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ECA LB PRINT 1

The document outlines practical exercises for electrical engineering students focused on energy conservation and auditing, including identifying star-rated appliances and preparing a report on the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. It emphasizes the importance of energy efficiency, environmental protection, and the role of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency in promoting energy conservation practices. The document also details expected outcomes, required resources, procedures for practical exercises, and assessment criteria.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

61 views80 pages

ECA LB PRINT 1

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jayrohit7574

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………

Practical No.1
Identify star labelled electrical apparatus and compare the data for various
star ratings.
A. Objective:

Every diploma electrical engineer must have the knowledge of energy consumption
of electrical appliances he/she is using. Identification of suitable star labeled
appliance helps in comparison of energy efficiency, running cost while purchasing
new machine/equipment. Also efficient appliance reduces carbon emission thus
protecting our environment.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

• Discipline knowledge (PO-1): Apply Electrical Engineering knowledge to solve
broad based Electrical Engineering related problems.
• Problem analysis (PO-2): Identify the causes for energy crises.
• Engineering tools (PO-4): Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with
an understanding of the limitations.
• Environment and sustainability (PO-5): Apply Electrical engineering solutions
for sustainable development practices in societal and environmental contexts.
• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in
updating in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

• Undertake energy conservation

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

• Interpret the need of energy conservation.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Identify star labelled electrical apparatus and compare the data for various star
ratings.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

• Apply Electrical Engineering solutions for sustainable development.
• Valuing the star rating given on home appliances.
• Work in team.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Energy star is the international standard for the energy efficient consumer products.
Energy star was first designed by Environmental Protection Agency in United States in
1992. It was first used for the computers and monitors. Then it was applied to other
home products like refrigerators, washing machines, dish wash- ers and electronic
items like T. V., D, V. D., fluorescent lamp, LED etc.

In India standardized and labeling progrmme was launched in May 2006 by the
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (which works under the ministry of power) for home
appliances. Manufacturers of home appliances can affix the star label of BEE on their
products to guide their consumers. Under this an appliance is given rating up to five
stars. Numbers of star are more when the efficiency of the appliance is more. One star
means the minimum energy efficiency and five stars means the maximum energy
efficiency.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

H. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Resources Specification Quantity

1 Three star, 165litres.

2 Catalogues of Refrigerators. Four star, 165litres.

3 Five star, 165litres.

4 Three star, 32”.

5 Catalogues of LED Television. Four star, 32”.

6 Five star, 32”.

Three star, 1.5 tonne.

8 Catalogues Air conditioners. Four star, tonne.

Five star, tonne.

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

• While comparing two models make sure that models are manufactured in the same
year.
• Also models we are comparing should be of same size/capacity

J. Procedure:
• Get three catalogues by different manufacturer of refrigerators, but same
size/capacity, same year of manufacturing.
• Look into the star label & note down annual energy consumption.
• Calculate the annual running cost as per the tariff (cost per unit) in your area using
formula given below.
• Annual running cost = Kwh per year mentioned on the star label of devices × tariff
in your area
• Calculate the annual interest on the purchase cost assuming suitable rate of interest,
say 8%. Per annum using simple interest formula given below.
• Annual interest = Purchase cost x Rate of Interest/100
• Add this annual interest on purchase cost to the annual running cost to get the total
yearly expenses of the equipment.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

• Assume a reasonable life span for the electrical appliance.

Refer following table
Sr.No. Electrical Appliance Average Life in years
1 Refrigerator 15
2 LED TV 20
3 Split Air conditioner 20
• Multiply total yearly cost with the average life span of the equipment to get life
term expenses for the equipment.
• Add this life term expense to the purchase price to get life term cost of the
equipment.
• Judge which equipment is a better choice in the long run.
• Repeat the above steps for other electrical appliances.

K. Observation Table:
Electrical Appliance No.1 : _______________________________
Size /Capacity : _______________________________
Average life of the appliance : _______________________________
Purchase Cost : _______________________________

Sr. Star Annual Model Annual Annual Total Life Life term
rating of Energy and interest Running yearly term cost=
the consumpti year on cost expens expense Purchase
appliance on in purcha e = col.7 x cost +
Kwh se =col.5 life in col.8
cost(if + col.6 years
any)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3

Electrical Appliance No.2 : _______________________________

Size /Capacity : _______________________________
Average life of the appliance : _______________________________
Purchase Cost : _______________________________

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Sr. Star Annual Model Annual Annual Total Life Life term
rating of Energy and interest Running yearly term cost=
the consumpti year on cost expens expense Purchase
appliance on in purcha e = col.7 x cost + c
Kwh se =col.5 life in ol.8
cost(if + col.6 years
any)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3

Electrical Appliance No.3 : _______________________________

Size /Capacity : _______________________________
Average life of the appliance : _______________________________
Purchase Cost : _______________________________
Sr. Star Annual Model Annual Annual Total Life Life term
rating of Energy and interest Running yearly term cost=
the consumpti year on cost expens expense Purchase
appliance on in purcha e = col.7 x cost + c
Kwh se =col.5 life in ol.8
cost(if + col.6 years
any)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3

L. Interpretation of Results
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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

M. Conclusion
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N. Practical related Quiz.

1. Explain the energy star concept.
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2. List the factors to be considered while comparing star rated products.
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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

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3. List the products for which energy star labeling are mandatory.
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O. References
1. https://beestarlabel.com/

P. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks
Marks obtained
1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.2
Prepare a technical report on energy conservation act 2001.
A. Objective:
With the background of high energy saving potential and its benefits, bridging the gap
between demand and supply, reducing environmental emissions through energy
saving, and to effectively overcome the barrier, the Government of India has enacted
the Energy Conservation Act – 2001. The Act provides the much-needed legal
framework and institutional arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency
drive.
Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy Efficiency has been established
with effect from 1st March 2002 by merging erstwhile Energy Management Centre of
Ministry of Power. The Bureau would be responsible for implementation of policy
programs and coordination of implementation of energy conservation activities.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

• Discipline knowledge (PO-1): Apply Electrical Engineering knowledge to solve
broad based Electrical Engineering related problems.
• Problem analysis (PO-2): Identify the causes for energy crises.
• Engineering tools (PO-4): Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
• Environment and sustainability (PO-5): Apply Electrical engineering solutions
for stainable development practices in societal and environmental contexts.
• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in
updating in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

