CLEON L. ROGERS JR.

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CLEON L. ROGERS III

 EXEGETICAL
GREEK
NEW TESTAMENT
 TEteeN EVV

LINGUDTI
AND

EXEGETICAL
Slee CE

GREEK
NEW TESTAMENT
CLEON L. ROGERS JR.
&
CEE@RE ROGER Sah

aa
iam

Zondervan PublishingHouse
Grand Rapids, Michigan
A Division of HarperCollinsPublishers
)
The New Linguistic and Exegetical Key to the Greek New Testament
Copyright © 1998 by Cleon L. Rogers Jr.

Requests for information should be addressed to:

Zondervan Publishing House
Academic and Professional Books
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49530

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Rogers, Cleon L.
The new linguistic and exegetical key to the Greek New Testament / Cleon L. Rogers, Jr. and Cleon
L. Rogers III.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: The linguistic key to the Greek New Testament / Fritz Rienecker. 1982.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-310-20175-6 (hardcover)
1. Bible. N.T. Greek—-Language, style. 2. Bible. N.T. Greek-Translating. 3. Greek language, Bib-
lical-Glossaries, vocabularies, etc. I. Rogers, Cleon L., 1955- . II. Rienecker, Fritz. Sprachlicher
Schliissel zum griechischen Neuen Testament. English. III. Title.
BS1965.21998
225.4'8—dc21 97-45109
CIP

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans-
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 This work is dedicated to
V. Gail Martin Rogers,
a loving and faithful wife
as well as an exemplary mother and grandmother,
and to Kathy Louise Rogers,
also a loving, faithful, and exemplary wife.
Both of them embody the character
of the wise woman in Proverbs 31.
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 Table of Contents

Foreword .
Abbreviations and Bibliography .
General abbreviations .

Matthew
Mark.
Luke.
John .
Acts .
Romans.
1 Corinthians .
2 Corinthians .
Galatians .
Ephesians .
Philippians
Colossians.
1 Thessalonians .
2 Thessalonians .
1 Timothy .
2 Timothy .
Titus .
Philemon .
Hebrews
James
1 Peter .
2 Peter .
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude .
Revelation .
 Foreword

It has now been over twenty years since the Many different grammars and commentaries
Linguistic Key to the Greek New Testament first have been consulted and cited in the work. The
appeared in English, and we are thankful for the citation of a particular author or commentary does
acceptance that it has received. There has, how- not necessarily mean that the given theological
ever, been a flood of significant literature in the position or interpretation is accepted. The com-
area of New Testament studies since that time, so ment was simply deemed helpful in discussing
there is a real need for an “up-grade” of the book. the passage. Although we are aware of the many
Important contributions have been made in gram- different approaches in New Testament studies,
matical and lexical studies, and new tools, such as we decided to concentrate on the meaning and sig-
concordances, specialized lexica, and new texts, nificance of the Greek text without a full discus-
are now available. Illuminating background mate- sion of the various approaches. In addition we
rial in both Jewish and Greco-Roman cultures has have attempted to have various levels of com-
appeared. New and helpful commentaries, as well ments, both for those with little knowledge of
as special studies both in journals and mono- Greek as well as for the more advanced student.
graphs dealing with various New Testament sub- It goes without saying that many people have
jects, have been published. Many of these works helped in various ways in the preparation of this
have been consulted in the making of the present work, and they deserve a grateful word of thanks.
book. In fact, so much new material has been It has been a personal joy for a “father-son” team
added and so many changes have been made that to have been able to work together on this project.
it has actually become a totally new book. It has been a “team effort,” with each making his
The original purpose-to provide a “key” to own unique contribution. In a real sense it has also
aid in the understanding of God’s Word-has been a “family effort,” for Gail (Cleon Jr.’s wife)
remained foremost; but this has also been and Kathy (Cleon III’s wife) have been patient,
expanded with the hope of making the work more long-suffering, and enduring as their husbands
useful for the exegesis of the New Testament by worked long hours. We all have experienced
providing pertinent information to those who are God's sustaining grace as Gail suffered a near-fatal
studying a particular text. More grammatical heart attack as well as cancer. Each member of the
explanations are given, especially in the use of the family has had to bear the burden of stress during
tenses, participles, and infinitives; more com- these times, but there was always a cheerful word
ments and references to historical works have of encouragement, and they deserve to be men-
been added, and a wider range of source material tioned with a word of appreciation.
for further study has been included. The Greek Charles’s patient and caring medical help was
words are each given a number (the Goodrick- often a source of strength. Sharon Breimhorst and
Kohlenberger number), keying the total work to her husband, Ditmar, and their daughters, Olivia
The NIV Exhaustive Concordance, thus expanding and Genevieve, as well as Suzanne Assmann and
the availability of this book to include those who her husband, Dieter, along with Esther, Stephan,
may not have a working knowledge of Greek. This and Philip Baxter, have provided “rays of sun-
will enable electronic publication of the book as shine,” even when it appeared dark. Hannah,
well. All of this has lead to the new title, The New Cleon IV, Nathaniel, and Micah have also pro-
Linguistic and Exegetical Key to the Greek New Testa- vided hours of joy and pleasure for Oma and Opa,
ment. It is our hope and prayer that the long hours as well as for Mom and Dad. The family heritage
of “delightful drudgery” spent in working on the cannot be overlooked. Our lives have been posi-
New Testament will be used by the Lord to help tively influenced by the lives of our godly parents
those studying and preaching His eternal Word, and grandparents, Cleon and Carrie Rogers and
which produces changes in their personal lives as Albert and Inez Martin, and we thank God for
well as the lives of those to whom they minister. them and for many other godly relatives as well.

vil
 vill

There are others outside of the family who have worked hard to bring this book to comple-
have provided invaluable assistance-colleagues, tion.
present and former students, friends, and those There have also been various publishers who
who have faithfully prayed for and supported us have graciously supplied many important works
over the years. Without the encouragement and for this project and in this way have made a special
expert advice of those at Zondervan Publishing contribution to the present work. We especially
House, the work would not have been finished. thank the following for providing some of their
We extend a special word of thanks and apprecia- books to use in the revision: Moody; Baker; The
tion to Dr. Stan Gundry, Dr. Verlyn Verbrugge, Mr. Liturgical Press; Word; Broadman. Zondervan
Ed van der Maas, Mr. Philip Apol, Mrs. Becky provided us with their NIV Complete Bible Library
Knapp, Dr. William D. Mounce, Ms. Courtney on CD, as well as many other books.
Boerstler, and other members of the Zondervan May the Lord see fit to use this combined
staff for their help and assistance, all of whom effort to glorify His Name!

Cleon L. Rogers Jr. and Cleon L. Rogers III

Weidenhausen and Miinchholzhausen, Germany
Easter in the year of our Lord 1998

Soli Deo gloria!

 Abbreviations and Bibliography
NOTE: Standard abbreviations are used for the books of the Bible, the Apocrypha, the Pseudepigrapha,
Jewish rabbinic literature, and the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Daniel R. Schwartz. Agrippa I: The Last King of Judea. Tiibingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Sie-
beck], 1990.
Matthew Black. An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts’, Oxford: Clarendon, 1971.
Steven Thompson. The Apocalypse and Semitic Syntax. Society for New Testament Stud-
ies Monograph Series 52. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Merrill F. Unger. Archaeology and the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1962.

T.K. Abbott. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles to the Ephesians and the
Colossians. The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1956.
ABD David Noel Freedman (gen. ed.). The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. New York: Double-
day, 1992.
Adamson James Adamson. The Epistle of James. The New International Commentary on the New
Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977.

AHG W. Ward Gasque & Ralph P. Martin (eds.). Apostolic History and the Gospel. Grand Rap-
ids: Eerdmans, 1970.

AIA Walter Miri. Der Arzt im Altertum. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,

1986.
American Journal ofArchaeology
W. Harold Mare. The Archaeology of the Jerusalem Area. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1987.
Scot McKnight. A Light Among the Gentiles: Jewish Missionary in the Second Temple Period.
Minneapolis: Fortress, 1991.

Joseph Addison Alexander. Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1956.
Alexander Joseph Addison Alexander. Commentary on the Gospel ofMark. Grand Rapid: Zondervan,
1956.
Alford Henry Alford. The Greek Testament. 5 vols. London: Rivingtons, 1855.
Allen Willoughby C. Allen. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to St.
Matthew. The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1965.

AM W.F. Albright and C.S. Mann. Matthew. The Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,
1971.

ANEP James B. Pritchard (ed.). Ancient Near Eastern Pictures. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1954.
ANET James B. Pritchard (ed.). Ancient Near Eastern Texts. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1955.

ix
Abbreviations and Bibliography x

ANRW H. Temporini & W. Hasse (gen. eds.). Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt. Berlin;
Walter de Gruyter, 1972-. }
Jack Finegan. The Archeology of the New Testament. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1969.
Edwin Yamauchi. The Archaeology of New Testament Cities in Western Asia Minor. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1980.
Leon Morris. The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956.
Thorsten Moritz. A Profound Mystery: The Use of the Old Testament in Ephesians. Supple-
ments to Novum Testamentum 85. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.
Arndt W.F. Arndt. Bible Commentary: The Gospel According to St. Luke. St. Louis: Concordia,
1956.
G. Abbott-Smith. A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark,
1936.
Klaus Beyer. Die aramdischen Texte vom Toten Meer. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
1984.
Harold W. Attridge. Hebrews. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1989.
David Aune. Revelation: Word Biblical Commentary. 3 vols. Dallas: Word, 1997.
Australian Biblical Review
Andrews University Seminary Studies
Otto Betz, Martin Hengel, and Peter Schmidt (eds.). Abraham Unser Vater: Juden und
Christen im Gesprach iiber die Bibel. Festschrift fiir Otto Michel zum 60. Geburtstag.
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1963.
Etan Levine. The Aramaic Version of the Bible: Contents and Context. Beiheft zur Zeitschrift
fiir die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Otto Kaiser (ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988.
Babylonian Talmud
Biblical Archaeologist
Bruce W. Winter (ed.). The Book of Acts in its First Century Setting. 6 vols. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1993-.

Walter Bauer. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. William F. Arndt and F. Wil-
bur Gingrich (trans). Revised and augmented by F. Wilbur Gingrich and Frederick W.
Danker from Walter Bauer’s Fifth edition, 1958. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1979.
W.E. Bakker. The Greek Imperative. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1966.
David L. Balch. Let Wives Be Submissive: The Domestic Code in 1 Peter. Chico, Ca.: Scholars
Press, 1981.

Biblical Archaeology Review

C.K. Barrett. The Gospel According to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes
on the Greek Text. London: SPCK, 1958.
C.K. Barrett. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. Vol. I Prelim-
inary Introduction and Commentary on Acts I-XIV. The International Critical Commen-
tary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1994.
Barrett C.K Barrett. The Epistle to the Romans. New York, 1957.
xi Abbreviations and Bibliography

Barrett C.K. Barrett. A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. London: Adam and
Charles Black, 1968.
Barth Marcus Barth. Ephesians. The Anchor Bible. 2 vols. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1974.
BASHH Colin J. Hemer. The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History Tiibingen: J. C. B.
Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1989.
BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
Bauckham Richard J. Bauckham. Jude, 2 Peter. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1983.
Bauernfeind Otto Bauernfeind. Kommentar und Studien zur Apostelgeschichte mit einer Einleitung von
Martin Hengel. WUNT 22. Tibingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1980.
BBC Craig S. Keener. The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament. Downers Grove:
InterVarsity, 1994.

BBKA Walter Bauer, Kurt Aland & Barbara Aland, Griechisch-deutsches Worterbuch zu den
Schriften des Neuen Testaments und der friihchristlichen Literature. Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter, 1988.
BBR Bulletin of Biblical Research
BC FJ. Foakes Jackson and Kirsopp Lake. The Beginnings of Christianity, 5 vols. London:
Macmillan, 1920.
BDB F. Brown, S.R. Driver and C.A. Briggs. Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.
BD, BDF F. Blass and A. Debrunner. A Greek Grammar of the New Testament. Translated and re-
vised by R.W. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
BDG Ingird Kitzberger. Bau der Gemeinde: Das paulinische Wortfeld oixodoun / Exoixodopeiv.
Wurzburg: Echter Verlag, 1986.

BE Richard Longenecker. Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
OTS:
Bean George E. Bean. Aegean Turkey. London: John Murray, 1984.
Beare Francis Wright Beare. The Epistles of Peter. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1958.
Beare Francis Wright Beare. The Epistles of the Philippians. London: Adam and Charles Black,
1969.
Beare Francis Wright Beare. The Gospel According to Matthew: A Commentary Oxford: Basil
Blackwell, 1981.
Beasley-Murray George R. Beasley-Murray. John. Word Biblical Commentary. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1987.
Beasley-Murray George R. Beasley-Murray. Revelation. The New Century Bible. Grand Rapids: Eerd-
mans, 1986.

Becker Jiirgen Becker. Das Evangelium nach Johannes. Okumenischer Taschenbuch Kommentar
zum Neuen Testament 4/1, 3rd. edition. GTB Siebenstern, Giitersloh: Giitersloher Ver-
lag, 1991.

Bengel John Albert Bengel. Gnomon of the New Testament. 5 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1857.
Bernard J.H. Bernard. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to St. John. The
International Critical Commentary, 2 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1969.
Best Ernest Best. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Ephesians. The International Critical
Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1998.
Abbreviations and Bibliography xii

Best Ernest Best. A Commentary on the First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians. London:
Adam and Charles Black, 1972. :
Best Ernest Best. First Peter. The New Century Bible. London: Oliphants, 1971.
Betz Hans Bieter Betz. Galatians. Hermeneia: A Critical and Historical Commentary on the
Bible. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979.

Beyer Klaus Beyer. Semitische Syntax im Neuen Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ru-
precht, 1968.
BG Maximillian Zerwick. Biblical Greek. Rome: Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici, 1963.
BHS James D.G. Dunn. Baptism in the Holy Spirit. London: SCM, 1974.
Bib Biblica
BibLeb Bibel und Leben
Bib Sac Bibliotheca Sacra
Bigg Charles Bigg. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude.
The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1902.
BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester
BKC John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the
Scriptures by the Dallas Seminary Faculty, New Testament Edition Based on the New Interna-
tional Version. Wheaton: Victor Books, 1983.
Blinzler Josef Blinzler. The Trial ofJesus. Isabel and Florence McHugh (trans). Westminster: New-
man, 1959.

Blomberg Craig L. Blomberg. Matthew: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture
NIV Text. The New American Commentary, vol. 22. Edited by David S. Dockery et al.
Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1992.
Blomberg Craig Blomberg. 1 Corinthians. The NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1995.
Blomqvist Jerker Blomqvist. Greek Particles in Hellenistic Prose. Lund, Sweden: C.W.K. Gleerup,
1969.
Blum Edwin A. Blum, “John,” in John FE. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck. The Bible Knowledge Com-
mentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures by the Dallas Seminary Faculty, New Testament Edi-
tion, Based on the New International Version. Wheaton: Victor Books, 1983.

Blum Edwin A. Blum. “1, 2 Peter, Jude” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary with The New Interna-
tional Version of the Holy Bible. Vol. 12 (Hebrews, James, 1, 2 Peter, 1, 2, 3, John, Jude, Rev-
elation). Frank E. Gaebelein and J.D. Douglas (eds.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.
BN Biblische Notizen

Bock Darrel L. Bock. Luke 1:1-9:50; 9:51-24:53. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Tes-
tament. Moises Silva (ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994-96.
Bousset Wilhelm Bousset. Die Offenbarung Johannes. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1906.
Bovon Francois Bovon. Das Evangelium nach Lukas. 3 vols. Evanglisch-Katholischer Kommen-
tar zum Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1989-97.
Braun Herbert Braun. An die Hebrder. Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. Tiibingen: J. C. B. Mo-
hr, 1984.
xili Abbreviations and Bibliography

BRD William Ramsay. The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthiness of the New Testa-
ment. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1953.
Brooke A.E. Brooke. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Johannine Epistles. The Interna-
tional Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1912.
Brooks James A. Brooks. Mark: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture NIV Text.
The New American Commentary, vol. 23. Edited by David S. Dockery et al. Nashville,
Tenn.: Broadman & Holman, 1991.
Brown Raymond E. Brown. The Gospel According to John. The Anchor Bible. 2 vols. Garden City,
N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972.

Brown Raymond E. Brown, The Epistles of John. The Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Double-
day, 1982.
Brox Norbert Brox. Der erste Petrusbrief. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen
Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1979.

Bruce FF. Bruce. The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction, Exposition and Notes.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960.
Bruce FF. Bruce. I and II Corinthians. The New Century Bible. London: Oliphants, 1971.
Bruce FF. Bruce. The Epistle to the Galatians: A Commentary on the Greek Text. The New Interna-
tional Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.
Bruce FF. Bruce. The Epistles to the Colossians, to Philemon and to the Ephesians. The New Inter-
national Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.

Bruce FE. Bruce. 1&2 Thessalonians. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1982.
Bruce EF. Bruce. Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977.
Bruce-ET EF. Bruce. Commentary on the Book of Acts: The English Text With Introduction, Exposition
and Notes. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960.
Bruner, Matt. Frederick Dale Bruner. The Christbook: A Historical/Theological Commentary: Matthew 1-
12. Waco, Tex.: Word, 1987.
Bruner Frederick Dale Bruner, A Theology of the Holy Spirit: Pentecostal Experience and the New
Testament Witness. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1971.
BS Adolph Deismann. Biblical Studies. 2nd. edition. Alexander Grieve (trans). Edinburgh:
T. & T. Clark, 1903
BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin
BINT Roy B. Zuck and Darrell L. Bock, (eds.). A Biblical Theology of the New Testament. Chicago:
Moody, 1994.

Buchanan George Wesley Buchanan. To the Hebrews. The Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Double-
day, 1972.
Buckland W.W. Buckland. A Textbook of Roman Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
152
Bultmann Rudolf Bultmann. The Gospel of John. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971.
Bultmann Rudolf Bultmann. Der zweite Brief an die Korinther. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar
tiber das Neue Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1976.

Bultmann Rudolf Bultmann. Die drei Johannesbriefe. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar iiber das
Neue Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1967.
Abbreviations and Bibliography xiv

Burton Ernest DeWitt Burton. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Galatians. The Inter-
national and Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1956.
Byrne Brendan Byrne. Romans. Sacra Pagina 6. A Michael Glazier Book. Collegeville, Minn.:
Liturgical, 1996.

CG Martin Hengel. Crucifixion. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1977.

Fred O. Francis and Wayne A. Meeks (eds.). Conflicts at Colossae: A Problem in the Inter-
pretation of Early Christianity Illustrated by Selected Modern Studies. Revised edition. Mis-
soula, Mont: Scholars, 1975.

CAH The Cambridge Ancient History. 12 vols. Cambridge: University Press, 1927-1975.
Caird G.B. Caird. The Gospel of Luke. London: Penguin Books, 1963.
Caird C.B. Caird. The Revelation of St. John the Divine. Black’s New Testament Commentaries.
London: Adam and Charles Black, 1966.

Carrington Philip Carrington. According to Mark: A Running Commentary on the Oldest Gospel. Cam-
bridge: University Press, 1960.
Carson Donald A. Carson. “Matthew,” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary with The New Internation-
al Version of the Holy Bible. Vol. 8 (Matthew, Mark, Luke). Frank E. Gaebelein and J.D.
Douglas (eds.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.

Carson Donald A. Carson. The Gospel According to John. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
Catchpole David R. Catchpole. The Trial of Jesus. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971.
CBB L. Coenen, E. Beyereuther, H. Bietenhard. Theologisches Begriffslexicon zum Neuen Testa-
ment. 3 vols. Wuppertal: Brockhaus, 1971.
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
cc Stephen Benko and John J. O’Rourke. The Catacombs and the Colosseum. Valley Forge:
Judson, 1971.

CCF] Karl Heinrich Rengstorf (ed.). A Complete Concordance to Flavius Josephus. 4 vols. Leiden:
EJ. Brill, 1973-1983.
Cp Cairo Damascus Covenant

CDMG Michael J. Wilkens. The Concept of Disciple in Matthew's Gospel, as Reflected in the Use of
the Term wadntns. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988.
CEC Richard N. Longnecker. The Christology of Early Jewish Christianity Studies in Biblical
Theology. Second series 17. London: SCM, 1970.
CGP Albert-Marie Denis. Concordance Grecque des Pseudépigraphes d’Ancien Testament.
Louvain-la-Neuve: Université de Louvain, 1987.

CH WJ. Conybeare and J.S. Howson. The Life and Epistles of St. Paul. Grand Rapids: Eerd-
mans, 1953.

CIC Craig S. Wansink. Chained in Christ: The Experience and Rhetoric of Paul’s Imprisonments.
Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.
CIE Werner Thiessen. Christen in Ephesus: Die historische und theologische Situation in vorpauli-
nischer und paulinischer Zeit und zur Zeit der Apostelgeschichte und der Pastoralbriefe. Tubin-
gen: Francke Verlag, 1995.
Charles R.H. Charles. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St. John. The Inter-
national Critical Commentary, 2 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1965.
XU Abbreviations and Bibliography

CNT Leon Morris. The Cross in the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965.
Conzelmann Hans Conzelmann. Der erste Brief an die Korinther. Kritschexegetischer Kommentar tiber
das Neue Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1969.
CP] Victor A. Tcherikover and Alexander Fuks (eds.). Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum. Cam-
bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957-1964.
CRP Dieter Zeller. Charis bei Philon und Paulus. Stuttgart: Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk,
1990;
Cranfield C. E. B. Cranfield. The Gospel According to St. Mark. The Cambridge Greek Testament
Commentary. Cambridge: University Press, 1972.

Cranfield C. E. B. Cranfield. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. The
International Critical Commentary. 2 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1975-79.
Cremer Hermann Cremer. Biblico-Theological Lexicon of the New Testament Greek. William Urwick
(trans). Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1954.

Crouch James E. Crouch. The Origin and Intention of the Colossian Haustafel. Gottingen: Vanden-
hoeck & Ruprecht, 1972.

CSP William M. Ramsay. The Cities of St. Paul. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1907.
DA W.D. Davies and Dale C. Allison Jr. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel
According to Saint Matthew. 3 vols. The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh:
T. & T. Clark, 1988-97.
Davids Peter Davids. The Epistle ofJames. A Commentary on the Greek Text. The New International
Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.
Davids Peter Davids. The Epistle of 1 Peter. The New International Commentary on the New Tes-
tament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Dio Chrysostom
David J.A. Clines. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press,
1993-.
G. Mussies. Dio Chrysostom and the New Testament. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1972.
Karl van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter W. van der Horst (eds.). Dictionary of Deities and
Demons in the Bible. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995.

Delitzsch Frank Delitzsch. Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews. Translated from the German
by Thomas L. Kingsbury. 2 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952.
DGRA William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek & Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray, 1872.
Dibelius Martin Dibelius. An Die Kolosser, Epheser, An Philemon. Handbuch zum Neuen Testa-
ment. Third edition. Newly revised by Heinrich Greeven. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1953.
Dibelius Martin Dibelius. Die Pastoralbriefe. Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. 4th edition, sup-
plemented by Hans Conzelmann. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1966.
Dibelius Martin Dibelius and Heinrich Greeven. A Commentary on the Epistle ofJames. Hermeneia.
Michael A. Williams (trans). Philadelphia: Fortress, 1976.

DJG Joel B. Green, Scot McKnight, I. Howard Marshall (eds.). Dictionary of Jesus and the Gos-
pels. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1992.

DJGE Ismar Elbogen. Der jiidische Gottesdienst in seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung.

Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1995.
Abbreviations and Bibliography xvi

DLNT Ralph P.Martin and Peter Davids, Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Develop-
ment. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1997.
DM H.E. Dana and J. R. Mantey. A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament. New York:
Macmillan, 1950.

Richard J. Durling, A Dictionary of Medical Terms in Galen. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1993.
Hubert Cancik & Helmuth Schneider (eds.). Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopidie der Antike.
Stuttgart: Verlag J.B Metzler, 1996-.
C.H. Dodd. The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel. Cambridge: University Press, 1958.
C. H. Dodd. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1932.
Gerald F. Hawthorne and Ralph Martin (eds.). Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Down-
ers Grove: InterVarsity, 1993.
Gunter Wagner. Das Religionsgsechichtliche Problem von Romer 6, 1-11. Ziirich: Zwingli
Verlag, 1962.
Hans Josepf Klauck. Die religidse Umwelt des Christentums. 2 vols. I. Stadt- und Hausreli-
gion, Mysterienkulte, Volksglaube. II. Herrscher- und Kaiserkult, Philosophie, Gnosis. Stutt-
gart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1996.
Dead Sea Scrolls.
Geza Vermes. The Dead Sea Scrolls in English. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1987.
Florentino Garcia Martinez. The Dead Sea Scrolls in Translation: The Qumran Texts in En-
glish. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994.
Raymond E. Brown. The Death of the Messiah: From Gethsemane to the Grave: A Commen-
tary on the Passion Narratives in the Four Gospels. 2 vols. The Anchor Bible Reference
Library. David Noel Freedman (gen. ed). New York: Doubleday, 1994.
James D.G. Dunn. Romans. Word Biblical Commentary, 2 vols. Dallas: Word, 1988.
James D.G. Dunn. The Epistle to the Colossians and to Philemon: A Commentary on the Greek
Text. The New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1996.

Martin Hengel. Die Zeloten: Untersuchungen zur jiidischen Freiheitsbewegung in der Zeit
von Herodes I. bis 70 N. Chr. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1976.

Eadie John Eadie. Commentary on the Epistle of Paul to the Galatians. Minneapolis: James and
Klock, 1977.
Eadie John Eadie. Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1956.
Eadie John Eadie. Commentary on the Epistle of Paul to the Colossians. Minneapolis: James and
Klock, 1977.

EBC Frank E. Gaebelein (gen. ed). The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zonder-
van, 1976.
EBD Gleason L. Archer. Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982.
EC Peter Marshall. Enmity in Corinth: Social Conventions in Paul's Relations with the Corin-
thians. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Martin Hengel, Ot-
fried Hofius, and Otto Michel (ed.). Reihe 23. Tiibingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck],
1987.
ECG Vernon H. Neufeld. The Earliest Christian Confessions. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963.
xvit Abbreviations and Bibliography

Edersheim, Alfred Edersheim. The Temple: Its Ministry and Services. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1954.
Temple
EDNT Horst Balz and Gerhard Schneider. Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament. Virgil P.
Howard and James W. Thompson (trans). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
EGGNT W.D. Chamberlain. An Exegetical Grammar of the Greek New Testament. New York: Mac-
millan. 1941.
EGT W. Robertson Nicol (ed.). The Expositor’s Greek Testament. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerd-
mans, 1956.

EH Karl Matthaus Woschitz. Elpis Hoffnung: Geschichte, Philosophie, Exegese, Theologie eines
Schliisselbegriffs. Wien: Herder, 1979.
EIW Michael Lattke, Einheit im Wort: Die spezifische Bedeutung von “agape,
wou
agapan,” und
“filein” im Johannes-Evangelium. Miinich: K6sel-Verlag, 1975.
EJH Herbert W. Bateman, IV. Early Jewish Hermeneutics and Hebrews 1:5-13. New York: Peter
Lang, 1997.

Ellicott Charles J. Ellicott. A Critical and Grammatical Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Gala-
tians. Boston: Draper and Halliday, 1867.
Ellicott Charles J. Ellicott. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians: With a Critical and Grammatical Com-
mentary, and a Revised Translation. 4th Edition. London: Longman, Green, Reader and
Dyer, 1868.
Ellicott Charles J. Ellicott. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians, the Colossians and Philemon. London:
Longman, Green, Reader and Dyer, 1865.
Ellicott Charles J. Ellicott. A Critical and Grammatical Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistles to the Thes-
salonians. Andover: Warten F. Draper, 1865.
Ellicott Charles J. Ellicott. The Pastoral Epistles of St. Paul. Fifth corrected edition. London: Long-
mans, Green and Co., 1883.
Ellis E. Earle Ellis. The Gospel of Luke. The New Century Bible. London: Nelson, 1966.
ELR A. Trebel and K. M. King. Everyday Life in Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958.
Epictetus Epictetus, Discourses
ERE Richard Duncan-Jones. The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantitative Studies. 2nd. edi-
tion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
ESB Joseph A. Fitzmyer. Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament. Missoula,
Mont.: Scholars, 1974.

leit Expository Times

Evans C.F. Evans. Saint Luke. TPI New Testament Commentaries. Philadelphia: Trinity, 1990.
EWNT Horst Balz and Gerhard Schneider. Exegetisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament. 2. Auf-
lage. 3 vols. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1992.
Fairbairn Patrick Fairbairn. Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles, First and Second Timothy, Titus.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1956.

FAP Rainer Riesner. Die Friihzeit des Apostels Paulus. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen im
Neuen Testament 71. Martin Hengel and Otfried Hofius (eds.). Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr
[Paul Siebeck], 1994.
Abbreviations and Bibliography xviii

Fascher Erich Fascher. Der Erste Brief des Paulus an die Korinther. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsan-
stalt, 1975. ;

FCRR H.H. Scullard. Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic. London: Thames and Hud-
son, 1981.
FCSS Scott Bartchy. First Century Slavery and First Corinthians 7:21. Missoula, Mont.: Society
of Biblical Literature, 1973.

Fee Gordon D. Fee. The First Epistle to the Corinthians. The New International Commentary
on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.
FFB Fauna and Flora of the Bible: Helps for Translators. Vol. XI. New York: United Bible Societ-
ies, 1972.
Filson Floyd V. Filson. The Gospel According to St. Matthew London: Adam and Charles Black,
1971.
Fitzmyer Joseph A. Fitzmyer. The Gospel According to Luke. The Anchor Bible. 2 vols. Garden City,
N.Y.: Doubleday, 1981, 1985.

Fitzmyer Joseph A. Fitzmyer. Romans. The Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1993.
Ford J. Massyngberde Ford. Revelation. The Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,
1973,
Frame James Everett Frame. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul to the
Thessalonians. The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1953.
France R.T. France. The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary Tyndale
New Testament Commentaries. Leon Morris (ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.
FS William Barclay. Flesh and Spirit: An Examination of Galatians 5:19-23. Grand Rapids: Bak-
er, 1977.

Donald A. Carson (ed.). From Sabbath to Lord’s Day. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982.
Ronald Y.K. Fung. The Epistle to the Galatians. The New International Commentary on
the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.

Robert W. Funk. A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek. 3 vols. Missoula,

Mont.: Society of Biblical Literature, 1973.

Victor Paul Furnish. IJ Corinthians. The Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,
1984.
Sean Freyne. Galilee from Alexander the Great to Hadrian 323 B.C.E. to 135 C.E. Wilming-
ton, Del.: Glazier, 1980.

GAM William M. Ramsay. The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hak-
kert, 1962.
Gaugler Ernst Gaugler. Der Epheserbrief. Auslegung neutestamentlicher Schriften. Zurich: EVZ-
Verlag, 1966.
Gaugler Ernst Gaugler. Die Johannesbriefe. Auslegung neutestamentlicher Schriften. Zurich:
EVZ-Verlag, 1964.

GB Denis Baly. The Geography of the Bible: A Study in Historical Geography New York: Harper,
1957,
GCDSS James H. Charlesworth. Graphic Concordance to the Dead Sea Scrolls. Tiibingen: J. C. B.
Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1991.
5b Abbreviations and Bibliography

Geldenhuys J. Norval Geldenhuys. Commentary on the Gospel of Luke. London: Marshall, Morgan &
Scott, 1971.
GELRS H.G. Liddell, Robert Scott, H. Stuart Jones (eds.). A Greek English Lexicon: Revised Sup-
plement. F.G.W. Glare and A.A. Thompson (eds.). Oxford: Clarendon, 1996.
GELS H.G. Liddell, Robert Scott, H. Stuart Jones (eds.). A Greek English Lexicon: A Supplement.
E. A. Barber, P. Mass, M. Scheller, and M. L. West (eds.). Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
GELTS J. Lust, E. Eynikel, K. Hauspie (eds.). A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint. Parts I &
II. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1992-1996.
GEW Hjalmar Frisk. Griechisches Etymologisches Worterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1973.
GG Peter Stuhlmacher. Gerechtigkeit Gottes bei Paulus. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
1966.
GGBB Daniel B. Wallace. Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Tes-
tament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
GGP Francis Thomas Gignac. A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Peri-
ods. Vol I Phonology; Vol I Morphology. Milan: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino - La
Goliardica, 1975-1981.

GGR Martin P. Nilsson. Geschichte der griechischen Religion. 2 vols . Munich: C.H. Beck’sche
Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1968.
GI Nigel Turner. Grammatical Insights Into the New Testament. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1965.
Gifford E. H. Gifford. The Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans. London: John Murray, 1886.
GIZ Gerhard Pfohl (ed.). Griechische Inschriften als Zeugnisse des privaten und offentlichen Leb-
ens. Miinchen: Ernst Heimeran Verlag, 1965.

GLAJJ Menahm Stern. Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism. 3 vols. Jerusalem: Israel
Academy of Sciences and Humanities, 1974.
GLH Louise Wells. The Greek Language of Healing from Homer to New Testament Times. Berlin:
Walter de Gruyter, 1998.

GMP Hans Dieter Betz (ed.). The Greek Magical Papyri in Translation. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1986.
Gnilka Joachim Gnilka. Das Matthaeusevangelium: 1. Teil Kommentar zu Kap. 1,1 - 13,58. Herders
theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament. Freiburg: Herder, 1986.
Gnilka Joachim Gnilka. Das Evangelium nach Markus. 2 vols. Evanglisch-katholischer Kommen-
tar zum Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978.

Gnilka Joachim Gnilka. Der Epheserbrief. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testa-
ment. Basel: Herder, 1971.

Gnilka Joachim Gnilka. Der Philipperbrief. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Tes-
tament. Freiburg: Herder, 1976.
Gnilka Joachim Gnilka. Der Kolosserbrief. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Tes-
tament. Freiburg: Herder, 1980.

GNT James Moffatt. Grace in the New Testament. New York: Long and Smith, 1932.
Godet Frederick L. Godet. A Commentary on the Gospel of St. Luke. 2 vols. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1969.
Abbreviations and Bibliography xXx

Godet John Frederick L. Godet. Commentary on the Gospel of John. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1969.
Godet Frederick L. Godet. The Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. A. Cusin and Talbot W.
Chambers (trans). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1956.

Godet Frederick L. Godet. Commentary on the First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians. A. Cusin
(trans). 2 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1957.
Goppelt Leonhard Goppelt. Der erste Petrusbrief. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar uber das
Neue Testament. Ferdinand Han (ed.). Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977.
Gould Ezra E. Gould. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Mark. The
International and Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1896.
Govett Robert Govett. The Apocalypse Expounded by Scripture. Abridged from 4 vol. edition 1864.
London: Charles J. Thyme, 1920.

GPT FE. Peters. Greek Philosophical Terms: A Historical Lexicon. New York: New York Univer-
sity Press, 1967.

Grasser Erich Grasser. Der Brief an die Hebrder. 2 vols. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum
Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1993-1997.

Green Michael Green. The Second Epistle of Peter and the General Epistle of Jude. Tyndale New Tes-
tament Commentaries. London: Tyndale, 1970.
Grosheide Frederick Grosheide. Commentary on First Corinthians. New International Commentar-
ies on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 19770.
Grudem Wayne Grudem. 1 Peter. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Grand Rapids: Eerd-
mans, 1990.
Grundmann Walter Grundmann. Das Evangelium nach Lukas. Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen
Testament. Edited by Otto Bauernfeind et al., 2nd. edition. Berlin: Evanglische Verlags-
anstalt, 1966.
Grundmann Walter Grundmann. Der Brief des Judas und der zweite Brief des Petrus. Theologischer
Handkommentar zum Neuen Testament. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1986.
Guelich Robert A. Guelich. Mark. Word Biblical Commentary. 2 vols. David A. Hubbard and
Ralph P. Martin (gen. eds.). Dallas: Word, 1989.
Gundry Robert H. Gundry. Matthew: A Commentary on His Literary and Theological Art. Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.

Gundry Robert H. Gundry. Mark: A Commentary on His Apology for the Cross. Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1993.

Guthrie Donald Guthrie. Galatians. The New Century Bible. London: Oliphants, 1969.
Guthrie Donald Guthrie. The Pastoral Epistles. London: Tyndale, 1969.
GW David Hill. Greek Word and Hebrew Meanings: Studies in the Semantics of Soteriological
Terms. Cambridge: University Press, 1967.
HA Harold Hoehner. Herod Antipas. Cambridge: University Press, 1967.
HAE Johannes Renz & Wolfgang Rollig. Handbuch der althebraischen Epigraphik. 3 vols. Darm-
stadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995.

Haenchen Ernst Haehnchen. Johannes Evangelium: Ein Kommentar. Ulrich Busse (ed.). Tubingen: J.
C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1980.
Haenchen Ernst Haehnchen. The Acts of the Apostles. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1971.
xxi Abbreviations and Bibliography

Hagner Donald A. Hagner. Matthew. Word Biblical Commentary. 2 vols. Dallas: Word, 1995.

Harrington Wilfrid J. Harrington. Revelation. Sacra Pagina 16. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press,
1993:
Harris Murray J. Harris. Colossians & Philemon. Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
Hawthorne Gerald F. Hawthorne. Philippians. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1983.
HDB James Hastings (ed.). A Dictionary of the Bible. 5 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1901.
HDCG James Hastings (ed.). A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. 2 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T.
Clark, 1906.

Hendricksen William Hendricksen. New Testament Commentary: Matthew. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1974.
Hendricksen William Hendricksen. New Testament Commentary: Colossians and Philemon. Edinburgh:
Banner of Truth Trust, 1974.
Hering Jean Hering. The Second Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians. A.W. Heathcote & PJ. Al-
lcock (trans). London: Epworth, 1967.
Herodotus Herodotus, History.
Hewitt Thomas Hewitt. The Epistle to the Hebrews: An Introduction and Commentary Tyndale
New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960.
HGAM William. M. Ramsay. The Historical Geography of Asia Minor. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hak-
kert, 1962.
HGS Franz Passow. Handworterbuch der griechischen Sprache. 4 vols. Darmstadt: Wissen-
schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1970.
Hill David Hill. The Gospel of Matthew. The New Century Bible. London: Oliphants, 1972.
HJC Frederic W. Madden. History ofJewish Coinage and of Money in the Old and New Testament.
New York: KTAV, 1967.

HJP Emil Schiirer. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C-A.D.135).
New English edition revised and edited by Geza Verrnes and Fergus Millar. Vol. 1. Ed-
inburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1973.

HK Peter Richardson. Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans. Columbia, S.C.: Uni-
versity of South Carolina Press, 1996.

Uwe Wagner. Der Hauptmann von Kafarnaum. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum

Neuen Testament 2. Martin Hengel, Otfried Hofius, and Otto Michel (eds.). Reihe 14.
Ttibingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1985.

HLIN Stephen Farris. The Hymns of Luke's Infancy Narratives: Their Origin, Meaning, and Signif-
icance. Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 9. Bruce D. Chil-
ton and David J.A. Clines (eds.). Sheffield: JSOT, 1987.

Hodge Charles Hodge. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953.
Hodge Charles Hodge. Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids: Eerd-
mans, 1953.

Hodge Charles Hodge. Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids: Eerd-
mans, 1953.
Hodge Charles Hodge. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
1950.
Abbreviations and Bibliography xxii

Hofius Otfried Hofius. Der Christushymnus Philipper 2, 6-11. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1977.
HOG David C. Verner. The Household of God: The Social World of the Pastoral Epistles. SBL Dis-
sertaton Series 71. Chico, Ca.: Scholars, 1983.
Holz Traugott Holz. Der Erste Brief an die Thessalonicher. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommen-
tar zum Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1986.
Hooker Morna D. Hooker. The Gospel According to St. Mark. Black’s New Testament Commen-
taries. Henry Chadwick (ed.). London: A. & C. Black, 1991.
Hort FJ.A. Hort. The First Epistle of St. Peter 1.1-2.17. London: Macmillan, 1898; reprint Min-
neapolis: James and Klock, 1976.

Hort FJ.A. Hort. The Apocalypse of St. John I-III. London: Macmillan, 1908; reprint Minnea-
polis: James and Klock, 1976.
Hoskyns Edwyn Clement Hoskyns. The Fourth Gospel. Francis Noel Davey (ed.). London: Oxford
University Press, 1972.

Houlden J. L. Houlden. A Commentary on the Johannine Epistles. Black’s New Testament Commen-
tary. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1973.

HSB Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., Peter H. Davids, F.F. Bruce, Manfred T. Brauch, (eds.). Hard Sayings
of the Bible. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1996.
HTR Harvard Theological Review
HTS Harvard Theological Studies
Hughes Philip E. Hughes. Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids,
Eerdmans, 1971.
Hughes Philip E. Hughes. Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews. Grand Rapids, Eerdmans,
1977.
IBD J.D. Douglas (ed.). The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, 3 vols. Leicester: InterVarsity, 1986.
IDB George Arthur Buttrick (ed.). The Interpretator’s Dictionary of the Bible. 4 vols. Nashville:
Abingdon, 1962.
IDB (Supp.) Keith Crim (gen. ed). The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: Supplementary Vol. Nash-
ville: Abingdon, 1976.
IGNT Stanley E. Porter. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. Sheffield: JSOT, 1992.
Wendell Lee Willis. Idol Meat in Corinth: The Pauline Argument in 1 Corinthians 8 and 10.
SBL Dissertation Series 68. Chico, Ca.: Scholars, 1985.

Interpretation
Craig L. Blomberg. Interpreting the Parables. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1990.
Geoffery W. Bromiley. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Fully revised. 4 vols.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.
Jerusalem Talmud
William A. Heth and Gordon J. Wenham. Jesus and Divorce: The Problem with the Evangel-
ical Consensus. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1985.
Journal of Biblical Literature
Georg Strecker (ed.). Jesus Christus in Historie und Theologie. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr
[Paul Siebeck], 1975.
xxiii Abbreviations and Bibliography

jcst Ya’akov Meshorer. Jewish Coins of the Second Temple Period. Translated from the Hebrew
by LH. Levine. Tel-Aviv: Am Hasserer and Masada, 1967.
JDP Josef Ernst. Johannes der Tdufer: Interpretation, Geschichte, Wirkungsgeschichte. Berlin:
Walter de Gruyter, 1989.
JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
JG Edwin A. Abbott. Johannine Grammar. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1906.

JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies

JIU Hans Walter Wolf. Jesaja 53 im Urchristentum*. Giessen: Brunnen Verlag, 1984.

JJ Gustaf Dalman. Jesus-Jeschua. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1967.

JJS Journal of Jewish Studies

JL Rainer Riesner. Jesus als Lehrer?. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testa-
ment 2. Martin Hengel, Otfried Hofius, and Otto Michel (eds.). Reihe 7. Tubingen: J. C.
B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1988.
JLightfoot John Lightfoot. A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Hebraica:
Matthew — I Corinthians. 4 Vols. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979.
JMJ Helmuth L. Egelkraut. Jesus’ Mission to Jerusalem: A Redaction Critical Study of the Travel
Narrative in the Gospel of Luke, Lk 9:51-19:48. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1976.
JMM James B. Adamson. James: The Man and His Message. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.
JNTU Johannes Maier. Jesus von Nazareth in der talmudischen Uberlieferung. Darmstadt: Wissen-
schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1978.

Johnson Alan F. Johnson. “Revelation” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary with The New International
Version of the Holy Bible. Vol. 12 (Hebrews, James, 1, 2 Peter, 1, 2, 3, John, Jude, Revela-
tion). Frank E. Gaebelein and J.D. Douglas (eds.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.
Jos, AA Josephus, Against Appion
Jos, Life Josephus, Life
Jos, JW Josephus, Jewish Wars

Jos, Ant. Josephus, Jewish Antiquities

JosAsen Joseph and Aseneth

JOT R.T. France. Jesus and the Old Testament: His Application of Old Testament Passages to Him-
self and His Mission. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1982.
JPB E.P. Sanders. Judaism: Practice & Belief, 64 BCE - 66 CE. London: SCM, 1992.
JPD Ernst Bammel and C.F.D. Moule (eds.). Jesus and the Politics of His Day. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1985.
JPF S. Safrai and M. Stern (eds.). The Jewish People in the First Century: Historical Geography,
Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions. 2 vols. Compendia Re-
rum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum. Philadelphia: Fortress , 1974-1976.
JQR Jewish Quarterly Review
Js Otto Betz, Klaus Haacker, Martin Hengel (eds.). Josephus Studien. Untersuchungen zu Jo-
sephus, dem antiken Judentum und dem Neuen Testament. Festschrift fiir Otto Michel. Got-
tingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1974.
Abbreviations and Bibliography XXIV

JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament

JSNTSS Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series
JSP Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha
jTJ Joachim Jeremias. Jerusalem in the Times of Jesus. London: SCM, 1969.
JTS Journal of Theological Studies N.S. (New Series).
JURR Mary E. Smallwood. The Jews Under Roman Rule. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981.
JZ Fritz Herrenbriick. Jesus und die Zéllner. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen
Testament 2. Martin Hengel, Otfried Hofius, and Otto Michel (eds.). Reihe 41. Tiibingen:
J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1990.
KAI Herbert Donner & Wolfgang Rollig. Kanaandische und aramidische Inschriften. 3 vols.
Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1971-1976.
Kaiser Walter C. Kaiser Jr. The Uses of the Old Testament in the New Testament. Chicago: Moody,
1986.
Kasemann Ernst Kaésemann, An die Rémer. Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. Tiibingen: J. C. B.
Mohr, 1974.
KB3 Ludwig Koehler and Walter Baumgartner. Hebrdisches und Aramdisches Lexikon zum Alt-
en Testament.3 E. J. Brill: Leiden, 1967-1996.
Kelly J.N.D. Kelly. A Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. Black’s New Testament Commentar-
ies. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

Kelly J.N.D. Kelly. A Commentary on the Epistles of Peter and Jude. Black’s New Testament Com-
mentaries. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1969.
Kent Homer A. Kent, Jr. The Pastoral Epistles: Studies in I and II Timothy and Titus. Chicago:
Moody, 1975.
Kent Homer A. Kent, Jr. The Epistle to the Hebrews: A Commentary Winona Lake, Ind.: B. M. H.
Books, 1974.

KGH Carl Schneider. Kulturgeschichte des Hellenismus. 2 vols. Mtinchen: Verlag C.H. Beck,
1967.
Kistemaker Simon J. Kistemaker. New Testament Commentary: First Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1993.

Klauck Hans-Josef Klauck. Der erste Johannesbrief. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum

Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1991.
Klauck Hans-Josef Klauck. Der zweite und dritte Johannesbrief. Evangelisch-katholischer Kom-
mentar zum Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1992.
Knowling R. J. Knowling. The Epistle of St. James. Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen,
1904.
Konrad Ziegier & Walther Sontheimer (eds.). Der kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike. Mu-
nich: Alfred Druckenmiiller, 1975.
Otto Kuss. Der Romer Brief. Regensburg: Friedrick Pustet, 1963.
Robert Helbing. Die Kasussyntax der Verba bei der Septuaginta. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck
& Ruprecht, 1928.
Samuel Tobias Lachs. A Rabbinic Commentary on the New Testament: The Gospels of Mat-
thew, Mark and Luke. Hobboken, N.J.: KTAV, 1987.
 |
Aten
evions
ma Biblsograpicy

George Edom Ladd. A Theology of Hae New Testzmert. Grand Rapads: Berdmans, 1974.
George Eldon Ladd. A Commentary on the Fevdation of join. Grand Bapids: Eerdmans,
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Hency Fanschewe Tozer Letwres on Se Googragies of Greece. Chicags: Ares, 1974.
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st. F tt Fidly Giz. VA. 3 hehe, Mars, Like). Frank E.Gaebelem and J.D. Douglas
(eds.) Gand Rapids: Zondervan, 1A
Hans Lietzmann An Ge Koratiner LIL Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. Tibinger: J.
C B Mohr 1999.
Thomas R Scheeimer The Law and Its Fiiimert: A Pauline Theology of Lam Grand Rap-
ids: Baker, 1993.
BH. Lightiot & Jolen’s Gospel: A Commentary CFE Evans (ed). London: Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 1972
joseph Barber Lightioot. The Evestic of St. Pad) to the Galatians. Grand Rapids: Zonder-
van, 1F6.
Josepha Batoes ightioos. St.Pasl'sEpistetotePeiiypians. GrandRapids: Zondervan,

svinnaiatiaan|
nth joseph Barber LightiootSt. Paul's Epistle to the Colossians and to Philemon. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, reprint of 1879 edison
Abbreviations and Bibliography XXUL

Lightfoot Joseph Barber Lightfoot. Notes on the Epistles of St. Paul (1 & II Thessalonians, 1 Corin-
thians 1-7, Romans 1-7, Ephesians 1:1-14). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1957.

Lincoln Andrew T. Lincoln. Ephesians. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1990.
Lindars Barnabas Lindars. The Gospel ofJohn. The New Century Bible. London: Oliphants, 1972.
LLAR J.P.V.D. Baldson. Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.

LN Lohannes P. Louw and Eugene A. Nida (eds.). Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament
Based on Semantic Domains*. New York: United Bible Societies, 1989.
LNT J. Duncan and M. Derrett. Law in the New Testament. London: Darton, Longman, & Todd,
1970.
Lock Walter Lock. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. The Interna-
tional Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1966.
Lohmeyer Ernst Lohmeyer. Die Briefe an die Philipper, und die Kolosser und an Philemon. Kritisch-
exegetischer Kommentar tiber das Neue Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Kupre-
cht, 1964.
Lohse Eduard Lohse. Die Offenbarung des Johannes. Das Neue Testament Deutsch. Gottingen:
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1971.
Lohse Eduard Lohse. Colossians and Philemon. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1976.

Longenecker Richard N. Longenecker. Galatians. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1990.

Longenecker Richard N. Longenecker. “Acts,” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vol. 9. Frank E.

Gaebelein and J. D. Douglas (eds.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982.
EP William M. Ramsay. Luke the Physician and Other Studies in the History of Religion. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1956.
is Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. A new edition revised
and augmented throughout by Henry Stewart Jones and Roderick McKenzie. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1953.
Ese William M. Ramsay. The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia. London: Hodder & Stough-
ton, 1904.
LSCA Colin J. Hemer. The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia and Their Local Setting. Sheffield:
JSOT, 1986.
LE, Alfred Edersheim. The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 2 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerd-
mans, 1956.

LTH J.E. Powell. A Lexicon to Herodotus. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung,

1977:
Luhrmann Dieter Lithrmann. Das Markusevangelium. Handbuch zum Neuen Testament. Hans
Lietzmann, Gunther Bornkamm, and Andreas Lindemann (eds.). Tubingen: J. C. B.
Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1987.

Lunemann Gottlieb Liinemann. Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: The Epistles
to the Thessalonians. H. A. W. Meyer (ed.). Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1880.
Litinemann Gottlieb Liinemann. Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews. The
International Critical Commentary. H. A. W. Meyer (ed.). Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1880.
Luz Ulrich Luz. Das Evangelium nach Matthius (Mt 1-7). 3 vols. Evanglisch-katholischer
Kommentar zum Neuen Testament. Edited by Josef Blank, Rudolf Schnackenburg, Ed-
uard Schweizer, et al. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1985-1997.
XXVII Abbreviations and Bibliography

Stanley K. Stowers. Letter Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity. Library of Early Christian-

ity 5. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1986.
James Hope Moulton. A Grammar of New Testament Greek: Prolegomena. Vol. 1. Edin-
burgh: T. & T. Clark, 1957.

(f. by the name of the tractate) The Mishnah. Herbert Danby (trans). London: Oxford
University Press, 1967.
MacArthur John MacArthur. The MacArthur New Testament Commentary. Chicago: Moody, 1986.
Marshall I. Howard Marshall. The Acts of the Apostles: An Introduction and Commentary. The Tyn-
dale New Testament Commentaries. Leicester: InterVarsity, 1980.
Marshall I. Howard Marshall. 1 and 2 Thessalonians. The New Century Bible Commentary. Grand
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983.
Marshall I. Howard Marshall. The Epistles of John. The New International Commentary on the
New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978.
Martin Ralph P. Martin. 2 Corinthians. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1986.
Martin Ralph P. Martin. Carmen Christi: Philippians 2.5-11 in Recent Interpretation and in the Set-
ting of Early Christian Worship. Cambridge: University Press, 1967.
Martin Ralph P. Martin. Colossians: The Church’s Lord and the Christian’s Liberty. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1973.

Martin Ralph P. Martin. James. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1988.
Martin, NCB Ralph P. Martin. Colossians and Philemon. The New Century Bible. London: Oliphants,
1974.
Matera Frank J. Matera. Galatians. Sacra Pagina. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1992.
Mayor Joseph B. Mayor. The Epistles of St. James. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1954.
Mayor Joseph B. Mayor. The Epistle of St. Jude and the Second Epistle of St. Peter. Grand Rapids:
Baker, 1965.

McKay K.L. McKay, “The Use of the Perfect Down to the Second Century A.D.,” Bulletin of the
Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London 12 (1965): 1-21.
McNeile A. H. McNeile. The Gospel According to St. Matthew. New York: Macmillan, 1955.

Meeks Wayne A. Meeks. The Prophet-King. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967.

MET R.T. France. Matthew: Evangelist and Teacher. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989.
Meyer Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer. Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testa-
ment. Translation revised and edited by William P. Dickson and Frederick Crombie, 20
vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1891.

MH James Hope Moulton and William Francis Howard. A Grammar of New Testament Greek:
Accidence and Word Formation. Vol. II. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1956.
MHW Samuel S. Kottek. Medicine and Hygiene in the Works of Flavius Josephus. Leiden: E.J. Brill,
1994.
Michaeles J. Ramsey Michaeles. 1 Peter. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1988.

Michel Otto Michel. Der Brief an die Romer. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar tiber das Neue
Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1966.
Abbreviations and Bibliography xxviIII

Michel Otto Michel. Der Brief an die Hebrier. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar tiber das Neue
Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1966.
Milligan George Milligan. St. Paul’s Epistles to the Thessalonians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953.
MKG G. Mussies. The Morphology of Koine Greek, As Used in The Apocalypse of St. John: A Study
in Bilingualism. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971.
MLL William K. Hobart. The Medical Languages of St. Luke. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1954.
MM James Hope Moulton and George Milligan. The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament. Lon-
don: Hodder & Stoughton, 1952.
MNTW William Barclay. More New Testament Words. London: SCM, 1958.

Moffatt James Moffatt. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews. The In-
ternational Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1968.

Moffatt G James Moffatt. Grace in the New Testament. New York: Long & Smith, 1932.

Moffatt L James Moffatt. Love in the New Testament. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1930.
Montefiore Hugh Montefiore. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews. London: Adam and
Charles Black, 1964.
Moo Douglas Moo. Romans. The Wycliffe Exegetical Commentary. Chicago: Moody, 1991.
Moo, ER Douglas Moo. The Epistle to the Romans. The New International Commentary on the
New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996.

Moore A. L. Moore. The First and Second Thessalonians. The Century Bible. London: Thomas
Nelson, 1969.

Moore George Foot Moore. Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era: The Age of Tannaim.
3 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958.
Moorehouse A.C. Moorehouse. Studies in the Greek Negatives. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1959.
Morris Leon Morris. The Gospel According to John. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1972.

Morris Leon Morris. The Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.
Morris Leon Morris. The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1958.
Morris Leon Morris. The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians. The New International
Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959.
Morris, Studies Leon Morris. Studies in the Fourth Gospel. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969.
Moule C. F. D. Moule. The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon. The Cambridge Greek Tes-
tament Commentary. Cambridge: University Press, 1958.
Mounce Robert H. Mounce. The Book of Revelation. The New International Commentary on the
New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977.
Mounce Robert H. Mounce. Romans. The New American Commentary. David S. Dockery (gen.
ed.). Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1995.

MP Hubert Cancik. Markus - Philologie. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1983.

MPAT Joseph A. Fitzmyer & Daniel J. Harrington. A Manual of Palestinian Aramaic Texts. Rome:
Biblical Institute, 1978.

MRP J.A. Ziesler. The Meaning of Righteousness in Paul. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1972.
XxIX Abbreviations and Bibliography

MS C.H. Dodd. More New Testament Studies. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1968.
MT James Hope Moulton and Nigel Turner. A Grammar of New Testament Greek: Syntax. Vol.
3. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1963.
MT Style James Hope Moulton and Nigel Turner. A Grammar of New Testament Greek: Style. Vol. 4.
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1976.
Munck Johannes Munck. Christ and Israel: An Interpretation of Romans 9-11. Philadelphia: For-
tress, 1967.
Murray John Murray. The Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. New International Commentary on the
New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971.
Mussner Franz Mussner. Der Galaterbrief. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testa-
ment. Basel: Herder, 1974.

Mussner Franz Mussner. Der Jakobusbrief. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testa-
ment. Freiburg: Herder, 1975.
N. Lightfoot Neil R. Lightfoot. Jesus Christ Today: A Commentary on the Book to the Hebrews. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1976.

NBD J. D. Douglas (ed.). The New Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962.
ND Richard N. Longenecker and Merrill C. Tenney (eds.). New Dimensions in New Testament
Study. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1974.
NDIEC G.H.R. Horsley & S.R. Llewlyn (eds.) with collaboration of R.A. Kearsley. New Docu-
ments Illustrating Early Christianity 8 vols. North Ryde, N.S.W.: Macquarie University
and Grand Rapids: Eerdmans 1981-1998.
NIDNTT Colin Brown (ed.). The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology 3 vols.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975.

NIDOTTE Willem A. VanGemerem (gen. ed). New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology
& Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997.
NIVAB Carl G. Rassmussen. NIV Atlas of the Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989.
Nolland John Nolland. Luke. Word Biblical Commentary. 2 vols. Dallas: Word, 1993.

Nov T Novum Testamentum

NSV Kenneth L. McKay. A New Syntax of the Verb in New Testament Greek. Frankfurt: Peter
Lang, 1994.

NTCW Allison A. Trites. The New Testament Concept of Witness. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 1977.
NTGS Wesley J. Peshbacher. New Testament Greek Syntax: An Illustrated Manual. Chicago:
Moody, 1995.

NTNT Frederick Field. Notes on the Translation of the New Testament. Peabody, Ma.: Hendrick-
son, 1994.

NTRJ David Daube. The New Testament and Rabbinic Judaism. New York: Arno, 1973.

NTS New Testament Studies

NTW William Barclay. A New Testament Wordbook. London: SCM, 1955.
NW Georg Strecker and Udo Schnelle. Neuer Wettstein: Texte zum Neuen Testament aus Griech-
entum und Hellenismus. Band I: Texte zur Briefliteratur und zur Johannesapokalypse. Berlin:
Walter de Gruyter, 1996.
Abbreviations and Bibliography XXX

Nygren Anders Nygren. Commentary on Romans. Carl C. Rasmussen (trans). Philadelphia: For-
tress, 1949. ‘

O’Brien Peter T. O’Brien. Colossians, Philemon. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1982.
OCD G. L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard (eds.). Oxford Classical Dictionary. 2nd. edition. Ox-
ford: University Press, 1972).

OPG Seyoon Kim. The Origin of Paul’s Gospel. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen
Testament 2. Martin Hengel, Otfried Hofius, and Otto Michel (eds.). Reihe 4. Tiibingen:
J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1981.

OPSC Dieter Georgi. The Opponents of Paul in Second Corinthians. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark,
1987.
S. Lewis Johnson Jr. The Old Testament in the New: An Argument for Biblical Inspiration.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980.
James H. Charlesworth (ed.). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. 2 vols. London: Darton,
Longman & Todd, 1983-1985.

Douglas J. Moo. The Old Testament in the Gospel Passion Narratives. Sheffield: Almond,
1983.
Peter Pilhofer. Philippi. Band I. Die erste christliche Gemeinde Europas. Wissenschaftliche
Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 87. Tiibingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck],
1995.
John Howard Schiitz. Paul and the Anatomy of Apostolic Authority Society for New Testa-
ment Studies Monograph Series 26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Richard N. Longenecker. Paul, Apostle of Liberty: The Origin and Nature of Paul’s Christian-
ity. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1977.

Victor C. Pfitzner. Paul and the Agon Motif: Traditional Athletic Imagery in the Pauline Lit-
erature. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967.

Kenneth E. Bailey. Poet & Peasant: A Literary-Cultural Approach to the Parables in Luke.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979.
W. Bakker. Pronomen Abundans and Pronomen Coniunctum. Amsterdam: North-Holland
Publishing Co., 1974.

Robert Jewett. Paul’s Anthropological Terms. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971.

PB Michael Zohary. Pflanzen der Bibel. Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1983.
PCG Edwin M. Yamauchi. Pre-Christian Gnosticism. London: Tyndale, 1973.
Pearson Birger Albert Pearson. The Pneumatikos-Psychikos Terminology Missoula, Mont.: Society
of Biblical Literature, 1973.

Pesch Rudolf Pesch. Das Markusevangelium: Einleitung und Kommentar. 2 vols. Herders Theo-
logischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament. Freiburg: Verlag Herder, 1976.
Pesch Rudolf Pesch. Die Apostelgeschichte. Evangelisch katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen
Testament. Josef Blank, Rudolf Schnackenburg, Eduard Schweizer, and Ulrich Wilckens
(eds.). 2 vols. Neukirchen: Neukirchener Verlag, 1986.
PGL W. H. Lampe. A Patristic Greek Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.

PIG Winfried Elliger. Paulus in Griechenland: Philippi, Thessaloniki, Athen, Korinth. Stuttgart:
Verlag Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1990.
XXX1 Abbreviations and Bibliography

PIGC Werner Jaeger. Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture. 3 vols. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1939-
1945.
PIP Gordon P. Wiles. Paul's Intercessory Prayers: The Significance of the Intercessory Prayer Pas-
sages in the Letters of Paul. Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 24.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
eye: Peder Borgen. Philo, John, and Paul: New Perspectives on Judaism and Early Christianity.
Brown Judaic Studies 131. Edited by Jacob Neusner et al. Atlanta: Scholars, 1987.
PLG Loveday Alexander. The Preface to Luke's Gospel: Literary Convention and Social Context in
Luke 1.1-4 and Acts 1.1. Society for New Testament Studies Monograph Series 78. Cam-
bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Pliny, NH Pliny, Natural History.

EEL William Dallmann, Paul: Life and Letters. St. Louis, Mo.: Concordia, 1929.
PLR Joachim Marquardt. Das Privatleben der Romer. 2 vols. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche
Buchgesellschaft, 1975.
Plummer Alfred Plummer. An Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew Grand Rapids:
Eerdmans, 1956.

Plummer Alfred Plummer. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Luke.
The International Critical Commentary, 5th edition. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1952.

Plummer Alfred Plummer. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle of St. Paul to
the Corinthians. The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1956.
Plummer Alfred Plummer. The Epistles of St. John. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.
Cambridge: University Press, 1894.
POB Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke. Plants of the Bible. New York: Roland,
1952.
Polhill John B. Polhill. Acts. The New American Commentary. David S. Dockery (gen. ed).
Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1992.

Polybius Polybius, The Histories.

PRE Darrell L. Bock. Proclamation from Prophecy and Pattern: Lucan Old Testament Christology
Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series 12. David Hill and Dav-
id E. Orton (eds.). Sheffield: JSOT, 1987.

Preisigke Friedrich Preisigke. Worterbuch der griechischen Papyrussurkunden. Heidelberg-Berlin:

Selbsverlag des Herausgebers, 1924-31.
PRJ W.D. Davies. Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology Lon-
don: SPCK, 1965.
PSCZP Lukas Bormann. Philippi: Stadt & Christengemeinde zur Zeit des Paulus. Leiden: E.J. Brill,
1995.

PSEB Donald A. Hagner and Murray J. Harris (eds.). Pauline Studies: Essays Presented to Pro-
fessor FF. Bruce on his 70th Birthday. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980.
PS J.N. Sevenster. Paul and Seneca. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1961.

PTR W.M. Ramsay. St. Paul the Traveller and Roman Citizen. London: Hodder & Stoughton,
1895.
PTW Hans Dieter Betz. Plutarch’s Theological Writings and Early Christian Literature. Leiden:
E-J.. Brill, 1975.
Abbreviations and Bibliography XXXI1

PVT Joachim Gnilka. Paulus von Tarsus: Zeuge und Apostel. Herders theologischer Kommen-
tar zum Neuen Testament Supplement Vol. Freiburg: Herder, 1996.
PWC Charles Caldwell Ryrie. The Place of Women in the Church. New York: Macmillan, 1958.
PWR G. Hamerton-Kelly. Pre-existence Wisdom and the Son of Man. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1973.

Quinn Jerome D. Quinn. The Letter to Titus. The Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,
1990.
Quintilian Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria.

R Johannes Friedrich, Wolfgang Pohlmann, Peter Stuhlmacher (eds.). Rechtfertigung:

Festschrift fiir Ernst Kaisemann. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1976.
RA C.G. Montefiore and H. Loewe (eds.). A Rabbinic Anthology. New York: Meridian,n.d.
RAC Theodor Klauser (ed.). Reallexikon fiir Antike und Christentum. Stuttgart: Anton Hierse-
man, 1950-.

Rackham Richard Belward Rackham. The Acts of the Apostles. Westminster Commentaries. Lon-
don: Methuen, 1957.

Ramsay William M. Ramsay. A Historical Commentary of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1965.
Ramsay, LP William M. Ramsay. Luke the Physician and Other Studies in the History of Religion. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1956.
RB Revue biblique
RC Stanislao Loffreda. Recovering Capharnaum. Jerusalem: Edizioni Custodia Terra Santa,
1985.
RCS Naphtali Lewis & Meyer Reinhold (eds.). Roman Civilization: Sourcebook II: The Empire.
New York: Harper & Row, 1966.

RE A.H.M. Jones, The Roman Economy: Studies in Ancient Economy and Administrative History
P.A. Brunt (ed.). Oxford: Blackwell, 1974.

Reicke Bo Ivar Reicke. The Epistles St. James, Peter, and Jude. The Anchor Bible. Garden City, N.Y.:
Doubleday, 1964. :

RevExp Review and Expositor

RG A. T. Robertson. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research.
Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1934.

RH Robert Banks (ed.). Reconciliation and Hope: New Testament Essays on Atonement and Es-
chatology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974.
RI Leonhard Schumacher. Rémische Inschriften. Stuttgart: Phillip Reclam Jun., 1988.
Richard Earl J. Richard. First and Second Thessalonians. Sacra Pagina 11. Collegeville, Minn.: Li-
turgical Press, 1995.

Ridderbos Herman N. Ridderbos. The Epistle of Paul to the Churches of Galatia. The New Internation-
al Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970.
Riggenbach Edward Riggenbach. Der Brief an die Hebrder. Leipzig: A. Deichert, 1913.
RK Donald Verseput. The Rejection of the Humble Messianic King. European University Stud-
ies Vol. 291. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1986.
XXXI11 Abbreviations and Bibliography

Benno Przybylski. Righteousness in Matthew and His World of Thought. Society for New
Testament Studies Monograph Series 41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1980.
RNE Fergus Millar. The Roman Near East 31 BC — AD 337. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni-
versity Press, 1993.

Robinson J. Armitage Robinson. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians. London: Macmillan, 1914.
Ropes James Hardy Ropes. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary an the Epistle of St. James. The
International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1916.
RP Archibald Robertson and Alfred Plummer. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the
First Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians. The International Critical Commentary, 2nd.
edition. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1955.
Max Kaser, Roman Private Law.* Rolf Dannenbring (trans). Durban: Butterworths, 1968.
Romische Quartalschrift fiir christliche Alterlumskunde und Kirchengeschichte
RWP A. T. Robertson. Word Pictures in the New Testament. 6 vols. New York: Harper, 1930.
Otto Schwankl. Die Sadduzderfrage (Mk. 12, 18-27 par): Eine exegetisch-theologische Studie
zur Auferstehungserwartung. Bonner Biblische Beitrage 66. Frankfurt: Athenaum Verlag,
1987.
Max Wilcox. The Semitisms of Acts. Oxford: Clarendon, 1965.

Sand Alexander Sand. Das Evangelium nach Matthius: Ubersetzt und Erklirt. Regensburger
Neues Testament. Jost Ekert and Otto Koch (eds.). Regensburg: Verlag Friederich
Pustet, 1986.

Sanders J. N. Sanders and B. A. Mastin. The Gospel According to St. John. London: Adam and
Charles Black, 1968.

SAR Solomon Schechter. Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology. London: Adam and Charles Black,
1909.
SB H. L. Strack and P. Billerbeck. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrash.
6 vols. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1965.

SBRP William M. Ramsay. The Social Basis of Roman Power in Asia Minor. Amsterdam: Adolf M.
Hakkert, 1967.

SBT Robert H. Gundry. Soma in Biblical Theology with an Emphasis on Pauline Anthropology
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
oC Peter Lampe. Die stadtrémischen Christen in den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten. Wissen-
schaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2. Martin Hengel, Otfried Hofius,
and Otto Michel (eds.). Reihe 18. Tiibingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1987.
SCA Richard C. Trench. Commentary on the Epistles to the Seven Churches in Asia: Revelation II-
III. Sixth edition. Minneapolis: Klock and Klock, 1978, originally published in 1897.
Schelkle Karl Hermann Schelkle. Die Petrusbriefe, Der Judasbrief. Herders theologischer Kom-
mentar zum Neuen Testament. 3rd. edition. Freiburg: Herder, 1970.
Schille Gottfried Schille. Die Apostelgeschichte des Lukas. Theologischer Handkommentar zum
Neuen Testament. Erich Fascher, Joachim Rohde, and Christian Wolff (eds.). 2nd. edi-
tion. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1984.
Schl. Adolf Schlatter. Der Evangelist Matthdus. Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1963.
Abbreviations and Bibliography XXXIV

Schlatter Adolf Schlatter. “Die Sprache und Heimat des Vierten Evangelisten,” Johannes und Sein
Evangelium, K. H. Gengstorf, (ed.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft,
1973;
Schlatter Adolf Schlatter. Die Kirche der Griechen im Urteil des Paulus: Eine Auslegung seiner Briefe
an Timotheus und Titus. Stuttgart: Calwer Verlag, 1958.
Schlier Heinrich Schlier. Der Brief an die Galater. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar iiber das
Neue Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965.
Schlier Heinrich Schlier. Der Brief an die Epheser. Diisseldorf: Patmos Verlag, 1968.
Schnackenburg Rudolf Schnackenburg. Das Johannesevangelium. Herders theologischer Kommentar
zum Neuen Testament. 3 vols. Freiburg: Herder, 1971.
Schnackenburg Rudolf Schanckenburg. Der Brief an die Epheser. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar
zum Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1982.

Schnackenburg Rudolf Schnackenburg. Die Johannesbriefe. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum

Neuen Testament. Basil: Herder, 1965.

Schneider Gerhard Schneider. Die Apostelgeschichte. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neu-
en Testament. 2 vols. Freiburg: Herder, 1982.

Schrage Wolfgang Schrage. Der erste Brief an die Korinther. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar
zum Neuen Testament. 2 vols. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1991/1995.
Schiirmann Heinz Schiirmann. Das Lukasevangelium. 2 vols. Herders theologischer Kommentar
zum Neuen Testament. Freiburg: Verlag Herder, 1976-1993.
Schweizer Eduard Schweizer. Der Brief an die Kolosser. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum
Neuen Testament. Ziirich: Benziger Verlag, 1976.
Schweizer Eduard Schweizer. Der Brief an die Kolosser. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum
Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1976.
Scott Walter Scott. Exposition of the Revelation ofJesus Christ. London: Pickering and Inglis, n.d.
SCS Francis Lyall. Slaves, Citizens, Sons: Legal Metaphors in the Epistles. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1984.
SEH M. Rosteovtzeff. The Social & Economic History of the Roman Empire. 2nd. edition, 2 vols.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960, 1963.

Seiss Joseph Augustus Seiss. The Apocalypse: Lectures on the Book of Revelation. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1957.
Selwyn Edward Gordon Selwyn. The First Epistle of St. Peter. London: Macmillan, 1958.

SF Heinz-Werner Neudorfer. Der Stephanuskreis in der Forschungsgeschichte seit F.C. Baur.

Giessen: Brunnen Verlag, 1983.
SG Hans Licht. Sittengeschichte Griechenlands. Wiesbaden: R. Lowit, n.d.
SGP George Milligan. Selections from the Greek Papyri Edited with Translations and Notes. Cam-
bridge: University Press, 1912.
SH William Sanday and Arthur C. Headlam. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the
Epistle to the Romans. The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark,
19S:
Sherwin-White A. N. Sherwin-White. Roman Society and Roman Law in the New Testament. Oxford: Ox-
ford University Press, 1965.
XXXV Abbreviations and Bibliography

SIG Wilhelm Dittenberger. Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. 4 vols. Hildesheim, Zurich,

New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1982.
Silva Moisés Silva. Philippians. The Wycliffe Exegetical Commentary. Chicago: Moody, 1988.
Simpson E.K. Simpson and EF. Bruce. Commentary on Ephesians and Colossians. The New Interna-
tional Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975.
SIMS Elliott C. Maloney. Semitic Interference in Marcan Syntax. SBL Dissertation Series 51. Chi-
co, Ca.: Scholars, 1981.
SJT Scottish Journal of Theology
SL: Robert A. Kraft. Septuagintal Lexicography. Missoula, Mont.: Scholars, 1975.
Smalley Stephen S. Smalley. 1, 2, 3 John. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1984.
SMT Ernest.DeWitt Burton. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek. 3rd. edition.
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1955.

oP A.S. Hunt and C.C. Edgar (eds.). Selected Papyri. 2 vols. The Loeb Classical Library.
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1932.
SPC Jerome Murphy-O’Connor. St. Paul’s Corinth: Texts and Archaeology Wilmington, Del.:
Michael Glazier, 1983.
Spicq Ceslas Spicq. Saint Paul les Epitres Pastorales. 2 vols. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1969.
Spicq Ceslas Spicq. L’Epitre aux Hebreux. 2 vols. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1952-53.
wo)ai} Ed L. Miller. Salvation-History in the Prologue ofJohn: The Significance ofJohn 1:3/4. Leiden:
EJ. Brill, 1989.
SS Marius Reiser. Syntax und Stil des Markusevangeliums. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchun-
gen zum Neuen Testament 2. Martin Hengel, Otfried Hofius, and Otto Michel (eds.).
Reihe 11. Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1984.
SSAW Lionel Casson. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton Univer-
sity Press, 1971.
SSM W.D. Davies. The Setting of the Sermon on the Mount. Cambridge: University Press, 1966.
Stein Robert Stein. Luke: The New American Commentary. David S. Dockery (gen. ed). Nash-
ville: Broadman & Holman, 1992.

Stibbs Alan M. Stibbs and Andrew F. Walls. The First General Epistle of Peter. Tyndale New Tes-
tament Commentaries. London: Tyndale, 1971.

Stonehouse N. B. Stonehouse. Origins of the Synoptic Gospels: Some Basic Questions. London: Tyndale,
1964.
Stott John R.W. Stott. The Epistles of John. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. London:
Tyndale, 1969.

Strabo Strabo, The Geography of Strabo

Strecker Georg Strecker. Die Johannesbriefe. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar tiber das Neue Tes-
tament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989.
Stuhlmacher Peter Stuhlmacher. Der Brief an die Romer. Das Neue Testament Deutsch. Gottingen:
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989.

Stuhlmacher Peter Stuhlmacher. Der Brief an Philemon. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum

Neuen Testament. Ziirich: Benziger Verlag, 1975.
Abbreviations and Bibliography XXXVI

Henry Barclay Swete. The Apocalypse of St. John. London: Macmillan, 1907.
Henry Barclay Swete. The Gospel According to St. Mark. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952.
Joseph Henry Thayer. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. New York: American
Book Co., 1889.
TAA John Camp. The Athenian Agora. London: Thames and Hudson, 1986.
Tasker R.V.G. Tasker. The Gospel According to St. Matthew. Tyndale New Testament Commentar-
ies. London: Tyndale, 1969.

Tasker R.V.G. Tasker. The Gospel According to St. John. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries.
London: Tyndale, 1970.

Tasker R.V.G. Tasker. The General Epistle of James. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries.
Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1956.
Taylor Vincent Taylor. The Gospel According to St. Mark. London: Macmillan, 1957.

TB Tyndale Bulletin
TBM Raymond Brown. The Birth of the Messiah. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977.
1 Bruce M. Metzger. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. London: United Bi-
ble Societies, 1971.
Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich (eds.). Theological Dictionary of the New Testament.
10 vols. Trans. G. F. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973.
G.J. Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren (eds.). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament.
7 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973 - 95.
Hugo Odeberg. The Fourth Gospel. Amsterdam: B.R. Griiner B.V., 1974.

Merrill C. Tenney. “John” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vol. 9. Frank E. Gaebelein and
J. D. Douglas (eds.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982.
Ernst Jenni and Claus Westermann. Theologisches Handworterbuch zum Alten Testament. 2
vols. Miinchen: Chr. Kaiser Verlag, 1971.
Robert L. Thomas. Revelation 1-7; 8-22. The Wycliffe Exegetical Commentary. 2 vols.
Chicago: Moody, 1992-95.
Margaret E. Thrall. Greek Particles in the New Testament. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1962.
Margaret E. Thrall. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corin-
thians. The International Critical Commentary. 2 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. 1994.
Theologische Zeitschrift
Cleon L. Rogers Jr. The Topical Josephus: Historical Accounts That Shed Light on the Bible.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.
Ceslas Spicq. Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Translated and edited by James D.
Ernest. 3 vols. Peabody, Ma.: Hendrickson, 1994.

Shmuel Safrai (ed.). The Literature of the Sages. First Part: Oral Tora, Halakha, Mishna, Tosef-
ta, Talmud, External Tractates. Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum.
Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987.
Toussaint Stanley D. Toussaint. Behold The King: A Study of Matthew. Portland: Multnomah, 1980.
Tr Martin MacNamara. Targum and Testament, Aramaic Paraphrases of the Hebrew Bible: A
Light on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972.
XxXXVI1 Abbreviations and Bibliography

TRE Theologische Realenzyklopddie.Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1976-.

Trench, R. C. Trench. Synonyms of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1953.
Synonyms
Trin] Trinity Journal
is Ephraim E. Urbach. The Sages: Their Concepts and Beliefs. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1987.
TS! John C.L. Gibson. Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1973-
1982.
G. Kittel and G. Friedrich (eds.). Theologisches Wérterbuch zum Neuen Testament. 10 vols.
Stuttgart: Verlag M. Kohlhammer, 1933-1979.
R. Laird Harris, Gleason L. Archer Jr., and Bruce K. Waltke (eds.). Theological Wordbook
of the Old Testament. 2 vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980.
Theologische Zeitschrift
Merril F. Unger. Unger’s Bible Dictionary. Chicago: Moody, 1957.
John Ashton. Understanding the Fourth Gospel. Oxford: Clarendon, 1991.
Giinther Schwarz. “Und Jesus Sprach”: Untersuchungen zur aramdischen Urgestalt der
Worte Jesu. Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1985.
George E. Cannon. The Use of Traditional Materials in Colossians. Macon, Ga: Mercer Uni-
versity Press, 1983.

Cilliers Breytenbach. Verséhnung: Eine Studie zur paulinischen Soteriologie. Wissen-

schaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament 60. Neukirchen-Vluyn:
Neukirchener Verlag, 1989.

VA Stanley E. Porter. Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the New Testament with Reference to Tense and
Mood. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1989.
VANT Buist M. Fanning. Verbal Aspect in New Testament Greek. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990.
VGG Peter Stuhlmacher. Verséhnung, Gesetz und Gerechtigkeit: Aufsatze zur biblischen Theologie.
G6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1981.
Vincent Marvin R. Vincent. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles to the Philippians
and to Philemon. The International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1955.
Vogtle Anton Vogtle. Der Judasbrief, Der zweite Petrusbrief. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommen-
tar zum Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1994.
von Dobschitz Ernst von Dobschiitz. Die Thessalonikerbriefe. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
1974.
VoxE Vox Evangelica
VSSP James Smith. The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul. Minneapolis: James Family, 1979.
VT Vetus Testamentum
WA Joseph A. Fitzmyer. A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays. Society of Biblical
Literature Monograph Series 25. Leander E. Keck and James L. Crenshaw (eds.). Chico,
Ca.: Scholars, 1979.

Walvoord John F. Walvoord. The Revelation of Jesus Christ. Chicago: Moody, 1966.
Abbreviations and Bibliography XXXII

Wanamaker Charles A. Wanamaker. Commentary on 1 & 2 Thessalonians. The New International

Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.
Weiss Johannes Weiss. Der erste Korinther Brief. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1910.
Weiss Hans-Friedrich Weiss. Der Brief an die Hebriier. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar tuber
das Neue Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991.
Wessel Walter W. Wessel. “Mark,” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary with The New International
Version of the Holy Bible. Vol. 8 (Matthew, Mark, Luke). Frank E. Gaebelein and J.D. Dou-
glas (eds.). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.
Westcott Brooke Foss Westcott. The Gospel According to St. John, The Greek Text with Introduction and
Notes. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1954.

Westcott Brooke Foss Westcott. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952.
Westcott Brooke Foss Westcott. The Epistle to the Hebrews. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952.
Westcott Brooke Foss Westcott. The Epistles of John. Cambridge: Macmillan, 1892.
Wiefel Wolfgang Wiefel. Das Evangelium nach Lukas. Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen
Testament. Erich Fascher, Joachim Rohde, & Christian Wolf (eds.). Berlin: Evangelische
Verlagsanstalt, 1988.
Wiesinger August Wiesinger. Biblical Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistles to the Philippians, to Titus, and
the First to Timothy (in Continuation of the Work of Olshausen). Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark,
1861.
Wilckens Ulrich Wilckens. Der Brief an die Romer. 3 vols. Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar
zum Neuen Testament. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1982.
Williams C. S.C. Williams. The Acts of the Apostles. Black’s New Testament Commentaries. Lon-
don: Adam and Charles Black, 1964.

Wilson R. Macl. Wilson. Galatians. The New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerd-
mans, 1987.
Windisch Hans Windisch. Der zweite Korintherbrief. Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar tiber das
Neue Testament. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1970.
Witherington Ben Witherington III. John’s Wisdom: A Commentary on the Fourth Gospel. Louisville, Ky.:
Westminster /John Knox, 1995.

WJ Gustaf Dalman. Die Worte Jesu. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1965.

WSNT Marvin R. Vincent. Word Studies in the New Testament. 2nd. edition. 2 vols. McLean, Va:
MacDonald, 1888.

