solute and absolute temperature
PAand P = vapour pressure of
components in the solution XA =I XA =0 T= CRT
XR=0
P°A and p°g=vapour pressure of Mole fraction ’>
Xp =1 where R=universal gas consant
o Modified colligative properties : pure component 'A' and pure XB
component'B O Azeotropes: Constant
P2 -ix,; AT, =iky m, AT= ik,m; boiling mixtures.
X and Xg = mole fraction of A
N= {CRT and Brespectively.

C3