• Undertake energy conservation

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

• Interpretthe need of energy conservation.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Prepare a technical report on energy conservation act 2001.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome (ADos)

• Apply Electrical Engineering solutions also for sustainable development.
• Work in team.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Important features of the Energy Conservation Act are:
• Standards and Labeling
Standards and Labeling (S & L) has been identified as a key activity for energy
efficiency improvement. The S & L program, when in place would ensure that only
energy efficient equipment and appliance would be made available to the
consumers.
The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are:
➢ Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified
equipment and appliances.
➢ Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does not
conform to the standards.
➢ Introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment appliances to
enable consumers to make informed choices.
➢ Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers.
• Designated Consumers
The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers are:
➢ The government would notify energy intensive industries and other
establishments as designated consumers.
➢ Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which covered
basically energy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust, Transport Sector.
➢ Power Stations, Transmission & Distribution Companies and Commercial
buildings or establishments.
➢ The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an accredited
energy auditor.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

➢ Energy managers with prescribed qualification are required to be appointed or

designated by the designated consumers.
➢ Designated consumers would comply with norms and standards of energy
consumption as prescribed by the central government.
• Certification of Energy Managers & Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms
➢ A cadre of professionally qualified energy managers and auditors with expertise
in policy analysis, project management, financing and implementation of energy
efficiency projects would be developed through Certification and Accreditation
Programme. BEE to design training modules, and conduct a national level
examination for certification of energy managers and energy auditors.
• Energy Conservation Building Codes:
The main provisions of the EC Act on Energy Conservation Building Codes are:
➢ The BEE would prepare guidelines for Energy Conservation Building Codes
(ECBC).
➢ These would be notified to suit local climate conditions or other compelling
factors by the respective states for commercial buildings erected after the rules
relating to energy conservation building codes have been notified. In addition,
these buildings should have a connected load of 500 kW or contract demand of
600 kVA and above and are intended to be used for commercial purposes.
➢ Energy audit of specific designated commercial building consumers would also
be prescribed.
• Central Energy Conservation Fund:
➢ The fund would be set up at the center to develop the delivery mechanism for
large-scale adoption of energy efficiency services such as performance
contracting and promotion of energy service companies. The fund is expected to
give a thrust to R & D and demonstration in order to boost market penetration of
efficient equipment and appliances. It would support the creation of facilities for
testing and development and to promote consumer awareness.
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):
➢ The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize energy
efficiency services, enable delivery mechanisms in the country and provide

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

leadership to energy efficiency in all sectors of economy. The primary objective

would be to reduce energy intensity in the Indian Economy.
➢ The general superintendence, directions and management of the affairs of the
Bureau is vested in the Governing Council with 26 members. The Council is
headed by Union Minister of Power and consists of members represented by
Secretaries of various line Ministries, the CEOs of technical agencies under the
Ministries, members representing equipment and appliance manufacturers,
industry, architects, consumers and five power regions representing the states.
The Director General of the Bureau shall be the ex-officio member-secretary of
the Council.
➢ The BEE will be initially supported by the Central Government by way of
grants through budget, it will, however, in a period of 5-7 years become self-
sufficient. It would be authorized to collect appropriate fee in discharge of its
functions assigned to it. The BEE will also use the Central Energy Conservation
Fund and other funds raised from various sources for innovative financing of
energy efficiency projects in order to promote energy efficient investment.

• Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency

➢ The role of BEE would be to prepare standards and labels of appliances and
equipment, develop a list of designated consumers, specify certification and
accreditation procedure, prepare building codes, maintain Central EC fund and
undertake promotional activities in co-ordination with center and state level

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

agencies. The role would include development of Energy service companies

(ESCOs), transforming the market for energy efficiency and create awareness
through measures including clearing house.
• Role of Central and State Governments:
➢ Central - to notify rules and regulations under various provisions of the Act,
provide initial financial assistance to BEE and EC fund, Coordinate with various
State Governments for notification, enforcement, penalties and adjudication.
➢ State - to amend energy conservation building codes to suit the regional and
local climatic condition, to designate state level agency to coordinate, regulate
and enforce provisions of the Act and constitute a State Energy Conservation
Fund for promotion of energy efficiency.
• Enforcement through Self-Regulation:
➢ E.C. Act would require inspection of only two items. The following procedure
of self-regulation is proposed to be adopted for verifying areas that require
inspection of only two items that require inspection.
➢ The certification of energy consumption norms and standards of production
process by the Accredited Energy Auditors is a way to enforce effective energy
efficiency in Designated Consumers.
➢ For energy performance and standards, manufacturer’s declared values would be
checked in Accredited Laboratories by drawing sample from market. Any
manufacturer or consumer or consumer association can challenge the values of
the other manufacturer and bring to the notice of BEE. BEE can recognize for
challenge testing in disputed cases as a measure for self-regulation.
• Penalties and Adjudication:
➢ Penalty for each offence under the Act would be in monetary terms i.e. Rs.10,
000 for each offence and Rs.1, 000 for each day for continued non Compliance.
➢ The initial phase of 5 years would be promotional and creating infrastructure for
implementation of Act. No penalties would be effective during this phase.
➢ The power to adjudicate has been vested with state Electricity Regulatory
Commission which shall appoint any one of its members to be an adjudicating
officer for holding an enquiry in connection with the penalty imposed.

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H. Conclusion
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I. Practical related Quiz.
1. Explain the energy problem in India.
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2. Describe the scopes for energy conservation in different sectors.
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3. State the mandatory provisions of energy conservation act.
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J. References
• BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY, Government of India, Ministry of Power
(beeindia.gov.in)

K. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks
Marks obtained
1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.03
Estimate energy saving by improving power factor of an induction Motor.