WT] Westminster Theological Journal

WTM Jakob Levy. Worterbuch iiber die Talmudim und Midraschim. 4 vols. Darmstadt: Wissen-
schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1963.
Wuest Kenneth S. Wuest. Galatians in the Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1951.
WZZT Shmuel Safari. Die Wallfahrt im Zeitalter des Zweiten Tempels. Forschungen zum jtidisch-
christlichen Dialog 3. Yehuad Aschkenasy and Heinz Kremers (eds.). Dafna Mach
(trans). Neukirchen-Vluyn:Neukirchener Verlag, 1981.
ZAH Zeitschrift fiir Althebraistik
ZAW Zeitschrift fiir die alttestamentliche Wissenchaft
ZNW Zeitschrift fiir die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft
XXXIX Abbreviations and Bibliography

ZPEB Merrill C. Tenney (gen. ed.). The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. Grand Rap-
ids: Zondervan, 1975.
ZThK Zeitschrift fiir Theologie und Kirche
 General Abbreviations

abs. absolute locative

acc. accusative Septuagint
adj. adjective masculine
adv. adverb middle
aor. aorist neuter
Aram. Aramaic negative
art. article nominative
Ch confer; compare number
circum. circumstantial object
cl. clause objective genitive
comp. comparison optative
cond. condition, conditional original
conj. conjunctive page (s)
const. constative participle
cust. customary passive
dat. dative perfect
def. definite; also defective person, personal
dep. deponent plural
dimin. diminutive pluperfect
dir. direct possessive
exempli gratia; for example predicate
epexegetical prefix
especially preposition
following present
feminine pronoun
figuratively purpose
future reflexive
genitive relative
Greek see
Hebrew singular
historical subjunctive
id est; that is substantive
imperative suffix
imperfect superlative
inceptive synonymous
indicative technical term
indefinite temporal
indirect theological
infinitive transitive
instrumental V., VS., VV. verse(s)
interjection vb. verb
intransitive voc. vocative
iterative Vulg. Vulgate
Latin w. with
literal, literally

xl
 The Gospel of Matthew
Matthew 1 62-64; TC, 2-7. @ 17 yeveai fem. pl. yevec: (# 1155)
@ 1 Bipaos (# 1047) book, different from BiBAtov generation. The source of Matthew’s information
(# 1161), has a connotation of sacredness and venera- could have been the OT and certain “public registers”
tion (AS). yevesews descriptive gen. origin, birth, gene- which were evidently available (Carson, 63; DA; SB,
alogy, history, document (BAGD; DA; Luz; DJG, 253- 1:1-6; JTJ, 275-302). Sexatéooapec (#1280) fourteen.
59). The phrase may mean “geneological register” and The number is best explained as being the numerical
refer to only Matt. 1:1-17 (Hagner). viod Aavid son of value of the name “David” (DA; Carson, 70).
David. Apposition. As a descendant of David, He has 18 yvnotevGetons aor. pass. part. (temp.) gen. fem.
a legitimate claim to the throne of David (Cleon L. sing. gen. abs. “after his mother...” (s. BD, 218; RG,
Rogers, Jr., “The Covenant of David in the New Testa- 514). uvnotevw (# 3650) to woo and win, betroth, pass.
ment: Part 2. The Davidic Covenant in the Gospels,” to be betrothed, to become engaged (BAGD). It was a
Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 459; s. also Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The formal pre-nuptial contract entered into before wit-
Promises to David in Early Judaism,” Bib Sac 150 nesses and could only be broken by a formal process
[1993]: 285-302). viod ’ABpaoy son of Abraham. Appo- of divorce (Hagner; M, Ketub. 1:2; 4:2; BBC). Aor. part.
sition. This ae a Jesus’ lineage back to the founding begins the sentence, the subject is first, and the pres.
father of the nation of Israel and echoes the promises part. follows. It means that the action indicated by the
to Abraham that his offspring would bless all the peo- part. accompanies the action of the main cl. (Schl., 11).
ples of the earth (Blomberg; Hagner). 2 &yévvnoev For the custom of betrothal, marriage, and divorce s.
aor. ind. act. yevvaw (#1164) to beget; not necessarily M, Kiddushin; M, Gittin; Moore, Judaism, 1:119-26; JPF,
immediate parentage, but merely direct descent 2:752-60; DA. npiv 1 before (w. acc., w. inf.); s. VA, 388.
(RWP). 6 Baoireée acc. masc. sing. Baotrevs (# 995) ovveNGeiv aor. act. inf. ovvepyouat (#5302) to come to-
king. Strikes the keynote of the book of Matthew. Jesus gether (used of sexual intercourse), to live together as
Christ as Son of David is king. 11€mi w. gen. man and wife. In the papyrus marriage contracts it
Means “at the time of” (MT, 3:271). thi¢ petoiKeotacs means “to marry” (BBKA; NDIEC, 3:85). evpe6n aor.
(# 3578) removal to another place of habitation, depor- ind. pass. evptoxw (#2351) to find. The sense is
tation (BAGD). The word should call to mind the hand “proved to be,” or “to turn out to be” (DA). yaotpt dat.
of divine providence (DA). 16 ‘Iwond (# 2737) Jo- sing. yaotnp (# 1143) stomach, womb. Exovea pres. act.
seph. Joseph as the son of David is the legal father of part. nom. fem. sing. ¢yw (#2400) to have. ev yaotpt
Jesus and Jesus as his son is entitled to all his inherit- €xovoa. to be pregnant. éx indicates the source or cause
ance rights (Gnilka; SB, 1:35). Maptag (#3451) poss. from which something arises. tvevpatos gen. mvedLa.
gen. The syntax effects a displacement of Joseph in the (# 4460) spirit; refers to the Holy Spirit. The art. is
progression of father begetting son and relates the omitted owing to the prep. (McNeile). 19 av pres.
generation of Jesus to his birth by Mary (Herman C. act. part. (causal) eit (#1639) to be. BAwv pres. act.
Waetjen, “The Genealogy as the Key to the Gospel ac- part. (causal) 6¢\w (# 2527) to will, to desire. Seryationt
cording to Matthew,’ ” JBL 95 [1976]: 216). For the name aor. act. inf. derywati¢w (# 1258) to expose publicly, to
“Mary” s. DA. # fig gen. fem. sing. John Nolland humiliate publicly (TDNT). éBovAnén aor. ind. pass.
“Sechoniah and His Brothers” (Matthew 1:11) BBR 7 (dep.) BovAopar (# 1089) to will, to make a decision
(1997): 169-78; Marshall D. Johnson, The Purpose of Bib- after contemplation (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT; BBKA).
lical Geneaologies SNTSMS 8 2nd. ed. (Cambridge: “He came to a decision.” Aa@pq (#3277) secretly. It
Cambridge University Press, 1988). Means “from was a private arrangement whereby he drew up a bill
whom.” The rel. pron. obviously refers to Mary, hint- of divorce himself, thus avoiding a complete public
ing at the virgin birth (Toussaint, France; GGBB, 336). disgrace (McNeile; DA). &xoABoat aor. act. inf. amoAvw
eyevvnOn aor. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to beget. The (# 668) to release, to dismiss, to divorce, to send away
pass. means “to be conceived,” or “to be born” (DA). one’s wife or betrothed (BAGD; BBC). @ 20 EvOv-
AeyOUEVOS pres. pass. part. Aeyw (#3306) to say, to unevtoc aor. pass. (dep.) part. gen. masc. sing. ev-
name. For the textual variants in this v. s. DA; TBM, @vueovar (# 1926) to consider, to think about. Gen. abs.
Matthew 2

“after he...” indicates the time of the vision and the vb. tetetat fut. ind. mid. (s.v. 21). weOeppnvevopevov pres.
the state of mind: revolving the matter in thought pass. part. pe8epunvevw (# 3493) to interpret, to trans-
without clear perception of outlet (EGT). 1800 aor. imp. late. weO’ = peta (#3552) with (accompanying). The
act. opaw (#2629) to see, behold, used to draw atten- context of Isa. 7:14 indicates that the sign to Ahaz and
tion. Points to the surprising, unexpected type of the “House of David” was an assurance that the dy-
acion (Schl.). dyyeAog (# 34) messenger, angel. kvpiov nasty of David would not be destroyed. Immanuel,
(# 3261) lord, ruler. Used in the OT sense for Yahweh born of a virgin as the Son of David, is the fulfillment
especially when it is in the gen. (NIDNTT). kat’ = of the prophecy (s. Carson, 78-80). @ 24 &yep8eic aor.
Kata (# 2848) in a dream (BD, 27). For the significance pass. part. nom. masc. sing. eyeipw (# 1586) trans. to
of dreams s. DJG, 199-200. avn aor. ind. pass. paivo- awake, to arise, pass. to wake up, to awake (BAGD).
wat (#5743) to appear, to show oneself. vidg Aavid When two actions are joined to one process, the aor.
“son of David.” The form of the address summarizes part. is placed before the aor. of the main vb. in order
the thought of the genealogy (McNeile; Cleon L. Rog- to prepare for the action of the main vb. (Schl. 23).
ers, Jr., “The Promises to David in Early Judaism,” Bib mpooetatev aor. ind. act. mpootdoow (#4705) to pre-
Sac 150 [1993]: 285-302; “The Davidic Covenant in the scribe, to order. mapéAoBev aor. ind. act.s.v. 20. 25
Gospels: The Covenant of David in the New Testa- eyivwoxev impf. ind. act. yiwwoxw (#1182) to know
ment,” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 485-78; DJG, 766-69). For the (used in sexual sense, similar to the Heb. word 91 “to
nom. instead of the voc. s. MT, 34. wh goBnéfic aor. subj. know”). Impf. indicates the continual or unfulfilled ac-
pass. (dep.) doBeouar (#5828) to be afraid, to fear tion in the past. The delay in sexual union suits Jo-
someone or something (w. pq = neg. imp. s. VA, 360). seph’s original hesitation and preserves the virginity
napoAofetv aor. act. inf. naparAouBavw (# 4161) to take of the birth (Gundry). étexev aor. ind. act. tiktw
to oneself, to lead home, of one’s wife, to take her into (# 5503). Aor. views the promise as fulfilled (DA). éxa-
one’s home (BAGD). yap for (cause). ‘yewwnGév aor. Aeoev aor. ind. act. Kaew (# 2813). Aor. points to the
pass. part. yevvaw (#1164) s.v. 2. @ 21 teteta fut. ind. obedience of Joseph (DA; BBC).
mid. (dep.) tiktw (#5503) to give birth. kaAéoetg fut.
ind. act. kad€w (# 2813) to call, to name. For the fut. to Matthew 2
express a command s. MT, 86; VA, 419. ‘Inoote (# 2652) 1 yevvnOevtoc aor. pass. part. gen. masc. sing.
Jesus, the Greek form of “Joshua,” meaning “Yahweh yevvaw (#1164) to beget, pass. to be born. Gen. abs.
saves.” The name identifies Mary’s Son as the one “after, when Jesus...” Baowedvs (# 995) king. For the life
who brings Yahweh's promised eschatological salva- of Herod the Great s. TJ, 17-35; HK; BBC; DJG, 317-26;
tion (Carson; s. DA; Hagner). owoe fut. ind. act. owtw Nikos Kokkinos, The Herodian Dynasty: Origins, Role in
(# 5392) to save, to rescue, to deliver. For a study of Society and Eclipse (Sheffield, 1997). 100 (#2627) aor.
the word s. TDNT; NIDNTT; NTW, 114-21; TLNT; imp. act. opaw behold (surprise). The word is used by
EDNT. Aaov (# 3295) people. In Matt. it refers to Israel, Matthew 62 times (s. M, 1:11; E.J. Pryke, “IAE and ID-
the OT people of God (Luz). Gpaptidv (#281) sins. OU,” NTS 14 [1968]: 418-24). payos (# 3407) person or
Many Jewish writings viewed the “Messianic Age” as Babylonian priest or “wiseman” who is esp. acquaint-
one where sinners are removed and God’s people ed w. the interpretation of stars and dreams as well as
cleansed and the Messiah leads the people in righ- w. other things (TDNT; HDCG, 2:97-101; DA). avatoan
teousness (SB, 1:70-74). @ 22 dA0¢ (#3910) all, whole (#424) rising of stars, then sunrise, pl. (BD, 78). The
(BAGD). The “all” refers to the universal providence word for east means “from the rising” of the sun
of God, who knows all things before they come to pass (RWP). The geographical meaning is orient. mapeyé-
and sees to it that all will be fulfilled (DA). yéyovev vovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mapaytvouor (# 4134) to
perf. ind. act. yivowor (#1181) to become, to happen come, to arrive, to be present (BAGD). 2 tex@eic
(BD, 177). iva. (# 2671) w. subj. that, in order that. It in- aor. part. pass. tiktw (#5503) to give birth, pass. to be
dicates divine purpose (Gundry). mAnpw67 aor. subj. born. etdouev aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. yap for
pass. mAnpow (#4444) to fulfill. The pass. implies (explanatory). Gotépa acc. sing. cotnp (# 843) star. For
God’s activity (DA). pnOév aor. pass. part. nom. masc. the position of the poss. gen. abtod s. BD, 148. The ref-
sing. \€yw (#3306) to say, to speak. v0 by (w. pass). erence is evidently to Num. 24:17, which was taken by
51a through. The prep. shows that the word was spo- the Dead Sea community (CD 7:18-26; 1 QM 11:6) and
ken by God and that the prophet was only a channel other Jewish writings (Test. Levi 18:3) as referring to
(DA; GGBB, 434). 23 napevoc (# 4221) virgin. the “Messiah” (DA; Carson). MA@opev aor. ind. act.
It translates the Heb. word 79) which means “a Epxouor (#2262) to come. mpooxvvijoo1 aor. act. inf.
young lady w. high standing and noble qualities” s. mpookvvew (# 4686) to fall down and worship, to do
Karen Engelken, Frauen im Alten Israel (Stuttgart, obeisance to, to prostrate oneself before, used to desig-
1990); TLNT. €é€e1 fut. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) (s.v. 18). nate the custom of prostrating oneself before a person
 Matthew 2

and kissing his feet, the hem of his garment, the evpnte aor. subj. act. evpioxw (#2351) to find.
ground, and so forth (BAGD; NIDNTT; TDNT). Inf. anayyetAate aor. imp. act. dnayyeAAw (# 550) to report,
expresses purp. 3 dKxovous aor. act. part. (temp.) w. possible focus on the source of the information (LN,
nom. masc. sing. akovw (#201) to hear. “when Herod 1:411). Omw¢ (# 3968) w. subj., that, in order that. The
heard....” étopayOn aor. ind. pass. tapdoow (#5429) to word may suggest the manner or way in which the
shake together, to stir up; fig. to stir up, to disturb, to purp. is to be realized (LN, 1:785). €A@wv aor. act. part.
unsettle, to throw into confusion (BAGD). For Herod’s Epxouat (#2262) to come, to go. The part. is circum-
fear s. R.T. France, “Herod and the Children,” Nov T 21 stantial and can be translated as a main vb. npooxKv-
(1979): 98-120; DJG, 317-22. 4 ovvayayov aor. act. vow aor. subj. act. s.v. 2. 9 dkoboavtes aor. act.
part. (temp.) nom. masc. sing. ovvayw (#5251) to bring part. (temp.) s.v. 3. “having heard.” The king ought
or call together, to gather. apyvepedc (# 797) chief or rather to have heard and assisted them (Bengel).
high priest (DJG, 634-36). ypoyyateds (# 1208) scribe Enopevonoay aor. ind. pass. (dep. ) s.v. 8. 1600 aor. imp.
(For chief priest and scribes s. HJP, 2:227-336; JPF, act. 6pcw to see, behold (s.v. 1). et8ov aor. ind. act. dpcw
2:600-612, 619-21; A.J. Saldarini, Pharisees, Scribes, and to see, s.v. 2. Here used as plperf. “They had seen”
Sadducees (Wilmington, Del., 1988], 241-76; SB, 1:78-83; (Meyer). mpofyyev impf. ind. act. mpocyw (# 4575) to lead
DA; DJG, 732-35). émvvOaveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ahead, to lead further, to go before. It kept on going
nuvOavonor (#4785) to inquire. Impf. suggests that before them until (€w¢) arriving at Bethlehem it took
Herod inquired repeatedly (RWP), or it may be incep..: up its position (€oté6n aor. ind. pass. tot [# 2705] to
“he began to inquire.” yevvata. pres. ind. pass. yevvaw stand still) right over the spot where the child was
(# 1164) to be born. Prophetic pres. (McNeile). 5 (EGT). nav above, over (MT, 279). ov rel. where.
elmav aor. ind. act. Xeyw (#3306). yeypantot pert. ind. @ 10 150vtEes aor. act. part. opdw (#3972) to see. Part.
pass. ypaow (# 1211) to write. “It stands written” refers could be either temp. or causal. éyapnoav aor. ind.
to the regulative and authoritative character of the pass. (dep.) yaipw (#5897) to rejoice, to be happy. xa-
document referred to (MM; BS, 112-14, 249-50). © 6 yh pav (#5915) joy. The cognate acc. or acc. of content re-
(# 1178) land, here in a territorial sense. The Davidic peating the content of the vb. itself (IBG, 32). 411
Messiah was expected to come from the tribe of Judah EABOVTEG (# 2262) aor. act. part. (temp.) nom. masc. pl.
(DA). ovdapd¢ (# 4027) certainly not, not at all. eAa- Epyouar to come; “when they came.. ” elSov aor. ind.
xiotn (#1788) superl. uixpocg (#3625) small, least in act. s.v. 2. meoovtEs aor. act. part. mint (# 4406) to fall
honor (McNeile). fryewootv dat. pl. nyewov (# 2450) rul- down. Part. of manner. npooeKvvnoav aor. ind. act. s.v.
er, leader. The word could translate the Hebrew 9w 2. The worship by falling down at one’s feet, as indi-
and have the meaning “prince” (DA; TLNT). e&€Aev- cated by this word, points the reader to the exalted po-
oetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) e&€pxouct (# 2002) to go out. sition of the “Son of David” (Luz). It indicates homage
Nyobuevog pres. pass. part. nom. masc. sing. NyEouat given to a king (Hagner). &voi€avteg aor. act. part.
(# 2451) to lead. Pres. part. used of men in any leading (temp.) nom. masc. pl. avotyw (# 487) to open. @noav-
position (BAGD). 6oti¢ general rel. pron. “who.” poc (#2565) casket, receptacle for valuables (RWP).
mowavei fut. ind. act. nowatvw (#4477) to herd, to mpoonveyKav aor. ind. act. npoodepw (#4712) to bring
tend, to lead to pasture. Figurative of activity that pro- to, to present. xypva0g (#5996) gold. AiPavov (# 3337)
tects, rules, governs (BAGD). @ 7 \G6pq (# 3277) adv. frankincense, a white resinous gum obtained from
secretly. KaA€oas aor. act. part. (temp.) nom. masc. several kinds of certain trees in Arabia (BAGD; DA).
sing. Karéw (#2813) to call. qkpiBwoev aor. ind. act. owvpva (#5043) myrrh. For the use of frankincense
axpiBow (# 208) to learn exactly or accurately (RWP). and myrrh s. Gus. W. Van Beek, “Frankincense and
aivopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. patvouar (# 5743) to Myrrh,” BA 23 (1960): 70-95; ABD, 2:854; 5:226-28; DA.
appear. Gotepos star (s.v. 2). @ 8 nELWas aor. act. The gifts are those fit for a king and it is well attested
part. nom. masc. sing. néunw (#4287) to send. ELMEV that the Jewish expectation was that both Jews and
aor. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306). TOpEvBEVTEG aor. pass. (dep.) non-Jews would bring the Messiah gifts (Lachs, 10; SB,
part. nom. masc. pl. nopevouat (#4513) to go, to pro- 1:83-84). 12 ypnpatiobevtes aor. pass. (dep). part.
ceed on one’s way. Part. here is attendant circum- nom. masc. pl. ypnwatiCouar (#5976) to be informed;
stance and can be translated as an imp. “go and in classical Gr. to do business, to manage public af-
inquire” (s. M, 230f). e&eté&oate aor. imp. act. e€etatw fairs, then to advise, to consult on public affairs. In
(# 2004) to examine, to inquire. It is w. the implication later Gr. to give an authoritative answer, as by an ora-
of careful examination (LN, I: 409; NDIEC, 4:95-99). cle given to a worshiper who sleeps in the temple after
The aor. imp. forms in this verse point to specific com- making his petition, or to give a divine command or
mands which may indicate a sense of urgency (VANT, warning (McNeile; Beare; DA; TDNT). Causal part.
381; VA, 351). axpiBdic (# 209) adv. exactly, accurately avaKoysyot aor. act. inf. avaxcuntw (# 366) to bend or
(s. Lk. 1:3). ém&sv (# 2054) w. subj. when, as soon as. to turn back, to return (AS). Inf. gives the content of
Matthew 2

the warning. dvexwpnoav aor. ind. act. dvaxwpew under two years of age (France), but some have esti-
(# 432) to go away, to return; often used in the sense to mated under 20 (Hagner). nKpiPwoev aor. ind. act. s.v.
take refuge from danger (MM). xywpa (#6001) land, The @17 éndnpwen aor. ind. pass. s.v. 15. pnOev
here homeland. For the location s. TBM, 168-70. 13 aor. pass. part. s.v. 15. 61a (#1328) w. gen. expresses
avayYwWpNOGvtwv aor. act. part. (gen. abs.) “when, after agency “through.” Aeyovtog (#3306) pres. part. gen.
they ...” s.v. 12. 1800 aor. imp. act. opaw to see, behold, sing. Aeyw. The part. is used in a Semitic construction
s.v. 1. paiveto. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 7. The pres. (BD, 216-17; s. 3:2). 18 Nkovo8n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 3.
may be hist. and add a vivid touch (Carson); or it may KAavOp0¢ (# 3088) crying, weeping. Nouns expressing
imply that the angel’s appearance was concurrent w. actions are formed w. ~o¢ (BD, 58, 59; also MH, 350-
the magi’s departure (DA). eyep8eic aor. pass. part. 51, 355). O5upyog (# 3851) lamentation, mourning. Rit-
nom. masc. sing. eyeipw (#1586) to wake, pass. to ualized wailing and crying as an expression of grief
wake up, to rise, to get up. Circum. part. used as part and sorrow at funerals (LN). moAvdc (#4498) much,
of the imp. mopaAaPe aor. imp. act. naparoppavuy great, loud. kAatovoa pres. act. part. KAaiw (# 3081) to
(# 4161) to take to oneself. Aor. imp. gives a specific cry loudly, w. emphasis upon the noise accompanying
command and adds a note of urgency. dedye pres. imp. the weeping (LN). texva (#5451) children. Acc. gives
act. devyw (#5771) to flee, to seek safety in flight the cause of the weeping (LN). 7eAev impf. ind. act.
(BAGD). io81 pres. imp. act. eyi (# 1639) to be. ws av 8edw (# 2527) to wish, to will. For the “potential” use
(# 2401; 323) w. subj. until, until whenever; the éw<¢ is of the impf. w. vbs. of “wishing,” s. RG, 885. mapa-
temp.; av indicates that the time of fulfillment is indef- KAnN@fvan aor. pass. inf. napakarew (# 4151) pass. to be
inite (IBG, 133). eimw aor. subj. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. comforted. 6t1 (# 4022) because. 19 teAevtTHOAvtOS
HéAAEL pres. ind. act. pedAw (#3516) to be about to, aor. act. part. teXevtaw (#5462) to come to the end of
used w. the inf. to express imminence (BD, 181). yap one’s life, to die; (temp.) gen. abs. “when,” “after.”
(# 1142) for (explanatory). ¢nteiv pres. act. inf. Cntew Herod died 4 B.C. 20 A€ywv pres. act. part. Aeyw
(# 2426) to seek. GmoAéoo1 aor. inf. act. GnOAADUL s.v. 17. mopevov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 8. te8vAKaOLV
(# 660) to ruin, to destroy, to kill (TDNT; NIDNTT). perf. ind. act. @vnoxw (#2598) to die, perf. to be dead.
The gen. of the art. w. the inf. to express direct purp., yap (# 1142) for (explanatory). Cntobvtec (# 2426) pres.
“seek in order to kill” (DA). The back drop may be act. part. s.v. 13, to seek after something. To seek the
Exod. 1:16. 14 EyepOeic aor. pass. part. (circum.) soul of someone means to seek to kill him (DA).
nom. masc. sing. éyeipw (# 1586) to arise. mapeAaPev @ 21 EyepGeic aor. pass. part. s.v. 14. elofAGev aor. ind.
aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. vuKtog gen. sing. vv& (#3816) act. eloepyouar (#1656) to go in. 22 d&kovous aor.
night. Gen. of time “during the night” (BD, 100). act. part. s.v. 3. The part. could be temp. or causal.
avexwpnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. 15 jv impf. ind. Baoiever pres. act. ind. Baotrevw (#996) to be king.
act. et (# 1639) to be. iva (# 2671) w. the subj. that, in Vbs. ending in -evw indicate the exercise of a profes-
order that (to express purp.). TANpw7 aor. subj. pass. sion (MH, 398-400). For the life and deeds of Arche-
mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. For a study of this word re- laus s. TJ. avtt (#505) w. gen. instead of. Clear
lated to OT quotations s. MET, 171-85. pn@€v aor. pass. example of the prep. indicating substitution. egofnéen
part. A€yw (# 3306) to say. €xdAEoa. aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. aor. ind. pass. (dep.) poPeonat (#5828) to be afraid. In-
Matt. links Jesus to Israel typologically (R.T. France, gressive aor., “he became afraid.” A state of severe dis-
“The Formula Quotations of Matthew 2 and the Prob- tress, aroused by intense concern for impending pain,
lem of Communication,” NTS 27 [1981]: 243-44). vid¢ danger, or evil (LN). €xei (#1695) there, indicating
(#5626) son (Gundry; Donald Verseput, “The Role motion (BD, 56; DA). &meA@eiv aor. act. inf. arepxouar
and Meaning of the ‘Son of God' Title in Matthew’s (#599) to go away, to depart, to go forth, to go to
Gospel,” NTS 33 [1987]: 537, 542; DJG, 769-74). 16 (BAGD). The inf. explains the “fear.” ypnatiobeic aor.
iwv aor. act. part. temp. opdw (#3972) to see. EvEe- pass. part. s.v. 12. &vexwpnoev aor. ind. act. avaywpew
matyOn aor. ind. pass. eumaitw (#1850) to ridicule, to s.v. 12. 23 €\@v aor. act. part. (temp.) KatOKNOEV
make fun of, to mock, to deceive, to trick (BAGD). aor. ind. act. katoiuxew (#2997) to live, dwell, settle
Used in Exod. 10:2 (LXX) for God mocking the Egyp- down. Agyouévny pres. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
tians. bn0 by (w. pass.). €8vL00N aor. ind. pass. PvLOW Onwe< w. subj. in order that. rAnpwe7 (# 4444) aor. pass.
(# 2597) to anger, pass. to be angry. Ingressive aor., “he subj. s.v. 15. pnOev aor. pass. part. s.v. 15. KAnOnjoETAL
became angry” (DA). &mooteiAas aor. act. part. (cir- fut. ind. pass. kaAew (# 2813) s.v. 7. The variation in
cum.) GmootéAAw (# 690) to send. dvetXev aor. ind. act. the “quotation formula” (“prophets,” etc.) suggest
avaipew (#359) to take away, to do away w.,, to kill. that the general content of the OT is intended (SB,
maisac acc. pl. maic (# 4090) youth, child. detod¢ gen. 1:92) and that the title “Nazarene” is a term of con-
pl. dtetns (# 1453) two years old. katwtepw (# 3006) tempt and conveyed the humble, obscure origin of the
adv. under. There were probably about thirty children king (France; R.T. France, “The Formula Quotations of
 Matthew 3

Matthew 2 and the Problem of Communication,” NTS adj. fem. pl. ev6vc (#2318) straight. noveite pres. act.
27 [1981]: 247 f; DA; TMB, 207-213). It has also been imp. novew (# 4472) to make. The picture of road build-
suggested that the term “Nazarene” could refer to ing refers to repentance (Carson). tpiBovg acc. pl.
Jesus as a “Nazarite,” or be a play on the Heb. word tpiBoc (#5561) a beaten path, a way that is familiar and
for “branch” and be a messianic designation (Hagner). well known (BAGD). The Qumran group interpreted
this as the study of the Law. For the OT quotation in
Matthew 3 the DSS s. 10S 8:14f; Fitzmyer, Essays, 3-58, esp. 34-36.
@ 1 év SE taig NEpatc Exeivats “In those days.” In- John is to prepare the way for Jesus, so the people
definite determination of time which points back to a should be repentant and looking: for the coming one
date which has preceded it (Meyer). napayivetat pres. (DA). 4 elyev impf. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have.
ind. mid. (dep.) mapayivouar (#4134) to come, to ar- Customary impf. denoting that which regularly or or-
rive, to be present. The hist. pres. introduces a new dinarily occurs in the past time (DM, 188). Evdvpo.
scene (DA). Bantioths (#969) baptizer. Most nouns (# 1903), garment, clothing. tpix@v gen. pl. Opis (# 2582)
ending in -tn¢ indicate one who performs an action hair. Kopndov (# 2823) gen. (of material) camel. avn
(MH, 365ff). The Jewish method of “baptizing” was (# 2483) belt, girdle. Seppativog (# 1294) made out of
that the person immersed himself, but now John does leather. Adjectives ending in -1V0G signify material, ori-
the immersing (M, Mikwaoth; SB, 1:102-113). For the gin, or kind (MH, 359). nepi w. acc. around. oopd¢
person of John the Baptist s. JDP; TJ, 63; Cleon L. (# 4019) waist. Tpooh (#5575) food, nourishment. Tv
Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in the Gospels,” impf. ind. act. ey. akpiéeg nom. pl. axptc (#210)
Bib Sac 150 (1993): 469-70; John P. Meier, “John the Bap- grasshopper, locust. For locust as food s. DA; SB, 1:98-
tist in Josephus: Philology and Exegesis,” JBL 111 100. pédr (#3510) honey. a&ypiog (#67) found in the
(1992): 225-37; Blomberg; s. John 1:20. For a discussion open field, wild (BAGD). The rough dress and simple
of baptizing s. DJG, 55-58. knpvoowv pres. act. part. food of John highlight his preaching of repentance
Knpvoow (#3062) to proclaim as a herald. Matthew (Ernst, 289) and remind one of Elijah (DA; BBC). John’s
uses this word for John, for Jesus, and for the disciples. motive was ritual purity rather than asceticism (Har-
He emphasizes the binding and official legalistic char- rington). 5 e€enopeveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ex-
acter of the proclamation (NIDNTT; TDNT). Part. de- mopevonat (# 1744) to go out, to come out. Impf. shows
scribes the mode of John’s coming. épnyog (#2245) the repetition of the act as the crowds kept going out to
desert, wilderness. Indicates the lower Jordan valley him (RWP). mpoc w. acc. to. nepiywpog (# 4369) neigh-
and possibly the eastern slopes of the valley (Robert boring subst. region, neighborhood. 6 éBantiovto
W. Funk, “The Wilderness,” JBL 78 [1959]: 205-214; impf. ind. pass. BantiCw (# 966) to baptize, originally to
Ernst, 278-84). @ 2 A€ywv pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) dip under. Vbs. ending in -i€w often are causative
to say. Part. is used in a Semitic construction in connec- (MH, 409). Baptism symbolizes the putting off of the
tion w. a vb. of “speaking” and corresponds to “ANd. old life and identification w. the new life. For Jewish
It can be translated as “thus” (VA, 138 f; BD, 216-17). proselyte baptism s. SB, 1:102-112; ABD, 1:583-84; for
WETOLVOETTE pres. imp. act. Letavoew (# 3566) to repent, the washings of the DSS in connection w. repentance s.
to change one’s thinking, to turn about. The primary 1QS 5:13-25; 2:25-31:13. e&opoAoyobyevor pres. mid.
sense in Judaism is always a change in man’s attitude (dep.) part. e€ouoAoyeonoa1 (#2018) to confess, to ac-
toward God and in the conduct of life. It involved the knowledge, to agree to, indicating a public acknowl-
confession of sin, a prayer of remorse, and the forsak- edgment (RWP; NDIEC, 8:173-74). Part. gives the
ing of sin, all of which was a condition for the messian- attending circumstance of the baptism. 7 15av aor.
ic redemption (Moore, Judaism, 1:507; s. SB, 1:162-72; act. part. (temp.) opaw (#3972) to see. “When he
TS, 462-471, 668-71; TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT; DJG, 669- saw...” EPYOMEVOUG pres. mid. (dep.) part. EPXOMALL
73). Pres. imp. gives a moral regulation (VANT, 355- (# 2262) to go, to come. ént for, indicating purp. eimev
64). HyyiKkev perf. ind. act. eyyitw (# 1581) to draw near. aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 2400). yewwvnua (# 1165) that which
Perf. indicates the state or cond. of “being near” (VA, is produced or born, child, offspring (BAGD). Nouns
251-59), but not necessarily of “having arrived.” yap ending in -wa generally indicate the result of the action
(#1142) for (explanatory). BaovAeia (#993) kingdom, (MH, 355). exvévdiv gen. pl. exidva (#2399) poison
rule of a king. The rule of God on earth as promised in snake. Gen. of description. bmedetgev aor. ind. act. vmo-
the OT. odpaviiv (# 4041) gen. pl. heaven. The word is detkvupt (#5683) to show by tracing out, to make
used as a substitute for the name of God (SB, 1:172). known (AS). 00 conveys the idea of thoughts making
@ 3 pnGEtc aor. pass. part. Aeyw s.v. 2. Bodvtos pres. act. their way up into the mind (MH, 327). gvyetv aor. act.
part. gen. sing. Boow (# 1066) to shout, to call out loud- inf. devyw (#5771) to escape, to flee. Inf. explains the
ly. €toaoate aor. imp. act. Etomacw (#2286) to pre- content of the main vb. It suggests the fleeing of
pare. Aor. looks at the total process (VA, 351). ev@eiac snakes from a field when the harvest begins (McNeile).
Matthew 4

L£AAOVONGS pres. act. part. gen. fem. sing. HEAAw (# 3516) mid. (dep.) napayivonor s.v. 1. Pantio@fvat aor. inf.
to be about to. Used w. inf. for the immediate fut. Part. pass. Inf. used to express purp. s.v. 6. 14 dtexw-
is used as an adj. © 8 nownoate aor. imp. act. novew Avev impf. ind. act. A conative impf. of d:aKwrvw
(# 4472). Aor. imp. speaks of a specific act. obv (# 4036) (# 1361) to prevent; to try to prevent (RWP). EYWV
therefore. It draws conclusion from the preceding. pres. act. part. Aeyw to say s.v. 2. ypeia (# 5970) need,
GEov (# 545) corresponding to, worthy. petavoias necessity. Epyq pres. ind. mid. (dep.) épyouor (# 2262)
(# 3567) repentance, a change of mind s.v. 2. 9 SVT: @ 15 amoxpiWeig aor. mid. (dep.) part.
S0Ente aor. subj. act. doxew (# 1506) to suppose, to con- anoxpivonat (# 646) to answer. Semitic use of the part.
sider, to think. pq (# 3590) w. subj. = a neg. imp. “Do s.v. 2. eimev aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. &Eeg aor. imp. act.
not suppose that you are to say” (BAGD). eavtoic Ghinur (# 918) to allow. yap (# 1142) for (explanatory).
(#1571) dat. pl. refl. pron. natnp (# 4252) father. John mperov (# 4560) eotiv it is fitting, suitable, proper,
makes a reference to the merits of the fathers, particu- right. nAnp@oat aor. act. inf. rAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill.
larly to the merits of Abraham. Abraham was repre- dixatoovvn (# 1466) righteousness. For various views
sented sitting at the gate of Gehenna to deliver any on the meaning s. GW, 126-27; Carson; DA; TLNT;
Israelite who might have been consigned to its terrors TDNT; Hagner. &pinow pres. ind. act. &pinut hist. pres.
(Edersheim, LT, 1:271; SB, 1:116-20; TS, 496-508). A180¢ @ 16 PartioGeis aor. pass. part. (temp.) &veBn aor. ind.
(# 3345) stone. Perhaps an illusion to the rabbinical use act. avaBatvw (# 326) to go up. TvewyxOnoav aor. ind.
of rocks referring to the patriarchs and to their merits pass. avoiyw (# 487) to open. etéev aor. ind. act. opaw
(SAR, 173). éyeipon aor. act. inf. Eyetpw (# 1586) to raise (# 3972) to see. KataPatvov pres. act. part. KataBaivw
up. The expression is Semitic for “cause to be born,” (# 2849) to go down, to come down. woet (# 6059) as,
“raise up a progeny” (DA). 10 ndn (# 2453) al- like. neptotepa (# 4361) dove. For numerous sugges-
ready. The word is emphatic by its position (Beare). tions regarding the dove, s. DA; D.C. Allison, Jr., “The
ativn (# 544) axe. pita (# 4844) root. devépov tree. The Baptism of Jesus and a New Dead Sea Scroll,” BAR 18
leaders and righteous were sometimes compared to (1992): 58-60. epyowevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 7.
trees (DA). xettat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) keipar (# 3023) @ 17 vidc (# 5626) son. ayanntos (# 28) beloved. For
to lie (BAGD). moody pres. act. part. €xkontetat pres. verbal nouns ending in -ntog s. RG, 1095-97. evéoxnoa
ind. pass. exxontw (# 1716) to cut down. A gnomic aor. ind. act. evdoxew (# 2305) to be pleased w. (Car-
pres., a maxim or generalization, something that is al- son).
ways true (IBG, 8). @ 11 Ev (# 1877) instr. (BD, 104).
bdat1 dat. bdwp (# 5623) water. €tg (# 1651) w. acc. w.a Matthew 4
view to. Perhaps also, “because of” (DM, 104). Bap- @ 1 tote (# 5538) then, at that time; in the NT esp.
tism presupposes and expresses repentance (DA). loved by Matt. He uses it 90 times. a&vnx6n aor. ind.
oriow (# 3958) w. gen. after. taxvpotepos comp. toxvp0¢ pass. avayw (# 343) to lead up. épmog (# 2245) desert,
(# 2708) strong. He is stronger in spiritual power (John wilderness. The wastelands on either side of the Jor-
P. Meier, “John the Baptist in Matthew’s Gospel,” JBL dan (Beare; DJG, 564-66). mvedua (# 4460) Spirit. The
99 [1980]: 390). pow gen. of comp. “than I am.” ob gen. gen w. the prep. 010 gives the agent. To be led by God’s
sing. rel. pron. whose; “whose sandals.” iKxavoc Spirit has as its result perfect subjection to and perfor-
(# 2653) worthy, qualified (LN). dnoSnna (# 5687) san- mance of God’s will (DA). neipao@ivar aor. inf. pass.
dal. Baotd&oa aor. act. inf. Baotatw (# 1002) to pick up reipatw (# 4279) to tempt, to try, to put one to the test,
and to carry. A slave's office in Judea, Greece, and often w. the intent to do evil (Trench, Synonyms, 280-81;
Rome (EGT). 12 rtvov (# 4768) winnowing shov- TLNT). Inf. expresses purp. The purp. of temptations,
el, a forklike shovel, w. which the threshed grain was according to the rabbinical view, is the elevation of the
thrown into the wind (BAGD). Thus the components one who has withstood the trial and the glorification of
were separated by the wind according to weight the divine righteousness; God does not place a person
(ABD, 1:97). yerpt (# 5931) hand. d:eKxaSaprei fut. ind. in the position of ruling unless He has tested him (SB,
act. Siaxadapitw (# 1351) to clean. 51a is perfective and 1:135-36). 5uaPoroc (# 1333) slanderer, devil (NIDNTT;
describes the carrying of action through to a definite re- SB, 1:136-49; DDD, 463-73; DJG, 163-72). @ 2 vn-
sult (MH, 301). GAwv (# 272) threshing floor. Used of otevous aor. act. part. (temp.) vnotevw (# 3764) to fast.
the threshed grain still lying on the threshing floor Tepas (# 2465) days; vixtag (# 3816) nights; accs. of
(BAGD). ovvaéer fut. ind. act. ovvayw (# 5251) to gath- time, “for forty days and forty nights.” The period of
er together. &roOnxn (# 630) storehouse, barn. &xvpov forty days was often associated w. hardship, afflic-
(# 949) chaff. Kataxavoer fut. ind. act. Kataxaiw tion, or punishment (DA). totepov (# 5731) superl.
(# 2876) to burn up, completely burned up. cata is adv. later, afterward. The superl. emphasizes the end
perfective (RWP). aopéotw (# 812) unquenchable. Loc. of a series (BD, 34). émetvaoev aor. ind. act. mevaw
dat. (in), or instr. dat. (by). © 13 napayivetan pres. ind. (#4277) tobe hungry. 3 mpooeAOwv aor. act. part.
 Matthew 4

Soa MPOOEPZOWOLL (#4665) to come to. “when he ical injunction iin the legal language of the OT (BD; BG,
came.. “ mewpatwv (# 4279) pres. act. part. Part. is used 94). @ 8 0poc (#4001) mountain. bwnddc (# 5734)
as a noun, “the one continually tempting.” et (# 1623) high. deikvvow pres. ind. act. detkvupt (#1259) to
if. Introduces a cond. cl. which assumes the cond. to be show. The vb. has the significance of trying to explain
a reality and the conclusion follows logically and nat- or demonstrate or convince (DA). A vivid hist. pres.
urally from that assumption. For this and other cond. (RWP). 0€av (# 1518) brightness, splendor, glory. 9
clauses s. RG, 1004- 1022. vidg (# 5625) son. Emphatic dow fut. ind. act. Siswur (# 1443) to give. tav (# 1569)
by its position. et pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. et w. subj. It introduces the cond. w. the prospects of ful-
(# 1639) to be. The devil assumes the deity of the Son. fillment (RG, 1016ff). neowv aor. act. part. nintw
e€lmé aor. imp. act. Aeyw (# 3306). iva that. Often used w. (#4406) to fall down. Part. of manner. mpooxvvjons
a vb. of “speaking” to denote a command (BD, 200). aor. subj. act. mpooxvvew (#4686) to worship, to ex-
yevwvtat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivouai (#1181) to be- press by attitude and by position one’s allegiance to
come. @ 4 anoKpiOeic¢ aor. pass. (dep.) part. regard to deity (LN; GGBB, 173; s. 2:2). 10 UNQYE
dnoxptvonar (# 646) to answer (s. 3:15). yeypantat perf. pres. imp. act. brayw (# 5632) to go away. MPOOKVVT}GELG
ind. pass. ypadw (# 1211) to write; perf. “it stands writ- fut. ind. act. s.v. 9 Aatpevoets fut. ind. act. AatpEdw
ten.” €x’= ent (# 2093) w. dat. That upon which a state (# 3302) to serve, to work for a reward, to work; in the
of being, an action, or a result is based; hence, “to live NT used of religious service (NIDNTT). Pres. here ex-
on bread” (BAGD). Ghoetat fut. ind. mid. Caw (# 2409) presses a categorical imp. (s.v. 7). 11 &pinow pres.
to live. phwati dat. sing. pra (# 4839) word, thing. The ind. act. apinut (#918) to leave, to depart. mpoonASov
Heb. word means “thing” and the statement gives the aor. ind. act. npooepyoua (# 4665) to come to. SinKOvovv
positive reason for Jesus’ action (Hagner). €xmopevo- impf. ind. act. diaKkovew (#1354) wait on someone,
wévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. exnopevouat (# 1744) to go serve, minister incep. impf. “they began to minister.”
out, to come out. 51 (# 1328) w. gen., through (instr.). They brought him food (Bengel). 12 d&Kkovoas aor.
otopa (#5125) mouth. The point Jesus makes is that act. part. (temp.) aKkovw (#201) to hear. “When he
man is to accept in trust everything that God ordains heard...” mapeso6n aor. ind. pass. napasdtdwut (# 4140)
and not try to take things into his own hands and act to hand over, to deliver over. &veywpnoev aor. ind. act.
apart from His will. 5 napoAapBaver (# 4161) pres. avaywpew (#432) to go away, to depart, often to es-
ind. act. to take w., to lead. Hist. pres. w. vivid pictur- cape danger (MM). 13 KatoAinwv aor. act. part.
esqueness (RWP). éotnoev aor. ind. act. totmt (#2705) Katareinw (#2901) to leave behind. &A@wWv aor. act.
to place. ént (# 2093) w. acc., on. ntepvytov (# 4762) di- part. (temp.) épxouo1 (#2262) to go, to come. Katw-
min. of mtepv§ wing. Indicates the tip or extremity of Knoev aor. ind. act. katoiKew (# 2997) to live. For the use
anything, the pinnacle or summit of the temple of €i¢ (#1651) in this v. s. BD, 110f. napabaArAacoia
(BAGD). This may have been the southeastern portico (# 4144) situated on the sea. dptov (# 3990) border, pl.
of the Temple. The height of the structure, plus the region. @ 14 iva (#2671) w. subj. to express result, in
deep ravine below, could make one dizzy looking order that. The divine determination (Meyer). mAn-
down (Jos., Ant., 15:412; DA). | 6 BaAe aor. imp. act. pw] aor. subj. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. pnbev
BoAAW (#965) to cast. cewvtov (# 4932) acc. refl. pron. aor. pass. part. eyw (#2400) to say. Myovtos pres. act.
2nd. pers. katw (# 3004) adv. down. yap (# 1142) then, part. gen. masc. sing. Ae€yw. For the use of the part. s.
for (explanatory). 6t1 (# 4022) used as quotation marks Matt. 3:2. 15 yn (#1178) earth, land. 086v (# 3847)
to indicate that the words are quoted. For the recita- way, street. Adverbial acc. (MT, 247). ®aAdoons
tive use s. RG, 1027-28. evtedeitan fut. ind. mid. (dep.) (# 2498) sea. Perhaps an obj. gen. “A way leading to
évtéAAOWat (# 1948) to give an order, to command. nept the sea” (MT, 212). mepav (# 4305) w. gen., on the other
(# 4309) w. gen., concerning. eni (#2093) w. gen., side, across. €8v@v (#1620) gen. pl. nation (pl. often
upon. apodotv fut. ind. act. aipw (#149) to lift up, to heathen nations). Heb. designation was “circuit “ or
take up, to carry. wnnote (# 3607) w. subj., lest. Used w. “district of the Gentiles” (HA, 53; for the composition
the subj. where the anxiety is directed towards ward- of the area s. HA, 56-64). This was a district filled w.
ing off something still dependent on the will (BD, 188). Gentiles (BBC). 16 Ka@tpevocg pres. pass./mid.
TpooKxowns aor. subj. act. mpooxontw (# 4684) to strike (dep.) part. KaOnLOL (# 2764) to sit, to reside (BAGD).
against something, to stumble against something. If oKotet dat. sing. oxot0¢ (#5030) darkness. Used of reli-
one is to live by faith, accepting everything coming gious and moral darkness (BAGD). eiSev aor. ind. act.
from God, then God could be put to the test to see if opcw (# 3972) to see. aveterEv aor. ind. act. GvateArAW
He would really help. 7 €pn impf. ind. act. pnt (# 422) to rise, to dawn (intr:) 17 and tOtE (# 608;
(#5774) to say (VA, 444-46). Exmerpdoets fut. ind. act. 5538) from then on. The words mark an important
exmerpc.cw (# 1733). The &k is intensive. “To put to a de- turning point and tie something new to what has just
cisive test” (MH, 309). Fut. is used to render a categor- preceded it (Carson). Tp§ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apyo-
Matthew 5

ua (# 806) to begin; w. inf. it either describes the be- 17. Bepanevwv pres. act. part. bepanevw (# 2543) to
ginning of a continuous action or marks a fresh start or serve, to treat medically, to heal, to restore (BAGD; J.A.
phase in the narrative (McNeile). knpbooet pres. act. Comber, “The Verb therapeuo in Matthew’s Gospel,”
inf. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim as a herald, to make JBL 97 [1978]: 431-34; GLH). The three partici-
an official proclamation (TDNT). Pres. pictures the car- ples-teaching, proclaiming, healing-summarize the
rying out of the ministry. petavoeite pres. act. imp. Lord’s work in Galilee (McNeile). voooc (# 3798) sick-
wetavoew (# 3566) to change one’s mind, to repent (s. ness, disease, the chronic or serious disease. poAaKia
Matt. 3:2). Tyyicev perf. ind. act. eyyvitw (#1581) to (# 3433) sickness, the occasional sickness (RWP).
draw near. The message of Jesus was the same as that © 24 aniev aor. ind. act. anepyouar (#599) to go
of John the Baptist (s. 3:2). 18 mepinatév pres. act. away, to go out, to spread. akon (# 198) rumor, report.
part. nepimatew (# 4344) to go about, to walk around. mMpoonveyKay aor. ind. act. tpoopepw (# 4712) to bring to.
Part. expresses contemporaneous action. mapa w. acc., ExyOVtaS pres. act. part. éyw (#2400) to have. noiKkidog
along. Aeyopevoc pres. pass. part. Keyw (# 2400) to say, (# 4476) various kinds, diversified. Baoavoig (#992)
to name, pass. to be called, named. BadAovtac (# 965) dat. pl. torture, torment, severe pain. The dat. = “those
pres. act. part. acc. masc. pl. s.v. 6. ouptpAnotpov (# 312) suffering w. severe pains.” ovvexouévous pres. pass.
casting net. A net which is thrown over the shoulders part. ovveyw (#5309) to hold together, pass. suffer
and spreads out into a circle as it falls upon the water. from. The word underlines the severity of the ailment
Stones were tied around the edges causing the net to (DA). Sapovioyevous pres. pass. part. damovifouar
sink rapidly, encompassing the fish. The net was lifted (# 1227) to be possessed by a demon. The casting out
by a rope tied in the middle, thus gathering the stones of demons was a sign of the eschatological age (DA;
together (Trench, Synonyms, 236; DA; BBC). hoav impf. DJG, 166-69). oeAnviafopeévous pres. pass. part. o€An-
ind. act. cyt (# 1639) to be. aAveig nom. pl. aAteds viaConar (#4944) to be brought under the influence of
(# 243) fisher. For a discussion of fishing and fisher- the moon, to be epileptic (MM). Adj. part. napaAvtiKog
men s. Wilhelm H. Wuellner, The Meaning of “Fishers of (# 4166) lame, paralyzed. e8epanevoev aor. ind. act. bep-
Men” (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1967); William Radc- amevw (# 2543) to heal. It is not “he treated them medi-
liffe, Fishing from the Earliest Times, (Chicago: Ares cally,” but “he healed them” (DA). @ 25 NKoAovenoav
Publ., 1974), 397-445; NDIEC, 5:95-114. 19 dedte aor. ind. act. s.v. 20. 6yAo1 (# 4063) (pl.) crowd, crowd of
(# 1307) pl. of dedpo an adv. of place w. the force of a people. “many crowds” seems to be Matthew’s way of
command. “Come here” (EGT). ontow (# 3958) w. gen., saying “a great crowd” (DA). The crowds follow Jesus,
after. Used in the sense “be my pupils.” The disciples showing him to be a charismatic figure, and as an au-
were in constant attendance on their teacher (Meyer). dience, they respond w. reverence. They are contrasted
moinow fut. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to make, to appoint w. the Jewish leaders, but are distinguished from the
to an office (McNeile). 20 ev0éwe (# 2311) at once. disciples. The crowd is also implicated in Jesus’ death
Gevtes aor. act. part. cpinyt (#918) s.v. 11. dixtvov (DA; BBC).
(# 1473) net. For the different words for fishing nets s.
Trench, Synonyms, 235-37. NkoAovOnoav aor. ind. act. Matthew 5
aKkorovbew (# 199) to follow. Often used of the willing @ 1 dv aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (#3972) to
and obedient disciple who follows his teacher as one see. “When he saw....” 0x06 (# 4063) crowd, crowd of
who learns and serves. It involves personal commit- people (s. Matt. 4:25). a&véBn aor. ind. act. dvaBaivw
ment and cost (NIDNTT; Jack Dean Kingsbury, “The (# 326) to go up. KaBioavtos aor. act. part. gen. masc.
Verb Akolou-thein [“To Follow”] as an Index of Mat- sing. Ka0iGw (#2767) to sit, to sit down. For rabbis’
thew’s View of his Community,” JBL 97 [1978]: 56-73; teaching sitting down s. DA; Carson. Temp. part. gen.
DJG, 176-78). 21 mpoBac aor. act. part. (temp.) abs. “after...” (BD, 218). mpoot|A@av aor. ind. act. pocep-
mpopaivw (#4581) to go, to go ahead. exeidev (# 1696) xouor (#4665) to come to. 2 a&voiEa¢ aor. act. part.
from there. eldev aor. ind. act. opaw (#3972). Katap- avoiyw (# 487) to open. &51SaocKev impf. ind. act. &iSaKw
tiCovtas pres. act. part. katapticw (#2936) to make fit- (# 1438) to teach. Incep. impf.: “he began to teach.” For
ted, or equipped for a duty or function (McNeile). a study of the word “teaching” and its hist. context s.
éxaAeoev aor. ind. act. Karew (#2813) to call. TDNT. For the purp. of the Sermon on the Mount s. J.
23 mepinyev impf. ind. act. mepiayw (#4310) to go Dwight Pentecost, “The Purpose of the Sermon on the
about. &SdoKwv pres. act. part. didaoKxw (#1438) to Mount,” Bib Sac 115 (1958): 128ff, 212ff, 313ff; SSM;
teach. ovvaywyaic dat. pl. ovvaywyn (#5252) syna- Carson; D, 735-44; ABD, 5:1106-12. 3 paxdpoc
gogue. For information about the synagogue s. Moore, (#3421) blessed, fortunate, happy, free from daily
Judaism, 1:281-307; SB, 4:i, 115-88; JPF, 2:908-44; HJPE, cares and worries. The word corresponds to the Heb.
2:423-36; Rainer Riesner, “Synagogues in Jerusalem,” "U8 (BAGD; DA, 431-42; TWAT, 1:481-85; THAT,
BAFCS 4:179-211. knpboowv (# 3062) pres. act. part. s.v. 1:257-60; Walter Kaser, “Beobachtungen zum alttesta-
 Matthew 5

mentlichen Makarismus,” ZAW 82 [1970]: 225-50; name, pass. to be given a name. @ 10 de6wwypevor perf.
TLNT). Pred. adj. For a discussion of the beatitudes s. pass. part. d.wKw (# 1503) to pursue, to persecute. éve-
N. McEleney, “The Beatitudes of the Sermon on the kev (# 1915) w. gen. because of, on account of. The righ-
Mount/Plain,” 43 CBQ (1981): 1-13; DJG, 79-80. mtw- teousness which is the cause of the persecution is
x0¢ (#4777) poor, poor as a beggar. nvedpa (# 4460) “righteous conduct” (RM, 98; DA). @ 11 6tav (# 4020)
spirit. The dat. gives the sphere of the poverty (Mc- w. subj., whenever. OvetStowovv aor. subj. act. overdiCw
Neile). For the use of the phrase “poor in spirit” in (# 3943) to reproach, to revile, to heap insults upon
DSS s. 1QM 14:7; 1QH 14:3; regarding the “poor,” s. (BAGD). 81wEwow aor. subj. act. diwkw (#1503).
10M 11:9; 1QH 5:22. adtdv éotiv “it belongs to them.” eimwolv aor. subj. act. AEyw (# 3306). mig (# 4246) every,
adt@v poss. gen. 4 nevOodvtes pres. act. part. nev- each. It may be used to include everything belonging,
8ew (#4291) to lament, to mourn for the dead. To in kind, to the class designated by the noun: “every
grieve w. a grief which so takes possession of the kind of, all sorts of” (BAGD). Ka@’ = cata (#2848) w.
whole being that it cannot be hid (Trench, Synonyms; gen., against. Indicates the hostile relation (Schl.).
TDNT). Adj. part. as subst. napaxAnénoovtar fut. ind. wevdouevoi pres. mid. (dep.) part. yevdouar (# 6017) to
pass. mapaxarew (#4151) to comfort, pass. to find lie. 12 yaipete pres. imp. act. yaipw (#5897) to re-
comfort, to receive comfort. 5 npaei¢ nom. pl. joice, to be happy. ayaAA1ao8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.)
mpaivc (#4558) meek, gentle. The humble and gentle HyaAA KoLat (# 22) to rejoice greatly. Pres. imps. call for
attitude which expresses itself in a patient submissive- an attitude. 100g (#3635) reward (Carson, 138).
ness to offense, free from malice and desire for re- édiwEav aor. ind. act.s.v.11. 13 GAag (# 229) salt.
venge (R. Leivestad, “The Meekness and Gentleness of For uses of salt s. DA; TDNT. pwpaveq] aor. subj. pass.
Christ, II Cor. X. 1,” NTS 12 [1966]: 159; NTW 103-104; wwpatvw (# 3701) to play the fool, to become foolish; of
DA; TLNT). The word is used of the Messiah in Test. salt to become tasteless, insipid (RWP). GA1o8noetat
of Judah 24:1. kAnpovoynoovot fut. ind. act. KAnpovo- fut. ind. pass. aAiGw (# 245) to salt, to make salty; pass.
wew (# 3099) to inherit, to receive as a possession, to to be salted. ioyvet pres. ind. act. ioxow (# 2710) strong,
possess, to acquire (DA). yh (#1178) land, earth. For to be able, w. ovdev (#4029) to be good for nothing
examples from the OT and Jewish lit. concerning in- (BAGD). et pn (# 1623; 3590) except. BANOEv aor. pass.
heriting the land s. SB, 1:197-200; Ps. 37:11; 1 Enoch part. BodAw (#965) to throw. Katanateto@at pres. inf.
5:7; Jubilees 32:17-18; DA. 6 mewWvtec pres. act. pass. katamatew (#2922) to tread down, to trample.
part. me.vow (# 4277) to hunger, to hunger for some- Inf. explains the main vb. For an explanation of salt
thing. Adj. part. as subst. Pres. indicates a continual at- losing its savor and the idea of salt indicating produc-
tribute. dup@vteg pres. act. part. dyaw (#1498) to tivity rather than preservation s. E.P. Deatrick, “Salt,
thirst. For vbs. in aw s. MH, 384. dixka1oobvn (# 1466) Soil, Savor,” BA 25 (1962): 41-48; BBC. @ 14 speic
righteousness. It could mean the righteousness that “you!” (pl.), emphatic and contrastive. o@¢ (#5890)
God gives, or man’s conduct in accordance w. the will light. Light was a metaphor for purity, knowledge of
of God, as in Matt. 5:20 (RM, 96-98). yoptac@jcovta1 the truth, revelation at the presence of God (Carson,
fut. ind. pass. yoptatw (# 5963) to feed, to fill, to satisfy. 139; for uses of the metaphor s. Luz). kpvBfjvar aor. inf.
Theol. pass. God is the agent (BG, 236). 7 &enywv pass. kpvntw (#3221) to hide; pass. to hide or conceal
(#1798) merciful, sympathetic. EXen@qoovtar fut. ind. oneself. €navw w. gen., upon. kewévn pres. mid. (dep.)
pass. €Xeew (# 1796) to have mercy or pity, to be merci- part. keto (# 3023) to lie. Used of location of a place
ful or show mercy; pass. to find or be shown mercy (BAGD). Some view this as a reference to the city of
(BAGD). It indicates being moved to pity and compas- Jerusalem (DA), but it probably refers to cities often
sion by tragedy and includes the fear that this could built of white limestone which would gleam in the sun
happen to me (NIDNTT; TLNT). @ 8 xapdia. (# 2840) (Carson, 139). 15 xaiovotv pres. ind. act. 3rd. pers.
heart. The heart is the center of the inner life of the pl. kaiw (#2794) to light. Adyvog (#3394) oil lamp, a
person where all the spiritual forces and functions small clay lamp. T0€aovv pres. ind. act. TOnut (# 5502)
have their origin (TDNT). 6wovtan fut. ind. mid. (dep.) to set, to place. podi0¢ (# 3654) grain-measuring vessel
opdw (#3972) to see. To see God is to know God (DA). containing about a peck (BAGD; DA). Avyvia (# 3393)
@ 9 eipnvonords (#1648) one who makes peace. The lampstand. Kat (# 2779) and, used to express purp. or
word was used of kings who established peace (DA; result, “so that...” (BG,153). Adpmer pres. ind. act.
SB, 1:215-18). S. also R. Schnackenburg, “Die Seligpre- AGuMwW (# 3290) to shine. Gnomic pres. here expressing
isung der Friedenstifter (Mt 5:9) im mattaischen Kon- general truths. For lamps and lampstands s. Robert H.
text,” BZ 26 (1982): 161-78. vioi Ge0d (# 5626; 2536) Smith, “The Household Lamps of Palestine in New
“sons of God.” The Heb. word for “son” often denotes Testament Times,” BA 29 (1966): 2-27; DA).
the character of the parents as expressed by the child. 16 obtwe (# 4048) so, makes the comp. Aapwatw aor.
KANOnoovtar fut. ind. pass. Kaew (# 2813) to call, to imp. act. Acmw s.v. 15. Aor. is used to express a specif-
Matthew 5 10

ic command. The disciples of Jesus are to allow the 518)”ZNW 66 (1975): 268-69; BBC. ov wn (# 4024; 3590)
light which they received from the heavenly Father “not in any wise.” For the double neg. s. M, 187-92;
through Jesus to shine in the world so that they may GGBB, 468. navta. pl. acc. mac (# 4246) everything. For
glorify God (TDNT). &unpoobev (# 1869) w. gen., be- the use of mac s. IBG, 93-95; RG 771-74. yevntat aor.
fore, in front of. Onwe (#3968) w. subj., in order that subj. mid. (dep.) yivowai (#1181) to become, to come
(purp.). t8woww aor. subj. act. opaw (#3972) to see. to pass, to happen. @ 19 0g éav = O¢ cv (# 4005; 165)
Kadog (# 2819) good, beautiful, pertaining to a positive whoever. The rel. cl. has the character of a cond. cl.
moral quality, w. the implication of being favorably and refers to a general assertion or supposition (BD,
valued (LN). 50&Gowowv aor. subj. act. S0&0Cw (# 1519) 192). Avo aor. subj. act. Avw (#3395) to loose, to re-
to praise, to glorify. obpavog (# 4041) heaven. For the peal, to annul, to abolish (BAGD). tdaytotoc (# 1788)
expression “Father in heaven” s. 6:9 (DJG, 273). 17 superl., least, from uikpog small. Paronomasia-the re-
vopionte aor. subj. act. vowitw (#3787) to consider, to occurrence of the same word in close proximity. The
think. To regard something as presumably true, but one who breaks the least commandment will be the
without particular certainty (LN). The formula is a least in the kingdom of heaven (BD, 258). 518d&q aor.
teaching device of Jesus, used to clarify his teaching subj. act. &5coKw (# 1438) to teach. KANOnoetan fut. ind.
and to avoid misunderstanding (Carson, 141; for the pass. s.v. 9. moinon aor. subj. act. noiew (# 4472) to do.
relation of this section to the previous context s. W.J. weyas (# 3489) large, great. The positive used for the
Dumbrell, “The Logic of the Role of the Law in Mat- superl., probably under Hebraic influence (MT, 31).
thew v 1-20,” Nov T 23 (1981): 1-21). Subj. is in a neg. 20 yap (# 1142) for. It gives an explanation of the pre-
command. pn (#3590). NAGov aor. ind. act. gpyouar vious statement. Ott (# 4022) used as quotation marks
(# 2262). kataAdoar aor. act. inf. KataAvW (#2907) to in a direct quotation. éav (#1569) if. It introduces a
tear down, to destroy, to annul. Inf. used to express 3rd. class cond. cl., which views the cond. as probable
purp. vopog (#3795) law. It refers to the Pentateuch. or possible (RG, 1016-20). nepiooevoy aor. subj. act.
Tpogntas (# 4737) “the prophets” refers to the rest of meptooevw (# 3455) to exceed, to overflow like a river
the OT (DA; Roger Beckwith, The Old Testament Canon out of its banks (RWP). dixa1toobvn (# 1466) righteous-
of the New Testament Church [London: SPCK, 1985], 92, ness. It refers to the conduct demanded and character-
107). RAnp@oar aor. act. inf. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. ized by the meticulous observance of the law (RM, 84).
Inf. expresses purp. The meaning may be that Jesus The demand is nothing less than perfection (Carson,
fulfills the prophecies of the OT, or it could mean “to 146). wAetov (# 4498) more, in a greater measure. Used
bring to its intended meaning,” that is, “to present a as a heightened comp. (BD, 129). ypappatéwv gen. pl.
definitive interpretation of the Law” (Hagner). For a ypoatevs (# 1208) scribe. gen. of comp. For a discus-
discussion of this word and the meaning of the pas- sion of the Scribes and Pharisees s. TJ, 70-76; HIJP,
sage s. Carson, 141-45; C.RD. Moule, “Fulfillment- 2:322-25; EDNT; CCFJ, 1:393; BBC; s. also 2:4. od ph
Words in the New Testament: Use and Abuse,” NTS 14 (# 4024; 3590) emphatic neg. s.v. 18. eo&AONTE aor. subj.
(1968): 316ff; DA; Robert Banks, “Matthew’s Under- act. eloepyouar (# 1656) to go in, to come in, to enter.
standing of the Law: Authenticity and Interpretation @ 21 NKovoate aor. ind. act. &kovw (# 201) to hear. In
in Matthew 5:17-20,” JBL 93 (1974): 226-42; DJ. the light of rabbinic parallels, the vb. could be translat-
Moo,”Jesus and the Authority of the Mosaic Law,” ed, “you have understood” and refers to the interpre-
JSNT 20 (1984): 3-49; DJG, 456-58; LIF, 231-40; HSB, tations given to the OT passage (NTRJ, 56). €pp€6n aor.
355-58. 18 dyny (# 297) (Heb. }fa8) certainly. For the ind. pass. Aeyw (# 3306). apyators (# 792) old (dat. pl.),
Heb. word s. TWOT; DJG, 7-8; THAT; DCH; ABD, “to the old ones,” men of earlier generations. Dat. is
1:184-86; NIDOTTE; Hagner. In Judaism the word was indir. obj., not agency (DA). For the “Oral Law” and
a strengthening or confirming answer or agreement w. “Halakha” of the Jewish rabbis s. TLS, 1:35-209; HJPE,
another person’s statement. For example, a prayer, 2:337-55; J.M. Baumgarten, “The Unwritten Law in the
praise, or oath (SB, 1:242f). Jesus did not use the word Pre-rabbinic Period,” Journal for the Study of Judaism in
to apply to others but to introduce His own words. the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period 3 (1972): 7-29.
This gives strength and authority to what He says (s. govevoeis fut. ind. act. dovebw (#5839) to murder, to
1QS 1:20; 2:10, 18; DA). napeéA67q aor. subj. act. napepxo- kill. The fut. is used to express a moral command. $0-
wat (#4216) to pass by, to come to an end. ita vevot| aor. subj. act. dovevw. Evoxosg (#1944) to be
(#2740) the smallest Gr. letter used to represent the caught in, to be liable, to be guilty. €otat fut. ind. mid.
smallest Heb. letter (yod). kepaia, (# 3037) horn, pro- (dep.) ewt (#1639) to be. xpioet dat. sing. Kpiois
jection, hook as a part of a letter; perhaps it refers to (# 3213) judging, judgment, trial, penalty, legal pro-
the Heb. letter “waw” (BAGD). For various sugges- ceedings, judicial sentence, the court (DA). @ 22 op-
tions as to the meaning s. DA; Carson, 145; Lachs; yiCouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. opyiGouc (# 3974) to be
Gunther Schwarz, “1Wta €v wia Kepata (Matthaus angry, to be full of anger, to be furious (LN, 1:761). ein
11 Matthew 5

aor. subj. act. A€yw. paxe (# 4819) fool, empty head. For act. Louxevw (# 3658) to commit adultery. Fut. expresses
examples s. SB, 1:278-79; TDNT; UJS, 30; R.A. Guelich, amoral command. @ 28 BAénwv pres. act. part. pAenw
“Mt 5:22: Its Meaning and Integrity,” ZNW 64 (1973): (# 1063) to see, to look upon. mpog (# 4639) w. inf. often
39-40. The Aram. word >", meaning “empty, null & expresses purp., but sometimes weakened to “with
void, without effect,” is used for a contract that was reference to.” It may express tendency and ultimate
invalid and an offering without any effect (AT, 693-94). goal rather than purp. (MT, 144; s. also M, 218).
ovvedpiov (# 5284) Sanhedrin, highest court of the Jews EmvOvp tion aor. act. inf. eni8vuew (#2121) to desire, to
(s. Guelich, ZNW, 42-44). pope voc. uwpdc (# 3704) fool- long for. Taken w. the acc. the meaning may be “that
ish, stupid. poxd. expresses contempt for a man’s head: she may have sexual lust” (s. Klaus Haacker, “Der Re-
“you stupid.” Hope expresses contempt for his heart chtssatz Jesu zum Thema Ehebruch [Mt 5, 28],” Bib-
and character: “you scoundrel” (EGT). This type of lische Zeitschrift 21 [1977]: 113-16). uotyevoev aor. ind.
language could lead to a murderous quarrel resulting act. wouyevw s.v. 27. An aor. after a fut. cond. is, to a cer-
in bloodshed (HSB, 359). yéeva (#1147) gehenna, the tain extent, futuristic (BD, 171; s. also RG, 846f).
city dump of Jerusalem, as a picture of the final place @ 29 oxavdadiler (# 4997) pres. ind. act. to cause to fall.
of judgment for the wicked. For a description of the The vb. means to stick in the trap that springs and
word s. TDNT; DJG, 310; BBC. 23 npoodépnes pres. closes the trap when the animal touches it (RWP). &&€-
subj. act. mpoopepw (# 4712) to bring, to present offer- dé aor. imp. act. efaipew (# 1975) to take out, to tear out.
ings and gifts. Subj. w. &av (# 1569) used in a 3rd. class Bore aor. imp. act. BuAAw (# 965) to throw, to cast. Aor.
cond. cl. (s.v. 20). mt (# 2093) w. acc., upon. OvolMoTHpt- imps. call for specific actions. ovpoéper (#5237) pres.
ov (# 2603) altar. For words ending iin “TTpLov meaning ind. act. to be advantageous, profitable, good, useful.
“place” s. RG, 154; MH, 343. ckaxei= Kat éxei “and Followed by dat. of advantage. Here it is well translat-
there.” pvno8ii¢ aor. subj. pass. (dep.) wyvnokonat ed “it is better for you ... than” (BAGD). iva (# 2671)
(# 3630) to remember, to think about. @ 24 dec aor. w. subj., that. This cl. is the subject of the vb. ovupoepet
imp. act. &dinut (#918) to leave, to leave behind. tnaye (RG, 992). anoANta. aor. subj. mid. (dep.) anoAALpL
pres. imp. act. brayw (#5632) to go, to leave behind. &1- (# 660) to be destroyed, to be ruined, to be lost. BANE
aAAGYNOL aor. imp. pass. S1aAAGooona (# 1367) to rec- aor. subj. pass. BoAAW. © 30 yelp (#5931) hand. The
oncile; pass. to be reconciled. Denotes mutual “right hand” may be a reference to masturbation (DA;
concession after mutual hostility (Lightfoot, Notes, 288; b. Nidda 13a-b; SB, 1:302-303). Here the cond. is as-
V, 40-64). EXBudv aor. act. part. (circum.) pyouat (# 2262) sumed for the sake of argument (GGBB, 693; BBC).
to come, to go. mpoogepe pres. imp. act. s.v. 23. Exkowov aor. imp. act. exxontw (#1716) to cut off. an-
@ 25 i061 pres. imp. act. et. edvodv pres. act. part. ev- £167) aor. subj. act. anepyouar (# 599) to go away, to de-
voew (#2333) to be well disposed, to make friends. part. @ 31 eppeOn aor. ind. pass. AEyw s.v. 21.
Pres. part. is used in a periphrastic construction to ex- a&nxoAvoy aor. subj. act. a0Avw (# 668) to release, to di-
press an imper. “be making friends w. your enemy vorce. 60tw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. 5t5wy (# 1443)
quickly” (VA, 465; RG, 375; BD, 180). avtidikos (# 508) to give. &mootaolov (#687) bill of divorcement. The
opponent in a law case. Ew¢ Otov w. pres. ind. means written notice was a protection to the wife (RWP). For
“while,” “as.” €l pres. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. év tH the Jewish practice s. M, Gittin; SB, 1:303-312; AT, 307-
056 “in feay “on the way to court” (DA). phmote 308). 326; JAD; DJG, 192-97; *s.. @Matt!) (19:3.
(# 3607) w. aor. subj. means “Jest.” Used in a neg. purp. 32 napextoc (#4211) w. gen., except. AOyos (#3364)
clause expressing apprehension (BAGD). napad@ aor. word, matter, reason. For rabbinical reasons for di-
subj. act. mapadtdwr (# 4140) to give over, to turn over vorce s. BBC; SB, 1:312-20. nopveta (# 4518) unchastity,
to. KpIttig (# 3216) the one who makes a decision, fornication of every kind of unlawful sexual inter-
judge. omnpetns (# 5677) helper, one who serves. @vAa- course (BAGD); perhaps here incest (DA). For Jewish
Kn (# 5871) prison. BAN@non fut. ind. pass. ParAw (# 965) background to this v. see M.A.N. Bockmuehl, “Mat-
to throw, to cast. To be arrested and turned over to a thew 5.32; 19.9 in the Light of Pre-rabbinic Halakhah,”
judge is a projected possibility (subj.); then to be cast NTS 35 (1989): 291-95. novet pres. ind. act. novew
into prison becomes a very real expectation (VA, (# 4472) to make. W. inf. it means “to cause to make”
415). 26 &€€AON¢ aor. subj. act. eEepxoua (# 2002) to (DB, 200). pouyevO7van aor. inf. pass. woryevw (# 3658) to
come out, to go out. dnod@¢ aor. subj. act. dnodiswpr commit adultery (BAGD). d&moAeAvpévny perf. pass.
(#625) to give back, to pay back. Kodpavtng (# 3119) part. &0dvw (# 668) s.v. 31. yopnon aor. subj. act. yapew
(Lat.) quadrans, a Roman coin or a coin used at the (# 1138) to marry, used of the man. povyatat pres. ind.
time of our Lord, worth about 1.5 cents (UBD, 724; pass. o1yaw (# 3656) to cause one to commit adultery;
HJC, 244-45; SB, 1:290-94). This indicates that the point pass. to be an adulterer, to commit adultery. 33 ém-
at issue was money (DA). ® 27 Tkovoute aor. ind. act. opknoets fut. ind. act. emiopKéw (# 2155) to swear false-
s.v. 21. éppé6n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 21. potyevoetc fut. ind. ly, to break an oath. anobwoetg fut. ind. act. dnodtSwpt
Matthew 6 12

(# 625) to give away, to fulfill one’s duty to someone, @ 43 qKoboutE aor. ind. act. dKobw s.v. 21. EppeON aor.
to keep oaths (BAGD). dpKovg (# 3992) oaths, pl. even ind. pass. Aéyw pres. ind. act. s.v. 21. wyantoets fut.
when one oath is intended (BAGD). For a Jewish view ind. act. cyano (#26) to love. Fut. is used for injunc-
of oaths s. M, Shebuoth; SB, 1:321-36; also 10S 5:8; tions in the legal language of the OT (BD, 183). mAn-
DJG, 577-78; HSB, 361-62. 34 um... dAwe (#3590; oiog (#4446) near, close by, neighbor, fellowman.
3910) = an uncond. neg. (Schl., 182). 040601 aor. act. inf. wtonoets fut. ind. act. uioéw (# 3631) to hate. For DSS
ouvunt / Ouvow (# 3923) to swear. Inf. is used w. dir. instructions to hate the enemy s. 10S 1:10; 2:4-9; 1QM
discourse (RG, 1060). 611 (#4022) because. @ 35 bn0- 4:1. @ 44 ayandte pres. imp. act. cyandw (# 26) Pres.
modiov (#5711) footstool. Some rabbinic authorities imp. used to express a continual attitude. For a discus-
viewed oaths by heaven, by earth, and by one’s own sion of this command s. John Piper, “Love Your Ene-
head as not binding (SB, 1:332-34; DA). 36 ono0o7¢ mies:” Jesus’ Love Command in the Synoptics and the
aor. subj. act. s.v. 34. Subj. used in a neg. imp. &vvaca1 Early Christian Paraenesis, SNTSMS 38, Cambridge:
pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. d0vapyai (# 1538) to be Cambridge University Press, 1979; BBC. npooedyeobe
able. tptxa acc. sing. Opis (# 2582) hair. AevKog (# 3328) pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mpooevyouat (# 4667) to pray. &1-
bright, shining, white. Perhaps symbolic for wisdom. WKOVTWV pres. act. part. diwKw (#1503) s.v. 10. #45
moinjoa aor. act. inf. novew (# 4472) to make. pweAatvav dnwe (# 3968) w. subj. aor., in order that. yevnode aor.
acc. sing. weAag (# 3506) black. Perhaps a symbol for subj. mid. (dep.) yivoyoi (#1181) to become, to be.
youth (DA; BBC). One cannot swear by his head be- subj. in purp. cl. &vateéAAet pres. ind. act. avaterAAw
cause he has no power over it (DA). 37 éotw pres. (#422) to cause to rise, transitive and causative in
imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. eyt (# 1639) to be. @ 38 meaning (BD, 163). Bpéyet pres. ind. act. Bpeyw (# 1101)
Nkovoate aor. ind. act. s.v. 21. €ppé6n aor. ind. pass. s.v. to cause to rain. €mi d5ixaiovg (# 1465) upon the righ-
21. avtt (#505) w. gen., instead of. d80vta acc. sing. 0- teous. The righteous are those who obey the law (RM,
500c (# 3848) tooth. (SB, 1:337-41). @ 39 dvtiotivan aor. 103; DA). 46 ayannonte aor. subj. act. cyanaw
act. inf. dvOtoth1 (#468) to set against, to set oneself (#26) to love. Subj. w. &av (#1569) is used in a 3rd.
against, to oppose, to resist, to withstand. Inf. in indir. class cond. cl. indicating that the cond. is a possibility.
discourse. pamiCet pres. ind. act. panitw (# 4824) to hit, ayandvtas pres. act. part. obyi (# 4049) w. questions it
to slap with the open hand (LN, 223). ovmyova acc. expects a positive answer. teAwvng (#5467) tax collec-
oiaywv (#4965) cheek. To hit someone w. the right tor (TDNT; s. Matt. 9:9; JZ). 47 &ondonove aor. subj.
hand on the right cheek, one must hit backhanded, mid. (dep.) donaConor (# 832) to greet. More signifi-
thus the reference may be to a “backhanded insult” cant in the East; symbolic here of friendly relations im-
(DA). otpyov aor. imp. act. otpepw (#5138) to turn. plying a desire for God’s blessing and peace (EGT,
40 G€Aovt1 pres. act. part. (dat.) 6€Aw (# 2527) to will, DA). For the subj. s.v. 46. €@vixot (# 1618) gentile, hea-
to wish. Dat. as indir. obj. The anacoluthon construc- then (DA). 48 Eoe08e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) et
tion w. the part. is Semitic and is used as a casus pen- (# 1639). tpeig (#5148) you (pl.) emphatic. téA€to1
dens (BD, 244; DA). xpv8fjva1 aor. inf. pass. Kpivw (#5455) perfect, mature. To obey Jesus’ words is to
(# 3212) to judge; pass. to dispute, quarrel, debate, to love utterly: no more can be asked (DA). obpaviog
go to law with someone (BAGD). Compl. inf. to the (# 4039) heavenly, belonging to heaven, living in heav-
main vb. yitwv (# 5945) tunic. A sort of shirt or under- en.
garment, and would be demanded by law (RWP; DA).
AaPeiv aor. act. inf. AouBavw (# 3284) to take. d&bEs aor. Matthew 6
act. imp. aotnut (#918) to allow, to permit. atiov @ 1 npooeyete pres. imp. act. mpooexw (# 4668) to
(# 2668) garment, outer clothing, cloak. Exod. 22:26-27 beware, to give heed to, to watch out for. Pres. calls for
and Deut. 24:12-13. 41 ayyapevoer fut. ind. act. oy- a constant vigil. novetv pres. act. inf. movew (#4472) to
yapevw (# 30) to compel, forcibly to impress someone do. Inf. explains what is to be heeded. Used w. 81xa10-
to service, to compel him to serve whether he liked it ovvn (#1466) meaning “to practice piety,” and is the
or not (NTW, 16; NDIEC, 1:42; 2:77). wtArov (# 3627) general title for acts of devotion and religious duty
mile. A Roman mile, a thousand paces, then a fixed which conform to the will of God (GW, 129). &unpoo8_ev
measure about 4,854 feet (BAGD). Acc. of space. (# 1869) w. gen., before, in the presence of. This should
@ 42 aitodvtt pres. act. part. aitew (#160) to ask. 60¢ not be done in order to obtain reward (BBC). mpdc¢
aor. imp. act. dwt (# 1443) to give. Imp. used in a (# 4639) to, indicates purp. 8eafvan aor. inf. pass. Oed-
specific command. davicao8a1 aor. mid. inf. davigw oat (# 2517) to see, to behold, to look at. adtoig dat.
(#1247) to lend money; mid. to borrow money. (s. pl. avtoc (# 899) “to be seen by them.” Dat. of agency
Deut. 15:7-11; for “lending” in Judaism s. SB, 1:346-53). (MT, 240). €1 Se pn ye but, if not, otherwise (Thrall, 9,
GKOOTPAdTs¢ aor. subj. pass. anootpEpw (# 695) to turn 10). 2 6tav (# 4020) w. subj., when, whenever. novi¢
away. Pass. to reject or repudiate someone (BAGD). pres. subj. act. The vb. is used w. the noun to form the
13 Matthew 6

verbal idea; i.e., “to do alms,” “to give alms.” EAenpo- (# 1006) to babble, either in the sense of repeating the
ovvn (#1797) kind deed, alms, charitable giving words or chattering (RWP). Perhaps a reference to the
(BAGD). Nothing is more marked in rabbinic ethics heathen magical formulas, a repetition of meaningless
than the stress laid upon charity in every sense of the sounds (EW. Beare, “Speaking with Tongues,” JBL 83
word (RA, 412; for rabbinic views on charity s. RA, [1964]: 229; DJG, 623). For such texts s. GMP; for other
412-39; Moore, Judaism, 2:162-79; SB, 4:536-38; RAC, views s. DA. doxodow pres. ind. act. doxew (# 1506) to
8:269-306; DA). oadniong aor. subj. act. oornitw suppose, to think so. moAvAoyig. (# 4494) much speak-
(# 4895) to sound the trumpet, either in a figurative or ing. Eloakovobnoovtat fut. ind. pass. eioaxovw (# 1653)
literal sense (McNeile). It may refer to the blowing of to listen to, to hear and answer prayer. @ 8 opowéfite
the trumpet for the public fasts (Carson, 164), or to aor. subj. pass. ouo10w (# 3929) to make like; pass. to be
making the trumpet-shaped money-box resound by like. Subj. w. un (#3590) used in a prohibition. otdev
flinging the money hard (N.J. McEleney, “Does the (# 3857) Def. perf. w. pres. meaning “to know.” ypetav
Trumpet Sound or Resound? An Interpretation of Mat- éxete w. gen., to have need of. aitioat aor. act. inf.
thew 62,” ZNW 76 [1985]: 43-46; but BBC). Subj. is in a aitew (# 160) to ask. Temp. inf. “before you ask.” #9
neg. command. bnoxpitng (#5695) actor, interpreter, ovtwe¢ (# 4048) so, in the following manner. It probably
one who impersonates another, hypocrite; one who as- implies that this is an example of how to pray, rather
sumes a role and identity that were not his own and than a formula to be mechanically repeated (DA; DJG,
performed for the audience’s approval (RWP; R.A. 619-23). &yaoOntw aor. imp. pass. 3rd. pers. sing. ay1-
Batey, “Jesus and the Theatre,” NTS 30 [1984]: 563; Cw (# 39) to treat as holy, to reverence (BAGD). The re-
Carson, 164). popn (#4860) a narrow street. 6mwW¢ quest is that the Holy One may secure before the
(# 3968) w. subj., in order that. 506ac@@ovw aor. subj. whole world in a final and decisive way the holiness
pass. d0€aCw (# 1519) to give honor, to praise, to glori- appropriate to His name, to which human beings will
fy. &méyovow pres. ind. act. anexyw (#600) to receive respond w. praise and exaltation (EDNT, 1:19; BBC).
payment in full. Often used in the sense of receipting For the aor. imp. in prayers s. Bakker, 98-127; VA, 347-
an account which has been paid in full (NTW, 17-20; 50; VANT, 380-82; GGBB, 487-88. 10 €A6Etw aor.
LAE, 110-11). Perfective pres. denoting a produced imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. épyoua (#2262) to come. The
state (VANT, 239). 3 novwdvtoc pres. act. part. petition is for the future advent of God to establish His
(temp.) gen. masc. sing. movew (# 4472) gen. abs. “when sovereignty on earth (McNeile). yevnéqntw aor. imp.
ou....” yvwtw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. yiwwokw pass. (dep.) 3rd. pers. sing. yivoyo. (# 1181) to become,
(# 1182) to know. apiotepdg (# 754) left. SeEios (# 1288) to come to pass, to be done, to happen. @ 11 emovor0¢
right. 4 qpres. subj. act. eyit (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. (#2157) for the coming day (RWP). “The bread that
Snw¢ (# 3968) used in a purp. cl. &roSwoet fut. ind. act. we need, give us today, day after day” (s. Hagner;
arodidwpu (#625) to give back, to repay, to reward. Harrington). For this translation and a study of the
Fut. is used to express the protasis of a Semitic cond.: word s. TDNT; BAGD; DA; C.J. Hemer, “emiovo10¢,”
“Do this and this will follow” (Beyer, 252-55). 5 JSNT 22 (1984): 81-94; Luz. 80¢ aor. imp. act. Simp
bynOGE pres. subj. mid. (dep.) mpocevyopon (# 4667) (#1443) to give. Aor. looks at a specific request.
to pray (DJG, 623). The subj. w. the particle 6tav @ 12 does aor. imp. act. aint (# 918) to let go, to can-
(# 4020) generalizes the action: “whenever...” Perhaps cel, to remit, to pardon; to remove the guilt resulting
there is a reference to the three hours of prayer: morn- from wrongdoing (BAGD; LN, 1:503). ogetAnua
ing, afternoon (3 P.M.), and evening (DA; RA, 342-81). (# 4052) debt, what is owed, one’s due, a moral debt
éoeode fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewi (#1639). Fut. w. the (BAGD; LN, 1:774). The word stresses a moral obliga-
neg. ob« (# 4024) can express a prohibition in the legal tion. W¢ (# 6055) as, in the sense of because (BD, 236).
language of the OT (BG, 149); but the fut. of ewi occurs GomKOpev aor. ind. act. &dinut. Aor. may be timeless or
for the imp. (BD, 49). @iAodotv pres. ind. act. puréw refer to the recent past (VA, 129-30; VANT, 280-81).
(# 5797) to like, to love. Pres. indicates the habitual at- dperretns (# 4050) debtor; one who is morally obligat-
titude. ywvia. (# 1224) corner. mAateia (# 4423) a wide ed. 13 eloeveyKys aor. subj. act. clodepw (# 1662) to
street. totéites perf. act. part. totnut (# 2705) to stand. bring in, to lead into. There may be a reflective force
Standing was the usual attitude in prayer (McNeile). here: “Do not let us fall victim” (DA). meipaoposg
gavadorv aor. subj. pass. (dep.) paivouor (#5743) to ap- (# 4280) test, temptation. pdoat aor. imp. mid. (dep.)
pear, to show oneself. Subj. used in a purp. cl. pvowar (# 4861) to rescue, to deliver. @ 14 Edv (#1569)
@ 6 topeiov (# 5421) storeroom, innermost secret room w. subj., if. Introduces a 3rd. class cond. cl., assuming
(BAGD; BBC). KAgtous aor. act. part. KAetw (# 3091) to that the cond. is possible. afte aor. subj. act. s.v. 12.
close. Temp. part., or it is part of the command. npoo- Topantwuoa (# 4183) a false step, failure, transgression
evtai aor. imp. mid. (dep.) Mpooevyouar (#4667) to (LN, 1:774). 16 vnotednte pres. subj. act. vnotevw
pray. @7PattoAoynonte aor. subj. act. Battoroyew (# 3764) to fast, to sit and fast. Subj. w. the particle gen-
Matthew 6 14

eralizes the action; s.v. 5. For Jewish fasting s. Moore, hate; in this context to neglect, to disregard, to slight.
Judaism, 2:257-66; SB, 4:i, 77-144; DJG, 233-34; BBC. Love and hate réfer to faithful labor (DA). &vOetetor
yiveo#e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivopai (#1181). Neg. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) avtexopa (# 504) to hold fast to, to
imp. forbids an habitual action. oxvOpwndc (# 5034) stick by. Used in the sense of sticking by one’s rights
sad, gloomy, sullen look which calls attention to the in- (MM). For the local force of the prep. in composition s.
ward state of the person (s. LXX Gen. 40:7; Test. Sime- MH, 297. Katadpovnoer fut. ind. act. Katadpovew
on 4:1). &bavitovotv pres. ind. act. abavitw (#906) to (# 2969) to despise, to look down upon. The prep. in-
render invisible or unrecognizable, of one’s face; to dicates that the action is unfavorable to the obj. (MH,
disfigure, that is, w. ashes and by leaving the hair and 316). Fut. forms in this v. are gnomic or omnitemporal
beard unattended or by coloring the face to look pale expressing a general truth (VA, 423; RG, 876). popwvae
as though fasting (McNeile). Perhaps there is a play on (# 3440) possession, earthly goods, money, resources;
words w. gavdov. They neglect their appearance in that in which one has confidence (Carson, 178; DA; SB,
order that they may appear. vnotevovtes pres. act. part. 1:434; TDNT). @ 25 pepyvate pres. imp. act. wepyvaw
nom. masc. pl. vnotevw to fast. 17 vnotevwv pres. (# 3534) to be concerned for, to be anxious about, to
act. part. (temp.). “When you (emphatic) fast....” think about something, to reflect (Sand). Imp. w. the
G@AEvwat aor. imp. mid. aAEipoucs (# 230) to anoint one- neg. un (# 3590) is to stop an action in progress, or to
self. This was not normally done during fasting forbid an attitude. yuxi (# 6034) soul, the life principle
(Lachs, 125). viyou aor. mid. imp. vintouor (# 3782) to embodied in the body (McNeile). Dat. = dat. of advan-
wash oneself. Washing was usually for the purp. of tage (MT, 238). paynte aor. subj. act. co8iw (# 2266) to
eating (DA; DJG, 126-30). 18 davij¢ aor. subj. pass. eat. minte aor. subj. act. mivw (#4403) to drink. évév-
(dep.) daivoyor (#5743) to appear, to show oneself onjove aor. mid. subj. evdvouat (# 1907) to clothe oneself
(BAGD). Subj. w. 6mw¢ (# 3968) used in a purp. cl. The with, to put on. The subjs. are deliberative in indir.
neg. 11) (# 3590) is used w. the subj. to ward off some- discourse expressing hesitating questions (RG, 934-35;
thing still dependent on the will (BD, 188). 19 ®n- s.v. 31). ody (# 4049) in questions, expects a positive
oavpitete pres. act. imp. Onoavpitw (# 2564) to gather answer. WA€tov comp. moAvg (#4498) much, much
treasure. For the imp. w. the neg. s.v. 16. 6nov (# 3963) more. tpogi¢ (#5575) food. Gen. of comp., “than.” A
rel. where. The true value of any treasure is deter- rabbinic form of argumentation: “Will not God, hav-
mined by its location (DA). ong (#4962) moth. The ing given the greater thing (n yvxn), supply the lesser
moth destroys that which is feeble; Job 4:19; 13:28 things such as food and clothing?” (DA). @ 26
(DA). Bp@org (#1111) eating, consuming, perhaps by euBAewate aor. imp. act. euprenw (# 1838) to look at, to
an insect (BAGD; BBKA; EDNT). apaviter pres. ind. consider. omeipovow pres. ind. act. oneipw (#5062) to
act. apavitw (#906) to ruin, destroy (BAGD; BBC). sow seed. Oepifovotv pres. ind. act. Sepitw (# 2545) to
Gnomic pres. referring to a general truth. 5vopbocovoiv harvest. ovvayovov pres. ind. act. ovvayw (#5251) to
pres. ind. act. dupvoow (#1482) to dig through, to gather, to gather together. The pres. tenses are gnomic,
break in. Gnomic pres. 20 6nov (#3963) s.v. 19. For stating general truths. paAAov (# 3437) more. Strength-
Jewish parallels s. DA; SB, 1:429-30. 22 Avxyvoc ens the comparative force of duaepete (Meyer). d1agé-
(# 3394) light, lamp (s. Matt. 5:13; TDNT; for the eye as pete pres. ind. act. diadepw (#1422) to differ, to be
a lamp s. DA). €av s.v. 14. anode (# 604) clear, sound, different, to be worth more than, to be superior to
healthy, sincere, generous as the opposite of a grudg- (BAGD; for the type of argumentation s.v. 25; DA;
ing, selfish spirit (BAGD; DA). The moral sense of the BBC). @ 27 pepyv@v pres. act. part. Lepivaw
word “sincere” occurs in Test. of Levi 13:1 (“walk in (#3435) s.v. 25 expresses means. mpoo8etvat aor. inf.
sincerity”) and in an inscription to the god Men (“sin- act. mpootiOnt (# 4707) to add to. NAiKkta (# 2461) size,
cere soul”) (MM; NDIEC, 3:20-21; Susan R. Garrett, age. The passage can refer to the length of life or to the
“Lest the Light in You Be Darkness’: Luke 11:33-36 size or stature of the person (TDNT; MM). riiyuc
and the Question of Commitment,” JBL 110 [1991]: 93- (#4388) originally meant forearm, then cubit, as a
105, esp. 96-103). gwtetvoc (#5893) shining brightly, length of measure—about 18 inches-or it can refer to a
light. A good eye is evidence of inner light (DA). measure of time (BAGD). 28 pepyivate pres. ind.
@ 23 av (#1569) if. It introduces a 3rd. class cond. act. s.v. 25. Katopaete aor. imp. act. KatoapnavOdvu
which assumes the cond. to be possible (s.v. 14). et (# 2908) to learn thoroughly, to observe well, to con-
(# 1623) if. It introduces a cond. assumed to be true. sider carefully (AS), to understand, to take in this fact
mooov (#4531) adj. of number, magnitude, degree: about (M, 117-18). xpivov (#3211) lily, for the various
how much, how great, how many (AS). “What a terri- flowers of the field (BAGD; DA; PB, 169-71). ab-
ble kind of darkening that is” (McNeile). The conclu- Edvovol pres. ind. act. avéivw (# 889) to grow. Ko-
sion of the argument from the lesser to the greater (s. TMMow pres. act. ind. komiaw (#3159) to labor with
Rom. 5:9). @ 24 wonoer fut. ind. act. wioew (# 3631) to wearisome effort, to toil (T). Not so much the actual
15 Matthew 7

exertion as the weariness which follows on this strain- binic sayings such as “in the pot in which they cooked
ing of all his powers to the utmost (Trench, Synonyms, they were cooked” (Exod. Rabb.) s. Harrington; SB,
378). vnBovow pres. ind. act. vn@w (#3756) to spin. 1:441-46; Hagner. @ 2 év (# 1877) in instr. Kpipati dat.
Pres. tenses are gnomic. 29 mepveBc&Aeto aor. ind. of Kpiwo (#3210) judgment as a decision from a judge
mid. nepiBaAXw (# 4314) to put around, to put on; mid. (Gnilka; MM, 360; s. Jos., Ant., 14:321). xp.OnjoeoGe fut.
“to clothe oneself.” 30 yoptog (#5965) grass. Mere ind. pass. s.v. 1. petpw dat. of wétpoc (# 3586) measure,
weeds to be cut down and used as fuel (EGT). 6vta norm. petpeite pres. ind. act. wetpew (#3582) to mea-
pres. act. part. acc. masc. sing. ewt. “which is.” KAtBa- sure. WetpnOnjoetar fut. ind. pass. wetpew. Theol. pass.
vog (#3106) oven, furnace. A pottery oven often fired referring to God’s judgment (eschatological?). For OT
by burning grass inside (Carson, 181; BAGD; MM). and Jewish parallels s. SB, 1:444-46; H.P. Riiger, “'Mit
BoAOuEvov pres. pass. part. BoAAW (#965) to cast. Gp- welchem Ma ihr meft, wird euch gemessen wer-
guewvow pres. ind. act. Gudievvunt (# 314) to clothe. den',” ZNW 60 (1969): 174-82; Gnilka. 3 ti (#5515)
oAryonoto1 (# 3899) little faith, a small amount of trust. why. Kapog (# 2847) a splinter, a piece of dry wood or
The word is used of disciples in a trying situation chaff, a very small particle that may irritate (RWP). It
(DA). 31 pepyvnonte aor. subj. act. wepyivew s.v. 25. denotes insignificance and stands for small moral de-
Aor. subj. w. 21) (#3590) is used as a neg. imp., which fects (DA). o@ dat. of o0¢ (#5050) your. S0Kdg (# 1512)
either looks at a specific command (BD, 172; DA) or beam, log. It stands for sizeable moral defects (DA; for
serves as a summary statement (VA, 354). da&ywpev aor. Jewish parallels s. SB, 1:446-47). katavoets pres. ind.
subj. act. s.v. 25. miwpev aor. subj. ind. s.v. 25. mepiBa- act. Katavoew (# 2917) to notice, to take note of, to per-
Awpeba. aor. subj. mid. s.v. 29. The subjs. are delibera- ceive. 47 (#2445) or. epeig fut. ind. act. Aeyw
tive (s.v. 25; DM, 171; MT, 98-99). 32 €8vn pl. E6voc (# 3306) to say. &Eeg aor. imp. act. apinut (# 918) to al-
(# 1620) people, heathen. The non-Jewish pagans are low. Used w. the subj. to indicate permission (BD, 183-
the misguided, who because they do not know God, 84). €xBaAw aor. subj. act. exBGAAw (# 1675) to cast out,
fail to trust in Him (DA). enitntotovw pres. ind. act. to remove. The subj. is hortatory (or “projection” VA,
emiCntew (#2118) to look for, to seek after. The prep. 171-72) asking permission (BD, 183). 1600 aor. imp. act.
em is directive, indicating the concentration of the opaw (# 3972) to see. Demonstrative particle, “Behold!”
vb.’s action upon some object (MH, 312). Pres. indi- “Look!” It is used to emphasize the importance of the
cates a continual seeking after. odev perf. ind. act. s.v. statement (BAGD). 1) 50x0g (# 1512) beam, a log upon
8. ypntete pres. ind. act. ypntw (# 5974) to have need of, which planks in a house rest, a post sticking out gro-
w. gen. 33 Cntette (#2426) pres. imp. act. to seek. tesquely (RWP). The art. is used as the art. of previous
Pres. calls for a constant attitude. Imp. followed by the reference or renewed mention (IBG, 117). 5 ExBaAre
fut. forms the apodosis in a Semitic cond. cl. (Beyer, aor. imp. act. exBoAAwW (#1675) to throw out. tOTE
252-55). Sixa1oovvn (# 1466) righteousness, conduct in (# 5538) then, afterward. SiaPAewers fut. ind. act. d10-
agreement w. God’s will (GW, 129; RM, 89-91). Kat BAenw (# 1332) to see clearly, sharply. The prep. is per-
(#2779) and, so. It introduces a result which comes fective (MH, 301). exBaAgiv aor. act. inf. Const. aor.
from what precedes (BAGD). mpoote@noetar fut. ind. sums up the details without emphasis on the details
Pass. mpooti@nut (# 4707) to add to, to put down to an (VANT, 395). @ 6 S0t¢ aor. subj. act. 5i3wy1 (# 1443) to
account, to deliver allowances to someone (MM). give; w. the neg. as an imp. The vb. is used in a general
Theol. pass.; God does the adding (DA). @ 34 pepyivn- command w. an iterat. sense: “never give” (VANT,
onte aor. subj. act. s.v. 31. yop (# 1142) for; it gives the 355). kvotv dat. pl. kvvwv (#3264) dog. Dogs were vi-
reason for the command (Richard A. Edwards, “Nar- cious, wild, and considered to be unclean (s. Phil. 3:2).
rative Implications of Gar in Matthew,” CBQ 52 [1990]: BoAnte aor. subj. act. BaAAw (#965) to cast. papyapitns
636-55). pepyvyoer fut. ind. act. pepyvow. s.v. 31. (# 3449) pearl. Pearls were of great value and were
eavuttis (# 1571) gen. refl. pron. 3rd. pers. For the gen. s. used fig. of something of supreme value (DA; s. 1 Tim.
BD, 96. xaxto. (# 2798) trouble, misfortune. Used in the 2:9). Eunpoovev (# 1869) w. gen., before. yotmog (# 5956)
sense of damage done to a crop by hail (MM). “Each a young pig, swine. The “dogs” and “pigs” are those
day has enough trouble of its own” (BAGD). who have abandoned themselves to vicious courses
and are hard-hearted and blind (DA). Piglets and pup-
Matthew 7 pies are frequently associated w. heathen worship
@ 1 xpivete pres. imp. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge; (ABD, 6:1143-44). uqmote (# 3607) w. ind. fut. and aor.
habit of censoriousness, sharp, unjust criticism (RWP). subj., lest. Katamatnoovow fut. ind. act. katanatew
The word is almost synonymous w. condemn (DA). (#2922) to trample. Fut. w. the following subj. may
Pres. imp. w. the neg. un (# 3590) forbids an attitude. suggest that whereas it is likely the pigs will trample
KpiOf\te aor. subj. pass. kptvw. It may refer to divine the pearls, they may not necessarily attack men (VA,
judgment or to human judgment (McNeile). For rab- 416). nooiv dat. pl. novg (# 4546) foot. Instr. use of the
Matthew 7 16

prep. ev (# 1651) “with their feet.” otpadévtes aor. pass. heed. mpdc used w. vbs. meaning “to be on guard, fact
part. otpepw (# 5138) to turn around. Circum. part. can give heed to” (BD, 83). oitives (# 4015) nom. pl. faed
be translated as a main vb. (DM, 228). pnEwor aor. (# 4015) generic or generalized rel. pron. whoever, ev-
subj. act. pnyvupt (# 4838) to tear in pieces. Subj. to ex- eryone who. evévpaow dat. pl. Evdvuc. (# 1903) cloth-
press neg. purp. (RG, 988). 7 aiteite pres. imp. act. ing. Perhaps a reference to a dress worn by a prophet
aitew (# 160) to ask. Pres. is customary: “make it your (EGT). AbKog (#3380) wolf (TDNT). &prayes nom. pl.
habit to ask” (VANT, 333). 50@noetar fut. ind. pass. cpnaé (#774) raging, ravenous. @ 16 Extyvwmoecee fut.
dtdwp1 (# 1443) to give. Fut. is used in a Semitic type of ind. mid. emyivwoxw (# 2105) to know, to recognize.
cond. cl. giving the results of carrying out the imp. Prep. in compound is directive. wht used in questions
(Beyer, 238-55). Theol. pass. shows that God acts (DA). which expect a neg. answer (BD, 220; BAGD). ovAAé-
Cnteite pres. imp. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. edpnoete youotv pres. ind. act. 3rd. pers. pl. ovAAeyw (# 5198) to
fut. ind. act. ebpioxw (# 2351) to find. kpovete pres. imp. gather together. The 3rd. pers. pl. is impersonal and
act. Kpovw (# 3218) to knock. &vorynoetan fut. ind. pass. can be translated as pass. (RG, 820; GGBB, 402).
avotyw (# 487) to open. 8 aitdv pres. act. part. nom. dKavOa (#180) thorn bushes. otavAn (#5091) grape.
masc. sing. aitew (# 160) to ask. Cntév pres. act. part. tpipodog (#5560) thistle. odkov (#5192) fig. 17
nom. masc. sing. Kpovovtt pres. act. part. dat. masc. oanpoc (#4911) decayed, rotten. Used of things unus-
sing. 9 tic (#5516) (who) plus avOpwnog (# 476) able, unfit, bad (BAGD). 18 novetv pres. act. inf.
(person) means anyone. A Semitic use for the indef. movew (# 4472) to make, to produce, to bear. Inf. supple-
pronominal adj. (DA, 81; BD, 246). wn (#3590) used ments 6vvato1. Gnomic pres. For the variant éveyKeiv
when a neg. answer to a question is expected. emdwoet aor. act. inf. d€pw to bear s. TC, 20. © 19 ExxOntETAL
fut. ind. act. €m1515w1 (# 2113) to give to. The prep. ent pres. pass. ind. éxxontw (#1716) to cut down.
is directive (MH, 312). 101,006 (#2716) fish. dO1¢ 20 apa (#726) then, expresses an inference. Used to
(# 4058) snake. Stones on the shore and possible water emphasize the preceding word. 21 Kvpte (#3261)
snakes suggested themselves as substitute (Mc- voc. Lord. Often occurs as a form of polite address, but
Neile). @ 11 €1 (# 1623) if. Introduces a 1st. class cond. here it is more than that. It is addressed to Him in His
assuming the truth of the statement. Ovteg pres. act. supreme power in the last day (McNeile; s. WA, 115-
part. nom. masc. pl. et (# 1639). Part. may be conces- 42). eloedevoetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eioepyouor
sive, “even though....” otSate perf. ind. act. oida (#1656) to enter into. mov pres. act. part. mo1ew
(# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. 5160va1 (# 4472) to do. Adj. part. used as a noun. @ 22 épodoiv
pres. act. inf. Siwy (# 1443). Inf. used in indir. dis- fut. ind. act. Xeyw (# 3306) to say. ovoyatt dat. sing. dvo-
course. T00w waAAoV “how much more?” The words wo (# 3950) name. Instr. dat. (McNeile; for other views
introduce an argument from the “lesser to the greater” s. DA). e€mpopntevoopev aor. ind. act. rxpodntevw
(s. Rom. 5:9; SB, 3:223-26). Swoer fut. ind. act. SiSwpt (# 4736) to prophesy, to speak for another (TDNT). €&€-
(# 1443) to give. aitodow pres. act. part. (dat. pl.) aitew BoAouev aor. ind. act. exBadAAwW (#1675) to cast out.
(#160) to ask. 12 obv (#4036) therefore. It sums up Emoinjoopev aor. ind. act. moiew to do, to perform.
the sermon to this point (McNeile). 600, av whatever. 23 OWoAOYNow fut. ind. act. buoroyew (# 3933) to make
Used as an indef. rel. (RG, 733). 8€AntE pres. subj. act. a statement; in the legal sense to bear witness. An act
8€Aw (#2527) to wish, to want. nowWov pres. subj. act. of proclamation in which the relation of man to Jesus
moe (# 4472) to do, to make. 13 eioeOate aor. imp. is expressed in a binding and valid form (TDNT). 61
act. evoepyona (# 1656) to come in, to go in. otevocg (#4022) recitative, used as quotation marks to intro-
(#5101) narrow. mbvAn (# 4783) gate, of a city or temple duce a direct quote. €yvwv aor. ind. act. 1st. pers. sing.
(Luz). The figure may imply difficulty (DA), or hard- ywooKw (# 1182) to know. The words “I never knew
ships (s. 4 Ezra 7:6-12). 6t1 (#4022) because. mrateia you” were used by the rabbis as a banish formula (SB,
fem. nom. sing. mAatvc (#4426) wide. edpbywpoc 1:469). Gnoywpeite pres. imp. act. &n0-ywpéw (# 713) to
(# 2353) wide, roomy, broad, spacious. The two words depart, to go away. épyatopevor (#2237) pres. mid.
together connote a lack of striving, of work (DA). ana- (dep.) part. to work. Adj. part. used as a subst. dvopia
youoa pres. act. part. fem. sing. nom. anayw (#552) to (# 490) lawlessness. The term here does not mean lack
lead. Part. used as an adj. describing 080¢ (# 3847). of law, but refers to a lax attitude of doing the will of
anwrew (#724) destruction. 14 te@Aypevn perf. God (S. James E. Davidson, “Anomia and the Question
pass. part. @AiBw (#2567) to press, to be narrow, con- of an Antinomian Polemic in Matthew,” JBL 104
stricted. Part. used as a pred. adj. It may refer to trou- [1985]: 617-35). 24 oporwOjoEtar fut. ind. pass.
bles or a way of tribulations (Luz; DA). evpioxovtes oL010w (# 3929) to compare, to liken. Takes dat. Fut. re-
pres. act. part. evptoxw (#2351) to find. Adj. part. used fers to the last judgment (DA). gpovinw (#5861)
as a noun. 15 mpooeyete pres. imp. act. mpooexw understanding, practically wise, sensible (AS;
(# 4668) to turn one’s mind to, to pay attention, to give NIDNTT). Dat. sing. @kod0unoev aor. ind. act. oixodo-
 Matthew8

yew (#3868) to build. Perhaps a ref. to Prov. 9:1ff; w. the obj. in gen. ka®apto@nti aor. imp. pass. kadapiw
24:3. 25 KateBn aor. ind. act. katapaivw (#2849) to (# 2751) to cleanse. xaBapto@n aor. ind. pass. 4 Opa
go down, to fall down. Bpoyn (# 1104) rain. Used in the pres. imp. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. etmgg aor. subj. act.
papyri for artificial inundations (McNeile). NA8ov aor. Aéyw (#3306) to speak. Subj. expresses a neg. com-
ind. act. Epyoua (# 2262). motopot (# 4532) rivers, flood. mand (RG, 854, 932). tmaye pres. imp. act. bnayw
The torrents which fill the ravines after a heavy rain (# 5632) to go. bei&ov aor. imp. act. deikvupt (# 1259) to
(DA). émvevoay aor. ind. act. nvevw (# 4463) to blow. show. mpoctveyKov aor. imp. act. mpoohepw (#4712) to
aveyor (# 449) winds. mpootnecay aor. ind. act. TpO00- bring to, to carry to, to offer. This was to take place at
nintw (#4700) to fall upon. éneoev aor. ind. act. nintw the Eastern Gate of the Temple (M, Sotah 1:5; Lev.
(# 4406) to fall. There is a play on words w. “fall” and 14:11). mpooetozev aor. ind. act. mpootacow (# 4705) to
“fall upon” (DA). teBepediwto plperf. ind. pass. Geye- instruct, to command. (s. Lev. 13-14). This included
AoW (# 2530) to found, to lay the foundation. For the both inspection by a priest and sacrifices (JPB, 220;
lack of the augment s. BD, 36. @ 26 dvdpi dat. sing. Hagner). For the Jewish view of leprosy s. SB, 4:745-63;
avnp (#467) man, male. Dat. w. vb. pwp@ dat. sing. BBC; ABD, 4:277-82; M, Negaim; 11QT 48:17. Judaism
uwpoc (#3704) foolish, unreflecting; foolish deeds, expected the removal of this affliction in the time of
heart thoughts arising from a lack of knowledge or the Messianic salvation (TDNT). 5 etoeA@Ovtos aor. act.
inability to make correct decisions (s. NIDNTT; TDNT; part. gen. masc. sing. eioepyouo1 (#1656) to go in, to
TLNT). Gyipov acc. sing. Gypog (# 302) sand. w. prep. em come in. Temp. part. gen. abs. mpootj)A@ev aor. ind. act.
(# 2093) “upon the sand.” 27 npooékowav aor. ind. mposepyou.al (# 4665). exatovtapyos (# 1672) leader of a
act. mpookontw (#4684) to strike against, to beat hundred men, centurion (IDB, 1:547f; BC, 5:427-45;
against. mt@oic (#4774) fall. 28 eyeveto aor. ind. DJG, 548; Brian Dobson, “The Significance of the Cen-
mid. (dep.) yivoyo1 (#1181) to happen. For the con- turion and 'Primipilaris' in the Roman Army and Ad-
struction s. Beyer, 41-60. etéAecev aor. ind. act. teAew ministration,” ANRW, 2:i, 392-433; BBC). napaxaAa@v
(# 5464) to complete, to end. e&emAnooovto impf. ind. pres. act. part. napaxaAew (#4151) to call for help, to
pass. exnAnoow (# 1742) to amaze, to astound; pass. to urge. Circum. part. or used to describe the manner, or
be amazed, to be astounded, to be beside oneself. even purp. of his coming. 6 naic (# 4090) son; used
Impf. indicates continued arnazement, as though the here w. the meaning “servant.” A friendly term of ad-
people returned to their homes still pondering what it dress which indicates that the one serving had a per-
all meant (DA). ent (# 2093) w. the dat. expressing the sonal relation w. his master (Schl.). BeBAntot perf. ind.
reason. 29 yap (#1142) for (explanatory). 66aKwv pass. BGA
Aw (# 965) to throw; pass. to lie on a sick bed.
pres. act. part. 616a0Kxw (# 1438) to teach. Part. used ina Perf. describes his cond. napadutixog (# 4166) lame,
periphastic construction which emphasizes the cus- paralyzed. beac (# 1267) terribly. Used in the papyri
tomary teaching function of Jesus (VA, 458; VANT, of those who are seriously sick (MM, 138; NDIEC,
315). 4:248). BaoaviCouevoc pres. pass. part. Bacavitw (# 989)
to torment, to suffer physical pain and sickness
Matthew 8 (EDNT; NDIEC, 4:142). Part. used as an adj. 7
@ 1 KatoBdvtos aor. act. part. katofaivy (# 2849) éXOwv aor. act. part. Epyouc1 (# 2262) to come, to go.
to go down. Part. used as gen. abs. expressing contem- Part. could be temp. (“when I come ...”) or circumstan-
poraneous time. TNkoAvEnoay aor. ind. act. axodovbew tial. Gepanedow fut. ind. act. Bepanedw (# 2543) to heal
(# 199) to follow, to be a traveling companion (EDNT). (s. Matt. 4:23). Fut. indicates a promise w. certainty
2 mpooedOwyv aor. act. part. (circum.) mpoocepyouar (Schl.). 8 &moxpiWetc aor. pass. (dep.) part. anoxpivo-
(# 4665) to come to. “A leper came....” For the use of wat (# 646) to answer. For the Semitic construction s.
this vb. s. James R. Edwards, “The Use of Mposepyeo- 3:2. pn impf. ind. act. dnut (#5774) to speak. tKkavog
§a1 in the Gospel of Matthew,” JBL 106 (1987): 65-74. (#2653) sufficient, worthy. According to rabbinical
mpocexover impf. ind. act. mpooxvvew (# 4686) to wor- teaching, the entrance into a Gentile house made one
ship by falling at the feet. Incep. impf. “he began to defiled (M, Oholoth 18:7), but the centurion may have
worship.” é&v (#1569) w. subj., if. It indicates some realized his moral guilt and Jesus’ holiness (Gundry;
doubt regarding the cond. The doubt is not about the BBC). etoeA€¢ aor. subj. act. eoepyouc. (# 1656) to en-
power but about the will (EGT). 8€A7¢ pres. act. subj. ter. The unworthiness, explained by the subj., shows
BeAw (# 2527) to wish, to will. &0vaca1 pres. ind. pass. the humility of the centurion. etmé aor. imp. act. Aeyw)
(dep.) Stvapo1 (# 1538) to be able. KaBapioa. aor. act. (# 3306) to speak. AOyw dat. sing. AOyo¢ (# 3364) word.
inf. kabapicw (#2751) to cleanse. Compl. to the main Instr. dat., “with a word.” The construction is Semitic
vb. @ 3 exteivas aor. act. part. temp. masc. nom. and emphasizes the term “word” (Luz). 1a@qoetat fut.
sing. exteivey (4 1753) to stretch out. fwato aor. ind. ind. pass. 140u.0.1 (# 2615) to heal (GLH). @ 9 eEov-
mid. (dep.) Gxtw (# 721) to touch, to take hold of; used oiav (# 2026) acc. sing. authority to rule, authority by
Matthew 8 18

virtue of office. W. prep. 010 (# 5679) and acc. it means dividual acts of healing. 17 mAnpw6f aor. subj. pass.
“to be under the command, or rule” of someone nAnpow (#4444) to fulfill. Subj. w. dnw¢ (# 3968) used
(BAGD). nopev@nti aor. imp. pass. (dep.) mopevopnar in a purp. cl. pn@ev aor. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
(# 4513) to go, to march, perhaps w. the idea of conti- Part. used as a subst. abt0g he, himself (emphatic; s.
nuity and distance (for a comparison in meaning to MT, 40-41). EXoBev aor. ind. act. AauBavw (#3284) to
Epyouar s. BD, 172; LN, 1:183). épxov pres. imp. mid. take, to take away. €Bd&otaoev aor. ind. act. Bactatw
(dep.) €pxouat moinoov aor. imp. act. novew (# 4472) to (# 1002) to take away, to bear. For the quotation from
do, to make. Aor. may point to a specific duty to be Isa. 53 s. JIU, esp., 71-75. 18 180v aor. act. part.
carried out. 10 d&Kovous aor. act. part. temp. dKcovw (temp.) Opaw (#3972) to see. “When he saw....” &KE-
(#201) to hear. “When he heard....” E6aDuQ0EV aor. AEvOEV aor. ind. act. keXkevw (#3027) to command. For
ind. act. @avuacw (# 2513) to be amazed. &KoAovP0datv this vb. w. the aor. inf. s. BD, 174. ameAGeiv aor. act. inf.
pres. act. part. dkoAov0ew (#199) s.v. 1. tooabthv fem. anepyouat (#599) to go away, to leave. 19
acc. tooovt0¢g (#5537) so great. The word expresses MpooedOwv aor. act. part. temp. mpooepyouat (# 4665) to
quality: “faith as strong as this” (BAGD). edpov aor. come to. €ig a (used as an indef. art. RWP). einev aor.
ind. act. Ist. pers. sing. evptoxw (#2351) to find. #11 ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) s.v. 8. 5iSaoKare (# 1437) teacher
mEovotv fut. ind. act. nw (# 2457) to come. &vaKA167- (voc.). For a study of this word and esp. the rabbi
Govta1 fut. ind. pass. (dep.) avaxKAtvouor (#369) to re- teacher position in Judaism s. TDNT; JL. axoAov0jow
cline at a table. Used of the Messianic banquet (BAGD; fut. ind. act. akoAovdew (# 199) s.v. 1. The word speaks
TDNT). For the Jewish custom of eating while reclin- of the rabbi teacher-student relation. 6nov t&v (# 3963;
ing at table s. SB, 4:618f. @ 12 €xBAnOqoovtat fut. ind. 1569) w. subj., wherever. anépyn pres. mid. (dep.) subj.
pass. exBoAAw (#1675) to cast out. e€wtepov (# 2035) 2nd. pers. sing. Gmepyoupat (#599). 20 aAwneKxes
outer. Comp. in form only. KAavOyog (# 3088) crying, nom. pl. GAwnné (# 273) fox. pwreog (# 5887) den, hole
Weeping, w. emphasis upon the noise accompanying for animals. kataoxnvwoig (#2943) dwelling place,
the weeping (LN, 1:304). Bpvyyoc (#1106) biting, nest. KAivq pres. subj. act. kAtvw (#3111) to incline, to
grinding of teeth. The wailing indicates suffering, the lay. For the term “Son of Man” s. Carson, 209-13; DJG,
gnashing of teeth, despair (Meyer). 13 exiotevoac 775-81. @21£€tepog (#2283) another (RG, 748-50;
aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. miotevw (# 4409) to be- BAGD). einev aor. ind. act. A€yw (s.v. 19). emitpewov aor.
lieve. yevnOjtw aor. ind. pass. (dep.) 3rd. pers. sing. imp. act. enitpenw (#2205) to allow, to permit. Aor.
yivouat (# 1181) to be, to become, to happen. 146 aor. views a specific act. &meAGeiv aor. act. inf. anepyouar
ind. pass. idowor (#2615) s.v. 8. 14 €XOwv aor. act. (#599) to go away (s.v. 18). O& wa aor. act. inf. Pantw
part. (temp. ) épyouar (#2262) to come. “When he (#2507) to bury. Inf. completes the main vb. 22
came....” eléev aor. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. mEv- dKoAovGt pres. imp. act. s.v. 19. This is a call to disci-
Oepa (# 4289) mother of the wife, mother-in-law. BeBAn- pleship. Pres. imp. points to a way of life. deg aor.
wevnv perf. pass. part. BoAAW (#965) s.v. 6. Mupeo- imp. act. apinut (# 918) to leave, to let, to allow. Aor.
oovoay pres. act. part. mupeoow (# 4789) to have a fe- points to a definite act. vexpove acc. pl. vexpog (# 3738)
ver. 15 twato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &ntw (# 721) s.v. dead. Acc. w. inf. This may refer to the spiritual dead
3. &pfiKev aor. ind. act. cptnyr (# 918) to depart. NyEpen (Allen), or may have the meaning dying (AM). The ur-
aor. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to wake; pass. to rise, to gency of following Jesus unreservedly is greater than
get up. dinkovet impf. ind. act. diaKxovew (#1354) to burial duties (Hill). For the background of this pas-
wait on someone at the table, to serve. Obj. in acc. In- sage s. Luke 9:59f; DJG, 187. 23 éuBavt aor. act.
cep. impf. “she began to serve.” The previous aor. ex- part. dat. sing. euBaivw (# 1832) to step in, to embark.
presses a point, the impf. begins a linear action The part. is a dat. abs. (EGT) and is temp. 24 oe10-
(Bakker, 26). 160yiag gen. sing. oyia (#4070) 0c (#4939) shaking, used of a storm or an earth-
evening. Yevouévns aor. ind. mid. part. (dep.) gen. fem. quake. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouc (#1181) to
sing. yivowat (#1181) Gen. abs. “when it was become, to be. wate (# 6063) so that; used w. the inf. to
evening.” mpoonveykav aor. ind. act. mpoopepw (# 4712) express results. KaAvRTEOBaL pres. pass. inf. KarOTTW
to bring, to carry. 5ayovifopevous pres. pass. part. dat- (# 2821) to cover over. The pres. graphically describes
uoviCopnat (#1227) to be possessed by a demon or an the action taking place. abtog he emphatic in contrast
evil spirit. For the Jewish view of demons s. SB, 4:i, to the others. exaGevdev impf. ind. act. Kabevdw
501-35. e€éBovev (# 1675) aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. Aoyw in- (# 2761) to sleep. Impf. “he kept on sleeping” stands in
str. dat. A0yog (#3364) “With a word.” Exovtas pres. contrast to the aor. (MT, 66). @ 25 mpooeAGovtes aor.
act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. W. the adv. Kakwc act. part. nom. masc. pl. s.v. 2. hyewpav aor. ind. act. s.v.
(# 2809) “to be ill, sick.” €8epanevoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. o@oov aor. imp. act. owGw (#5392) to save, to res-
7. For a discussion of these miracles to authenticate cue. Aor. is used by people in straitened circumstances
the message of Jesus s. DJG, 302-303. Aor. sums the in- (Bakker, 130). &moAADpe8a pres. ind. mid. &noAADEL
19 Matthew 9

(# 660) to be destroyed (EDNT; GELTS, 53). Pres. tense bnavtnow (#5637) acc. sing. followed by the dat.
vividly describes the dangerous situation. @ 26 Se1h0¢ meeting. The word is used sometimes for the meeting
(#1264) cowardly, timid, afraid. dAvyomioto1 (# 3899) of an honored visitor outside a city (Gundry; for the
w. little trust, small in faith. It refers to its poor quality grammatical use of this s. M, 14). 0ovteg (# 3972) aor.
(Carson, 216). evEpBeic aor. pass. part. s.v. 15. Part. is act. part. temp. s.v. 18. mapexaAeoay aor. ind. act. s.v.
temp. or circum. énetipnoev aor. ind. act. emtcw 31. wetaBh aor. subj. act. uetoBaivw (# 3553) to depart
(#2203) to rebuke. Suggests that the elements are to another place. Subj. w. onws (# 3968) gives the con-
treated as evil powers which must be subdued as a tent of the request (BD, 200).
sign of the kingdom over which Christ is king (Hill; s.
also Matt. 17:18). yoAnvn (# 1132) calm. The great calm Matthew 9
is in contrast to the raging storm. 27 d&v@pwror @ 1 euBac aor. act. part. (temp.) EuBaivw (# 1832)
(# 476) men, either the disciples in the boat (Filson) or to step into, to embark. SvenEpacev aor. ind. act. dvame-
the people who will subsequently hear (McNeile). T0- paw (#1385) to cross over. T[ev aor. ind. act. Epyouat
tanosg (# 4534) what sort of, what kind. traxovovoiv (# 2262) to come. @ 2 npooépepov impf. ind. act.
pres. ind. act. vnaxovw (#5634) to listen to, to obey. Tpoopepw (# 4712) to bring to, to carry. Impf. suggests
Hist. pres. @ 28 €\80Ovto¢ (# 2262) aor. act. part. gen that they came bringing the man to Jesus as He arrived
masc. sing. €pyouat s.v. 14. Gen. abs. temp. part. drnv- in Capernaum (Hill). BeBAnpevov perf. pass. part. BaA-
tTnoav aor. ind. act. bravtaw (#5636) to meet, to meet Aw (#965) to throw, pass. to lie on a sick bed. s. 8:6.
up with (obj. in dat.). (LN, 1:192). pwnpetwv gen. pl. pv- 18wv aor. act. part. temp. opaw (# 3972) to see. “When
Telov (# 3646) monument, tomb. Possibly caves (Car- he saw...” avtdv (# 899) gen. pl. “their.” Used of him
son, 217). These were considered unclean (BBC). who wass bome: and of them who bore him (Bengel).
e€epyouevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) é&épyoucr eimev aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306). Odpaer pres. imp. act.
(# 2002) to go out. yaAenoi (# 5901) hard, difficult, dan- Bapoew (# 2510) to be of good cheer, to have confidence
gerous, violent (s. 2 Tim. 3:1). toybew pres. act. inf. and firmness of purp. in the face of danger or testing
ioxvw (#2710) to be strong, to be able. Used w. inf. (LN, 1:306). Pres. imp. has an ingressive idea, “don’t
Pres. indicates the continued inability. Inf. used to ex- be fearful any longer, start to think positively about
press actual results. mapedetv aor. act. inf. tpooepxouar your situation” (VANT, 349). dievtot pres. ind. pass.
(# 4216) to go by, to pass by. Aor. summarizes the vari- aint (# 918) to depart; pass. to be forgiven (DJG, 241-
ous attempts to pass by. 29 &xpagéav aor. ind. act. 43). Pres. means either “are in a state of remission” or
Kpagw (# 3189) to cry out, to scream. tl Nyiv Kai oot “are at this moment remitted,” an aoristic pres. (Mc-
“What to us and you?” It represents a Heb. idiom sug- Neile). 3 Bdaopnuel pres. ind. act. Prachnpew
gesting the two parties have no common concern (# 1059) to speak evil of, to defame, to blaspheme. In
(Tasker; s. John 2:4). RAGES aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. Judaism it refers to words or deeds that impugn God’s
épxouat s.v. 14. Bacavion aor. act. inf. Bacavitw s.v. 6. honor and injure His holiness, such as ascribing to
Inf. used to express purp. 30 ayeAn (#36) herd. oneself divine powers (EDNT). The penalty for this sin
yoipwv gen. pl. yoipoc (# 5956) pig, swine (gen. used as in the OT was death by stoning (BBC). @ 4 et8we perf.
gen. of apposition or definition RG, 499). It was forbid- act. part. oda (#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. the pres.
den for Jews to raise pigs (M, Baba Kama, 7; SB, 1:492- (For the variant wv aor. act. part. s. TC, 24). evevpnois
93). Booxouévn pres. pass. part. Booxw (# 1081) to feed, (#1927) reflection, thought. watt (#2672) “In order
to herd; pass. to graze (BAGD). Adj. part. 31 that what might happen?” Why, for what reason?
mapexcAovv impf. ind. act. napaxadew (# 4151) to be- (BAGD). evOvpeto@e pres. ind. mid. (dep.) evevpeouar
seech, to beg. Impf. indicates they continually asked. (# 1926) to consider, reflect, to think. @ 5 ebxonwtepov
et (# 1623) if. The cond. is viewed as true. &ndotetLov comp. evKonoc (# 2324) easy. eimeiv aor. act. inf. AEyw
aor. imp. act. OMOoTEAAW (# 90) to send. Aor. imp. looks (# 3306) to say. Inf. explains what is easier. Eyeipe pres.
at the specific request. @ 32 eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw to imp. act. eyeipw (# 1586) intr. in imp. “Arise!” mepinater
say. s.v. 19. &&eh@Ovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 28. Part. is pres. imp. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to walk, to go about.
temp. or circum. &nA6ov aor. ind. act. s.v. 18. dipunoev For the pres. imp. of this vb. s. VANT, 343-44.
aor. ind. act. opucw (# 3994) to set out, to rush. kpnivod #6 evdiite perf. subj. act. o16a. s.v. 4. Subj. used in purp.
(# 3204) (gen.) steep bank, precipice. The gen. w. the cl. d&ovévan pres. act. inf. adinut (#978) s.v. 2. Inf. ex-
prep. is local, “over and down” (BD, 120). GnEBAVOV plains authority. eyep@etc aor. pass. part. éyeipw (# 1586)
aor. ind. act. ano8vnokw (# 633) to die (s. Mark 5:13). pass. intr. to rise, to get up. Circum. part. used as imp.
33 BOoxovtes pres. act. part. s.v. 30. Epvyov aor. ind. (VANT, 386; s. Matt. 28:19). dpov aor. imp. act. aipw
act. devyw (#5771) to flee. a&meA@Ovtes aor. act. part. (# 149) to lift up, to take up. Aor. imp. points to a spe-
(temp.) s.v. 18. amnyyetav aor. ind. act. anayyedw cific act. bmaye pres. imp. act. Unayw (#5632) to go, to
(# 550) to report. ® 34 EEMAGEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 28. go away. Pres. imp. used w. a vb. of motion.
Matthew 9 20

@ 7 eyepOeic aor. pass. part. s.v. 6. dnhAGev aor. ind. act. 43; s. Acts 13:34). kaAéoa aor. act. inf. KaAew (# 2813)
anepxoua (# 599) to depart. 8 1S0vtes aor. act. part. to call. Inf. used to express purp. The same word used
(temp.) pl. opdaw (# 3972) to see, “when they saw this.” of inviting to a feast (AM). 14 npocepxovtar pres.
epoPnOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) doPeowar (# 5828) to ind. mid. (dep.) MPOOEPXOLOL (# 4665) to come to, to ap-
be afraid, to fear. €50€aoav aor. ind. act. So&GCw (# 1519) proach. Hist. pres. vnotevopev pres. ind. act. vnotevw
to praise, to glorify, to show honor (EDNT). d0vta aor. (# 3764) to fast. 15 wh (#3590) used in questions
act. part. acc. sing. Siwy (# 1443) to give. toravtnv which expect a neg. answer. vioi tod vupgdvos “sons of
fem. acc. toiovtoc (#5525) such as this, of such a kind. the bridal chamber.” A Hebrew idiom for wedding
avOpw-noig (#476) dat. pl. “On behalf of men” (AM). guests (RWP). mev@eiv pres. act. inf. nevOew (# 4291) to
@ 9 apaywv pres. act. part. napayw (# 4135) intr. to pass mourn, to be sad, to experience sadness or grief as the
by. Temp. part expressing contemporaneous action. result of depressing circumstances or the cond. of per-
etdev aor. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. KaOTPEVOV pres. sons (LN, 1:305). &$’ Ooov so long as. A fast during
mid. (dep.) part. kaOnuar (# 2764) to sit. Adj. part. te- the 7 day marriage feast was inappropriate. EAevoovtat
Awviov (#5468) tax office, probably near the beach in fut. ind. mid. (dep.) épyona (#2262) to come. dtav
order to handle business connected w. ships coming to (# 4020) w. subj., when, whenever. arap@f aor. subj.
Galilee from the east side of the lake (Filson). For tax pass. anaipw (#554) to take away, to remove. vnotev-
collectors and their position in Judaism s. TDNT; SB, oovow fut. ind. act.s.v.14. 16 emBaAXet pres. ind.
1:377-80; NDIEC, 5:103; JZ, 162-227; F. Herrenbrtick, act. emBarrAw (#2095) to throw over, to lay on, to put
“Wer waren die 'Zdllner'?” ZNW 72 (1981): 178-94; J.R. on. Gnomic pres. éxipAnua (#2099) a patch. paKog
Donahue, “Tax Collectors and Sinners,” CBQ 33 (# 4820) a piece of cloth. &yvabog (# 47) unshrunken,
(1971): 39-61; DJG, 804-807, particularly 805-806; BBC. unbleached, new (BAGD). noAa1@ dat. sing. maAraog
AeyOEVOV pres. pass. part.; here, “to be named.” AEyw (# 4094) old. Old in the sense of worn out (Trench, Syn-
(# 3306) &koAovGet pres. imp. act. aKoAovGEW (# 199) to onyms 249-53). nANnpwwa (# 4445) fullness, that which
follow; W. dat. “be My disciple,” “attach yourself to fills, a patch put on to fill a gap (McNeile). xeipov
My person in order to hear and follow Me” (Hill). (#5937) comp. KaKxog bad. “Worse.” @ 17 veov
G@vaotas aor. act. part. (circum.) aviotnpt (# 482) to (# 3742) new, fresh. “New wine” was a set phrase re-
arise. NKOAOVENGEV aor. ind. act. @ 10 Eyeveto aor. ferring to newly pressed grape juice, unfermented, or
ind. mid. (dep.) yivonar (# 1181) to become, to happen. in the initial stages of fermentation (LN, 1:77). For the
avaKEewevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. avaKkewar (# 367) production of wine s. DJG, 870; R.J. Forbes, Studies in
to recline at the table. Gen. abs. For a description of a Ancient Technology, 3:72-80. wox0g (# 829) a leather bag,
Jewish banquet and reclining while eating s. SB, 4:ii, wineskin (BAGD). €1 8 yn ye but, if not, otherwise (s.
611-39; BBC; DJG, 796-800. cpaptwAoi (# 283) nom. pl. Matt. 6:1). phyyvevton pres. ind. pass. pryyvut (# 4838) to
sinful, sinner. In this context, for those who either tear, to burst. €xyeitat pres. ind. pass. exyéw (#1772) to
could not because of ignorance or would not observe pour out. &nOAAvVTOL pres. ind. mid. amoAA DEL (# 660)
the intricacies of the Jewish law as elaborated by the to be lost, to be destroyed. ovvtnpotvtai pres. ind.
traditions of the scribes (Tasker). EA@OvtEg aor. act. pass. ovvtnpew (# 5337) protect, keep safe. The prep. is
part. nom. masc. pl. épyoua (# 2262). Circum. or temp. perfective (M, 113). Pres. tenses are gnomic. @ 18 Aa-
part. ovvavéxeivto impf. ind. mid. (dep.). ovvavaxKet- Aodvto¢ pres. act. part. Aakew (# 3281) to speak; gen.
wo (#5263) to recline together w. one at the table. abs. to express contemporaneous time: “while he was
@ 11 150vtes aor. act. part. s.v. 8. EXeyov impf. ind. act. speaking.” etc, a (used as an indef. art., BAGD).
A€yw (# 3306) incep. “they began to say...” @ 12 dKov- TMpooekvvet impf. ind. act. npooxvvew (# 4686) to fall
0a¢ aor. act. part. (temp.) &Kovw (# 201) to hear. toxvov- down and do reverence. The word here does not nec-
TEG pres. act. part. nom. pl. icyvw (# 2710) to be strong, essarily mean “worship,” but shows deep courtesy
to be healthy. tatpod (# 2620) gen. sing. (gen. w. the adj. (Carson, 230). Incep. impf. “he began...” ot (#4022)
ypeiav) doctor, physician. Kaxd>¢ Exovtes (# 2809; 2400) used as quotation marks to introduce a direct quota-
pres. act. part. w. adv. to have it bad, to be sick. tion. EteXe0tNOEV aor. ind. act. tedkevtaw (# 5462) to die.
© 13 mopevOevtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. mopevouar “Just now died” (RWP). Matthew has condensed the
(# 4513) to go. Circum. part used as imp. waete aor. story (Carson, 230). emi@eg aor. imp. act. enitiOnur
imp. act. pavdave (# 3443) to learn; “go and learn.” A (# 2202) to place upon. Aor. imp. used of a specific act
common formula used by the rabbi (SB, 1:499). Agog by one in difficult circumstances (s. Matt. 8:25). Cnoetat
(# 1799) mercy. A rendering of the Hebrew word 10M, fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Caw (# 2409) to live. For the form s.
“covenant loyalty,” “loyal love to God demonstrated BD, 42; RG, 356. The fut. gives the results of fulfilling
by acts of mercy and loving-kindness.” (D. Hill, “On the plea and is a type of Semitic cond. cl. ® 19 EyEp-
the Use and Meaning of Hosea vi. 6 in Matthew’s Gos- Qeic aor. pass. part. s.v. 6. TKoAOvENoEV aor. ind. act.
pel,” NTS 24 [1977]: 107-119; TDOT, TLNT; DJG, 541- axorovbew (#199) to follow (followed by dat.).
a Matthew 9

® 20 aipoppootoa pres. act. part. fem. sing. aipoppoew call for a specific action from one in need. @ 28 €X60vtTt
(# 137) to suffer w. a hemorrhage. In modern medical aor. act. part. dat. sing. Epyouo1 (# 2262) (for the dat.
terminology, menorrhagia (Tasker). The person w. a s.v. 27). Motevete pres. imp. act. miotedw (# 4409) to be-
flow of blood was unclean and anyone they touched lieve, to have faith, trust. movfjoat aor. act. inf. morew
was unclean (Lev. 15:25-33; M, Zabim, esp. 5:6-7; Har- (# 4472) to do, to make. 29 tjwato aor. ind. mid.
rington). For attempts to stop a flow s. b. Shab. 110a-b; (dep.) s.v. 20. yevn67tw aor. imp. pass. (dep.) 3rd. pers.
SB, 1:520. Et acc. pl. étog (# 2291) year; acc. of time: sing. yivouat (#1181) to become, to happen. 30
“for twelve years.” mpooeA@odoa aor. act. part. (cir- Tvewyx8noay aor. ind. pass. &votyw (# 487) to open. éve-
cum.) mpooepyouar (# 4665) to come to. Hwato aor. ind. Bpwnen aor. ind. pass. (dep.) éuPpyconar (# 1839) to
mid. (dep.) Gmtowor (#721) to touch, take hold (fol- snort. (followed by dat.). As an expression of anger, to
lowed by gen.). xpaonedov (#3192) edge, border, hem sternly warn (BAGD). op&te pres. imp. act. opaw
or tassel which was worn on the four corners of the (# 3972) to see, to see to it. YlwwoKEtW pres. imp. act.
outer garment (Numb. 15:38-41; Deut. 22:12; BAGD; 3rd. pers. sing. yivwoKw (# 1182) to know. 31
BBC; Hagner; Harrington; ABD 2:236; J. Milgrom, “Of eEeOOvteEs aor. act. part. etepyouct (#2002) to go out.
Hems and Tassels: Rank, Authority and Holiness were Temp. part., “As they were going out ...,” or circum.
Expres-sed in Antiquity by Fringes on Garments,” part. Svegnpioav aor. ind. act. diapnwiGw (#1424) to
BAR 9 [1983]: 61-65). Touching of the edge of a gar- make known by word of mouth, to spread abroad
ment was often a humble and submissive sign of mak- (BAGD). 32 e&epyouevwv pres. mid. (dep.) part.
ing a request, and may be the case here (Manfred gen. masc. pl. etepyouat (#2002) Gen. abs.: “As they
Hutter, “Ein altorientalischer Bittgestus in Mt 9:20-22,” departed...” mpoonveyKav aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. Kwhov
ZAW 75 [1984]: 133-35). @ 21 éav (# 1569) w. subj., (#3273) dull, deaf and dumb. Sa1povitopevov pres.
if. It views the cond. as possible. d&ywpor aor. subj. mid. pass. part. dayoviGouai (#1227) to be possessed by a
(dep.) s.v. 20. owOjoona1 fut. ind. pass. owGw (# 5392) to demon (s. 8:16). 33 &xBAnBEvtos aor. pass. part. EK-
deliver, to save, to heal. Theol. pass. 22 otpasetc BadrAw (#1675) Gen. abs. “when the demon was cast
aor. pass. part. (temp.) otpedw (#5138) to turn, to turn out....” €AaAnoev aor. ind. act. Aadew (# 3281) to speak.
around. @apoet pres. imp. act. s.v. 2. c€owKev perf. ind. e0avpaoav aor. ind. act. Savidatw (#2513) to be
act. s.v. 21. Perf. indicates “you have received healing amazed. &dvn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) datvowar (#5743)
and are now in perfect health” (GI, 33). €006n aor. ind. to shine, to appear. 34 €\eyov impf. ind. act. Aeyw
pass. owlw. 23 avAntnes (# 886) flute player. Even (# 3306) to say. Impf. indicates that the ferment was
the poorest families were expected to provide two constantly in the background (Carson, 234). 35
flute players and one wailing woman (M, Ket. 4:4; SB, mepityev impf. ind. act. mepiayw (#4310) to go about.
1:521-23; BBC). 8opvBodpevov pres. pass. part. Sopupew The three parts.teaching, proclaiming, healing—sum-
(# 2572) to throw into disorder; pass. be troubled, dis- marize the ministry of Jesus as He went about from
tressed, aroused, to be emotionally upset by a concern place to place (s. Mastt. 4:23); s. also S. Brown, “The
or anxiety (BAGD; LN, 1:314). Adj. use of the part. Mission to Israel in Matt.’s Central Section,” ZNW 69
modifying OxAov. 24 dvaxwpeite pres. imp. act. (78): 73-90. 36 €onAayyviobn aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
avaxwpew (# 432) to go away. ameBavev aor. ind. act. onhayxviGw (# 5072) to have pity, to be filled w. com-
anoOviokw (#633) to die. Ka@evder pres. ind. act. passion, tenderness (MM). For a study of the word s.
Kabevdw (#2761) to sleep. Pres. stands in contrast to NIDNTT; TDNT. éoxvApévor perf. pass. part. oxdAAW
the aor.: “she has not died.” KkateyéAwv impf. ind. act. (#5035) to flay, to skin. Used in the papyri w. the
Katayehaw (#2860) to laugh, to scorn. Obj. in gen. meaning to distress, to harass, to worry, to trouble
Prep. is perfective, the impf. indicates repeated laugh- (MM). The people were harassed, importuned, bewil-
ter of scorn (RWP). = 25 &€eBANOn aor. ind. pass. éx- dered by those who should have taught them (Allen).
Badkw (#1675) to cast out. etoedOWv aor. act. part. Eppypevor perf. pass. part. pimtw (# 4849) to cast down,
(circum.) eiogpyouat (# 1656) to go in. Expatnoev aor. to prostrate, either from drunkenness or from a mortal
ind. act. kpatew (#3195) take hold of, grasp, w. the wound (AM). Both parts. refer to the people as sheep,
gen. hyép@n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 6. © 26 &Ef|Oev aor. mishandled and lying helpless (McNeile; DJG, 751-52;
ind. act. &€€pyouor (# 2002) to go out. ony (#5773) re- ABD, 5:1190). The parts. are adj. and stress the cond. of
port, fame. @ 27 nopayovtt pres. act. part. (temp.) the people due mainly to the lack of leadership. @ 37
dat. sing. s.v. 9. Dat. w. vb. NkoAovOnoav aor. ind. act. Bepiopoc (# 2546) harvesting. The ending indicates ac-
s.v. 9. “As he was passing by....” Kpdovtes pres. act. tivity. It indicates either “spiritual susceptibility”
part. (circum.) kpatw (#3189) to scream, to cry. Pres. (EGT) or judgment at the end of the age (Hill; DA).
indicates that they keep on crying out. &A€noov aor. @ 38 dSenOnte aor. imp. pass. (dep.) deouar (# 1289) to
imp. act. éheew (#1796) to have compassion, to show ask, to beg. W. gen. tod Kupiov tod Bepiopod “the Lord
mercy (EDNT; TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). Aor. imp. is a of the harvest” is the one who hires workers and sends
Matthew 10 ZL

them to the field (Gundry). He is portrayed as the (#1656) to enter. &etdoate aor. imp. act. e€etacw
owner who will enjoy the benefits of the harvest. obv (# 2004) to examine, to inquire, to question (s. Matt.
(# 4036) drawing an inference based on the ripeness of 2:8). wetvate aor. imp. act. weve (#3531) to remain. Ew¢
the harvest. €xBoA7 aor. subj. act. exBarAW (# 1675) to av (# 2401; 165) w. the subj., as long as, until. ebeAOntE
cast out; here, to send out. aor. subj. act. e€€pyouo1 (# 2002) to go out. 12 £10-
epxouevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 11. Temp. or cond.
Matthew 10 part. Gondoacbe aor. imp. mid. (dep.) condCouor
@ 1 MpooKadeccpevog aor. mid. part. mpooKarew (# 832) to greet. For Jewish greetings s. SB, 1:380-85.
(# 4673) to call to oneself, to summon for a special task @ 13 Eav (# 1569) if, w. the subj. indicates the cond. is
(BAGD). €5wxev aor. ind. act. 5t8wpi (# 1443) to give. probable. 1] pres. subj. act. et (#1639). EABAtW aor.
wote (# 6063) so that; w. the inf. to express purp. (BD, imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. pyout (#2262) to come. el-
197). 2 dnootor0g (# 693) apostle, one sent out. It ptvn (#1645) peace. Equivalent to the Hebrew shalom
indicates one sent out w. the personal authority and as (215w) indicating wholeness, prosperity, well being
a representative of the one sending (TDNT; NIDNTT; (AM; NIDNTT; TDNT; TLNT). Used as a greeting s.v.
EDNT; TLNT; BBC). mpa@tocg (#4755) first. “First and 12. Entotpadntw aor. imp. pass. 3rd. pers. sing. €m1otpE-
foremost” (Tasker). 4 napasdove aor. act. part. napa- pouor (#2188) to turn about, to return. 14 deEntor
dtd (# 4140) to give over, to betray. For views on the aor. subj. mid. (dep.) d5exouar (#1312) to receive as a
meaning of Iscariot s. Carson, 239-40; Lachs, 179; Mark guest. G@kovoT aor. subj. act. ckovw (# 201) to hear. e&ep-
3:19; 14:10; Luke 6:16. @ 5 améotetrev aor. ind. act. youevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 11. extivagate aor.
anooteAAw (# 690) to send forth (s.v. 2). mapayyetdac imp. act. extivioow (#1759) to shake off. Kovioptog
aor. act. part. (circum.) napayyeAAw (#4133) to in- (#3155) dust. “To shake off the dust” indicates total
struct, to give orders. €8vav gen. pl. E8vog (# 1620) peo- abandonment (Hill). For the Jewish custom s. SB,
ple; pl. heathen, those who are not Jews. For the 1:571; Lachs, 180, 182. 15 Gynv (#297) truly (s.
rationale of this command s. HSB, 375-76; BBC. &néA- 5:18). &vextotepov comp. avektos (# 445) bearable, en-
@nte aor. subj. act. anepxoucn (# 599) to go away, to de- durable. €otai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et. Kpioews gen.
part. Subj. w. the neg. un (# 3590) to express a neg. imp. sing. kploig (# 3213) judgment, “day of” or “for judg-
eloedOnte aor. subj. act. eloepyouat (# 1656) to go in. ment.” For the lack of the art. s. BD, 134f. Comp. gen.q|
@ 6 GnoAWAOTA perf. act. part. GnOAAvUL (# 660) to de- (# 2445) “than.” @ 16 1800 (#2627) aor. imp. act.
stroy, to lose, to perish (EDNT). Perf. stresses the state opaw (#3972) to see, behold (s. Matt. 2:1). AdKOg
or cond. 7 mopevopevor (#4513) pres. mid. (dep.) (# 3380) wolf. The figure denotes false prophets or
(circum.) part. is part of the command. fyyikev perf. some general menace, or here the Jewish adversaries
ind. act. eyyiw (#1581) to draw near (s. 3:2). 8 (Hill). Israel often viewed itself as sheep among
aobevodvtas pres. act. part. wobevew (# 820) to be with- wolves (Gentiles) (BBC). yiveo8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.)
out strength, to be sick. Sepamevete pres. imp. act. bepa- ytvopa (# 1181) to become, to be. Pres. imp. calls for
nmevw (#2543) to heal. eyeipete pres. imp. act. eyelpw an attitude, or state of being. dpovipog (#5861) (pred.
(# 1586) to awaken, to raise. ka@apiCete pres. imp. act. adj.) understanding, wise, pertaining to understand-
Kabaptw (#2751) to cleanse. €xBaAAEte pres. imp. act. ing resulting from insight and wisdom (LN, 1:384).
exBaArAw (#1675) to cast out. The purp. is to authenti- dpetg nom. pl. dig (# 4058) snake. A symbol of cun-
cate the kingdom message. Swpecv (# 1562) adv. as a ningness or cleverness (TDNT; BAGD). axépatog
gift, without payment, freely. eAdPete aor. ind. act. (# 193) unmixed, pure, innocent. The word was used
AauUPavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. 50te aor. imp. act. in an inscription of the innocence of a young girl who
dtdwyt (# 1443) to give. For the aor. imp. s. VANT, 355. had died (NDIEC, 4:34). neprotepa (# 4361) dove. Used
9 xthonove aor. subj. mid. (dep.) ktaouar (# 3227) to as a symbol of Israel-patient, submissive, faithful
procure for oneself, to get, gain, to acquire. YPVGOG (Hill). 17 mpootyete pres. imp. act. mpooexw (# 4668)
(#5996) gold. d&pyuposg (# 738) silver. yadKog (#5910) to beware of. napadwcovotv fut. ind. act. napadtdmpt
acc. copper. Gavn (#2438) belt, girdle. Used for carry- (# 4140) s.v. 4. ovvedpia (# 5284) (acc. pl.) council. The
ing money (RWP). For rabbinical parallels s. SB, 1:561- pl. indicates the smaller local councils which were
69. 10 nnpac (# 4385) traveling bag or bread bag,a made up of 23 members (s. M. Sanh. 1, 6; SB, 1:575-76;
beggar’s collecting bag (LAE, 109). papéocg (#4811) TDNT). paotrywoovot fut. ind. act. waotiyow (# 3463)
staff. The staff or stick was used as a weapon against to whip, to flog (Deut. 25:2). 18 Kai (#2779)... 5€
robbers (Luz). tpoptig (#5575) gen. food. Gen w. adj. (#1254) “and... and.” Kai introduces that which is
The “Lord of the harvest” (Matt. 9:36) will supply similar; 5€ that which is different (EGT). &yOnoEeo8e fut.
through those who benefit from the teaching. @ 11 Tv ind. pass. &yw (#72) to lead. €vexev (# 1915) w. gen. be-
av (# 4005; 165) acc. fem. sing. whatever; 0¢ av w. the cause of, for the sake of. @ 19 napadwovw aor. subj. act.
subj. whoever. etoeAOnte aor. subj. act. eloepyouar rapadtswut (#4140) s.v. 4. wepysvnonte aor. subj. act.
AS Matthew 10

wepvaw (#3534) to be anxious, to have anxiety. In- dvvapo1 (#1538) to be able to. Both parts. here are
gressive aor.: “do not become anxious” (RWP). Aa- used as nouns and are objs. of the prep. ano (#608).
Anonte aor. subj. act. kar€w (# 3281) to speak. 500noetar dmoKteivar (#650) aor. act. inf. &modeoat aor. act. inf.
fut. ind. pass. didwur (# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. sug- AnOALULL (# 660) to destroy. yeéwvy (# 1147) Gehenna,
gests it is given from God. 20 AaAodvteEs pres. act. hell (TDNT; Mark 9:43; Luke 12:5). @ 29 obyi (# 4049)
part. s.v. 19. Part. used as a noun. AaAotv pres. act. strong form of od used in questions which expect a
part. n. sing. s.v. 19 nvedpa (# 4460) the Holy Spirit, not positive answer. otpov@iov (#5141) sparrow. Sparrows
a promise of a universal outpouring, but an endow- were part of the diet of the poor and were of all birds
ment of power for a specific kind of situation (GW, the cheapest (DA; LAE, 272-75). dooaptov (# 835) gen.
250). 21 mapadwoet fut. ind. act. s.v. 4. Emavaotnoov- sing. The Roman “as,” about one-sixteenth of a denar-
tat fut. ind. mid. enaviotnur (# 2060) to rise up against, ius (a day’s wage), less than one-half cent (AM; HJC,
to rebel. The prep. ent is directive w. hostility implied 242-44; DJG, 805). Gen. of price. mwAeitar pres. ind.
(MH, 312). yoveic (#1204) acc. pl. (only in pl.) parents pass. nwhew (# 4797) to sell; pass. to offer for sale, to be
(BAGD). Bavatwoovor fut. ind. act. Pavatow to kill. sold. Cust. pres. év (# 1651) n. one (for the construction
@ 22 EoeoGe fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639). proov- év ... ov, “no one, not one,” s. BD, 159). TECELTO fut.
EVOL pres. pass. part. uioew (# 3631) to hate. The fut. of ind. mid. (dep.) mintw (#4406) to fall. &vev (#459)
the vb. and the pres. part., used to form a periphrastic without; without the Father’s presence or consent, or
fut. pass., imply it will go on through the ages (RWP). will. S. John G. Cook, “The Sparrow’s Fall in Mt
bTOpEIVaS aor. act. part. vronwovew (#5702) to remain 10:29b,” ZAW 79 (1988): 138-44. 30 dudv your (pl.)
under, to endure. e1¢ téAOG (#5465) “in the end,” “fi- emphatic position. kai (# 2779) even (ascensive) tpixes
nally,” “until the end” (BAGD). ow@noetor fut. ind. nom. pl. 6pié (# 2582) hair. npvOunpeévar perf. pass. part.
pass. owlw (#5392) to save, to deliver. 23 Si0Kwo1v apvouew (#749) to count. Theol. pass. Part. used as
pres. subj. act. Siwkw (#1503) to persecute. gebyete pred. adj. 31 doBeioe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) poBe-
pres. imp. act. devyw (#5771) to flee. od ph (# 4024; opo (#5828) to fear, to be afraid. 5vapépete pres. ind.
3590) certainly not, a strong and emphatic neg. (M, act. diahepw (# 1422) to be different, to be worth more
188-92; GGBB, 468). teA€onte aor. subj. act. terew than (w. gen. of comp.). @ 32 d0tI¢ (# 4015) rel. pron.
(# 5464) to complete, to come to the end. €A6q aor. subj. whoever. OuoAoynoet fut. ind. act. OuoAoyéew (# 3933) to
act. €pxou0 (# 2262) to come. For various views on this confess, to acknowledge, to affirm solidarity w. Him in
v. s. Carson, 250-53. 25 apKetov (#757) enough, action and even in death (Hill). Used w. the prep.
sufficient (followed by dat.). This is “sufficient in the Eunpoobev (# 1869) before. It has the sense of a confes-
eyes of God” (DA). yevntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivo- sion in a legal setting (DA). 33 apynontar aor. subj.
wo. (#1181) to become. For the use of tva (# 2671) not mid. (dep.) apveouar (# 766) to deny, to declare that
expressing purp. s. M, 206-209; here it introduces a cl. one does not know or have dealings w. someone
explaining “sufficient.” et (#1623) if, views the cond. (Hill). apvnoowor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 34 vopionte
as true. olkodeonotns (#3867) lord or head of the aor. subj. act. vouitw (#3787) to think, to suppose.
house. &mexdAeoav aor. ind. act. enikaArew (# 2126) to Subj. used as prohibition w. wn (# 3590) (GGBB, 469).
call, to name. The subject is the Jewish leaders (DA). NAGov aor. ind. act. ~pyouo1 (#2262) to come. Badrgiv
TOW LaAAOV (# 4531; 3437) how much more. oik1aKdc aor. act. inf. BoAAW (#965) to cast, to throw, to bring.
(# 3865) member of a household, here in the sense of Aor. inf. indicates a sudden hurling of the sword
relative (BAGD). 26 doBnOfte aor. subj. pass. (dep.) where peace is expected (RWP). Inf. of purp. 35
doBeouwar (# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. Subj. is used as dSiydioan aor. act. inf. dvyctw (# 1495) to divide in two,
an imp. Obj. of the vb. refers to those who oppose the to set at variance. 37 o\A@v pres. act. part. iiew
disciples, probably the scribes and Pharisees (DA). (#5797) to love. The state of mind compelled naturally
KekOAvuEVOV perf. pass. part. KaAumTW (#2821) to by sense and emotion (McNeile). bnép (# 5642) w. acc.
hide, to cover over. GnokadvpOnoetor fut. ind. pass. beyond, more than. @ 38 otavpog (#5089) cross. The
anoKaAvTtw (# 636) to uncover; pass. to be revealed. emphasis is on self-renunciation to the point of being a
Theol. pass. God will reveal. YvMootoeton fut. ind. lonely outcast (Hill; DA). 39 ebpadv aor. act. part.
pass. yivwokw (# 1182) to know. 27 ElMate aor. imp. evptokw (#2351) to find. Part. used as a subst. &dmoAéoet
act. X\eEyw (#3306). Knpv&ate aor. imp. act. Knpvoow fut. ind. act. anodAA
vu (# 660) to lose. &moAEGas aor.
(# 3062) to proclaim. © 28 doPeiobe pres. imp. mid. act. part. Part. used as a subst. ebptoet fut. ind. act.
(dep.) s.v. 26. For the use of this vb. w. un as the trans- evptoxw (#2351) 40 Sexopevocg pres. mid. (dep.) part.
lation of a Heb. idiom s. RG, 577. &noxtevvovtwv pres. deyouar (# 1312) to receive, to welcome. Part. used as
act. part. anoktetvw (# 650) / anoxtevvw (for the form noun. G&MOOtEiAAVTG aor. act. part. dnooteAAw (# 690) to
s. BD, 39) to kill, used of any way of depriving a per- send. @ 41 €1¢ dvopa “in the name”; a Semitism mean-
son of life (BAGD). 5vvapévwv pres. pass. (dep.) part. ing “because he is” (DA; BG, 35). Anwwyeto fut. ind.
Matthew 11 24

mid. (dep.) AapBavw (#3284) to receive. npodntov stumble, to fall into a trap or snare (TDNT; NTW; RK,
(# 4737) gen. sing. Gen. may be subjective meaning 74). 7 nopevopévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. nopevo-
“reward offered by a righteous man” (GW, 137f). wa (#4513) to go. Temp. part. gen. abs. “When they
@ 42 notion aor. subj. act. notitw (#4540) to give to had departed...” tp—ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &pxowar
drink. &mode€oq aor. subj. act. s.v. 39. The double neg. (# 806) to begin. &&MA@ate aor. ind. act. e&€pyouar
ov uN is very strong (GGBB, 468). (# 2002) to go out, to come out. Bedoao8a1 aor. mid.
(dep.) inf. Sedona (# 2517) to see, to look at, to gaze at
Matthew 11 a show or demonstration (AM). Inf. of purp. KaAopov
@ 1 éyeveto aor. ind. mid (dep.) yivouon (# 1181) to (#2812) acc. sing. reed. Obj. of the inf. “to see.”
become, to happen s. Matt. 7:28. €téeoev aor. ind. act. OOAEVOPEVOV pres. pass. part. caredw (#4888) to agi-
terew (# 5464) to end, to complete. dvatd&cowv pres. act. tate, to shake. The expression may refer to that which
part. diataoow (#1411) to order, to direct, to com- is common: “weeds blown by the wind” (DA), or to a
mand, to give detailed instruction as to what must be weak and unstable character (Gnilka; Carson, 263).
done (LN, 1:425). Here the word refers to the commis- @ 8 GAAG (# 247) but, rather, or it has the force of “if
sioning of the disciples, not the general teaching of not” (McNeile). teiv aor. act. inf. paw (# 3972) to see.
Jesus (RK, 330). Part. complements the main vb. peteBn Inf. of purp. podraKoic (# 3434) dat. pl. soft; refers here
aor. ind. act. petapatvw (# 3553) to depart, followed by to soft garments (for the use of adjs. as nouns s. IBG,
inf. of purpose. 2 dakovoug aor. act. part. dKovw 96). Ndteopevov perf. pass. part. cudievvunt (# 314) to
(#201) to hear. Temp. or causal. 5eonwtnpiw (# 1303) clothe; perf. pass., “to be dressed.” Part. used as an
dat. sing. prison, the ending expresses place (MH, adj. dopotvtes pres. act. part. dopew (#5841) to wear
342f.). According to Josephus, John was brought to constantly, denotes the repeated or habitual action
Machaerus, on the east side of the Jordan, and was put (AS). Part. used as a noun, “those wearing....” #9
to death there (Jos., Ant. 18:119; TJ, 63-64; DJG, 388-89). mepioootepov (# 4358) comp. mepioodc (# 4356) exceed-
Mew Was aor. act. part. meunw (# 4287) to send. 300 ing the usual number or size, extraordinary, remark-
(# 5148) you (emphatic). et (# 1639) pres. ind. act. 2nd. able, comp. greater (BAGD). mpogntov (# 4737) gen. of
pers. sing. eit to be. epxouevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. comp. The term “prophet” at that time could refer to
epxouar (# 2262) to come, to go, used w. the art. as a an eschatalogical person (DA). 10 yeypanto perf.
subst.: “the Coming One,” virtually a title for the Mes- ind. pass. ypadw (#1211) to write; perf. pass., “It
siah (Tasker; s. Matt. 21:9; 23:39); perhaps used by stands written.” Kataoxevaoer fut. ind. act.
John in reference to the designation in Matt. 3:11, 12 KataoKxevacw (#2941) to prepare, to make ready. @ 11
(RK, 63-64). mpoodox@pev pres. subj. act. mpoodsoxaw eynyeptor perf. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to rise up, to
(# 4659) to wait for, to expect. Deliberative subj. used appear on the stage of history (McNeile). yevvntoic
in a reflective question: “Should we expect....” The (# 1168) dat. pl. born. For adj. w. this ending s. MH,
form may be ind. RG, 934. 4 d&moxpvGetg aor. pass. 370. petCwv (#3505) comp. pEeyac (# 3489) large, great.
(dep.) part. anoxpivonai (#646) to answer. s. 3:15. Followed by gen. of comp. piKpotepo¢g comp. LIKpd0¢
mopevOEvtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. mopevowar (# 4513) to (# 3625) small, little, the least. Comp. is used w. the
go. Circum. part. may be translated as an imp. force of superl. (RG, 667ff). No greater person has aris-
anayyeiAate aor. imp. act. amayyerAdw (# 550) to report, en than John the Baptist, because he stood on the
to proclaim s. Matt. 2:8; 8:33. 5 dvoPienovow pres. threshold of the kingdom. Yet the least disciple who,
ind. act. avapAenw (# 329) to see again; the prep. ava through following Jesus, already participates in the re-
has the force of “again” (MH, 295). nepinatobowy pres. ality of the kingdom is greater than John (Hill). @ 12
ind. act. nepitatew (# 4344) to walk about. cabapifov- Biafetor pres. ind. mid. or pass. Bidtw (# 1041). The
tai pres. ind. pass. kadapiCw (# 2751) to cleanse; pass. mid. form means to apply force, to enter forcibly. The
to be cleansed. tyeipovtor pres. ind. pass. eyelpw pass. form means to be violently treated, to be op-
(# 1586) to rise, to be raised. For the Jewish expecta- pressed, to suffer violence (BAGD; W.E. Moore, “BI-
tion of the healing of diseases at the time of the Messi- AZQ, APIIAZQ and Cognates in Josephus,” NTS 21
ahs. SB, 1:593f; Lachs, 190; Luz. For the relation of this [1975]: 519-43; Gerd Hafner, “Gewalt gegen die Basile-
passage to Isa. s. DA, 1:438; RK, 66-69. These “King- ia? Zum Problem der Auslegung des 'Stiirmerspruch-
dom acts” were a revelation of the Messiah’s identity es' Mt 11:12,” ZNW 83 [1992]: 21-51). For a discussion
(RK, 338). ntwyxog (#4777) poor, abject poverty (NTW, of the passage s. Carson, 265-68; RK, 90-99; NTRJ, 285-
110; s. Matt. 5:3). ebayyeaifovtar pres. ind. pass. 300; Hagner; Luz. One suggestion is that the word
evayyericw (#2294) to evangelize, to bring the good means “the use of property without the owner’s con-
news. @ 606 Eav (# 4005; 1569) w. subj., whoever. The sent.” Thus the pass. is “to acquire possession of the
rel. sentence contains the cond. for the main cl. oxav- Kingdom by force, ie. without God’s consent”
50.1067] aor. subj. pass. oxavdaAiCw (# 4997) to cause to (NDIEC, 7:130-62; esp. 159-62). Biaotai nom. pl. Bi-
25 Matthew 11

aotng (#1043) one who uses violence. daprdtovowv oaKxKos (# 4884) sack, sackcloth. The fabric from which
pres. ind. act. cpmaten (# 773) to snatch, to rob. Pres. a sack is made is usually dark in color (BAGD). on050¢
may be conative, “They try to . .” (Carson, 267). #13 (#5075) ashes. “Sackcloth and ashes” became a fixed
Enpoontevoav aor. ind. act. nooontedu (# 4736) to phrase indicating sincerity (DA; SB, 1:605). 22
prophesy. 14 5&&a0801 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. dexouat GVEKTOTEPOV comp. avextoc (# 445) bearable, endur-
(# 1312) to welcome, to receive. (s. 10S 9:11). weAAwv able. ota fut. ind. mid. (dep. ) eit (# 1639). 7 (# 2445)
pres. act. part. weddw (# 3516) to be about to do some- than, used w. comp. 23 bywOnon fut. ind. pass. byow
thing, used w. the inf. to express fut. Part. used as a (# 5738) to lift up. The particle expects a neg. answer to
noun. 15 @ta acc. pl. ov¢ (# 4064) ear. GkOVETW pres. the question. kataBnon fut. ind. mid. (dep.) katoBaivw
imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. &Kovw (#201) Pres. imp. em- (# 2849) to go down. eyevqOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
phasizes the process or details of the action: “pay care- yivonar (#1181) to become, to be done, to happen.
ful attention” (VANT, 365). 16 tim dat. sing. tic epetvev aor. ind. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. Ind. used
(#5515) who. “To whom,” dat. used w. the vb. opot- in a contrary to fact cond. cl. @ 25 anoxpiGeic aor.
wow fut. ind. act. duo10w (# 3929) to compare, to liken pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 4. eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306)
to. Deliberative fut. used in a rhetorical question. This to speak, to say. EGon0Aoyodpan (# 2018) pres. ind. mid.
corresponds to the common Jewish way of introduc- (dep.) to confess, often used in the LXX as the equiva-
ing parables (s. SB, 2:7-9). yevedg (# 1155) generation, lent “to give praise” (AM; TDNT). éxpvwas aor. ind.
“contemporaries” (DA; RK, 106-107). ka8npeévotc pres. act. 2nd. pers. sing. kpvmtw (#3221) to hide. dmexa-
mid. (dep.) part. dat. pl. ka@nuoar (# 2764) to sit. Dat. w. AvWas aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. anokadvntw (# 636)
the adj. mpoopwvotvta pres. act. part. mpoohovew to unveil, to reveal. vnmtoig (# 3758) dat. pl. indir. obj.
(#4715) to call to, to call out. Part. used as adj. infant, minor. The babes are those who in the eyes of
@ 17 NvANoapEV aor. ind. act. abAew (# 884) to play the the world are weak and simple, but before God are the
flute. Mpxnoaove aor. ind. mid. (dep.) opxéouat (# 4004) elect (DA). 26 natnp (#4252) father (nom. is used
to dance. e8pnvjoapev aor. ind. act. Opnvew (# 2577) to for voc. s. BD, 81). 6t1 (# 4022) because, introducing the
mourn, to lament. éxowaove aor. ind. mid. (dep.) xon- reason for this contentment (EGT). evdoxia (# 2306)
toa (# 3164) to strike one’s self on the breast, a sign good pleasure, good will, satisfaction. eyeveto aor. ind.
of sorrow. Just as stubborn children playing at the mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. 27 nape606n aor. ind. pass. napa-
market places refuse to listen to their playmates, the 515m (# 4140) to deliver over, to hand over, to pass on
generation of Jesus and John refused to listen to them teaching (TDNT; TLNT). emtywwoKer pres. ind. act.
(RK, 112-15; Dieter Zeller, “Die Bildlogik des Gleich- enryiwwoKw (# 2105) to know; sometimes it means “ex-
nisses Mt 11:16 f. / Lk. 7:31 f.,” ZAW 68 [1977]: 252-57). act knowledge.” It refers to personal, concentrated ex-
@ 18 7AGev aor. ind. act. Epyouci (#2262) to come. éo- periential knowledge (DA). The prep. is directive
Biwv pres. act. part. Eo0iw (#2266) to eat. mivwv pres. (MH, 312). &av (# 1569) = &v (BD, 57), whomever. Bov-
act. part. Tivo) (# 4403) to drink. Parts. give the manner Antor pres. subj. mid. (dep.) BovAowar (# 1089) to will,
of “coming” and the pres. describe the customary ac- to purp., to plan (LN, 1:357). &moxaAbyou aor. act. inf.
tion. 19 d&yo¢ (#5741) glutton. oivonotns (# 3884) arokAvntw (# 636) to unveil, to reveal. For a discussion
wine drinker, drunkard. This charge has Deut. 21:20 in of the exegetical problems of this v. s. McNeile; RK,
view and pictures a rebellious son who should be 143-44. @ 28 dete (# 1307) adv. serving as a hortatory
stoned (Gundry; RK, 111). €5txa1w67 aor. ind. pass. 1- particle w. pl. “come!” “come on!” (BAGD). komua@vteg
Kka1ow (#1467) to declare righteous, to recognize as pres. act. part. nom. pl. komuaw (#3159) to become
righteous, proved to be in the right and accepted by weary, tired, to work hard. Pres. indicates the continu-
God (GW, 138). &n0 (# 608) from, by. For the causal or al action. mepoptiopévor perf. pass. part. nom. pl. dop-
instr. use s. IBG, 73. 20 TpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) titw (#5844) to burden. Perf. expresses a state of
s.v. 7. ovetdiCew (# 3943) pres. act. inf. to reproach, re- weariness (RWP). The demands of the Jewish teachers
vile, w. the implication of that individual being evi- and the scribal traditions of the time have burdened
dently to blame (LN, 1:437). éyévovto aor. ind. mid. the people (RK, 146; s. DA; Hagner; Luz). kyu) = Kai
(dep.) 3rd. pers. pl. s.v. 1. mAeiotor superl. nove eyw (emphatic) “And I, in contrast to others.” (cf. for
(#4498) much, “very many mighty works” (RWP). example, Isa. 40:28-31). dvanadow fut. ind. act. ava-
The elative use of the superl. (M, 79). ott (# 4022) be- navw (#399) to cause to rest, to give rest, to refresh.
cause, gives the reason for the accusation. wetevonoav The rest is the salvation for which they had striven,
aor. ind. act. petavoew (# 3566) to repent s. Matt. 3:2. without the oppressive weight of legalism (RK, 148).
@ 21 €1 if, introduces a contrary to fact cond. cl. “If... 29 dpate aor. imp. act. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to take
had been done... would have repented” (MT, 91f). up. Aor. imp. points to a specific action. Guyog (# 2433)
yevopevan aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivouor (#1181). Adj. yoke, symbol of obligation and subjection (Moore, Ju-
part. translated as a rel. cl. “which were done...” daism, 1:465; SB, 1:608-610; ABD, 6:1026-27). wé8ete aor.
Matthew 12 26

imp. act. pavOdvw (# 3443) to learn. npardg (# 4558) gen- sidered innocent (SB, 1:620-22). 60d iepod
tle, meek s. 5:5. tameiwoc (#5424) lowly, humble. The (# 2639) gen. of. comp.: “than the temple.” peifov
word is used in Test. of Judah 24:1 of the Messiah. Kat (# 3505) n. comp. peyas (#3489) large, great. The n.
(#2779) and, w. fut. introduces a result. ebpnoete fut. can be used of persons when the emphasis is on some
ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. &vanavore (# 398) re- outstanding quality (MT, 21). Since the temple, as the
freshing, rest, refreshment. 30 ypnotos (# 5982) use- symbol of God’s presence, could set aside the Sabbath,
ful, comfortable. doptiov (#5845) burden. éAappov Jesus had even greater right to do this (RK, 165; Car-
(# 1787) light. To take the yoke of Jesus is not burden- son, 281; ABD, 854-56; DJG, 816). 7 evif. W. av used
some, but is characterized by humility and concern for for a contrary to fact cond. cl. éyvwKete plperf. ind.
the despised (Hill); s. Blaine Charette, “'To Proclaim act. yiwwoKw (#1182) to know, to understand. The pl-
Liberty to the Captives': Matthew 11:28-30 in the Light perf. in the cond. cl. refers to past time. For the use of
of OT Expectation,” NTS 38 (1992): 290-97. the plperf. in a cond. cl. s. DM, 290; VA, 304-306. EAgo¢
(# 1799) mercy, loyalty (Matt. 9:13). This may be a ref-
Matthew 12 erence to Jesus showing mercy (RK, 168-72; DJG, 542-
@1éxopev0n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) nopevopar 43). katedikaoate aor. ind. act. katadixacw (# 2868) to
(#4513) to go. ondpyiog (#5077) sown, grain fields, condemn in the legal sense (MM). 9 petaBac aor.
standing grain (BAGD). énetvacav aor. ind. act. mewwaw act. part. (temp.) petaBpaivw (#3553) to depart. “After
(#4277) to hunger; incep. aor. “became hungry” he departed...” TAGev aor. ind. act. Epyouat (# 2262) to
(Tasker). fipfavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apyouar (# 806) come, to go. 10 €ywv pres. act. part. éyw (# 2400) to
to begin. tiAAetv pres. act. inf. tiAAw (# 5504) to pluck, have. Adj. part. Enpog (# 3831) dried, withered, para-
to pluck off. otayug (#5092) head of grain. eoBtetw lyzed (DA). éxnpw@tnoav aor. ind. act. exepwtaw
pres. act. inf. €o61w (# 2266) to eat. Grains ripened after (# 2089) to question. Pres. is directive (MH, 312). et
Passover, between April and June (DA). @ 2 180vte¢ (# 1623) used to introduce a question. For this usage s.
aor. act. part. (temp.) opdw (# 3972) to see. “When they BD, 226. Oepanetdoon aor. act. inf. Pepatevw (# 2543) to
saw....” elmav aor. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306) to speak, to heal. The rabbis allowed help for the sick if the sick
say. Rowovolv pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. Pres. person’s life was in danger (M, Zoma 8, 6; Hill). katn-
points to an action taking place. eeotiv (# 2003) pres. yoprjowotv aor. subj. act. katnyopew (# 2989) to accuse,
ind. act. it is lawful, it is allowed. Jewish tradition pro- to bring accusation against (w. gen.). A legal t.t. “to
hibited reaping or threshing on the Sabbath (M, Shab- bring charges in a court” (BAGD). Subj. w. iva (# 2671)
bath, 7, 2). For the Sabbath s. M, Shabbath; Moore, used in a purp. cl. @ 11 €ota1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt
Judaism, 2:21-39; DA; JPB, 208-11; ABD, 851-56; Yong- (# 1639). €€e1 fut. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to have. The
Eui Yang, Jesus and the Sabbath in Matthew's Gospel words imply, “Can anyone of you imagine that... ?”
JSNTSS 139 (Sheffield Academic Press, 1997). 3 (VA, 422). eav (# 1569) if. The cond. is probable. eunéon
aveyvote aor. ind. act. dvayiwwoKw (# 336) to read. The aor. subj. act. gumintw (#1860) to fall into. BoOvvos
neg. in the question expects “yes” as the answer. (# 1073) ditch. obyt (# 4049) w. questions which expect
énoinoev aor. ind. act. noiew (# 4472) to do. Enetvacev a positive answer. Kpatnoer fut. ind. act. Kpatew
aor. ind. act. metvaw (#4277) to be hungry. o4 (#3195) to take hold of. €yepet fut. ind. act. éyeipw
ElonAGev aor. ind. act. eloepyouai (#1656) to go in, to (# 1586) to raise up. @ 12 noow (# 4531) “how much?”
come in. Mpobecews gen. sing. mpodecic (# 4606) setting Siadeper pres. ind. act. diapepw (#1422) to carry
forth, presentation, “loaves of presentation” (BAGD), through; instr. to be worth more than, be superior to
the “shewbread.” The bread before the Presence of the (BAGD; Matt. 10:31). mpoBatov comp. gen. mpoBatov
Lord consisted of twelve loaves in two rows on the (#4585) sheep. wote (#6063) wherefore, therefore
table before the Holy of Holies (DA; SB, 3:719-33; (drawing a conclusion). @ 13 éxtewov aor. imp. act. éx-
ABD, 1:780-81). &payov aor. ind. act. Eo8iw (# 2266) to tetvw (# 1753) to stretch out. Aor. views a specific act.
eat. The pl. indicates that those w. David also ate of e€etewev aor. ind. act. ektetvw. When the Savior spoke,
the bread (RK, 160). &€0v pres. act. part. €Eeott (# 2003) the man responded w. an obedient act of faith (RK).
allowed, permitted; used w. inf. Tv impf. ind. act. eyt anexateota@n aor. ind. pass. dnoKadiotnu (# 635) to
(# 1639) to be. gayetv aor. act. inf. £061. Inf. explains restore, to restore to the same cond. (s. 1 Kings 13:6;
what is not allowed. It was an act of God’s mercy, CCF], 1:186). @ 14 &&eA@ovtec aor. act. part. (temp.) &&-
which did not punish the deed of David and his epxouor (#2002) to go out. ovpBovArov (#5206) acc.
friends (RK, 162). 5 BeBndodow pres. ind. act. Be- plan, purpose (consultation and its result, BAGD).
Bnrow (# 1014) to defile, to make common. Pres. points €AaPov aor. ind. act. AopPavw (# 3284) to take. 6nw>
to a continual or habitual action. dvaitiog (# 360) (# 3968) w. subj., in order that. &moA€owow aor. subj.
guiltless, innocent. The requirements of the temple act. GnoAAvL (# 660) to destroy. Their plan was to de-
service profaned the temple, but the priest were con- stroy Him, His following and ministry. 15 yvovc
27, Matthew 12

aor. act. part. masc. nom. sing. yiwwoKkw (#1182) to mid./pass. part. daoviGouar (# 1227) to be possessed
know. Temp. or causal part. &vex@pnoev aor. ind. act. w. a demon, w. an evil spirit. tupA0g (# 5603) blind. kw-
avaxwpew (#432) to depart, to go away. NKOAOvONOAv $0¢ (#3273) dumb, mute. &@ep&mevoev (# 2543) aor.
aor. ind. act. aKoroveew (# 199) to follow. ebepdmEevoev ind. act. s.v. 10. Wote (# 6063) w. inf. expresses results
aor. ind. act. Bepanevw (# 2543) to heal (s. Matt. 8:16). “so that.” AaAetv pres. act. inf. Andrew (# 3281) to speak.
@ 16 énetipnoev aor. ind. act. emityicw (#2203) to re- @ 23 e€iotavto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) &iotnpr (# 2014)
buke (s. 8:26). monowow aor. subj. act. novéw (# 4472) to to be beside oneself w. astonishment. Impf. vividly
make. Vb. is used w. the double acc. “to make him portrays the situation: “They were almost beside
known,” “to reveal him” (BAGD). #17 nAnpw6F aor. themselves w. excitement” (RWP). éeyov impf. ind.
subj. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill (s. 1:22). Subj. w. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak, to say. “They were continu-
‘iva. (#2671) used in a purp. cl. indicating that the ally saying” (iterat. impf. stressing the continous ac-
events of Jesus’ ministry were divinely ordered (RK, tion) or “they began to say” (incep. impf. stressing the
193). pnOev aor. pass. part. Aéyw (# 3306). Part. used as beginning action). wnt (#3614) generally expects a
a subst.: “that which was spoken.” Theol. pass. indi- neg. answer, but can be used where there is doubt,
cating that God spoke through Isaiah. For a discussion “Can this possibly be the Son of David?” (BAGD;
of the Servant of YHWH s. DJG, 744-47. 18 naic Cleon L. Rogers, Jr, “The Davidic Covenant in the Gos-
(#4090) child, servant, dependent (TDNT). qpetica pels,” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 461); for the “Son of David”
aor. ind. act. aipeticw (# 147) to choose. evéoxnoev aor. as a designation for “the Messiah” s. Cleon Rogers,
ind. act. evdoxew (# 2305) to be pleased w., to be well “The Promises to David in Early Judaism,” Bib Sac 150
pleased, to take pleasure in. @now fut. ind. act. TOnut (1993): 285-302, Luz, 2:59-61. They can hardly believe
(#5502) to place. xpioug (# 3213) judgment, justice. It what the facts seem to suggest (EGT). ovtos this one
refers to the “divine verdict of God” (RK, 197). €6veo.v (emphatic), this man (McNeile). @ 24 &xoboavtes aor.
(# 1620) dat. pl. indir. obj. people; pl. nations, Gentiles. act. part. (temp.) &Kovw (#201) to hear. eimov aor. ind.
anoyyerei fut. ind. act. anayyéddw (# 550) to report, to act. Aeyw (# 3306). &pxovtt dat. sing. &pywv (# 807) ruler,
proclaim. In the work of the servant, there is accom- prince. Dat. w. the prep. is “under the control of,” or
plished a work of righteousness, judgment, of justice “in the power, authority of.” For Beelzebub s. TDNT;
for the Gentiles (Hill). @ 19 eptoet fut. ind. act. epifw SB, 1:631-35; DA, 2:195-96; ABD, 1:639; DDD, 294-96.
(# 2248) to quarrel, to wrangle, to express differences @ 25 c1du¢ perf. act. part. (causal) oa (#3857) to
of opinion w. at least some measure of antagonism or know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. EvObpnots (# 1927)
hostility (LN, 1:439; TLNT). It draws the picture of one thought, reasoning. pepio@eioa aor. pass. part. wepitw
who does not take action against those who wrong (# 3532) to divide. épnpodtar pres. ind. pass. epnuow
him (RK, 199). The Heb. word in Isa. 42:2 (PDS) could (# 2246) to make into a wasteland, to depopulate (DA).
be used as a legal t.t. meaning “to cry out for legal Gnomic pres. fj (# 2445) or. ota6joetar fut. ind. pass.
help” (KB?, 976; WIM, 4:207-208; THAT, 2:567-75; totnut (# 2705) to place, to set; pass. to stand, to stand
TDOT). Kpavydoer fut. ind. act. kpavyatw (# 3198) to firm. 26 ev if. The cond. is assumed by the speaker to
cry (excitedly), to scream. Tg anyone. mAatetatg dat. be true. &epto@n aor. ind. pass. 3rd. pers. sing. s.v. 25.
pl. nmAateta (# 4423) wide street. Note the contrast in Either a timeless aor. to be translated as a pres. (VA,
Matt. 6:5 (DA). @ 20 xaAapos (# 2812) reed. ovvtetp- 233), or a futuristic aor. viewing the fut. event as al-
pevov perf. pass. part. ovvtpiBw (#5341) to shatter, to ready fulfilled (VANT, 269). 27 BeeACeBova (# 1015)
crush. Perf. indicates the state or cond. Katedtet fut. Baal, the prince, Satan (s.v. 24). @ 28 dpa (#726) then,
ind. act. katayvuut (# 2682) to break (for the form s. introduces the conclusion based on the cond. and em-
BD, 50). Aivov (#3351) flax, linen, lamp wick. tudope- phasizes the result (BAGD; EDNT). &@aoev aor. ind.
vov pres. pass. part. tvpw (#5606) to produce smoke; act. $0avw (#5777) to come before, to precede, to ar-
pass. to smolder, glimmer. oféoet fut. ind. act. oBevvopt rive (DA; RK, 228-29). 29 eioeAeiv aor. act. inf.
(# 4931) to extinguish (TLNT). The Servant will not eioepyouo (# 1656) to come in. tod toxvpod gen. ioxv-
add to the burden of the oppressed and the needy p0c (# 2708) strong, w. the art. it is used as a noun: “the
(RK, 260), but will accomplish his mission of bringing strong one.” The art. is generic, but hints at the partic-
salvation to Gentiles in spite of opposition (TSS, 35- ular strong man that is meant (McNeile). oxevn acc. pl.
57). &kBaAT aor. subj. act. exBarAw (# 1675) to cast out, oxevos (#5007) vessel, pl. property. apmdoat aor. act.
to bring forth. ei¢ vikog unto victory. A translation of inf. opnaCw (# 773) to snatch, to rob. 507 aor. subj. act.
the Heb. term myi> meaning “successfully” (KB’, 676; dew (# 1313) to bind. Subj. used in a type of cond. cl. “if
DA). Kpiouv justice s.v. 18. 21 €Amotov fut. ind. act. not,” €av un (#1623; 3590) “unless,” “except.” d.ap-
éAntCw (# 1827) to hope, to put one’s hope in someone. maoet fut. ind. act. drapracw (#1395) to plunder thor-
W. obj. in dat. 22 nmpoonvex6n aor. ind. pass. mpoo- oughly. The prep. is perfective and describes the
bepw (# 4712) to bring to, to bring. SayoviCopevoc pres. carrying of action through to a definite result (MH,
Matthew 12 28