A. Objective:

Improvement in the PF increases the power handling capacity, improves

voltageregulation, and reduces the power loss which results in the reduction of energy
bill.Reactive power generators help offset the non-working powerrequired by the
loads, thereby improving the power factor. This practical enables the student to make
useof power factor correction unit to improve p.f and achieve energy conservation.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

• Discipline specific knowledge (PO-1): Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
• Problem analysis (PO-2): Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
• Design/ development of solutions (PO-3): Design solutions for engineering well-
defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs.
• Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing (PO-4): Apply modern
engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and
measurements.
• Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment (PO-5):
Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and
ethical practices.
• Project Management (PO-6): Use engineering management principles
individually, as a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively
communicate about well-defined engineering activities.
• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in
updating in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

• This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
competency: Undertake energy conservation and energy audit.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

• Implement energy conservation techniques in electrical machines.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Estimate energy saving by improving power factor of an induction Motor.

F. Expected Affective Domain Outcome(ADos)

• Follow safety practices.
• Follow energy conservation practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Improved power factor increases the efficiency of system and devices. Improved power
factor reduces voltage drops, the size of conductors/cables leading to monetary
reduction in the cost of the conductors.The most practical and economical power factor
correction device is the capacitor. It improves the power factor because the effects of
capacitance are exactly opposite from those of inductance.

H. Practical set-up/Circuit Diagram:

Course faculty will give some problems / Numericals on energy saving by improving
power factor of induction motor. Discuss its impact on energy saving and cost
effectiveness. One numerical is given as under for reference. (Faculty has to add more
numericals)

The power factor of an induction motor is 0.75 lagging when the load is 900 kW. It
is used for 500 hours in a year. The tariff for energy is Rs. 120/ kVA of maximum
demand + Rs. 0.6/kWh. A phase advancer is used to improve the power factor to
0.9837. The cost of the phase advancer plant is Rs. 75/kVA + 12% of the capital
investment. (1)Capacity of the phase advancing plant (2) saving in cost of energy
due to improvement of power factor.
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I. Interpretation of Results
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J. Conclusion
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K. Practical related Quiz.

1. Explain the significance of power factor.
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2. Write the advantages of improved power factor.

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L. References
a. Energy Management and Conservation By Sharma, K. V., Venkataseshaiah

M. Assessment-Rubrics:
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks obtained
1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
Drawing/Calculation
3 3
& conclusion
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.4

Compare Conventional Transformer and Energy Efficient Transformers.

A. Objective:
Transformers are used for a wide range of applications. A transformer, for example, is
frequently used to reduce the voltage of conventional power circuits in order to operate
low-voltage devices and to raise the voltage from electric generators in order to transmit
power over long distances. Transformers play a significant role in our daily lives since
they adjust the alternating current and deliver a consistent amount of electricity to the
device. This ensures smooth operation and long life not only of a device but also of the
transformer. As a diploma electrical engineer should have aware about the difference of
Conventional Transformer and Energy Efficient Transformers.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
• Discipline specific knowledge (PO-1): Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
• Problem analysis (PO-2): Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
• Design/ development of solutions (PO-3): Design solutions for engineering well-
defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs.
• Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing (PO-4): Apply modern
engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and
measurements.
• Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment (PO-5): Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
• Project Management (PO-6): Use engineering management principles individually,
as a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about
well-defined engineering activities.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in

updating in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

• Undertake energy conservation techniques in electrical machines.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)

• Implement energy conservation techniques in electrical machines.

E. Practical Outcome (PRo)

• Explain the energy efficient transformer.

• Compare conventional transformer and energy efficient transformers.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

• Apply Electrical Engineering solutions also for sustainable development.

• Work in team.

G. Prerequisite Theory:

• Amorphous Core Transformer

➢ Amorphous core transformers or amorphous metal transformer is a type of energy
efficient transformer.
➢ Amorphous transformer is an equipment to reduce transmission and distribution
losses greatly.
➢ With improvement of electric steel (silicon steel), loss of transformer is reduced to
50% of that of transformer used earlier.
➢ It is possible to achieve even higher efficiency using new better magnetic
materials. Amorphous transformer is modern example and uses amorphous metal
for the core.
➢ This core can be easily magnetized and demagnetized.
➢ Core loss by this metal can be reduced to 70-80% than traditional transformer.
➢ These results into low electricity production and less CO2 emission at generating
plants using coal.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

➢ Energy loss due to heat or vibration from the core is reduced.

➢ Amorphous transformer uses metallic glass-alloy for the core.
➢ Reduction in energy loss over conventional transformers is about 70%.
➢ They have increased efficiencies even at low loads i.e. 98.5% efficiency at 35 %
load.
➢ They are costlier than conventional iron core transformers, but the overall benefit
towards energy savings will compensate for the higher initial investment.
➢ At present they are available up to 1600 kVA rating.
• Limitations:
➢ Small thickness of core stampings.
➢ Large core size.
➢ Large conductors.
➢ Hardness of strip than CRGO strips.
➢ Big tank. (More insulating oil).
➢ Large overall cost.
• Amorphous metal:
➢ Amorphous metal is an alloy rather than a pure metal. They are produced by using
rapid solidification technology, where molten metal is cast into thin solid ribbons
by cooling at a high rate.
➢ It is a magnetic material having high permeability due to no crystalline magnetic
anisotropy (states having different sizes or characteristics along different axes).
➢ The material in which such disordered structure is produced directly from the
liquid state during cooling are called glasses and hence amorphous metals are
commonly referred to as metallic glasses or glassy metals.
➢ They can be produced by other methods such as physical vapour deposition, solid
state reaction, iron irradiation, metal-spinning or mechanical alloying.
➢ These cores allow, smaller, lighter and more efficient design in many high
frequency applications for inverters, U.P.S. (uninterrupted power system),
adjustable speed drives etc.
➢ Nano-crystalline amorphous metal offers saving in size, core material and labour
for various application.
27 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

➢ They have superior magnetic qualities, such as lower core loss compared with
conventional crystalline or magnetic materials. The cores of this type offer
superior design alternatives.
• Features of amorphous transformer:

Sr. Features of amorphous transformer Energy Conservation

So low magnetic losses but size of
1. Flux density of saturation = 1.55 T
transformer increases.
2. Low field magnetization It results in low hysteresis losses.
Thickness of this metal is very small
3. Eddy current losses are lesser.
0.025 mm.
High electrical resistivity of Eddy currents suppressed resulting
4.
amorphous transformer. low eddy current losses.
This material has high permeability as
Core losses are reduced by 70 to
5. its structure in non-crystalline (easy
80%.
magnetize/ Demagnetize).
• Advantages of amorphous transformers are:
➢ Iron losses (Eddy current, Hysteresis losses) are very low.
➢ Temperature rise in working condition is very low.
➢ Small Magnetizing current.
➢ Energy saving by about 70%.
➢ Its reliability is higher.
➢ Requires less maintenance.
➢ Reduced CO2 emission.
➢ Reduction in fossil fuel consumption.
➢ Overload capacity is much more.
➢ Excellent short circuit capacity.