301). 30 ovvaywv pres. act. part. cvvi.yw (# 5251) to to Jesus, not the kingdom or the proclamation (DA;
gather together, to gather. Part. used as a subst. oxop- RK, 269). The n. emphasizes quality as distinct from
mie. pres. ind. act. oxopnitw (#5025) to scatter. @ 31 personal identity (Gundry). 42 Baoidicoa (#999)
Braopnuia (#1060) abusive speech, blasphemy queen. votov gen. votoc (#3803) south wind, south,
(TDNT; EDNT; Carson, 291-92). a&beOqoetor fut. ind. kingdom of the south. The ref. may be to 1 Kings 10:1-
pass. dint (# 918) to release, to forgive. 32 einq 13. eyepOnoetar fut. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to rise up.
aor. subj. act. Aeyw (#3306) to speak, to say. ovte ... MAGev aor. ind. act. épyouct s.v. 9. mepdatwv gen. pl.
ovte “neither...nor.” wéAAovtt pres. act. part. wedAw nepacs (# 4306) border, end. &kodoat aor. act. inf. ckovw
(# 3516) to be about to do. “In the coming age.” @ 33 (# 201) to hear. Inf. used to express purp. ooia (# 5053)
H... N (#2445) “either...or.” novnoate aor. imp. act. wisdom. Solomon was wise, but here is Wisdom itself
noew (# 4472) to make. Aor. imp. calls for a specific ac- (Bengel). @ 43 €€€X67 aor. subj. act. ekepyouc (# 2002)
tion. oampov (#4911) acc. sing. bad, decayed, rotten. s.v. 14. Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) is used in a generalized
yivwoxketa pres. ind. pass. s.v. 15. 34 yevvqyata. that temp. cl. Svpyeto1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) diepxouar
which is produced, child, offspring. eyiiv@v gen. pl. (# 1451) to go through, to pass through. avbdpwv gen
éx1dva. (#2399) viper, snake. Descriptive gen.: “brood pl. &vvdpoc (#536) dry, waterless. For the habitation of
of vipers,” a stinging rebuke to pharisaic hypocrisy demons as depicted in Judaism s. SB, 4:i, 515-19. n-
(Hill). neprooedbpatog gen. pl. nepiooevpa (# 4354) tovV pres. act. part. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Pres. in-
abundance, overflow. 35 &«BdAAet pres. ind. act. dicates the continual action. Part. of manner.
exBaAAW (#1675) to bring forth. Gnomic pres. 36 44 Emiotpeww fut. ind. act. exiotpebw (# 2188) to turn
apyos (# 734) useless, ineffective (Tasker). AaAToovoIV about, to return. Deliberative fut. showing intention
fut. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. anoSwoovov fut. (VA, 424). €&fA8ov aor. ind. act. Ist. pers. sing. s.v. 43.
ind. act. anodtdwyur (# 625) to render, to give back (w. €A90v aor. act. part. (circum.) n. nom. sing. épyonar
AOyov “to give account”). 37 Sika wénon fut. ind. (# 2262). oxoAaCovta pres. act. part. oxoAatw (# 5390) to
pass. dika10w (# 1467) to justify, to declare in the right. have leisure time, to be unoccupied, stand empty.
Katadixaodjon fut. ind. pass. katadikatw (# 2868) to CECUpUeEVOV perf. pass. part. oapow (# 4924) to sweep,
condemn. The pass. forms are theol. pass., indicating to sweep clean. Kexooynpévov perf. pass. part. Koovew
that God does the action. @ 38 anexpi®noav aor. ind. (# 3175) to put into order, to decorate. Perf. parts. view
pass. (dep.) &noxpivoyor (#646) to answer. A€YOVTES the state or cond. The heart, though swept and deco-
pres. act. part. Aeyw s.v. 32. onpetov (#4956) sign rated, remained empty (DA). @ 45 novnpotepa (# 4505)
(TDNT). The sign was a request of legitimation of comp. more evil. €avtod (# 1571) gen. of comp., “than
Jesus’ ministry, thus continuing their unbelief (RK, himself.” evoeAOvta, aor. act. part. s.v. 4. Circum. or
257). 18eiv aor. act. inf. dpaw (#3972) to see. @ 39 temp. part. KatouKei pres. ind. act. katoikew (# 2997) to
GmoKpi8eic aor. pass. part. s.v. 38. elmev aor. ind. act. dwell, to settle down. The prep. of the vb. is perfectiv-
Aeyw (#3306) to say. ‘yeved (#1155) generation, con- izing (MH, 316). oxatog (# 2274) last, last thing, here
temporaries, the sum total of those born at the same “The last or latter cond.” xetpova. (# 5937) comp. of Ka-
time, expanded to include all those living at a given Koc bad. Comp. worse. npwtwv (# 4755) gen. of comp.
time (BAGD). potyaAig (# 3655) an adulteress, apos- “the first or former cond.” gota fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
tate, disobedient and unfaithful to God (Allen; s. 1 eit (# 1639). Jesus applies the parable to those of that
Enoch 93:9; Jubilees 23:16-21). emiCntei pres. ind. act. generation who have been blessed by His work, but
emiCntew (# 2118) to seek after. Prep. is directive. It in- have in unbelief rejected Him (RK, 274-76). @ 46 Aa-
dicates not just looking for but demanding as a neces- Aovt0¢ pres. act. part. (temp.) gen. sing. s.v. 22. Gen.
sary preliminary to faith (Tasker). S00joeto1 fut. ind. abs.: “while he was speaking.” etothKetoay plperf. ind.
pass. Si5w1 (# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. 40 wonep act. totnut (#2705) to stand, w. the sense of the impf.
(#6061) just as. KNtovsg gen sing. Kijtoc (# 3063) sea They had been standing while Jesus was speaking
monster, huge fish. For Jonah in Judaism s. SB, 1:642- (EGT; VANT, 308). Cntobvtec pres. act. part. (circum.)
49; DJG, 754-56. Nyeépas acc. pl. nuepa (# 2465) acc. of s.v. 43. AGATOor aor. act. inf. AwAEw (# 3281) to speak.
time “for three days.” According to Jewish reckoning Inf. used as obj. of the part. @ 47 eimev aor. ind. act.
a part of a day counted as a full day (SB, 1:649; RK, Aeyw (# 3306) to say. EotHKaOLW perf. ind. act. totnyL s.v.
261-62; 1 Sam. 30:12-13; HSB, 380-81). 41 &vaoth- 46. 48 danoxpveic aor. pass. part. s.v.38. 49 éx-
oovtai fut. ind. mid. aviotnut (#482) to rise up, to teivac aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 13. wadntys (# 3412)
come forward, that is, as witnesses (Meyer). KataKpt- disciple. Those who exemplify what Jesus requires of
vodovv fut. ind. act. kataKkpivw (#2891) to condemn. pe- anyone desiring a relationship w. Him (CDMG,
tevonoay aor. ind. act. petavoew (# 3566) to repent. €t¢ 139). 50 dotic (# 4015) general rel. pron., whoever.
(# 1650) because of (causal s. BD, 112; DM, 104). mAetov moinon aor. subj. act. s.v. 2. Here in the sense of obeying
n. comp. noArvc (# 4498) great, comp. “greater.” It refers the commands of God.
29 Matthew 13

Matthew 13 to take away. Theol. pass. 13 6t1 (# 4022) because.

@ 1 EGA Gv aor. act. part. EEEpXOpo (# 2002) to go BAEnovtes pres. act. part. BAenw (# 1063) to see. &kovov-
out. Circum. or temp. part. canto impf. ind. mid. TEG pres. act. part. aKkovw (#201) to hear. The parts.
(dep.) ka@nuor (#2764) to sit. A rabbi normally sat to refer to the Heb. inf. abs. (which strengthens the main
teach s. Matt. 5:1. 2 ovvhxOnoav aor. ind. pass. ovv- vb.) as used in the quotation from Isa. 6:9, 10; s. Acts
ayw (#5251) to gather together; pass. to assemble. e- 28:26-27. ovviovotv pres. ind act. ovvivui (#5317) to
Bavto, aor. act. part. (circum.) acc. sing. euBoiver gain insight, to comprehend, to understand (BAGD).
(# 1832) to embark, to get into. KaOfjo8a1 pres. mid. @ 14 dvanAn-podta: pres. ind. pass. d&vanAnpow to
(dep.) inf. s.v. 1. Inf. expresses result. aiyaAdv (# 129) (#405) fulfill; either “is being fulfilled” (Allen) or an
acc. W. prep. ént (# 2093) shore, beach. etotnKet plperf. aoristic pres. (RWP). Ind. points to an actual fact (Hag-
ind. act. totnu (#2705) to stand. Used in the impf. ner). A€yovoa pres. act. part. fem. A€yw (# 3306) to say.
sense: had taken a stand and so stood (RWP). @ 3 €AG- Koj} (# 198) dat. sing. hearing, that which is heard, re-
Anoev aor. ind. act. Aarkew (# 3281) to speak. napapfo- port, rumor. Cognate dat. used to translate the Heb.
Aaig dat. pl. napoforn (#4130) parable. For the inf. abs. (BD, 106; BG, 128). ovvijte aor. subj. act. s.v. 13.
meaning of the word s. TDNT; NIDNTT; Carson, 301- Brewete fut. ind. act. s.v. 13. 1énte aor. subj. act. opaw
304; DA; J.W. Sider, “Rediscovering the Parables: The (# 3972) to see. 15 EnaydvOn aor. ind. pass. naxvvw
Logic of the Jeremias Tradition,” JBL 102 (1983): 61-83; (# 4266) to make fat, to make dull; pass. to become
ABD, 5:146-52; DJG, 591-601; BBC. e&fA@ev aor. ind. dull, to be insensitive (TDNT). Bapéws (#977) adv.,
act. s.v. 1. oneipwv pres. act. part. oneipw (#5062) to heavy. jikovoay aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. exdppvoav aor. ind.
sow. Subst. part. 4 oneipew pres. act. inf. Inf. w. act. kouudvw (# 2826) to shut (fr. Katanvw “to shut
prep. tv (#1877) expressing contemporaneous time: down” RWP). pnnote (# 3607) w. subj., lest, expressing
“as he was sowing” (BD, 208). émeoev aor. ind. act. neg. purp. two aor. subj. act. s.v. 14. dkovowov aor.
nintw (#4406) to fall. €X®Ovta aor. act. part. (temp.) subj. act. s.v. 13 ovv@ow aor. subj. act. s.v. 13. motpé-
nom. n. Epyouar (# 2262) to come. “When the birds wwotv aor. subj. act. emiotpedw (# 2188) to turn about, to
came....” KaTtEpayEV aor. ind. act. Katedbiw (#2983) to return. idoouar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) idouat (#2615) to
eat up.The prep. of the vb. is perfective:““to eat up heal (GLH). 16 dpdv gen. pl., “your,” emphatic,
completely.” #5 netpwdnc (# 4378) stony. ELYEV impf. contrasted w. those (a@btoi¢) described in v. 14 (Mc-
ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. &Eaveterrev aor. ind. act. Neile). @ 17 éneObunoav aor. ind. act. ex1Ovuew (# 2121)
e€avaterArAw (#1984) to spring up. Exew (#2400) pres. to desire, to long for. t8etv aor. act. inf. s.v. 14. Inf. used
act. inf. yw. Inf. used w. prep. 61a (# 1328) to express as obj. eiSav aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. &kodoa1 aor. act. inf.
cause. 6 Gvateidavtos aor. act. part. (temp.) GvateA- s.v. 13. TKovoav aor. ind. act. @ 18 bpeic nom. pl.
Aw (#422) to rise (used of the sun). Gen. abs. Exav- “you”; emphatic standing in contrast to those who
watio@n aor. ind. pass. kavpaticw (#3009) to burn, to have rejected the teaching. &xovoate aor. imp. act. s.v.
scorch. &t€npav6n aor. ind. pass. Enpaivw (#3830) to dry, 13. oneipavtog aor. act. part. s.v. 3. Part. as a subst.
to dry out, to become dry, to wither. 7 dKdvOac 19 akovovtos pres. act. part. (temp.) gen. abs. “While
(# 180) acc. pl. thorns. (PB, 153-67; FFB, 184-86) aveBn- everyone is listening” (RWP). For the construction of
oav aor. ind. act. avoBaivw (#326) to come up. Eavigav the part. often considered as a Hebraic influence, casus
aor. ind. act. nmviyw (# 4464) to choke, to choke off; an pendens s. MH, 423-25. ovvievtog pres. act. part.
effective aor. (RWP). @ 8 tdibov impf. ind. act. Sidwpn ovvinut (# 5317) to comprehend, to understand. For the
(# 1443) to give, yield. @9dta acc. pl. ovc, wtoc interpretation of this parable emphasizing the hearing
(# 4044) ear. &kovetw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. and obeying of God’s word in the light of Deut. 6:4-5 s.
aKovw (#201) to hear. Pres. imp. in a specific com- B. Gerhardsson, “The Parable of the Sower and its In-
mand, emphasizing the process: “pay careful atten- terpretation,” NTS 14 (1968): 165-93. apace pres. ind.
tion” (VANT, 365). #10 TMPOGENBOVTES aor. act. part. act. apace (#773) to snatch, to. rob, to plunder.
(temp. ) nom. masc. pl. mpooepyouat (# 4665) to come to. éomappévov perf. pass. part. s.v. 3. obtog this, this one.
eimav aor. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say. AaAgig pres. Refers to the pers., not the seed (McNeile). onapeic aor.
ind. act. Aorew (#3281) to speak. Hist. pres. pass. part. s.v.3. 20 &Kxovwv pres. act. part. s.v. 13;
@ 11 GmoxpiWeig aor. pass. (dep.) part. anoKxptvopor part. used as a subst. AopBdvwv pres. act. part. Aap-
(# 646) to answer (s. 3:15). 8€6oto1 perf. ind. pass. 5t5w- Bavw (#3284) to receive, to accept. Both parts. have
ut (# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. yv@vou aor. act. inf. y1- one definite art. referring to the same person. @ 21
vwoxw (#1182) to know. Inf. describes the content of éavt@ (#1571) dat. refl. pron. in itself. mpooxarpocg
the vb. “to know.” @ 12 d00noetat fut. ind. pass. Si8wp1 (#4672) lasting for a time, temporary. Yevopeévns aor.
(# 1443) to give. mepiooevOnoetar fut. ind. pass. nepio- mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) yivoua. (# 1181) to become, to
oevw (# 4355) to be more than enough, to be extremely happen. Gen. abs. @Aiwews gen. sing. OAipic (# 2568)
rich or abundant. ap@noetar fut. ind. pass. aipw (# 149) pressure, tribulation (Trench, Synonyms, 292-304). q
Matthew 13 30

(# 2445) or. oxavdaAifeta pres. ind. pass. oxavdartcw root, to pull out by the roots. @ 30 dete aor. imp. act.
(#4997) to cause to stumble, to cause to fall, to be apinut (#918) to leave, to leave alone. Aor. imp. used
tempted, to be caused to sin (BAGD). 22 onapeic of a specific act. cuvavEdveo@ar pres. mid. inf. ovvav-
aor. pass. part. s.v. 3. wepyiva (# 3533) care, concern, Ea.vw (# 5277) to grow, to grow together. Inf. obj. of vb.
“worldly concerns and interest” (Hill). anatn (#573) Gupotepa. (# 317) acc. pl. n., both. ep@ fut. ind. act. Aeyw
deceitfulness or pleasure (MM). mAovtov gen. sing. (# 3306). Beprotaic dat. pl. Sepiotns (# 2547) harvester;
Thovt0s (#4458) riches; wealth (DJG, 705). Subj. gen. the ending indicates the agent (MH, 365). ovAAgEate
“riches which deceive.” ovupnviyet pres. ind. act. ovp- aor. imp. act. s.v. 28. qoute aor. imp. act. dew (# 1313)
tviyw (#5231) to choke, lit. “to choke together.” For the to bind. kataxatoan aor. act. inf. kataxaiw (# 2876) to
perfectivizing prep. w. the vb. s. MH, 325f. &«kapmog burn up. The prep. in the vb. is perfective: not just “to
(# 182) unfruitful. @ 23 ovvieic¢ pres. act. part. s.v. burn,” but “to burn up.” Inf. w. mpg (# 4639) express-
13. 81 a strengthening particle: “in reality” (EGT). Kap- es purp. Ovvayayete aor. imp. act. ovvayw (#5251) to
mopopei pres. ind. act. kapnopopew (# 2844) to bring gather together. d&mo@nKn (#630) storage room, barn.
forth fruit, to produce. novel pres. ind. act. novew 31 nopéOnxev aor. ind. act. s.v. 24. KoKkw dat. sing.
(# 4472) to do, to make, to produce. 24 napeOnxev KoKKos (#3133) grain, a single grain. Dat. w. adj. like,
aor. ind. act. rapatiOnt (# 4192) to place along side, to similar. owdnews gen sing. otvani (#4983) mustard,
put before. o401w@n aor. ind. pass. ono1w (# 3929) to popularly viewed as the smallest of all seeds and
compare. The pass. may be dep. and reflect the Ara- planted in the field rather than in a garden (BAGD; SB,
maic formula to introduce a parable: “concerning the 1:668-69; PB, 93; FFB, 145-46). A@Buwv aor. act. part. s.v.
Kingdom of Heaven, it is as in the case of ...” (BG, 22; 20. €onerpev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. 326 (#4005) which,
DA; DJG, 417-30). A timeless aor. (VA, 130, 234), or has refers to grain, but n. by attraction (EGT). piKpotepov
a present stative meaning (VANT, 268, 280). oneipavtt comp. pwiKpog (#3625) small. oneppatwv gen. pl. onep-
aor. act. part. dat. sing. oneipw (#5062) to sow. wo. (# 5065) seed. Gen. of comp. The mustard seed is
@ 25 xaGevédetv pres. act. inf. kabevdw (# 2761) to sleep. often used in rabbinic sources to describe something
Used w. dat. and the prep. ev (# 1877) to express con- of minute size (Lachs, 225). ab&n@f aor. subj. pass.
temporary time (“while”). TNGev aor. ind. act. épyouct avfavopar (# 889) to grow. Subj. w. otav (# 4020) used
s.v. 4. Em€omeipev aor. ind. act. émioneipw (# 2178) to in an indef. temp. cl. pet{ov (# 3505) comp. peyac large,
sow upon, to sow afterward, to resow (MM). €ifaviov great. Aayavwv gen. pl. Adyavov (#3303) an edible
(# 2429) a poisonous weed (possibly Iloium [temulen- plant, vegetable. gen. of comp. €A6etv aor. act. inf. Epxo-
tum]; or Cephalaria syriaca) which is related to wheat wo. (# 2262) to come. Inf. w. wate (# 6063) expressing
and in the early stages of growth is hard to distinguish result. KatHOKT|VODV pres. act. inf. KatacKknVvow (# 2942)
from it (J. Jeremias, The Parables of Jesus, 224; FFB, 194- to live, to inhabit. Inf. expressing result. 33 €\GAn-
95; esp. PB, 161; BBC). ava péoov among, in the midst oev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. Coun (# 2434) dat. sing. leaven;
of, between (BAGD). a&nfA8ev aor. ind. act. anepyouct dat. w. the adj. In this case it refers to old, fermented
(#599) to go away. 26 €BAGotnoEV aor. ind. act. dough (DA). In Jewish imagery leaven refers to what
BAaotavw (#1506) to sprout, to put forth. yoptos is unclean or evil (Hill; DA; SB, 1:727-29; TDNT). Aa-
(# 5965) grass. €moinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 23. avn aor. Botoa aor. act. part. (circum.) fem. sing. AopBavw
ind. pass. paivw (#5743) pass. to appear, to become (#3284) to take. évexpuwev aor. ind. act. evKpvrtw
visible. @ 27 npooeOovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. (# 1606) to hide, to conceal in. dAevpov (#236) gen.
10. eimov aor. ind. act. Aéyw (#3306) to say. ovdyt sing. wheat flour. odta (# 4929) n. acc. pl. o&tov seah.
(# 4049) used in questions which expect a positive an- A Heb. measure of grain containing about a peck and
swer: “Isn’t it so?” Eomepas aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. m0BEV a half (BAGD; SB, 1:670; ABD, 6:903; EBC, 1:610). This
(# 4470) where? from where? 28 Eon 3rd. pers. would be enough bread for 100 people (France). It is
sing. of impf. ind. act. or 2nd. aor. ind. act. pnt reported that the Greeks used 2/3 of an ounce of leav-
(#5774) to say (BAGD). @€A€1¢ pres. ind. act. berw en for two half-pecks of flour, but for barley it was 2
(# 2527) to wish, to want. For this word used to intro- pounds of leaven for every two and a half of barley
duce a question w. the deliberative subj. s. BD, 185. (Pliny, NH, 18:103-4). gg od until (BAGD). eCoua6n
ameOOvtes aor. act. part. (circum.) dnépxouct (# 599) to aor. ind. pass. Gvnow (#2435) to ferment, to leaven.
go out. ovAdeEwpev aor. subj. act. ovAdeyw (# 5198) to © 34 €AGAer impf. ind. act. Aadew (# 3281) to speak.
bring together, to collect, to gather up. A deliberative Impf. points to a regular practice, not merely to a sin-
subj. “shall we gather” (RG, 934). 29 @now pres. gle occasion (EGT). 35 mNANpwOT aor. subj. pass.
ind. act. 3rd. pers. sing. s.v. 28. wnnote (# 3607) lest, TANpow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. Subj. to express purp.
used to express apprehension (BD, 188). ovAAEyovtes s. Matt. 1:22. pn@ev aor. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
pres. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 28, contemporaneous ac- Part. used as subst., “that which was spoken.” a&voiE&w
tion. ExpiGwonte aor. subj. act. expicow (#1748) to up- fut. ind. act. &voiyw (# 487) to open. epevdgouan fut. ind.
31 Matthew 13

mid. (dep.) épevyouat (# 2243) to spew out, to bellow, 44. OneAOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) dnépyouat (# 599) to
to roar, to speak out loud, to utter (AS). Kexpuppéva go out. mémpaxev perf. ind. act. minpaoKxw (# 4405) to
perf. pass. part. kpvmtw (# 3221) to hide. Perf. points to sell. Perhaps an example of the aoristic perf., though
the state or cond., “that which was hidden.” 36 the word has no aor. form (M, 142-45; MKG, 265; Luz).
Gheic aor. act. part. (temp.) aginut (#918) to dismiss, elyev impf. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to have, to possess.
send away. T[8ev aor. ind. act. s.v. 25. Mpoon|Bov aor. Tyopacev aor. ind. act. ayopatw (#601) s.v. 44.
ind. act. mpooepyouat (# 4665) to come to. SiaccdnoDoVv @ 47 oaynvn (# 4880) dat. sing. dragnet, the long draw-
aor. imp. act. d.acapéw (# 1397) to explain, to make an net or sweep-net. They are open to include a large ex-
obscurity clear by a thorough explanation (LN, 1: 405); tent of the sea, then drawn together and all which they
“make thoroughly clear right now” (RWP). @ 37 eimev contain is enclosed (Trench, Synonyms, 236). Dat. w.
aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. (For the construction adj. BAn@eton aor. pass. part. fem. dat. sing. BarrAw
s. Matt. 3:15.) 38 ere (#4505) gen. sing. evil. (#965) to cast. yevoug gen. sing. yevocg (# 1169) kind,
“The sons of the evil one” = “those whose character is sort, species (s. Jos., JW, 3:508). ovvayayovor aor. act.
evil” (McNeile). 39 omeipac aor. act. part. s.v. 3. part. fem. dat. sing. s.v. 2. 48 €mAnpw6n aor. ind.
ovvtedeia (#5333) completion. (For ’‘Completion of pass. s.v. 35. dvaPiBaoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
the Age” in Jewish apocalyptic lit. s. DA; SB, 1:671). avapipacw (# 328) to bring up, to pull up. The prep. in
# 40 OVAAEYETAL pres. ind. pass. s.v. 28. Tupi dat. sing. the vb. is a local (M, 295). atywarog (#129) shore,
ndp, mupoc (#4786) fire, instr. dat. KataKatetar pres. beach. ko®touvteg aor. act. part. (temp.) Kaeitw
ind. pass. s.v. 30. €oto1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (# 2767) to sit, to take one’s seat. ovvéAeEav aor. ind.
(# 1639). @ 41 GnooteAci fut. ind. act. dnootéAAw act. s.v. 28. &yyn acc. pl. n. wyyos (#35) vessel, contain-
(# 690) to send. ovAAeEovotv fut. ind. act. s.v. 28. oKav- er. oumpa acc. pl. n. campos (# 4911) worthless, unsuit-
dara (# 4998) acc. n. pl. the stick in a trap, the trap it- able for eating (Hill). &BaAov aor. ind. act. BorAw
self, the cause or occasion of stumbling. Here used of (#965) to throw. 49 &Aedoovta1 fut. ind. mid.
persons, “the devil’s children,” who work against God (dep.) e&epxouar (# 2002) to go out. &poptodotv fut. ind.
and try to cause as many as possible to fall (TDNT). act. aopitw (#928) to separate, to set apart.
NOVVtAS pres. act. part. masc. acc. pl. s.v. 23. Vb. used @ 50 Badodow fut. ind. act. s.v. 42. @ 51 ovvyKate aor.
w. subst. to express the verbal meaning; “to do law- ind. act. ovvinut (# 5317) s.v. 13. Aeyovow pres. ind. act.
lessness” = “to work lawlessness.” 42 Badodotv fut. Aéyw (# 3306) hist. pres. 52 paOntevdetc aor. pass.
ind. act. BodAw (#965) to throw, to cast. KGptvos part. wadntevw (# 3411) to make a disciple, to be a dis-
(# 2825) furnace (BBC). KAavOyu0¢ (# 3088) loud crying, ciple; pass. “to be discipled, to be instructed” (Mc-
weeping. Bpvyyos (# 1106) gnashing, grinding. o60vtwv Neile; Gundry; TDNT). Every scribe who is truly a
gen. pl. 05006, 080vots (# 3848) tooth. “The gnashing of disciple has been instructed (CDMG, 160-61). Baotreig.
teeth” is used as an expression of anger and frustra- (#993) kingdom; dat. of reference “w. respect to the
tion of the damned (SB, 1:673). @ 43 ExAdywovovv fut. kingdom” (Hill; DM, 85). Kawa n. pl. kaivoc (#2785)
ind. act. €kAGunw (#1719) to shine out, to shine forth, new. It may refer to that which was not previously
suggestive of the sun emerging from behind the cloud well known but significant (LN, 1:338). maAad n. pl.
(EGT). 44 @noavp@ dat. sing. Pnowupdc (# 2565) trea- mararos (# 4094) old. It may refer to that which has ex-
sure, treasure chest. Dat. w. adj. kexpvppeévw perf. pass. isted continuously for a relatively long time (LN,
part. kpvatw (# 3221) to hide. It was common for peo- 1:642; for various views as to the meaning s. DA).
ple to bury valuables in the ground, esp. in dangerous @ 53 €yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopar s.v. 21. EtéAE-
times (DA; Jos., JW, 7:113). ebpwv aor. act. part. evpioxw oev aor. ind. act. tedew (#5464) to end, to complete.
(# 2351) to find. For the Jewish Law regarding the petTpev aor. ind. act. uetaipw (# 3558) to change one’s
finding and acquisition of a treasure s. LNT, 6-15. position, to depart (MM). 54 €@wv aor. act. part.
Expvwev aor. ind. act. kpvmtw (# 3221) to hide. ano for, (temp.) épxyopwor (#2262) to come. natpida acc. sing.
because of (for the causal use s. BD, 113). bmeéyet pres. matptc (#4258) fatherland, country, native place.
ind. act. brayw (# 5632) to go out. MwAEt pres. ind. act. edidaoKev impf. ind. act. &iddao0Kw (#1438) to teach.
mwréw (# 4797) to sell. The point of the parable seems Impf. may be incep.: “he began to teach,” or it may
to be the determination to acquire the treasure (Luz). suggest more than one occasion (Filson). €xnAnooeobat
ayopater pres. ind. act. cryopa.gu (# 60) to buy. The vbs. pres. pass. inf. eknAnoow (#1742) to amaze, to as-
here are hist. pres. 458 euTOpW (# 1867) dat. sing. tound; pass. to be amazed, to be overwhelmed. int.
merchant. A wholesale dealer in contrast to a retailer used w. wote (#6063) to express results. @ 55 OVTOG
(EDNT). Dat. w. adj. (ntodvtt pres. act. part. dat. sing. (#4047) this one, this fellow; used contemptuously
Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to look for. papyapitng (# 3449) (Tasker). textovog gen. sing. textwv (# 5454) carpenter,
pearl. For a discussion of pearls iin the ancient world s. woodworker, builder (BAGD). The art. “the” w. car-
1 Tim. 2:9; DA. @ 46 evpuv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. penter indicates possibly that He was the only one in
Matthew 14 32

the town, well-known to all (EGT). 57 eoxavia- BiBaoeioa aor. pass. part. nom. fem. sing. mpobipatw
Aiovto impf. ind. pass. oKcavdaritw (# 4997) pass. to be (# 4586) to bring forward, to bring to the point, give
offended, the opposite of “to believe in him.” They re- instructions (McNeile; BAGD). 80g aor. imp. act. 2nd.
fused to believe in Him (TDNT). a&tyog (# 872) with- pers. sing. dt5w1 (# 1443). Aor. imp. used in a specific
out honor. 58 éxoinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 23. amotio request. @notv pres. ind. act. pnt (#5774) to say. Hist.
(# 602) unbelief. pres. tivaxt dat. sing. mivaé (#4402) a board, plank,
anything flat like a table or plate, dish (Hill; Har-
Matthew 14 rington). 9 AvmnOeic aor. pass. part. AvTEw (# 3382)
@ 1 jKovGEV aor. ind. act. axkovw (#201) to hear. to grieve, to pain; pass. become sad, sorrowful, dis-
tetpacpyns (#5490) tetrarch, ruler over a quarter of a tressed (BAGD). Concessive (although) or circum.
region. The term was used to describe a petty ruler part. Ingressive aor. “becoming...” CUVAVOKEYLEVOUG
(DA; HJPE, 1:334; KP, 5:632-33). For its use in Josephus pres. mid. (dep.) part. cvvavoKxemor (#5263) to recline
s. CCFJ, 4:181. For a study of Herod Antipas s. HA; TJ, together at the table. For the influence of the guest on
45-51; BBC; DJG, 322-25. @ 2 €imev aor. ind. act. A€yw Antipas fulfilling his oath s. LNT, 352-55. exédevoev
(# 3306) to say. morotv dat. pl. naic (#4090) children, aor. ind. act. keAevw (#3027) to command, to order.
servants, the courtiers (RWP). abtog he (emphatic), in- So007\var aor. pass. inf. diSwyt (# 1443). Inf. after a vb. of
dicating the terror-stricken conscious (Meyer). Anti- commanding. 10 n&€ywas aor. act. part. (circum.)
pas feared not only the moral message of John, but he néunw (#4287) to send. aneKxepaAroev aor. ind. act.
also feared the political results of his preaching (Jos., anoKkepartCw (# 642) to behead. For the death penalty
Ant. 18:118; TJ, 63). nyép@n aor. ind. pass. eyeipw in Judaism s. SB, 1: 261-270; for beheading s. M, Sanh.
(# 1586) to awake; pass. to be raised. évepyodow pres. 7. 1. For the death and circumstances surrounding
ind. act. evepyew (# 1919) to be at work in, to be opera- John’s death s. DJG, 388-89. @ 11 hvex6n aor. ind. pass.
tive in, to energize. Pres. emphasizes the continual ac- depw (#5770) to carry, to bring. &606n aor. ind. pass.
tivity. 3 x«patnoas aor. act. part. (circum.) Kpatew d5tSwyt (# 1443) to give. kopdorov (# 3166) girl. The di-
(# 3195) to seize, to arrest. €Snoev aor. ind. act. dew min. “little girl” (Hill). She was probably about 12-14
(# 1313) to bind. &né8eto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) anoti6n- years old (HA, 154-56). tiveyKev aor. ind. act. depw
it to put away. Prep. in the vb. has local force (M, (#5770) to carry (SB, 1:683). 12 mpooeASovtes aor.
297f). John was imprisoned at the fortress Machaerus act. part. (circum.) mpooepxouar (# 4665) to come to.
on the east side of the Jordan (Jos., Ant. 18:119; TJ, 63). Tpav aor. ind. act. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to carry away.
4 Exeyev impf. ind. act. s.v. 2. Impf. implies a repeat- nmt@pa (#4773) body, corpse. E@awav aor. ind. act.
ed rebuke (McNeile). ot pres. ind. act. éeot Bantw (#2507) to bury. EABOvtES aor. act. part. (cir-
(# 2003) it is lawful, it is allowed. Followed by inf. cum.) épxoua (#2262) to come, to go. amnhyyetvav aor.
éyeiv. Here “to have” is used in a marital or sexual ind. act. amayyedAw (#550) to report, to announce.
sense (DJG, 323). @ 5 BéAwv pres. act. part. bEAw @ 13 dkovous aor. act. part. (temp.) akobw (#201) to
(# 2527) to wish, to will, to want. Concess. part. “al- hear. “After he heard.” Gveywpnoev aor. ind. act.
though he desired.” d&moxteivan aor. act. inf. cmoKTEtvw avaxwpew (# 432) to go away, to withdraw, to retire.
(# 650) to kill. epoBn@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) oBeopar Kat’ wiav (# 2848; 2625) for oneself, privately. NKoAov-
(#5828) to fear. etyov impf. ind. act. yw (#2400) to @noav aor. ind. act. akodovdew (#199) to follow (w.
have, to consider, to look upon, to view (BAGD). dat). neh (#4270) by foot, by land (DA). @ 14 é-
@ 6 yeveotots dat. pl. yeveoua (# 1160) birthday celebra- eAOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) EEEPXOLLOL (# 2002) to go
tion (RAC, 9:217-43; SB, 1:680-82). yevopévotc aor. mid. out; that is, disembark (Tasker). evéev aor. ind. act.
(dep.) part. dat. pl. yivouor (# 1181) to become, to hap- opcw (# 3972) to see. EonAayxvio#N aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
pen. Dat. is either a dat. abs. or a temp. dat. (IBG, 44- ondayyvitonat (#5072) to pity, to have compassion on
45). wpynoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) opyeona (# 4004) to (TLNT; s. Matt. 9:36). e8epanevoev aor. ind. act. Sepa-
dance, to represent by pantomime (LS, 1258; s. DGRA, mevw (#2543) to heal. appwotog (#779) without
1004-1006; SB, 1:682). jNpeoev aor. ind. act. cpeoKw strength, sick. 15 dyiog (# 4070) evening. yevouévns
(# 743) to please, to be pleasing to someone. 7 00€v aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivowai (#1181) Gen. abs.
(# 3854) from where (causal), because. MpOAOYNOEV aor. MpoonAsov aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. A€yovtes pres. act. part.
ind. act. ouoAoyew (# 3933) to confess on oath, to prom- (circum.) A€yw (# 3306) to say. dpa hour, the hour for
ise. This was an oath to do something, not a judicial the customary meal (Allen). napfAGev (# 3306) aor. ind.
act. S also J.D.M. Derrett, “Herod’s Oath and the Bap- act. napepxouat (# 4216) to go by, to pass. &ROAVOOV aor.
tist’s Head,” BZ NF 9 (1965): 49-59, 233-46. d0dvart aor. imp. act. a.0Avw (# 668) to dismiss, to send away. Aor.
act. inf. Siwy (# 1143) to give. Inf. gives the content of imp. of a specific act. dmedOOvtes aor. act. part. (cir-
the promise. altnontar aor. subj. mid. aitéw (# 160) to cum.) anepxouat (#599) to go away. &yopaowalv aor.
ask, to request; mid. “to ask for oneself.” ® 8 npo- subj. act. ayopatw (#60) to buy; subj. used to express
oD Matthew 14

purp. €avtoic (# 1571) dat. pl. refl. pron. 3rd. pers. Dat. of space. For the textual problem s. TC, 37; DA. anetyev
of personal interest: “for themselves.” 16 ded OEiv impf. ind. act. dnexw (#600) to be distant, to be away.
aor. act. inf. dnépyouonr (# 599) to go away, epex. inf. ex- BacaviCopevov pres. pass. part. BacaviCw (# 989) to tor-
plaining the need (IBG, 127). 50te aor. imp. act. Sidwpt ture, to torment, to harass (harassed by the waves,
(# 1443) to give. Aor. imp. used of a specific act. bpetg BAGD). kupatwv gen. pl. kbyua (#3246) wave. dveLog
you (emphatic) stands in contrast w. their “send (#449) wind. 25 tetapty...dvAaKf dat. sing. the
away” (RWP). dayetv aor. act. inf. ¢o0iw (# 2266) to eat. fourth watch, between 3 and 6 A.M. The Romans divid-
@ 17 1 un (# 1623; 3590) except. tx@ba¢g acc. pl. ix00¢ ed the night into four watches of three hours each, be-
(# 2716) fish. Bread and fish form the basic diet of the ginning at 6 P.M. (Tasker; Hendriksen). Dat. of time
poor of Galilee (Hill; DA; SB, 1:683-84). 18 eimev expressing a point of time (MT, 243). NA@ev aor. ind.
aor. ind. act. A&yw (# 3306) to say. pepete pres. imp. act. act. E€pyouo (#2262). nepinatdv pres. act. part. mepita-
bepw (#5770) to carry, to bring. @ 19 KeAevous aor. act. tew (# 4344) to walk. Part. of manner: “he came walk-
part. Kedevw (#3027) to command, generally desig- ing.” 26 i60vtEs aor. act. part. (temp.) masc. nom.
nates verbal orders from a superior (Thayer). Temp. or pl. opaw (#3972) to see. “When they saw....” mepita-
circum. part. dvaKA8fivar aor. pass. inf. dvaKAivu todvta pres. act. part. acc. sing. s.v. 25. EtapaxOnoav
(# 369) to lay down; pass. to lie down, to sit down, to aor. ind. pass. tapdoow (#5429) to be terrified. ot
take one’s place (at table) (Hill). AaPev aor. act. part. (#4022) used to indicate quotation marks in direct
AouBavw (#3284) to take. Temp. or circum. part. speech, recitative. da&vtaoua (#5753) appearance, ap-
avaPAreyas aor. act. part. dvoPAEnw (# 329) to look up. parition, ghost. €xpa&av aor. ind. act. kpacw (# 3189) to
An outward sign of an inward dependence (DA). cry out, to scream. 27 €AGANoEV aor. ind. act. AaArEw
Temp. or circum. part. evAoynoev aor. ind. act. evAoyew (#3281) to speak. Oapoeite pres. imp. act. Gapcew
(# 2328) to bless, to express praise and thanks. It was (# 2510) to be cheerful, to have courage, to have confi-
customary to pray at the beginning of the meals and at dence and firmness of purp. in the face of danger (LN,
the end as an expression of dependence on God for all 1:306). oBeio8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) doPeowar (# 5828)
man’s needs and of gratitude for His constant good- to be afraid. Pres. imp. w. the neg. un (# 3590) indicates
ness (Moore, Judaism, 2:216f; SB, 1:685f; M, Berakoth, 6- that an action in progress should discontinue (Bakker,
8). KAGous aor. act. part. (temp.) KAGw (# 3089) to break. 35ff; MKG, 247). @ 28 amoKprdetc aor. pass. (dep.)
é5wKev aor. ind. act. Sidwut (#1443) to give. part. GMoKpivoLo (# 646) to answer. eimev aor. ind. act.
@ 20 Epayov aor. ind. act. EoOiw (#2266) to eat. Exop- Aeyw (#3306). et pres. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. Ind.
TaoONGaV aor. ind. pass. yoptatw (#5963) to satisfy; used in a first class cond. cl., assuming the reality of
pass. to be satisfied, to be filled; an effective aor., “to be the cond. KéAevoov aor. imp. act. kedkevw (# 3027) to
completely satisfied” (RWP; Hagner). Npav aor. ind. command. Generally followed by the aor. inf. w. the
act. aipw (# 149) to take up, to pick up. mepiooetov pres. one receiving the order in the acc. (BAGD). €A8etv aor.
act. part. mepiooevw (# 4355) to exceed or remain over, act. inf. épyoua. (#2262). Inf. in indir. discourse.
to abound, to be in abundance. Part. used as subst. @ 29 €X8E aor. imp. act. 2nd. pers. sing. Epxowar. Aor.
Kodivos (# 3186) basket, probably a large, heavy basket imp. used in a specific command (VANT, 345). Kata-
for carrying things (BAGD; DA). 21 E0Biovtes pres. Bas aor. act. part. (circum.) KotoBaive (# 2849) to dis-
act. part. masc. nom. pl. s.v. 20. Noav impf. ind. act. eyt embark, to go down. mepienatnoev aor. ind. act.
(# 1639) to be. woet (# 6059) (w. numbers) about. ywpic nepinatew (#4344) to walk. That Peter walked on the
(# 6006) without, here, besides (DA). @ 22 qvaykaoev water at Jesus’ command indicates that Jesus had di-
aor. ind. act. avaykacw (#337) to compel, to force, to vine authority (DA). 30 PAénwv pres. act. part.
urge strongly (BAGD; DA). euBfvo1 aor. act. inf. eu- (temp.) BAenw (# 1063) to see. Expressing contempora-
Baivw (# 1832) to embark. Inf. gives the content of the neous action. &poBnOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) poPeowat
compelling. Mpoayetv pres. act. inf. mpoayw (#4575) to (#5828) to be afraid. Ingressive aor.: “he became
go before. mepav (# 4305) the other side. For the geo- afraid.” Gp&dpevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. d&pxouar
graphical problem s. Carson, 343. €w¢ ov (# 2401; 4005) (# 806) to begin. w. inf. Temp. or causal part. Katamov-
until, while (DA). a&moAvoq aor. subj. act. anorAdw tiCeo@a1 pres. pass. inf. Katanovticw (#2931) to throw
(#668) to dismiss. 23 adnodvoasg aor. act. part. into the sea, to drown; pass. to be sunk, to be drowned
(temp. )“after.” d&veBr aor. ind. act. dvoPatvw (# 326) to (BAGD). o@oov aor. imp. act. owtw (#5392) to rescue,
go up. pos (# 4001) mountain; here, hill country (AM). to save. 31 &xteivas aor. act. part. (circum.) éxtetvw)
mpooeveEao8at aor. mid. (dep.) inf. MPOGEVXOLAL (# 4667) to (# 1753) stretch out. émeAGBeto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
to pray; inf. used to express purp. YEVOLEVNS aor. mid. EmiAapBavouwar (#2138) to take hold of, to grasp (w.
(dep.) part. (temp.) yivopout (# 1181). hv impf. ind. act. gen.). OAvyomiote (# 3899) voc. masc. sing. OALyOMLOTOG
elt S.v. 21. @ 24 otadiovs acc. pl. otddt0v (# 5084) sta- little faith. It is not “no faith,” but a “deficiency in
de, about 600 feet (Filson; EBC, 1:611; ABD, 6:901). Acc. faith” (EDNT). etg tt (#1650; 5516) “for what pur-
Matthew 15 34

pose?” “why?” (Carson, 346). &5iotaoas aor. ind. act. Kaxokoyew (#2800) to speak evil of, to insult. q
diotaCw (# 1491) to doubt, not to trust (DA). 32 ava- (# 2445) or. teAevtatw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing.
Bavtwv aor. act. part. dvoPatvw (# 326) to go up, to em- terevtaw (# 5462) to die. W. the dat. as a translation of
bark. Gen. abs. €xomaoev aor. ind. act. konatw (# 3156) the Heb. inf. absolute: “let him surely die” (BG,
to stop, to cease, to rest. 33 MPOOEKVVNOAV aor. ind. 21): © 5 0¢ av (# 4005; 165) w. subj., introduces a
act. mpooxvvew (# 4686) to fall down and worship. It rel. cl. which forms the hypothetical cond. of a cond.
includes awe and amazement (BBC). @ 34 dtame- sentence. elim aor. subj. act. Aeyw (#3306). S@pov
paoavtes aor. act. part. diamepaw (# 1385) to pass over, (# 1565) gift, present, a reference to practice of korban
to cross over. The prep. in the vb. describes the carry- in which a man dedicates his property to God and is
ing of the action through to a definite result, describ- not obligated to take care of his parents (Hill; M, Ne-
ing a journey to a goal (M, 301). 35 envyvovtec aor. darim; SB, 1:711-17; J.D.M. Derrett, “KOPBAN, O
act. part. (temp.) emtyiwwoKxw (#2105) to recognize. EXTIN AQPON,” NTS 16 [1970]: 364-68; Hagner; Luz;
QnEOTEAaV aor. ind. act. anooteAAW (#690) to send. s. Mk. 7:11). woeAnOt¢ aor. subj. pass. wperew (# 6067)
MpoonveyKav aor. ind. act. mpoopepw (#4712) to bring to profit, to benefit. @ 6 ov pn (# 4024; 3590) not at
to, to carry to. Tovg KaKdc Exovtas pres. act. part. Sub- all, a strong neg. (MT, 96). tysqoet fut. ind. act. s.v. 4.
st. part. those having it bad, to be sick. 36 napexd- “Need not honor” (BD, 184). Nkupwoate aor. ind. act.
dovv impf. ind. act. napakarew (#4151) to ask, to aKxvpow (#218) to make without authority, to make
beseech. Impf. indicates the continual asking. &wwvtat null and void, used in the papyri in the legal sense to
aor. subj. mid. (dep.) a&toyor (# 721) to touch (w. gen.) cancel or make void a will or a debt (MM). Aor. looks
xpaonebov (# 3192) edge, border, hem of a garment; at the accomplished fact. 7 DmoxKpitat voc. pl.
possibly tassel, which the Israelite was obligated to vmokpitns (#5695) hypocrite, a legalist who manipu-
wear on the four corners of his outer garment (BAGD; lates the law w. casuistry and hair-splitting interpreta-
Lachs, 172; TDNT; SB, 4:276-92). Hwavto aor. ind. mid. tions for his own benefit (AM, CXV-CXxXIII).
(dep.) a&xtowat (# 721). SveawOnoav aor. ind. pass. dia- Empopntevoev aor. ind. act. npodntevw (#4736) to
owtw (#1407) to save, to heal completely. The prep. w. prophesy. @ 8 yetheotVv dat. pl. yeiAog (#5927) lip.
the vb. is perfective indicating a thorough healing Instr. dat. ty@ pres. ind. act. s.v. 4. noppw (# 4522) far,
(MH, 301f). far away. Gmeyet pres. ind. act. anexw (# 600) to be dis-
tant, to be far away. 9 pathy (#3472) adv. in vain,
Matthew 15 to no end. ogPovto1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) ceBopar
1 ‘TepoooAdpwv (# 2647) gen. pl. Jerusalem. The (# 4936) to worship; the honoring of God through acts
rabbis of Jerusalem were held in high esteem and their of obedience to His will (NIDNTT; TDNT). &t5aoxKov-
wisdom was especially praised (SB, 1:691). Papioator TEC pres. act. part. di5a0Kkw (# 1438) to teach. Part. of
(#5757) Pharisees (TJ, 70-76; JPB, 380-451). @ 2 napa- manner showing how the vain worship is being car-
Baivovow pres. ind. act. napoPaivw (#4124) to trans- ried out. @ 10 mpooxaAeocdpevos aor. mid. (indir. mid.)
gress. Pres. points to a continual or habitual practice. part. (temp.) mpooxaAew (# 4673) to summon, to call to.
napasootc (#4142) tradition. The body of commentary GxKovete pres. imp. act. akovw (#201) to hear. ovviete
added to the law and transmitted orally. The scribes pres. imp. act. ovvinut (#5317) to understand, to com-
and Pharisees regarded it as of equal importance w. prehend, to employ one’s capacity for understanding
the Law. It was later written and codified to form the and thus arrive at insight (LN, 1:380). 11 eloepyo-
Mishnah (Hill; Moore, Judaism, 1:251-62; SB, 1:691-95; Hevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. eioepyouar (#1656) to
TDNT, 6:661f; TLS, 1-262). mpeoButepoc (# 4565) older, come in, to go in. Part. used as subst. xotvot pres. ind.
elder; pl. the learned ones (TDNT; DJG, 201-203). act. kowow (# 3124) to make common, to defile (DJG,
vintovtat pres. ind. mid. (dir. mid.) vintw (#3782) to 130). €xmopevouevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. exnopevowat
wash. For the custom of hand washing s. M, Yadaim; (# 1744) to go out, to go forth. 12 mpooeABovte_s aor.
SB, 1:695-704; LT, 2:10-15. Habitual pres. 6tav (# 4020) act. part. (temp.) mpooepyouai (#4665) to come to.
w. subj., when, whenever. €o@iwov pres. subj. act. &0- oidac (# 3857) perf. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. to know.
Oiw (#2266) to eat. 3 anoKxpiWet¢ aor. pass. (dep.) Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. &kovoavtes aor. act. part.
part. Gmoxpivonor (#646) to answer. Kat also. 51a (temp.) akovw (#201) to hear. “When they heard.” éo-
(# 1328) w. acc., because of (RWP). évtoAn (#1953) Kavdaric8njoav aor. ind. pass. ocxavdaritw (# 4997) to
commandment. Jesus counterattacks-the disciples cause to stumble, indicating deep religious offense at
transgress the unwritten tradition, they transgress the preaching of Jesus, which causes and includes de-
God’s commandment (Hill). This points to the point- nial and rejection of Jesus (TDNT). 13 ovteia
lessness of observing the laws of ritual purity without (# 5884) plant, a cultivated plant (EGT), a figure com-
moral righteousness (DJG, 130). 4 tipo pres. imp. mon among Judaism (SB, 1:720-21) and the Dead Sea
act. tyudw (#5506) to honor. KaxoAoydv pres. act. part. community (Hill; Gnilka; 1QS 8:5; 11:8). hv (# 4005) rel.
35 Matthew 15

pron., which fem. sing. acc. &pbtevoev aor. ind. act. pv- gen. pl. dptov (# 3990) boundary, pl. area. e&eASodoa.
tevw (#5885) to plant. éxpiwOnoetar fut. ind. pass. aor. act. part. nom. fern. sing. etepyouct (# 2002) s.v. 21.
expiCow (# 1748) to tear out by the roots. Jesus is saying Expatev impf. ind. act. kpdCw (#3189) to cry out. Impf.
that the Pharisees were not truly part of God’s plant- indicates she kept on calling out (Filson). EAENOOV aor.
ing and will be uprooted at the final judgment (Car- act. imp. &\e€w (#1796) to have mercy, pity, to show
son, 350; DA; BBC). 14 dete aor. imp. act. apint mercy. Aor. imp. calls for a specific action. Sa ovitetat
(# 918) to leave, to leave alone. d8nyOg (# 3843) guide. pres. ind. pass. dooviCoua1 (# 1227) to be possessed
odnyil pres. subj. act. odnyew (# 3842) to lead along the w.ademon. © 23 dmexpiOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v.
way. Subj. w. édv (#1569) used in 3rd. class cond. cl. 3. mpooeBovtes aor. act. part. mpocepyopat (#4665) to
which assumes the possibility of the cond. neoobvtar come to. Temp. or circum. part. Npwtovv impf. ind. act.
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) nintw (#4406) to fall. #15 dpdcov epwtaw (#2263) to ask, to inquire, to request. Impf.
aor. imp. act. dpatw (#5851) to explain, to interpret, pictures the continuous action in the past. &moAvoov
sometimes w. the implication that the text in question aor. imp. act. anoAvw (# 668) to send away. Possibly,
is difficult or complex (LN, 1:405). 16 axunv (# 197) “send her away w. her request granted” (Meyer; DA).
adverbial acc., still, places emphasis at the beginning Aor. imp. calls for a specific action. xpdéfer pres. ind.
of a sentence: “Even at this crucial juncture, are you act. s.v. 22. Pres. is “she keeps continually calling out!”
without understanding?” (Hill). wat (#2779) also. Omiobev (# 3957) w. gen., after. (BD, 115). 24 ano-
Govvetos (# 852) without understanding, not compre- KpvOetc aor. pass. (dep. ) part. s.v. 3. eimev aor. ind. act.
hending s.v. 10. @ 17 voeite pres. ind. act. voew Aeyw (#3306). aneotaANV aor. ind. pass. AnooteAAW
(# 3783) to comprehend, to understand, to compre- (# 690) to send, to commission. S. 10:2, 5. Theol. pass.,
hend something on the basis of careful thought and “sent by God.” anoAwAota perf. act. part. &modAvpL
consideration (LN, 1:380). Ind. used in a question ex- (# 660) to lose, to be lost (s. 10:6). @ 25 EA®oDoa aor.
pecting the answer “yes.” eltonopevdoyevov pres. mid. act. part. (circum.) (fem.) €pxouat (# 2262) to come, to
(dep.) part. nom. n. sing. elonopevopar (# 1660) to go go. mpooekvdvet impf. ind. act. npooxvvew (# 4686) to
in. Part. used as subst. ywpel pres. ind. act. ywpew worship. The continual action of the impf. indicates
(# 6003) to go out. Gnomic pres. dedpava acc. sing. her persistence (Filson). Bon@e1 pres. imp. act. Bondew
aedpwv (#909) drain, latrine. For sanitary conds. s. (# 1070) to help, w. obj. in dat. Pres. imp. here pictures
Edward Neufeld, “Hygiene Conditions in Ancient Is- an excited request to begin an action which is not
rael,” BA 34 (1971): 42-66; DJG, 125-32). exBaAretar going on (Bakker, 83f; MKG, 272). 26 ovd« (# 4024)
pres. ind. pass. exBa&AAw (# 1675) to throw out. Gnomic not, used in a question expecting the answer “no.” Aa-
pres. @ 18 Kaxeiva, = kai exeiva. (#2797) those things. Beiv aor. act. inf. AouBavew (# 3284) to take. BaAetv aor.
KOUvot pres. ind. act. kowvow (#3124) to make common, act. inf. Ba&AAWwW (# 965) to cast, to throw. The infs. ex-
to defile (BAGD). For a treatment of the laws of purity plain the adj. KaAov. kvvapiotg dat. pl. Kvvapiov
s. Roger P. Booth, Jesus and the Laws of Purity: Tradition (# 3249) dog, little dog. A house dog or lap dog in con-
History and Legal History in Mark 7, JSNTSS 13 (Shef- trast to a dog of the street or farm (BAGD). Dat. as in-
field: JSOT Press, 1986): 117-224. 19 d1ar0yiopL0¢ dir. obj. 27 vat (#3721) certainly. yiytov (# 6033)
(# 1369) disputing, doubts, reason. Perhaps a reference crumb, little morsel, dimin. form. mumtovtwv pres. act.
to the evil impulse (DA). nopveta. (# 4518) illicit sexual . part. gen. pl. s.v. 14. Part. as adj. Crumbs the size of a
activity (TDNT). KAonat nom. pl. kAonn (# 3113) theft. olive were to be gathered up (SB, 4:ii, 625-27; 4:1, 526).
BAaodnuta (# 1060) slander, blaspheming (DJG, 75-77). @ 28 yevnOntw aor. imp. pass. (dep.) 3rd. sing. yivopat
For a comparison of the catalogues of sins in the NT (# 1181) to become, to happen. Used w. dat. of person-
and the ancient world s. DCNT, 67-70; DA; Luz. 20 al interest. 1467 aor. ind. pass. ion (# 2615) to heal.
Kowvodvta pres. act. part. nom. n. pl. s.v. 18. yepotw dat. 29 petaBas aor. act. part. (temp.) petoBoivey (# 3553)
pl. xetp (#5931) hand, dat. of means: “with unclean to pass over, to withdraw, to depart. TA@ev aor. ind. act.
hands.” gayeiv aor. act. inf. 001w (# 2266) to eat. Inf. s.v. 25. dvoBac aor. act. part. (temp.) avoPatvw (#326)
used as noun. Subject of the vb. (BD, 205). @ 21 €&- to go up. &ka6nto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) Kka@nnar
eA@wv aor. act. part. (temp.) EEEpOHar (# 2002) to go (# 2764) to sit down, to sit. 30 poonAGov aor. ind.
out. divexwpnoev aor. ind. act. dvaywpew (#432) to de- act. mpooepxouar (# 4665) to come to. ExovtEs pres. act.
part. wépn acc. pl. wépog (#3538) part, pl. region. For part. nom. masc. pl. €yw (#2400) to have. pe’ eavtdv
the social background of this region s. Gerd Theissen, (# 3552; 1571) refl. pron. 3rd. pers., “with themselves.”
“Lokal- und Sozialkolorit in der Geschichte von der xwrog (# 6000) lame. tupAdg (# 5603) blind (DJG, 81-82).
syrophonikischen Frau (Mk 7:24-30),” ZAW 75 (1984): KvAAOG (# 3245) cripple, crippled, deformed; used of a
202-25. 22 Xavavaia (#5914) Canaanite. The term limb of the body which is in any way abnormal or in-
was perhaps used because these were the ancient ene- capable of being used (BAGD). xwo0g (# 3273) dumb,
mies of Israel (DA; for more discussion s. BBC). opiwv deaf. etépous, acc. pl. Etepoc (# 2283) other. “Others dif-
Matthew 16 36

ferent from those named” (BD, 161). €pptyav aor. ind. Matthew 16
act. pintw (# 4849) to cast, to fling, not carelessly but in 1 mpooedOovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) mpooepyo-
haste (RWP). This implies acknowledgment of his pon (# 4665) to come to. meipaCovtes pres. act. part. met-
lordship (Gundry; s. Test. Job 39:3). e8epanevoev aor. patw (# 4279) to try, to test, to tempt, to obtain
ind. act. Bepanevw (# 2543) to heal. Aor. summarizes information to be used against a person by trying to
His acts. 31 O8avpcoat aor. act. inf. Pavpatw (# 2513) cause someone to make a mistake (LN, 1:330; Trench,
to marvel, to wonder at. Inf. w. @ote (# 6063) expresses Synonyms; TLNT). Part. of manner describing how
results. BA€novtas pres. act. part. (temp.) acc. pl. PAenw they asked. énnpwtnoav aor. ind. act. exepwtaw
(# 1063) to see. Acc. w. inf. AaAoDbvtas pres. act. part. (# 2089) to ask, to ask for; prep. w. the vb. is directive
Aadrew (# 3281) to speak, to talk. vyets acc. pl. vying and concentrates the vb.’s action upon some object
(# 5618) well. nepixatobdvtac pres. act. part. acc. pl. (MH, 312). ompeiov (# 4956) sign, here used in the
nepinatew (# 4344) to walk about. e50—aoav aor. ind. sense of a proof of Jesus’ power and eschatological of-
act. d0fafw (# 1519) to glorify, to Praise. 32 mpoo- fice (DA). embetEar aor. act. inf. exdeikvunr (# 2109) to
KQAEOOPEVOG aor. mid. part. mpooxarew (# 4673) to show. For the prep. w. the vb. s. MH, 312. Inf. after a
call, to summon. eimev aor. ind. act. A4eyw (# 3306). vb. of asking. @ 2 a@moxpiGetc aor. pass. (dep.) part.
onhayyvionar (# 5072) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to have GnoKpivouar (# 646) to answer (s. Matt. 4:4). owros
compassion, to be inwardly moved. nyépat nom. pl. (# 4070) evening. yevopneévng aor. mid. (dep.) part. gen.
THEpa (# 2465) day, a parenthetic nom. to express time fem. sing. yivonar (# 1181) to become, to happen; part.
(RG, 460; MT, 231; BD, 79-80). ¢&ywouv aor. subj. act. E0- used as gen. abs. evdia (# 2304) fair or calm weather
Oiw (# 2266) to eat. Indir. question w. the deliberative (RWP; DC 7,70). muppater pres. ind. act. muppatw
subj. (RWP). &xoAdoat aor. act. inf. s.v. 23. vnaotets acc. (# 4793) to be red like fire. 3 mpwt (# 4745) early
pl. vijotis (# 3765) not eating, hungry. phrote (# 3607) morning. xewwv (# 5930) rainy, stormy weather. otv-
w. subj., lest. €xAv@@oiv aor. subj. pass. exAvoyar yvatwv pres. act. part. otvyvatw (# 5145) to be or be-
(# 1725) pass. to be without strength, to be weary come dark, gloomy. ywwwoxete pres. ind. act. yiwwoKw
(TLNT). 33 noOev (# 4470) where. tpiv dat. pl. eyw (# 1182) to know, w. inf. to know how to (BD, 199,
(# 1609) dat. personal interest, “Where is there for us 200). Staxpivetv pres. act. inf. &iaxpivw (# 1359) to di-
..2” toaodt0¢ (# 5537) nom. pl. so much. yopta&oat aor. vide, to discern. For rabbinical weather rules s. SB,
act. inf. yoptatw (# 5963) to satisfy, to fill w. food. Inf. 1:727-28. 8vvao8e pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Svvapar
expresses result. @ 34 nooog (# 4531) how many. 1y60-
(# 1538) to be able to. @ 4 poiyadric (# 3655) adulter-
81a acc. pl. 1y8vdi0v (# 2715) dimin. small fish. For di-
ous. enintet pres. ind. act. exi¢ntew (# 2118) to seek, to
mins. w. this ending s. MH, 344-46. They speak
seek after (for the prep. w. the vb. s. MH, 312). Pres.
disparagingly of their provision (Bengel).
stresses the habitual action. 50@noetar fut. ind. pass.
@ 35 napayyeiAas aor. act. part. (temp.) napayyerArAw
5t5wyr (# 1443) to give. For a discussion of the sign of
(# 4133) to give instruction, to command. avaneceiv
Jonah s. DJG, 754-56; Eugene H. Merrill, “The Sign of
aor. act. inf. avanintw (# 404) to sit down, to recline for
eating. It denotes the act rather than the stage (AS). Jonah,” JETS 23 (1980): 23-30. et wn (# 1623; 3590) ex-
cept. KatOAIWV aor. act. part. (circum.) KaToEInw
Inf. w. vb. of commanding. @ 36 €AaPev aor. ind. act.
s.v. 26. 1x0ba¢ acc. pl. ix6v¢ (# 2716) fish. edyaprothoac (# 2901) to leave behind. anhAsev aor. ind. act. anepyo-
aor. act. part. (temp.) evyapiotew (# 2373) to give por (# 599) to go away. 5 €ABOvtES aor. act. part.
thanks. éxAaoev aor. ind. act. KAaw (# 3089) to break. (temp.) Epxopar (# 2262) to come, to go. EmeAGBovTO aor.
e5t60v impf. ind. act. 5t5wp1 (# 1443) to give. Impf. pic- ind. mid. (dep.) emiAavOavonor (# 2140) to forget. Aa-
tures the repeated giving. 37 €payov aor. ind. act. Betv aor. act. inf. AapBavw (# 3284) to take. Inf. as obj.
s.v. 32. Exoptao@noay aor. ind. pass. yoptatw (# 5963) to or epex. @ 6 Op&te pres. imp. act. opaw (# 3972) to see,
fill to satisfy; pass. to eat one’s fill, to be satisfied to beware. npooexete pres. imp. act. mpooexw (# 4668) to
(BAGD). nepiooetov pres. act. part. nepiooevw (# 4355) pay attention to, to give heed to. Pres. imp. calls for a
to be in abundance, to be in excess. Part. as subst. pav constant watchfulness. Coun (# 2434) leaven. For the
aor. ind. act. aipw (# 149) to lift up. omvptdac acc. pl. symbol of leaven s. 13:33. Jesus meant their teaching,
onvptc (# 5083) basket, a flexible mat basket used for the rigid legalism and casuistical sophistry of the
carrying fish or fruit (Tasker). # 38 eo8iovtec pres. act. Pharisees and the political opportunism and worldly
part. nom. masc. pl. E00iw (# 2266) Part. as subst. Toav materialism of the Sadducees (Tasker). @ 7 5teAoyifov-
impf. ind. act. et (# 1639). 39 amoAvoas aor. act. to impf. ind. mid. (dep.) draAo0yiGopar (# 1368) to rea-
part. s.v. 23. éveBn aor. ind. act. eupaivw (# 1832) to em- son, to dispute. eavtots (# 1571) refl. pron. 3rd. pers.
bark, to get into. dat. p]. Either “each man in his own mind,” or “among
themselves” (EGT). 611 (# 4022) either causal (because)
or recitative, indicating quotation marks. €AGPopev aor.
ind. act. AapPavw (# 3284). 8 yovds aor. act. part.
Oo” Matthew 16

masc. nom. sing. yiwwoKxw (#1182) to know recognize. the underworld, death (TDNT; SB, 4:1016-29). Katwo-
Temp. or causal part. oAtyomotog (# 3899) nom. pl. lit- xvoovot fut. ind. act. Katioxvw (# 2996) to overpower,
tle faith, trust, confidence, assurance in the power of to have strength against, to gain mastery over (RWP).
Christ to provide food as He had done before (Allen). 19 Wow fut. ind. act. 5iSwyr (# 1443) to give. KAEiBac
#9 ovnw (#4037) not yet. voeite pres. ind. act. voew acc. pl. kdeig (# 3090) key (BBC). &nons aor. subj. act.
(# 3783) to grasp w. the mind, to understand. pvnyo- dew (#1313) to bind. Eotor Sedepevov fut. ind. mid.
vevete pres. ind. act. uvnuovevw (# 3648) to remember. (dep.) cyt w. perf. pass. part. Sew. ADOT aor. subj. act.
Kopivoc (# 3186) basket (s. 14:20). 10 tetpaxioxtAror Avw (#3395) to loose. Eotor AEAvpEVOV fut. w. the perf.
(# 5483) four thousand. onvpic (# 5083) basket s. Matt. pass. part. This construction is the fut. perf. pass. peri-
15:37. €AGPete aor. ind. act. AapBavw (# 3284) s.v. 7. phrastic trans.: “will have been bound,” “will have
@ 11 eimov aor. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306). 12 ovvijKav been loosed.” It is the church on earth carrying out
aor. ind. act. ovvinut (#5317) to comprehend, to un- heaven's decisions, not heaven ratifying the church’s
derstand and evaluate (LN, 1:380, 383). 13 €A®Wv decision (AM; for a discussion s. VA, 471-74; GI, 80-82;
aor. act. part. s.v. 5. wépn acc. pl. wepoc (# 3538) part, pl. Gundry). 20 SveotetAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dt0-
area, followed by gen. denoting the villages of the area oteAAopo. (# 1403) to instruct, to order. (Another read-
(DA; BAGD). npwta impf. ind. act. gpwtaw (#2263) to ing has énetiwnoev aor. ind. act. enitysaw [# 2203] to
ask; incep. impf. “he began to question” (RWP). evar reprove, to sternly warn, to seriously warn.) wndevi
pres. act. inf. ett (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. discourse. dat. sing. indir. obj. wndeis (# 3594) no one. etnwow aor.
@ 14 cimav aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. ot pév (#3525) some. subj. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say, to tell. © 21 TpEato aor.
GAOL (#257) others. Etepor (# 2283) others, distin- ind. mid. (dep.) d&pxopnor (# 806) to begin. The vb. is
guishing them not merely numerically but also generi- emphatic and indicates that a new stage in the self-
cally (EGT). j or. @ 15 A€yer pres. ind. act. AEyw revelation of Jesus has now been reached (Tasker).
(# 3306) to say. hist. pres. tpeig “you,” emphatic & deixvvetv pres. act. inf. detkvopt (# 1259) to show. det
contrasting. 16 amoxpvGeig aor. part. pass. (dep.) (# 1256) it is necessary, often w. the implication of in-
GroKpivouat to answer (s.v. 2). €l pres. ind. act. 2nd. evitability (LN, 1:672) w. acc. and inf. &me@etv aor. act.
pers. sing. et (#1639). 0 Xprotog (# 5986) the Messi- inf. s.v. 4. ma@etiv aor. act. inf. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer.
ah, the anointed one, used without the art. it has the anxoxtavOfvai aor. pass. inf. dnoKxteivw (#650) to kill.
character of a personal name, w. the art. it is a title of Nepa (#2465) day. Dat. of time: “on the third day.”
the one promised in the Old Testament (SB, 1:6ff; eyepOfiva1 aor. pass. inf. eyeipw (#1586) pass. to be
TDNT; DJG, 106-117; NIDNTT; EDNT, 3:1147-65, 1242; raised. 22 mpooAaPopevog aor. mid. part. npoodap-
NIDOTTE; for a historical, but critical study s. Martin Bavw (# 4689) to take to oneself, to take aside. Temp. or
Karrer, Der Gesalbte [G6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ru- circum. part. €mitysav pres. act. inf. s.v. 20. ews
precht, 1991]). G@vtog pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to (# 2664) gracious, merciful. “May God be gracious to
live. God alone has life in Himself and gives life (DA; you,” that is, “may God in His mercy spare you this”
s. D. Verseput, “The Role and Meaning of the ‘Son of (BAGD). It could be from 79°5m meaning, “far be it
God’ Title in Matthew’s Gospel,” NTS 33 [1987]: 532- from you”(BD, 71; MT, 309). od yh never, emphatic
56). @ 17 paxdpiog (#3421) blessed, happy s. neg. ota fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et. © 23 otpadets aor.
Matt. 5:3. o&pE kai aiwa (“flesh and blood”) is a Jewish pass. (w. refl. meaning BAGD) part. (circum.) otpepw
way of referring to man in his entirety, but in his natu- (# 5138) to turn, to turn oneself. bnaye pres. imp. act.
ral weakness. It had become a t.t. meaning “human vnayw (#5632) to depart. Pres. imp. often is used to
agency” in contrast to divine agency (Hill; DA; express an order involving motion (Bakker, 82; VANT,
TDNT). drexcAvwev aor. ind. act. anokadvntw (# 636) 343). Ontow (# 3958) adv. as prep. w. gen., behind; here,
to unveil, to reveal. @ 18 Kayw = Kai Eyw “I also.” phrase means “get out of my sight!” (BAGD). oxavéa-
nétpa (# 4376) fem. dat. sing. rock, cliff, ledge. Used by dov (#4998) stumbling block, occasion to sin (TDNT;
Josephus to describe the massive fitted stone blocks in BBC). ppovetc pres. ind. act. ppovew (#5858) to set one’s
the towers of Jerusalem (Jos., JW, 6:410), as contrasted mind on, to be intent on. 24 6€A«1 pres. ind. act. b&AW
w. the ordinary rocks that men carry around (nétpog a (# 2527) to be willing, to purpose, generally based on a
small detachment of the massive ledge [RWP]) (Jos., preference or desire (LN, 1:357). €A@eiv aor. act. inf. s.v.
JW, 5:174, note 175); also used of huge rocks suited for 5. &mapvjnododw aor. imp. mid. (dep.) 3rd. pers. sing.
the foundation of buildings (s. 7:24; JosAsen 22:13). anapveoat (#565) to deny, to deny oneself, an act in
oixodounow fut. ind. act. ovxodouew (# 3868) to build. wholly unselfish manner, give up his personality
“Upon this rock of revealed truth I will build my (BAGD). G@patw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. aipw
church” (Allen). &xkAnota (#1711) assembly, gather- (# 149) to take up. Aor. imps. call for a specific and de-
ing, church (s. TDNT; NIDNTT; NTW). r0Aa1 nom. pl. cisive action. dkodov@eitw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers.
nvAn (#4783) gate. gdov gen. sing. Gdn¢ (# 87) hades, sing. akodovdew (#199) to follow after, used often in
Matthew 17 38

the sense of following like a disciple. The action called ind. act. Adpnw (#3290) to shine, to gleam. Perhaps a
for by the aor. imps. stand at the beginning of the dis- reference to the Shekinah glory of God. S. 1 Enoch
ciple’s journey and is to be followed by a continued 14:18-22. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowo. (# 1181)
determination to stick to the chosen path indicated by to become. AevKog (# 3328) bright, shining, gleaming.
the pres. imp. (DA). @ 25 0c édv (# 4005; 1569) who- 3 &6n aor. ind. pass. opaw (# 3972) to see. Pass. to
ever. @€Aq) pres. subj. act. s.v. 24. o@oat aor. act. inf. be seen, to appear. For a sing. vb. w. a pl. subject s. BD,
owtw (#5392) to save. dmodéoet fut. ind. act. anoAEon 74f. OVAAGAODVTES pres. act. part. ovAAaAEw (#5196) to
aor. subj. act. amoAr vp (# 660) to lose. EveKxev (# 1915) talk w. Part. of manner, or temp.: “as they were con-
w. gen. because of, for the sake of. ebpnoet fut. ind. act. versing.” 4 amoxpieic aor. pass. (dep.) part.
evpiokw (#2351) to find. 26 woeAnOnoetan fut. ind. amoKpivona.r (#646) to answer. Twig us, emphasized
pass. whedew (# 6067) to benefit, to help, to aid; pass. by its acc. position used w. the inf. elvan pres. act. inf.
to have benefit, to profit. av (#1569) introduces a et. For the inf. explaining the adj. s. DM, 219. et 6€-
supposed case (RWP). kepSnoq aor. subj. act. kepdaivw Netg (# 1623; 2527) “if you desire.” In Hellenistic use
(# 3045) to win, to gain, to make a profit. Cnuiw@f aor. equal to “please” (BD, 190). movnow fut. ind. act. moew
subj. pass. Cnuiow (# 2423) to suffer loss, to suffer con- (# 4472) to do, to make. For the cond. cl. s. VA, 294-96.
fiscation (Allen). | (# 2445) or. dwoet fut. ind. act. 515w- oxnvas acc. pl. oxnvn (#5008) tent, booth, dwelling
ut (#1443) to give. avtoAAaya (#498) something place. 5 Aadotvtoc pres. act. part. AaAEw (# 3281)
given in exchange. The prep. avti (#505) in the noun to speak. Gen. abs. expressing contemporaneous time:
indicates reciprocity and implies the equivalence of “while he was speaking.” vepeAn (# 3749) cloud. The
the object to that against which it is set (MH, 297). A cloud indicates the presence of God (Leifeld, ND, 178).
man must surrender his life and nothing less to God; gwteivos (#5893) shining, bright, radiant. eneoxiaoev
no exchange is possible and nothing would compen- aor. ind. act. emioxiacw (# 2173) to overshadow. Here
sate for such a loss (McNeile; BAGD). @ 27 péAAet the acc. pictures the motion of the cloud as it envel-
pres. ind. act. wedAw (#3516) to be about to, used w. oped them (McNeile). A€yovoa pres. act. part. nom.
the inf. to express the fut. &modwoet fut. ind. act. ano- fem. sing. A€yw (#3306) to speak. It was the Shekinah
dtdwput (#625) to give back, to repay. mpGEic (# 4552) from which the divine Voice proceeded (McNeile).
deed, conduct; the sum of one’s doings, including that ayanntos (#28) beloved. Often used of an only son
self-denial,adherence to one’s faith and confession (Leifeld, ND, 176). evddxcnoa aor. ind. act. evdoxtw
(Meyer). 28 €otwtwv perf. act. part. totnyt (#2705) (# 2305) to be pleased w. dKovete pres. imp. act. aKovw
to stand. ottiveg (#4015) nom. pl. rel. pron., who. (# 201) to hear, to listen to; w. gen. to obey (DA).
Used either in the sense of 0c, or in the classical sense @ 6 d&Kovoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.), indicating ante-
w. a generic meaning, that is, “which, as others of the cedent action. “When they heard...” €neoav aor. ind.
same class” (IBG, 123-24; M, 91-92). yedowvtor aor. act. mintw (#4406) to fall. &poPNnOnoav aor. ind. pass.
subj. mid. (dep.) yevoua (# 1174) to taste, w. gen. Ews (dep.) doBeouor (#5828) to be afraid. Ingressive aor.
av (#2401; 323) w. subj., until. wow aor. subj. act. “They became afraid.” = 7 mpootGev aor. ind. act.
opdw (# 3972) to see. Subj. in an indef. temp. clause. ép- Mpooepxouan (# 4665) to come to, to go to. GAyoyLevos aor.
youevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. épyouor (#2262) adj. mid. (dep.) part. axtonar (#721) to touch. Circum.
part. part. w. gen. eyepOnte aor. imp. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to
rise up; pass. to get up. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act.
Matthew 17 gofeiove pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 6. Pres. imp. w. the
@ 1 e8’ = peta (#3552) w. acc., after. 6 (#1971) neg. indicates the action in progress should cease:
six. Means “on the sixth day” (McNeile), or “on the “Stop being afraid!” (Bakker, 35ff). @ 8 Endipavtes
seventh day.” Foster R. McCurley, Jr., “’And after Six aor. act. part. enatpw (#2048) to lift up. e1dSov aor. ind.
Days’ (Mark 9:2): A Semitic Literary Device,” JBL 93 act. opaw (#3972). et wn (#1623; 3590) except. The
(1974): 67-81. nopoAopBaver pres. ind. act. naporap- transfiguration is revelation and gives a divine confir-
Boavw (# 4161) to take w. Hist. pres. &vapéper pres. ind. mation of the sayings about the coming of the Son of
act. avapepw (# 429) to take up. Hist. pres. dpoc DwnAov Man (Leifeld, ND, 179). 9 KatoPaivovtwv pres.
acc. sing., high mountain. Mt. Tabor is the traditional act. part. kataPatvw (# 2849) to go down. Used as gen.
site, but Mt. Hermon has been suggested (DA), as well abs. expressing contemporaneous time: “while they
as Mt. Meron (W. Liefeld, ND, 167). kat’ iav (# 2848; were going down.” évetetdato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
2625) by oneself, privately. 2 petewoppw6n aor. ind. évteAhouar (# 1948) to command. einnte aor. subj. act.
pass. petapoppow (#3565) to transform, to change in Aeyw (# 3306) to speak, to tell. The prohibitive subj. im-
form, a transformation that is outwardly visible. Jesus plies that the action is not yet existent and should not
took the form of his heavenly glory (BBKA; DJG, 834- arise (MKG, 273). &w¢ od (#2401; 4005) until; used w.
41). &unpoodev (# 1859) w. gen., before. EXopwev aor. subj. to denote that the commencement of an event is
og Matthew 17