H. Procedure:
Note down the name plate details of conventional transformer and energy efficient
transformer which are of same size/capacity.

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Specifications of Specifications of Energy

Sr. Item
Conventional Transformer Efficient Transformer

1 Model
2 Type
3 Standard
4 Rated Power
5 System Voltage
6 Rated Voltage (HV)
7 Rated Voltage (LV)
8 Line current HV
9 Line current LV
10 Frequency
11 Phase
12 Cooling Type
13 Winding Material
14 Vector Group
15 Core Material
I. Conclusion
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J. Practical related Quiz.
1. Explain the need of energy efficient transformer.
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........................….................................................................................................................
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2. List the advantages of energy efficient transformer.
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K. References
• https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/

L. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks obtained
1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

30 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.5
Compare power consumption of different types of TL with choke and electronic
ballast.

A. Objective:
The electrical diploma engineers are expected to know all about the benefits of energy
efficiency and find out how society (Individual or group) and environment is benefited
by using Energy efficient lighting.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

• Undertake energy conservation techniques in electrical machines.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)

• Implement energy conservation techniques in electrical machines.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Compare power consumption of TL with choke and electronic ballast

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

• Apply Electrical Engineering solutions also for sustainable development.
• Work in team.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
• Construction and working of different types of lamps and control gears.
• Interpretation of their specification with their technical features.
• Selection of lamps based on type of lighting system.
• To connect the lamps in the circuit with control gear and proper meters to measure
electrical power drawn by the lamp.

H. Circuit Diagram:

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Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit)

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

• Select proper range of meters.
• Ensure the position of auto-transformer at zero position befores witching on the
supply.
• Position of Lux meter must be at the same distance (i.e.approximately1.5m) from
lights ource for the measurement of illumination

K. Procedure:
• Make the connection as per the circuit shown.
• Check and adjust the zero settings of all the meters.
• Keep the auto transformer at zero position.
• Switch on the supply.
• Adjust the voltage to the rated voltage of the lamps.
• Keep the two way switch at position 1.
• Observe shoots up in starting current.
• Note down the meter readings and measure illumination with lux-meter.
• Reduce the voltage and note down the minimum voltage at which the lamp glows
bright/ignite.
• Change the switch to position 2.
• Repeat step 7 to 9.
• Switched off the supply.
33 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

L. Observation Table:

Illumination on the
Type of Power
Voltage required to Current working plane
Ballast ignite the FTL in Amps in Watts
Lumen/sq.m

Conventional Rated:

Minimum:

Electronic Rated:

Minimum:

M. Interpretation of Results
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N. Conclusion
….......................................................................................................................................
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O. Practical related Quiz.
1. Differentiate the electronics and conventional ballast.
….......................................................................................................................................
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........................................…...............................................................................................
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2. The current boosts in conventional choke at the time of starting. Explain.
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3. Explain the working of electronic ballast.
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P. References
• www.bee-india.nic.in.
• www.energyrating.gov.in
Q. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks obtained
1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

36 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.6
Compare power consumption of different types of conventional tube light, CFL and
LED lamps by direct measurements.
A. Objective:

The electrical diploma engineers are expected to suggest replacement of inefficient

lamps in the existing installations with energy efficient lighting techniques. Such
techniques reduce the burden on supply utility on large extent by reducing energy
wastage; also help the consumers by reducing energy bills.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

37 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

• Undertake energy conservation techniques in electrical machines.
D. Expected Course Outcomes (Cos)
• Implement energy conservation techniques in electrical machines.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Explain the concept of star labelling.
• Analyze star labelled electrical apparatus and compare the data sheet (Pamphlet) of
various star ratings.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)
• Apply Electrical Engineering solutions for sustainable development.
• Work in team.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
The knowledge of different types of luminaries with luminaire, control gears for
efficient lighting system with their application and other technical features.Methods of
lighting schemes based on the need of facility.
H. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit)
1. Lux-meter Digital type 1
2. Multimeter Digital type 1
3. Clamp-onmeter Digital type 1
4. Phamphlets of efficient lighting As per avaibility 3 samples

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

• Select proper range of meters.
• Ensure all the switches are of before starting the work.
• Measurement of lumen must be carried out on working table where the illumination
is desired.
J. Procedure:
• Visit the place allocated to your group for the above purpose.

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• Draw the existing electrical installation plan by indicating the position of lamps,
windows and doors.
• Tabulate the powerr ating, type, conditionand method of control of each lamp by
marking code/number to each lamp.
• Summarize the total power consumption of the existing system.
• Replace all the existing lamps by energy efficient lamps and then calculate total
power conservation.
• Estimate the effective electric power conserved.
K. Observation Table:
• Assume the lamps are in operation for 8hours/day and cost per energy unit (kWh) =
Rs.3.00
• Number of days in particular month: _________

Sr. Power rating Energy Power rating Energy Net

of existing consumption per of efficient consumption Energy
lamp month by lamp per month saving /
existing lamp by efficient month
lamp
(e=b-d)
(a) (b) (c) (d)

• Net saving in monthly bill in rupees = Net Energy saving × Cost per unit

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40 | P a g e
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2. Discuss the problem associated with conventional ballast FTLoperation.

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks obtained

1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

41 | P a g e
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42 | P a g e
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Date: ……………

Practical No.7

Determine depreciation cost of a given energy conservation project/equipment.

A. Objectives:
Depreciation needs to be provided because an asset is bound to undergo wear and tear
over a period of time. This reduces the working capacity and effectiveness of the asset.
Also, every asset becomes obsolete over a period of time, as new technology and
innovation take over. The value of the asset will hence decrease over time and
Depreciation must be accounted for.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
• Discipline specific knowledge (PO-1): Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
• Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment (PO-5):
Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and
ethical practices.
• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in
updating in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
• Calculate the depreciation cost of energy conservation project using various methods.
D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)
• Evaluate the techno economic feasibility for the energy conservation projects.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Calculate the depreciation cost of energy conservation project by straight line methods.
• Calculate the depreciation cost of energy conservation project by sinking fund
methods.
• Calculate the depreciation cost of energy conservation project by dminishing value
methods.

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F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

• Apply Electrical Engineering solutions also for sustainable development.
• Recognize the need for calculating depreciation value of assets.
• Work in team.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
As we know that equipment has some useful life after which it cannot be taken in use. So
new equipment has to be purchased for which some capital amount is required. For this,
calculations are made and some amount is put aside every year from the time the new
machine or equipment is put in service so that at the end of the useful life of the
equipment the amount for the purchase of the new equipment is available. This is called
depreciation. Depreciated amount is based on following factors.
• Useful life of equipment: The amount of time a company expects an asset to be
productive. Depreciation is calculated during this time period.
• Salvage value: When a project gets rid of an asset, it could sell it for a reduced
amount. This amount is called the salvage value. Overall depreciation is figured out by
subtracting the salvage value from the asset cost.
• Depreciation method: There are three main methods of calculating depreciation.
➢ Straight line method
➢ Diminishing value method
➢ Sinking fund method
❖ Straight line method:
In this method, some amount is decided on the basis of the total depreciation and the
useful life of the equipment. This amount is put aside every year.
If,
P= Cost of the equipment in Rs.
S = Salvage value of the equipment after its useful life
n = Useful life of the equipment in years P-S
Then annual depreciation charges = (P-S)/n
For example if the initial cost of the equipment is Rs. 3, 00,000 and its useful life are 25
years. If its salvage value after 25 years is Rs. 25,000 then,
Annual depreciation charges = (P-S)/n = (300000 – 25000)/25 = 11000
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This method is shown graphically in figure. Years are plotted on the X- axis and value is
plotted on the Y-axis.

From the graph it can be seen that the value P of the equipment decreases at the same rate
and at the end of the useful life it becomes equal to the salvage value or the scrap value
S. The rate of depreciation is linear so this method is called the straight line method. This
method is simple but there are two disadvantages or limitations.
The assumption that the rate of depreciation remains constant is not true because as
the ear passes the rate of depreciation increases.
The amount of interest on the amount put aside every year is not taken in to account.
❖ Sinking fund method:
In this method, a fixed depreciation charge is made every year and interest compounded
on it annually. The constant depreciation charge is such that total of annual instalments
plus the interest accumulations equal to the cost of replacement of equipment after its
useful life.
Let,
P = Initial value of equipment
n = Useful life of equipment in years
S = Scrap value after useful life
r = Annual rate of interest expressed as a decimal
Cost of replacement = P − S
Let us suppose that an amount of q is set aside as depreciation charge every year and
interest compounded on it so that an amount of P− S is available after n years. An
amount q at annual interest rate of r will become q (1 + r) n at the end of n years.

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Now, the amount q deposited at the end of first year will earn compound interest for n −
1 years and shall become q (1 + r) n − 1 i.e.
Amount q deposited at the end of first year becomes = q (1 + r) n − 1
Amount q deposited at the end of 2nd year becomes = q (1 + r) n − 2
Amount q deposited at the end of 3rd year becomes = q (1 + r) n − 3
Similarly amount q deposited at the end of n − 1 year becomes = q (1 + r) n − (n − 1) = q
(1 + r)
Total fund after n years = q (1 + r) n − 1 + q (1 + r) n − 2 +.... + q (1 + r)
This is a G.P. series and its sum is given by:

This total fund must be equal to the cost of replacement of equipment i.e., P − S.

The value of q gives the uniform annual depreciation charge. The paraenthetical term in
eq. (i) is frequently referred to as the “sinking fund factor”.

❖ Diminishing value method:

In this method, depreciation charge is made every year at a fixed rate on the
diminished value of the equipment. In other words, depreciation charge is first applied to
the initial cost of equipment and then to its diminished value. As an example, suppose
the initial cost of equipment is Rs 10,000 and its
scrap value after the useful life is zero. If the annual
rate of depreciation is 10%, then depreciation charge
for the first year will be 0·1 × 10,000 = Rs 1,000. The
value of the equipment is diminished by Rs 1,000 and
becomes Rs 9,000. For the second year, the
depreciation charge will be made on the diminished
value (i.e. Rs 9,000) and becomes 0·1 × 9,000 = Rs
900. The value of the equipment now becomes 9000
− 900 = Rs 8100. For the third year, the depreciation
charge will be 0·1 × 8100 = Rs 810 and so on.

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Mathematical treatment
Let,
P = Capital cost of equipment
n = Useful life of equipment in years
S = Scrap value after useful life
x = depreciation value
It is desired to find the value of x in terms of P, n and S.
Value of equipment after one year = P − Px = P (1 − x)
Value of equipment after 2 years
= Diminished value − Annual depreciation
= [P − Px] − [(P − Px)x]
= P − Px − Px + Px2 = P(x 2 − 2x + 1)
= P(1 − x) 2
∴ Value of equipment after n years = P(1 − x)n
But the value of equipment after n years (i.e., useful life) is equal to the scrap value S.
S= P(1 − x) n
(1 − x) n = S/P
(1 – x) = (S/P) 1/n
x= 1 − (S/P) 1/n
From above equation, the annual depreciation can be easily calculated.
This method is more rational than the straight line method. Fig. below shows the
graphical representation of diminishing value method.

The initial value P of the equipment reduces, through depreciation, to the scrap value S
over the useful life of the equipment. The depreciation curve follows the path PA. It is
clear from the curve that depreciation charges are heavy in the early years but decrease to
a low value in the later years. This method has two drawbacks. Firstly, low depreciation
charges are made in the late years when the maintenance and repair charges are quite
heavy. Secondly, the depreciation charge is independent of the rate of interest.