dependent on circumstances (BAGD). éyep64j aor. subj. part. MPOoEpXOWLOLL (# 4665) to come to. Temp. or circum.
pass. eyeipw (#1586) pass. to rise, to be raised. 10 part. eimov aor. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say. Névvnen-
ENNPWTNOGY aor. ind. act. emepwtdw (#2089) to ask, to ev aor. ind. pass. dvvowo (# 1538) w. inf. s.v. 16. exBa-
inquire. dei pres. ind. act. Sew (# 1256) it is necessary Aetv aor. act. inf. exBoAAW (#1675) to cast out. 20
(w. acc. and inf.). A@eiv aor. act. inf. Epxoucr (# 2262) to oALyoniatos (# 3898) little faith s. Matt. 6:30; 8:26; 14:31.
come. (Mal. 4:5 [LXX 3:22-23]; Sirach 48:10-11. For the av (#1569) w. subj., if, used in a cond. cl. which as-
rabbinical teaching on Elijah s. SB, 4:764-98; TS, 658ff; sumes the possibility of the cond. éynte pres. subj. act.
Dale C. Allison, Jr., “Elijah Must Come First,” JBL 103 éxw (#2400). owanews gen. sing. oivani (# 4983) mus-
(1984): 256-58; DA; DJG, 206). @ 11 dnoxataothoet fut. tard, mustard seed. Popularly considered the smallest
ind. act. dnoxaStotnut (# 635) to restore to the former of all seeds (BAGD). epeite fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306)
cond. (s. TDNT; EDNT). @ 12 76ev aor. ind. act. ép- to say. petéBa aor. imp. act. petoPatvw (#3553) to
xouar (# 2262) to go. For the translation of the aor. into transfer, to move to another place. petaBnoetor fut.
English s. M, 1:135ff. €néyvwoav aor. ind. act. emyt- ind. mid. (dep.) a&vvatnoer fut. ind. act. dévvatew
vwoKw (# 2105) to know, to recognize, to acknowledge. (# 104) to be unable, to be impossible. | 22 ovotpe-
énotnoay aor. ind. act. novéw (# 4472) to do. év (# 1877) opévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. cvotpédopat (#5370) to
here w. vb. “to do something to someone” (BD, 86). gather together, to come together. Part. used as gen.
The reference is to John’s execution (McNeile). n6EAn- abs. in a temp. sense. napadidoo8a1 pres. pass. inf.
oav aor. ind. act. 8&\w (#2527) to will, to desire. For Tapastswut (# 4140) to deliver over, hand over to the
the aor. form s. BD, 36. maoxet pres. act. inf. naoxw authority of (DA). Inf. w. weet for fut. © 23 anoKte-
(#4248) to suffer. Inf. used w. weAXet to express fut. vodow fut. ind. act. &moKteiva (# 650) to kill. éyepOn-
@ 13 ovvijkay aor. ind. act. ovvinut (#5317) to under- oetat fut. pass. ind. s.v. 7. EAunnONOaV aor. ind. pass.
stand, to comprehend. elmev aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) AunEwW (# 3382) to cause pain, to grieve; pass. to become
to say. 14 €A60vtwv aor. act. part. Epyouat s.v. 10. sad, sorrowful, distressed. Ingressive aor.: “they be-
Gen. abs. “when they came....” yovunet@v pres. act. came distressed.” 24 €A®Ovtwv aor. act. part. s.v.
part. nom. masc. sing. yovuretew (# 1206) to fall on the 14. gen. abs. mpoojAGov aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. 5tépaxyov
knees and beg (TDNT). 15 €Aénoov aor. imp. act. (# 1440) a double drachma. A coin worth two drach-
edeew (#1796) to have mercy, to show compassion s. mas, approximately 36 cents. The amount required for
9:27; 15:22. oednvidetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) oeAnvia- the annual temple tax (BAGD; HJC, 235-40; DJG, 805).
Couor (# 4944) to be moonstruck, to have epilepsy. The For the temple tax s. SB, 1:760-70; M, Shekalim; LNT,
sickness often was attributed to demons (SB, 1:758; 247-65; W. Horsbury, “The Temple Tax,” JPD, 265-86;
RAC, 5:819-31; Luz; Luhrmann, 274-79; AIA, 234-71; HJPE, 2:270-72; DA; DJG, 805; BBC. AapBdvovtes pres.
ABD, 6:12; DJG, 165). m&oyet pres. ind. act. s.v. 12. For act. part. AouBave (# 3284) to take. Part. used as subst.
the variant reading s. TC, 43; Gundry. mintet pres. ind. “the ones collecting...” eimav aor. ind. act. AEyw
act. nintw (#4406) to fall. Customary pres. (RG, (# 3306). ted€l pres. ind. act. tekew (#5464) to com-
880). @ 16 mpoonveyKa aor. ind. act. mpoohepw plete, to pay. Customary pres. The neg. ov (# 4024) in
(# 4712) to bring to. NévvnOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) the question expects the answer “yes.” @ 25 &\60vta
Sdvapar (# 1538) to be able w. inf. Sepanedoar aor. act. aor. act. part. (temp.) masc. sing. acc. s.v 14. part., acc.
inf. Sepanevw (#2543) to heal. 17 amoxpiGeic aor. agreeing w. abtov. mpoepOaoev aor. ind. act. npopOdavw
pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 4. &motog (# 603) faithless, unbe- (#4740) to anticipate, to get before one in doing a
lieving. Sveotpoppévn perf. pass. part. diaotpepw thing (RWP). “Jesus spoke to him first.” For the use w.
(# 1406) distorted, twisted in two, corrupt (RWP). Perf. the part. s. RG, 1120. ti oot Soxei the impersonal use of
expresses a state or cond. consequent upon an action doxew (# 1506) w. the dat. (“it appears” or “seems to
(K.L. McKay, “Syntax and Exegesis,” TB 23 [1972]: be”). Here, “what do you think?” t€An acc. pl. téA0¢
47). we mote (# 2401; 4537) until when? how long? (# 5465) tax, tribute (JZ, 11, 31-34). Kfvooc (# 3056) tax.
Eoouat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to be. avetouar The former taxes on wares, the latter a tax on persons;
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) avexyw (#462) to bear up, to en- that is, indir. and dir. taxation (EGT; SB, 1:770-71; DA;
dure. Obj. in gen. after vb. of emotion (RG, 508). pepete NDIEC, 3:70-71). &ddOtpIog (# 259) foreign, foreign-
(# 5770) pres. imp. act. dépw to bring. In imp. the vb. is ers. @ 26 ElmOvtos aor. part. act. masc. gen. sing. A€yw
pres. (VANT, 347; BD, 173). @ 18 €netiunoev aor. ind. (# 3306) part. Used as gen. abs. “after he said.” &n
act. émitycaw (#2203) to rebuke. The word of com- impf. ind. act. dnut (#5774) to say. dpa (#726) then,
mand that brought the hostile powers under control. draws an inference from the preceding. ye (# 1145) par-
H.C. Kee, “The Terminology of Mark’s Exorcism Sto- ticle emphasizing the previous word. &\ev@Epoc
ries,” NTS 14 (1968): 246; DJG, 166-68. &EAGev aor. ind. (# 1801) free. Pred. adj. @ 27 oxavédaAiowpev aor. subj.
act. é€epyouar (# 2002) to come out, to go out. ebepa- act. ocxavdariCw (# 4997) to cause to stumble, to offend.
mev0n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 16. ® 19 mpooeBovtes aor. act. Subj. w. iva (#2671) used to express purp. nopevdeic
Matthew 18 40

aor. pass. (dep.) part. mopevouar (#4513) to go. Cir- aor. subj. pass. Kpewavvunt (#3203) to hang. pbdocg
cum. part. used as imp. Bode aor. imp. act. Bodrw (# 3685) millstone. This is a rotary mill. ovuKoc (# 3948)
(#965) to cast. &yKiotpov (#45) fishhook. avaPavta pertaining to a donkey; “a donkey-millstone” (BAGD;
aor. act. part. acc. sing. avaPaivw (#326) to come up. SB, 1:775-78). The large upper millstone driven by a
Gpov aor. imp. act. aipw (#149) to take, to lift up. donkey (EGT; Gnilka; ABD, 4:831-32; BBC). tpaxndoc
avoitas aor. act. part. dvoiyw (# 487) to open. Circum. (#5549) neck. Kkatanovtio87 aor. subj. pass. Katamov-
or temp. part. evproets fut. ind. act. ebptoxw (#2351) to ti¢w (#2931) to flow into the sea; pass. to be drowned.
find. otatijpa acc. sing. otatnp (# 5088) stater. A silver medayer dat. sing. médayog (#4283) the open sea,
coin equal to 4 drachma, worth about 80 cents (BAGD; depths of the sea(BAGD). 7 ovat (# 4026) woe. In-
HJC, 239; DJG, 805). A@Pwv aor. act. part. AqpBpavw terj. of pain, displeasure, or threat, followed by dat.
(# 3284) to take. Circum. part. used as imp. 60¢ aor. concerning whom the pain involves (BAGD; EDNT).
imp. act. 5t8wut (# 1443) to give. dvti (#505) w. gen., a0 (# 608) w. gen. indicating the cause (BD, 113): “be-
for, on behalf of, in the place of (GGBB, 365-67). cause of the stumblings, the reasons of offense”
(TDNT). dvayen (#340) necessary, necessity. &Oetv
Matthew 18 aor. act. inf. Epyouot (#2262) to come. Epex. inf. ex-
@ 1 mpoonAGov aor. ind. act. mpooepyouat (# 4665) plaining what is necessary. 5v’ = 610, (# 1328) w. gen.,
to come to. A€yovtes pres. act. part. Aeyw (#3306) to through. 8 et (#1623) if. The cond. is viewed as
say. &pa then; points back to the tax collection incident true. ExKoyov aor. imp. act. exxontw (#1716) to cut off.
(RWP). petCwv (# 3505) comp. peyas great. comp. used Bore aor. imp. act. BaAAw (#965) to cast. eloeABetv aor.
as superl (DA). éottv pres. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. act. inf. eicepxoua (# 1656) to enter. Epex. inf. explain-
Pres. points to the Kingdom in its present form of the ing what is better. 7 (#2445) than, used in a comp.
church (Gundry). If the pres. is taken as fut. (BD, 168), EYOVtG, pres. act. part. Eyw (#2400) to have. BANOfivar
the reference is to the fut. Kingdom (DA). 2 mpoo- aor. inf. pass. BodrAw. nbdp (# 4786) fire. aiwvioc (# 173)
KaAeodpevocs aor. mid. (dep.) part. mpooxarew (# 4673) everlasting. For the term “everlasting fire” s. 1QS 2:8;
to call to oneself. €otnoev aor. ind. act. totnut (# 2705) CD 2:5; 1 Enoch 90:24, 100:9, 108:3; Test. Zeb. 10:3.
to place. 3 dav (#1569) w. subj., if. Introduces a @ 9 ere aor. imp. act. eEaipew (#1975) to take out.
cond. cl. which assumes that the cond. is possible. HovopOaApoc (# 3669) one eyed. yeewa (# 1147) gehen-
Otpadfite aor. subj. pass. otpepw (# 5138) to turn about, na. Hell (TDNT; s. Mark, 9:43; Luke 12:5; DJG, 309-12).
to turn around; “unless you turn around so as to go in @ 10 opate pres. imp. act. opaw (#3972) see, see to it.
an opposite direction” (EGT). Pass. w. a refl. meaning KataAppovfonte aor. subj. act. Katappovew (#2969) to
(BAGD). yevno@e aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) despise. The subj. w. the neg. uy expresses a prohibi-
to become. ob pn (# 4024; 3590) double neg., not at all, tion. It indicates that the action should not arise
emphatic negation. eloeAOnte aor. subj. act. eloepxouar (MKG). 81a navtog always. BAémovor pres. ind. act.
(# 1656) to go in. @ 4 bottg (# 4015) whoever. The pro- BAEnw (# 1063) to see. The pres. emphasizes the contin-
noun is generic, indicating those who belong to this uous action. For references to guardian angels in Jew-
class (IGNT, 133). tamewwwoe fut. ind. act. tanewow ish and other literature s. DA; SB, 1:781-82; Lachs, 269;
(#5427) to lower, to make low, to humble. eavtov ABD, 1:254. @ 12 ti dpiv Soxei; “What do you think?”
(# 1571) acc. refl. pron., himself. The child is held up (s. Matt. 17:25). yevntor aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivouar
as the ideal of humility and unconcern for social status (# 1181) w. dat. indicates possession. “If a certain man
(Carson, 397; Gundry). “He will be the greatest who had.” Subj. éév (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. assum-
has the least idea that he is great” (McNeile). 5c ing the possibility of the cond. avépwxw dat. sing.
ev (#4005; 1569) whoever. 8€—&nto1 aor. subj. mid. avOpwroc (#476) dat. showing possession. mAavnet
(dep.) 5exou01 (# 1312) to receive, to receive as a guest, aor. subj. pass. mAavaw (#4414) to lead astray; pass. to
to welcome. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. tovodto (# 5525) n. go astray. ovyi (# 4049) in questions expecting a posi-
sing. such as this, of such a kind. émi t@ Ovopati pov tive answer. aonoer fut. ind. act. adinur (#918) to
“on the ground of my Name” (McNeile). = 6 oxav- leave. nopevOeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. (circum.) nopevo-
daAion aor. subj. act. ocavdartCw (# 4997) to cause to wa (#4513) to go. Cntet pres. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to
fall, to offend, to cause to stumble. Subj. used w. the seek, to look for. Pres. indicates the continual search.
gen. rel. pronoun projecting a possibility (IGNT, 57). TAQVWEVOV pres. pass. part. mAavaw (#4414) Part.
MLOTEVOVIWV pres. act. part. motevw (#4409) to put used as noun. 13 evpeiv aor. act. inf. evpioKw
trust in (etc [# 1650]), to believe in. Adj. part. translat- (# 2351) to find. The inf. is used w. the vb.: “if he hap-
ed as a rel. cl. ovppepet pres. ind. act. ovppepw (#5237) pened to find” (BD, 201). yaipet pres. ind. act. yaipw
to be advantageous or profitable. The next cl. is the (# 5897) to rejoice, to be happy. The pres. emphasizes
subject of the vb. “That a millstone be hung around the continual joy, or gives a general (gnomic) state-
his neck is advantageous for him” (RG, 992). kpepao@f ment (VANT, 224). waAAov 1 more than. NEnMAGVNPEVOIG
4] Matthew 18

perf. pass. part. s.v. 12. 14 &unpooOev (# 1869) w. s.v. 17, nooaKisg (#4529) “how many times?” “how of-
gen., before. Targum expression used out of reverence ten?” Gpapthoer fut. ind. act. s.v. 15. ei¢ (#1650) w.
to God, w. the meaning, “it is not the will of my Fa- acc., against. &jow fut. ind. act. &dinur (# 918) to re-
ther” (TT, 95). anoAnrou aor. subj. mid. GMOAAVL lease, to forgive. emtdxKig (#2232) seven times. Three
(# 660) to perish. 15 Gypopthoy aor. subj. act. OL0.p- times was considered the normal number of times to
tavw (#279) to sin. Subj. w. édv (# 1569) in cond. cl. w. forgive (Allen; DA; SB, 1:795-96). 22 ob (# 4024) not.
the cond. viewed as possible. dnaye pres. imp. act. vn- Does not belong w. the vb. but w. émtaxig (EGT). €B-
ayw (#5632) to go, to go forth. Pres. imp. often is used SouNKovtaKis Etta seven times seventy, that is, unlim-
to express an order involving motion (Bakker, 2). ited (DA). @ 23 won aor. ind. pass. oL010w (# 3929)
EAeyEov aor. imp. act. éreyxw (# 1794) to bring to light, to compare, to make like; pass. to be made like or to
to expose, w. the implication that there is adequate become like. NOEANoEV aor. ind. act. b€Aw (# 2527) to
proof of wrongdoing (LN, 1:436). “Show him his fault will, to wish. ovv@pau aor. inf. act. cvvaipw (#5256) to
while you are with him alone” (BAGD). petaéd settle. W. Adyov (# 3364) “I compare accounts, make a
(# 3568) w. gen., between. &kovoy aor. subj. act. cKovw reckoning” (LAE, 117). 50bAwv gen. pl. w. prep. 500A0¢
(# ae; to hear, to listen to, to heed (DA) (w. obj. in (# 1528) servant, minister. It probably refers to the tax
gen.). ExépSnoas aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. Kepdaivu) collectors who had contracted to raise a certain
(# 3045) to win, to gain. 16 napaAape aor. imp. act. amount of taxes (LNT, 36; DJG, 805-806; JZ, 38-227;
naparaupavw (#4161) to take, to take with. tva Jos., Ant., 12:175-79). 24 apEapevov aor. mid. (dep.)
(# 2671) w. subj. to express purp. peta (# 3552) w. gen., part. (temp.) &pxopo (# 806) to begin. W. inf. Gen. abs.
by. ota6f aor. subj. pass. totnut (# 2705) to place; pass. ovvaipet pres. act. inf. s.v. 23. Inf. used to complement
to stand. For the necessity of two witnesses s. SB, the part. mpoonvex8n aor. ind. pass. npoodepw (# 4712)
1:790-91; 11QT 61:6-7; 64:, 8-9; M, Sot. 1:1. @ 17 napa- to lead or bring to. Pass. may indicate that he was
KovoT aor. subj. act. mapakovw (#4159) to ignore, to forced to appear. ogetdetng (# 4050) debtor. tadkavtwv
refuse to hear. The prep. indicates to hear “aside” (# 5419) gen. pl. tadavtov talent. Gen. of description. A
(MH, 319). eime aor. imp. act. A€yw (#3306) to speak. measure of weight, then a unit of coinage which was
€xkAnoi@ (#1711) dat. sing. indir. obj. assembly, a worth 6,000 denarii (BAGD; DJG, 805; s. Matt. 25:15).
small body of the Lord’s followers (McNeile). ot The debt here would be about $10 or $12 million dol-
pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. et (#1639). oor dat. lars (RWP). It was an outrageous sum considering Ga-
sing. ethical dat. “To you,” “in your case” (BD, 103; lilee paid 200 talents yearly (Jos. Ant. 17.9.4; ABD,
RG, 539). €8viKdc (# 1618) heathen. To treat someone as 2:115). 25 €yovtog pres. act. part. yw (#2400) to
a heathen or toll collector involves breaking off fellow- have. Used as gen. abs., either temp. or causal (BD,
ship (DA). @ 18 600 éav (# 4012; 1569) whatever. 5non- 218). &nodobvon aor. act. inf. dnodtSu1 (# 625) to give
te aor. subj. act. dew (# 1313) to bind. Subj. in an indef. back, to pay back; a t.t. for repaying a debt (Beat We-
rel. clause. ota. fut. ind. act. cwi (# 1639) to be. dede- ber, “Schulden erstatten - Schulden erlassen. Zum
eva. perf. pass. part. Sew For this construction s. Matt. mattaischen Gebrauch einiger juristischer und mon-
16:19. Avonte aor. subj. act. AVW (# 3395) to loose. AE- etarer Begriffe,” ZNW 83 [1992]: 253-56). Inf. as obj. or
Avpéva. perf. pass. part. 19 6ti (# 4022) = quotation compl. of the part. &xéXevoev aor. ind. act. Kerevw
marks (recitative use). Ovppwvnowol aor. subj. act. (# 3027) (w. acc. and inf.) to command, to order, to
ovudwvew (#5244) to be in agreement; lit. “to produce state w. force and authority what others must do (LN,
a sound together.” For the prep. s. MH, 324f. od 1:425). mpatvar aor. pass. inf. mimpaoxw (#4405) to
(# 4005) gen. sing. of the rel. pron., which. Gen. by at- sell. dnod007var aor. pass. inf. ano0dtSwui The two infs.
traction (MT, 324). aitnowvto1 aor. subj. mid. aitew are used w. the vb. kehevw (BD, 201). For examples of
(# 160) to ask, to request; mid. “to ask for oneself.” For punishment for unpaid debts s. DA; LAE, 270; NDIEC,
the view that this is not referring to prayer but the two 6:99; AT, 306-307; MPAT, 136-39. @ 26 meowv aor. act.
parties pursuing their legal claims s. J. D. M. Darrett, part. nintw (# 4406) to fall. Part. of manner explaining
“’Where Two or Three Are Convened in My Name ...’: the act of reverence. mpooekbvet impf. ind. act. mpoo-
A Sad Misunderstanding,” Expository Times 91 (1979): Kvvew (# 4686) to fall down and worship, to do rever-
83-86. yevnoetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ytvouo (# 1181) to ence to. Incep. impf., “he began to.” paxpoOvpnoov aor.
become, to happen, to be done. adtoig dat. pl. avt0¢ imp. act. waxpoOvuew (#3428) to have patience. The
(# 899). Dat. of personal interest / advantage: “for word indicates one who has the power to avenge him-
them.” 20 od (#4024) where. ovvnypevot perf. pass. self yet refrains from the exercise of this power
part. ovvayw (#5251) to come together, to gather to- (Trench, Synonyms, 195; TDNT; TLNT). The aor. imp.
gether. Perf. pictures the state of being gathered to- used by one in difficult circumstances is not intended
gether. 21 MPooEAOWV aor. act. part. TMPOGEPYOMAL to create an understanding but to display complete de-
(# 4665) s.v. 1. Temp. or circum. part. eimev aor. ind. act. pendence on the one appealed to (Bakker, 100f). &no-
Matthew 19 42

Sow fut. ind. act. s.v. 25. He was possibly asking for a indir. obj. one who tortures, torturer. The defaulter is
loan, hoping that w. the revenues from the next year being punished in order to motivate him and those
he could repay the debt (LNT, 39; BBC; ABD, 2:115; who care for him to raise the necessary funding (DA).
3:424). © 27 omAayyxviobeic aor. pass. part. onAayxviCw Ewe od (#2401; 4005) until. &08@ aor. subj. act. OT0-
(#5072) to be moved w. compassion, to experience d1Swyt s.v. 28. 35 movnoer fut. ind. act. novew (# 4472)
great affection (LN, 1:295; TLNT). Part. could be caus- to do. afte aor. subj. act. ainur (#918) to forgive.
al. &néAvoev aor. ind. act. dnorAvw (# 668) to release. Subj. w. €&v (# 1569) used in cond. cl. where the cond.
Prep. in compound is perfective, indicating a complete is considered possible.
release. 5avetov (# 1245) loan. This was a loan because
the servant intended to try to pay it w. the next year’s Matthew 19
revenue (LNT, 1:39). dfiKev aor. ind. act. apinut (# 918) @ 1 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoua. (# 1181) to
to pardon; “to cancel the loan” (BAGD). @ 28 E&A8wv become, to happen. étédeoev aor. ind. act. tedew
aor. act. part. (circum.) e€epyoua (# 2002) to go out. (# 5464) to end, to complete. petipev aor. ind. act.
evpev aor. ind. act. evpioxw (#2351) to find. wpevrev petoripw (# 3558) to depart, to move on (Carson, 334).
impf. ind. act. Oethw (#4053) to owe a debt. dnvapiov MAGev aor. ind. act. épyouar (# 2262) to come, to go. Opt-
(# 1324) denarius. A Roman silver coin worth about 18 ov (# 3390) border, pl. area, region. népav (#4305)w
cents. It was the workman’s average daily wage gen., the other side. 2 }koAov@noav aor. ind. act.
(BAGD; s.v. 24). It was a six hundred-thousandth of aKorovdew (# 199) to follow, w. dat. E8epanevoev aor.
his own remitted debt (McNeile). kpathoaus aor. act. ind. act. Sepanevw (# 2543) to heal. 3 mpootjAGov aor.
part. (circum.) kpatew (# 3195) to take hold of, to seize, ind. act. npooepyouar (# 4665) to come to. meipatovtes
to grab. Envuyev impf. ind. act. nvtyw (# 4464) to choke. pres. act. part. meipatw (#4279) to try, to tempt. Part.
Incep. impf. “he began choking.” &1060¢ aor. imp. act. expressing purp. (GGBB, 637-38). et (# 1623) if, wheth-
onodtdwut (# 625) to pay back. et if. Assumes the reality er, used in indir. questions. €€eot1v (# 2003) pres. ind.
of the case. The expression of pitiless logic (Meyer). act. “it is lawful, it is allowed.” &noAdoan aor. act. inf.
29 meowv aor. act. part. (circum.) mintw (#4406) to anorvw (#668) to release, to divorce. For Jewish di-
fall down. napexoAer impf. ind. act. napaKorew vorce s. Matt. 5:31; AT, 307; Jos., Ant. 4:253; Carson,
(#4151) to beseech, to ask. Iterat. impf. indicates per- 411; Luz; BBC; ABD, 2:217-19. 4 dmoxpiGeic¢ aor.
sistent requesting. @ 30 70eAev impf. ind. act. 6€Aw s.v. pass. (dep.) part. amoxptivopa (# 646) to answer. Semit-
23. Impf. of persistent refusal (RWP). &med@uv aor. act. ic use of the part. w. vb. of speaking. eimev aor. ind. act.
part. anepyouor (#599) to go out. éBaAev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306). Gveyvwte aor. ind. act. GvayivwoKw
Bordw (#965) to cast, to throw. A person was impris- (# 336) to read. Used w. the neg. ovd« (#4024) in a
oned for interrogation purposes (RAC, 9:318-45). question expecting a positive answer (“yes”). Ktloas
a106@ aor. subj. act. am0516w1 s.v. 28. OhEidoueEvov pres. aor. act. part. xtiCw (#3231) to create. Part. used as
pass. part. s.v. 28 For imprisonment because of debt subst. &poev acc. sing. &ponv (#81) male. OFA acc.
s.v. 25. 31 180vteg aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw sing. Ondrug (#2559) female. emoinoev aor. ind. act.
(# 3972) to see. The fellow servants observe the actions noiew (# 4472) to do, to make. 5 €imev aor. ind. act.
complaining to the master. yevoweva, aor. mid. (dep.) s.v.4. évexa, (#1915) w. gen., because of. KatoAetwer
part. s.v. 3. Part. used as subst. €AvanOnoav aor. ind. fut. ind. act. kataAeinw (# 2901) to leave. The prep. w.
pass. Aunew (#3382) s. Matt. 17:23. Ingressive aor. the vb. is perfective (MH, 316). KoAANn@Noetar fut. ind.
“they became sorrowful.” €A@Ovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 7. pass. koAAGw (# 3140) to join closely together, to unite;
dieoapnoav aor. ind. act. diacaéw (# 1397) to make pass. to cling. €oovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) emi (# 1639)
clear, to explain, to inform in detail and w. clarity, to to be. 6 Wote (# 6063) therefore, draws a conclusion
tell all, to report fully (BAGD; LN, 1:411). Prep. in com- from the preceding. ovveCeveev aor. ind. act. ovvCevyvv-
pound is perfective (MH, 302). ® 32 npooxaAEcdpEevoc ut (#5183) to yoke together, to join together, esp. of
aor. mid. part. s.v. 2. &dfjKa. aor. ind. act. dpinut s.v. 27. matrimony (BAGD). Aor. is timeless (RWP). ywpitétw
MOpEKaAEOuG aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 29. pres. imp. 3rd. pers. sing. ywptCw (# 6004) to divide, to
33 é5€1 impf. ind. act. dei (#1250) “It is necessary,” separate. Pres. imp. w. the neg. pq (#3590) used to
“one must,” indicating logical necessity (w. acc. and prohibit a general precept: “make it your practice not
inf.). Used in a question expecting a positive answer. 0...” (VANT, 337-38). 7 évetetAato aor. ind. mid.
éA€T\ou aor. act. inf. EXeéw (# 1796) to show mercy and (dep.) evteAAonar (#1948) to command. S0dvar aor.
compassion, to be merciful. NA€noa aor. ind. act. act. inf. didwut (# 1443) to give. Inf. after vb. of com-
@ 34 opylobeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. opyifowar (# 3974) manding. aor Doan aor. act. inf. dnoAvw (# 668) s.v. 3.
to be angry w. someone. Ingressive aor. “to become an- ® 8 ot (# 4022) “because,” or the equivalent of quota-
gry.” mapédwxKev aor. ind. act. napadidwyt (#4140) to tion marks. mp0c (# 4639) w. acc., in accordance w., in
deliver over. Bacaviotaicg dat. pl. Bacaviotns (#991) view of (BD, 124). With a view to (McNeile). oKAn-
43 Matthew 19

poKopdio. (#5016) hardness of heart. Enétpewev aor. ind. s.v. 13. “After he had laid....” €mopev@n aor. ind. pass.
act. emitpenw (# 2205) to allow, to permit. G&oADoaL aor. (dep.) mopevouor (#4513) to go, to leave.
act. inf. s.v. 3. yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivout (# 1181) to 16 mpooedOwv aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 3. noijow
become, to be. Perf. points to the continual state. fut. ind. act. s.v. 4. ox@ aor. subj. act. yw (# 2400) In-
#906 av (#4005; 165) whoever. The rel. cl. has the gressive aor. may get, may acquire (RWP). aiwviog
character of the cond. cl. in a cond. sentence. &moAdoq (# 173) eternal. Eternal life contains a temporal refer-
aor. subj. act. s.v. 3. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. ent (# 2093) ence but stresses the qualitative reference. It refers to
w. dat., on the basis of, because. mopveia (# 4518) dat. the Jewish concept of the life of the age to come (GW,
sing. immorality, unchastity; every kind of unlawful 163-201; MNTW, 24-32). 17 €pwt&s pres. ind. act.
sexual intercourse (BAGD; TDNT; EDNT; Carson, 413- epwtaw (# 2263) to ask. et (# 1623) if, assumes the reali-
14; Joseph Jensen, “Does porneia Mean Fornication? A ty of the cond. etoeA@eiv aor. act. inf. eloepxyouor
Critique of Bruce Malina,” Nov T 20 [1978]: 161-84; (# 1656) to come in, to go in. thpnoov aor. imp. act.
DJG, 643). youqog aor. subj. act. yopéw (# 1138) to mar- (some mss. thpet pres. imp. act.). tapew (#5498) to
ry. Aor. views the event. povyato1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) keep, to hold, to observe. 18 motag (# 4481) acc. pl.
Lorycouat (# 3656) to commit adultery. Pres. views the TOLOG which ones, or possibly what sort of (Filson).
continual action, and may be gnomic. 10 aitia elmev aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to speak. Some mss.
(#162) matter, case. ovppepet pres. ind. act. ovudepw have €n impf. ind. act. pnt to say. povedoets fut. ind.
(# 5237) it is profitable, it is beneficial. yoptjoat aor. act. act. povevw (#5839) to kill, to murder, to deprive a per-
inf. s.v. 9. Epex. inf. explaining the vb. # 11 ywpotoiv son of life by illegal, intentional killing (LN, 1:238;
pres. ind. act. ywpew (# 6003) to make room, to have EDNT). potyevoets fut. ind. act. s.v. 9. KAewets fut. ind.
room for, to comprehend, to understand, to be able to act. kkentw (# 3096) to steal. For the three categories of
accept a message and respond accordingly (BAGD; theft in Judaism s. SB, 1:810-13. wevdouaptupnoets fut.
LN, 1:373). 8€50to1 perf. ind. pass. Sidwut (# 1443) to ind. act. yevdouaptupew (# 6018) to give false witness,
give. Theol. pass. 12 evvodyoc (# 2336) eunuch, an to perjure (AM). For the use of the fut. for the imp.
emasculated man. The word may be taken literally or under Semitic influence s. MH, 458; VA, 419; BG, 94.
figuratively (TDNT; EDNT; EGT; SB, 1:805-807; s. 19 tive pres. imp. act. ty1aw (#5506) to honor. &ya-
NDIEC, 5:144; 3:40-41 where the word is used of a mnoeic fut. ind. act. ayandw (#26) to love. nAnotov
married woman). ottivecg (#4015) nom. pl. doti¢ (#4446) acc. sing. the one near, neighbor.
(# 4015) “Which ones,” indicates those belonging to a @ 20 veavioxos (#3734) young man, used of a person
class (IGNT, 133). xowAia (# 3120) womb. eyewvnOnoav until about the age of 40 (EDNT; Philo says until 28,
aor. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; pass. to be born. Philo, On Creation, 105). €¢vAaEa. aor. ind. act. PvAdcoow
ebvovyio@noay aor. ind. pass. evvovyifw to make a eu- (# 5875) to guard, to observe. For the rabbinical teach-
nuch, to castrate. ebvovyioav (#2335) aor. ind. act. ing regarding the ability of a person keeping the whole
éavtove reflex. pron. 3rd. pers. 5ta& w. acc., because of. Law s. SB, 1:814-16. botepd pres. ind. act. votepew
Svuvapevoc pres. pass. (dep.) part. Svovapar (# 1538) to be (#5728) to be in need of, to lack, to fail s. Rom. 3:23.
able to. Part. used as subst.: “the one who....” ywpetv @ 21 tere (#5455) perfect, complete, perhaps true,
pres. act. inf. xwpeitn pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. S.V. that is, true to God, true to the covenant (AM). Perhaps
1s @ 13 mpoonvexOnoav aor. ind. pass. mpoohepw in the rabbinical sense of a completely righteous man,
(# 4712) to bring to. Pass. may indicate that there were one who observes all of the commandments (Lachs,
small children (Gnilka). €x10{ aor. subj. act. exitiOnur 331; SB, 1:816). etvan pres. act. inf. ct (# 1639). braye
(#2202) to place upon. mpooev&ntar aor. subj. mid. pres. imp. act. bmayw (#5632) to go. MMANOOV aor. imp.
(dep.) mpooedyouar (#4667) to pray. The placing of act. mwAew (# 4797) to sell. Aor. imp. calls for a specific
hands was a symbol of prayer and blessing (EGT; for action. bmdpxovta pres. act. part. acc. n. pl. vmapyw
the distinction between ordination and blessing, in (# 5639) to be present, to be at one’s disposal; part. pos-
laying on of hands s. NTRJ, 234). Subj. w. iva. used in sessions. 50¢ aor. imp. act. Siwy (# 1443) to give. ntw-
purp. cl. énetipnoay aor. ind. act. Emitdw (# 2203) to x0¢ poor, abject poverty (s. 5:3; DJG, 704). é€e1g fut. ind.
rebuke (w. dat.). 14 Gbete aor. imp. act. adinut act. €yw (# 2400) to have. A Semitic type of cond. sen-
(# 918) to allow. KwAvete pres. imp. act. KwAvw (# 3266) tence w. the imp. followed by the fut. dedpo (# 1306)
to hinder. Pres. imp. w. the neg. pn (#3590) is used to adv. come, come here (used as imp.). &koOvGEt pres.
stop an action in progress. €\@etv aor. act. inf. Epyouor imp. act. aKoAovdew (#199) to follow (as a disciple).
s.v. 1. Inf. used w. vb. of command. torodtwv gen. pl. (MNTW, 32-37). 22 &xobous aor. act. part. (temp.)
toiovtog (#5525) such as this, of such a kind. Gen. of aKovw (# 201) to hear. &nAGev aor. ind. act. anepyouar
possession. Possessors of the kingdom are to be like (#599) to go away. Avmobpevos pres. pass. part. (cir-
children and all others who have the childlike spirit cum.) Monéw (# 3382) to make sorry; pass. to be sorry,
(McNeile). @ 15 énvOeic aor. act. part. (temp.) exrtiOnr to be sad. fv impf. ind. act. cyt (# 1639). Exwv pres. act.
Matthew 20 44

part. €yw (# 2400) to have. Part. in a periphrastic con- erosity, in contrast to the merit system, is represented
struction (VA, 480). Kthwa (#3228) probably landed by such a man, then this must have been different
property, more definite than possessions (McNeile). from anyone they had encountered. For this parable in
@ 23 mAovorog (#4454) rich, very rich (DJG, 705). the light of the Jewish teaching s. SB, 4:484-500; Nor-
SvoKoAwe (#1552) (adv.) difficult, w. difficulty (RWP). man A. Huffman, “Atypical Features in the Parables
eloedevoetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) clogpyoucn (# 1656) to of Jesus,” JBL 97 (1978): 208-210; HSB, 389-91;
go, to come. 24 evKonwtepov comp. evKTOG easy. BBC. @ 2 ovppwvjoas aor. act. part. ovpdovew
KGunNrOc (# 2823) camel. Acc. as subj. of the inf. tpunn- (#5244) to agree s. 18:19. Circum. or temp. part. &«
UAtTOS gen. sing. tpTWa (#5585) opening, eye. Gen. w. (# 1666) for, represents the agreement (RWP). 5nvdptov
the prep. 51a. paidog gen. sing. papic needle. A pro- (# 1324) denarius, a Roman coin worth about 18 cents.
verbial way of expressing something unusually diffi- A normal day’s wage for laborers (BAGD; DJG, 805).
cult, well nigh impossible (Hill; Hendriksen). 5eA@eiv TIHEpav acc. NEepa (#2465) day. Acc. of time, “the
aor. act. inf. depyouc (# 1451) to go through. qj (# 2445) whole day,” or distributive, “per day” (BD, 88). an-
than. eoedGeiv aor. act. inf. eioepyoua (# 1656) to enter. €OtelAev aor. ind. act. anooteAAw (#690) to send.
The two infs. used as the subj. of the verb (IBG, 127). © 3 &€eXOwv aor. act. part. s.v. 1. Circum. or temp. part.
25 dxovoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) akovw (#201). mept (#4309) w. acc., about, used to express an unde-
e€enANooovto impf. ind. pass. exnAdoow (# 1742) to be hin point of time: “around the third hour” (9:00
beside oneself, to be astonished, to be overwhelmed M.) (IGNT, 169). eléev aor. ind. act. opdw (#3972) to
(BAGD). Impf. suggests a continuous mood culminat- see. EOTHTAG perf. act. part. totnut (#2705) to stand.
ing at that moment (EGT). Aéyovtes pres. act. part. Aeyw Perf. denotes the state of standing idle (VANT, 136 ff).
(# 3306) to say. Nom. masc. pl. apa then; draws a logi- apyos (# 734) not working, idle. @ 4 bnayete pres.
cal conclusion. If this rich young ruler cannot be saved imp. act. bmayw (# 5632) to go out. 1)pres. subj. act. eti
how can anyone else be saved (DJG, 704)? ow67vart aor. to be. Wow fut. ind. act. dwt (# 1443) to give. @5
pass. inf. owGw (#5392) to be rescued, to be saved G@nAGov aor. ind. act. anepyouar (#599) to go out.
(NTW; TDNT). © 26 EuPAewas aor. act. part. eu- émoinoev aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do, to make.
BAenw (# 1838) to look at. todto this, refers to the being woavtws (#6058) in the same way. 6 évdexatnv
saved (Meyer). @ 27 d&noxpiOeic aor. pass. part. s.v. 4. (# 1895) eleventh (hour), 5:00 P.M. The workday nor-
TWEI¢ we (emphatic). a&nKapev aor. ind. act. Ist. pl. mally ended at 6:00 P.M. (SB, 2:442, 543). e€eA@wv aor.
Gdinut (# 918) to leave, to forsake. NkoAovONoapEV aor. act. part. s.v. 3. evpev aor. ind. act. evptoKw (#2351) to
ind. act. s.v. 2. ota fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to find. eotatag perf. act. part. s.v. 3. © 7 Ot (# 4022)=
be. @ 28 cGKoAovOnoavtes aor. act. part. s.v. 2. quotation marks. &108woato aor. ind. mid. (dep). s.v.
TaAryyeveoia. (# 4098) dat. sing. regeneration, the new 1. 8 0wias gen. sing. dyioc (# 4070) evening. yevo-
world. Jewish hopes awaited a renewal both of the wévns aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivouai (# 1181) to become.
land and of the entire world (Hill; HJPE, 2:537-38, 554; Gen. abs. Payment according to Jewish law was at
NIDNTT; SB, 3:840-47; 10S 4:25; 1 Enoch 45:4-5, 72:1, sunset, that is, 6 P.M. (s. Lev. 19:3; Tasker; Luz). émutpo-
91:15-16; 2 Baruch 32:6; Gundry; Harrington). kadion mw dat. sing. emitponoc (#2208) overseer, administra-
aor. subj. act. ka61Gw (#2767) to seat, cause to sit. Ka- tor. Indir. obj. ka&A€oov aor. imp. act. KaAEw (# 2813) to
@noeobe fut. ind. mid. (dep.) KaOnnor (# 2764) to sit. call. &0S0¢ aor. imp. act. cnodtdwyt (# 625) to give, to
This is presented as a reward for the faithful. kpivovtes render, to pay. &pEGpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. Gpyonor
pres. act. part. kpivw (#3212) to judge, to govern (Mc- (#806) to begin. Part. of manner describing how the
Neile). Part. of manner or circum. @vAGG¢ acc. pl. pvAN payment was to be carried out. @ 9 €AOvtES aor. act.
(#5876) tribe. Matthew meant Israel (Harrington). part. (temp.) épyopat (#2262) to come. Aor. indicates
@ 29 ExatovtanAaoiova (# 1671) a hundredfold (some antecedent action “when they had come....” €\aBov
mss. have noAAaRAGGiova manifold s. TC, 50). Anp- aor. ind. act. AapBavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. ava
wetou fut. ind. mid. (dep.) AapPavw (# 3284) to take, to (#324) prep. used distributively “each, apiece” (BD,
receive. KAnpovounoet fut. ind. act. KAnpovopew (# 3099) 110). = 10 Evopioav aor. ind. act. vouitw (# 3787) to
to inherit; here in the sense of obtain. think, to suppose. mA€tov comp. noAvg (# 4498) more.
An yovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) AopPavu. 11
Matthew 20 AaPovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) AouBavw. éyoyyvCov
@ 1 oixodeonoty (#3867) dat. sing. ruler of a impf. ind. act. yoyyotw (# 1198) to murmur, to com-
house, householder. Dat. w. adj. €&fA8ev aor. ind. act. plain, to grumble. Incep. impf.‘‘they began to....” Kata
éepyouar (#2002) to go out. mpwit (# 4745) early. “At (# 2848) w. gen., against. 12 AEyOvtEG pres. act. part.
the same time with early dawn” (RWP). p108aoac8a1 Aeyw (# 3306) tev acc. sing. fem. els, ta, Ev (# 1651)
aor. mid. (dep.) inf. u1ob0w (# 3636) to hire. Inf. ex- one. Acc. of time: “for one hour.” €moinoay aor. ind. act.
presses purp. Gunedov (# 308) vineyard. If God’s gen- novew (# 4472) to do, here, to work. Baoté&oaor aor. act.
45 Matthew 20

part. BaotaCw (#1002) to bear, to carry. Part. used as thority, the middle was the most important person,
subst. Kabowva acc. sing. Kavowv (#3014) heat. then the right, then the left (Jos., Ant, 6:235; Lachs, 337;
© 13 GmoxpiGeig aor. pass. (dep.) part. anoxpivouar Carson, 431). 22 a&moxpieic aor. pass. (dep.) part.
(# 646) to answer. évi dat. sing. cic one. étatipe voc. s.v. 13. ol6ate perf. ind act. oiba. (# 3857) def. perf. w. a
sing. etaipoc (# 2279) friend. General address to some- pres. meaning, to know. aiteto@e pres. ind. mid. aitew
one whose name is not known (BAGD). It implies a re- (# 160) to ask; mid. to ask for oneself. &vva0Ge (# 1538)
buke (AM). a&ux@ pres. ind. act. aéiKkew (# 92) to treat pres. ind. pass. (dep.) to be able to. W. inf. mtetv aor.
unrighteously. obyt (# 4049) in questions which expect act. inf. tivw (#4403) to drink. notnpiov (# 4539) acc.
a positive answer. ovvepwynoas aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. sing. n. cup. A metaphor of sorrow (Allen; Martyr. of
14 apov aor. imp. act. aipw (# 149) take, take up. Aor. Isa., 5:13). 23 mteo@e fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers.
imp. used of a specific act. ov (#5050) acc. sing. o0¢ pl. s.v. 22. Kko@toa. aor. act. inf. s.v. 21. Inf. used as sub-
yours. Omarye pres. act. imp. s.v. 4. Pres. imp. used w. a st. S0Dva1 aor. act. inf. s.v. 14. Ntotwaoto. perf. ind.
vb. of motion. S0bva1 aor. act. inf. didwyu (# 1443) to pass. etowolw (#2286) to prepare. 24 axoboavtes
give. 15 €eotw (#2003) pres. ind. act., it is al- aor. act. part. (temp.) &Kxovw (#201) to hear. nyavaKtn-
lowed, w. inf. Used in a question expecting a positive cay aor. ind. act. wyavaxtew to be moved w. indigna-
answer. motfjoa1 aor. act. inf. s.v. 12. €v (#1877) either tion, to be indignant against what is judged to be
instr. (with) or local (on my property) (s. Jeremias, Par- wrong (LN, 1:762). They expressed their indignation
ables). ogaryoc (#4057) eye. “Evil eye” designates (Tasker). 25 mpooxaAeodpevoc aor. mid. part. mpoo-
envy, and jealousy (Hill; SB, 1:833-35). 16 €oovta1 KoAeouo1 (#24) to call to oneself. Temp. or circum.
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ett (# 1639) to be. 17 ava- part. Gpyovtes nom. pl. apy (# 807) ruler, used here of
Baivwy pres. act. part. (temp.) avofaivw (#326) to go earthly lordship in general (EDNT). kataxupievovotv
up. “As he was going up....” mapédoPev aor. ind. act. pres. ind. act. katakupievw (# 2894) to lord it over, to
noparoupavw (#4161) to take to the side. Kat’ Stav be master. Gnomic pres. indicating a general truth. Ka-
(# 2848; 2625) privately. 18 napasdoOqoetat fut. ind. teEovoralovoty pres. ind. act. kategovadlw (# 2980) to
pass. nmupadiéwy1 (# 4140) to give over, to hand over. A exercise authority over someone, to play the tyrant
t.t. of police and courts: “hand over into the custody (RWP). W. gen. Gnomic. pres. 26 €oto. fut. ind. mid.
of” (BAGD). kataxpivotot fut. ind. act. kataKpiva) (dep.) eiwt (# 1639). 6€A7 pres. subj. act. BeAw (# 2527)
(#2891) to condemn. Prep. indicates action unfavor- to will, to desire. Subj. w. indef. rel. pron. 6¢ eav.
able to the object (MH, 316). The vb. indicates Jesus’ yeveo@ai aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 8. 5uaKovog (# 1356)
death will follow a trial to establish legal responsibili- servant, attendant (EDNT). 27 ivan pres. act. inf.
ty (Hill). @avatw dat. sing. 8avatog (# 2505) death. Dat. et. S0dAo0¢g (# 1528) slave. In the pagan world humili-
w. vb., “condemn to death” (BD, 101). #19 napaéa- ty was regarded as a vice (Carson, 43). 28 Wonep
oovoty fut. ind. act. s.v. 18. &maigor aor. act. inf. eu- (# 6061) just as. Nev aor. ind. act. s.v. 9. &uaKxovnO7ivar
mailw (# 1850) to mock, to make fun of by pretending aor. pass. inf. diaxovew (#1354) to minister, to serve;
that he is not what he is or by imitating him in a dis- pass., to be ministered to (EDNT). Inf. of purp. 61a-
torted manner (EDNT; LN, 1:435). waotry@oa1 aor. act. Kovijoa1 aor. act. inf. d00van aor. act. inf. s.v. 14. Adtpov
inf. paotyow (# 3463) to scourge, to beat severely w. a (#3389) ransom, the price paid for the release of a
whip, to flog (LN, 1:223; TDNT; RAC, 9:469-90; slave (AM; s. APC, 9-48; NTW, 76-83; GW, 49-81;
EDNT). otavp@oa1 aor. act. inf. otavpow (#5090) to TDNT; EDNT; LDC). avti (# 505) for, instead of. There
crucify. The Jews condemn, the Gentiles scourge and is the notion of exchange and substitution (RWP).
crucify (EGT). The infs. are used w. et¢ 10 to express MOAMAY gen pl. noruc (# 4498) many. A Semitic way of
purp. tpity dat. sing. tpitoc (# 5569) third. Dat. of time, expressing “all” (Hill). 29 exnopevoyevwv pres. mid.
“on the third day.” eyep@noetat fut. ind. pass. eyeipw (dep.) part. (temp.) exmopevouar (# 1744) to go out, to
(# 1586) to raise up; pass. to rise, tobe raised. 20 go forth; gen. abs. NkoAov@noev aor. ind. act. axoAovdEw
mpoonev aor. ind. act. mpocépzouc1 (# 4665) to come (#199) to follow (w. dat.). 30 tugdog (#5603) blind
to; w. dat. mpooxvvovoa pres. act. part. nom. fem. sing. (TDNT; SB, 1:524-25; EDNT; RAC, 2:433-46). kaOnpevor
mpookuvew (# 4686) to worship, to pay respect (TDNT; pres. mid. (dep.) part. kan (#2764) to sit. aKov-
EDNT). aitodoa pres. act. part. (circum.) nom. fem. Ouvtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 24. mapayet pres. ind.
sing. aitéw (# 160) to request, to ask. 1 (# 5515) some- act. napayw (# 4138) to go by. Hist. pres. describing the
thing. @ 217i “what?” eine aor. imp. act. AEyw action in progress. €xpa&av aor. ind. act. kpalw (# 3189)
(# 3306) to speak. Aor. imp. used of a specific action. to cry out, to scream. €A€noov aor. imp. act. eheew
Kosiowot aor. subj. act. ka6iCw (# 2767) to cause to sit (# 1796) to have compassion, to show mercy. @ 31 éne-
down, to seat. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) giving the content Tiwnoev aor. ind. act. exitopew (# 2203) to rebuke, to ex-
of the request. Se&t6¢ (# 1288) right. ebovupoc (# 2381) press strong disapproval (LN, 1:436). owwntowot aor.
left. Such locations indicate positions of honor and au- subj. act. cwnow (#4995) to be quiet. Ingressive aor.
Matthew 21 46

“they should be quiet.” pet€ov (# 3505) comp. veya émexGOtoev aor. ind. act. énikaiCw (# 2125) to seat one-
great; “more.” @ 32 ota aor. act. part. (circum.) totnt self. tmavw (#2062) w. gen., upon, on. adtdv (# 899)
(# 2705) to stand. Ewvnoev aor. ind. act. pwvew (# 5888) gen. pl., them, refers to the garments, not to the ani-
to call. toinow aor. subj. act./fut. ind. act. s.v. 12. Delib- mals (RWP). 8 mieiotoc superl. noAvc (# 4498) Rel.
erative subj. in a question. 33 dvoty@otv aor. pass. use of superl. “a huge growth” (IBG, 98). Eotpwoav
subj. cvotyw (#487) to open. 34 omdayyviobeic aor. aor. ind. act. otpwvvupt (#5143) to spread out. For the
pass. (dep.) part. omAayyvitouat (#5072) to be moved spreading out of garments before kings in the OT and
w. compassion, to be inwardly moved (MNTW, 156ff; Judaism s. Lachs, 344; SB, 1:844-45. €xontov impf. ind.
TDNT; EDNT). twato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Gxtopor act. kontw (#3164) to cut. Incep. impf. “they began....”
(# 712) to touch (w. gen.) Oppatwv gen. pl. dupa (# 3921) Eotpwvvvov impf. ind. act. otpwvvuut. Impf. compared
eye; common in poetry (BAGD; MM). ev0ews (# 2311) w. aor. shows the growing enthusiasm of the crowd
at once. aveBAewav aor. ind. act. avapAenw (#329) to (RWP). @ 9 mpoayovtes pres. act. part. nmpoayw
see again. The prep. has the force of “again” (MH, (#4575) to proceed, to go before. &kodovBotvteEs pres.
295). NkoAovenoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 29. Here it may act. part. GKkorovdew (#199) to follow. Expafov impf.
have the force of “following as a disciple.” ind. act. kpatw (# 3189) to shout. Iterat. impf. pictures
the repeated shouting (BBC). woawva (#6057) Hosan-
Matthew 21 na, a Heb. expression from Ps. 118:25. Originally
@ 1 Hyyoav aor. ind. act. éyyi~w (# 1581) to draw “save, we pray.” Here used as a cry of greeting, an
near. TA@ov aor. ind. act. pyouat (#2262) to come, to homage: “glory, or hail, or welcome to David’s son”
go. “Opog tav ‘EAXa1dv Mount of Olive Trees. ané- (Hagner; Allen; SB, 1:845-50; EDNT; Cleon L. Rogers,
OTEUEV aor. ind. act. anootedAAW (#690) to send. #2 Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in the Gospels,” Bib Sac 150
mopeveove pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mopevouar (# 4513) to [1993]: 462). ebdAoynuévog perf. pass. part. evroyew
go. kwun (#3267) village. katevavt (#2978) w. gen., (# 2328) to praise, to bless. Epyopuevog pres. mid. (dep.)
before, opposite (RG, 643). evpnoete fut. ind. act. part. The one who is coming, perhaps a Messianic title
evptokw (# 2351) to find. 6vog (#3952) donkey (BBC). (Hill; SB, 1:850). bwiotoig (#5736) dat. pl. superl.
deSeyevny perf. pass. part. dew (# 1313) to bind. n@doc¢ vbynrog high. The highest heights = heaven, where the
(# 4798) a colt. Avouvtes aor. act. part. Avw (#3395) to heavenly beings are called upon to praise God
loose. Circum. part. w. force of an imp. &yayete aor. (BAGD; Lachs, 345). The angels are invoked to shout
imp. act. «yw (#72) to lead. 3 einy aor. subj. act. hosanna to God (McNeile). Ps. 118 was used liturgical-
Aeyw (# 3306). Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a cond. cl. where ly at the Feasts of Tabernacles, Dedication, and Pass-
the cond. is probable. épeite fut. ind. act. 2nd. pers. pl. over (Hill). This is a prayer that appears throughout
Aeyw. Fut. used as a command (VA, 419). &nootedei fut. the last week and anticipates the death and victory of
ind. act. s.v. 1. @ 4 yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivopor the Messiah. 10 eioeABOvtos aor. act. part. eloepyxo-
(# 1181) to become, to happen. Perf. here functions as ou (# 1656) to come in, to go in; part. used as gen. abs.
pluperf. (VA, 260). mAnpw6f aor. subj. pass. tANpow toeiobn aor. ind. pass. oetw (#4940) to shake, to stir.
(# 4444) to fulfill. Subj. w. iva (#2671) used in purp. Shaken as by an earthquake (Filson). @ 11 €Aeyov
cl. pnGev aor. pass. part. n. nom. sing. Aeyw to say. Part. impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Impf. indicates con-
as noun: “that which was spoken.” For Zech. 9:9 s. tinual action: “They were continually saying.” 12
OTGPN, 173-82; SB, 1:842-45. 5 inate aor. imp. EloT|AGev aor. ind. act. Epyouat s.v. 10. EeBaAev aor. ind.
act. Aéyw s.v. 3. mpards (#4558) meek (s. Matt. 5:5). Adj. act. ExBaAAw (# 1675) to throw out (w. force). For a dis-
used as adverb describing the manner of His coming cussion s. DJG, 817-21. mwAobvtac pres. act. part. masc.
(RG, 549, 659). emiBeBnxws perf. act. part. empPatvw acc. pl. mwiew (#4797) to sell. &yopatovtas pres. act.
(# 2094) to get up on, to mount; perf. mounted, sitting. part. masc. acc. pl. wyopatw (# 60) to buy. Part. used as
Part. describing the manner of His coming. bmo¢bytov subst., pres. indicates continual activity. KoAAvBioThs
(# 5689) beast of burden, donkey; lit. “under the yoke” (# 3142) moneychanger. For money changing and sell-
(BAGD). The donkey pictures the peaceful character ing in the temple s. SB, 1:850-52; 763-65; LT, 1:367-74;
of the rider and those in Zech. were considered by the WZZT, 185-88; J. Neusner, “Money-changers in the
Rabbis to be the animal of the Messiah (RAC, 6:566; Temple: the Mishnah’s Explanation,” NTS 35 (1989):
Lachs, 344; TDNT). For a discussion of the two ani- 287-90; M, Shek; BBC. The Temple business may have
mals s. OTGPN, 180-81; Carson, 438; Hagner. 6 been under the control of the family of the High Priest
TMopevOEvteEs aor. pass. part. (circum.) s.v. 2. MOMOaVTES (JTJ). katéotpeyev aor. ind. act. Kataotpedw (# 2951) to
aor. act. part. (circum.) novew (# 4472) to do, to make. turn over. nepiotepa (#4361) dove. 13 yeypantar
ovvetaéev aor. ind. act. ovvtacow (#5332) to com- perf. ind. pass. ypadw (#1211) to write. Perf. means “it
mand, to instruct. 7 jyayov aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. €mé- stands written” (MM). kAn@qjoetat fut. ind. pass. KoAEW
@nkav aor. ind. act. enttiOnur (#2202) to place upon. (# 2813) to call. moveite pres. ind. act. s.v. 6. Pres. means
47 Matthew 21

“you are making....” onnAoov (#5068) cave, den. to have. d1axKpOf\te aor. subj. pass. diaxpiw (# 1359) to
Anotwv gen. pl. Anoths (# 3334) robber. Jesus’ action is make a distinction; mid. & pass., to be at odds w. one-
in fulfillment of Mal. 3:1ff and is to be taken as a Messi- self, to be divided in mind, to waver, to doubt (RWP;
anic sign (Hill) s. also Neill Q. Hamilton, “Temple BAGD). Subj. w. €dv (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl.
Cleansing and Temple Bank,” JBL 83 (1964): 365-72; assuming the possibility of the cond. movnoete fut. ind.
R.H. Hiers, “Purification of the Temple: Preparation act. s.v. 6. K&V = Kai eav (#2779; 1569) even if. elnnte
for the Kingdom of God,” JBL 90 (1971): 82-90; DJG, aor. subj. act. s.v. 3. dpOntt aor. imp. pass. aipw (# 149)
816. @ 14 mpoonASov aor. ind. act. nmpooepyouat to take away, to remove. BAn@nT1 aor. imp. pass. BaAAW
(#4665) to come to. tTugAdg (#5603) blind ywArdc¢ (# 965) to cast, to throw. yevfoetan fut. ind. pass. (dep.)
(#6000) lame. &@epanevoev aor. ind. act. Gepanevw yivonot (#1181). 22600 acc. pl. n. do0g (# 4012) as
(# 2543) to heal. 15 ovtec aor. act. part. (temp.) great, how great, whatever; used w. making the ex-
opaw (#3972) to see. Bavucoros (#2514) wonderful; pression more general (“whatever”) (BAGD). aitnonte
adj. used as noun “wonder,” “wonderful things.” aor. subj. act. aitew (# 160) to ask, to request. miotevov-
émoinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. Kpacovtas pres. act. part. TES pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe, to trust.
s.v. 9. Aeyovtag pres. act. part. AEyw (# 3306) to say. The part. expresses either cond. or manner. An weobe
Pres. part. points to the continual action. j7yavaKthnoav fut. mid. (dep.) AauPpavw (# 3284) to take, to receive.
aor. ind. act. wyavaxtew (# 24) to be aroused, to be in- @ 23 €ABOvt0¢ aor. act. part. masc. gen. sing. épxouar
dignant against what is judged to be wrong, to be (# 2262) s.v. 1. Part. used as gen. abs. mpoonjA8ov aor.
angry (BAGD; LN, 1:762). 16 eimav aor. ind. act. ind. act. npoogpyouat (# 4665) s.v. 14. &18aoxKovtt pres.
Aeyw (# 3306) to say. vai (# 3721) yes. aveyvwte aor. ind. act. part. (temp.) di5a0Kw (#1438) to teach. “While he
act. avayivwoKxw (#336) to read. @nAatovtwv pres. act. was teaching.” Jesus was teaching in the porticoes
part. Ondatw (#2558) to suck, to nurse. Part. used as around the Temple. Aéyovtesg pres. act. part. AEyw
subst. katnptiow aor. ind. mid. 2nd. pers. sing. katap- (# 3306) to say. note dat. sing. notoc (# 4481) what kind
tiGw (#2936) to furnish, to prepare. Indir. mid., “you of? Qualitative interrogative pronoun (RG, 291, 740;
have prepared for yourself.” For Ps. 8:3 in rabbinic lit. IGNT, 137). €5wxev aor. ind. act. 5t8wut (# 1443) to give.
s. SB, 1:854-55. 17 xatoAtmodv aor. act. part. (temp.) 24 amoxpiWei¢g aor. pass. part. s.v. 21. épwthow fut.
Katoretnw (#2901) to depart, to leave. e&AGev aor. ind. act. pwtdw (#2263) to question, to ask. 6v édv
ind. act. e€epyouat (# 2002) to go out. &w outside. nv- which if. The rel. cl. has the character of a cond. (BD,
Aion aor. ind. pass. (dep.) adAifouat (# 887) to spend 192). eimnte aor. subj. act. s.v. 3. Subj. used in a cond. cl.
the night, to find lodging. Not necessarily spending which is assumed to be possible. ep@ fut. ind. act. 1st.
the night in the open (McNeile). Those coming to the sing. Aeyw. © 25 n00ev (#4470) where, from what
feast first went to the Temple, then to their quarters, source? SeAoyiovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) S1aAoyiCo-
which were either in the city itself or in one of the sur- wo (# 1368) to discuss, to reason w. thoroughness and
rounding villages (WZZT, 157-63). 18 mpwi (# 4745) completeness, to consider carefully (LN, 1:351). Impf.
early. Emavaywv pres. act. part. enavayw (# 2056) to re- points to continual action describing their hopeless
turn. Temp. part. contemp. action. émetvaoev aor. ind. quandary (RWP). einwyev aor. subj. act. Ist. pers. pl.
act. mewvcw (#4277) to be hungry. @ 19 Sev aor. act. A€yw s.v. 3. Subj. w. E&v (# 1569) in a cond. cl. where the
part. s.v. 15. ouKfjv acc. sing. ovxt (# 5190) fig tree. The cond. is assumed possible. épet fut. ind. act. 3rd. pers.
fig tree symbolizes Jerusalem/Israel, which had be- sing. Aeyw s.v. 24. Emiotevdoate aor. ind. act. s.v. 22.
come unfruitful (Gnilka; BBC). wiav acc. sing. fem. EC 26 einwpev aor. subj. act. s.v. 25. poBovpeda. pres. ind. .
one, used here as an indef. art. (BAGD; BD, 129). T8ev mid. (dep. ) doBeouar (# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. @ 27
aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. evpev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. et pq amoxpiWevtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 21. Elmav aor.
(# 1623; 3590) except. ¢vAAG acc. pl. n. PvAdOV (# 5877) ind. act. s.v. 25. For the use of Ist. aor. endings w. 2nd.
leaf. wovov only. Leaves would point to fruit, but some- aor. stems s. RG, 337-39. oiSapev perf. ind. act. oida
times the fruit fell off and there was nothing except (# 3897) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. &n
leaves (Carson, 444; for the development of fruit on impf. ind. act. dnt (#5774) to say. For the form of the
the trees s. SB, 1:856-58; M, Shebi, 4:7; 5:1). yevnyto. aor. vb. s. VA, 443-47. @ 28 ti bpiv SoKxet What does it seem
subj. mid. (dep.) yivowa s.v. 4. Subj. w. unkétt (# 3600) to you? What do you think? (s. 17:25). eiyev impf. ind.
used in prohibition. e&npavn aor. ind. pass. Enpaivw act. €yw (#2400) to have. mpooed
uv aor. act. part. (cir-
(# 3830) to dry up; pass., to be dried up. napaypta cum.) s.v. 23. bmaye pres. imp. act. brdyw (#5632) to go
(# 4202) adv. at once, immediately, on the spot (Thay- forth. epyacov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) epyaCouan (# 2237)
er). @ 20 &avpaouv aor. ind. act. Bavidtw (# 646) to to work. Pres. imp. is descriptive, emphasizing the
wonder at, to marvel. 21 dmoxpiGeic aor. pass. process or the various details (VANT, 365). @ 29 For
(dep.) part. GTOKPLVOLLOHL (# 646) to answer. elnev aor. the textual problems in v. 29-31 s. TC, 55-56, Carson,
ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) Exnte aor. subj. act. exw (# 2400) 449. &moxprOeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 21. elev aor.
Matthew 21 48

ind. act. s.v. 25. botepov (# 5731) later. wetopernBeis aor. “more than the first ones.” @ 37 totepov (# 5731) final-
Pass. part. etoperouar (# 3564) to be sorry, to be sorry ly, at last, superl. emphasizing the end of a series (BD,
afterward, to regret an action and change one’s mind 34) and is full of intense emotion and pathos (Hen-
(RWP; TDNT; Trench, Synonyms, 255ff; NIDNTT; LN, driksen). Evtpannjoovtat fut. ind. pass. (pass. w. mid.
1:319, 373). &mAGev aor. ind. act. anépxouar (# 599) to sense) evtpemw (# 1956) to make someone ashamed, to
go forth. 30 woabtwe (# 6058) likewise. anoKxpiOeic be put to shame, to have regard or respect for some-
aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 21. @ 31 &x (# 1666) of, used one (BAGD). The fut. gives the father’s projected ex-
like the partitive gen. (BD, 90). énotnoev aor. ind. act. pectation (VA, 424). 38 dete (# 1307) come, come
s.v. 6. TeAMVaL nom. pl. tekwvns (#5467) tax collector. on. Gmoxteivwpev aor. subj. act. s.v. 35. Hortatory subj.,
For the attitude towards this group s. JZ. nopva1 nom. “et us kill.” oy@pev aor. subj. act. €yw. (# 2400) Horta-
pl. nopvn (#4520) prostitute (DJG, 643). mpod&yovow tory subj., “let us get his inheritance” (RWP). The ex-
pres. ind. act. mpoayw (#4575) to go before, precede. pectation was that the owner would give up hope of
For the prep. in the vb. s. MH, 322f. Pres. could ex- recovering his vineyard (LN, 303-306). @ 39 AaPovtes
press a general truth. @ 32 MA@ev aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. Ev aor. act. part. s.v. 35. &&€BaAov aor. ind. act. eKPorrw S.V.
060 dixaocvvns “with (in) the path of righteousness,” 12. &méxteivav aor. ind. act. s.v.35. 40 ovv (# 4036)
that is, w. the message of righteousness. The obliga- therefore, draws the conclusion in form of a question
tion of obedience to the divine will as both preached directed to the listeners (s. Isa. 5:3). €A®@1q aor. subj. act.
and practiced by John (GW, 124-25; RM, 94-96; TLNT). Epyouar (#2262) to come to, to go. Subj. w. Otav
émiotevoate aor. ind. act. s.v. 22. ovtEs aor. act. part. (#4020) in an indef. temp. cl. mownoet fut. ind. act.
(temp.) s.v. 15. peteweAnOnte aor. ind. pass. s.v. 29. m- movew (# 4472) to do. @ 41 AEyovOL pres. ind. act.
otevoat aor. act. inf. s.v. 22. Inf. w. art. expresses either Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Hist. pres. The listeners give the
purp. or result (IBG, 128f.). 33 aKxovoate aor. imp. answer and the application of the parable. KaKoc¢
act. &kovw (#201) to hear. oixodeonotns (# 3867) mas- (# 2805) bad, pertaining to being bad, w. the implica-
ter of the house, a householder. dot1¢ (#4015) who, tion of harmful and damaging (LN, 1:754). Adj. used
“like others of the same class who” (M, 91-92; IGNT, as noun. KaK@¢ (#2809) adv. badly, severely (BAGD).
133). Epbtevoev aor. ind. act. putedw (#5885) to plant. anoAgoet fut. ind. act. nov (# 660) to destroy. Ex-
gpayog (#5850) fence. Protection against wild beasts Smoeta1 fut. ind. mid. s.v. 33. dnoSaoovotv fut. ind. act.
and a barrier to roving vine tendrils and prying eyes anodidwpt (# 625) to pay, to give back, to give over (s.
(McNeile; LNT, 292). nepveOnxev aor. ind. act. nepitidn- Matt. 18:25). @ 42 aveyvwte aor. ind. act. s.v.16. This
ut (# 4363) to place around, (w. dat.). @pvgev aor. ind. was an affront to their knowledge. Ai@ov acc. sing.
act. opvoow (#4002) to dig. Anvog (# 3332) winepress. A180c¢ (#3345) stone. The acc. is inverse attraction of
The winepress consists of two parts, where the grapes the antecedent to the case of the rel. (MT, 324). a&medox1-
were crushed and where the juice fell (McNeile; paoav aor. ind. act. anodoxatw (#627) to reject after
TDNT; ISBE, 4:1072; DJG, 871; DGRA, 958, 1137-38). scrutiny, to declare useless (BAGD). oixodopobvtes
wxKodounoev aor. ind. act. o1Kkodopéw (# 3868) to build. pres. act. part. masc. nom. pl. oikodouew. Adj. part. w.
mopyoc (#4788) tower. For the winedressers and the art. used as a noun: “the builders.” Perhaps the re-
watchmen (RWP; ZPEB, 5:883). €€5eto aor. ind. mid. ligious leaders (OTGPN, 335). €yewn6n aor. ind. pass.
(mid.) Exdidwpt (# 1686) to lease out. yewpyotc¢ dat. pl. (dep.) yivouar s.v.4. ywvia (# 1224) corner. The founda-
indir. obj. yewpyoc (# 1177) farmer, tenant farmer. They tion stone at its farthest corner, w. which a building
had to pay a portion of the crops each year as their was begun-it firmly fixes its site and determines its di-
rent (Tasker; for the contracts of such agreements s. rection (EDNT). €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivonar
LNT, 292-95; for the work in vineyard s. the Roman (#1181) to become, to be. 43 ap@noeta fut. ind.
writer Columella, De Re Rustica, 4-5). &medqwnoev aor. pass. oipw (#149) to take away, to remove. S00noetar
ind. act. anodnyew (# 623) to go on a journey. It took fut. ind. pass. dt5wy1 (# 1443) to give. €0ver dat. sing.
four years before the fruit was ready (LNT, 295). eOvoc (# 1620) folk, nation. Indir. obj. novotvtt pres. act.
@ 34 Nyyloev aor. ind. act. éyyiGw (# 1581) to draw near. part. dat. sing. novew (# 4472) to produce. @ 44 neowv
GNEOTEAEV aor. ind. act. anootéAAW (# 690) to commis- aor. act. part. mintw (# 4406) to fall. cvvOAao@noetan fut.
sion, to send as a representative (TDNT; EDNT). Aa- ind. pass. ovvOAdw (# 5314) to crush. n€oq aor. subj. act.
Beiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 22. Inf. expressing purp. 35 TINtw. AuKpNnoer fut. ind. act. AKudw (# 3347) to break
AaPovtes aor. act. part. (circum.) AopPavw (# 3284) s.v. into small pieces or to scatter as dust (Allen; BBC). The
22. é5epav aor. ind. act. depw (#1296) to flay, to skin, to stone of Dan. 2:44, 45 was viewed by the rabbis as the
beat. Gméxtetvav aor. ind. act. anoktetvw (# 650) to kill. Messiah (SB, 1:877). 45 &xovoavtes aor. act. part.
EA1GoBOANOaV aor. ind. act. ALWWoBoAEw (# 3344) to stone (temp.) masc. nom. pl. aKxobw (# 201) to hear. éyvwoav
to death. 36 mAeiovag comp. nov (# 4498) more. aor. ind. act. yiwwo«w (# 1182) to know, to understand,
Tpwtwv gen. pl. npwtocg (# 4755) first; Gen. of comp., to recognize. 46 (ntodvtec pres. act. part. Cntew
49 Matthew 22

(# 2426) to seek, w. inf. Concessive part., “although.... ind. act. &moAMUL (# 660) to destroy. hoveic acc. pl. o-
Kpatroo aor. act. inf. Kpatéw (# 3195) to seize, to arrest. vev<s (#5838) murderer. Evempnoev aor. ind. act. e-
EpoBNONoay aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 26. emet (#2075) T(u)mpnur (#1856) to set on fire, to burn. o8
since, because. €1¢ (# 1650), as, used w. the pred. acc. or kekAnévot perf. pass. part. s.v. 3. Tjoav impf. ind. act.
double acc. (RG, 481ff; IBG, 70). eiyov impf. ind. act. eu (# 1639) to be. 09 mopeveode pres. imp. mid.
Ex (# 2400) to have, to hold to a view point. (dep.) nopevonor (# 4513) to go. ovv (# 4036) therefore,
draws a conclusion from the previous statement.
Matthew 22 deE0d0¢ (# 1447) (w. the prep.) outlet, street crossing,
1 amoKpi8eic aor. pass. (dep.) part. amoKpivopar more probably the place where a street cuts through
(# 646). eimev aor. ind. act. eyw (# 3306) to say. @2 the city boundary and goes out into the open country
@0106N aor. ind. pass. O0L0W At 3929) to compare, to (BAGD). etpnte aor. subj. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find.
make alike; pass. to be like. doti¢ (#4015) rel. pron. Subj. used w. indef. rel. 6o0ug édv (# 4012; 1569). KaAE-
who, emphasizing the class or kind to which one be- oute aor. imp. act. KaAEw s.v.3. © 10 EEeABOvtES aor.
longs. émotnoev aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to make. act. part. EEE LOWALL (# 2002) to go out. Circum. or temp.
yapous acc. pl. yapoc (#1141) wedding feast; pl. be- part. OvvTyaLyov aor. ind. act. ovvayw (#5251) to gather
cause the festivities lasted for days (EGT; TDNT; for together. edpov aor. ind. act. s.v. 9. te...Kai “both
Jewish wedding customs s. SB, 1: 501-17, 2:372-409; and.” €mAno6n aor. ind. pass. niunAnur (#4398) to
JPE, 2:752-60; BBC; for a feast in general s. SB, 4:ii, 611- fill, to be full. dvaxeweévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part.
39; LNT, 126-55; John 2:1). vid dat. sing. vi0g (#5626) avaKemar (# 367) to recline (at the table). Part. as sub-
son. Dat. of advantage, “for his son.” @ 3 améotelev st. Gen. of content after vb. of filling. @ 11 e1cedOwv
aor. ind. act. anooteAAw (# 690) to send, to dispatch on aor. act. part. (temp.) etoepyouar (#1656) to go in, to
an Official task. KaA€oo1 aor. act. inf. KaAEW (# 2813) to come in. 6ecoao8a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. Secouor
call, to summon. Inf. gives the purp. of the sending. (# 2517) to look at, to view; inf. of purp. etdev aor. ind.
KEKATEvou perf. pass. part. kadéw. The words imply act. opdaw (#3972) to see. evSeSupévov perf. mid. part.
the guest had been invited previously, the announce- evdvw (#1907) to put on; mid. to clothe, to put on
ment now being that the feast was ready (McNeile). clothes, to wear (BAGD). For the use of the neg. obk
TOeAov impf. ind. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to will, to want to. (# 4024) w. the part. s. M, 231f. €vSupa (# 1903) acc. pl.
Impf. pictures the repeated rejection. €\@eiv aor. act. garment, clothes. Possibly a picture of a character thus
inf. Epxowat (# 2262) to come. 4 eimate aor. imp. act. warning against false discipleship (HSB, 392). Only
Aeyw (# 3306) to say. dprotov (# 756) breakfast, toward clean and proper clothes were expected (AM; SB,
midday, when the series of meals connected w. the 1:878, 882; LNT, 142). @ 12étaipe voc. Etaipog
marriage was to begin (Meyer). Ntoipaxa perf. ind. act. (# 2279) friend (s. 20:13). evomAGEs aor. ind. act. s.v. 11.
Etoccw (# 2286) to prepare. Perf. denotes the respon- The king saw this as a personal insult (LNT, 142). €ywv
sibility of the subject or his authority to act (VANT, pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. Part. of manner.
148, 294). tadpog (# 5436) bull, steer. oitiotoc (# 4990) €>y1W07N aor. ind. pass. Low (# 5821) to put to silence,
fattened ones, verbal from the verb to feed w. wheat or to muzzle. 13 daxovoig dat. pl. 5iaKkovoc (# 1356)
other grain, to fatten (RWP). te@vpéva perf. pass. part. servant, minister. Indir. obj. &hoavtes aor. act. part. Sew
6v0w (# 2604) to slaughter. Perf. stresses the state. dedte (# 1313) to bind. Circum. part. w. force of an imp. €k-
(#1307) “come!” @ 5 GpeATouvtes aor. act. part. BoAete aor. imp. act. exBardAw (#1675) to cast out.
Guerew (#288) to neglect, to be unconcerned, to pay eEwtepos (#2035) adjectival comp. of the adv. used as
no attention, to not think about, and thus not respond superl.; fartherest, extreme, “the darkness fartherest
appropriately (LN, 1:356). GniBov aor. ind. act. anep- out” (BAGD; s. Matt. 8:12). One of the abiding hall-
xopon (#599) to go out. 0¢ pev... O¢ 5é used indef. marks of life in prison was darkness (BAFCS, 3:199).
“one...another” (BD, 131). @ 6 kpatnoavtes aor. act. €otat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et. KAavOLOG (# 3088) loud
part. kpatew (#3195) to seize. bBptoav aor. ind. act. crying, wailing. Bpvyyoc (#1106) gnashing, grinding.
dPptCw (# 5614) to treat in an arrogant or spiteful man- @ 14 KAntoc (# 3105) called, invited. ExAEKtOg (# 1723)
ner, to mistreat, to insult. Treatment which is calculat- chosen, elect. @ 15 mopev@evtes aor. pass. (dep.) part.
ed publicly to insult and openly to humiliate the s.v. 9. ovpPovArov (# 5206) acc. sing. counsel, the engag-
person who suffers from it (MNTW; TDNT). OMEKTEL- ing in joint planning so as to devise a course of com-
vav aor. ind. act. omoxteivw (#650) to kill. There is a mon action, often w. a harmful or evil purp. (LN,
downward progress in the treatment. 7 wpyioen 1:359). €AaBov aor. ind. act. AauPavw (# 3284) to take.
aor. ind. pass. opyico (# 3974) to anger; pass. to be an- onwe (# 3968) in order that, introduces a purp. cl. (BD,
gry. Ingressive aor. “he became angry.’ TEL YOLG aor. 186). mayidevowory aor. subj. act. nayidevw (# 4074) to
act. part. (circum.) méunw (# 4287) to send. OTpatevpo ensnare, to catch in a trap, to acquire information
(#5128) army, bands of soldiers (RWP). &maAgoev aor. about an error or fault, w. the purp. of causing harm,
Matthew 22 50

to catch off guard, to catch in a mistake (LN, 1:330; (BAGD). &néOavev aor. ind. act. s.v. 24. @ 28 tivoc gen.
BBC). 16 a&xooteAdovow pres. ind. act. s.v. 3 Hist. sing. tig (#5515), interrogative pron., w. gen. showing
pres. peta tHv ‘Hpwoiavav (#2477) w. the Herodians. possession. éotor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewi (#1639).
These supported Herod Antipas and were in favor of €oxov aor. ind. act. yw (#2400). 29 nAavaobe pres.
the taxes (Gundry; ISBE, 2:698; HA, 31-42; EDNT; ind. pass. nAavaw (# 4414) to lead astray, pass. to go
DJG, 325). Aeyovtesg pres. act. part. (circum.) otSapev astray; to wander from the truth (BAGD; EDNT; LN,
perf. ind. act. oi6a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. 1:374). ei6oteg perf. act. part. (causal) s.v. 16.
meaning. yeéAet (#3508) pres. ind. act. It is a care or @ 30 ovte...ovte (#4046) “neither...nor.” ‘yoototv
concern, you court no man’s favor (BAGD). 17 eine pres. ind. act. youew s.v. 25. yoptovtor pres. ind. pass.
aor. imp. act. Aeyw (# 3306). ti oor SoKxet “What do you youttw (# 1139) to give a woman in marriage; pass., to
think?” “What is it to you?” é€eottv (# 2003) it is law- be given in marriage. Gnomic pres. giving a general
ful. “Is it warranted by anything in the Law or the truth. Angels were created, not _procreated.
Scribal tradition?” (McNeile). 50dvai aor. act. inf. d15w- 31 aveyvwte aor. ind. act. dvayivwoKw (# 336) to read.
ut (# 1443) to give. Inf. explains what is lawful. Kfvoo¢ Since the Sadduccees only accepted the Torah he
(# 3056) poll tax, to be paid by all males over 14 and fe- quotes from Exod. 3:16. pnOév aor. pass. part. AEyw
males over 12, up to the age of 65 (McNeile; EDNT; (# 3306). Part. used as subst. 32 Cwvtwv pres. act.
DJG, 806; s. Jos., JW, 2:118). 18 yvove aor. act. part. part. gen. pl. Gaw (# 2409) to live. The argument stands
(causal) yiwwoKxw (# 1182) to know, to recognize. elmev on the use of the gen. (McNeile). For the Rabbinical
aor. ind. act. s.v. 17. meipacete pres. ind. act. neipacw proofs for the resurrection s. SB, 1:892-97; S, 173-292.
(# 4279) to tempt, to trap. @ 19 emSetEate aor. imp. act. Part. used as subst. 33 dxovoavtes aor. act. part. s.v.
emideikvuut (#2109) to show. vowropa (#3790) coin. 22. e€enANooovto impf. ind. pass. exmAnoow (# 1742) to
MpoonveyKay aor. ind. act. mpoopepw (# 4712) to bring to. be beside oneself, to be amazed, overwhelmed.
Snvapiov (#1324) denarius. A Roman silver coin, a 34 dKxovouvtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 22. Epipwoev
workman’s average daily wage (BAGD; LNT, 329). aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. cuvnyxOnoay aor. ind. pass. ovvayw
20 eixwv (#1635) image. Entypadn (#2107) inscrip- (# 5251) to gather together. Pass. used in refl. sense: “to
tion. The imperial tax was paid in coins which bore the come together,” “to assemble” (BAGD). €ni 10 adt0 to-
head of the emperor, and inscriptions which described gether, at the same place, for the same thing (NIDNTT,
the religious and cultic claims of the Caesar (JPD, 241- 3:1194; Gundry). 35 éxnpwtnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 23.
48; Luz; DJG, 805-806; Hill; LNT, 333; BBC). @ 21 a&no- vowiKog (#3788) lawyer, an expert in law, a man
dSote aor. imp. act. am0didwu1 (# 625) to give back. It has learned in the law of Moses, that is, a scribe belonging
the sense of rendering what is due (AM; LNT, 334). to the Pharisaic party (Hill; TDNT; NIDNTT; DJG, 732-
22 dKxovoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) &Kovw (#201) to 34; SB, 1:898-900). For the textual problem s. TC, 59.
hear. E900a0av aor. ind. act. Bavudcw (# 2513) to be meipatwy pres. act. part. s.v. 18. Part. of manner.
amazed. Gevtes aor. act. part. (circum.) abit (# 918) 36 peyaAn (# 3489) great. Positive of the adj. used as
to leave. &nfAGav aor. ind. act. anepyouor (# 599) to de- superl. “the greatest” (BD, 127). The Rabbis counted
part s.v.5. 23 npoonAsov aor. ind. act. mpooepxouor 613 laws; 248 positive and 365 negative (SB, 1:900-905).
(# 4665) to come to. eivan pres. act. inf. ewi (# 1639) to © 37 pn impf. ind. act. pnut (#5774) to say. &yantoers
be. Inf. used in indir. discourse. avaéotaoL acc. sing. fut. ind. act. wyanow (# 26) to love. Fut. used as a cate-
avaotaois (#414) resurrection. Acc. as subj. of inf. For gorical imp. (BG, 94). The terms heart, soul, under-
the Sadducees’ view s. TJ, 76-81; DJG, 403; BBC. énxn- standing are overlapping categories, demanding love
pwtnoay aor. ind. act. enepwtaw (#2089) to ask about. from the whole person (Carson, 464). @ 39 mAnoiov
Prep. in the vb. is directive. | 24 ano@avy aor. subj. (#4446) adv. near; used as a noun, “neighbor.”
act. ano8vnokw (# 633) to die. Subj. w. edv (#1569) in @ 40 xpéyato. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Kpeyudavvont
cond. cl. €ywv pres. act. part. (circum.) éyw (# 2400) en- (#3203) to hang. 41 ovvnypévwv perf. pass. part.
youBpevoer fut. ind. act. emiyouBpevw (#2102) to be- (temp.) s.v. 34. Gen. abs. @ 42 tod Aavid gen. of rela-
come related by marriage, to marry as next of kin tionship (RG, 501f). For the Messiah as the Son of
(BAGD; Deut. 25:5-10). For the Rabbinical teaching re- David s. SB, 1:525; Fitzmyer, Essays, 113-126; 4QFlor.
garding the levirate marriage s. SB, 1:886-87; Lachs, 1:11-13; Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The Promises of David in
361; Sifre Deut. 288. avaotnoer fut. ind. act. &viotnut Early Judaism,” Bib Sac 150 (1993): 285-302; DJG, 766-
(# 482) to raise up. ® 25 TOav impf. ind. act. eipi to be. 69. 43 KaAel pres. ind. act. KaAEw (#2813) to call.
ynwas aor. act. part. (temp.) youew (# 1138) to marry. @ 44 xdov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) Kanwar (# 2764) to
“After he had married....” EtedevtnoEV aor. ind. act. sit. @@ aor. subj. act. tint (#5502) to set, to place.
tekevtaw (#5462) to die. ddtiKev aor. ind. act. adinut vmoxatw (#5691) under. For Ps. 110 s. SB, 4:452-65;
(#918) to depart, to leave behind. 27 totepoc David M. Hays, Glory at the Right Hand: Psalm 110 in
(#5731) superl. latter, last, finally; here, “last of all” Early Christianity (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1973);
51 Matthew 23