47 | P a g e
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H. Conclusion:
….............................................................................................................................................
..…...........................................................................................................................................
....….........................................................................................................................................
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I. Practical related Quiz.
1. List the diferent methods for calculating depreciation.
…............................................................................................................................................
...….........................................................................................................................................
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.........…...................................................................................................................................
2. State the difference between straight line and sinking fund method.
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3. A transformer costing Rs 90,000 has a useful life of 20 years. Determine the annual
depreciation charge using straight line method. Assume the salvage value of the
equipment to be Rs 10,000.
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4. A distribution transformer costs Rs 2, 00,000 and has a useful life of 20 years. If the
salvage value is Rs 10,000 and rate of annual compound interest is 8%, calculate the
amount to be saved annually for replacement of the transformer after the end of 20 years
by sinking fund method.
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5. The equipment in a power station costs Rs 15, 60,000 and has a salvage value of Rs
60,000 at the end of 25 years. Determine the depreciated value of the equipment at the
end of 20 years by the following methods:
(i) Straight line method;
(ii) Sinking fund method at 5% compound interest annually
(iii) Diminishing value method
…............................................................................................................................................
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J. References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depreciation
2. http://sidhiee.beeindia.gov.in/pdf/DPRs/Alwar%20oil%20mills%20cluster/11.pdf
K. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks obtained

1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

52 | P a g e
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………

Practical No.8
Find out the payback period and return on investment for a given energy conservation
project/equipment.

A. Objectives:
Capital investment is essential in any energy conservation project. There is saving in the
energy cost and the capital investment is compensated in some period of time. It is
essential that the cost benefit risk analysis of any project proposal has is to be carried out.
So one can know by how much time the capital investment made will be compensated.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
• Discipline specific knowledge (PO-1): Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the
engineering problems.
• Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment (PO-5): Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in
updating in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
• To identify the qualitative and quantitative impact of the risk on the energy
conservation project.
D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)
• Evaluate the techno economic feasibility for the energy conservation projects.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Calculate the Payback Period of energy conservation project.
• Calculate the Return on Investment (ROI) of energy conservation.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)
• Apply Electrical Engineering solutions for sustainable development.
• Recognize the need to carry out risk analysis in energy conservation project.
• Work in team.
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G. Prerequisite Theory:
❖ Payback Period:
Payback period is the amount of time it takes for an investment to recover its initial
cost and expenses. Pay-back period is also known as the Pay-out or Pay-off period. It
determines the number of years required for the invested capital to be recovered from
the net cash flows. The investment is received earlier when the pay-back period is less.
To calculate the payback period following mathematical formula is used.
Payback Period = Net Initial investment / Net Cash flow per year
Where net cash flow = yearly profit - yearly expenditure
❖ Return of investment-ROI : :
Return on investment (ROI) is the key measure of the profit derived from any
investment in energy conservation project. It is the annual return as the percentage of
the capital investment. To calculate the ROI following mathematical formula is used.
ROI = (Net annual return × 100)/ Capital investment
It can be seen that return of investment is the reciprocal of the pay-back period. One
disadvantage of ROI is that it doesn't account for how long an investment is held.
H. Conclusion:
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........….....................................................................................................................................
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I. Practical related Quiz.
1. State the relationship between payback perios and return on investment.
….............................................................................................................................................
..…...........................................................................................................................................
....….........................................................................................................................................
......….......................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................

54 | P a g e
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

2. The initial cost of an energy saving plant is Rs. 400000/- and its useful life is 12 years.
The salvage value is Rs. 50000/- and the annual income is Rs. 100000/- while the
annual expenditure is Rs. 25000/-. Calculate; (1) Pay-back period, (2) Return of
investment.
….............................................................................................................................................
..…...........................................................................................................................................
....….........................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................…..............
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55 | P a g e
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

3. Cost of project is Rs. 8, 70,000. Scrap value is Rs. 1, 20,000. Its economic working life
is 10 years. Annual income of project is 2, 50,000. Its operating cost is Rs. 96,000/yr...
Find (a) Annual Return of Investment and (b) Pay back period.
….............................................................................................................................................
..…...........................................................................................................................................
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......….......................................................................................................................................
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56 | P a g e
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

4. The initial cost of an energy saving project is Rs. 475000 and useful life is 12 years.
The salvage value is Rs. 75000 and the annual income is Rs. 125000 while annual
expenditure is Rs. 45000. Calculate the annual saving, pay – back period, ROI.
….............................................................................................................................................
..…...........................................................................................................................................
....….........................................................................................................................................
......….......................................................................................................................................
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57 | P a g e
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

J. References
• https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/1Ch6.pdf
K. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks obtained

1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

58 | P a g e
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………

Practical No.9
Collect electricity bill of an Industrial consumer and suggest suitable tariff for energy
conservation and its impact on energy bill.
A. Objective:
The electrical diploma engineers must be able to interpret the electricity bill and thetariff
schedule of the industrial consumers. They are then expected to suggest suitabletariff if
applicable to achieve energy conservation and its impact to reduce the energybill.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
• Basic and Discipline specific knowledge (PO-1): Apply knowledge of basic
mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to
solve the engineering problems.
• Problem analysis (PO-2): Identify and analyse well –defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
• Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment (PO-5): Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
• Project Management (PO-6): Use engineering management principles individually, as
a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-
defined engineering activities.
• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating
in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
• Identification the energy efficient lamps or gear based on the test data.
D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)
• Demonstrate energy conservation measures to improve efficiency of electrical power
system.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Analysis of electric bill based on tariff of Industrial consumer to reduce energy usage
and electricity bill

59 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

F. Expected Affective Domain Outcome(ADos)

• Implement energy conservation techniques for sustainable development.
• Work in team.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
• Knowledge of the terms used in electrical power distribution and framing of tariff.
Classification of consumer based on amount of energy consumption. Various types of
tariffs used to calculate energy bill of industrial consumer with their respective merits
and demerits.
H. Resources/Equipment Required
• Electric bill of Industrial consumer for the current or last month.
• Tariff schedule booklet of the relevant supply utility.
• Different types of tariff applicable to conserve energy and its impact on reduction in
energy bill.
• TOD (time of day) tariff schedule.

Sr.No Time of day Block Cost/kWh in Rs. Remark

1 06.00 am to 09.00 am Rs. (6.00 + 0.00) Per unit Base Load
2 09.00 am to 12.00 noon Rs. (6.00+ 0.80) Per unit Peak Load
3 12.00 noon to 06.00 pm Rs. (6.00 + 00) Per unit Base Load
4 06.00 pm to 10.00 pm Rs. (6.00 + 1.10) Per unit Peak Load
5 10.00 pm to 06.00 am Rs. (6.00 – 1.50) Per unit Off Peak load

I. Procedure:
• Collect electric bill of industrial consumer of the current or last month.
• Interpret the type and structure of tariff used to calculate the electricity bill.
• Use different types of tariffs which are applicable to the industrial consumers and
calculate electricity bill.
• Compare the energy bill based on the cost.
• Suggest type of economical tariff schedule of rate applicable to the industrial consumer.
• Collect the data of resource used as per the following table.

60 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Paste electricity bill here:

61 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Interpretation of electricity bill as per existing tariff plan.

Name of the consumer:
……………………………………………....................…………………….................................
Type of consumer:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Consumer Number:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Detail of supply Utility:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Billing Period:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Contracted Demand:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Existing tariff plan:
.......................................................................................................................................................
J. Observation Table:
Calculation of energy bill by using tariffs schedule as applicable to the above consumer.
• Time of Day(TOD)/Time of Use(TOU)Tariff or any other tariff applicable
Sr. Total
No. Tariff Structure monthly Monthly
Units bill
consumed in
given time
block
1 06.00 am to 09.00 am Rs. (6.00 + 0.00) Per unit
2 09.00 am to 12.00 noon Rs. 6.00+ 0.80) Per unit
3 12.00 noon to 06.00 pm Rs. (6.00 + 00) Per unit
4 06.00 pm to 10.00 pm Rs. (6.00 + 1.10) Per unit
5 10.00 pm to 06.00 am Rs. (6.00 – 1.50) Per unit
Total Units: Rs.

62 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Suggest proper tariff structure after the above exercise and list its impact on energy
bill.
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..…...........................................................................................................................................
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63 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

K. Interpretation of Results

L. Conclusion
….............................................................................................................................................
..…...........................................................................................................................................
....….........................................................................................................................................
......….......................................................................................................................................
........….....................................................................................................................................
..........…...................................................................................................................................

M. Practical related Quiz.

1. Define tariff.
….............................................................................................................................................
..…...........................................................................................................................................
....….........................................................................................................................................
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2. List out the tariffs used to achieve energy conservation.
….............................................................................................................................................
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........….....................................................................................................................................
..........…..................................................................................................................................

64 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

3. Explain power factor tariff.

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks

obtained
1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

65 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

66 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………
Practical No.10
Collect electricity bill of a commercial consumer and suggest suitable tariff for energy
conservation and reduction of its energy bill.

A. Objective:
The electrical diploma engineers must be able to interpret the electricity bill and thetariff
schedule of the commercial consumer and expected to suggest suitabletariff if applicable
to achieve energy conservation and its impact to reduce his/her energybill.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
• Basic and Discipline specific knowledge (PO-1): Apply knowledge of basic
mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to
solve the engineering problems.
• Problem analysis (PO-2): Identify and analyse well –defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
• Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment (PO-5): Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
• Project Management (PO-6): Use engineering management principles individually,
as a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about
well-defined engineering activities.
• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in
updating in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
• This practical is expected to developthe skills of identifying the types of the tariffs
applicable to the commercial consumer and select a suitable one to achieve the goal of
energy efficiency with economy.
D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)
• Demonstrate energy conservation measures to improve efficiency of electrical power
system.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)

67 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

• Analysis of electric bill of a commercial consumerand to suggest (if needed) suitable

tariff to achieve energy conservation and reduction in energy bill.
F. Expected Affective Domain Outcome(ADos)
• Implement energy conservation techniques for sustainable development.
• Work in team.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
• Knowledge of the terms used in electrical power distribution and framing of tariff.
Classification of consumer based on amount of energy consumption. Various types of
tariffs used to calculate energy bill of commercial consumer with their respective merits
and demerits.
H. Resources/Equipment Required
• Electric bill of commercial consumer for the current or last month.
• Tariff schedule booklet of the relevant supply company/utility.
• Different types of tariff applicable to conserve energy and its impact on reduction in
energy bill.
I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed
• Take electricity bill is of current or last month.
• Identify the type of tariff therein.
J. Procedure:
• Collect current/last month electricity bill of a commercial consumer.
• Interpret the type and structure of tariff used to calculate the electricity bill.
• Interpret the components of the bill.
• Use different types of tariffs which are applicable to the commercial consumers’ and
calculate electricity bill.
• Compare the change in electricity bill charges.
• Suggest type of tariff which benefits the consumer.
• Collect the data of resource used as per the following table.

68 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Paste electricity bill here:

69 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Interpretation of electricity bill as per existing tariff plan.

Name of the consumer:
……………………………………………....................…………………….................................
Type of consumer:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Consumer Number:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Detail of supply Utility:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Billing Period:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Contracted Demand:
.........................................................................................................................................................
Existing tariff plan:
.........................................................................................................................................................
K. Observation Table:
• Calculation of energy bill as per existing tariff plan.
Tariff Structure Total monthly Units Energy bill
Cost per Unit % Incentive on consumed at Avg. PF (Excluding fixed
Avg. PF charges, Taxes and
interest)

• Calculation of energy bill as per new tariff plan.

Tariff Structure Total monthly Units Energy bill
Cost per Unit % Incentive on consumed at Avg. PF (Excluding fixed
Avg. PF charges, Taxes and
interest)

• Cost of Energy consumed = Unit consumed per month × Cost per unit

70 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

• Incentive on PF improvement = Cost of energy consumed × % Incentive on

Average PF
• Energy bill (Excluding fixed charges, Taxes, interest etc.) = Cost of Energy
consumed ̶ Incentive on PF improvement

L. Computation table:

Energy bill as per Energy bill as per Reduction in % Reduction in

existing tariff plan new tariff plan energy bill in ₹ energy bill

• Reasons for suggesting new tariff plan:

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71 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

M. Interpretation of Results

N. Conclusion
….............................................................................................................................................
..…...........................................................................................................................................
....….........................................................................................................................................
......….......................................................................................................................................
........….....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
O. Practical related Quiz.
1. Define Maximum demand tariff.
…..............................................................................................................................................
.….............................................................................................................................................
..…............................................................................................................................................
...…...........................................................................................................................................
....…..........................................................................................................................................
2. List out the tariffs used to achieve energy conservation in commercial sector.
…..............................................................................................................................................
.….............................................................................................................................................
..…............................................................................................................................................
...…...........................................................................................................................................
....…..........................................................................................................................................