Cleon L. Rogers, Jr.,’The Davidic Covenant in Acts- toxadedpia (# 4751) chief seat. These were on the plat-
Revelation,” Bib Sac 151 (1994): 74; Luz. @ 46 &50vato form facing the congregation w. their backs to the
impf. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvapo1 (#1538) to be able. chest in which the rolls of Scripture were kept. (Mc-
a&noxprOfivar aor. pass. inf. s.v. 1. €toApNoev aor. ind. act. Neile; SB, 1:915-16; HJP, 2:446). 7 donaopog (# 833)
TOALAW (# 5528) to dare. Enepwtiioat aor. act. inf. s.v. 23. greeting. Disciples were never to greet their masters
since this implied a certain equality (AM). KaAeio8a1
Matthew 23 pres. pass. inf. kadkew (# 2813) to call. Epex. inf. de-
@ 1€AGANOEV aor. ind. act. AarEw (#3281) to scribing what they love. ‘Pai (# 4806) master, teacher
speak. For the literary problems of the chapter s. Car- (TDNT; EDNT; SB, 1:916-18; DJG, 805). 8 KAnOrte
son, 469-71; Mark Alan Powell, “Do and Keep What aor. subj. pass. s.v. 7. Used w. the neg. pn (# 3590) to
Moses Says (Matthew 23:2-7),” JBL 114 (1995): 419-34; express a prohibition of an action that should not
Hagner. For a discussion of scribes and Pharisees s. arise. Pass. of permission. @ 9 kaAgonte aor. subj. act.
Luz; DJG, 732-35, 609-14. 2 xa®édpa (# 2756) chair. s.v. 7. Subj. used in a neg. command. 10 kaényntat
A soft seat w. a back (Jastrow, 2:1434). Not simply a nom. pl. ka®nyntns (# 2762) guide, instructor, teacher,
metaphor, for there was an actual stone seat in front of used as synon. of 518a0KaA0o0g (LN, 1:416; Carson, 476).
the synagogue where the authoritative teacher sat @ 11 peitwv (# 3505) comp. of weyas greater. bydv gen.
(Hill; Gnilka). €x&@toav aor. ind. act. KaOiCw (# 2767) to pl. vbyeig comp. gen. “than you.” éotai fut. ind. mid.
take a seat, to sit. Timeless aor. (RWP), but may be con- (dep.) ewt. 12 bywoer fut. ind. act. Dyow (# 5738) to
sidered as ironic (Carson, 473). ® 3 cimwow aor. lift up, to exalt. tamewwwOnoetar fut. ind. pass. tamet-
subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306). noinoate aor. imp. act. no1ew vooet fut. ind. act. tanevow (#5427) to make low, to
(# 4472) to do. Perhaps to be viewed as irony (Carson, humble. dywOqoetat fut. ind. pass. byow. The pass. are
473). tpeite pres. imp. act. tnpew (# 5498) to observe. theol. pass. indicating that God will perform the ac-
Aor. imp. indicates “start to do,” the pres. “continue to tion (Beare). @ 13 ovat (# 4026) woe, horror. An inter}.
observe” (Bakker, 434). moveite pres. imp. act. novodoiv of pain, distress and warning. “How greatly one will
pres. ind. act. movew to do. @ 4 Seopevovot pres. suffer,” “What terrible pain will come to one” (EDNT;
ind. act. eouevw (# 1297) to bind, to tie on. 5voPaotaK- LN, 1:243); followed by ott (# 4022), giving the reason
toc (# 1546) hard to bear (for this reading s. TC, 59-60). for the pain. KAetete pres. ind. act. KAetw (#3091) to
emitiBeaowv pres. ind. act. exitiOnur (#2202) to place shut, to lock. evogpyeo8e pres. ind. mid. (dep.) evoepyo-
upon. @yocg (# 6049) shoulder. The “heavy burdens” war (# 1656) to go in, to come in. etoepyouevous pres.
are the meticulous instructions of the rabbinical inter- mid. part. Conative use of the pres. “Those who are in
pretations imposed on the daily life of the people (SB, the process of entering-trying to enter” (McNeile).
1:911-13; Lachs, 366). They may refer to the attempts to Goiete pres. ind. act. cbinut (# 918) to allow. eloeABeiv
gain notice by others (Gundry). daxtbAw dat. sing. aor. act. inf. Inf. explains what they do not allow.
daktvaAog (#1235) finger. Instr. dat. “w. the finger.” @ 15 nepiayete pres. ind. act. mepiayw (# 4310) to go
K1vijoa1 aor. act. inf. kivew (# 3075) to move, to remove. about, to travel about. Enpdc¢ (#3831) dry (land).
@5 mpoc tO w. the inf. to express purp. (TDNT). mofjoat aor. act. inf. novew (#4472) to make. Inf. of
GeaO7jvonr aor. pass. inf. Beaouo1 (# 2517) to look upon, purp. mpoonrvtoc proselyte (TDNT; Moore, Judaism,
used in the sense of careful and deliberate vision 1:323-53). yevntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivowar (# 1187)
which interprets its object (AS). TAQTYVOVOLV pres. ind. to become. yeéwn¢ gen. sing. yeevva (# 1147) Gehenna;
act. mhatovw (#4425) to make wide. vAaKTHptOV “son of Gehenna,” one fitted and destined for Gehen-
(#5873) means of protection, amulet, protective na (McNeile; Hans Scharen, “Gehenna in the Synop-
charms, phylacteries, small leather cases containing tics,” Bib Sac 149 [1992]: 324-37; 454-70; ABD, 2:926-28).
portions of Scripture. These were strapped to the left dimdOtepov comp. dimdovg (# 1486) double. budv gen.
hand and to the forehead (SB, 4:250-276; HBD, 3:869- vets Gen. of comp., “than you.” These converts “out-
74; ZPEB, 4:786; JPF, 2:798-800; HJP, 2:480; BBC; ABD, Phariseed” the Pharisees (Carson, 479). 1606 dv
2:236; 5:368-70). weyaAdvovow pres. ind. act. weyardvw (# 4005; 323) whoever. The rel. cl. has the character of a
(# 3486) to make large. kp&onedov (# 3192) fringes, tas- cond. ooo aor. subj. act. ouvupi (#3923) to swear.
sels. These were worn on the corner of the outer gar- Subj. w. indef. rel. cl. va@ dat. sing. vaog (# 3724) tem-
ment in accord w. Num. 15:38f; Deut. 22:12 (SB, 4:277- ple. To swear by the Temple and the altar provides no
92; JPF, 2:797-98; HIP, 2:480-81). The Pharisees length- surety for a creditor, but gold would (Gundry). ovéév
ened theirs in order to call attention to their piety totiv (# 4029; 1639) it is nothing, the formula for a non-
(Hill). 6 g1A0doww pres. ind. act. piréw (# 5797) to binding oath (EGT). ypvo@ dat. sing. ypvaocg (# 5996)
love. mpwtoKAtotav (# 4752) place of honor at a dinner, gold. opeiret pres. ind. act. opeiAw (# 4053) to be indebt-
beside the master of the house or host (BAGD). deinvov ed, bound to performance, the formula for a binding
(#1270) dinner, the main meal (s. Matt. 22:2). mpw- oath (EGT). 17 pwpot voc. / nom. pl. pwpdg (# 3704)
Matthew 23 52

foolish, fool. G&yiaoag aor. part. act. ayiatw (#39) to shows itself in an unrestrained desire for gain (Mc-
sanctify, to make holy. Part. as adj. 18 @vo1actnpiw Neile; TDNT; Ps. of Sol. 4:3). 26 ka®aptoov aor. imp.
dat. sing. @vo.aotnpiov (# 2603) altar. It refers to the act. ka8apttw (#2751) to cleanse. Aor. imp. calls for a
altar of incense and especially the horns of the altar specific act. vt0g (#1955) inside. extog (#1760) out-
(SB, 1:395; 932). endvw (# 2062) w. gen., upon. @ 19 pEi- side. For a discussion of this v. s. Carson, 481-82.
Cov (# 3505) comp. weyas great. &yiaCov pres. act. part. @ 27 nopopoidfete pres. ind. act. napoporatw (# 4234)
s.v. 17. © 20 On00a¢ aor. act. part. s.v. 16. Part. used as to be like; w. dat. taog (# 5439) grave. KeKoviapévoic
subst.: “The one who....” @ 21 Katoixotvtt pres. act. perf. pass. part. koviaw (#3154) to make white, to
part. dat. sing. katoixew (#2997) to dwell, to reside. whiten w. chalk or lime. Before the Passover it was
@ 22 kaOnévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. Kanwar (# 2764) customary to whitewash graves that people and the
to sit. 23 dnodexatotte pres. ind. act. dnodexatow priest might not unintentionally touch them or con-
(# 620) to tithe, to give a tenth. Pres. indicates habitual tract ceremonial defilement (Allen; SB, 1:936-37).
tithing. For the tithe s. M, Maaseroth; M, Maaser Sheni gaivovtar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) datvouar (#5743) to
(JPB, 148-69). Biblically, only grain, wine, and oil are to appear. wpaioc (#6053) beautiful. The graves were
be tithed, but rabbinically, vegetables and greens were beautiful because of their structure and art (Carson,
also included (Lachs, 370; SB, 1:932; 4:ii, 640-97). 482; ABD, 1:791-94). ootéov (# 4014) bone. 28 pe0t0¢
Ndvoopov (# 2455) sweet-smelling, mint. There were (# 3550) full (w. gen.). bmoxpicews gen. sing. DROKPLOIG
three kinds of mint which were used as a spice for (# 5694) hypocrisy, pretense, outward show (BAGD).
meats, as a medication for headache and heart discom- avouia. (#490) lawlessness. For the alpha privative
fort and its stems and leaves were scattered over the which negates the word s. Moorhouse, 41-68.
floors of the synagogues (PB, 88; FFB, 143; POB, 139- 29 oixodopeite pres. ind. act. oixodouew (# 3868) to
40; SB, 1:933). &vnBov (# 464) dill, used for seasoning, build. Pres. indicates a repeated action. Kooyeite pres.
esp. the leaves for pickles, and as an antacid (PB, 88; ind. act. kooyew (# 3175) to put into order, to decorate.
FFB, 116; POB, 89; SB, 1:933). Kbpivov (# 3248) cumin, The erecting of monuments to mark the graves of Isra-
used as spice, esp. for bread, and as medicine for el’s heroes may have been initiated by Herod the
cramps and its oil as a substance for perfume (Filson; Great’s building of a monument at David’s tomb. Such
PB, 88; POB, 46; FFB, 114; SB, 1:933). &dnKate aor. ind. monuments may have had an expiatory character
act. cin (# 978) to leave, to neglect. Bapvtepa acc. pl. (Hill; SB, 1:936-37). 30 tye8a impf. ind. mid. (dep.)
comp. Bapucs (#987) heavy. Heavier, weightier, more 1st. pl. ett (# 1639). a&v (# 323) used to introduce the
important (Carson, 480). Kptoig (# 3213) justice. The re- second part of a contrary to fact cond. cl. 31 ote
spect for the rights of others which gives a just judg- (# 6063) therefore, for this reason. waptupette pres. ind.
ment (Hill). €Aeo¢g (#1799) mercy s. Matt. 9:13. €5e1 act. paptupew (# 3455) to testify. Eavtoic dat. pl. Eavtd¢
impf. ind. act. det (# 1256) it is necessary. w. inf. Vbs. of (#1571). Dat. of disadvantage: “against yourselves.”
obligation or necessity are in the impf. when the obli- govevodvtwv aor. act. part. dovedw (#5839) to kill, to
gation has not been met (RG, 886). noufjoat aor. act. inf. murder, to deprive a person of life by illegal, intention-
noiew (#4472) to do, to accomplish. cpvévat aor. act. al killing (LN, 1:238). 32 nAn-pwoate aor. imp. act.
inf. &pinut (# 918) to leave undone, to neglect. Aor. w. a TAnpow (# 4444) to fill, to fill up. “Perform then that w.
vb. of obligation points to a past action (RG, 886), or is the hand that which you cherish in the heart” (Bengel).
omnitemporal (VA, 211). 24 &twAifovtes pres. act. wetpov (#3586) acc. sing. n. measure. The idea is that
part. vA iGw (# 1494) to strain out by filtering through God can only tolerate so much sin; then he must re-
(RWP). Note the prep. “through” in compound; s. MH, spond in wrath (Carson, 484). @ 33 dpe1g voc. pl. do1¢
300f. Part. used as a rel. cl. kvwna acc. sing. KwvwYy (# 4098) snake. Yyevvqa (#1165) that which is born,
(# 3276) gnat. Straining out a gnat goes back to the brood. For the background s. HSB, 395-97. éyévav
practice of straining wine through a cloth or wicker gen. pl. €y15va (#2399) a poisonous snake. (s. 3:7).
basket (Lachs, 170). Keyindoc (#2823) camel. Kata- gvynte aor. subj. act. bevyw (# 5771) to flee. Subj. is used
MiVOVTEG pres. act. part. Katantvw (#2927) to swallow, in doubtful or deliberate question. “How shall (can)
to drink down. Note the prep. “down” in the com- you escape?” (BD, 185; MKG, 244; Hendriksen).
pound. 25 éwOev (# 2033) outside. notnpiov (# 4539) ® 34 &1a todto because of this. The words point to an
cup. mapowidos gen. sing. napowic (#4243) dish. For act that Jesus will do; because of the wicked reception
the cleaning of vessels s. M, Kleim; Jacob Neusner, more messengers will be sent, thus filling up the mea-
“First Cleanse the Inside',” NTS 22 (1976): 486-95; sure of iniquity and judgment will fall (Carson, 484).
DJG, 125-30. €ow8ev (# 2277) inside. yewovow pres. ind. AnooTEAAW (# 690) pres. ind. act. to send an official au-
act. yeuw (#1154) to be full. apnayn (#771) robbery, thoritative representative (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). The
plunder; obtained by violent or dishonest practices pres. is “I am sending” (Gundry). &oxteveite fut. ind.
(Filson). &xpaoia (#202) lack of self-control which act. amoktetvw (#650) to kill. otavpwoete fut. ind. act.
53 Matthew 24

otovpow (#5090) to crucify. paotrywoete fut. ind. act. (TDNT; NIDNTT; NTW). ovvtedeiag (# 5333) end, con-
Laotiyow (# 4363) to scourge. Siatete fut. ind. act. d1- summation. For a prophetical study of Matt. 24-25 s.
wxw (#1503) to hunt, to pursue, to persecute. John F. Walvoord, “Christ’s Olivet Discourse on the
@ 35 E67 aor. subj. act. Epxouat (# 2262) to come, to go. End of the Age,” Bib Sac 128, 129 (1971-72); SB, 1:949;
Subj. used w. Onws (#3968) to express results (IGNT, 4:11, 799-976. Matthew supplies no answer regarding
235). aiwa Sixaov “innocent blood” (Hill). Exyvvvope- the destruction of the Temple (McNeile). @ 4 BAénete
vov pres. pass. part. exyew (# 1772) to shed, to pour out. (#1063) pres. imp. act. to beware. pn (#3590) lest.
Part. as adj. &povedoate aor. ind. act. s.v. 31. petaéd TAGVTOT aor. subj. act. TAavaw (# 4419) to lead astray,
(# 3568) between. For a discussion of the identity of to cause to wander off the path, to cause someone to
Zachariah s. Carson, 485-86; SB, 1:940-43; Hagner. hold a wrong view and thus be mistaken (LN, 1:367).
36 Heer fut. ind. act. HK (#2457) to come. yevea @ 5 erevoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) épyopat. (# 2262) to
(#1155) generation. 37 dnoxteivovoa. pres. act. part. come, to go. MAavHoovOLW fut. ind. act. s.v. 4. #6
voc. fem. sing. anoKxtetvw (# 650) to kill. AWoBoADDoa wedAnoete fut. ind. act. weAdw (#3516) to be about to.
pres. act. part. voc. fem. sing. AvBoBPorew (# 3344) to For the use of this word to express the durative fut. s.
stone. The part. w. the art. are almost substantives, MKG, 307 (“you will continually hear”). moAepwousg
“the killer of ... the stoner of...” (McNeile; s. M, 127f). (# 4483) acc. pl. war. &Koas acc. pl. axon (# 198) rumor.
Pres. points to a repeated action. &meotaApevouc perf. opGte pres. imp. act. opdaw (# 3972) to see. For the use
pass. part. &mootéAAw (#690) to send, to commission of the two imps. s. RG, 949. @poetobe pres. imp. mid. /
someone for a special task giving them the authority of pass. (dep.) 89poeopar (# 2583) to cry aloud, to scream;
the one sending. noodxKts (#4529) how often. NOEAT|IOU pass. to be terrified by an outcry (RWP). The neg. pq
aor. ind. act. 6€\w (# 2527) to want to, to wish. Emovv- (# 3590) w. imp. forbids a constant attitude. det (#1256)
ayoyetv aor. act. inf. emiovvayw (#2190) to gather to- pres. ind. act. it is necessary. It gives a logical necessity.
gether. For the double prep. w. the vb. s. MH, 312. ov yeveoOat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivowo1 (#1181) to be-
tponov (# 5573) acc. sing. in the manner in which, like, come, to happen. Inf. explaining what is necessary. té-
in like manner (BAGD). Opvig (#3998) bird, hen, the dog (#5465) end, goal, consummation. © 7 EYEN-
mother bird (McNeile). vooaiov (# 3800) a young bird. @noetat fut. ind. pass. epetpw (# 1586) pass. to rise up,
TtEpvyac acc. pl. rtepvs (# 4763) wing (BBC). NbeAnoate to rise up against. €8vog (#1620) folk, nation. Awoc
aor. ind. act. 6€4w to wish, to desire; showing purp. or (#3350) famine. oevopog (#4939) earthquake. Kata
resolve. @ 38 apietat pres. ind. pass. apinut (# 918) to tonoug (# 2848; 5536) in various places. For the distrib-
leave, to abandon, pass. to be left (BAGD). 39 inte utive use of the prep. w. the acc. s. RG, 608. 8 apyn
aor. subj. act. opaw (#3972) to see. Subj. used in a pre- (#794) beginning. wéiv (#6047) birth pangs, labor
diction w. the emphatic neg. od pn. (VA, 429). einnte pains, travail. The Jews used the phrase to signify the
aor. subj. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. evAOYNpEvOS perf. time of unprecedented trouble which was to precede
pass. part. evaoyew (#2328) to bless, to praise, pass., the Messianic salvation (Allen; HJP 2: ii, 154-56;
blessed (Gundry). A quotation from Ps. 118:26. Moore, Judaism, 2:361f; SB, 4:ii, 857-80). 9 napadw-
oovoty fut. ind. act. napadidwut (# 4140) to deliver over.
Matthew 24 GAiwis (# 2568) pressure, tribulation. dnoKtevodotv fut.
@1éEeAOWV aor. act. part. (temp.) e€epyouat ind. act. &moktetvw (# 650) to kill. proobpevor pres. pass.
(# 2002) to go out. enopeveto impf. ind. mid. / pass. part. pioew (# 3631) to hate. 51a w. acc. gives the reason
(dep.) nopevouor (# 4513) to go, to precede. mpoor|AGov for the hate. 10 oxavdaAro@joovtar fut. ind. pass.
(dep.) aor. ind. act. mpooepyoucr (# 4665) to come to. oxavoaricw (# 4997) to cause to stumble (TDNT). pt0n-
émdeiéar aor. act. inf. emidetkvuut (# 2109) to show, to oovolv fut. ind. act. pioew (#3651) to hate. 11
point out. Inf. of purp. otkodopasg acc. pl. oikodoun wevdorpogtns (#6021) false prophet. eyep@qoovtar fut.
(# 3869) building. Pl. points to the various buildings of ind. pass. eyeipw (#1586) pass. to rise, to appear
the Temple. For a description of the Temple s. TJ, 28- (BAGD). 12 mAnOvv@fvor aor. pass. inf. mANPvvH
30, s. note #16; JPB, 51-72; DJG, 811-17; M, Middot. (# 4437) to increase, to multiply; pass. to be multiplied,
@ 2dmoxpiWeig aor. part. pass. (dep.) amoKpivonat to grow. Prep. is used w. the inf. to express cause. (MT,
(# 646) to answer. d&e87 aor. subj. pass. aint (# 918) 142f). &vopia (# 490) lawlessness (s. Matt. 23:28). woyn-
to leave; pass, to be left. xataAv@noeto fut. ind. pass. oetat fut. ind. pass. yoxw (# 6038) to make cold; pass.
KataAvw (#2907) to throw down, to destroy, to demol- to become cold. @ 13 bropeivac aor. act. part. DmoHEvw
ish. For the fulfillment s. TJ, 195ff. ® 3 ka@nuévov pres. (# 5702) to endure, to continue to bear up despite diffi-
part. mid. (dep.) Ka@nua (i#2764) to sit. Kat’ iétav culty and suffering (LN, 1:308). ow@noetor fut. ind.
(# 2848; 2625) privately. €im— aor. imp. act. AEyw pass. ow tw (#5392) to save, to rescue; pass. to be deliv-
(# 3306) to say. mote (#4537) when. onpetov (# 4956) ered. @14knpvx0joeta fut. ind. pass. Knpvoow
sign. mapovoiacg (#4242) presence, arrival, coming (# 3062) to preach, to proclaim. oikovpevy (# 3876) the
Matthew 24 54

inhabited earth. paptupiov (#3457) witness. Teer fut. tepas (# 5469) wonder, that which is startling, impos-
ind. act. hKw (# 2457) to come. Predictive fut. @ 15 6tav ing, amazement, waking (Trench, Synonyms; TDNT;
whenever. t6nte aor. ind. subj. opaw (#3972) to see. NIDNTT). nAavijoor aor. inf. act. trhavaw (# 4414) s.v.
BSEAvyLA abomination, detestable thing, that which is 4. Inf. expresses result. 25 npoeipnka. perf. ind. act.
repulsive. It was used in the LXX of idols and cultic mporeyw (#4625) to say beforehand. Perf. indicates the
objects and of a sacrilegious object or rite causing the abiding results of what was said. 26 einwow aor.
desecration of a sacred place (GELTS, 79). epnadoews subj. act. Aeyw (#3306). Subj. w. ev (# 1569) in a 3rd.
gen. epruwoig (#2247) desolation. “An abominable class cond. cl. s.v. 23. €&€A@nte aor. subj. act. eEepxouar
thing that layeth waste” (McNeile; BBC). A reference (# 2002) to go out. topetotg dat. pl. taptetov (#5421)
to the Anti-Christ (the man of sin) s. 2 Thess. 2:3f hidden, secret room. miotevonte aor. subj. act. s.v. 23.
(Hill). pnOev aor. pass. part. Xeyw (# 3306) to say. Eot0g 27 aotpann (# 847) lightning. dvatoAd@v gen. pl. ava-
perf. act. part. totnpt (#2705) to place; perf. to stand. ToAN (# 424) east. paivetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) datvo-
avayivwoKwv pres. act. part. avayiwwoKw (#336) to wo (#5743) to shine. Gnomic pres. indicating that
read. voeitw pres. imp. pass. voew (#3783) to under- which is a general rule. 5vopa@v gen. pl. Svoun (# 1553)
stand. 16 devyetwoav pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. pl. west. Lightning is visible to all and so will be the com-
devyw (#5771) to flee. To Judeans, this means flight ing of the Son of Man (Gnilka). goto. fut. ind. mid.
into the rugged Judean wilderness, whose cave-filled (dep.) s.v. 21. @ 28 6nov éav (#3963; 1569) w. subj.
mountains were a traditional hideout (Gundry). wherever. mt@pa (# 4773) corpse, a fallen one. ovvay-
@ 17 500 (# 1560) roof. kataPdtw aor. imp. act. 3rd. @noovtat fut. ind. pass. ovvayw (#5251) to gather to-
pers. sing. katoBaivw to come down. &pan aor. inf. act. gether. detoi (#108) nom. pl. eagle, vulture (BAGD;
aipw (#149) to pick up, to take. Inf. used to express Job 39:27-30). @ 29 ev0éwe (#2311) adv. immediately.
purp. @ 18 éniotpewatw aor. imp. mid. 3rd. pers. sing. okotioOjoetat fut. ind. pass. oxotiGouai (# 5029) to be-
emiotpepw (#2188) to turn about, to return. Oniow come dark, to be dark. oeAnvn (# 4943) moon. b€yyos
(# 3958) back, behind. Aor. imps. call for a specific ac- (#5766) light, radiance. dotepes pl. cotnp (# 843) star.
tion. 19 ovat (#4026) woe. yaotpi dat. yaotnp neoodvtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) mintw (# 4406) to fall.
(# 1143) stomach. exovoaic pres. act. part. fem. dat. pl. oakevOnoovtat fut. ind. pass. oarevw (# 4888) to shake,
éyw (# 2400) to have something in the stomach, that is, to cause to move to and fro. These things indicate the
to be pregnant. @nAatovoaicg pres. act. part. fem. coming of the end time (Lachs, 385; s. Isa. 24:23; 34:4;
Onrdatw (#2558) to suck, to nurse. 20 npooevyeobe Joel 2:31; 3:15; 1 Enoch 80:1; Test. of Levi 4:1; Test. of
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) npocevyouat (# 4667) to pray. ye- Moses 10:5; b. Sanh. 91b; 1QM 18:5). @ 30 davnoetat
vnytat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivouai (# 1181) to become. fut. ind. pass. (dep. s. BD, 43) datvouor (#5743) to
ovyn (# 5870) flight, escape. xeywv (# 5930) storm, win- shine; pass. to appear, to make one’s appearance
ter. caPBatw dat. odBBatov (# 4879). Dat. of time: “on (BAGD). Kowovto. fut. ind. mid. Kontw (#3164) to
the Sabbath.” The winter dangers (heavy rains, high strike, to strike the breast as a sign of mourning. gvAat
water) and the rules regarding profaning the Sabbath nom. pl. pvAn tribe. dyovtar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw
were to be avoided (Sand). @ 21 €oto fut. ind. mid. (# 3972) to see. Epyouevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. épxo-
(dep.) cyst (# 1639). BAtwig (# 2568) pressure, tribula- wo (#2262) to go. Adj. part. vepeAn (#3749) cloud.
tion. This unusual and unprecedented tribulation 50Ens (#1518) glory. 31 axooteAei fut. ind. act. ano-
would be the birth pains of the Messiah in Jewish otehAw (#690) to send. odAntyyosg gen. sing. oaAnry—é
teaching s.v. 8. yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivouat to be- (# 4894) trumpet. emovvaovot fut. ind. act. emiovv-
come, to happen, to be. yevnta aor. subj. mid. (dep.) ayw (#2190) to bring together, to gather together s.
yivowat. The strong double neg. od pq indicates that Matt. 23:37. divepoc (# 449) wind. &xpwv gen. pl. GKpov
there will never be another tribulation like this one. (#216) end. 32 ovxi (#5190) fig tree. wdaOete aor.
22 €1 pn (# 1623; 3590) if not, except, introduces a imp. act. poabavw (#3443) to learn. KAddo¢ (# 3080)
contrary to fact cond. cl. €xoAoBwOnoav aor. ind. pass. branch. yevntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivoyar (# 1187)
KoAoBow (#3143) to mutilate, to curtail, to shorten to become. Subj. used in an indef. temp. cl. w. 6tav
(BAGD). 067 aor. ind. pass, owlw (# 5392) to save, (#4020). amadog (#559) tender, that is, sprouts
rescue. EKAEKTOG (#1723) elect, chosen. KoAOBwWONGOV- (BAGD). @vAAG nom. pl. ovAAOV (#5877) leaf. Exody
tar fut. ind. pass. KoAoBow. 23 ein aor. subj. act. pres. subj. act. expvw (# 1770) to put forth. Sing. vb. w.
Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Subj. w. €dv (# 1569) in a 3rd. class n. pl. subject. @€pog (# 2580) summer. @ 33 1énte aor.
cond. which views the cond. as possible. muotevonte subj. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Subj. w. Ewsg av (# 2401;
aor. subj. act. miotevw (# 4409) to trust, to believe; w. 323) in an indef. temp. cl. @bpaic dat. pl. 6vpn (# 2598)
neg. #1 (#3590) it is a prohibition not to start an ac- door. The putting forth of the fig tree from its state of
tion. 24 wevddypiotos (# 6023) false Christ. 50- winter dryness symbolizes the future reviviscence of
oovotv fut. ind. act. Sidwyt (# 1443) to give. tepata pl. the Jewish people (Alford). @ 34 mapéA6q aor. subj. act.
 Matthew D5,

mapepzouc. (#4216) to pass by, to pass away. ‘Yeved. doxeite pres. ind. act. doxew (# 1506) to think, to be of
(# 1155) race, generation. @ 35 napedevoetat fut. ind. an opinion. 45 ¢povyoc (# 5861) sensible, thought-
mid. (dep.) napepyouci. mopeA@wowv aor. subj. act. ful, wise. Katéotnoev aor. ind. act. Ka8iotnu (# 2770) to
napepyouct. The dissolution of heaven and earth appoint, to constitute. oixeteta, (#3859) household
would constitute the end of the present age. “The slave. For the treatment of Heb. slaves s. SB, 4:698-744.
world shall pass away and my prediction of it shall dobva1 aor. act. inf. didwp1 (# 1443) to give. Inf. express-
not fail” (McNeile). 36 otéev perf. ind. act. o16a es purp. 46 paxdpwog (# 3421) happy (s. Matt. 5:3).
(#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. €NBurv aor. act. part. Epyouc. (# 2262). The part. is used
37 wonep (# 6061) just as. Used ina comp. construc- to express contemporaneous time: “When he comes.”
tion (BAGD). éotai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639). evptoet fut. act. ind. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. nowtvta
mapovota. (#4242) presence, coming, arrival; used for pres. act. part. acc. masc. sing. no1ew (# 4472) to do, to
the arrival or coming of the Caesar or a Ruler (EDNT; make. Part. of manner, so performing as was assigned
NDIEC, 1:46; 4:167-69; TDNT). 38 kataKAvopoc¢ to him. 47 0ndpyovow pres. act. part. vnopyw
(# 2886) flood. tpuryovtes pres. act. part. tpwyw (# 5592) (# 5639) to exist, to be present, to be at one’s disposal.
to gnaw, to nibble, to munch, to chew raw fruit or veg- Part. used as subst. (“possessions”) (BAGD). Kata-
etables (McNeile). mivovteg pres. act. part. mivw) otnhoet fut. ind. act. kaGiotnu s.v. 45. @ 48 einn aor.
(#4403) to drink. yopotvteg pres. act. part. yayew subj. act. Kyu (# 3306) to say. Subj. w. av (# 1569) used
(#1138) to marry. yoptGovtes pres. act. part. yoptcw in 3rd. class cond. cl. viewing the cond. as a possibility.
(# 1139) to give in marriage. Parts. are not periphrastic ypovitet pres. ind. act. ypoviGw (# 5988) to delay, to take
but are descriptive predicates (EGT; VA, 458-59). A de- time. 49 GpEnto1 aor. subj. mid. (dep.) dpyouar
scription of a mode of life without concern and with- (# 806) to begin. tontetv pres. act. inf. tyntw (# 5597) to
out any foreboding of an impending catastrophe strike, to beat. Inf. complements the vb. &pEnta1. ovv-
(Meyer). aypt (# 968) w. gen. until. etonOev aor. ind. Sovkog (# 5281) fellow servant. €o8tq pres. act. subj. é0-
act. eloepyoua (# 1656) to go in. KiBwtos (# 3066) ark. Siw (#2266) to eat. weOvovtwy pres. act. part. uebvw
@ 39 Eyvwoay aor. ind. act. ywwokw (# 1182) to know. (#3501) to be drunk (“w. those who are drunken”).
TAGev aor. ind. act. pyouc (# 2262) to Zo. Tpev aor. ind. 50 mpoodoxG pres. ind. act. mpoodoxaw (#4659) to
act. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to take away. For the days of wait for, to expect. @ 51 S1yotopnoer fut. ind. act.
Noah and the flood in Judaism s. SB, 1:961-66. é1yotoew (# 1497) to cut in two. In Exod. 29:17 the vb.
40 éoovto fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit (# 1639) to be. is used of dividing a sacrificial victim into pieces
nopodopPavetar pres. ind. pass. napaxzcupavy (# 4161) (McNiele; Hagner; s.v. 45). pepog (#3538) lot, part.
to take along w., to take away. Pres. pictures what is Onjoet fut. ind. act. tiOnut (#5502) to place, to assign.
fut. as though it were already taking place (Meyer). KAavOp0¢ (# 3088) loud crying.
Ghietai pres. ind. pass. adinut (#918). The “taking”
may indicate salvation and the “leaving” judgment Matthew 25
(Gundry). 41 GAn@ovoas pres. act. part. fern. pl. aAn- @ 1 Opowwénoeta1 fut. ind. pass. on010w (# 3929) to
8 (#241) to grind. The work usually performed by make alike, to compare, followed by dat. The kingdom
the lower order of female slaves (Meyer). ptA0¢ is not like the virgins, but their story illustrates an as-
(# 3685) mill, mill stone. 42 ypnyopeite pres. imp. pect of it. (McNiele). Fut. alludes to the last judgment
act. ypnyopew (# 1213) to watch. The word has ethical (Gundry). nap@évoc (# 4221) virgin. AaPotoat aor. part.
and religious overtones (Luz). Pres. imp. indicates a act. fem. pl. AapBavw (# 3284) to take. Aapnas (# 3286)
constant vigil. noig dat. noioc (# 4481) what kind; dat. lamp, probably the so-called “Herodian” lamp (s.
of time. @ 43 exeivo refers to that which follows (BD, Matt. 5:15), or perhaps it refers to torches which were
151f). PVOOKETE pres. ind. or imp. act. s.v. 39 et (# 1623) cloths soaked in olive oil (Jeremias, Parables), or maybe
w. ind. and &v (#323) to introduce a contrary to fact lanterns (Gunther Schwartz, “Zum Vokabular von
cond. cl. fet plperf. ind. act. o16a. (# 3857). Plperf. Matthaus XXV. 1-12,” NTS 27 [1980/81]: 270). e&7/AGov
used w. past meaning. “If he were in a knowledgeable aor. ind. act. egepyouat (#2002) to go out. bxa&vtnos
state” (VA, 306). oixodeonotns (# 3867) ruler of the (#5637) meeting. This represents the betrothal, then
house. ¢vAaKt (#5871) night watch. eypnyopnoev aor. the marriage. The bridegroom accompanied by his
ind. act. ypnyopew (#1213). eiaoev aor. ind. act. eau friends went to fetch the bride from her father’s house
(#1572) to allow. Swpuz6Tvo1 aor. pass. inf. dopvacw and brought her back in procession to his own house
(# 1482) to dig through, to break through. Dig through where the marriage feast was held (Tasker; Carson,
the tile roof or under the floor (RWP). Inf. supple- 513; SB, 1:500-518; JPFC, 2:757-60; HSB, 398-99; BBC).
ments the vb. caw. 44 yiveo8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) vuppiov gen. sing. vuudtog (#3812) bridegroom. Obj.
yivoua. (#1181) to become, to be. étoyog (#2289) gen. For variant readings s. TC, 62-63. @ 2 Noav impf.
ready. 1... pa (#6052) at which hour, dat. of time. ind. act. eit (# 1639). wopdg (# 3704) foolish. dpovytos
Matthew 25 56

(# 5861) wise, sensible, thoughtful. They were wise be- the specific urgent act. @ 12 anoKpOeic aor. part. pass.
cause they were prepared (Carson, 513). 3 €AaBov (dep.) GNOKPiVOLaL (# 646) to answer. For the use of the
aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to take. EAatov (# 1778) part. s. 3:15. ola (#3857) perf. ind. act. def. perf. w.
Olive oil. Perhaps the meaning is rancid butter, which pres. meaning, to know. 13 ypnyopette pres. act.
was used for lighting (Schwartz, NTS 27, 270). imp. ypnyopew (# 1213) to watch, to be ready. A figura-
@ 4 ayyeiov (# 31) vessel, flask, small jars w. a narrow tive extension of “to be awake,” that is, “to be in con-
neck (Jeremias, Parables). 5 ypoviCovtog pres. act. tinual readiness and alertness,” “to be vigilant” (LN,
part. ypovitw (# 5988) to delay, to take one’s time. Part. 1:333). Pres. imp. calls for a continual, habitual alert-
used as gen. abs. Pres. suggests contemporary action. ness. © 14 dnodnydv pres. act. part. nom. masc. sing.
évvotaéav aor. ind. act. vvotatw (# 3818) to nod, to be- anodnuew (# 623) to go on a journey, about to go away
come drowsy, to doze. Ingressive aor. “They all be- from one’s people, on the point of going abroad
came drowsy” (BAGD). exa@evéov impf. ind. act. (RWP). Temp. or causal part. “When he was about to
Ka8_evdw (# 2761) to sleep. Incep. impf., “they began to go away...” or “because he....” exdAeoev aor. ind. act.
nod off” (Hagner). They dropped off to sleep and then Kadew (# 2813) to call. mapeéSwxev aor. ind. act. napa-
went on sleeping (RWP). 6 xpavyy (#3199) cry, dw (# 4140) to deliver over, to give to. dbmapyovta
loud calling. yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivopar (# 1181) to pres. act. part. acc. n. pl. brapyw (# 5639) to exist. Part.
become, to happen. Perf. probably is used here as a used as a noun: goods, possession (BAGD).
hist. pres. (M, 146). S. also K.L. McKay, “The Use of the @ 15 éSwxev aor. ind. act. SiSwyt (#1443) to give. ta-
Ancient Greek Perfect Down to the End of the Second Aavtov (#5419) a measure of money worth 6,000 de-
Century A.D.,” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Stud- narii, whose value varied from time to time and from
ies 12 (1965): 1-21. ® 7 nyep@noav aor. ind. pass. eyeipw place to place (Carson, 516; BAGD). One denarius was
(# 1586) to awaken, to arouse from sleep. ExOounoav worth a day’s wages (RWP; Gnilka; s. also Matt.
aor. ind. act. koowew (#3175) to put in order, to trim 18:24). In a papyrus text around A.D. 100 the price for
the lamps, to make presentable. S. R.H. Smith, “The the ransom of a woman slave is given as 1000 drach-
Household Lamps of Palestine in New Testament mae of imperial silver (NDIEC, 6:64-66). When Antio-
Times,” BA 29 (1966): 5. If they were torches, it in- chus VII besieged the city of Jerusalem and Hyrcanus
cludes checking the rags, dipping them in oil, and set- robbed the tomb of David and took about 3000 talents,
ting them aflame (Gundry; s.v. 1). It may refer to 300 of which he used to bribe Antiochus to remove the
lamps tied atop poles (Hagner). #8 e€imav aor. ind. blockade and the rest to hire a mercenary force (Jos.,
act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. S0te aor. imp. act. didwpr JW, 1:61; for other references to talents in Josephus s.
(# 1443) to give. Aor. imp. looks at a specific urgent CCF, 4:155-56). kata thy iStav Sdvapiv “according to
act. oBe€wvvvta pres. ind. pass. oBevvupt (# 4931) to ex- each individual's ability.” &mednunoev aor. ind. act. s.v.
tinguish; pass. to go out. Pres. pictures the action in 14. 16 evOews (# 2311) adv. immediately. nopevdeic
progress: “They are going out.” 9 amexpiOnoay aor. aor. pass. (dep.) part. (temp.) mopevonar (#4513) to
ind. pass. (dep.) anoxpivouat (# 646) to answer. ptnote travel. AaPwv aor. part. act. AoBavw (#3289). Part.
(# 3607) probably, perhaps (BAGD). a&pxéon aor. subj. used as subst. Npyaoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) epyafouor
act. apkew (#758) to be enough, sufficient. For the (# 2237) to be active, to work. exépdnoev aor. ind. act.
variant reading ob un s. Carson, 514. mopeveode pres. Kepdaivw (#3045) to profit, to gain. 17 doabtw>
imp. mid. (dep.) nopevowar (# 4513) to go. mwAoDvTAS (# 6058) likewise. 18 G&meA@wv aor. act. part. (cir-
pres. act. part. nwiew (# 4797) to sell. Part. used as sub- cum.) amepyouat (#599) to go away, to go out. Mpvt_ev
st. &yopaoute aor. imp. act. wyopatw (#60) to buy. Aor. aor. ind. act. opvoow (# 4002) to dig. Expvwev aor. ind.
imp. looks at the specific, urgent act. 10 amepyo- act. kpomtw (#3221) to hide. apyvpiov (# 736) silver,
wévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. anepyouar (#599) to go money. For the burying of money to protect it from
away. Part. used as gen. abs. “After they were gone thieves s. SB, 1:971-72; LNT, 24; for the safekeeping of
away.” ayopdoo aor. act. inf. ayopatw (# 60) to pur- entrusted money s. M, Baba Metzia, 3:4-12. @ 19 Epye-
chase. Inf. expresses purp. TAGev aor. ind. act. Epxouor to pres. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 10 Hist. pres. ovvaipet
(# 2262) to come. Etomog (# 2289) ready. evorGov aor. MOYO peta (#5256; 3364; 3552) a commercial term, “to
ind. act. eloépyounr (#1656) to enter into. yapovs compare accounts,” “to make a reckoning” (LAE, 117).
(# 1161) pl. wedding festivities. €xAeto8n aor. ind. pass. 20 mpooeASwv aor. act. part. (temp.) mpocepyouc
KAeiw (# 3091) to shut, to lock; effective aor. “to shut, (# 4665) to come to. MpoonveyKev aor. ind. act. mpochepw
to stay shut” (RWP; VANT, 159). @ 11 totepov (# 5731) (# 4712) to bring to. napeédwxacg aor. ind. act. napadidu-
later. Epyovtar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Epyouar to go. ut (#4140) to deliver over, to entrust. te (# 2623) aor.
Hist. pres. kbpte voc. sing. kvptog (# 3261). The double imp. act. opaw to see. ExepSnoa aor. ind act. s.v. 16.
voc. stresses the urgency of the plea (BD, 261). &vovgov © 21 Eon impf. ind. act. pnt (#5774) to say. ed (# 2292)
aor. act. imp. avotyw (# 487) to open. Aor. imp. looks at adv. “well done!” “excellent!” (EGT). kataothow fut.
Bb? Matthew 25

ind. act. Kabiotnut (#2770) to appoint. eloed@e aor. (#1666) from; here, on. The prep. here answers the
imp. act. Eoepxouat (# 1656) to enter. yapa (# 5915) joy. question “where?” (BAGD). 5&&1og (# 1288) right, on
@ 22 einev aor. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to say. @ 24 eun- the right hand, indicating a status of high standing or
ows perf. act. part. AOuPavw (#3284) to take. Perf. honor (LN, 1:737). ebwvopog (# 2381) left, on the left
points out that he still has what he had received: the hand, indicating a bad omen (Beare; Gnilka). For the
possessor (VA, 379). €yvwv aor. ind. act. yivwoKw use of the pl. w. words of directions s. BD, 77-78.
(# 1182) to know. oxAnpog (# 5017) hard, severe, harsh, @ 34 €pei fut. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306). Sevte (# 1307)
demanding (LN, 1:757). GepiCwv pres. act. part. bepitw “come here!” evAoynpévot perf. pass. part. evAoyéw to
(# 2545) to harvest. €omeipac aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. bless, to praise. KANpovoytoate aor. imp. act. KAnNpovo-
sing. oneipw (#5062) to sow. ovveywv pres. part. act. yew (# 2328) to inherit, to receive an inheritance. Nto1-
ovvayw (#5251) to gather. deoxoprioas aor. part. act. Waopevny perf. pass. part. etoccw (# 2286) to prepare.
diaoKopniCw (#1399) to scatter, to scatter seed or to Kataporn (#2856) foundation. 35 émeivaca. aor. ind.
winnow (BAGD). @ 25 oBn@eic aor. pass. (dep.) part. act. me.vaw (#4277) to be hungry. To be hungry was a
(causal) doBeonar (#5828) to be afraid. odv (#5050) sign for being needy and poor (EDNT). &8aKate aor.
yours. 26 OKvNpe voc. sing. Oxvnpds (#3891) idle, ind. act. 551 (# 1443) to give. bayeiv aor. inf. act. éo-
lazy, pertaining to shrinking from or hesitating to en- Oiw (#2266) to eat. Inf. expresses purp. &Stynoo. aor.
gage in something worthwhile, possibly implying lack ind. act. Suydw (# 1498) to be thirsty. énotioate aor. ind.
of ambition (LN, 1:769). tSetg plperf. ind. act. oda act. notitw (# 4540) to drink (s. TJ, 60; Jos., Ant., 18.193-
(# 3857) to know. Plperf. w. a past meaning. @ 27 ée1 94). Eevoc (# 3828) stranger. There was often a general
impf. act. ind. dei (# 1256) it is necessary, w. acc. and mistrust of strangers and they were in need of hospi-
inf. Impf. looks at the unfulfilled responsibility. BaAetv tality (EDNT). twnv impf. ind. mid. (dep.) 1st. pers.
aor. inf. act. BoAAw (# 965) to throw; here, to bring. tpa- sing. et (# 1639) (s. BD, 49). ovvnyayete aor. ind. act.
neCitng (#5545) moneychanger, banker. Indir. obj. ovvayw (#5251) to bring together, to invite or receive
€\Owv aor. part. act. Epyoua (# 2262). Exoproopnv aor. as a guest (BAGD). 36 yupvoc (#1218) naked. The
ind. mid. koutCw (#3152) to bring; mid. to get back, re- word can be used of complete nakedness, or of inade-
cover. toKog (#5527) interest. The maximum rate for quate or meager clothing (EDNT). nepeBdAete aor.
money loans in the empire was 12 percent (W.W. ind. act. mepiBordrAw (#4314) to cast about, to clothe.
Buckland, A Textbook of Roman Law, 465). For invest- novévno aor. ind. act. GoGevew (# 820) to be weak, to
ments s. LNT, 22-24. 28 dpate aor. imp. act. aipw be sick. €meoxéwaove aor. ind. mid. (dep.) emioxentouat
(# 149) to lift up, to take away. dS0te aor. imp. act. S16w- (# 2170) to go to see, esp. to visit the sick (BAGD). ov-
ut (# 1443) to give. Eyovtt pres. act. part. dat. masc. aki (#5871) place of guarding, prison. Prisons were
sing. €yw (# 2400) to have. Adj. part. used as subst.: “to generally a place of temporary confinement until the
the one who has....” 29 S0@qoeta1 fut. ind. pass. trial took place. To visit someone in prison was a dan-
dtSwut (# 1443) to give. neptooevOnoetat fut. ind. pass. gerous undertaking (BAFCS 3; CIC, 78-95; Brian M.
mepiooevw (# 4355) to abound, to have an abundance, Rapske, “The Importance of Helpers to the Impris-
to make to abound. éyovtog pres. act. part. gen. sing. oned Paul in the Book of Acts,” TB 42 [1991]: 3-30).
éyw (#2400) to have. A Semitic construction of casus MAGate aor. ind. act. Epxyouo1 (#2262). All of these
pendens. The part. is to be translated in the place of the works were considered in Judaism as acts of kindness
resumptive pron.: “from the one who does not have” (Lachs, 394-94; SB, 4:i, 559-610). 37 anoxpiOjoovtat
(s. McNiele; MH, 432f). &pOjoetar fut. ind. pass. aipw fut. ind. pass. (dep.) amoxpivonar (# 646) to answer.
(# 149) to lift up, to take away. 30 Gypetoc (# 945) eidouev aor. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. new@vta
useless, worthless. exBd&Aete aor. imp. act. exParrw pres. part. act. s.v. 35. eOpewopev aor. ind. act. tpedw
(#1675) to cast out. e&wtepog (#2035) outer, comp. (#5555) to nourish, to give to eat. d5wOvta pres. part.
form only (s. Matt. 8:12). The point of the parable is to act. s.v. 35. @ 38 elSopev aor. ind. act. opdaw (#3972) to
be faithful w. that which God entrusts to you (LNT, 26- see. mepieBaAOpev aor. ind. act. nepiBarrAw (# 4314) to
31). 31 €A6q aor. subj. act. Epyouor (# 2262). Subj. in throw around, to cloth. 39 gvAaKT) s.v. 36. TABoLEV
an undetermined temp. cl. w. 6tav (#4020). KaGioet aor. ind. act., s.v. 36. For the dangers s. BAFCS, 3:388-
fut. ind. act. ka0ifw (# 2767) to sit, to take one’s seat. 92. 40 cmoxpiOeic aor. pass. part. (dep.) s.v. 37. epel
32 ovvayOnoovtai fut. ind. pass. cvvayw (#5251) to fut. ind. act. s.v. 34. eo’ doov in so far as (EGT). EnO1n-
gather together. €6vq nom. pl. é@voc (#1620) nation, oate aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. evi dat. masc.
foreign nation, Gentile (BAGD; TDNT; EDNT). The ac- sing. ei¢ one. Indir. obj. EAaxiotwv (#1788) superl.
count describes the judgment of all humanity (Gun- uikpos the least. 41 nopeveoGe pres. imp. mid. (dep.)
dry). Goopioet fut. ind act. apopicen (# 928) to separate. nopevouat (# 4513) to go. Katnpopevor perf. pass. part.
TOULTV (# 4478) shepherd. Epipoc (# 2253) kid, goat. Katapconwat (# 2933) to curse (NIDNTT; TDNT). 51af0-
@ 33 otnoet fut. ind. act. tlotnut (#2705) to place. &k Aw dat. SiaPoroc¢ (# 1333) slanderer, devil (SB, 1:983-
Matthew 26 58

84). Dat. of disadvantage. 43 aoBevng (# 822) weak, substances. Gen. of content. Bapodtyog (#988) lit.,
sick. 44 68inkovnoopev aor. ind. act. d1aKovew heavy w. price, very expensive. The ointment was esti-
(# 1354) to serve, to minister, to take care of, by ren- mated at over 300 denarii, approximately a year’s sala-
dering humble service to; here, “we did not give you ry of a working man (McNiele; Carson, 526). katexeev
whatever you needed” (LN, 1:462). @ 46 aredevoovtar aor. ind. act. KOTAXEW (# 2972) to pour over, to pour
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) anepyoucn (#599) to go out, to de- down. GvaKxeyevov pres. mid. part. avaKxewar (# 367)
part. KoAaoig (# 3136) punishment, w. the implication to recline at the table. @ 8 iovtes aor. act. part. (temp. )
of resulting severe suffering (TDNT; LN, 1:489; Test. of opaw (# 3972) to see. hRyavaxtnoav aor. ind. act. aya-
Abraham, 11:11). vaktew (#24) to be indignant, to be angry (s. 20:24).
For the pl. s. GGBB, 405. eig tt “for what reason?”
Matthew 26 “why?” “but why to no purpose?” (LNT, 269). a&nw-
@ 1 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopat (# 1181) to Neva (# 724) destruction, waste. @ 9 é5vvato impf. ind.
become, to happen. etéAeoev aor. ind. act. TehEW pass. (dep.) Svvapor (# 1538) to be able to. Impf. points
(# 5464) to end, to bring to completion. eimev aor. ind. to the unfulfilled possibility. mpa@tvo1 aor. inf. pass.
act. Aeyw (#3306) to speak. 2 oi6ate perf. ind. act. minpaoxw (#4405) to sell. Used w. gen. of price.
oda (#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. So0fjvar aor. inf. pass. didwyr (# 1443) to give. Almsgiv-
maze. (# 4247) passover (TDNT; Moore, Judaism, 2:40f; ing was probably expected from the passover pilgrims
M, Pesahim; WZZT, 220-36; DJG, 237; JDB, 132-38). to accompany their worship (McNiele; WZZT, 214-15).
mopasisotat pres. ind. pass. napadidwyr (# 4140) to de- @ 10 yvovs aor. act. part. (temp.) yrwwoxw (#1182) to
liver over, to betray. Used as a t.t. of police and courts: know. Konmovs mapexete (# 4218) pres. ind. act. to cause
“hand over into the custody of” (BAGD; TLNT). Pres. someone trouble for someone (w. dat.). Npyaoato aor.
is used to refer to the certainty of the fut. event (M, ind. mid. (dep.) _pyafouar to work, to do. @ 11 ntwyx0¢
120; VA, 230-31; VANT, 225). €t¢ 10 w. inf. indicates (# 4777) poor, poor as a beggar. €yete pres. ind. act. exw
purp. otavpwfvat aor. pass. inf. otavpow (# 5090) to (# 2400) to have. The rabbis interpreted Deut. 15:11 to
crucify (TDNT; EDNT). 3 ovvnyOnoav aor. ind. pass. mean that even in the days of the Messiah, the poor
ovvayw (# 5251) pass. to gather together. This points to would be present (Lachs, 401). 12 BaAotoa aor. act.
a meeting of the Sanhedrin (EGT; BBC). apyiepevs part. (temp.) BaddAw (#965) to throw, of liquids, to
(# 797) high priest (DJG, 635). npeoButepog (# 4565) el- pour. “When she poured....” mpdg 10 (# 4639) w. inf. to
der. avAn (# 885) courtyard. Aeyouevov pres. pass. part. express purp. Evtapidoat aor. inf. act. evtapratw
Aeyw (# 3306) to say; pass. to be called, to be named. (# 1946) to prepare for burial, to bury. exotnoev aor.
Kaiaga (#2780) Caiaphas, Joseph Caiaphas, high ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. 13 Knpvz6f aor. subj.
priest from A.D. 18-36 (SB, 1:985; TDNT; JTJ; DJG, 635; pass. knpvoow (#3062) to proclaim as a herald, to
ABD, 1:803-806; EDNT; HJPE, 2:230). @ 4 ovveBoviev- preach. AoANONoetor fut. ind. pass. AaAEw (#3281) to
oavto aor. ind. mid. ovpBovAevw (#5205) to give ad- speak. pvmoovvov (#3649) remembrance, memorial.
vice; mid. to counsel together. tva (#2671) w. subj. @ 14 nopevOeig aor. part. pass. (dep.) mopevouar
after a vb. of effort or plan (EGT). 50Aw dat. sing. 50A0¢ (# 4513) to go. Circum. or temp. part. @ 15 do0bva aor.
(# 1515) deceit, cunning, treachery, as they would trap inf.-act. 5t5wut (# 1443) to give. napadwow fut. ind. act.
a wild beast (RWP). Instr. dat. Kpatnowow aor. subj. TapasiSwpt s.v. 2. Eotnoav aor. ind. act. totnur (# 2705)
act. kpatew (#3195) to seize, to take into custody, to ar- to place, to place in the scales, to weigh (McNiele). ap-
rest. G&MoKtetvwolv aor. subj. act. amoxtetvw (# 650) to yoptov (# 736) silver money. The thirty shekels, a refer-
kill. 5 opti (#2038) dat. feast, festival. @opupos ence to Zech. 11:12. If a man’s ox gored a servant he
(# 2573) turmoil, uproar. yevntar aor. subj. mid. (dep.) had to pay this amount (Exod. 21:32) (RWP). The total
yivouc (# 1181) to become, to happen. W. the increased bribe was about a month's wages (Filson). 16 e¢nter
number of people in the city and w. religious fervor impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. evxatpia (# 2321)
and national messianism, the leaders were right in the right time, opportunity. mapas@ aor. subj. act.
fearing the people (Carson, 524). 6 yevowevov aor. rapadsidwut s.v. 2. 17 dfoywv gen. &Cvua (#109) un-
part. mid. (dep.) yivouai s.v. 5. Gen. abs. temp. part. leavened bread, the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Cele-
@ 7 mpoonAGev aor. ind. act. mpooepyouor (#4665) to brated in connection w. the Passover (s. Exod. 12:17ff;
come to. Exovoa pres. act. part. nom. fem. sing. éyw TDNT; SB, 1:987-88; JPB, 132-33; Hagner; Harrington).
(# 2400) to have. aAGBaotpov (# 223) alabaster, then al- MpoonAsov aor. ind. act. mpooepyouar (# 4665) s.v. 7.
abaster flask for ointment. A vessel w. a long neck Etoy.caowpeV aor. subj. act. toyc.Cw (# 2286) to prepare.
which was broken off when the contents were used dayeiv aor. inf. act. co8iw (#2266) to eat. m&oxa Pass-
(BAGD). pvpov (#3693) gen. sing. pvpov ointment, a over. For a discussion of the last supper s. DJG, 444-50.
highly perfumed or aromatic oil, perhaps from the Siva2 @ 18 einev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
nard plant (PB, 205; FFB, 151-52) or compound of such bmayete pres. imp. act. Umcyw (#5632) to go. Seiva
59 Matthew 26

(# 1265) someone, a certain one. Used of a person or M, Pesahim 10:7). €&fA@ov aor. ind. act. e€epyouat
thing one cannot describe or does not wish to name (# 2002) to go out. The meal was to be finished by mid-
(BAGD). trate aor. imp. act. mpdc o€ (# 4639; 5148) “w. night (M, Pes. 10:9). 31 oxavdaA1o8joEobe fut. ind.
you,” “at your house.” now pres. ind. act. novew Pass. oxavdarittw (# 4997) to cause to stumble (TDNT).
(# 4472) to do, to celebrate. @ 19 énoinoay aor. ind. act. nataéw fut. ind. act. rataoow (# 4250) to strike, to hit.
movew s.v. 18. ovvetat_ev aor. ind. act. cvvtdcow (# 5332) TOWEVG. acc. sing. Tony (# 4478) shepherd. Here a pic-
to command, to give an order. ttotwaoav aor. ind. act. ture of leadership (DJG, 752). 5taoxopmicOjoovtar fut.
Etomacw (#2286) to prepare. 20 6yiac (#4070) ind. pass. d5vacKkopniCw (# 1399) to scatter. For the prep.
evening (BBC). yevouévns aor. mid. part. (dep.) yivopar in the compound w. the meaning “to and fro” s. MH,
s.v. 5. in gen. abs. dvexeito impf. ind. mid. (dep.) 302. noipvng gen. sing. noipvn (# 4479) flock. Gen. of
avaKear. s.v. 7. Impf. pictures the continual action. content. For the quotation from Zech. 13:7 as the basis
@ 21 EoO1Ovtwv pres. act. part. gen. abs. Temp. part., for Jesus’ prediction s. OTGPN, 182-87. @ 32 eyep@ijvar
“while they were eating.” mapadwoet fut. ind. act. s.v. aor. inf. pass. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise from the dead, to
2. 22 AvNovpeEVoI pres. pass. part. Aunéw (# 3382) to rise. Inf. w. the prep. peta to express subsequent time
make sad; pass. to be sad, to be distressed, to grieve (“after”). mpodEw fut. ind. act. mpodwyw (# 4575) to go be-
(BAGD). fpEavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) épyouor (# 806) fore. 33 GnoKpiWeic aor. pass. part. s.v. 23. ey
to begin. eg Exaotog (# 1651; 1667) each (intensified) (# 1609) I (emphatic), in contrast to others. oxavda-
(BD, 160). wntt (# 3614) used in a question which ex- AtoSjoovtat fut. ind. pass. ocavdariGw (# 4997) to cause
pects a neg. answer. @ 23 dnoxpw6eic aor. pass. (dep.) to stumble. The volative fut. expresses determination
part. amoxpivoua (#646) to answer. EuBdwas aor. act. of the will (RG, 874). 34 €pn impf. ind. act. pnt
part. euBarntw (#1835) to dip into. tpupAiw dat. sing. (#5774) to say. mpiv (#4570) before, w. acc. and inf.
tpvpAtov (#5581) a deep bowl. The food was dipped aAextwp (#232) rooster. dwvijoat aor. inf. act. dbwvew
into a sauce composed of fruits, spices, and vinegar (# 5888) to call; here, to crow. The cock crowing
(McNiele). 24 vmdyer pres. ind. act. brdyw (# 5632) marked the third Roman watch 12-3 A.M. (McNiele).
to go away. A euphemism for dying (Gnilka). yeypan- anapvnon fut. ind. mid. (dep.) anapveowar (#565) to
tar perf. ind. pass. yp&bw (# 1211) to write. mapadisota1 deny. The prep. of the compound perfectivizes the vb.:
pres. ind. pass. napadidwur (# 4140) to betray. eyevvnen “to completely deny” (MH, 298). @ 35 8€q pres. subj.
aor. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear, to be born. Used act. Sei (# 1256) it is necessary. &mo8avetv aor. inf. act.
in a contrary to fact cond. cl. (VA, 295). 25 nopast- cnoOvnoKkw (# 633) to die. od un (# 4024; 3590) emphatic
S00¢ pres. act. part. mapadidwur to betray. elmac aor. neg. €imav aor. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306). 36 Kabioate
ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. Xeyw (# 3306) to say. “You (em- aor. imp. act. Kobitw (# 2767) to sit down. avtod adv. of
phatic) said it.” S.v. 64 for the significance of the state- place, here. we ov (# 2401; 4005) w. subj., as long as,
ment. 26 AaPwv aor. act. part. AauBavw (# 3284) to until, while. a&meAOuv aor. act. part. amepyouat (# 599) to
take. ebAoynous aor. act. part. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless, go forth. mpooevEwpar aor. subj. mid. (dep.) mpocevyo-
to give thanks (s. TDNT). For the blessing used at such war (#4667) to pray. 37 nopodAaPwv aor. act. part.
meals s. Hill; SB, 4:i, 61£; WZZT, 230ff; LT, 2:496; M, Be- Taparaupave (# 4161) to take w. TpEato impf. ind. mid.
rakoth 6-7; M, Pesahim 10. Parts. are temp. or circum. (dep.) &pxona s.v. 22. Avnetobat pres. inf. pass. s.v. 22.
suggesting antecedent action. ExAaoev aor. ind. act. adnpovetv pres. inf. act. cSnuovew (# 86) to be troubled,
KAaw (#3089) to break. S00¢ aor. act. part. didwut to be distressed. It implies a restless, distracted shrink-
(# 1443) s.v. 15. AdBete aor. imp. act. AopwBavw to take. ing from some trouble or thought of trouble which
ocyete aor. imp. act. éo0iw (# 2266) to eat. 27 nothpt- nevertheless cannot be escaped (McNiele; s. Test. Abra-
ov (# 4539) cup. ebyapiothoas aor. act. part. evyapiotew ham, 7:5). 38 nepthunog (#4337) lit., surrounded by
(# 2373) to give thanks. é3wxKev aor. ind. act. d15wyr sorrow, overwhelmed w. distress (EGT). For the prep.
(# 1443) to give. miete aor. imp. act. nivw (#4403) to in this compound s. MH, 312f. peivate aor. imp. act.
drink. n&vteg nom. pl. nic (#4246) all. Nom. is the wévw (#3531) to remain. ypnyopeite pres. imp. act.
subj.: “all (of you) drink from it.” @ 28 d1a@qKH ypnyopew (#1213) to watch, keep awake physically
(# 1347) covenant (TDNT; NIDNTT; NTW; APC). &x- (McNeile). 39 mpoeA®wv aor. act. part. mpoepxouat
yvvvoVEvoV pres. pass. part. ekyvvw (#1772) to pour (# 4601) to go before. pixpov (# 3625) a little, (adv.). Acc.
out. The shed blood indicates life given up in death a little way, a short distance. &meoev aor. ind. act. rintw
(APC). 29 niw aor. subj. act. nivw (#4403) to drink. (# 4406) to fall. npooevyopuevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part.
yevnua. (# 1163) that which grows, fruit. &dpmedog (# 306) mpooevxoua (#4667) to pray. MapeA@dtw aor. imp. act.
grapevine. 30 pvnoavteg aor. act. part. buvew 3rd. pers. sing. napepyouo. (#4216) to pass by. Aor.
(# 5630) to sing hymns of praise. The second part of the imp. indicates the feeling of dependence which leaves
Hallel (Pss. 113-118) was sung at the close of the Pass- everything to the Father (Bakker, 101; for the cond. cl.
over meal (BAGD; SB, 4:ii, 68-73; WZZT, 230, 288-90; s. VA, 294f). nothptov (# 4539) cup. It refers to suffering,
Matthew 26 60

death, and the wrath of God (Carson, 543; EDNT). (# 4205) to be present, to come. énéBadov aor. ind. act.
@ 40 evpioxer pres. ind. act. ebpioxw (#2351) to find; EniPOAAW (# 2095)to seize, to lay hands upon. expatn-
hist. pres. ka@evdSovtac pres. act. part. kadevdw (# 2761) oav aor. ind. act. kpatew (# 3195) to take into custody,
to sleep. loyboate aor. ind. act. ioxbw (# 2710) to have apprehend. 51 €xtetvac aor. act. part. (circum.) eK-
strength, to be able. wpav acc. wpa (#6052) hour. Acc. tetvw (#1753) to stretch out. &méomaoev aor. ind. act.
of time, “for one hour.” ypryoptioar aor. act. inf. yprnyo- anoonaw (#685) to draw out. mata&&ag aor. act. part.
pew to watch s.v. 38. @ 41 mpooevyeobe pres. imp. mid. (circum.) s.v. 31. &oeiAev aor. ind. act. adapew (# 904)
(dep.) npocevyouat (# 4667) to pray. eloeAONTE aor. subj. to take away, to cut off. wtiov (#6065) ear.
act. eloepyouan (# 1565) to go into. Subj. w. iva. (#2671) 52 andotpeyov aor. imp. act. anootpedw (#695) to
gives the content, or expresses the purp. of the prayer. turn away, to put away. AaPovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 26.
Teipaopos (#4280) temptation. nmvedpa (# 4460) spirit. év by (instr. use of the prep.). &moAodvtat fut. ind. mid.
mpobvpos (#4609) ready, willing. oap— (#4922) flesh. (dep.) amoAdvpn1 (#660) to perish. Gnomic fut.
The distinction is between man’s physical weakness @ 53 doxeic pres. ind. act. 5oxew (# 1506) to suppose, to
(flesh) and the noble desires of his will (willing spirit) think. od (# 4024) in the question expects a positive an-
(Hill). coOevng (# 822) weak. 42 npoonvdEato aor. ind. swer. NapaKaAéoat aor. inf. act. tapakarew (#4151) to
mid. (dep.) npooevyouat (# 4667) to pray. et (# 1623) if, summon, to call to one’s side for help. napaothoe fut.
introduces a Ist. class cond., asserting something for ind. act. naptotni (#4225) to stand by. Prep. in the
the sake of argument (VA, 294-96). mapedGeiv aor. inf. compound is local (MH, 319). Both of these vbs. are
act. mapepyouai (#4216) to pass by. &av ph (# 1569; used in connection w. military matters (EGT). mAeiw
3590) if not, except, cond. of the 3rd. class undeter- comp. norvg (#4498) more than. Aeywwv (#3305) le-
mined. This delicate distinction between the cond. cls. gion. The principle unit of the Roman army contain-
accurately presents the real attitude of Jesus toward ing about 6,000 men (s. IDB, 3:110; BC, 5:427-31; DJG,
this subtle temptation (RWP). yevn@ntw aor. imp. pass. 548-49; ABD, 5:789-91). The point is that his army is
(dep.) 3rd. pers. sing. yivouar s.v. 5. @ 43 €A8wv aor. greater in number and greater in strength. @ 54 mAn-
act. part. epxouar (# 2262) to go. Temp. or circum. part. pwO@or aor. subj. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. De-
evpev aor. ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. BeBapnpévor liberative subj. used in a rhetorical question. det pres.
perf. pass. part. Bapew (#976) to make heavy, to be ind. act. dew to bind. s.v. 35. It expresses a logical ne-
heavy (w. sleep). Perf. emphasizes the present state. cessity. yevéo@ar aor. inf. mid. (dep.) yivouar s.v. 5. Inf.
Adj. part. 44 dgeic aor. act. part. (temp.) apinpt used to complete the vb. #55 Anotihg (# 3334) robber.
(#918) to leave. eimwv aor. act. part. Aeyw (#3306) to One who uses violence to possess another’s property,
say. @ 45 xaSevédete pres. imp. act. kabevdw (# 2761) to thus differing from a thief (EGT). e&Sate aor. ind.
sleep. avanaveoGe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) avanavoyor act. e€epyouor (# 2002) s.v. 30. ovAAaBetv aor. inf. act.
(# 399) to take one’s rest. tyyyixev perf. ind. act. eyyiGw ovAAapBavw (#5197) to seize, to take. Ka0’ TEpav
(# 1581) to draw near. napadidotai pres. ind. pass. s.v. (# 2848; 2465) daily. exa®efounv impf. ind. mid. (dep.)
24. © 46 Eyeipeobe pres. imp. pass. s.v. 32. &ywEV pres. KadeCouar (#2757) to sit. Customary impf. dSda0Kwv
subj. act. wyw (#72) to go. Cohortative subj. means “let (# 1438) pres. act. part. Part. of manner. @ 56 yeyovev
us go.” mapasidovc pres. act. part. s.v. 24. “The one erf. ind. act. yivopo1 (#1181) to become, to happen.
who betrays.” Judas sold information where Jesus QhevtEs aor. act. part. (circum.) aint s.v. 44. Edvyov
could be found and taken inconspicuously (Blinzler). aor. ind. act. devyw (#5771) to flee. 57 xpathoavtes
@ 47 A\aAotdvtog pres. act. part. AaArEw (#3281) to aor. act. part. s.v. 4. Temp. or circum. part. &mTyayov
speak, to say. Gen. abs., “while he was yet speaking.” aor. ind. act. amayw (#552) to lead away. apyxrepea acc.
NAGev aor. ind. act. épyouar s.v. 43. payopa (# 3479) apyiepevs (#797) high priest. For the trial of Jesus s.
sword. EvAov (#3833) wood, stick, club (McNiele). Catchpole; Blinzler; Sherwin-White, 24-47; Ernst Bam-
@ 48 ESwxev aor. ind. act. d15wpr s.v. 27. oiAnow aor. mel, “The Trial before Pilate,” JPD, 415-51; Carson,
subj. act. piAew (# 5797) to love, to kiss. kpathoate aor. 549-52; DMM, 315-877; BBC. @ 58 NKoAovGe1 impf. ind.
imp. act. s.v. 4. 49 mpooeAOwv aor. act. part. s.v. 7. act. akoAovbEew (# 199) to follow, w. dat. The impf. pic-
xaipe pres. imp. act. yatpw (#5897) form of greeting, tures his continual following. waxpo@ev (# 3427) from
“hello.” kateptanoev aor. ind. act. katapirew (# 2968) afar, from a distance. etoeA@wv aor. act. part. (circum.)
to kiss fervently, intensified by the prep. (RWP). A kiss eloepyouar (# 1656) to go in, to come in. Ex&Onto impf.
expressing honor or reverence was common among ind. mid. (dep.) kaOnuat (# 2764) to sit. Impf. means
the Rabbis (SB, 1:995). The disciple was not to greet “he was sitting.” bmnpetns (# 5677) servant, minister,
the master first. This was a sign of insubordination helper. 1Seiv aor. inf. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Inf. of
(AM). 50 étaipe voc. etaipos (# 2279) friend. &’ 6 purp. 59 ovvedpiov (#5284) Sanhedrin. The Sanhe-
(# 2093; 4005) “for what?” “why?” (GI, 69-71; LAE, drin did not possess the general right of execution ex-
125-31). m&per pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. mapeyt cept in reference to the violation of the innermost
61 Matthew 27

temple court (AM; Sherwin-White, 38ff.; s. Jonah Os- oav aor. ind. act. euntow (#1870) to spit on. A sign of
trow, “Tannaitic and Roman Procedure in Homicide,” the strongest rejection and contempt (NBD).
Jewish Quarterly Review, 48 [1957-58]: 352-70; Luke ExoAGtoay aor. ind. act. KoAabiGw (# 3139) to strike w.
23:13). eftovv impf. ind. act. Cntew (#2426) to seek. the fist. _pamioay aor. ind. act. pantGw (# 4824) to strike
Impf. indicates the continual search. wevdonaptupia w. a club; also to strike w. the open hand, esp. in the
(#6019) false witness. Bavatwowotv aor. subj. act. face (BAGD; s. Isa 50:6). 68 npopntevoov aor. imp.
Bavatow (# 2506) to kill. Subj. w. Onws (#3968) in a act. mpopntevw (#4736) to prophesy. matoag aor. act.
purp. cl. 60 edpov aor. ind. act. evpioxw (#2351) to part. maiw (#4091) to hit, to strike. Part. used as subst.
find npooeA@ovtwv aor. act. part. s.v. 7. Gen. abs. used “the one who hit...” @ 69 €xa@nto impf. ind. mid.
to express concession G although”). Dotepov (# 5731) at (dep.) KoOnLoN (# 2764) to sit. mpoonjAGev aor. ind. act.
last. 61 eimav aor. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to say. ovtOC Siva 7é oda. impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (i 1639) (BD, 49).
(# 4047), “this one!” Derogatory in use. &n impf. ind. 70 Tipvijoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apveowor (# 766)
act. dnt (#5774) to say s.v. 34. KataAdoat aor. inf. act. s.v. 34. oida perf. ind. act. to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
Katakvw (#2907) to destroy. 51a tpidv Mpepav lit., meaning s.v. 2. For a discussion of the denials of Peter
through three days (EGT). oixodopfjoo1 aor. inf. act. s. Carson, 557-58. @ 71 &€e\0vta aor. act. part. E&epxo-
oixodouew (# 3868) to erect, to build. Desecration of a ja. s.v. 30. He retired into the dimmer light of the ves-
sacred place was regarded as a capital offense in the tibule close to the gateway (McNiele). Tuy (# 4784)
ancient world (Carson, 554). 62 dvaotas aor. act. gate, gateway, entrance. eldev aor. ind. act. dpdaw
part. (circum.) d&viotnut (#482) to stand up. anoxpivy (# 3972) to see. 72 OpKog (# 3992) oath. Ott (# 4022)=
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. anoxpivouar quotation marks, dir. speech. 73 eotétes perf. act.
(#646) to answer. Katopaptvpotoi pres. ind. act. part. totnut (#2705) to stand. A@A1a (#3282) speech.
Katoyatupew (#2909) to give testimony against (w. For the language and dialect of those of Galilee s. HA,
gen.). 63 éowwna impf. ind. act. clwnaw (# 4995) to 61-64; BBC; DJG, 434-44; SB, 1:156-59. dfAoc (# 1316)
be silent. Impf. pictures continual action in the past. clear, evident. 74 fipEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 22.
He continually remained silent during the various ac- Katadepatierv (# 3874) pres. act. inf. to curse, to wish
cusations. &€opKiCw pres. ind. act. e€opxpiGw (# 2019) to oneself accursed if he lies (TDNT). ouvveww (# 3923)
cause someone to take an oath, to charge someone pres. act. inf. to swear. Inf. used w. the vb. épyw. epwvn-
under oath, to put someone under oath using divine oev aor. ind. act. s.v. 34. 75 &uvqo8n aor. ind. pass.
names and titles renders the oath binding (McNeile). (dep.) pyivjoKopor (#3630) to remember. elpnKkotos
G@vtos pres. act. part. Caw (#2409) to live. €imys aor. perf. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. ExAavoev aor. ind.
subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. 64 eimag aor. ind. act. act. KAatw (# 3081) to weep. muxpiic (# 4396) bitterly.
AEyw to say. “You (emphatic) said it.” The phrase is af-
firmative in content, and reluctant in formulation Matthew 27
(D.R. Catchpole, “The Answer of Jesus to Caiaphas @ 1 npwia (# 4746) early morning. yevopévng aor.
[Matthew 26:64],” NTS 17 [1971]: 213-26; Hagner). mid. (dep.) part. yivouwo. (#1181) to become, some-
mTAnv (#4440) moreover, indeed. “Yes, I am. Indeed I times in the sense “to be”; gen. abs. ovpPovdA1ov
tell you that you will see Me immediately vindicated” (#5206) consultation. éAaBov aor. ind. act. Aaupavw
(Thrall, 78). Oweo@e fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) (# 3284) to take. Used w. the preceding word, to forma
to see. KaOnjpevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. Ka@nwar plan, to consult, to plot (BAGD). The word refers to
(# 2764) s.v. 58. The right hand was a place of authori- the planning of strategy, the holding of a consultation,
ty, prominence and privilege (Cleon L. Rogers, Jr. “The but is not the interrogation of the accused or the exam-
Davidic Covenant in Acts-Revelation,” Bib Sac 151 ination of testimony (Catchpole, 191). @ote (#6063)
[1994]: 74). 65 Siéppntev aor. ind. act. diappnyvopt that, used w. the inf. for purp., intended results (BD,
(# 1396) to rip, to tear. The tearing of the garment may 198). @avatdoa1 aor. inf. act. Bavatow (#2506) to kill.
have been a spontaneous expression of real horror @ 2 Snoavtec aor. act. part. (temp.) dew (# 1313) to bind.
(McNeile). Those judging the trial of a blasphemer aNyayov aor. ind. act. anc&yw (#552) to lead out. mapé-
were required to stand and tear their garments upon Swxav aor. ind. act. tapadidwut (# 4140) to deliver over.
hearing the blasphemy (M, Sanhedrin 7:5; SB, 1:1006- Tyeyovi dat. sing. Nyewwv (#2450) governor, ruler. Indir.
19). eBAMopnpNoev aor. ind. act. PAachnuew (# 1059) to obj. For material on Pontius Pilate s. TJ, 51-57; HA,
blaspheme (TDNT; EDNT; RAC, 11:1190-93; DJG, 76- 172-83. 3 180v aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972)
Lane TKkovoate aor. ind. act. axovw (#201) to hear. to see. mapas dove aor. act. part. mapadtdwpt (# 4140) to
66 ti dpiv Soxei used impersonally w. dat. “What is deliver over, to betray. Kkatexpt@n aor. ind. pass.
it to you?” that is, “What do you think?” d&moKxpiWEvtEs Katakpivw (#2891) to pronounce judgment against, to
aor. pass. (dep.) part. cmoKpivonor (# 646) to answer. condemn. petopeAnbetg aor. pass. part. petopedouat
Evoxos (# 1944) guilty, followed by gen. @ 67 éventv- (# 3564) to regret, to repent, wishing it were undone
Matthew 27 62

(EGT; s. Matt. 21:30). €otpewev aor. ind. act. otpedw pater pres. inf. act. Pavuctw (# 2513) to be astonished,
(# 5138) to bring back, to return. © 4 Taptov aor. to wonder. Inf. w. wote (#6063) to express results.
ind. act. Guaptavw (#279) to sin. mapadsove aor. act. Those who did not defend themselves were given
part. mapadtdwpt s.v. 2. Part. used to express manner. three opportunities of changing their mind before sen-
elmav aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. 6wy fut. ind. tence was finally given against them (Sherwin-White,
mid. 2nd. pers. sing. opaw (#3972) see to it yourself, 25; s. Isa. 53:7). @ 15 ewer plperf. ind. act. of the perf.
take care of that!, the volative fut. (BD, 183). #5 piwac form ciw0a. (# 1665) to be accustomed (BAGD). a&no-
aor. act. part. pintw (#4849) to throw, to put or lay Ave aor. inf. act. cmoAvw (# 668) to release. The release
down. Temp. or circum. part. He placed the money in was probably a royal prerogative by way of the Sanhe-
the treasury (McNiele). If one wished to revoke a drin (JPD, 427). nOedov impf. ind. act. 6&Aw (#2527) to
transaction but was refused, he could deposit the wish, to desire. For the custom of releasing a prisoner
money in the Temple, thus revoking the matter (JTJ, at Passover and comments on M, Pesachim 7:6 s. Blin-
139; OTGPN, 200). avexwpnoev aor. ind. act. dvaywpew zler. One prisoner was released in remembrance of Is-
(# 432) to depart, to go away. GmeABwv aor. act. part. rael’s salvation from Egypt and Jews sought to buy
anepyoua (#599) to go out. a&mny—ato aor. ind. mid. back those taken captive (JPD, 427; BBC). 16 ELYOV
anayw (# 551) dir. mid. to hang oneself (RWP). @ 6 Aa- impf. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to have. emionpog (# 2168)
Bovtec aor. act. part. (circum.) AapBavw (# 3284) to take. outstanding, notorious. It may refer to the high repu-
éEeoti (# 2003) pres. ind. act. é€et it is lawful. BaAgiv tation in which he was held by the more rebellious
aor. ind. act. BaAAw (#965) to cast, to put. Koppavac Jews (McNiele). Aeyovevov pres. pass. part. AEyw
(# 3168) temple treasury (McNiele). tyq (# 5507) price. (#3306) 17 ovvnyevwv perf. pass. part. ovvayw
The price of blood was pollution to the treasury (Mc- (#5251) to gather together, to assemble; gen. abs.
Niele; Gnilka; Deut. 23:19). @ 7 nyopaoay aor. ind. act. GnoAvow fut. ind. act. amoAvw (#668) to release.
ayopatw (#60) to buy. Kepapeds (#3038) potter. tapn @ 18 q5et plperf. ind. act. oi5a (# 3857) to know. Def.
(# 5438) grave. Eevoig dat. pl. Eevocg (# 3828) stranger. perf. w. pres. meaning. 980vo¢ (#5784) envy, jealousy,
Probably refers to the pilgrims who come to Jerusalem ill will against someone because of some real or pre-
(Gnilka). Dat. of advantage. 8 €kAn6n aor. ind. sumed advantage by such a person (IDB, 2:806f; LN,
pass. koAew (# 2813) to call, to name. #9 ExAnpwen 1:760). 19 ka@npévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. KaO@nLo
aor. ind. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. pnOev aor. pass. (# 2764) to sit, to take one’s seat; gen. abs. Bra (# 1037)
part. Aeyw (#3306) to say. Probably a reference to Jer. tribunal, judicial bench. a&néoteiev aor. ind. act. ano-
19:1-13 (HSB, 399-400). The betrayal for money led oTeAAw (#690) to send. Sikaiw dat. sing. Sika10¢
Matthew to Zech. 11:13 and the word “potter” led him (# 1465) righteous, innocent (s. GW, 121f). Dat. of per-
to Jer. 19 (OTGPN, 207-10; Carson, 562-66; Gundry). sonal interest: “Let there be nothing between you and
TETINHEVOY perf. pass. part. tTuwdw (#5506) to set a that innocent man!” (GI, 46). éma@ov aor. ind. act.
price on, to estimate, to value. ETYLNOAVTO aor. ind. naoyw (#4248) to suffer. 6vap (#3941) dream; w. the
mid. twoaw. 10 €wKav aor. ind. act. S151 (#4 1443) prep. (kata), “in a dream.” @ 20 Exeioay aor. ind. act.
to give. €t¢ (# 1650) here, for. ovvetagev aor. ind. act. neOw (#4275) to persuade. aithnowvtat aor. subj. mid.
ovvtaoow (#5332) to arrange, to order. #11 Eotca6n aitew (#160) to ask, to request. &oowow aor. subj.
aor. ind. pass. totnut (# 2705) to place. The sentence of act. AmoAAvEL (#660) to destroy. @ 21 axoxKpietg aor.
the Sanhedrin had to be carried out by the procurator pass. (dep.) part. amoxpivona (#646) to answer.
(Sherwin-White, 44ff). It is also suggested that the reli- @ 22 noinow fut. ind. act. no1ew (#4472) to do. otav-
gious leaders sought to avoid responsibility by having pwOntw aor. imp. pass. 3rd. pers. sing. otavpow (# 5090)
a third party carry out the sentence (LNT, 422f). énn- to crucify. 23 €notnoev aor. ind. act. novew to do.
pwrtnoev aor. ind. act. enepwtcw (# 2089) to question. ob Expatov impf. ind. act. Kpatw (# 3189) to scream; impf.
(#5148) you (emphatic). The term “King of the Jews” pictures the continual action. The crowd clamored for
indicated a leader of the resistance (Sherwin-White, crucifixion because it was cursed by God (s. Deut.
24). &>7 impf. ind. act. pnt (#5774) to say. (For the an- 21:22-23; Gal. 3:13; TDNT under otavpog; C, esp. 84-90;
swer s. Matt. 26:64.) 12 €v t@ (# 1877) w. inf. indi- David J. Halperin, “Crucifixion, the Nahum Pesher,
cates contemporaneous time, while. Katryopetobar and the Rabbinic Penalty of Strangulation,” JJS 32
pres. pass. inf. katnyopew (#2989) to bring a change [1981]: 32-46; Max Wilcox, “Upon the Tree’-Deut
against. dmexpivato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) a&moxpivoyar 21:22-23 in the New Testament,” JBL 96 [1977]: 85-99;
(# 646) to answer. 13 00a acc. pl. mooog (# 4531) Joseph A. Fitzmyer, “Crucifixion in Ancient Palestine,
how much, how great, how many. Katopaptupodorv Qumran Literature, and the New Testament,” CBQ 4
pres. ind. act. katopaptupew (# 2909) to witness against [1978]: 493-513). 24 whedei pres. ind. act. wdetdw
w. gen. 14 amexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) anoxpivo- (# 6067) to be of use, to profit. AaBwv aor. act. part. (cir-
wo (# 646) to answer. pta (# 4839) word, thing. 6av- cum.) AapBavw (#3284) to take. a&neviyato aor. ind.
63 Matthew 27

mid. &novintw (#672) to wash, to wash off. The mid. strike. Impf. indicates they repeatedly struck him on
focuses on Pilate as if this symbolic act could remove the head (Filson). @ 31 €€€5voav aor. ind. act. exd0w
real guilt (GGBB, 421). The practice of washing hands (# 1694) to put on. &mnyayov aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. Eig TO
was a symbol for the removal of guilt (Tasker; Deut. (# 1650; 3836) w. inf. to express purp. OTAUPHGOL aor.
21:6; SB, 1:1032; Timothy B. Cargal, “His Blood be inf. act. s.v. 22. 32 ebpov aor. ind. act. evpioxw
Upon Us and Our Children’: A Matthean Double En- (#2351) to find. nyyapevaav aor. ind. act. ayyapevw
tendre?” NTS 37 [1991]: 104). amévavti (# 595) w. gen. (# 30) to compel, to forcibly press someone into com-
over, against, before. (Katévavti as variant reading, in pulsory service; a word evidently taken from the Per-
the sight of, before [BAGD].) @ 25 einev aor. ind. act. sian postal service (NTW, 15-17; EDNT; NDIEC, 1:42;
heyw (# 3306) to say. aia. (# 135) blood. Perhaps a ref- 2:77; McNiele). &pq aor. subj. act. aipw (# 149) to lift
erence both to taking responsibility and to the later up, to carry. otadpog (# 5089) cross (TDNT; Blinzler).
offer of forgiveness through His blood (Timothy B. 33 EABOvtES aor. act. part. (temp.) Epxouat (# 2262) to
Cargal, “His Blood be Upon Us and Our Children’: A come, to go. Kpaviov (# 3191) skull. @ 34 wav aor.
Matthean Double Entendre?” NTS 37 [1991]: 101-12). ind. act. s.v. 10. mvueiv aor. act. inf. mivw (#4403) to
26 &méAvoEV aor. ind. act. cmoAvW (# 668) to release. drink. yoAn (#5958) that which is bitter, gall (EDNT).
dpayedAdwoag aor. act. part. dpayedAow (#5849) to HELLypEVOV perf. pass. part. petyvuyt (#3502) to mix. A
scourge. This was either a part of the main punish- man about to be executed could beg a grain of incense
ment Or was a separate punishment (Bammel, JPD, (a narcotic) in wine in order to dull his senses and alle-
440-41). For the horrible practice of scourging s. Blin- viate pain, and this was in accord w. Jewish custom
zler; TDNT; RAC, 9:469-90; BAFCS, 3:14-15, 297-98; (Hill; SB, 1:1037-38). yevoopevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part.
EDNT. napedwxev aor. ind. act. rapasdtswyur (# 4140) to yevoua (# 1174) to taste. nOEAnoev aor. ind. act. bEAW
deliver over. It could be delivering over to the soldiers (# 2527) to desire. 35 otavpwoavtes aor. act. part.
or to the Jews (Bammel, JPD, 436-51). otavpw67 aor. otavpow (# 5090) to crucify s.v. 22. Temp. part. express-
subj. pass. otavpow (#5090) to crucify. Subj. w. iva ing contemporaneous action w. aor. in main vb. 61-
(# 2671) used in a purp. cl. For more s.v. 23. @ 27 euepioavto aor. ind. mid. Séiapepitw (#1374) to
Toporapovtes aor. act. part. naparapBavw (#4161) to distribute, to distribute among themselves. The sol-
take w. mpaitwpiov (#4550) the official residence of a diers who carried out the sentence had a right to the
governor (McNiele; BBC; Acts 23:35). This was either clothes of the criminal (AM). This meant that Jesus
the Fortress of Antonia, at the northwest corner of the was naked, which was in accord w. Jewish custom (SB,
Temple Mount, or more likely the Palace of Herod, on 1:1038). 36 KaOnpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 19.
the west side of the city. ovvnyayov aor. ind. act. ovv- Etnpovv impf. ind. act. tnpew (#5498) to watch, to
ayw (#5251) to gather together. en’ adtov (# 2093; 899) guard. The soldiers kept watch to prevent any rescue
upon him, around him, against him. oneipa (# 5061) (Carson, 576). Impf. indicates the continual action.
cohort s. 26:53. 28 exSvoavtes aor. act. part. © 37 ExeOnKay aor. ind. act. enitOnuLr (# 2202) to place
(temp.) Exd0w (# 1694) to undress. yAapdba acc. xAALVG upon, to place. émdvw (#2062) w. gen., over. aitia
(# 5968) a man’s outer garment, a cloak used by travel- (# 162) cause, guilt. yeypowpevny perf. pass. part. ypaow
ers and soldiers (BAGD). Koxkivoc (#3132) scarlet. (# 1211) to write. The inscription was written w. black
This scarlet mantel on Jesus was a mock imitation of or red letters on a white background (Blinzler). 38
the royal purple (RWP). nepve6nkayv aor. ind. act. nept- otavpodvtat pres. ind. pass. otavpow (#5090) to cruci-
tiOnur (#4363) to place around. @ 29 meEavtes aor. fy. Anotai pl. AnotNs (#3334) robber (s. Matt. 26:55).
act. part. mAexw (#4428) to plait. OTEHO.VOG (# 5109) Though it was evidently normal to execute only one
wreath, circlet. &kavOa (#180) thorn. éxé@nKav aor. person a day, there is evidence that there were numer-
ind. act. eniti@nut (# 2202) to place upon. The circlet of ous executions on the same day (M, Sanh. 4:6; Jos., JW,
thorns was meant as a cheap (and painful) imitation of 2:253; SB, 1:1039). 39 napamopevopevor pres. mid.
the radiant circlet depicted on the coins of Tiberius (dep.) part. napanopevouar (# 4182) to pass alongside
Caesar (AM). xaAapos (# 2812) reed, corresponding to of, to pass by. eBAaopnpovv impf. ind. act. PAaodnnéw
the scepter in the emperor’s hand as depicted on the (# 1059) to revile, to defame (TLNT). Impf. pictures the
coins (AM). yovunetnoavtes aor. act. part. yovumetew continual defaming. «ivobdvteg pres. act. part. Kivew
(# 1206) to fall on the knees. événatEav aor. ind. act. éu- (# 3075) to move, to shake; to shake the head as a sign
naitw (#1850) to ridicule, to make fun of, to mock (s. of scorn and derision (BAGD; SB, 1:1039; Ps. 22:7).
Matt. 20:19). yoipe (# 5897) “hail!” (s. Matt. 26:49). The @ 40 katoAbwv pres. act. part. KatoADW (#2907) to de-
soldiers used the familiar “Ave Caesar” in their mock- stroy. oixodop@v pres. act. part. oikodouew (# 3868) to
ery of Jesus (RWP). 30 €untbdoavtes aor. act. part. build. Part. used as subst. Pres. is perhaps conative:
EUTTVW (# 1870) to spit on. €XaBov aor. ind. act. Aop- “the one who tried to....” (VANT, 412). s@oov aor. imp.
Bavw s.v. 24. Etuntov impf. ind. act. tuntw (#5597) to act. owGw (#5392) to save, to rescue. et pres. ind. act.
Matthew 27 64

et (# 1639) to be. Cond. w. ét (# 1623) assumes the re- fut. act. part. owGw (#5392) to save, to rescue. The fut.
ality for the sake of argument. kataPnOt aor. imp. act. part. used to express purp. (BD, 178, 215f). 50 Kpa-
Katopaivw (#2849) to come down. Aor. points to a “Ea aor. act. part. (temp.) KpaCw (# 3189) s.v. 23. abiKev
specific and immediate act. @ 41 eunaifovtes pres. act. aor. ind. act. &pinut (# 918) to let go, to send away. Not
part. (temp.) s.v. 29; contemporaneous action. EA€yov the divine Spirit but the spirit of life (Hill). This sug-
impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Impf. indicates con- gests His sovereignty over the exact time of His own
tinual action: “they kept on saying.” @ 42 owaev aor. death (Carson, 580). 51 katanétaoua (# 2925) cur-
ind. act. owgw (#5392) to save. o@oo1 aor. act. inf. tain, veil. For the veils of the temple s. LT, 2:611f; SB,
owtw. Aor. points to the specific event and indicates a 1:1043-46; Gundry; Jos., JW, 5:211-19; M, Shek. 8:4-5;
complete rescue from the cross. katofatw aor. imp. M, Yoma 5:1. éoxto6n aor. ind. pass. oxitw (# 5387) to
act. 3rd. pers. sing. kataBatvw (# 2849) to come down. split, to divide, to tear apart. avwO_ev (#540) from
@ 43 nénovev perf. ind. act. me10w (# 4275) s.v. 20. Perf. above. éoeto@n aor. ind. pass. oeiw (#4940) to shake
has the pres. meaning of “to depend on,” “to trust in” (used of an earthquake). For extrabiblical references to
(BD, 176). pvodo@w aor. imp. mid. (dep.) pvopar this event s. LT, 2:610; Allen. ® 52 pvnpeta pl. uvnuetov
(# 4861) to rescue. 44 to ato (# 899) the same thing. (# 3646) tomb. avewy8noav aor. ind. pass. avoiyw
ovotavpwbEvtEs aor. pass. part. cvotavpow (# 5365) to (# 487) to open. Kexoyinévwv perf. pass. part. Kowaw
crucify together. wveiéiGov impf. ind. act. oveditw (#3121) to sleep, to fall asleep. Nyep@noav aor. ind.
(# 3943) to reproach, to heap insults upon. Incep. Pass. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise; pass. to rise s. HSB, 400-
impf. means “they began to reproach him” (RWP). 402. 53 e&eABovtes aor. act. part. e€epyouat (# 2002)
@ 45 éyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyat s.v. 1. Extn¢ to come out. Circum. or temp. part. éyepoig (# 1587)
gen. sing. €xtoc (# 1761) sixth hour, that is, noon. The resurrection. e€lonAGov aor. ind. act. eloepyouc (# 1656)
slaughtering of the Passover lamb, probably begun in to come in, to go in. Evepavio@noay aor. ind. pass. éu-
the Temple at the 6th hour (WZZT, 223; SB, 4: i, 48-49); gavitw (# 1872) to appear. @ 54 exatovtapyos (# 1672)
Josephus says from the ninth to the eleventh hour, or 3 leader of a hundred men, centurion. For Roman army
to 5 P.M. (Jos., JW, 6:423). yh (# 1178) land, earth, indi- divisions s. Matt. 25:53. tnpodvtes pres. act. part. tnpew
cating all of Palestine or the whole world (Hill). This (# 5498) to watch, to guard. 160vtes aor. act. part. s.v. 3.
could not have been an eclipse of the sun because the yevoueva, pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 1. EpoBnBnoav aor.
Passover was celebrated at the full moon. The dark- ind. pass. (dep.) goBeouar (#5828) to be afraid.
ness was a sign of God in mourning (SB, 1:1041-42). @ 55 paxpodev (# 3427) from afar. Bewpodoa pres. act.
46 aveBonoev aor. ind. act. avofoaw (#331) to cry part. nom. fem. pl. @ewpew (#2555) to look at (as a
out. Nt (#2458) (Heb.) “my God!” Aepa (#3316) spectator) (AS). NkoAovOnoay aor. ind. act. cKorovdEW
(Heb.) why? oaPayOavi (#4876) (Aram.) “Why did (# 199) to follow. 5:axovodoat pres. act. part. nom. fem.
You forsake me?” (Allen). Not in the sense of depart, pl. Svaxovew (# 1354) to minister. @ 57 owlas gen. sing.
but abandon. In Ps. 22 the complaint is against God’s owtos (# 4070) late. Used w. the part. as a gen abs. w.
silence in light of the unjust suffering by the Psalmist. the meaning “when evening came” (BAGD). yevoyévns
Océ voc. Ge0c (#2536) God (BD, 25). éyKkatéAunes aor. aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 1. Gen abs. Jesus died shortly
ind. act. eykatoAeinw (# 1593) to abandon, to leave in before 3 P.M. on Friday. The Sabbath would begin at
the lurch (for the prep. in compound s. MH, 305). sundown, before then, when all work ceased, the body
® 47 cotnKOtwv perf. act. part. totnut (# 2705) to stand. should be buried (Filson). For material regarding the
a@Kovoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) a&Kovw (#201) to day of crucifixion—Friday-and the year-A.D. 33 s.
hear. gwveit pres. ind. act. pwvew (#5888) to call. Harold Hoehner, “Chronological Aspects of the Life of
@ 48 Spoywv aor. act. part. tpexw (# 5556) to run. AoPov Christ Part IV: The Day of Christ’s Crucifixion,” Bib
aor. act. part. AquBdve s.v. 24. Aor. presenting an ac- Sac 131 (1974): 241-64; “Part V: The Year of Christ’s
tion necessary for the main vb. omoyyog (#5074) Crucifixion,” Bib Sac 131 (1974): 332-48; DTM, 1350-78;
sponge. MANoas aor. act. part. miumAnut (# 4398) to fill DJG, 119-22. NA®ev aor. ind. act. Epyoua s.v. 33. todvoya.
(w. gen.) d&0ug gen. d&0¢ (#3954) sour wine, vinegar. = 10 Ovona. EWabntevOn aor. ind. pass. wabntevowar
Posca, a wine vinegar which was the favorite drink of (# 3411) to be a disciple (TDNT). @ 58 mpooeAOwv aor.
soldiers and the lower ranks of society (BAGD; Mc- act. part. (circum.) mpooepyonar (# 4665) to come to.
Niele). mepiGei¢ aor. act. part. mepitiOnyr (# 4363) to TItoat0 aor. ind. mid. aitéw (# 160) to ask. Indir. mid.
place around; here, to put a sponge on a reed (BAGD). means “to ask for oneself.” Bodies of criminals were
enotiCev impf. ind. act. notiGw (# 4540) to give to drink. sometimes given to their friends for burial (McNiele).
The conative impf.: “they tried to give him to drink” €xeéAevoev aor. ind. act. kehkevw (# 3027) to command.
(IBG, 9; RG, 885). 49 deg aor. imp. act. c&pint G.rodo8f\va aor. inf. pass. &nodtSwyt (# 625) to give up,
(#918) to leave alone. iSwpev aor. subj. act. opaw to give. 59 AaPwv aor. act. part. AapBavw s.v. 24.
(# 3972) to see. Cohortative subj.: “Let us see.” owowv EvetoAtgev aor. ind. act. EvtvAtoow (# 1962) to wrap up.
65 Matthew 28

For the wrapping of the body in linen in preparation Matthew 28

for burial s. Blinzler; RAC, 2:198-200; DJG, 88-90; @ 1 owe (#4067) w. gen., after; after the Sabbath
BBC. @ 60 €6nxev aor. ind. act. tiOnut (# 5502) to place. (BAGD). oaPBatwv gen. pl. odPBatov (# 4879) Sabbath.
EAG.tOLNOEV aor. ind. act. Aatowew (# 3300) to hew out of Pl. was used for the names of festivals (BD, 78). ém1-
the rock. mpooxvAious aor. act. part. (temp.) mpooKvAtw gwoxovon pres. act. part. dat. sing. EmpwoKw (# 2216) to
(# 4685) to roll, to roll up to. For the stone sealing the shine forth, to dawn. Dat. of time: “at the dawning.”
grave s. Carson, 584; SB, 1:1051; M, Ohol. 2:4. &fASev TAOev aor. ind. act. Epxouon (#2262) to come, to go.
aor. ind. act. dnepxouar s.v. 5. © 61 KaOhpevar pres. Bewptjoar aor. inf. act. Bewpew (# 2555) to see, to view.
mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 19. 62 enadprov (# 2069) on the Inf. of purp. @ 2 oe1opoc (# 4939) earthquake. éyeveto
next day, dat. of time. napaoxevn (#4187) preparation, aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyo. (#1181) to become, to
the day of preparation. Friday, on which day every- happen. yap (# 1142) for, explains the preceding. kata-
thing had to be prepared for the Sabbath (BAGD). oOvv- Bas aor. act. part. (circum.) katoPaivw (#2849) to go
TyxBnoav aor. ind. pass. ovvayw s.v. 17. @ 63 Kdpte voc. down. npooerOwv aor. act. part. (circum.) mpooepyouat
Kvpioc (#3261) lord, master. “Sir,” used as a form of (# 4665) to go to, to come to. &meKvAtoev aor. ind. act.
address to those in a high position (BAGD; MM). anokvAtw (# 653) to roll away. €x&Onto impf. ind. mid.
euvnoonpev aor. ind. pass. (dep.) uivjoKonat (# 3630) (dep.) kaOnwor (# 2764) to sit. Emdvw (#2062) w. gen.,
to remember. Ingressive aor. “we have just recalled” upon. 3 eldea (#1624) appearance. dotpann (# 847)
(RWP). nAavog (#4418) deceiving as substantive, de- lightning. yuwv (#5946) snow. #4 doBoc (#5832) fear.
ceiver. @v pres. act. part. nom. masc. sing. Gaw (# 2409) avtod (#899) of him (obj. gen.). EoetoOnoav aor. ind.
to live. Temp. part. to express contemporaneous time: pass. oeiw (# 4940) to shake (“paralyzed w. fear’). The
“while he was living....” &yeipopo1 pres. ind. pass. expression indicates faces waxen and immobile w.
eyeipw (# 1586) pass. to be raised, to rise. Pres. of fut. fear. (AM). tnpotvtes pres. act. part. tnpew (#5498) to
reference, “I am going to rise.” The action is viewed as watch, to guard. Subst. part. eyevn@noav aor. ind. pass.
in progress, carrying over into the future as he sees it; (dep.) yivopor (# 1181) to become. 5 axoxpiGeic aor.
it affirms as well as predicts (VA, 231; VANT, 225; RG,
pass. (dep.) part. anoKptvouo. (#646) to answer.
870). 64 kéXevoov aor. imp. act. Kedevw (# 3027) to goBeto8e pres. imp. act. hoReopar (# 5828) to be afraid.
command. GopoAro8fivar aor. inf. pass. coparicw Pres. imp. w. the neg. wn (# 3590), “stop being afraid.”
(# 856) to make safe, to guard. wnmote (# 3607) lest. oder (# 3857) perf. ind. act. to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
EAOOvtES aor. act. part. Epxouat s.v. 33. KAEwwotv aor. meaning. €otavpwyévov perf. pass. part. otavpow
subj. act. KA€ntw (# 3096) to steal. eimwotv aor. subj. act. (# 5090) to crucify. Gnteite pres. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426)
Aeyw (# 3306). TyEpOn aor. ind. pass. s.v. 52. Eaton fut.
to seek. @ 6 Nyép6n aor. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to
ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639) to be. Used after pnnote
awaken, to raise; pass. to rise. dedte (# 1307) “come!”
(# 3607) to express the feeling of apprehension (BD,
“come on!” Adv. used as hortatory particle (BAGD).
188). TON (# 4415) error, deception. yeipwv (#5937)
comp. kako bad; comp. worse. MPOTNS gen. mpwto<s
iSete aor. imp. act. opaw (#3972) to see. Exeito impf.
first. Gen. of comp. “as the first.” 65 &on impf. ind. ind. mid. (dep.) Ketyor (#3023) to lie. @ 7 tax
(# 5444) quickly. nopev@eioa aor. pass. part. nom. fem.
act. dnut (# 5774) to say s.v. 11. éyete pres. imp. act. yw
(#2400) to have. Kovotwéia (#3184) (Lat.) watch,
pl. nopevopor (# 4513) to go. Circum. part. to be trans-
guard. S. William L. Craig, “The Guard at the Tomb,”
lated as imp. It has both an ingressive force as well as
NTS 30 (1984): 273-81. bud&yete pres. imp. act. drayw an emphasis on the main vb. (GGBB, 643). etmate aor.
(# 5632) to go forth. dopaAioaobe aor. imp. mid. aopa- imp. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. mpocyet pres. ind. act.
Mtw (#856) to guard, to safeguard, to watch over mpoayw (#4575) to go before. Oweo@e fut. ind. mid.
someone. Here, “to watch over someone so he cannot (dep.) opaw (#3972) to see. 8 &meABODoMI aor. act.
escape.” (BAGD). ot6ate pres. ind. act. ovda. Def. perf. part. nom. fem. pl. anepyopwor (#599) to go away.
W. a pres. meaning s.V. 18. 66 mopevbevtes aor. pass. vnetov (#3646) tomb. ESpapov aor. ind. act. tpeyw
(dep.) part. mopevouor (#4513) to go, to travel. noda- (#5556) to run. GmoyyeiAor aor. act. inf. anayyérAw
Aioavto aor. ind. mid. Goparitw s.v. 65. oppayloavtEes (# 550) to report, to bring news from (MH, 297). Inf. of
aor. act. part. (circum.) oppayitw (#5381) to seal, to use purp. @ 9 dmnqvtnoev aor. ind. act. bravtdw (# 5636) to
a seal to make something secure (LN, 1:60; MM; meet. yaipete pres. imp. act. xaipw (#5897) rejoice, to
NDIEC, 2:191; TDNT; EDNT). Probably by a cord be glad. Used in greetings w. the meaning, “Greet-
stretched across the stone and sealed at each end ings!” (EDNT). For the form of greeting s. Matt. 26:49.
(RWP). Expatnoav aor. ind. act. kpatew (#3195) to seize.
MPOOEKVVT|OV aor. ind. act. npooKkvvew (# 4686) to kneel
down, to worship. 10 bmayete pres. imp. act. bndyw
(# 5632) to go forth. amayyeiAate aor. imp. act. amay-
yeddw (#550) to report, to announce, to proclaim, to
Matthew 28 66

tell, w. a possible focus on the source of information pass. 515doKw (# 1438) to teach, to instruct. dSvepnicby
(LN, 1:411). &m€A8worv aor. subj. act. amepyouat (# 599) aor. ind. pass. dapnigw (# 1424) to make known by
to depart, go forth. Subj. w. iva (#2671) giving the con- word or mouth, to spread the news about (BAGD).
tent of the command. Owovtai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 16 EnopevOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) mopevopa s.v. 7.
opaw (#3972) to see. 11 mopevopévwv pres. mid. été&ato aor. ind. mid. ti&oow (#5435) to assign, to or-
(dep.) part. mopevouat (# 4513) to go; gen. abs. EXBOvTES der; mid., to appoint by one’s own authority (AS).
aor. act. part. (circum.) épyouar (# 2262) to come. yevo- @ 17 Sovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 6. &5tota0av aor. ind. act.
weve. aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivoyar (#1181) to become, diotatw (#1491) to doubt. The word refers to hesita-
to happen. Part. used as subst., “the things that had tion, indecision, and perhaps uncertainty (Hagner).
happened.” 12 ovvay@evtec aor. pass. part. (temp.) @ 18 €5067 aor. ind. pass. St5wp1 s.v. 12. @ 19 nopev-
ovvayw (#5251) to gather together, to assemble. oup- @évtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 7. For the translation
BovArov (#5206) consultation, plan, decision. AaPovtes of the part. as imp. as well as the setting of the term
aor. act. part. AopBavw (#3284) to take. Used w. the “to make disciples,” s. Cleon Rogers, “The Great Com-
preceding word to mean, “to form a plan,” “to de- mission,” Bib Sac 130 (1973): 258-67; GGBB, 645; SSM,
ceive,” “to plot” (BAGD). Temp. or circum. part. ap- 455-57. woxOntevoate aor. imp. act. wadntedw (# 3411) to
yopiov (#736) silver. ixavd acc. pl. ixavog (#2653) make a disciple. (Leon Morris, “Disciples of Jesus,”
enough, large enough, much. éwkav aor. ind. act. Jesus of Nazareth: Lord and Christ: Essays on the Historical
d5tSwpt (# 1443) to give. 13 vuKtdc gen. sing. vve Jesus and New Testament Christology edited by Joel B.
(# 3816) night. Gen. of time “by night,” “in the night- Green and Max Turner [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans,
time.” ExAeway aor. ind. act. KAentw (# 3096) to steal. 1994], 112-27. Bamtifovteg pres. act. part. Bantitw
KOWWPEVWV pres. mid. (dep.) part. Kowdonar (# 3121) (# 966) to baptize. Part. of manner. @ 20 518doKovtec
to sleep. Temp. part. to express contemporaneous pres. act. part. d:5a0Kw (# 1438) to teach. Part. of man-
time: “while we slept.” 14 d&xovof] aor. subj. pass. ner. thpeiv pres. inf. act. tnpew (#5498) to guard, to
a&Kovw (# 201) to hear. Impersonal pass. “If this comes keep, to observe. Inf. gives the content of the teaching.
to a hearing, a trial” (EGT). Subj. w. €&v expressing Evetevcuny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) evteAAopar (# 1948) to
cond. neioopev fut. ind. act. met@w (# 4275) to persuade. command. Nwépas acc. pl. qwepa (# 2465) day. Acc. of
Gpeépyvoc (# 291) without care. “We will put it right w. time meaning “during all the days.” ovvtéAeim
the Procurator, so that you need not trouble” (MM). (# 5333) completion, a point of time marking the end
mOUnoouev aor. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do, to make (s. of a duration (LN, 1:638; Test. of Levi, 10:1-2; Test. of
the discussion of the preceding word). @ 15 énoinoav Benjamin 11:3; EDNT).
aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. &18ax8noav aor. ind.
 The Gospel of Mark
Mark 1 to baptize. Pass. of permission: “they were letting
1 dpyxn (# 794) beginning, used without the arti- themselves be baptized” (Gundry, 44). Impf. indicates
cle indicates it was intended as a title (M, 82). It is either that they repeatedly came out and were being baptized.
the title for the whole gospel of Mark, for verses 1-13, EEOLOAOYovpEVOL pres. mid. (dep.) part. EEowoAoyEouat
or 1-8 (Cranfield; Gundry). ebayyéArov (# 2295) gospel, (# 2018) to confess, to confess publicly, to avow openly
good news (Cranfield; TDNT; NTW; NIDNTT; EDNT; (Taylor). It is possible that a spoken confession of sin
Guelich, 13-14; TLNT). The following gen. ‘Inood Xpto- preceded the actual baptism (Cranfield; BBC; DJG, 96-
TOV is obj. gen. “the good news about Jesus Christ” 97). Part. expresing contemporary time. 6 fv impf.
(Taylor). For a discussion of this phrase and the pro- ind. act. ewt (# 1639) used w. the two parts. evde5upevoc,
logue (1:1-15) s. Rudolf Pesch, “Anfang des Evangeli- éo8iwv to form the periphrastic impf. and denotes ha-
ums Jesu Christi: Eine Studie zum Prolog des bitual action “was clothed (as his custom was)” (Tay-
Markusevangeliums (Mk 1,1-15,” Die Zeit Jesu: Eine lor). eve5upevoc perf. pass. part. evSow (# 1907) to put
Festschrift fiir Heinrich Schaefer, ed. Guenther Boern- on (clothing); perf., to be clothed. The acc. is normal
kamm and Karl Rahner, Freiburg i. Br.: Herder Verlag, after the pass. of this vb., (Cranfield). tpiyacg acc. Opig
1970, pp. 108-44. ® 2 yeypamtat perf. ind. pass. ypadw (# 2582) hair. Seppdtivos (# 1294) made of leather. dapv¢6
(# 1211) to write. Here perf., “it stands written.” Refers (# 4019) hip. €o8iwv pres. act. part. £00iw (# 2266) to eat.
to the regulative and authoritative character of the doc- For the form s. MH, 238. aKpidac acc. pl. axpic (# 210)
ument (MM). For parallels in the DSS s. ESB, 8-10. grasshopper, locust. If a person vowed to abstain from
Kataokevdoet fut. ind. act. katacKkedw (# 2941) to pre- flesh, he was permitted to eat fish or locusts (M, Hull.
pare, to make ready, to furnish. The word shifts the 8:1). Honey water was a substitute for wine. To eat only
thought to the messenger’s task (Guelich). @ 3 Bodvtog locust and honey indicated the refusal to eat meat or
pres. act. part. Bodw (# 1066) to shout, to cry out. Etoya- drink wine (Otto Bocher, “Ass Johannes der Taufer
oate aor. imp. act. etoacw (#2286) to make ready. kein Brot Luk. vii. 33?” NTS 18 [1971/72]: 90-92, esp.
evOeiag acc. evOvc (# 2318) straight. noveite pres. imp. 91). 7 exnpvooev impf. ind. act. s.v. 4. eywv pres. act.
act. novew (# 4472) to do, to make. tpifovs acc. pl. tptBoc part. Aeyw (#3306) to say, to speak. Epyetar pres. ind.
(# 5561) way, a beaten path (BAGD). 4 éyeveto aor. mid. (dep.) épyouat (# 2262) to come. Pres. sounds the
ind. mid. (dep.) yivouor (# 1181) to become, to appear note of immediacy (Taylor). This coming person is pre-
on the scene. It emphasizes His emergence in accor- dicted in Isa. 5:26-27 and is messianic. S. Gordon D.
dance w. the divine purpose (Taylor). BantiCwv pres. Kirchhevel, “He That Cometh in Mark 1:7 and Matt.
act. part. BartiGw (# 966) (TDNT,; s. Matt. 3:6). Part. used 24:30,” BBR 4 (1994): 105-12. toxvpotepog comp. iaxvpds
as a subst.: “the one baptizing.” Part. conveys a more (# 2708) strong, mighty. pov gen. éyw (#1609) gen. of
dynamic tone than the subst. Bamtiotnsg (Guelich). A comp. (“than I am.”) ixavog (# 2653) fit, sufficient, wor-
combination of 2 texts Isa. 40:1 and Mal. 3:1 (BBC). He thy. Denotes any kind of sufficiency or fitness (Gould).
is not continually baptizing, but this is a defining trait. Kbwas aor. act. part. kvmTw (# 3252) to stoop. Epex. part.
KTIpvoowv pres. act. part. Knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim explaining the unworthiness. Adoo aor. act. inf. Avw
as a herald (NIDNTT; Cranfield). petavoiag gen. sing. (# 3395) to loose. Compl. inf. to explain the main vb.
wetavorn (# 3657) a change of mind, repentance (Matt. was (# 2666) strap. The thong of the sandal which is
3:2; Cranfield). Gen. of source, “a baptism arising out of held together (RWP). b205nwa (# 5687) sandal. For dis-
repentance,” or gen. of description, “a baptism charac- cussion of footwear s. ABD, 2:237. This was normally
terized by repentance” (Gundry, 43; SIMS, 166-69; the service of a slave, but a disciple was not to render
GGBB, 80). ects (# 912) release, forgiveness (TDNT; such a service to his teacher, lest he be mistaken for a
NIDNTT). For the relation between baptism, repen- Canaanite slave (b. Keth. 96a [Soncino edition]). abtod
tance, and confession s. Gundry 43-44; Guelich; HSB, (# 899) his. For the pers. pronoun used after a rel. s. W.F.
404-6. @ 5 &emopeveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) exnopevo- Bakker, Pronomen Abundans and Pronomen Coniunctum,
wo. (#1744) to go out. Impf. “they were continually (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co., 1974), 39;
going out.” éBantiCovto impf. ind. pass. BantiCw (# 966) SIMS, 116-18. ® 8 €Bantio aor. ind. act. BartiCw (# 966)

67
Mark 1 68

to baptize. Aor. represents John’s course as already ful- act. part. apé&yw (# 4135) to pass by, to go along. eléev
filled in the coming of Messiah (Swete; DJG, 57-58). aor. ind. act. s.v. 10. &ypiBaAAOVtas pres. act. part. p-
Bantioet fut. ind. act. Bantifw. 9 éyéveto aor. ind. oipaAdrw (# 311) to cast a net (Mendel Nun, “Cast Your
mid. (dep.) yivoua (# 1181) to become, to happen, used Nets Upon the Waters,” BAR 19 [1993]: 51ff). Toav
to introduce a past event (SIMS, 81-86). TAGev aor. ind. impf. ind. act. ett (# 1639) to be. aA1evs (# 243) fisher-
act. Epona (# 2262) to come, to go. eBantio®n aor. ind. man (s. Matt. 4:18 BBC). @ 17 einev aor. ind. act. eyo
pass. s.v. 4. ® 10 ev0bg (#2317) immediately, at once, so (# 3306) to say. Sete (# 1307) adv., come here. noinow
then; a favorite word of Mark occurring 41 times. Here fut. ind. act. s.v. 3. W. the acc. and the inf. meaning “to
it refers to the following vision and expresses continu- cause someone to do something” (Cranfield). yeveo@or
ity between John’s and Jesus’ ministry (Gundry, 47; aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivopats.v. 4. @ 18 adevtes aor. act.
Guelich; Taylor; David Daube, The Sudden in the Scrip- part. &pinur (#918) to leave dixtvov (# 1473) net (s.v.
tures [Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964], 46-51). &vaBatvev pres. 16). Temp. part. antecedent to "when he had left."
act. part. avaBatvw (#326) to go up. Temp. part. ex- TKOAOvENGaV aor. ind. act. dKoAOVbEW (# 199) to follow,
pressing contemporaneous time. eléev aor. ind. act. to follow as a disciple. It implies personal adherence
opaw (# 3972) to see. oxfopeévous pres. pass. part. oxiGw and association (Carrington). 19 mpoBac aor. act.
(# 5387) to divide, to split. Pres. part. indicates action part. mpoBaivw (#4581) to go forward. oAtyov (# 3900)
already in progress (Cranfield). The idea is that of a adv. a little, a little further. kataptiGovtac pres. act. part.
fixed separation of heaven from earth, only to be bro- Katapticw (#2936) to put in order, mending, cleaning,
ken in special circumstances (Taylor). nmeptotepa folding, and making the nets ready for another night’s
(# 4361) dove (s. Matt. 3:16; Gundry, 51). kataPoivov fishing (Cranfield; s.v. 16; Nun, BAR). @ 20 exdAecev
pres. act. part. KataPaivw (# 2849) to come down. @ 11 aor. ind. act. karéw (# 2813) to call. pro®wto¢ a hired
el pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. elt (#1639) to be. worker. The reference to "hired" indicates that the
ayarntoc (# 28) beloved. evSoxnoa aor. ind. act. evdoKew brothers were by no means poor (Hooker). anfjA8ov
(# 2305) to be pleased. The statement is illative: “there- aor. ind. act. oamepyouor (#599) to go forth.
fore 1am well pleased” (Gundry, 49). 12 exBaAder @ 21 eionopevovtat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) etomopevonat
pres. ind. act. €xBaAAw (# 1675) to cast out, to drive out; (# 1660) to go in, hist. pres. etoeA@wv aor. act. part. eioep-
hist. pres. where attention is drawn to an event or series xouo.r (# 1656) to go in. ovvaywyn (# 5252) synagogue (s.
of events (VA, 196; VANT, 231). 13 Tv impf. ind. act. Matt. 4:23; TDNT; John C.H. Kaughlin, “Capernaum
s.v. 6. mEipagopevos pres. pass. part. neipacw (# 4279) to from Jesus’ Time and After,” BAR 19 [1993]: 54-61; RC,
try, to test, to tempt, used here of an actual solicitation 32-49). eSi5aoKxev impf. ind. act. diSaoKw (#1438) to
to evil (Gould). Pres. part. could be used to express teach. Inceptive impf., “he began to teach” (Cranfield).
purp. Sinkovovv impf. ind. act. d:aKxovew (# 1354) to @ 22 &enANooovto impf. ind. pass. exnANoow (# 1742)
serve, to minister to. Inceptive impf.: “they began to to be astonished, to be amazed, to strike a person out of
minister to.” 14 naposdo@fivai aor. pass. inf. napa- his senses by some strong feeling such as fear, wonder,
5tdwpt (# 4140) to deliver over, to deliver up as a pris- or even joy (Gould). Impf. here corresponds to the
oner (Cranfield; TLNT). Temp. use of the inf. w. the impf. of teaching in v. 21, indicating that as long as he
prep.: “after he was delivered over.” NA®ev aor. ind. act. taught astonishment overwhelmed them (Gundry, 73).
s.v. 9. KTNpvoow pres. act. part. s.v. 4. Part. of manner, 5ida0Kwv pres. act. part. 5dcoKw (# 1438) to teach, used
purp.,orcircum. 15 A€ywv pres. act. part. s.v. 7. For in the periphrastic construction. e&ovota (#2026) au-
a discussion of the Kingdom of God and Messsiah in thority. The authority of a rabbi or God-given authority
early Jewish literature s. Michael Lahke "The Jewish (Cranfield; TDNT). €ywv pres. act. part. €xw (# 2400) to
Background of the Synoptic Concept, ‘The Kingdom of have, to possess. Subst. use of part. "one who has."
God,” in The Kingdom of God, edited by Bruce Chilton ypoyyatevs (#1208) scribe (s. Matt. 2:4; 5:20; EDNT;
(Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984), 72-91. 6t1 (# 4022) recita- BBC; DJG, 732-35). 23 &v@pwnog (# 476) man; the
tive equivalent to quotation marks. nenAnpwtat perf. anarthrous use may be equivalent to the indef. pron.
ind. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. (For this phrase s. “someone” due to semitic influence (SIMS, 131-34; SS;
Swete; Gundry, 69). tyyixev perf. ind. act. eyyitw 20-21). avexpatev aor. ind. act. dvaKxpatw (#371) to
(# 1581) to draw near. petavoeite pres. imp. act. WeTavo- shout, indicating strong emotion, either the cries of the
€w (# 3566) to repent, to change one’s mind (s.v. 4; Matt. sufferer or of the unclean spirit (Taylor). @ 24 Aeywv
3:6). MiotevEte pres. imp. act. motevw (# 4409) (TDNT). pres. act. part. s.v. 7. tt Miv kai oot An idiom meaning
Here w. the prep. ev (#1877) probably a Semitism “what have we and you in common?” “Why do you in-
(Cranfield; for the Heb. construction }/48 indicating a terfere w. us?” “Mind your own business!” (Cranfield;
general continual acceptance as trustworthy s. Ernst Taylor; SIMS, 183-85; John 2:4). WA8E¢ aor. ind. act. s.v. 9.
Jenni, Die hebraischen Prapositionen: Band 1: Die Praposi- a&moAéoat aor. act. inf. GMO (# 660) to destroy. Inf.
tion Beth [Stuttgart, 1992], 254-55). © 16 napaywv pres. used to express purp. ot8a, (#3857) perf. ind. act., to
69 Mark 1

know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. For parallels to the construction. The tense vividly describes the growing
spirit s. Taylor. 25 énetiwnoev aor. act. ind. tnd crowds (Taylor). @bpa. (# 2598) door. The acc. dwells on
(# 2203) to rebuke (s. Matt. 17:18). @ywOntt aor. imp. the thought of the flocking up to the door which pre-
pass. pow (# 5821) to silence, to tie, to muzzle; to be ceded, and the surging, moving, mass before it (Swete).
muzzled, like an ox (RWP; Guelich). The command for Capernaum was on the highway between Beth-shan
silence refers to the demons’ attempt to speak in self- and Damascus, ideal for crowds coming by (RC, 63).
defense (Pesch; Gundry, 77; for the meaning “banish- @ 34 Bepanevoev aor. ind. act. bepanevw (# 2543) to
ing” or “binding” s. RAC, 174). €&eXOe aor. imp. act. &&- heal (GLH). nouxidarg dat. pl. noikthoc (# 4476) various
EPOWLOL (# 2002) to go out. @ 26 onapaéav aor. act. part. kinds, diversified, manifold. Instr. dat. (SIMS, 181-82).
onopdcow (#5057) to tear, to pull to and fro, to con- eteBarev aor. ind. act. ExBaAAw s.v. 12. Hovev impf. ind.
vulse. Medical writers used the word of the convulsive act. &binut (# 978) to allow. AaAéiv pres. act. inf. AarEew
action of the stomach (Gould). @wvfjoav aor. act. part. (# 3281) to speak. TSevoav plperf. ind. act. ois. (# 3857)
gwvew (# 5888) to make a sound, to call out, to cry out. to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. W. the plperf.
Temp. parts. Aor. expressing antecedent time (“after”). the meaning is past or impf. 35 npwt (# 4745) early.
e&f)Oev aor. ind. act. etepyouor (#2002) to go out. Ewvya. (#1939) adv. at night. &vaotas aor. act. part.
27 E8auBnEnoay aor. ind. pass. GoyiBEw (# 2501) to be aviotnut (# 482) to arise. Temp. or circum. part. Aor. in-
astounded, to be amazed (Taylor). Wate (# 6063) used w. dicates antecedent time. €€7jA®ev aor. ind. act. s.v. 26.
inf. and acc. to introduce a result cl. ov¢ntetv pres. act. Tpoonvyeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) mpooevyouar (# 4667)
inf. ov€ntew (#5184) to question, to discuss. Ko.vn to pray. Impf. denotes what He was doing when He
(# 2785) new, in respect of quality as distinct from time was sought by the others (Gould). @ 36 katediw€ev aor.
(Cranfield). mitdooet pres. act. ind. enitacow (# 2199) ind. act. katadiwxKw (# 2870) to pursue closely, to follow
to command. ‘tzaKovovow pres. ind. act. brakovw down, to track down. Prep. in the vb. is perfective.
(# 5634) to obey. @ 28 Ef 8ev aor. ind. act. s.v. 26. &kon @ 37 evpov aor. ind. act. evptoxw (#2351) to find. Aé-
(# 198) hearing, report, fame; followed by the obj. gen. yovotv pres. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. Hist. pres.
Toauratag (#1133) Galilee. Gen. of apposition, “the (Taylor). 38 &ywyev pres. subj. act. cyw (#72) to lead,
whole surrounding region, that is, Galilee” (Gundry, to go. Hortatory subj., “let us go.” &Adaxod (# 250) else-
85). @ 29 e&eAGOvteEs aor. act. part. (temp.) ebepxouat s.v. where. €yopévac pres. mid. part. yw (# 2400). The mid.
26. Aor. expressing antecedent action. For the house of part. has the meaning “near,” “neighboring.” Adj. use
Peter and Andrew in Capernaum s. Kaughlin, "Caper- of the part. Kwyomtodi¢ (# 3268) a small town having
naum from Jesus’ Time and After," BAR 19 (Sept.-Oct., only the status of a village (Cranfield; SB, 2:3-4). Al-
1993): 54-61; RC, 50-64; 70-71. 30 nevOepa (# 4289) though Josephus’ figure of 15,000 inhabitants in the
mother-in-law. Katéxetto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) kata- smallest village in Galilee is an exaggeration, the area
Kewat (#2879) to lie. mupéooovoa pres. act. part. evidently had a great population (Jos., J.W., 3:43; G.,
nupeoow (#4789) to suffer w. a fever, to be feverish 103-104). «knpb&w aor. subj. act. s.v. 4. Subj. w. iva
(DMTG, 280). For a description of fever in the ancient (# 2671) expresses purp. &fAGov aor. ind. act. s.v. 26. Ei-
world and its cure s. RAC, 7:877-909. ® 31 npooeAswv ther leaving Capernaum or coming from the heavenly
aor. act. part. (circum.) mpooepyoua (# 4665) to come to. Father (Alexander; Guelich). 39 knpvoowv pres. act.
Tyeipev impf. ind. act. éyetpw (# 1586) to raise, to lift up. part. s.v. 38. Expressing manner. @ 40 €pxeta pres. ind.
Kpathoas aor. act. part. kpatew (# 3195) to take hold of; mid. (dep.) épyopuor (# 2262) to go. Hist. pres. Aenpog
used w. partitive gen. Part. expresses contemporaneous (# 3320) leprous, used as a substitutive leper (DJG, 463-
action (Taylor), but logically necessary for the action of 64; IDB, 3:111-13; Matt. 8:4). mapaKoAdv pres. act. part.
the main vb. aiKev aor. ind. act. s.v. 18. 5unKover impf. napakaew (#4151) to ask for something earnestly and
ind. act. diaxovew (# 1354) to wait on, to serve. Incep., w. propriety, to request, to plead for (LN, 1:408). Part.
“she began to serve.” 32 dytoc (# 4070) evening. The of manner. yovunet@v pres. act. part. yovumetew (# 1206)
Sabbath has already passed (BBC). yevoyevne aor. mid. to fall to the knees. It was a gesture of a sincere request
part. (temp.) yivopo. s.v. 4. Gen. abs. €v aor. ind. act. (EDNT). éav (# 1569) if. Indicates the cond. is uncer-
ddvw (# 1544) to go down, to set. For the form s. BD, 51. tain. 8€A7N¢ pres. subj. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to will, to de-
Eepov impf. act. ind. pepw (#5770) to carry, to bring. sire. &0vacat pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing.
Impf. indicates they brought them in a steady stream dvvapo1 (# 1538) to be able, to be capable, to have the
(RWP). Exovtac pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. In ability. Ka@apioat aor. act. inf. kadapitw (#2751) to
this construction, “to have it bad,” “to suffer from a cleanse, to make clean. Inf. complementing the main
sickness.” Sawovitoyévous pres. act. part. Samovicw vb. 41 omdayxviobeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. (causal)
(# 1227) to be possessed by a demon. 33 Emovv- omhayyviCouar (# 5072) to be inwardly disturbed, to be
nyuévn perf. pass. part. eniovvayw (# 2190) to gather to- moved w. compassion (TDNT; EDNT). extetvac aor.
gether, to assemble. Part. used in a_periphrastic act. part. (circum.) €xteivw (# 1753) to stretch out. hyato
Mark 2 70

aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &mtowat (# 721) to touch (w. obj. in (# 3281) to speak. 3 &pyovtat pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
gen.) Rather than Jesus becoming unclean, the leper be- Epxouct (# 2262) hist. pres. Pepovtec pres. act. part. pepw
came clean. Ka@opio@ntt aor. imp. pass. s.v. 40. (# 5770) to carry. Part. of manner. napadvtikos (# 4166)
@ 42 aniOev aor. ind. act. s.v. 20. ExaPapio@n aor. ind. paralyzed, one lame w. paralysis (DMTG, 259). aipoye-
pass. s.v. 40. Effective aor. pointing to the complete vov pres. pass. part. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to carry. This
cleansing. The success is immediate: he is healed causal part. underlines the severity of the case (Gun-
(Luhrmann). 43 €uBpyinodp_evog aor. mid. (dep.) dry, 111). @ 4 5vvopevot pres. pass. (dep.) part. 5vvapar
part. (circum.) euBpycopar (# 1839) (w. dat.) to scold, (# 1538) be able to. mpooeveyKan aor. act. inf. mpoodepw
censure, warn sternly (BAGD); “moved by deep feel- (#4712) to carry, to bring to. Inf. to complement the
ing toward him” (Taylor; Cranfield), to growl (Gundry, main vb. 61a (# 1328) w. acc., because of. anEotéyaouv
103). €&€BaAev aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. 44 Opa pres. imp. aor. ind. act. anooteyacw (# 689) to unroof, to remove
act. opaw (# 3972) to see. This vb. of caution is followed the roof. e€opvEavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) Ebopvoow
by an obj. cl. (SIMS, 75). eimng aor. subj. act. Aeyw (# 2021) to dig out, to tear out. The roof probably was
(# 3306) to talk, to speak. W. neg. wndev (#3594)used to formed by beams and rafters across which matting,
forbid the starting of an action. bmaye pres. imp. act. branches, and twigs, covered by hard-trodden earth,
brayw (# 5632) to go, to go away. Pres. imp. used w. a were laid (Taylor; BBC). yaAd@ou pres. ind. act. yaraw
vb. of motion. detEov aor. imp. act. detkvuut (# 1259) to (# 5899) to let down. This is not strange in the light of
show. Aor. imp. used of a specific action. mpooéveyKe the rediscovered living quarters of Capernaum, where
aor. imp. act. mpoopepw (# 4712) to carry to, to bring an one-story rooms were covered by light roofs reached
offering, to offer. mpooétagev aor. ind. act. mpootdcow through a flight of steps from the courtyard (RC, 72).
(#4705) to command, to give an order. paptvpiov Kpapattoc (#3187) pallet. It was the poor man’s bed
(# 3457) witness, proof (Cranfield). 45 &&A@wv aor. (Swete; BAGD). xatexetto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) kata-
act. part. (temp.) e€epxoua (# 2002) to go out. Possibly Kear (# 2879) to lie, to lie down. Impf. may be custom-
referring to Jesus, though more likely to the leper ary. 5 18wv aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see.
(j.Swetnam, “Some Remarks on the Meaning of 0 d€ &&- Ghievtat pres. ind. pass. cpinpt (# 918) to release, to for-
€A@wv in Mark 1,45,” Bib 68 [1987]: 245-49). np—ato aor. give; an aoristic pres. indicating punctiliar action (RG,
ind. mid. (dep.) apyouo. (# 806) to begin; to make 864f). It could also be called a performative use of the
known by word of mouth, to spread the news about pres., or an instantaneous pres., both describing the ac-
(BAGD). &0vac801 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 40. Inf. w. tion which is accomplished in the very act of speaking
wote (#6063) to express result. etoeAeiv aor. act. inf. (VANT, 187-90, 202). Here the agent is suppressed for
eioepyoua (# 1656) to go in. Tpxovto impf. ind. mid. rhetorical reasons (GGBB, 437). @ 6 Toav impf. ind. act.
(dep.) Epyouor (# 2262). Impf. expresses the continual et (#1639) used w. part. to build the periphrastic
action in the past, “the people kept on coming.” mavto- impf. kaOqpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. kaOnwar (# 2764)
Gev (# 4119) from everywhere. to sit. 5\adoyiCopevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. varoyiGopar
(# 1368) to reason, to debate, to balance accounts, to en-
Mark 2 gage in some relatively detailed discussion of a matter
@ 1 eicedOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s. 1:45. 8 (Taylor; LN, 1:407). Part. in periphrastic construction.
Tepa@v (# 1328; 2465)after some days. The prep. w. gen. @ 7 ti (#5515) why, interrogative pron. introducing a
has the idea of “through” and is used here temporarily question expressing wonder or indig-nation (SIMS,
“after” (BD, 119). For a discussion of 2:1-3:6, s. Joanna 142f). BAaopnpeEt pres. ind. act. PrAaopnuew (# 1059) to
Dewey, Markan Public Debate: Literary Technique, Con- blaspheme, to slander God (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT).
centric Structure, and Theology in Mark 2:1-3:6 (Chico, Gprevar pres. act. inf. s.v. 5. et wh (# 1623; 3590) except.
Ca.: Scholars Press, 1980). )Kobo6N aor. ind. pass. dKovW @ 8 Emiyvovc aor. act. part. (temp.) emyivwokw (# 2105)
(# 201) to hear. €v oikw (# 1877; 3875) at home, probably to perceive, to recognize, to know. Aor. indicating ante-
refers to the house of Peter and Andrew (Gundry, 110). cedent time. mvevpati dat. sing. nvedua (# 4460) spirit;
For the omission of the article s. SIMS, 110. here “in himself” (Guelich). @ 9 ebxonwtepov comp. of
2 ovvnyOnoay aor. ind. pass. ovvayw (#5251) to gath- evKomnoc (# 2324) w. easy labor, easy. eineiv aor. act. inf.
er together, to assemble. wote (# 6063) w. inf. and the Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Epex. inf. explaining ebxonwtepov.
acc. to express result. ywpeiv pres. act. inf. ywpew Eyetpe pres. imp. act. éyeipw (# 1586) to rise. &pov aor.
(# 6003) to make room, to have space for, to contain. TO imp. act. aipw (#149) to take up. mepimatet pres. imp.
TMpo<¢ thy Bvpav either acc. of reference (“so that there act. nepitatew (# 4344) to walk about. The pres. imp.
was no longer room for them even about the door”), or often is used to express an order involving motion
to be taken w. inf. (“so that even the space about the (Bakker, 82; VANT, 343). @ 10 eldfite perf. subj. act. o150
door could no longer contain them”) (Cranfield). Prob- (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Subj.
ably 50 people (BBC). &AdAet impf. ind. act. AaAEw used w. tva (#2671) to express purp. Glévat pres. act.
71 _ Mark 2

inf. s.v. 5. Epex. inf. used to explain authority. For the (# 3812) the bride chamber; vioi tod vupddvoc refers to
title Son of Man s. Gundry, 118-20; Guelich, 89-94; HSB, either the groomsmen or the wedding guests (Taylor;
408-10; Hooker, 87-93. @ 11 tnaye pres. imp. act. vnayw for the Semitic use of “son’ ‘ indicating characteristic s.
(# 5632) to depart s. 1:44. #12 nyepen aor. ind. pass. SIMS, 169). &v @ (#1877; 4005) in which time, while.
eyetpw (# 1586) to raise; pass. to rise. &pas aor. act. part. © 20 edevoovta fut. ind. mid. (dep.) épxoua. (# 2262) to
(circum.) aipw (# 149) to take. EEMAGev aor. ind. act. ebep- come. &map07 aor. subj. pass anaipw (#554) to take
Xowar (# 2002) to go out. &Etotacbat pres. mid. (dep.) inf. away. The aor. between the two fut. cls. indicates ante-
e€lotnut (# 2014) to amaze, to be amazed, to be beside cedent action and stresses the period of time after the
oneself. Inf. used w. wote (# 6063) to express actual re- bridegroom is removed (Guelich). @ 21 ExipAnua
sult. 50€afew pres. act. inf. So&Cw (# 1519) to praise, to (#2099) a patch. Lit. “that which is placed upon.”
give glory to (TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). Inf. expressing paKovs gen. sing. paKos (# 4820) cloth. Gen. of descrip-
results. A€yovtas pres. act. part. acc. pl. AEyw (# 3306) tion or material. a&yvadoc (# 47) new, that which was
Part. gives the content of their praise. Acc. w. the sub- not treated by the fuller, a patch of undressed cloth
ject of the inf. etSopev aor. ind. act. dpdw (# 3972) to see. (Taylor). €nipantet pres. ind. act. emipantw (#2165) to
13 Npxeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) épxyour (# 2262) to sew on, gnomic pres. (GGBB, 524). madorog (# 4097)
come. &disaoxev impf. ind. act. diddaoKw (# 1438) to old. et 5€ wn otherwise, introduces the hypothetical re-
teach. The two impfs. of this v. indicate the coming and sults (Guelich). aiper pres. ind. act. s.v. 3. Here the
going of successive groups of hearers (Taylor). meaning is “to tear.” mANpwya. (# 4445) fullness, patch.
@ 14 napdywv pres. act. part. (temp.) mapayw (# 4135) to xeipov (# 5937) comp. of kaKog (bad) worse. “A worse
go by, to pass along. etdev aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. Ka@TWeEVov tear is the result” (SIMS, 111). oxtowa (# 5388) division,
pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 6. teAwviov (# 5468) customs tear. A wedding requires good clothing and ample
office, toll house. (Matt. 9:9). It may have been a tax sta- wine, so this section would follow naturally (Gundry,
tion on the trade route or a place for port duties and 133-34). 22 BaAAet pres. ind. act. BuAAW (#965) to
fishing tolls (BBC; DJG, 805-806; HA, 76). &KoAovGe1 throw, to put. véog (#3742) new, fresh. doKxog (# 829)
pres. imp. act. aKoAovbew (# 199) to follow, to follow as skin, leather bag or bottle, wineskin (Taylor). pnget fut.
a disciple (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT). avaotag aor. act. ind. act. pryvuut (# 4838) to rip (BBC). &noAAvTAXL pres.
part. (circum.) aviotnut (#482) to get up, to rise up. ind. mid. ano0AAvpL1 (# 660) to destroy, to ruin; mid. to be
NKOAOVENOEV aor. ind. act. GKoAovbEw (# 199) to follow, ruined (BAGD). 23 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivo-
followed by dat. 15 kataxeio8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) wo. (#1181) to become, to happen, to come to pass.
inf. kataKear (# 2879) to recline (at the table). Gener- Used w. inf. to emphasize the actual occurrence of the
ally used of festive meals where entertainment was action denoted by the vb. (BAGD; for the Semitic con-
provided (Cranfield; SB, 4:ii, 611-39; DJG, 796-97). struction introducing a past event s. SIMS, 81, 85-86).
TEA@VaL nom. pl. tekwvns (#5467) tax collector, not the Topamopevecdar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. napamopevouar
Roman publicani, but native Jews who had been con- (# 4182) to pass by. For the use of the inf. w. the vb. eye-
tracted to collect taxes in a town or small district (HA, veto and the subject in the acc. s. SIMS, 85-86. Tip§avto
78; JZ, 22-37). ovvaveKeivto impf. ind. mid. (dep. ) ovva.- aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apyowat (# 806) to begin. noveiv
vaKkewar (# 5263) to recline (at the table) together. T10av pres. act. inf. movew (#4472) to make. Compl. inf. used
impf. ind. act. et. (# 1639) NkodovGovv impf. ind. act. w. the vb. G&pxouot. TIAAOVtES pres. act. part. TIAAW
s.v. 14. @ 16 180vtEs aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 5. Aor. de- (#5504) to pluck, to pick. Part. of manner. otdyv¢
scribes antecedent action, "when he saw." éAeyov impf. (#4719) head or ear of grain. The word suggests the
ind. act. s. v. 12. Inceptive impf., “they began to say.” party was pushing its way through the corn where
@ 17 d&xovous aor. act. part. (temp.) aKxovw (#201) to there was no path. As they went, they plucked the ears
hear. Aor. describes antecedent action, "when he and ate (Swete). 24 €eyov impf. ind. act. rAEyw
heard." loxbovtes pres. act. part. icybw (#2710) to be (# 3306) to say. Inceptive impf., “they began to say.” te
strong, to be well, healthy. Part. used as subst. tatpod aor. imp. act. opdw (# 2632) to see. Eeatw (# 2003) pres.
gen. sing. latpo¢ # 2620) doctor, physician. Gen. de- ind. act. it is allowed, it is lawful. @ 25 d&véyvute aor.
scribes the need. €xovtes pres. act. part. éyw (# 2400) to ind. act. advayivwoKw (# 336) to read. énotnoev aor. ind.
have. W. adv., “to have it bad,” “to be sick.” For paral- act. no1ew (# 4472) to do. Eoxev aor. ind. act. éyw (# 2400)
lels in D.C. s. DCNT, 52. NA®ov aor. ind. act. épxouor to have. €meivacev aor. ind. act. ne.vaw (# 4277) to be
(# 2262) to come. KaA€oa1 aor. act. inf. KaAEw (# 2813) to hungry. @ 26 eto7Gev aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. €mt w. gen., in
call. Inf. of purp. 18 vnotebovtes pres. act. part. vn- time of or in the passage about (RWP). tovg dptous tis
otevw (#3764) to fast. Part. used w. impf. to form the mpobecews (# 788) the showbread. The twelve newly
periphrastic impf. (VA, 457), indicating that which was baked loaves of bread placed every Sabbath in two
customary. 19 elnev aor. ind. act. s.v. 9. un (#3590) rows on a table before God in the Tabernacle and later
used in a question expecting a neg. answer. vupowv eaten by priests (Lev. 24:5-9; HSB 412-14; Taylor).
Mark 3

Epayev aor. ind. act. Eo0iw (# 2266) to eat. payeiv aor. act. (# 2002) to go out. ovpPovAtov edidovv impf. ind. act.
inf. Inf. explains what was not lawful. €5wxev aor. ind dtdwut to give caunsel, to plot (BAGD; Taylor; for the
act. dtu (# 1443) to give. ovo pres. act. part. dat. pl. Herodians s. Gundry, 154; HA, 331-42; EDNT; DJG,
eit (# 1639) to be. Part. as subst., “Those who were w. 325). dnw¢ (#3968) w. subj. to express purp. Gmo-
him.” @ 27 51a (# 1328) w. acc., because of, for. EYEVETO Aowow aor. subj. act. amodAAvI (#660) to destroy.
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ytvouor (#1181) to become. @ 7 avexwpnoev aor. ind. act. dvaywpew (# 432) depart.
28 wote (# 6063) therefore. The word draws a logical NKoAOvONOEV aor. ind. act. aKoAovbew (# 199) to follow.
conclusion. @ 8 dKovovtes pres. act. part. dKovw (#201) to hear.
Causal or temp. part. énoiet impf. ind. act. novew
Mark 3 # 4472) to do. “The things he was continually doing.”
@ 1 cEnpoyevny perf. pass. part. Enpatvw (# 3830) MNABov aor. ind. act. Epyouor (#2262) to come. 9
to dry out, to become dry, to wither, to be withered mAovapiov (# 4449) dimin., a small boat. nmpooxaptepf,
(BBC). The perf. points to a withered state and may pres. subj. act. mpooxaptepew (#4674) w. dat. to attach
show that it was not from birth, but was the result of oneself to, to wait on. The idea is that the boat is at the
injury by accident or disease (RWP). 2 napetnpovv disposal of Jesus as a refuge from the crowd (Taylor).
impf. ind. act. tapatnpew (# 4190) to observe from the @AiBworv pres. subj. act. 6A1iBw (#2567) to pressure, to
side, to observe minutely, going along as it were w. the crowd. Subj. w. tva (#2671) used in a neg. purp. cl.
object for the purp. of watching its movements 10 &Sepanevoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. Enimintetv pres.
(Swete). It was used for keeping a watchful eye on act. inf. eximintw (#2158) to fall upon. Inf. w. @ote
criminals, for watching out for a bow] lest it be stolen (#6063) to express results. G&wywvta1 aor. subj. mid.
(MM). Galen used the subst. of empirical medical ob- (dep.) GANTOLOL (# 721) w. gen. to touch. Subj. used in a
servation (DMTG, 260). It was also used of observing purp. cl. etyov impf. ind. act. yw (#2400) to have.
one’s conduct to see if the person would act falsely to- wdotiyas acc. pl. uaotit (# 3465) whip, torment, suffer-
ward another (Letter of Aristeas, 246:3). toig od&BBaociw ing, disease, possibly thought of as divine chastise-
dat. pl. Dat. of time: “on the Sabbath.” For the use of pl. ments (Alexander; BAGD; but s. Gundry, 162). 11
for names of festivals s. BD, 78. @epamevoet fut. ind. act. e8ewpovv impf. ind. act. Pewpew (# 2555) to see. Iterat.
Sepanevw (# 2543) to heal. Katyyopnowov aor. subj. act. impf., “every time they saw.” mpooénittov impf. ind.
Katnyopew (# 2989) w. gen. to accuse, to bring legal act. mpoonintw (# 4700) to fall before; it indicates servil-
charges against. Subj. used in a purp. cl. 3 €xovtt ity (Gundry, 163). €xpafov impf. ind. act. Kpatw (#3189)
pres. act. part. dat. sing. €yw (# 2400) to have. Part. used to cry out, to scream. Either iterat. "they cried repeated-
as subst. €yewpe pres. imp. act. eyeipw (# 1586) "stand ly" or inceptive “they began to cry.” 12 moAAG acc.
up!" For the construction e€i¢ 10 péoov (# 1650; 3545) s. pl. moAvug (#4498) much, very. Emetiwa impf. ind. act.
SS, 17; J.J. O’Rourke, “A Note Concerning the Use of emitaw (#2203) to rebuke, to sternly charge w. dat.
EIZ and EN in Mark,” JBL 85 (1966): 349-51. @ 4 €€eot1v @ 13 mpooxarcitar pres. ind. mid. npooKarew (# 4673)
(# 2003) pres. ind. act. it is allowed, it is lawful. novfjoor to summon, indir. mid., to call to oneself. It has the idea
aor. act. inf. mo1vew (# 4472) to do. KaKonottjoa aor. act. of “to call,” “to select” (Guelich). N@eAev impf. ind. act.
inf. kakonotew (# 2803) to do evil. Compl. infs. used to 8ehw (# 2527) to will, to want. The emphasis is on Jesus’
explain what is lawful. o@oa. aor. act. inf. cwtw initiative and choice (Gundry, 167). &mf8ov aor. ind.
(# 5392) to save, to rescue, to heal (Pesch; for the Jewish act. amepyouat (#599) to go forth, to go out. 14
idea of doing good on the Sabbath s. SB, 1:622-23; BBC). enoinoev aor. ind. act. moew (#4472) to make, to ap-
G@noxteivar aor. act. inf. aroKtetvw (# 650) to kill. eow- oint. WVvOLaoEV aor. ind. act. Ovoratw (# 3951) to name.
mwv impf. ind. act. cwnaw (# 4995) to be silent. “They wotv pres. subj. act. et (# 1639) to be. W. the prep. pev’
remained silent” (Guelich). 5 mepiBAewdpevoc aor. (# 3552) it indicates fellowship and discipleship. Subj.
mid. (dep.) part. meptBAenw (# 4315) to look around. The w. iva. (# 2671) used in a purp. cl. &mooteAAT pres. subj.
prep. compound is local (MH, 321f.). Temp. or circum. act. anooteAAw (# 690) to send as an official represen-
part. ovAAvMOvpEVOG pres. pass. part. ovAAUMEOLAL tive (TDNT; EDNT; BBC). Subj. used in purp. cl. cnpvbo-
(# 5200) to be grieved w., to feel sympathy, to feel sorry oev pres. act. inf. Knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim as a her-
for (LN, 1:318). The prep. compound may be perfective ald, to preach. Inf. expressing the purp. of the sending.
(“utterly distressed”) (MH, 325). mwpwoic (#4801) @ 15 Exew pres. act. inf. s.v. 10. Inf. expressing the purp.
hardening. €xtetvov aor. imp. act. exteivw (#1753) to of the sending. exBaAAew pres. act. inf. exBadrw
stretch out. &&€tewev aor. ind. act. &meKateotaOn aor. (# 1675) to throw out, to cast out. Epex. inf. explaining
ind. pass. anoxabiotnut (# 635) to restore again. It indi- the authority. 16 €né6nKev aor. ind. act. emitiOnur
cates complete restoration (Guelich; MM). The subst. (# 2202) to place upon, give a name. 17 vioi Bpovtijc
was used by Galen of recovery from sickness (DMTG, sons of thunder. vidg (# 5626) followed by gen. express-
63). 6 E€€AOvtES aor. act. part. (temp.) EEEpyouat es a characteristic (BAGD; SIMS, 169). It may indicate
 Mark4

vases S Cran ( rit 1G).

aut pheme (EC; DIG, 75-77). 0 29 Basses
pres. subj.
act. $v. ZB sv.bu 165) Sed, usedin anstndieh tA. dh:
Mane haun-ofGhd anchor Geena, tee % “wraves”
Bh, (4162) agpixet. Ghpa,
4 912) then,
Rook, “ Boanerges, Sons ofThunder Wark 417)/" JBL lngiveness. trogp, (41944) guilty of, liable, answer-
WGKA AD, 919 magthncey 207 ind. act. wy able; legal term tollowed by gen. denoting the crime
Mires, 4 1D) © ddiiver over, . *Dovtey (BAGL; MIA; Cranfield). 0 Win 4972) because.
ypu pres. ind. mid. (dep) cvviegygyens (4 SWZ) to come Beyor impt. ind. ah tata 4 TSb) 0 vay, Weak. inh,
hast. pres.) Movacten
pres. mid. (dep.)
int. o- “they were cominually saying” They confused the
weyers (# 1522) to be able to, usedw. Game 4 063) to ex- work & the Holy Spisit w. that of an unde spisit
press actual result. geryin 20x. act. ink. z09iw (4 2266) to Hooker). 931 te (4 2032) outside. It forms a con-
€at. ink. wr.v0. Girvenyens. © 21 casing 7. at. past. trast w. those seated around Him (Guelich). ovhwovees
(temp.) Gxt (# 201) to hear Aor i anteced- pres. act past. (adh) othe (# 5112) form from the pert.
ot atom “when they had head” & mp’ crus oH tomy to stand (BAGD) aon ind. act.
GAZE 9) the omes w. him, his ily (Cranfield; ors Z i (% OP) to send. “wsbaaraAs pres. act part«o-
Gundry, 171). Ip Bon zon ind. act. Zepyoyes 4 2902) to ie (613) 10
call.A request foraninterview (layer).
go out (from Nazaeth to ) pation 20 Part. A manner ling how they end. % 32 extn
act. inf. apatites i take hold of, corin The family ng ind. mad. (dep.) carps (# 2764) to sit. Grpbow
wastes to get hold A jesus, to take control A His 2c pres. ind. act. Gri (# 1416) toseek. 0 33Gmmapes
tions Taylor). pom 201 ind. act. Zora 4 2014) w be ax. pas. part (dep) amoxpiveun @ 646) to answer
(Ot A one's mind. For the view that 4 was the aowd For the Semitic construction s. Matt. 312. @34 xepr
that was out of control w. enthusiasm and jesus’ fol- Boyes, 201. mid. part. ow 5 wig (@ 3241) dat.
lowers sought to calm them s. Henry Wansbrough, sing «ixins Dat of place (loc) “m a cre” the
“Mask 321 - Vizs jesus Ort of His Mind?” NTS 16 (# 2623) aon. amp. act. optus (# 3972) to see.
OF 2y TF, Vawid Wenham, Tne easing A Mate
@& 21, NIS Zi G93): 2B. O22 camaraox Mark4
act. past canipsive (# 1142) to come down Ady use of 01 tpg 20x ind. mid. (dep.) Gpyouas @ B06) to
the pat. Ggypra pres pat dat mas. sing Gigyw begin (w. ink.) ovwéryeum
pres. ind mid. / pass. cvvayo
427) w be a cule Past used 2s sibst. yg titheWs vcdeanonadins aca
come together, ox pass. to be gathered together
(BAGD). tows superl of wives (#4498) musch,
paiss12 O14 =211
4 WD) w. xe, est many. The dative use ofthe super: “a wery large
tp 201. ni. pass. usps @ F532) to divide. Sd, cond’ (BD, 33, Gudlich). @ffioren. aor act. part (cis-
we. the G59) in 2 cond. dh nlicating a possipilty. ann.) afuives @ 1232) to get in, to embark. xoSiptea
angi ink. tocnys (4 7705) to stand, stand pres. mid. (dep.) inf. cabayan (# 2764) tost. Int. w. Gove
fem, hold one’s ground (BAGD). % 25 bvripeun fut. (# H63) to express actual results. 0 2 Bibaocev inp
ind. mtd. (dep.) s.. 20. evaipren 20x. pass. int. sv. 24 ind. act. hace (# 1433) to teach. inceptive mpt, “he
926 & 41623) & Introduces 2 comd. cd. which the began to teach.” mugnpaF, (* 4130) parable. A brief ut-
spemkes nesmnes to be true. Satan to have ac teramece connected w. 2 comparison or image (Lane;
tually risen up agzinst hunselt _. then he is at this mo- Matt. 13:3, Cranfield; Lithrmann) Dat indicates the ve-
met in uneigble
amd, his end has came” ~Grey hicle used for teaching (Guclich). © 3 devote pres.
totam 28. ind. act. evirps (# 422) to stand up, w rise imp. act. cxsine (# 201) to hear, to listen, to pay atten
up. tyegty 27. nd. pas. $4.24. OT Erbin 202. tion and respond (LIN, 1-373). This recalls the Ghema of
ack pat cxgypuss (16%) 0 go mm, toeter Pat of Deut. 64 (Swete; also Matt. 13:19). oxeiguey pres. act.
manex oxen ax. pl sxciues (# SIT) vessel, pl goods. part otzpe |* DUEL) tosow (see5) Part used as subst.
heagetons aon. act. int. Kagniigs 413%) to plander oxGipe 200 act. inf. int of purp. © 4 eyevewaor ind
Prep. in compound is perfective: “to thoroughlyran mad. (dep.) wane (# 1141) tobecome, to happen. For
if a al IE I a the Semitic use s.SIMS, &5; 19. txegev aor ind act
Sti,
w. te GIP)
i 2comd. A O28 Gyr 297) zine (# 4206) to tall. never nom. pl nexewow (# 4374)
Hd) tuby. He siemaly guasanices the truth of what bard. carcéperyey aor md. act carceoGin (# 2983) to eat
He is dont 1 a. it is the equivalentof “zs | live, saith up. Prep. in compound is perfective “to eat up com-
the Lord” in the OT (Cranfield; Matt 518; TDNT; pletely.” © 5 mewpiing, (* £578) tackle, stony, of shal-
EDINT). tgetoiorum ft. ic. pass. ems (# 712) to re low soil we.underlying rock (AS). ger impt ind. act.
lezse, 10tongue. Gyiagm™ps (#22) sn, the act of an 24 (# 2200) tohave. tpmeveiey 207. ind. act. ove
Appin 2 mira, every.
a Basra wen4s (# 1964) to spring up- eye pres. act. ink Ey to
pres, thy, act.Gusotryies #109) to slander, tothas have,
Ga @ 1322) w. inf. expresses couse. © 6 Gvetezy
Mark 4 74

aor. ind. act. avatéAAw (# 422) to rise (the sun) (BAGD). act. aipw (#149) to lift up, to take away. Eonappevov
éxavpatiosn aor. ind. pass. Kavwaticw (# 3009) to burn, perf. pass. part. oneipw s.v. 3. Part. used as adj., perf.
to scorch; it felt the burning heat (Swete). &npavén aor. stresses the state or cond. 17 mpooxatpoc (#4672)
ind. pass. Enpaivw (#3830) to dry up. 7 axaveas temporary, lasting for a time. yevoeévne aor. mid. (dep.)
(# 1180) acc. pl. thorn. aveBnoav aor. ind. act. dvaBaivw part. (temp.) yivoyo1 (#1181) to become, to happen.
(# 326) to go up, to grow up. Used in LXX of the spring- Gen. abs., “when tribulation or persecution comes.”
ing up of vegetation (Taylor; GELTS, 26; Isa. 11:1). oxavéaAifovtat pres. ind. pass. oxavdaritw (# 4997) to
ovvenvigav aor. ind. act. ovunviyw (#5231) to press cause to stumble, to be offended. They are trapped at
closely, to choke. Used of plants whose food and light once because their faith is so feeble (Taylor; TDNT;
is cut off by weeds (BAGD). €5wxev aor. ind. act. SiSwpt EDNT). @ 19 pépyiva. (# 3533) concern, care, a feel-
(# 1443) to give, to yield. @ 8 €5t50v impf. ind. act. 51w- ing of apprehension or distress in view of possible dan-
wt (# 1443) to give (s.v. 7). Impf. w. the pres. parts. forms ger or misfortune (LN, 1:313). anatn (#573) deceit,
a moving picture of ongoing emergence, growth, and deception, enticement (EDNT; BAGD). eéz16vpia
productivity (Gundry, 192). &vaPaivovta pres. act. part. (# 2133) desire, longing. Prep. in the compound is di-
avoPaivw s.v. 7. ad—a¢gvopeva pres. pass. part. abgavw rective: “having one’s passion toward” (Taylor).
(# 889) to cause to grow; pass. to grow. Parts. describe elomopevopevar pres. mid. (dep.) part. eionopevouar
the manner of the yielding (BBC). €pepev impf. ind. act. (# 1660) to come in. Adj. use of the part. ovpmviyovoi
bepw (# 5770) to carry, to bear. 9 éXeyev impf. ind. act. pres. ind. act. ovunviyw s.v. 7. 20 onapevtes aor.
A€yw (# 2400) to speak. For the use in Mark s. Gundry, pass. part. onetpw s.v. 3. mapaseyovtat pres. ind. mid.
187-89. ta acc. pl. ovg (# 4044) ear. axovev pres. act. (dep.) napadexyouo. (# 4138) to receive, to accept. This
inf. Inf. of purp. @kovetw pres. imp. act. 3rd. sing. s.v. 3. denotes a favorable reception (Gould). kapropopotoiv
10 eyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouai s.v. 4. Kate pres. ind. act. kapmopopew (#2844) to bear fruit.
wovac alone. npwtwv impf. ind. act. epwtdw (#2263) to @ 21 nti (# 3614) used w. a question expecting a strong
ask, to question. Inceptive impf., “they began to in- neg. answer (Gould). A rabbinical way of expressing a
quire.” 11 pvotn-prov (# 3696) mystery, that which prohibition (LNT, 199f.). €pyetoa1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
man cannot know apart from God’s revelation (TDNT; epxopa. (# 2262). Perhaps an indication that Jesus was
NIDNTT; EDNT). 8€50ta1 perf. ind. pass. S151 thinking of Himself and His mission (Cranfield), or the
(# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. indicating that God is the vb. may have the meaning “to be brought” (Gundry,
Giver. 12 For a discussion of the quotation s. HSB, 212; BAGD). Avyxvog (# 3394) lamp (Matt. 5:15). The def-
417-19. BAénovtes pres. act. part. BAenw (# 1063) to see. inite art. used here could refer to a special lamp, per-
Part. as translation of the Heb. inf. absolutus (s. Matt. haps the Hanukkah lamp (LNT, 200). For the use of the
13:14). wow aor. subj. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Subj. w. article in Mark s. SIMS, 104-11. iva (# 2671) w. subj. to
iva. (# 2671) to express purp. (for various possibilities s. express purp. or intent. 10510¢ (# 3654) bushel. A dry
Guelich; Brooks). ovvidow pres. subj. act. ovvinut measure containing nearly two gallons (Taylor). te@q|
(#5317) to comprehend, to understand. emiotpeywouv aor. subj. pass. tt6nu1 (# 5502) to place. The man who lit
aor. subj. act. emt-otpepw (# 2188) to turn around, to re- the Hanukkah lamp. w. the intention of afterward cov-
pent (TDNT, EDNT; for the use in the LXX s. GELTS, ering or hiding it did not do his duty by lighting the
175). Subj. w. ptmote (#3607) to express a neg. purp. lamp (LNT, 207). ovy (# 4024) used in a question expect-
(Guelich). For those who are not disciples the purpose ing a positive answer. Avyvia (#3393) lampstand. It
of the parables is to conceal the truth and to prevent re- was an iron holder w. a high foot (Pesch). The possible
pentance and forgiveness (Taylor). d&pe6f aor. subj. interpretation of this difficult saying is “just as the little
pass. aint (# 918) to release, to forgive. @ 13 oidate light kindled at Hanukkah is intended to burn itself out
perf. ind. act. 0150 (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. in praise of God and His miracles, so people did not
meaning. Used in a question expecting a positive an- scruple to push it under the bed, so it is sinful to disre-
swer. yvwoeobe fut. ind. mid. (dep.) yiwwoKw (# 1182) to gard Heavenly illumination or in any way to impair its
know. Oiéa is used in reference to knowledge which capacity to illuminate” (LNT, 207). 22 xpumtoc
comes from intuition or insight, and yiwwoKw of that (#3220) hidden. davepw6t aor. subj. pass. davepow
which is gained by experience or acquaintance (Swete; (#5746) to make clear, to manifest. Subj. to express
but s. also Gundry, 207). @ 14 Aoyog (# 3364) word. The purp. eyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouai (# 1181) to be-
seed represents the word, but since the seed fell into the come, to be. amoxpupos (# 649) secret, hidden. €A@q aor.
soil and became one w. it, the seed w. the soil also rep- subj. act. épxopar. (# 2262) Subj. w. tva (#2671) used to
resents different kinds of hearers (Gundry, 205). express purp. ® 23 dkovetw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers.
@ 15 oneipetat pres. ind. pass. onetpw s.v. 3. dkobowo1v sing. akovw s.v. 3. 24 ti acc. sing. tig (#5515) who,
aor. subj. act. akovw (#201) to hear. Subj. w. otav what. Adv. acc. “how” (Gundry, 218). wetpeite pres. ind.
(# 4020) used in an indefinite temp. cl. aipet pres. ind. act. petpew (#3582) to measure. petpnOnoetar fut. ind.
75 Mark 5

pass. npooteOjoetau fut. ind. pass. rpootiOnyt (# 4707) to (#2147) to untie, to release, to explain, to expound.
add to. The pass. vbs. here may be the theol. pass. indi- 35 owia (#4070) evening, late afternoon. ‘yevoueévng
cating that God does the action. “Your attention to the aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivowat (#1181) to become; gen.
teaching will be the measure of the profit you will re- abs. 8€A®wpev aor. subj. act. depyouai (#1451) to go
ceive from it” (Swete). @ 25 S0@noetar fut. ind. pass. through, to go across. For the prep. in compound s.
didwyt (# 1443) to give. apOnoetar fut. ind. pass. aipw MH, 300f. Hortatory subj. 36 GpEvtES aor. act. part.
(#149) to remove, to take away. Theol. pass. s.v. 24. (temp.) a&btnyt (# 918) to dismiss, to send away. TV
© 26 EXeyev impf. ind. act. Aeyw s.v. 9. Bary aor. subj. act. impf. ind. act. cyt (# 1639) to be. 37 AaiAay (# 3278)
Barrw (#965) to cast. Subj. used w. wW¢ (#6055) in a furious storm, a hurricane, squall (Taylor; BBC). @né-
cond. cl.: “as if a man would cast....” (RG, 974; Gundry, BoAev impf. ind. act. exparrw (#2095) throw upon;
223-24). © 27 KaSevdq pres. subj. xe Kabevdw (# 2761) intr. to strike upon. “The waves were beating into the
to sleep. eyeipnta pres. subj. pass. tyeipw Gi 1586) pass., boat” (Gould). jn (#2453) already. yepifeo@o1 pres.
to rise, to awaken. For the subj. s.v. 26. vo«ta acc. sing. pass. inf. yeutCw (#1153) to fill; pass. to become full.
vv§ (# 3816) night. Acc. of time. The sleeping and rising Pres., “was filling up.” Inf. w. dote (# 6063) to express
go on continually from day to day (RG, 470). BAaota actual results. 38 npbpvy (# 4744) the stern of a ship.
pres. subj. act. BAaotavw to grow. UNKYVTTAL pres. pass. mpooKeparatov (#4676) pillow, cushion. Presumably a
subj. wnkvvw (# 3602) to make long; pass. to become rower’s wooden or leathern seat used as a headrest
long, to grow (BAGD). we (# 6055) after vbs. of saying (Taylor); or it may have been the pillow that was cus-
or thinking how (Taylor). 28 avtopatn (# 897) by it- tomarily kept for those not involved in sailing or fish-
self, of something that happens without visible cause ing (Lane). ka@evduv pres. act. part. kadevdw (# 2761) to
(BAGD; Rainer Stiihlmann, “Beobachtungen und sleep. Used in a periphrastic construction. od [£A€1 Oot
Uberlegungen zu Markus iv. 26-29,” NTS 19 [1972/73]: “Is it of no concern to you?” &noAADpE8a. pres. ind. mid.
153-62). Kapmopopet pres. ind. act. kapnodopew (# 2844) OROAA YL (# 660) to destroy, ruin. “We are in the process
to bear fruit, to produce. yoptog (# 5965) grass, the green of perishing.” Progressive pres. vividly describing the
shoot. eita (# 1663) then (BD, 19). otayug (# 5092) head process. 39 SeyepOeig aor. pass. part. (temp.) 51-
or ear of grain. ottog¢ (#4992) wheat, grain. eyeipw (# 1444) to wake up; to arouse completely (Tay-
@ 29 napasoi aor. subj. act. rapadtdwpt (# 4140) to give lor). émetipnoev aor. ind. act. enitwdaw (#2203) to
over, to allow. Subj. w. otav (# 4020) used in an indef. rebuke, to sternly warn (Matt. 17:18). eurev aor. ind. act.
temp. cl. penavov (# 1535) sickle. napéotnKev perf. ind. AEyw (#3306). The aor. vbs. stand in contrast to the
act. maptotnyt (#4225) to place beside; perf. used of a pres. and impf. vbs. olwma pres. imp. act. owwndw
point of time, “to be here,” “to have come” (BAGD). (#4995) to be silent. neipwoo perf. imp. pass. pyow
30 duoiwowpev aor. subj. act. Ou010w (# 3929) to make (# 5821) to muzzle, to silence. Perf., “to put the muzzle
alike, to compare. @@pev aor. subj. act. t1Onu1 (# 5502) to on and keep it on” (RG, 908; M, 110; MKG, 264f; VA,
place. Used of setting forth an idea in symbolism (AS). 362). ExkOmaoev aor. ind. act. konatw (#3156) to grow
The subjs. are deliberative or hortative subjs. used in a weary, to cease. Used in the LXX of water in repose
question of comtemplation (RG, 934; IGNT, 57f; IBG, after a storm or flood (Swete; Gen. 8:1). &yeveto aor. ind.
22): @ 31 KOKKw dat. sing. KoxKoc (#3133) kernel, mid. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become. yaAnvn (# 1132)
seed. Dat. of comparison. owdnews gen. sing. ivan calm. 40 detd0¢ (#1264) cowardly, timid, fearful,
(# 4983) mustard (Matt. 13:31). onapi aor. subj. pass. without courage (LN, 1:317-18). 41 &poBnOnoav aor.
oneipw s.v. 3. LIKpOtEpov comp. LIKpdG (# 3625) small. ind. pass. (dep.) poBeouor (# 5828) to be afraid. poBov
Comp. used as superl. 6v pres. act. part. nom. n. sing. acc. sing. poBoc (# 5832) fear. For the cognate acc. s. RG,
ewt (#1639) to be. Here, “being smallest” (Guelich; 477£; BD, 84f. vmaxovet pres. ind. act. braKovw (# 5634)
Gundry, 229). @ 32 peifov (#3505) comp. pEeyas to listen to, to obey, followed by dat.
(# 3489) large. Comp. used as superl. Aaxyavwv gen. pl.
Aaxavov (# 3303) plant, vegetable, gen. of comparison. Mark 5
movet pres. ind. act. moew (# 4472) to make, to produce. @ 1 M80 aor. ind. act. épyouai (# 2262) to come, to
KA.G506 (# 3080) branch. &0vac8a1 pres. pass. (dep.) inf. go. népav (# 4305) adv. of place used as a subst.; other
Svvaya (# 1538) to be able. Inf. w. wote (# 6063) to ex- side (BAGD). This ties the story to the previous one by
press actual results. Kataoxnvodv pres. act. inf. indicating the arrival at the destination given in 4:35
Kataoknvow (#2942) lit., to put up a tent, to dwell, to (Guelich). For a discussion of the text problem and the
rest, to nest (Guelich). 33 tovadtatg dat. fem. pl. location of the area s. Guelich; Gundry, 255-56.
to.odvtos (#5525) of such a kind, such as this. Instr. dat. @ 2 e&eABOvtos aor. act. part. (temp.) eEepxouar (# 2202)
éAGAe1 impf. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. ndvvavto to go out, to come out; gen. abs. “when he went out...”
impf. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvopor s.v. 32. 34 ywpic bnnvtnoev aor. ind. act. bravtaw (# 5636) to meet, fol-
(# 6006) w. gen. without. éméAvev impf. ind. act. emdvw lowed by dat. 3 xatoixnots (# 2998) living quarters,
Mark 5 76

dwelling. According to the Talmud there were four repeatedly plead. &nooteiAy aor. subj. act. dmooteAAw
signs of madness: walking abroad at night, spending (# 690) to send away. Subj. used w. iva (# 2671)giving
the night on a grave, tearing one’s clothes, destroying the obj. of their request. @ 11 TOG (# 4639) w. dat. by,
what one was given (Lane; SB, 1:491). elyev impf. ind. nearby. ayéAn (#36) herd. yoipwv gen. pl. YOIPOS
act. €yw (#2400) to have. Customary impf. &Avoet dat. (# 5956) pig, swine. Gen. of content. Booxopévn pres.
sing. aAvotc (# 268) chain. Instr. dat. &5dvato impf. ind. mid. part. Booxowot (# 1081) to graze, to feed. Part.
pass. (dep.) Suva (# 1538) to be able. Impf. indicates used in a periphrastic construction. Jews were forbid-
the unfulfilled action in the past. Sfjoa1 aor. act. inf. dew den to raise pigs (M, Baba Kamma, 7:7). @ 12 napexa-
(# 1313) to bind. @ 4 51a (# 1328) because, but here the Aeoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 10. A€yovtes pres. act. part. Aeyw
construction indicates not the reason but the circum- (# 3306). m&wwov aor. imp. act. meunw (# 4287) to send.
stances mentioned by way of explanation (Cranfield). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. w. a note of urgency.
TOAAAKIC (#4490) often. néSat¢ dat. pl. nedn (# 4267) ELoeAOwpeEv aor. subj. act. eloepyouat (# 1656) to go into.
bonds for the feet, shackles. Instr. dat. Se5eo8a1 perf. Subj. w. iva (#2671) in a purp. cl. @ 13 exetpewev aor.
pass. inf. Sew (# 1313) to bind. Perf. indicates the cond. ind. act. enitpenw (# 2205) to allow, to give permission
or state. Seondo@an perf. pass. inf. diaonaw (# 1400) to to. &eA80vta aor. act. part. (temp.) nom. n. pl. e€epyouct
tear apart. ovvtetpip@ar perf. pass. inf. ovvtpipw (# 2202) to go out. Aor. indicating a logically anteced-
(# 5341) to shatter, to smash, to crush. toyvev impf. ind. ent action. elofAGov aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. @pynoev aor.
act. oxvw (#2710) to be strong. Impf. depicts the in- ind. act. opuaw (#3994) to set out, to rush. Kata
complete action in the past. Soy:do01 aor. act. inf. da- (# 2848) w. gen., down. Kpnuvos (# 3204) cliff, precipice,
wate (#1238) to tame. 5651 mavt0g vuKtOG Kai steep bank. we (#6055) (w. numbers) about. enviyovto
TWepas reflects the Jewish reckoning from sunset to impf. ind. pass. nvtyw (# 4464) to choke, to drown. In-
sunset, “Through all the night and the day” (Gundry, ceptive impf., “they began to drown.” @ 14 Booxovtec
249). Opeow dat. pl. dpocg (#4001) mountain, hill pres. act. part. Booxw (#1081) to feed, to graze a herd.
(BAGD). xpawv pres. act. part. Kpatw (#3189) to cry Part. used as subst.: “the ones grazing the herd.”
out, to scream. This and the following part. used in a Epvyov aor. ind. act. devyw (#5771) to flee. anhyyet.av
periphrastic construction emphasize the repeated ac- aor. ind. act. dmayyedAAw (#550) to bring news, to re-
tion. KatTAKONTWV pres. act. part. KataKkontw (# 2888) to port. €i¢ Thy NOALV Kai Eig TOS Gypovs for those in the
cut to pieces. The prep. compound is perfective. His city and for those in the fields. Not an incidence of e1¢
body in this way may have been gashed and scarred all (#1650) used in the sense of &v (#1877) (John J.
over (Swete). @ 6 t8a@v aor. act. part. opaw (# 3972) to O’Rourke, “A Note Concerning the Use of EIZ and EN
see. Temp. or causal part. waxpoOev (# 3427) adv., from in Mark,” JBL 95 [1966]: 349-51). MA@ov aor. ind. act.
afar. €5popev aor. ind. act. tpexw (#5556) to run. Epxonat (# 2262) to go. etv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972)
MpooEKvvnoEV aor. ind. act. tpookvvew (# 4686) to wor- to see. Inf. of purp. yeyovog perf. act. part. yivouai
ship, to worship by falling on the knees; w. dat. (#1181) to become, to happen. Perf. emphasizes the
@ 7 xpa~as aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 5.“As he cried continuing state or cond. of that which had happened.
out....” tt &o0i Kai oot “What have I to do with you?” Part. as subst. 15 @ewpodow pres. ind. act. bewpew
(Mark 1:24; SIMS, 183-85). tyrotog (#5736) superl. (# 2555) to see, to observe something w. continuity and
most high. (s. Luke 1:32). opxiGw (#3991) pres. ind. act. attention, often w. the implication that what is ob-
to implore, to put under an oath, to cause someone to served is unusual (LN, 1:279). Sa1ovifopevov pres.
swear, to insist that one take an oath (LN, 1:441; TDNT; mid. (dep.) part. 5aiovioucr (# 1227) to be possessed
EDNT). Used w. double acc., where the second acc. by a demon. Imperfective part.: “the man who used to
shows by whom the oath is to be taken (DM, 95; BD, be (or, who had until now been) a demoniac.” K.L.
83). Bacaviogs aor. subj. act. 2nd. sing. Baoavitw (# 989) McKay, “Syntax in Exegesis,” TB 23 (1972): 48. kaOtpe-
to torture. Subj. w. un (# 3590) used in a neg. command. vov pres. mid. (dep.) part. ka@nuat (# 2764) to sit. wo-
@ 8 EXeyev impf. ind. act. 4eyw (# 3306). Inceptive impf. Tlopévov perf. pass. part. yatitw (# 2667) to clothe, to
“He began to say.” €€e aor. imp. act. eEepyouat s.v. 2. be clothed. Perf. emphasizing his pres. cond. or state.
Aor. imp. looks at a specific action expected. 9 énxn- Owppovovvta pres. act. part. owhpovew (# 5404) to be of
pwta impf. ind. act. enepwtcw (# 2089) to consult, to in- sound mind, to be in one’s right mind. The man was
quire of, to ask (Taylor). Inceptive impf. emphasizing master of himself again (Swete; TDNT; NIDNTT;
the beginning, "he began to inquire." Aeyiwv (# 3305) TLNT). éoynxota perf. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have.
legion, a unit of the Roman army containing approxi- Not an aoristic perf., but expressing a former state; i.e.,
mately six thousand men (Matt. 26:53; Gundry, 263). “having had and now free of” ha TB 23 [1972]:
@ 10 mopexaAet impf. ind. act. mapakarew (#4151) to 48). EpoPnOnoay aor. ind. pass. (dep.) boBeonar (# 5828)
call to, to beseech, to plead w. Either inceptive impf. to fear, to be afraid. 16 5inynoavto aor. ind. mid.
stressing the beginning; or iterat., stressing that they (dep.) Simyeouat (# 1455) to relate, to set out in detail
TE, Mark 5