72 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

3. Explain incentives and penalty for power factor tariff.

....….........................................................................................................................................
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.......…......................................................................................................................................
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.........…....................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
4. Illustrate new tariff structure used for the above consumer’s electricity bill.

....…..........................................................................................................................................
....…..........................................................................................................................................
....…..........................................................................................................................................
....…..........................................................................................................................................
.......….......................................................................................................................................
.......….......................................................................................................................................
P. References
a. https://gercin.org
b. https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/electricity-rates-or-tariff.html
Q. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks

obtained
1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

73 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

74 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Date: ……………

Practical No.11

Identify various measuring instruments used for energy audit

A. Objective:
To familiar about energy audit equipments used for Measuring electrical parameters like
current, voltage, power, power factor, etc., Measuring temperature, Measuring pressure,
Measuring flow, and Measuring environmental parameters.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)
• Basic and Discipline specific knowledge (PO-1): Apply knowledge of basic
mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to
solve the engineering problems.
• Problem analysis (PO-2): Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems
using codified standard methods.
• Design/ development of solutions (PO-3): Design solutions for engineering well-
defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs.
• Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing (PO-4): Apply modern
engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and
measurements.
• Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment (PO-5): Apply
appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical
practices.
• Project Management (PO-6): Use engineering management principles individually, as
a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-
defined engineering activities.
• Life-long learning (PO-7): Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating
in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.
C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:
• Undertake energy conservation and energy audit.

75 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

• Carry out energy audit for an industry/organization.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
• Identify instruments used in energy audit
• Demonstrate the function of instruments used in energy audit
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome
• Apply electrical engineering solution for sustainable development.
• Work in team
G. Prerequisite Theory:
An energy audit is a systematic analysis of energy use and consumption. It is important to
map all major energy in an energy audit and identify the energy loss area and saving
potential. For accurate and quantified identification of energy loss or estimation of saving
potential, it is important to have some of the important instruments during an energy audit.
Power Analyser:
Power analyzer is a multi-function power analyzing
device which is used to measure precisely direct
current, alternating current, AC-voltage, DC-voltage
the intensity of DC or AC, phase rotation, and idle,
apparent and effective power.
Combustion analyzer:
This instrument has in-built chemical cells which
measure various gases such as O2, CO, NOX and
SOX.

Fuel Efficiency Monitor:

This measures oxygen and temperature of the flue gas.
Calorific values of common fuels are fed into the
microprocessor which calculates the combustion
efficiency.

76 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Contact thermometer:
These are thermocouples which measures for example
flue gas, hot air, hot water temperatures by insertion of
probe into the stream. For surface temperature, a leaf
type probe is used with the same instrument.

Infrared Thermometer:
This is a non-contact type measurement which when
directed at a heat source directly gives the temperature
read out. This instrument is useful for measuring hot
spots in furnaces, surface temperatures etc.

Pitot Tube and manometer:

Air velocity in ducts can be measured using a pitot
tube and inclined manometer for further calculation of
flows.

Water flow meter:

This meter is used to measure the flow (velocity) of
the water or any liquid flowing through the pipe. This
instrument works on the ultrasonic principle.
Ultrasonic rays are transmitted at one end with the
help of ultrasonic transmitter. Receiver is kept at the
other end. The time is measured. Then the positions of
the transmitter and receiver are interchanged and the
time is measured. The difference in time is
proportional to the velocity of the fluid. Dial of the
meter is calibrated in unit of flow.

77 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

Leak Detectors:
Ultrasonic instruments are available which can be
used to detect leaks of compressed air and other gases
which are normally not possible to detect with human
abilities.

Techometer:
It is used to measure the rotating speed of the
machines. The shaft of the contact type tachometer is
touched with slight pressure to the shaft of the
machine. Dial of the meter is calibrated in rpm.

Lux Meter :
Illumination levels are measured with a lux meter. It
consists of a photo cell which senses the light output,
converts to electrical impulses which are calibrated as
lux.

H. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

78 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

I. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

• Use a meter that meets accepted safety standards for the environment in which it will
be used.
• Use a meter with fused current inputs and be sure to check the fuses before making
current measurements.
• Inspect test leads for physical damage before making a measurement.
• Use the meter to check continuity of the test leads.
• Use test leads that have shrouded connectors and finger guards.
• Select the proper function and range for your measurement.
• Be certain the meter is in good operating condition.
• Follow all equipment safety procedures.
• Don’t work alone.
J. Conclusion:
…...............................................................................................................................................
…...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
K. Practical related Quiz.
1. Name the one instrument used to measure CO2 from boilers stack is ___________.
(a) Infrared thermometer (b) Fyrite (c) Anemometer (d) Pitot tube
2. Non contact flow measurement can be carried out by _______________________.
(a) Orifice meter (b) Turbine flow meter (c) Ultrasonic flow meter (d) Magnetic
flow meter
3. Non contact speed measurements can be carried out by _____________________.
(a)Tachometer (b) Stroboscope (c) Oscilloscope (d) Odometer
4. Lux meter is used to measure____________________.
(a) Illumination level (b) Sound intensity (c) Harmonics (d) Speed
5. Air velocity in ducts can be measured by using _______________and manometer.
(a) Orifice meter (b) Borden gauge (c) Pitot tube (d) Anemometer
6. Which instrument is used to monitor O2, CO in flue gas?
(a) Combustion analyzer (b) Power analyzer (c) Pyrometer (d) Lux meter

79 | Page
Energy conservation & Audit (4360903)

L. References / Suggestions
• https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/1Ch3.pdf
• https://youtu.be/3DP2AsaNZKQ?si=1bfrVSXZSsTKRneJ
M. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks Marks
obtained
1 Basic Knowledge/ understanding 2
2 Involvement during discussion 3
3 Drawing/Calculation & conclusion 3
4 Timely submission & quality of work 2
Total marks 10

Date: _____________________________ Signature of Faculty

80 | Page

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