(Taylor). For the prep. compound s. MH, 301. dvteg part. nom. fem. sing. eipt (# 1639) to be. Adj. part. indi-
aor. act. part. opaw (# 3972) to see. Part. used as subst. cating the ongoing cond. (Gundry, 279). pvoet dat. sing.
éyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowat (# 1181) to become, pvoicg (#4868) flow; she was suffering from vaginal
to happen to, w. dat. 17 fipEavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) bleeding (Hooker). The illness defiled her. She also de-
apxoua (# 806) to begin, w. inf. TOPOKOAELV pres. act. filed anything or anybody she touched (Guelich; BBC;
inf. s.v. 10. &med@eiv aor. act. inf. dnépyouo. (# 599) to go Lev. 15:25; M, Niddah 2:2-7; M, Zabim). dwdexa. Evy
away. Inf. in indir. discourse as obj. of the vb. nopoxa- (# 1557; 2291) acc. pl. twelve years; acc. of time. 26
AEw. 18 euBoivovtog pres. act. part. (temp.) euPatvw madovoe. aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. naoxw (# 4248)
(# 1832) to get in, to embark. Gen. abs. napexaAet impf. to suffer. Concessive part., “although she suffered...”
ind. act. tapaKarew s.v. 10. Inceptive impf. stresses the tatpoc (#2620) doctor. Sanavioace. aor. act. part. nom.
continual pleading. 5a1poviobeic aor. pass. part. (Soipo- fem. sing. 5anavow (# 1251) to spend, to spend freely.
vitonar (# 1227) to be possessed by a demon. q pres. Used for expenses in a temple account of payment
subj. act. eli to be. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) used in a cl. as (MM; Preisigke, 1:319; Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 8:1143;
obj. of the vb. napakarew. 19 adiKev aor. ind. act. GELTS, 95). weAneion aor. pass. part. (circum.)
&binur (# 918) to release, to allow. bnaye pres. imp. act. wberew (# 6067) to profit, to receive benefit; pass. to re-
brayw (# 5632) to go, to go forth. Pres. imp. used w. a ceive help. xeipov (# 5437) comp. kako worse. &A80boa
vb. of motion (VANT, 343). amayyetdov aor. imp. act. aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. épyoua1 (#2262) (“she
anayyédAw s.v. 14. Aor. imp. used in a specific com- grew worse”). 27 &kovoaoa aor. act. part. (temp.)
mand. menoinxev perf. ind. act. noiéw (# 4472) to do. nom. fem. sing. &kovw (#201) to hear, "when he
Perf. stresses the completed action w. a continuing re- heard..." yato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &ntopar (# 721) to
sult. NAenoev aor. ind. act. EAeéw (# 1796) to show mercy, touch, w. obj. in gen. 28 édeyev impf. ind. act. s.v. 8.
to be merciful (TDNT; EDNT). The change from perf. to Gywpoat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 27. Subj. in a cond. cl.
aor. is deliberate. The man has received blessings which assumes the possibility of the cond. ow@joopa1
which abide and which are a definite boon in his cure fut. ind. pass. s.v. 23. 29 &&npdvén aor. ind. pass. én-
(Taylor). ® 20 anfAdev aor. ind. act. s.v. 17. hpEato aor. paivw (#3830) to dry, to dry up. mnyn (# 4380) spring,
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 17. knpvooetv pres. act. inf. knpvoow fountain, source. €yvw aor. ind. act. yivwoKxw (# 1182) to
(# 3062) to proclaim, to proclaim as a herald. enoinoev know, to recognize. owpatt dat. sing. odpa (#5393).
aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. Used w. dat. of ad- Dat. of place.: “She recognized in her body.” tata perf.
vantage. e8a0pafov impf. ind. act. Gavpacw (# 2513) to ind. pass. ido (# 2615) to heal (GLH). According to
marvel, to wonder, to be amazed. Inceptive impf. de- Jewish teaching, her touch should have made Jesus un-
scribing the continual action. @ 21 dianepdoavtos aor. clean (M, Zabim 5:1). But instead Jesus made her clean!
act. part. duanepaw (# 1385) to cross over; gen. abs. ovv- WGotLyOS gen. sing. waotts (#3465) scourge, plague.
nxOn aor. ind. pass. ovvayw (# 5251) to gather together, 30 Extyvove aor. act. part. (temp.) emtytwwoKkw (# 2105)
to assemble. For Mark’s use of this vb. w. the prep. ent to know, to recognize. éeA8otoav aor. act. part. acc.
(# 2093) s. Gundry, 278. @ 22 épyetar pres. ind. (dep.) fem. sing. s.v. 2. Part. used as obj. of the vb. emytvwoKw.
mid. épyoum (#2262) to go. Hist. pres. apyrovva-ywyos Emiotpadeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. emiotpepw (# 2188) to
(# 801) leader or president of a synagogue. The official turn; pass. to turn around. twato aor. ind. mid. (dep.),
whose duty it was to take care of the physical arrange- w. obj. in gen. (s.v. 27). 31 ovvOAiBovta. pres. act. part.
ments for the worship services (BAGD; SB, 4:115-52; s.v. 24. Adj. part. 32 nepveBAéneto impf. ind. mid.
TDNT; BBC; for the pl. s. Gundry, 278). 180v aor. act. nepiprenw (#4315) to look, to look around, to look
(temp.) part. s.v. 6. 23 napaxodei pres. ind. act. s.v. about oneself. Inceptive impf. (RG, 838), or the impf.
10. Hist. pres. or inceptive pres. @vyatpiov (# 2589) views the action as continual and incomplete (VANT,
daughter. The dimin. appears to be used as a term of af- 146, 165-66). 1eiv aor. act. inf. opdw (#3972) to see. Inf.
fection: “my little daughter” (Taylor). &oyatwe (# 2275) of purp. moinoaoay aor. act. part. acc. fem. sing. no1ew
adv. last; toxatw¢ Eyet to be at the point of death (#4472) to do, to make. The fem. may indicate that
(Gould; BAGD). &A@ov aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 1. Jesus knew the sex of the person healed (Gundry, 271).
EmOfI¢ aor. subj. act. enrtiOny1 (# 2202) to place upon. © 33 poBneiow aor. pass. (dep.) part. nom. fem. sing.
Used w. iva. (# 2671) in the sense of an imp.: “Do please s.v. 15. Tp€ovea. pres. act. part. nom. fem. sing. tpeuw
come and lay ...” (IBG, 144). ow@7 aor. subj. pass. owlw (# 5554) to shake, to tremble. et8via perf. act. part. nom.
(# 5392) to save, to heal. Chon aor. subj. act. Caw (# 2409) fem. sing. of defective perf. o15a (# 3857) to know. Adj.
to live. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) ina purp. cl. @ 24 anfBev parts. describing the woman. yeyovev perf. act. part. s.v.
aor. ind. act. s.v. 17. qeoAovGet impf. ind. act. cKoAovdEW 14. NAGev aor. ind. act. Epyouat s.v. 1. mpooenecev aor. ind.
(#199) to follow. ovvé@A1Bov impf. ind. act. ovvOrAiBw act. mpoonintw (#4700) to fall down before someone.
(# 5315) to press together, to press upon. Impf. pictures eimev aor. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say. © 34 céowKev
the continual action in the past. 25 odea pres. act. perf. ind. act. owfw s.v. 23. Perf. emphasizes the pres.
Mark 6 78

state as a result of an action. Perhaps Mark had a dou- quite beside themselves w. amazement” (BAGD). Instr.
ble meaning, the religious sense of the word being sug- dat. 43 SeoteiAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) d1a0téAAw
gested as well as the sense to heal (Cranfield). i061 pres. (# 1403) to divide or distinguish; mid. to give an explic-
imp. act. ey (#1639) to be. The sense is “continue it order, to command (Swete). ‘yoi aor. subj. act. yivw-
whole and well” (RWP; M, 174, 226). 35 AaAobvtOSG oxw (# 1182) to know. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) in a purp. cl.
pres. act. part. (temp.) AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Gen. €imev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. S007var aor.
abs. Pres. expressing contemporaneous action. ané- pass. inf. d15wy (# 1443) to give. Inf. after a vb. of say-
@avev aor. ind. act. anoO@nvnokw (#633) to die. Aor. ing in indir. speech (Taylor). @ayeiv aor. act. inf. €o81w
stresses the occurrence of death (Gundry, 282). o«bA- (# 2266) to eat. Inf. as subst. used as subject of the pass.
ets pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. oxvAAw (# 5035) to inf. “Something to eat should be given to her.”
flay, to skin; to trouble, to annoy. 36 napaxKovous aor.
act. part. tapaKxovw (# 4159) to hear beside, to overhear, Mark 6
to refuse to hear, to ignore (Taylor; Guelich). AorovpLE- @ 1 €E7AGev aor. ind. act. e&epyouai (# 2002) to go
vov pres. pass. part. s.v. 35. Adj. part. ¢oBod pres. imp. out. Jesus went from Capernaum to Nazareth. &Koov-
mid. (dep.) doPpeonar (# 5828) to fear, to be afraid. W. ®odov pres. ind. act. akoAovdew (#199) to follow (w.
neg. uN (#3590) to stop an action in progress: “stop dat.). Hist. pres. | 2 yevopeévov aor. mid. (dep.) part.
fearing!” mioteve pres. imp. act. miotevw (# 4409) to be- (temp.) yivouar (#1181) to become, to happen. Gen.
lieve, to trust. © 37 aofiKev aor. ind. act. ainur (#918) abs. “when it had become Sabbath.” ipato aor. ind.
w. inf. to allow, to permit. ovvakoAovOToa1 aor. act. inf. mid. (dep.) apyouat (#806) to begin, followed by inf.
ovvakoAovbew (#5258) to follow along, to follow w. aKovovtes pres. act. part. dkovw (#201) to hear. Adj.
@ 38 Bewpei pres. ind. act. Bewpew (# 2555) to see, to ob- part. as subst. €€emAnooovto impf. ind. pass. exnAnoow
serve. Hist. pres. @opuBog (#2573) turmoil, uproar (#1742) to amaze; pass. to be amazed, to be over-
(Matt. 9:23f). KAatovtas pres. act. part. KAatw (#3081) whelmed (Mark 7:37). m0@ev (#4470) where, from
to cry, loud weeping (BBC). GAaAaLovtas pres. act. where. tovtw dat. sing. Dat. of advantage. 508¢€ioa aor.
part. aAaAaCw (#226) to shout, to wail. Two parts. ex- pass. part. di5wy1 (# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. tovadtar
plain the turmoil (Cranfield). For a description of the nom. fem. pl. tovovto¢ (# 5525) of such a kind, such as
funeral tumult s. Lane. 39 etoeA8wv aor. act. part. this (BAGD). ywwopevon pres. mid. (dep.) part. yivouat.
(temp.) s.v. 12. BopvBeioBe pres. ind. pass. Sopvpew @ 3 textwv (#5454) builder, carpenter, woodworker,
(#2572) to throw into disorder; pass. to be troubled, one who works w. hard material (Lane). It has been
distressed, aroused. xa@evSer pres. ind. act. kabevdw suggested Jesus worked in the nearby city of Sepphoris
(# 2761) to sleep. The statement may mean that she has (R. A. Batey, “Is Not This the Carpenter?’” NTS 30
not yet been delivered over to the realm of death w. all [1984]: 249-58; BBC). toxavéaAifovto impf. ind. pass.
its consequences (Lane). 40 xateyeAwv impf. ind. oxaviartw (# 4997) to cause to stumble; pass. to be of-
act. katayeAcw (# 2860) w. gen. to laugh at, to deride, fended (TDNT). 4 catiog (#872) without honor,
to jeer at. The prep. compound is perfective (Taylor). dishonored (Gundry, 292). For the alpha prefix form-
Inceptive impf., “They began ...” exBaAwv aor. act. part. ing the neg. s. Moorhouse, 41-68. ovyyevedovv dat. pl.
exBarrw (# 1675) to throw out, to send out. naparapBa- ovyyevns (#5150) relative, kinsman. @ 5 &5vvato impf.
vel pres. ind. act. naporaupavw (# 4161) to take; w. hist. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvapar (# 1538) to be able, used w.
pres. eLOMOPEVETO pres. ind. mid. (dep. ) Elomopevouar inf. movfjoou aor. act. inf. mo1ew (# 4472) to do. appwoto1g
(# 1660) to go in. TV impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. dat. pl. appwotos (# 779) weak, sick. Galen often uses
41 xpatnous aor. act. part. (circum.) kpatew (# 3195) the noun a&ppwotia to show illness (DMTG, 75). Dat. w.
w. gen., to take hold of. The gen. suggests tenderness the prep. in the vb. emiBeig aor. act. part. enitiOnur
(GGBB, 132). tara (#5420) (Aramaic: nmin) fem. (# 2202) to place upon. Part of manner or means. e6epa-
form, youth (Gould; AT, 590). kovp (# 3182) (Aramaic: mevoev aor. ind. act. Sepanevw (#2543) to heal.
M1) imp. arise! (UJS, 40-42). peOepynvevopLevov pres. ® 6 Ebavpalev impf. ind. act. Pavudtw (# 2513) to won-
pass. part. peSepunvevw (# 3493) to translate. Kopactov der, to be amazed. mepifyev impf. ind. act. nepiayw
(# 3166) dimin., girl, little girl. €yepe pres. imp. act. (# 4310) to go about, to go around. Impf. pictures the
eyelpw (# 1586) to arise, get up. Pres. imp. suggests that repeated action in the past. 5t8doKwv pres. act. part. 51-
the action should commence. 42 &véotn aor. ind. act. daokw (#1438) to teach. Part. of manner: “He was
aviotnut (#482) to stand up, to arise, to get up. going about teaching.” This summary statement de-
mepienater impf. ind. act. nepimatew (#4344) to walk scribes the teaching activity of Jesus around Nazareth
about. Inceptive impf., “she began to walk about.” &&- (Guelich). 7 npooxaAeitor pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
otnoay aor. ind. act. e€totnut (# 2014) to be astonished, Tpookareouat (# 4673) to summons, to call. NpEato aor.
to be bewildered. exotaoet dat. sing. Exkotactc (# 1749) ind. mid. (dep.) apyouat (# 806) to begin s.v. 2. £51800
confusion, bewilderment, amazement. “They were impf. ind. act. didwur (# 1443) to give. Impf. indicates
79 Mark 6

the giving of authority to the groups of two, but is not part. (circum.) anootedAw (#690) to send, “he sent...”
to be confused w. a perf. implying the giving of author- ExpGtnoev aor. ind. act. kpatéw (#3195) to seize, to ar-
ity today (Gundry, 301). 8 naptyyettev aor. ind. act. rest. €5noev aor. ind. act. 5ew (# 1313) to bind. According
TOparyyerAAw (# 4133) to give instruction, to command. to Josephus, John was imprisoned at the fortress of
aipwoiv pres. subj. act. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to take. Machaerus (Jos., Ant. 18:119; TJ, 63; also Roger Aus,
Subj. w. iva (# 267 1)used in a cl. which is the obj. of the Water into Wine and the Beheading of John the Baptist,
vb. pafdo¢ staff. mhpa (# 4385) leather pouch, wallet Brown Judaic Studies 150 [Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press,
(Matt. 10:10). avn (# 2438) belt. Ancient custom was to 1988], particularly 39-64). €yapnoev aor. ind. act. yowew
keep small change in the girdle (Taylor; Matt. 10:9). (# 1138) to marry (HA, 131-36; TJ, 47-49). @ 18 €eotwv
@ 9 vnodedenEvoug perf. mid. (dep.) part. brodéopor (# 2003) it is lawful, it is allowed, followed by dat. and
(#5686) to bind under, to put on shoes. oavéaA1ov epex. inf. For the unlawfulness of this marriage s. HA,
(# 4908) sandals. The precipitous paths in Galilee make 137-46; BBC; DJG, 388-89; ABD, 3:175-76. @ 19 eveixzev
a staff and sandals necessary for protecting the feet and impf. ind. act. evexw (# 1923) to have it in for someone,
whole person (Gundry, 308). evévonobe pres. mid. subj. to hold a grudge (Taylor). fedev impf. ind. act. berw
évd0w (# 1907) mid., to clothe, to put on clothes. #10 (# 2527) to will, to want. Impf. indicates unfulfilled ac-
ELOEAOTTE aor. subj. act. eloepxouat (# 1656) to go in, to tion in the past. dmoxteivor aor. act. inf. anoktetvw
come in. Subj. w. 6nov av in an indef. rel. cl. wévete pres. (# 650) to kill. n&vvato impf. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvapo1
imp. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. Pres. imp. expresses (# 1538) (BD, 36). 20 edoBeito impf. ind. mid. (dep.)
a distributive command (VANT, 367). &€€A@nte aor. doBeouat (#5828) to fear. Impf. pictures the continual
subj. act. s.v. 1. @ 11 S€€qtat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) 5exo- fearing. ei6w¢ perf. act. part. oda. (# 3857) to know.
wo (# 1312) to welcome, to receive. Subj. in an indef. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. Causal part. Josephus
rel. cl. &kovowow aor. subj. act. s.v. 2. Exnopevowevor calls John a good man (Jos., Ant., 18:117; TJ, 64). ovveth-
pres. mid. (dep.) part. exnopevouar (# 1744) to go out. pet impf. ind. act. ovvtnpew (# 5337) to guard, to keep
Circum. part. to be translated as imp. (VANT, 386). €x- safe. The prep. compound is perfective (Taylor; M,
TivGEate aor. imp. act. extivaoow (# 1759) to shake, to 116). Nropet impf. ind. act. anopew (# 679) to be at a loss,
shake off, to treat as unclean (BBC). yot¢ (# 5967) earth, in doubt, to be in perplexity, w. the implication of seri-
dust (Matt. 10:14). @ 12 e&A@ovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 1. ous anxiety (LN, 1:381). ndews (#2452) adv. gladly.
exnpveav aor. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim as Tikovev impf. ind. act. s.v. 16. Obj. gen. refers to Jesus.
a herald (TDNT; EDNT). petavomoww pres. subj. act. @ 21 yevowévns aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) yivopar
wetavoew (# 3566) to change one’s mind, to repent (s. (#1181) to become, to be. Gen. abs. evxaipog (# 2322)
Matt. 3:2). Subj. w. iva. to express purp. 13 &&€BadAov opportune, suitable, convenient. yeveototc dat. pl. yevé-
impf. ind. act. exBaAAw (# 1675) to cast out, to drive out. o1a (# 1160) birthday. For birthday celebrations in the
TAeupov impf. ind. act. aAetpw (# 230) to anoint w. oil. ancient world s. RAC, 11:217-43. Dat. of time. Pl. used
For the medicinal use of oil s. SB, 2:11-12; DMTG, 31; M, of festivals (BD, 107-108). Seixvov (# 1270) dinner, ban-
Shab. 14:4; TDNT; NIDNTT. é@epanevov impf. ind. act. quet (SB, 4:ii, 611-39). €noinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. peyl-
s.v. 5. The vbs. in impf. show the repeated action in the otaow dat. pl. peyiotivec (#3491) the great ones,
past. @ 14 fjxovoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. "“Hpwdn¢ Herod, courtiers (generally pl.) (BAGD). It refers to the inner
Herod Antipas (HA; TJ, 45-50). The term “king” repre- circle of the king’s government (Sherwin-White, 137).
sents a popular designation rather than an offical title Dat. shows personal interest. yiAiapyos (# 5947) lit. the
(Guelich; Brooks). &yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. leader of a thousand soldiers; later, the commander of
dvoua, (# 3950) name, reputation, fame (BAGD; Gue- a cohort. Roughly equivalent to our present-day major
lich). BamtiGwv pres. act. part. BantiGw (# 966) to dip, to or colonel (HA, 119; BAGD). The archaeological dis-
baptize (Matt. 3:6; TJ, 63-65). Part. used as subst. éynyep- coveries at Machaerus of a prison and two dining
tau perf. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1919) to raise; pass., to rise, rooms fit the text (Gundry, 313). @ 22 eioeABovoN(¢ aor.
to be resurrected. Perf. indicates he has risen and is act. part. (temp.) gen. fem. sing. e1oepxopa (# 1656) to
therefore alive and among us again (Swete). Evepyovoiv come in. Gen. abs. opynoopévns aor. mid. (dep.) part.
pres. ind. act. vepyew to be operative, to be at work; opxeouat (#4004) to dance, not necessarily a sensual
used of supernatural working (EDNT). @ 15 é\eyov dance (HA, 157), but in Roman circles dancing was
impf. ind. act. \eyw (# 3306) Impf. stresses the repeated considered indecent and dances at banquets were gen-
action in the past. 16 dkoboas aor. act. part. (temp. ) eraly done by slaves or prostitutes (Lane; KP, 5:513-14;
akovw (# 201) to hear. &mexepaAtoa aor. ind. act. anoKe- OCD, 312; DGRA, 1004-6). Tpecev aor. ind. act. GpeoKw
bariGw (# 642) to take the head off, to behead. nyepen (# 743) to please, w. dat. He not only took his brother’s
aor. ind. pass. s.v. 14. For a discussion of this passage s. wife but wanted his wife’s daughter. ovvavaxKe1pevorc
HA, 184-97; TJ, 64-65. @ 17 abtoc he, himself, the afore- pres. mid. (dep.) part. ovvavaxeyor (# 5263) to recline
mentioned (BD, 145; SIMS, 113-16). &nooteiAas aor. act. at the table w. someone. kopdouov (# 3166) girl, dimin.
Mark 6 80

little girl, a young girl at or near marriageable age, MM). Aor. imp. looks at a specific command (VANT,
probably around fourteen years old (HA, 151-56; Lane; 334). Oma&yovtEs pres. act. part. Unayw (# 5632) to de-
BBC). aitnoov aor. imp. act. aitew (# 160) to ask, to re- part, to go. Part. used in periphrastic construction.
quest. Aor. imp. looks at a specific act. 8€AN¢ pres. subj. gayeiv aor. act. inf. Eo8iw (# 2266) to eat. Epex. inf. ex-
act. s.v. 19. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. 5@ow fut. ind. act. plaining the vb. evxaipovv impf. ind. act. ebkaipew
d15wp (# 1443) to give. Fut. used in a type of cond. cl. (#2320) to have time, to have opportunity.
w. imp. stating the cond. 23 @pooev aor. ind. act. @ 32 anijAdov aor. ind. act. s.v. 27. @ 33 eldov aor. ind.
ouVvow (# 3923) to swear. For the oath of Herod s. HA, act. opdw (# 3972) to see. En€yvwooav aor. ind. act. Exryt-
165-67; BBC. aithong aor. subj. act. s.v. 22. Tyi0vs vwoKw (#2105) to know, to recognize. eC (# 4270) dat.
(# 2468) half. 24 e€eA8ovoa. aor. part. nom. fem. sing. sing. by foot. ovvédpapov aor. ind. act. ovvtpeyw
s.v. 1. aithowpar aor. subj. mid. aitéw (# 160) to ask. The (# 5340) to run together. npofA8ov aor. ind. act. mpoepxo-
change from act. to mid. is intentional and indicates the wa. (# 4601) to go before. 34 e&AOwv aor. act. part.
urgency of the request. Deliberative subj. (Taylor). s.v. 1. €onAayxviobn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) omrayyvifouar
25 onovin (#5082) haste, speed. Tthoato aor. ind. (# 5072) to have pity, to feel sympathy, to be moved w.
mid. s.v. 24. e€avtii¢ (#1994) immediately. §@¢ aor. compassion (MNTW, 156-60; TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT).
subj. act. 5t5wy1 (# 1443) to give. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) in Exovta. pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. Adj. part.
cl. giving the content of the request. nivaxi dat. sing. NOWeVG acc. sing. rownvy (# 4478) shepherd. The figure
nivaé a board, plate, dish, served as part of the dinner denotes the lack of spiritual guidance and reflects an
menu (BBC). @ 26 nepidunog (# 4337) surrounded by OT image (Gould; Guelich). fp&ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
sorrow, sorrowful, very sad (14:34; Matt. 26:38). yevo- used w. inf.s.v.2. 35 yevouévne aor. mid. (dep.) part.
wevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) s.v. 21. dpKovg acc. s.v. 2. Gen. abs. Temp. part. indicates mid-to-late
pl. opkog (# 3992) oath. The pl. suggests repeated oaths afternoon (Gundry, 329). mpooeABovteg aor. act.
(Taylor). Acc. w. prep. giving the cause of his sorrow, or part. (circum.) mpooepyouart (#4665) to come to.
of his unwillingness to set aside the promise (Gundry, 36 &xOAVOOV aor. imp. act. GmoAvw (# 668) to free, to
321). NOEANGEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 19. &BEtToa1 aor. act. inf. release, to dismiss. &meASOvteES aor. act. part. s.v. 27. Cir-
abetew (# 119) to set aside. He would not break faith w. cum. part. kbKAw (# 3241) adv. in a circle, surrounding.
her, disappoint her (Swete). Inf. w. the vb. of desire. ayopGowotv aor. subj. act. cyopatw (# 60) to purchase, to
@ 27 dnooteiAas aor. act. part. (circum.) anootedAw buy (at the market square). Subj. used in purp. cl. ¢a-
(# 690) to send, to commission, “The king sent....” ome- yworv aor. subj. act. €o0iw (# 2266) to eat. Subj. in an in-
KOVAGTOPG acc. sing. omeKovAdtwp (# 5063) used to de- def. cl. 37 GmoxpiOei¢ aor. pass. (dep.) part.
note a member of the headquarters staff of a legionary amoKpivonar (#646) to answer. For the Semitic use of
commander in the Roman imperial army or of a pro- the part. s. Matt. 3:12. 60te aor. imp. act. s.v. 2. oayeiv
vincial governor whose duties included the carrying aor. act. inf. s.v. 36. Inf. used as dir. obj. &yopaowpev aor.
out of executions; hence, “executioner” (Cranfield; subj. act. s.v. 36. Deliberative subj. 5nvapiwv gen. pl. 5n-
EDNT). énétaéev aor. ind. act. enit&oow (# 2199) to in- vapiov (# 1324) denar, a Roman coin worth about eigh-
struct, to command. évéyKat aor. act. inf. depw (# 5770) teen cents. It was the workman’s average daily wage
to carry, to bring. Inf. in indir. discourse. dneOwv aor. (BAGD; DJG, 805). &taxootwv gen. pl. Stakooto1 (# 1357)
act. part. (circum.) anepyouat (#599) to go out. ameKe- two hundred. This and the preceding gen. are gen. of
$dAtoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 16. 28 TveyKev aor. ind. act. price (SIMS, 166). Swoopev fut. ind. act. Sidwur (# 1443)
épw s.v. 27. €5wxev aor. ind. act. s1Sw1 (# 1443) to give. to give. Fut. used ina type of purp. cl. “in order that we
@ 29 dxovoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 2. MAGov aor. may give” (SS, 110). @ 38 bxayete pres. imp. act. s.v. 31.
ind. act. épyopat (# 2262) to go, to come. Tpav aor. ind. Sete aor. imp. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. yvovtEs aor. act.
act. aipw (#149) to take up, to take away. nt@pao part. (temp.) yiwwoxw (# 1182) to know. Ingressive aor.
(# 4713) acc. sing. body, corpse. €@nKav aor. ind. act. (VANT, 414). 39 enéta£ev aor. ind. act. s.v. 27. d&va-
tint (#5502) to place. 30 ovvayovto. pres. ind. KAivat aor. act. inf. or a&vaKAOTvar aor. pass. inf. dva-
pass. ovvayw (#5251) to gather together; pass. to be Khivw (#369) act. (trans.) to cause to recline; pass.
gathered together, to assemble (BAGD). Hist. pres. (intrans.) to recline (TC, 91). Inf. in indir. discourse.
annyyeivay aor. ind. act. dnayyerAw (#550) to report, to ovpnoora acc. pl. ovunoorov (# 5235) originally a drink-
inform. énoinoay aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. &8t8aEav aor. ind. ing party, then a party of guests of any kind, a compa-
act. didaokw (#1438) to teach. 31 dedte (#1307) ny. Adv. acc. The repetition of the word indicates
Come! bpeig adtoi you yourselves. “I mean you” (Gun- distribution (RWP). yAwpocg (#5952) green. yoptos
dry, 322). kat’ Siav privately. dvanavdoacbe aor. imp. (#5965) grass. 40 a&veneoav aor. ind. act. dvanintw
mid. (dep.) advanavw (# 399) to cease; mid. to rest, to re- (# 404) to fall back, to recline. npaoid (# 4555) a garden
gain strength, used of soldiers resting and of land bed, refers to the arrangement in rows. It often was cus-
being allowed to rest by lightly sowing crops (LS; tomary for the students of the rabbis to sit in rows
81 Mark 6

which were compared to the rows of vines in the vine- 48. &50Eav aor. ind. act. doxéw (# 1506) to suppose. oav-
yard or to well-ordered gardens (SB, 2:13; Cranfield). taopLa (#5753) an apparition, ghost. It was a popular
@ 41 AoPov aor. act. part. (temp.) AouBdvw (# 3284) to belief that spirits of the night brought disaster (Lane).
take. dvaBAEwas aor. act. part. (temp.) avoPrEenw (# 329) avexpatav aor. ind. act. dvaxpatw (#371) to cry out, to
to look up. evAdynoev aor. ind. act. ebioyew (# 2328) to scream. The appearance drew forth a shriek of terror
praise, to give thanks, to bless. In Judaism it was a (Swete). 50 etéov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see.
stringent rule that nothing should be eaten without EtapaxOnoay aor. ind. pass. tapdcow (# 5429) to shake
thanking God before and after the meal (TDNT; Lane). together, to stir up, to unsettle, to throw into confusion.
KQTEKAGOEV aor. ind. act. Katakidaw (# 2880) to break €AGANoev aor. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. Bapoeite
up, to break into pieces. 6i50v impf. ind. act. 51a pres. imp. act. @apoew (#2510) to be brave, to be of
(# 1443) to give. Impf. suggests the successive distribu- good cheer, to have confidence and firmness of pur-
tions of bread (Taylor). mapatid@owv pres. subj. act. pose in the face of danger or testing (LN, 1:306). eyw
To.par-t1ONW1 (# 4192) to set before, to serve a meal. Subj. eyst “It is I." It could be understood as the divine name
w. iva. (# 2671) used in a purp. cl. Euéptoev aor. ind. act. “Tam” (Hooker). poBeto8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) popéo-
uepttw (# 3532) to divide. 42 Epayov aor. ind. act. o- wat (#5828) to be afraid, to fear. Pres. imp. w. neg. un
8iw (# 2266) to eat. ExoptTaCONOaY aor. ind. pass. yoptatu (#3590) used to prohibit an action in progress.
(# 5963) to give to eat, to satisfy, to be filled, to be satis- @ 51 aveBn aor. ind. act. dvoPatvw (# 326) to go up. &Ko-
fied (w. food). 43 fpav aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. KAGoLO MOOEV aor. ind. act. konaCw (# 3156) to become tired, to
(# 3083) piece, that which was broken. Koiog (# 3186) cease. Ek Mepioood adv. beyond measure, exceedingly.
a wicker-work basket in which the Jews carried food eEiotavto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) e&totnut (# 2014) to be
(Taylor; Matt. 14:20). 44 dayovtes aor. act. part. s.v. beside oneself, to be astonished, to be amazed.
36. Subst. part. @ 45 NvayKaoev aor. ind. act. dvayKatw @ 52 ovvikay aor. ind. act. ovvinut (#5317) to compre-
(# 337) to compel, to force. It implies that the disciples hend, to understand. nenwpwyevn perf. pass. part.
did not want to get into the boat and go ahead of Jesus mwpow (# 4800) to harden, to form a callus (AS). Perf.
(Gundry, 335). euBivon aor. act. inf. euBatve (# 1832) to pictures the state or cond. of hardness. @ 53 d1ane-
embark. Inf. used as dir. obj. in indir. discourse. paoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) dtamepaw (#1385) to
mpowyetv pres. act. inf. tpocyw (# 4575) to go before. The pass over, to cross over. NA8ov aor. ind. act. Epyouat
previous aor. inf. looks at the embarking as an (# 2262) to come. mpoowpyic@noay aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
event; pres. inf. views the motion of going. mpooopyitw (# 4694) mid. and pass. to land, to cast an-
46 anotaEdpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) ano- chor. They brought the boat to the moorings, casting
taooonat (#698) to depart, to say good-bye, w. dat. anchor, or lashing her to a post on the shore (Swete).
G@miAGev aor. ind. act. anepyouai (#599) to go away. @ 54 &€eAOOvtwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 1. Gen. abs
mpooeveéao0a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. tpocevyouar (# 4667) EmvyvovtEs aor. act. part. EniyivwoKw (#2105) to recog-
to pray. Inf. of purp. @ 47 yevoyevns aor. mid. (dep.) nize. @ 55 mepiespopov aor. ind. act. nepitpeyw (# 4366)
part. (temp.) ytvouo1 (# 1181) to become, to be. Gen. abs. to run around, to run about. fp—avto aor. ind. mid.
“When evening had come.” Aor. indicates antecedent (dep.) w. inf. s.v. 2. Kpa&Pattog (# 3187) mattress, pallet,
action. It generally refers to the late afternoon or early the poor man’s bed (BAGD). nepupeperv pres. act. inf.
evening (Guelich). péow dat. sing. peoov (#3545) mid- mepidepw (#4367) to carry about. Pres. stresses the
dle. @ 48 iv aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (#3972) to repeated action. f\Kovov impf. ind. act. s.v. 2.
see, "when he saw..." Baoavifopevous pres. mid. / pass. 56 Etoenopeveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) eloxopevopat
part. Bacavitw (#989) to test, to torture, to distress. (# 1660) to go in. Iterat. impf. indicates repeated action,
Mid. would mean “tormenting themselves,” that is, "they came again and again." aypog (# 69) field, farm,
“straining” (Gundry, 335). Pres. pictures the continual hamlet. &yopa (#59) marketplace. eti@eoav impf. ind.
action. €Xabvetv pres. act. inf. eXavvw (# 1785) to drive, act. ttOnut (# 5502) to place. For this form of the impf. s.
as of ships or chariots. They drove the boat w. oars BD, 47; MH, 202. ao@evotvtac pres. act. part. dob_evew
(RWP). Pres. used for contemporaneous time. Evavtiog (# 820) to be weak, to be sick. napexdAovv impf. ind.
(# 1885) against, w. dat. tetaptog (# 5480) fourth. pvda- act. napaKarew (#4151) to beseech, to plead w. Impf.
«Kn (#5871) watch. Implies the Roman reckoning of indicates the continual beseeching. kpaonédov gen.
four night watches. It would be about three o’clock in sing. kpaonedov (# 3192) border, hem of a garment. It
the morning (Taylor). mepimatwv pres. act. part. meEpt- could refer to one of the four tassels worn by Jewish
natew (# 4344) to walk about; part. of manner. 7)0eA€v men. Each tassel had four blue and white threads to re-
impf. ind. act. s.v. 22. mapeAGeiv aor. act. inf. rapEepyouar mind the wearer to do the commandments of the Lord
(# 4216) to go by, to pass by, to come by, to come along (Guelich; SB, 4, i:277-92; ABD, 2:235-36). Gen. as dir. obj.
side of. For a discussion of various views s. Guelich; of the vb. &rtopot. G&ywvtat pres. subj. mid. (dep.) &nto-
Gundry, 340-41; Lane. @ 49 80vtes aor. act. part. s.v. wo (# 721) w. gen. to touch. Subj. in a cl. as obj. of the
Mark 7 82

vb. Twavto aor. ind. mid. axtowar. Eowovto impf. ind. w& pres. ind. act. tywdw (#5506) to honor. moppw adv.
pass. owlw (#5392) to save, to heal. Iterat. impf. used far, far away. Oméyet pres. ind. act. aneyw (# 600) to be
for repeated action. away. 7 pathy (#3472) adv. in vain, to no purpose.
oéBovtai pres. ind. mid. (dep.) oéBw (#4936) to wor-
Mark 7 ship; indicates a proper conduct in relation to those
@ 1 ovvayovtat pres. ind. pass. ovvayw (#5251) to worthy of honor (NIDNTT; TDNT; EDNT). 818doxKov-
gather together, to assemble. €A®ovtec aor. act. part. TEG pres. act. part. didacKw (# 1438) to teach. Part. of
(circum.) €pxyouct (# 2262) to go, to come. @ 2 50vtEs means explaining how the worship is carried out. 81-
aor. act. part. (temp.) opdw (#3972) to see. Kowv0c SaoKaAias acc. pl. didaoKxadta (# 1436) teaching, doc-
(# 3123) common, profane, ritually unclean. yepotv dat. trine, a definite course of instruction (Swete). Cognate
pl. yeip (#5931) hand. Instr. dat. avintog (#481) un- acc. used as double acc.: “teaching the commandments
washed. 3 nvyq (#4778) dat. sing. fist. The dat. of men as doctrine.” EvtaApa (# 1945) commandment.
could be modal (“w. the fist”), w. the fist held out while 8 ahevtes aor. act. part. (circum.) &pinur (# 918) to re-
water is poured over it. It could be instr. dat., where the lease, to leave, to forsake. kpateite pres. ind. act. Kpatew
fist is rubbed in the hand to wash it; or it could be dat. (# 3195) to hold on to, to keep. Pres. indicates an habit-
of measure: “by elbow length” (Swete; Gundry, 360; ual action. napasootg (# 4142) that which is passed on,
Lane; BBC). viywvtat aor. subj. mid. vintw (# 3782) to tradition; the oral law (commandments of men) w. its
wash; mid. to wash oneself. Subj. used in a type of 3rd. burdensome rules about ceremonial washings contra-
class cond. cl. xpatotvteg pres. act. part. Kpatew venes the divine intention and even sets it at naught
(# 3195) to seize, to hold to, to hold fast. Causal part. (Taylor). @ 9 €Aeyev impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306). Incep.
napasoois (#4142) that which is handed down, tradi- impf., “he began to speak.” KaAdc¢ (# 2822) well. Used
tion. The oral tradition which was passed along. here w. irony (BD, 262). aOeteite (# 119) pres. ind. act.
@ 4 Bantiowvtar aor. ind. mid. Bantitw (# 966) to im- a8_etew to set aside, to reject, to cancel, to annul (MM;
merse. A reference to the ritual bathing as prescribed EDNT; GELTS). otnonte aor. subj. act. tot (# 2705) to
by Jewish Law (Lane; TDNT; SB, 2:14). W.S. LaSor, establish, to confirm, to make or consider valid
“Discovering What Jewish Miqva’ot Can Tell Us About (BAGD). Subj. w. twa (#2671) used in a purp. cl.
Christian Baptism,” BAR 13 (1987): 52-59; Roger P. 10 tivo pres. imp. act. ty1aw (#5506) to honor. Ka-
Booth Jesus and the Laws of Purity,, SSNTSSB (Sheffield: KOAOY@v pres. act. part. KaxoAoyew (# 2800) to speak evil
JSOT Press, 1986). Dir. mid. For the reading fPAVTLGWV- of, to insult. Part. used as subst. teAevtatw pres. imp.
ta. s. TC, 93; TDNT. Subj. w. av (#1569) in a type of act. 3rd. sing. tedevtaw (#5462) to die. 11 eixg aor.
3rd. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is viewed as pos- subj. act. Aeyw (#3306). Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd.
sible. mapéAaBov aor. ind. act. taparoupavw (# 4161) to class cond. cl. where the cond. is possible. KopBav
receive, denoting the process of receiving a thing by (#3167) offering, gift. A formula pronounced over
transmission (Gould). kpatetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 3. Epex. some object to remove it from profane use (Joseph A.
inf. explaining the things delivered by tradition. Pres. Fitzmyer, “The Aramaic Qorban Inscription from Jebel
indicates that they are habitually kept. Geotdv gen. pl. Hallet Et-Turi and Mark 7:11/Matt. 15:5,” JBL 78 [1959]:
Eeotns (# 3829) pitcher, jug. Obj. gen. yoAKiwv gen. pl. 60-65. The inscription provides a contemporary paral-
yaAKiov a bronze or copper vessel, kettle. KAivy lel; TDNT; EDNT; Guelich; Brooks; BBC; Gundry, 363-
(# 3109) a place for those who are resting, couch, din- 64; s. Matt. 11:5). wgeAnOfi¢ aor. subj. pass. wherew
ing couch (BAGD). @ 5 énepwtdotv pres. ind. act. én- (# 6067) to help, to benefit; pass. to have benefit from,
epwtaw (#2089) to ask, to inquire about something (s. to profit. ® 12 ovKeéti (# 4033) no longer. Once the for-
5:9). Hist. pres. mepiratototy pres. ind. act. nepinatew mula was used (perhaps hastily), one evidently was
(# 4344) to walk about, in the Hebraic sense of living or not allowed to change one’s mind (Cranfield). apitete
conducting one’s life (Taylor). Pres. could point toa ha- pres. ind. act. &pinut (# 918) w. inf. to allow. movfjoat aor.
bitual action. 6 €imev aor. ind. act. AEyw (#3306). act. inf. novew (#4472) to do. matpi dat. sing. nathp
Enpopntevoev aor. ind. act. rpopntedw (# 4736) to proph- (#4252) father. Dat. of advantage. 13 axvpodvtec
esy. DmoKxpitys (#5695) hypocrite; one who “speaks pres. act. part. axvpow (#218) to cancel, to render null
from under a mask.” The word comes from the theater and void, to revoke, to invalidate the authority of
where the actors were only men and wore masks to something (LN, 1:683). Often used of annulling wills
portray the character (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT; R. A. and contracts (MM). rapoasdooer‘dat. sing. tapasdootc s.v.
Batey, “Jesus and the Theatre,” NTS 30 [1984]: 563-74; 3. Instr. dat. rel. pron. dat. fem. sing. Dat. by attraction
Gundry, 361). yeypamtou perf. ind. pass. ypadw (# 1211) for acc. as dir. obj. [email protected] aor. ind. act. rapadiswur
to write; perf., “it stands written.” Often used to indi- (# 4140) to give further, to pass on, to transmit by teach-
cate the continuing authority of a binding document ing. Used of passing on tradition. napoyoog (# 4235)
(MM). yeiAeotv dat. pl. yeiXog (# 5927) lip. Instr. dat. t- similar, almost the same, like. Adj. used as subst.
83 Mark 7

moveite pres. ind. act. s.v. 12. Pres. used of habitual ac- fis rel. pron. gen. fem. sing. 0¢ (# 4005). Semitic use. fol-
tion. @ 14 npooKxaAeccpevog aor. mid. (indir. mid.) part. lowed by the redundant pers. pron. (SIMS, 116). ELYEV
TPooKaAEw (# 4673) to summons, to call someone to impf. ind. act. yw (#2400) to have. @vyatpiov (# 2589)
oneself. &dKkovoate aor. imp. act. dkovw (#201) to hear, daughter, dimin. form used to express endearment.
to listen to, followed by obj. in gen. Often used to trans- €ASobo«. aor. act. part. (circum.) fem. s.v. 1. MPOOEMEGEV
late Heb. D1 s. Deut.6:4. obvete aor. imp. act. ovvinut aor. ind. act. npoontntw (#4700) to fall down.
(# 5317) to understand, to comprehend. Aor. imps. here © 26 yéver dat. sing. yévoc (# 1169) birth. Instr. dat. (“by
call for specific action. @ 15 EwOev (# 2033) adv. out- birth”). Npwta impf. ind. act. epwtcw (# 2263) to ask, to
side. Eonopevopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. eiomopevo- request. Hist. pres. €xBaAN aor. subj. act. exBarrw
wo (# 1660) to go into. Part. used as subst. Koiw@oar (# 1675) to throw out, to cast out, to expel. Subj. used in
aor. act. inf. kowvow (# 3124) to make common, to defile. noun cl. giving the content of the request. @ 27 EXeyev
exnopevoweva. pres. mid. (dep.) part. exnopevouct impf. ind. act. s.v. 9. Ges aor. imp. act. coinut (# 918) to
(# 1744) to go out. Kowotdvta pres. act. part. Kowwow Adj. allow. mp@tov (#4754) first. Implies the sequence of
part. as subst. 17 eLorjAGev aor. ind. act. ELOEPXOWLOHL God’s salvation; “to the Jew first” (Guelich). yop-
(# 1656) to go into. Emnpwtwv impf. ind. act. enepwtdw tao@fvai aor. pass. inf. yoptacw (# 5963) to feed; pass.
(# 2089) to ask, to inquire. Inceptive impf., “they began to be full, to be satisfied. Inf. used to complete the vb.
to question.” 18 dovvetoc (# 852) without under- Opin. AaPetv aor. act. inf. AauBavw (# 3284) to take. Inf.
standing, not comprehending. It is the one who lacks explaining what is not good. kvvaptotg dat. pl. kuvapt-
discernment (Swete). voeite pres. ind. act. voew (# 3783) ov (#3249) dog, dimin. little dog (Matt. 15:26). Indir.
to understand, to apprehend. 19 koia (#3120) obj. The dimin. suggests the little dogs that were kept
stomach. apedpwdv (#909) toilet. KaBapifwv pres. act. as pets (Cranfield). Badetv aor. act. inf. BaAAW (# 965) to
part. ka8apifw (#2751) to cleanse, to declare clean. throw. ® 28 &meKpién aor. ind. pass. (dep.) amoxptvonar
Bp@poa. (# 1109) food. 20 xowvoi pres. ind. act. s.v. 15. (# 646) to answer. brokatw (#5691) under (w. gen.).
21 Eowbev (# 2277) inside. SuaAoyiopydc consideration, tpametng (#5544) gen. sing.|table. wiziov (#6033)
thought. Not merely evil thoughts but evil devisings crumb (dimin. form.). @ 29 eimev aor. ind. act. Xeyw
which issue in degraded acts and vices now mentioned (# 3306). Umaye pres. imp. act. Unayw (#5632) to go
(Taylor). nopveta. (# 4515) immorality, illicit sexual in- away, to go. e€eANAvOev perf. ind. act. eEepyoua (# 2002)
dulgence (TDNT). kAonat nom. pl. kAonn (# 3113) theft. to go out. Perf. indicates the pres. state or cond. (VA,
govog (# 5840) murder. 22 potyeta (# 3657) adultery. 265). % 30 aneABodoa. aor. act. part. (temp.) nom. fem.
mAcovetia. (# 4432) greed, the desire to have more, often sing. anepyouat (#599) to go out. evpev aor. ind. act.
at the expense of others (TDNT; NTW, 97-99; LN, 1:291- evptoxw (#2351) to find. BeBAnyévov perf. mid./pass.
92). movnpta (# 4504) bad, evil, wickedness (Trench, part. BorAw (#965) to cast, to lie. Perf. indicates the
Synonyms). 60A0¢ (# 1515) deceit. doédyera, (# 816) un- pres. state or cond. &€eAnAv00c perf. act. part. s.v. 29.
restrained, unbridled, shameless living; behavior com- ‘When... " @ 31 €&Owv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 29.
pletely lacking in moral restraint (NTW, 26-27; LN, TAGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. @ 32 dépovotv pres. ind. act.
1:771). d68aALOG novnpos (# 4057; 4505) evil eye. Semit- bepw (#5770) to carry, to bring. Hist. pres. Kwhoc
ic expression for stinginess, envy, jealousy, a jealous (# 3273) dumb, deaf. poyiddog (#3652) speaking w.
grudge (Swete; Lane; SB, 2:14). BAaopnuia (# 1060) difficulty, having an impediment in speech (Cranfield).
blasphemy, slander. brepnoavia (#5661) pride, arro- The recovery of hearing by the deaf was a note of the
gance, haughtiness, contemptuousness, a state of os- messianic age (Swete). mapakadodoww pres. ind. act.
tentatious pride or arrogance bordering on insolence nmapakarew (#4151) to beseech, to plead. Hist. pres.
(LN, 1:765). &dpoovvn (# 932) foolish, senseless. Used This and the preceeding hist. pres. stress the helpless
esp. of religious insensibility (Cranfield). 24 dva- plight of the man and the urgency of the people who
OT&G aor. act. part. aviotnut (# 482) to arise. It refers to bring him (Gundry, 383). e167 aor. subj. act. enitiOnpr
Jesus standing up from a seated position after instruct- (# 2202) to place upon. Subj. used in a cl. as obj. of the
ing the disciples (Gundry, 372). Circum. / temp. part. vb. 33 anoAaPopevos aor. mid. part. (temp.) amoAc-
GnT)AGev aor. ind. act. anepyouat (# 599) to depart, to go Bavw (#655) to take from, to draw a person aside pri-
out. elev aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 17. T@edev impf. vately to oneself. €BaAev aor. ind. act. BaAAw (# 965) to
ind. act. @€Aw (# 2527) to will, to want, to want to, w. inf. throw; here in the sense of putting, placing. SaKxtvhoc
y@va aor. act. inf. yiwwoxw (# 1182) to know. ndvvnon (# 1235) finger. TO. acc. pl. ovg (# 4044) ear. ntboug aor.
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvayor (#1538) to be able, an act. part. (temp.) mt0w (# 4772) to spit. For the custom of
Ionic form for the aor. (Cranfield; MH, 234; GGP, 2:317- using spit s. SB, 2:15; Gundry, 389. fwato aor. ind. mid.
19). Aa@eiv aor. act. inf. AavOdvw (# 3291) to be hidden, (dep.) antouor (#721) to touch, w. gen. as dir. obj.
concealed. Inf. w. the vb. 5vvapo1. 25 &Kkobvoaca aor. 34 avapArewas aor. act. part. (temp.) dvaPArEnw (# 329)
act. part. (temp.) nom. fem. sing. &kovw (# 201) to hear. to look up. totévagev aor. ind. act. otevatw (#5100) to
Mark 8 84

groan, to sigh. eppa0a (# 2395) Aramaic ithpaal imp. (# 404) to recline. Inf. in indir. speech after a vb. of com-
sing. MMNDNMN; (AT, 673; UJS, 13-15; MP, 79; Fred L. Hor- manding. AaPwv aor. act. part. (circum.) AopBavw
ton, Jr., “Nochmals €6a006 in Mk 7:34,” ZNW 77 [1986]: (# 3284) to take. ebyaptothoas aor. act. part. (circum.)
101-108). “Be opened,” “be released.” The idea is not of evyapiotéw (#2373) to give thanks. &xAaoev aor. ind.
the particular part of the pers. being opened, but of the act. KAGw (# 3089) to break. €8i50v impf. ind. act. dtr
whole pers. being opened and released. It is the com- (# 1443) to give; impf. suggests “to distribute” (s. Mark
mand that shatters the fetters by which Satan has held 6:41). napatidot pres. subj. act. mapatiOnur (# 4192)
his victim bound (Cranfield). Svavoty8nt aor. imp. to serve (food). Subj. w. iva Gi 2671) in a purp. cl.
pass. diavoiyw (#1381) to open, to open up. 35 nopeOnkay aor. ind. act. 7 €ixov impf. ind. act. éyw
Nvoiynoay aor. ind. pass. c&votyw (# 487) to open. éAvOn (# 2400) to have. 1y@d610v (# 2715) dimin., small fish.
aor. ind. pass. Avw (# 3395) to loose. aA impf. ind. evAoyNOus aor. act. part. evAoyew (# 2328) to praise, to
act. AaA€w (# 3281) to speak. Inceptive impf., “he began bless, to give thanks. Circum. or temp. part. mapa-
to speak.” op@dc¢ (#3987) adv. straight, correctly. tiévai pres. act. inf. s.v. 6. Inf. in indir. discourse.
36 dveoteiAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Sia0téAAOWANL @ 8 Epayov aor. ThGeeaAGtaSavaele Exoptaobnoov aor. ind.
(# 1403) to command, to charge. Aeywotv pres. subj. act. pass. s.v. 4. pay aor. ind. act. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to
Aeyw (# 3306). Subj. in a cl. as obj. of the vb. SveatéAAeto pick up. KAaopatwv gen. pl. kAdoua (# 3083) fragment.
impf. ind. mid. (dep.). mepioodtepov (#4352) comp. Gen. of content or description. It was common after a
tepiaoos beyond measure, exceeding. Elative use of the banquet to gather up the remaining pieces of bread at
comp. eékipvooov impf. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to least the size of an olive (SB, 4:625). omupiéac acc. pl.
proclaim, to herald. Iterat. impf. expresses repeated ac- onvpic (# 4711) a mat basket for provisions. In Acts 9:25
tion. © 37 bnepmepioadic (# 5669) adv., beyond all mea- it is large enough to carry a man (Taylor). 9 ané-
sure, exceedingly. &&enAjooovto impf. ind. mid./pass. MvoEV aor. ind. act. anorAvW (# 668) to release, to dis-
exnanoow (#1742) to be astounded (s. 1:22). A€yovtEc miss. @ 10 €uBac aor. act. part. euBovn (# 1832) to get
pres. act. part. AXeyw (# 3306). menoinxev perf. ind. act. in, to embark. Circum. or temp. part. 7A6ev aor. ind. act.
moew (#4472) to do, to make. Perf. denotes responsi- Epxoua (# 2262) to go, tocome. 11 €&f Gov aor. ind.
bility or credit of the subj. for having done the action act. e€epxouat (# 2002) to go out, to come out. Tip—avto
(VANT, 295). kai ... Kat both ... and. AaAeiv pres. act. inf. aor. ind. mid. (dep.) cpyouai (# 806) to begin. ov€nteiv
AaAEw (# 3281) Inf. used as obj. of the vb. pres. act. inf. ovCntew (# 5184) to discuss, to debate, to
argue, to express forceful differences of opinion (LN,
Mark 8 1:438). Inf. complements the vb. Cntotvtes pres. act.
1 Ovtog pres. act. part. ei (# 1639) to be. Gen. part. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Part. expresses manner.
abs., temp. or causal (Gundry, 393). €yovtwv pres. act. onpetov (#4952) acc. sing. sign. A sign from heaven
part. €yw (#2400) to have. Gen. abs., temp. or causal may mean a sign from God, and may have been a re-
part. @aywow aor. subj. act. Eo01w (# 2266) to eat. Subj. quest for an apocalyptic sign indicating God’s help for
in an indef. cl. tpookaAeocpEvos aor. mid. part. mpoo- His elect (Gundry, 402). neipafovtes pres. act. part. met-
KaAew (# 4673) to summons, to call someone to oneself. patw (#4279) to try, to test, to tempt. Part. of purp.
2 omaAayyviGowar (#5072) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to be @ 12 dvaotevagas aor. act. part. cvaotevacw (# 417) to
inwardly moved, to have compassion on (s. 6:34). mpoo- sigh deeply. It expresses deep emotion (Guelich). Cntet
wEvovotv pres. ind. act. tpoopevw (# 4693) to remain w. pres. ind. act. Gntew (#2426) to seek, to ask for. Pres.
someone, to stay. 3 &modvow aor. subj. act. amodvw may indicate habitual action here. ei (#1623) if, a
(# 668) to release, to send away. Subj. in a 3rd. class strong negation. A Heb. oath formula w. the meaning
cond. cl. w. the cond. as possible. vnotets acc. pl. vijotic “if I do such a thing, may I die!” (Taylor; MH, 468).
(# 3765) not eating, hungry (for the form s. MH, 132). S00njoetar fut. ind. pass. dit (# 1443) to give. Theol.
ExAVOHoovta fut. ind. pass. EkAvW (# 1725) to be weary, pass. indicating that God performs the action.
to become tired, to faint; “they will be exhausted” @ 13 aets aor. act. part. coinut (#918) to leave, to de-
(Gould). jixaow pres. ind. act. kw (#2457) to become, part. Circum. or temp. part. euBds aor. act. part. s.v. 10.
to have arrived. W. perf. meaning, “They have come GnfAGeVv aor. ind. act. arepyouar (# 599) to 80 away, to
and are here.” For the form s. MH, 221. depart. 14 €meAdOovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) émtrav-
® 4 anexpiOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) amoxpivopar Savona (# 2140) to forget. AaPetv aor. act. inf. s.v. 6. Inf.
(#646) to answer. Suvjoetat fut. ind. mid. S0vapar complements the vb. eiyov impf. ind. act. s.v. 7.
(# 1538) to be able. Deliberative fut. used in a question @ 15 5veotéAeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.). SvacteAAOWaAL
of deliberation. yoptaoa aor. act. inf. xoprocey (# 5963) (# 1403) to charge, to command. opG@te pres. imp. act.
to feed, to fill w. food, to satisfy. @ 5 Npwta impf. ind. opaw (# 3972) to see, look out. Pres. imp. calls for con-
act. epwtaw (#2263) to ask. e€imav aor. ind. act. eyo tinual action. BAemete pres. imp. act. BrAenw (# 1063) to
(# 3306) to say. 6 Gvaneoeiv aor. act. inf. avanintw see; w. the prep. ano (#608), to take heed, beware of.
85 Mark 8

Pres. imp. highlights the warning (Gundry, 408). Coun in indir. discourse. 28 eimav aor. ind. act. rEyW
(# 2434) leaven. It indicates the permeating power of (# 3306) to speak. 29 abtocg pers. pron. Emphatic
corruption, including the evil disposition of human be- (“He Himself”) suggests that he stands apart from the
ings (Gundry, 411; TDNT; Matt. 13:33). It is unbelief re- views mentioned (Gundry, 427). dpei¢g nom. pl. pers.
flected in one’s response to Jesus (Guelich). @ 16 d1e- pron. ov (#5148). Emphatic, “you, in contrast to the
Aoyifovto impf. ind. mid. (dep. ) Sraroyigopor (# 1368) to others.” amoKpidetc aor. pass. (dep. )part. s.v. 4. El pres.
reason, to discuss, to debate. 17 yvovc aor. act. part. ind. act. cyst (#1639) to be. © 30 enetipnoev aor. ind.
ywwokw (#1182) to know. temp. / casual part. ovmw act. emityiaw (#2203) to rebuke, to sternly warn.
(# 4037) not yet. voeite pres. ind. act. voew (# 3783) to A€yWOL pres. subj. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Subj. used
understand, to perceive. ovviete pres. ind. act. ovvint in cl. as obj. of the vb. 31 fpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
(#5317) to bring together, to comprehend. nenwpw- s.v. 11. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. “It is necessary,” de-
Mévtv perf. pass. part. mwpow (# 4800) to harden. Perf. notes a logical necessity (AS); followed by inf. ma@eiv
indicates the state of hardness. Hardening flows on aor. act. inf. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer. dnodoxwacb7jvar
from the heart to the sight, the hearing, and the memo- aor. pass. inf. anodok1aCw (# 627) to reject after testing.
ry (Bengel; DJG, 81-82). 18 wvnyovevete pres. ind. anoKtavOfjvat aor. pass. inf. &moxteivw (#650) to kill.
act. uvnwovevw (# 3648) to remember. The questions ex- avaotiivar aor. act. inf. cviotnur (#482) to rise.
pect a positive answer. @ 19 ExkA.aoa aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. 32 nappnoia (#4244) freely speaking, frankness,
KOpivos (#3186) basket (s. Mark 6:43). pate aor. ind. boldness of speech; used adverbally, “plainly” (Taylor).
act. s.v. 8. ® 22 napaxadodovy pres. ind. act. mapakarew €AGA€t impf. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. mpoo-
(# 4151) to beseech, to plead w.; hist. pres. Qayntar aor. AaPopevoc aor. mid. (dep. / indir. mid.) part. (circum.)
subj. mid. (dep.) &mtowor (# 721) w. gen., to grasp, to TpooAcuBavw (# 4689) to take to oneself. HpEato aor. ind.
touch. Subj. in a noun cl. as obj. of the vb. mid. (dep.) s.v. 11. emityéav pres. act. inf. s.v. 30.
23 emtdaBopevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. emtAapPavouat 33 Emiotpadeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. (temp.) ent-
(# 2138) w. gen., to take hold of, to place hands upon. otpedw (# 2188) to turn around, to turn to. The Lord
Jesus must take hold of him because the man is blind turned around sharply, as if to face the speaker (Swete).
(Gundry, 417). e&qveyKev aor. ind. act. Exdepw (# 1766) to 18wv aor. act. part. opaw (# 3972) to see. Enetipnoev aor.
carry out. ttv04M¢ aor. act. part. ttWW (# 4772) to spit (s. ind. act. s.v. 30. bnaye pres. imp. act. Dndyw (# 5632) to
Mark 7:33; BBC). 6uya (#3921) eye (DMTG). emBeic go away. ppovetc pres. ind. act. dpovew (#5858) to be
aor. act. part. emitiOnut (# 2202) to place upon. Circum. minded, to think about. The vb. keeps in view the di-
/ temp. part. €nnpwta impf. ind. act. enepwtow (# 2089) rection which thought takes (Taylor). Here it could
to ask a question. et (# 1623) if. It introduces a direct mean “to take someone’s_ side” (Cranfield).
quotation (BD, 226; NDIEC, 5:57-58; 6:183). 24 + 34 npookaAeodpevos aor. mid. part. (temp. eS.vale
avoBAeyas aor. act. part. (temp.) avoprenw (# 329) to eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. &KoAOvGEIv aor.
look up. The man involuntarily raised his eyes (Swete). act. inf. dKoAov0Ew (# 199) to follow after, to follow as a
op@ pres. ind. act. s.v. 15. nepinatodvtas pres. act. part. disciple, w. obj. in dat. (EDNT; HSB, 427-28). anapvn-
nepimatew (# 4344) to walk about. Adj. use of part. A odo08w aor. imp. mid. (dep.) 3rd. sing. amapveouat
suggested translation is “I can actually see people, for (# 656) to deny. The basic idea is to say “no.” It is to dis-
they look to me like trees—only they walk!” (Cranfield). own oneself, to turn away from the idolatry of self-
@ 25 énéOnxev aor. ind. act. exittOnr (# 2202) s.v. 23. 51- centeredness (Cranfield). épétw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers.
éBAewev aor. ind. act. diaPAenw (# 1332) to see clearly. sing. aipw (# 149) to take up. The idea is taking up the
Aor. indicates the definite point at which the man cross beam and subjecting oneself to the shame and in-
achieved clear sight (Cranfield). &nexatéotn aor. ind. sult associated w. a cross (BBC; Gundry, 436; C).
act. aroKabiotnut (# 635) to restore to the original state. aKoAovOEitw pres. imp. act. 3rd. sing. GKoA0vEEW to fol-
Galen uses the subst. for the recovery from sickness low as a disciple. 35 6€Aq pres. subj. act. G€.w
(DMTG). éveBAerev impf. ind. act. euprAenw (# 1838) to (# 2527) to wish, to will. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. wuxn
turn and fix the eyes upon, to see. Implies the power to (# 6034) life, soul. o@oa1 aor. act. inf. owlw (# 5392) to
concentrate the attention on a particular object (Swete). rescue, to save. &moAéoet fut. ind. act. &moOAAVUL (# 660)
Impf. indicates the continuing action. tnAavydcg to lose, to destroy, to ruin. owoet fut. ind. act. owtw to
(# 5495) adv., clearly from afar. The meaning is that the rescue, to save. @ 36 tt (#5515) in what way, adv. use
man sees everything clearly at a distance (Taylor). (Gundry, 436). @peret pres. ind. act. wbedéw (# 6067) to
@ 26 Gnéotetrev aor. ind. act. GnootéAAw (# 690) to send have benefit, to profit. kepdfjoar aor. act. inf. kepdatvw
away. €l0eAON¢ aor. subj. act. eioepyoucn (# 1656) to go (# 3045) to gain, to make a profit. Inf. used as subst. and
in, to come in. Used w. a neg. as a prohibition. subject of the vb. wheXew. Koopwos (# 3180) world. Here
© 27 &EHAGEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 11. Ennpwta impf. ind. act. used of the prizes of business and social life (Taylor).
s.v. 23. Evan pres. act. inf. eiyt (# 1639) to be. Inf. used CnuiwOfjvou aor. pass. inf. Cnuiow (# 2423) to confiscate
Mark 9 86

or find, to inflict a penalty of any kind; pass., to suffer aKovw (# 201) to listen to, to hear. Used w. gen., indicat-
loss, to loose (Swete; MM). @ 37 601 aor. subj. act. 515w- ing obj. @ 8 ania. (# 1988) adv. suddenly. TEP IPAEWO-
ut (# 1443) to give. &vtoAAaYLO. (# 498) price. The price pevoi aor. mid. part. nepipAenw (# 4315) to look around.
received in exchange for an article of commerce (Swete; Indir. mid. representing the subj. as doing something
BAGD; for the LXX usage s. GELTS). @ 38 enaroxvven| for, to, or by himself. “The disciples themselves sud-
aor. subj. pass. emaioyvvouor (#2049) w. acc. to be denly looking round...” (RG, 809). eiSov aor. ind. act.
ashamed. Subj. used in indef. rel. cl. emaroyvvOjoetat Opdw (# 3972) to see. © 9 KataPatvovtwv pres. act. part.
fut. ind. pass. €A6q aor. subj. act. s.v. 10. Subj. w. Otav (temp.) kataBatvw (# 2849) to go down; gen. abs. d1e-
(# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. oteiAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) diaoteAAw (#1403) to
command. dinynowvtar aor. subj. mid. (dep.) dinyeouat
Mark 9 (# 1455) to relate, to narrate, to tell. Subj. in a cl. as obj.
@ 1 €deyev impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Eotn- of the vb. &vaoti aor. subj. act. aviotnut (# 482) to rise
Kotwv perf. act. part. totnyt (#2705) in the perf., to up, to arise. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. @ 10 €xpatnoav
stand. Subst. part. yevowvtor aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yev- aor. ind. act. kpa.tew (# 3195) to grasp, to hold fast, to re-
oat (# 1174) to taste, w. gen. i8wowv aor. subj. act. opaw tain in their memory (Swete). ov€ntodvtes pres. act.
(# 3972) to see. Subj. w. ws av (# 2401; 165) in an indef. part. (circum.) ov€ntew (#5184) to seek together, to
temp. cl. €AnAvOviav perf. act. part. acc. fem. sing. épxo- question, to dispute. &vaotfivar aor. act. inf. s.v. 9. Inf.
wo (#2262) to come. Perf. indicates “already estab- used as subst. 11 ennpwrwv impf. ind. act. enepwtaw
lished” (GI, 42). The Transfiguration points forward to (#2089) to ask, to question, to inquire about. det
and is a foretaste of the Resurrection and of the Second (# 1256) pres. ind. act. dew “It is necessary”, w. inf. (s.
Coming (Cranfield; DJG, 834-41). 2 naparopBaver Mark 8:31). €A8eiv aor. act. inf. Epyouar s.v. 1. For a dis-
pres. ind. act. noporAopBavw (#4161) to take w., hist. cussion and lit. regarding Elijah’s return s. Gundry,
pres. wetewophwOn aor. ind. pass. petopophow (# 3565) to 483-85; W.C. Kaiser, “The Promise of the Arrival of Eli-
transform, an inward change that is outwardly visible jah in Malachi and the Gospels,” Grace Theological Jour-
(Matt. 17:2; TDNT; EDNT; Lane). &unpoodev (# 1869) nal 3 (1982): 221-33; EDNT, 2:285-90, 1362. 12 €6n
before. @ 3 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyar impf. ind. act. dnt (# 5774) to say, to speak. EA@wv aor.
(# 1181) to become, to happen. otiAPovta, pres. act. part. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 1. &moxaO1otavet pres. ind. act.
ottABw (# 5118) to gleam, to glitter. Used of polished or anoxadtotnut (#635) to restore to the original cond.
bright surfaces (Taylor). AevKog (# 3328) white. Aiav (TDNT). Futuristic pres. peév ... kai mag “but how then?”
(# 3336) very. yvahevs (#3326) bleacher, fuller, one For the adversative use of kat here s. SS, 112-13. yeypan-
who cleans woolen cloth by the use of nitrium (Lane). tot perf. ind. pass. ypapw (#1211) to write, perf., “it
AEvKGvat aor. act. inf. AevKaivw (# 3326) to make white. stands written,” used of authoritative documents
The white shining clothes point to a heavenly being (MM). n&6q aor. subj. act. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer. &E-
(Gnilka; Pesch). 4 w6n aor. ind. pass. opaw (# 3972) ovdevneq] aor. pass. subj. eEovdevew (# 2022) to consider
to see; pass. to appear. Noav impf. ind. act. ey (# 1639) as nothing, to despise. @ 13 xai (# 2779) also. EANADOEV
to be. Used w. part. to form the periphrastic construc- perf. ind. act. Epxowar (# 2262) to come. Exoinoav aor.
tion. ovAAaAobvtES pres. act. part. cvAAaAEw (# 5196) to ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. NeAov impf. ind. act. 8edw
talk together. 5 &noxpvOetc aor. pass. (dep.) part. (#2527) to wish, to want, to will. For a discussion of
amoKpivona. (# 646) to answer. Pleonastic part. in a this passage and some of the exegetical problems s. Joel
Semitic constr. elvan pres. act. inf. et (# 1639) to be. “It Marcus, “Mark 9,11-13: ‘As It Has Been Written,'” ZNW
is a good thing that we are here” (Cranfield). nonowpev 80 (1989): 42-63; Gundry, 483-86. @ 14 EXOOvtES aor. act.
aor. subj. act. movew (# 4472) to do, to make; a hortatory part. (temp.) s.v. 1. evdov aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. ovtntodvtac
subj. oxnvn (#5008) tent, booth. Peter was probably pres. act. part. s.v. 10. 15 80vteg aor. act. part.
thinking of the booths used to celebrate the Feast of (temp.) opaw (#3972) to see. EEebayPNenoav aor. ind.
Tabernacles (Swete; s. Lev. 23:40-43). @ 6 fet plperf. pass. (dep.) exOavBeouar (# 1701) to be amazed, to be
ind. act. 0150 (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. mean- extremely amazed. The prep. in the vb. is perfective
ing. @moKp167] aor. subj. pass. (dep.) s.v. 5. Subj. used to (RWP). mpootpexovtes pres. act. part. (circum.) mpoo-
express uncertainty. ExpoBoc (#1769) terrified. The tpexw (#4708) to run to someone. nonatovto impf. ind.
prep. in compound is intensive. éyévovto aor. ind. mid. mid. (dep.) conmaCouor (#832) to greet. 16 Exnpw-
(dep.) s.v. 3. 7 €nvoxidCovoa pres. act. part. nom. TNOEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 11. ovnteite pres. ind. act. s.v. 10.
fem. sing. €m10K10.Cw (# 2173) to overshadow. The cloud Pres. pictures the continual action. 17 &nexpin aor.
indicates God’s Shekinah or presence and may have ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 5. flveyKa. aor. ind. act. bépw (# 5770)
the idea of complete envelopment (Hooker; Gundry, to carry, to bring. EXOVTO pres. act. part. Exw (# 2400) to
460). Adj. part. &yamntoc (# 28) beloved. It indicates the have. Adj. part. GAaoc (# 228) dumb, not able to speak.
special position of the Son. dKovete pres. imp. act. @ 18 KatoAGPy aor. subj. act. KataAGUBavW (#2898) to
87 Mark 9

take hold of, to seize. Nouns related to this vb. were s.v. 1. Bonde pres. imp. act. s.v. 22. Pres. imp. may call
used as medical terms in reference to seizures and per- for continual help in relation to his unbelief (VA., 350).
sons subjected to them (Swete; DMTG, 195). Subj. w 25 Entovvtpexet pres. ind. act. emiovvtpexw (# 2192) to
Onov Edv (# 3963; 1569) used in an indef. temp. cl. Aor. run together. The prep. compound is directive. The
is const., summing up the various acts of seizure. pno- word describes a crowd converging on a single point,
o€1 pres. ind. act. pnoow/pnyvuut (# 4838). The meaning perhaps from several directions (Taylor). enetipnoev
of the vb. is either “to tear,” “to rend,” or “to strike or aor. ind. act. em1ta1cw (# 2203) to command, to rebuke,
dash down” (Taylor). The related subst., phyua (“break- to charge (Matt 17:18). €eA@e aor. imp. act. e€epxouor
age,” “fracture”), was often used by Galen in connec- (# 2002) to come out. Aor. imp. calls for an immediate
tion w. ondoua (“convulsion,” “spasm”) (DMTG, 283). and specific action. eloéAON¢ aor. subj. act. eioepxouot
Iterat. pres. depicting the repeated action. “He is con- (# 1656) to go into. Subj. used w. the neg. wnxett (# 3600)
tinually foaming.” &ppifer pres. ind. act. appiw (# 930) to form a prohibition: “don’t ever go in again!”
to foam. Iterat. pres. tpiter pres. ind. act. tpiGw (# 5563) @ 26 xpdEac aor. act. part. s.v. 24. onapaEac aor. act.
to grind. Used of any sharp or grinding sound (Swete). part. (circum.) onapcoow (#5057) to tear, to pull to and
Galen used the word of involuntary gnashing (DMTG, fro, to convulse (BAGD; s. 1:26). EEfAGEv aor. ind. act.
313). Enpatvetar pres. ind. pass. Enpaivw (#3830) to dry s.v. 25. €yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. date (# 6063)
out, to wither. It pictures complete exhaustion (Taylor). used w. inf. to express actual results. &mé8avev aor. ind.
elma aor. ind. act. Ist pers. sing. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. &x- act. anoOvjnokw (# 633) to die. 27 Kkpathous aor. act.
BoAworv aor. subj. act. ExBAAW (# 1675) to throw out, to part. (circum.) s.v. 10; w. gen. to seize, to take hold of.
cast out, to drive out. Subj. used ina cl. as obj. of the vb. NYElpev aor. ind. act. eyeipw (# 1586) to raise. &veotn aor.
ioxvoav aor. ind. act. ioyvw (#2710) to be strong, to be ind. act. aviotnut (# 482) to stand up. @ 28 eiceABovt0¢
able. 19 &moxpweic aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 5. Pleo- aor. act. part. (temp.) s. v. 25. Gen. abs., emnpwtwv impf.
nastic use of the part. ooo fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit ind. act. s.v. 11. Inceptive impf. nSuvnOnpev aor. ind.
(# 1639). &veEopnor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) avexouan (# 462) pass. (dep.) Svvapo (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. exBaAciv
to endure, to put up w. Obj. in gen. (RG, 508). aor. act. inf. s.v. 18. 29 €imev aor. ind. act. AEyw
@ 20 f\veyKav aor. ind. act. épw (#5770) to carry, to (# 3306) s.v. 1. €€€A@eiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 25. 30 €&-
bring. 18dv aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. eXOOvtES aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 25. mapenopevovto
ovveonapatev aor. ind. act. cvonapcoow (# 5360) to tear impf. ind. mid. (dep.) mapanopevonar (# 4182) to travel,
to pieces, to pull about, to convulse. MEOWV aor. act. part. to travel along. 51a w. gen., through. f6eAev impf. ind.
(circum.) nintw (# 4406) to fall. ExvAieto impf. ind. pass. act. S.v. 13. yvot aor. subj. act. yivwokw (# 1182) to know.
KvAtw (#3244) to roll, to roll oneself (BAGD). Iterat. Subj. used in a noun cl. which is the obj. of the vb. @ 31
impf. pictures the repeated action in the past. apiCwv €5iSaoxKev impf. ind. act. ddaoKw (# 1438) to teach. yap
pres. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 18. @ 21 Exnpwtnoev aor. (# 1142) for. It gives the explanation of the preceding.
ind. act. s.v. 11. yeyovev perf. ind. act. s.v. 3. Perf. empha- mapadsiéotat pres. ind. pass. napadidwur (# 4140) to de-
sizes the state or cond. ma15100ev (# 4085) from child- liver over (Cranfield; TLNT). Futuristic pres. It startles
hood. For the use of the adv. w. the strengthening prep. and arrests attention. It affirms and gives a sense of cer-
s. MH, 164. @ 22 éPadev aor. ind. act. BoAAW (# 965) tainty (RG, 870). Pass. is perhaps the theol. pass. (but s.
to throw. Const. aor. summarizing the action that had Gundry, 506-7). anoxtevotot fut. ind. act. anokteivw
taken place often (moAA&KIG). &moAEOT aor. subj. act. (#650) to kill. Futuristic pres. amoxtavOeic aor. pass.
anoAAVLL (# 660) to destroy. Subj. in a purp. cl. 5dvp part. (circum.) peta (#3552) w. acc., after. dvaothoEetar
pres. subj. pass. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. 5vvopor (# 1538) fut. ind. mid. s.v. 9. @ 32 Nyvoovv impf. ind. act. wyvoew
to be able. Used ina first class cond. cl. where the cond. (#51) not to understand, not to know, to be ignorant.
is judged to be true (RWP; for the form s. MH, 206; GGP, They did not expect the Messiah to suffer, but to con-
2:384). Bon@noov aor. imp. act. BonGew (# 1070) to assist quer. €goBodvto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) doBeowor (# 5828)
in supplying what may be needed, to help (LN, 1:485). to fear, to be afraid. émepwrtijoot aor. act. inf. s.v. 11.
Aor. calls for specific help, w. a note of urgency (Bakker, Epex. inf. explaining the fear. @ 33 NA@ov aor. ind. act.
83). omdayyviobeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. (circum.) s.v. 1. yevouevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 3. Temp. part.
onAayyviconar (# 5072) to be inwardly moved, to have énnpwta impf. ind. act. s.v. 11. deAoyifeo8e impf. ind.
compassion. @ 23 einev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306). TO et mid. (dep.) diaroyifouon (# 1368) to discuss, to dispute,
d0vq The article has the effect of making this cl. into a to engage in some relatively detailed discussion (LN,
noun: “as to your ‘if you can’!” (Cranfield; Taylor; RG, 1:407, 351). 34 €o1wnxwv impf. ind. act. cwrdw
766). Motevovtt pres. act. part. dat. sing. motevw (# 4995) to be silent. 5ekex8noav aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
(# 4409) to believe, to trust. Part. used as subst. Dat. of diare youn (# 1363) to contend, to dispute, to discuss, to
advantage. 24 xpagac aor. act. part. KpaCw (# 3189) to conduct a discussion. The prep. in the compound re-
scream, to cry out. €Aeyev impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) calls the two parties in a conversation (MH, 302). peifwv
Mark 10 88

(# 3505) comp. wéyas great. Comp. used here to express cond. &moKowov aor. imp. act. anoKkontw (# 644) to cut
the superl. (BD, 32). 35 Kxa@toug aor. act. part. off. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. KvAAOc (#3245)
(temp.) KabiGw (#2767) to take a seat, to sit down. crooked, cripple, deformed, also club-footed (LS; s.
Edwvnoev aor. ind. act. pwvew (# 5888) to call. The certain DMIG, 214). etoed6eiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 25. Epex. inf. ex-
degree of loudness w. this vb. shows the vigor w. which plaining KaAov (positive of the adj. used w. f (# 2445) to
Jesus exercises authority over the disciples (Gundry, form the comparative). éyovta pres. act. part. €yw
509). elvan pres. act. inf. s.v. 5. ota fut. ind. mid. (dep.) (# 2400) to have. ameAGetv aor. act. inf. dnépxouar (# 599)
Ss.v. 5. 36 hoBav aor. act. part. (temp. ) AGUBav to go away. yeewva (# 1147) Gehenna, hell (TDNT; Hans
(# 3284) to take. EotnoEV aor. ind. act. iotnur (# 2705) to Scharen, “Gehenna in the Gospels,” Bib. Sac. 149 [1992]:
place. évaykaAtodpevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. evayKo.- 324-37; 454-70; Chaim Milikowsky, “Which Gehenna?
ACouar (# 1878) to take in one’s arms, to embrace. €lmev Retribution and Eschatology in the Synoptic Gospels
aor. ind. act. Aeyw s.v. 18. © 37 tovodtos (# 5525) of such and in Early Jewish Texts,” NTS 34 [1988]: 238-49; ABD,
a character, character, such a one. S€Entat aor. subj. mid. 2:926-28; DJG, 310-12). &oPeotog (# 812) unquenchable.
(dep.) dexouar (# 1312) to receive, to welcome. Subj. w. 45 BAnOfjvar aor. pass. inf. BaAAw s.v. 22. @ 47 ExPore
av (#323) used in an indef. rel. cl. 5eynto1 pres. subj. aor. imp. act. exBaArdw (#1675). povopbaryos (# 3669)
mid. (dep.) Sexouo1. Pres. subj. stresses the greater im- one-eyed. @ 48 oxwAné (# 5038) worm. Used to empha-
portance of receiving Jesus (VA, 326). ent (# 2093) w. size the unending destruction and decay of the pers.
dat., because of, on the ground of (Taylor). anootethav- (TDNT). The maggots that constantly feed on the gar-
to. aor. act. part. dnootedAw (# 690) to send, to commis- bage in the Valley of Hinnom and the fires that con-
sion w. a special assignment and w. the authority of the stantly burn there stand for the eternal torment of
one sending (TDNT; EDNT). Adj. part. 38 &pn impf. sinners (Gundry, 514). tedevt& pres. ind. act. teAevtaw
ind. act. s.v. 12. etSopev aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. ExBaAAOVTA (# 5462) to come to an end, to die. oPevvutat pres. ind.
pres. act. part. s.v. 18. Part. as subst. exwAvopev impf. pass. oBevvupt (#4931) to extinguish, to put out.
ind. act. kwAvw (# 3266) to prevent, to hinder. Impf. is 49 GAtoONoetat fut. ind. pass. aAttw (#245) to salt.
conative: “we sought to stop him” (Taylor; M, 129). ot1 For a discussion of the meaning s. Gundry, 526-28.
(#4022) because. NkoAovGet impf. ind. act. akoAovdEew @ 50 GAas (#229) salt, salt grain. dvadog (# 383) not
(# 199) to follow, to follow as a disciple. 39 kwAvete salty. yevnto aor. subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. Subj. w. &av
pres. imp. act. kwAvw (#3266) Pres. imp. used w. neg. (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes the pos-
un (# 3590) to stop an action in progress (MKG, 272). sibility of the cond. aptvoete fut. ind. act. dptow (# 789)
monoet fut. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do, to perform. to prepare, specifically to season. €yete pres. imp./ind.
Svvjoetar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Svvapor (# 1538) to be act. yw (# 2400) to have. eipnvevete pres. imp./ind. act.
able. KaKxoAoytjoo1 aor. act. inf. kaKkodAoyew (# 2800) to eipnvevw (# 1644) to be peaceable, to keep peace. For a
speak evil of. 40Kka0’ = kata (#2848) w. gen., discussion of the passage and of salt, s. Michael Lattke,
against. bnep (#5642) w. gen., for. 41 notion aor. “Salz der Freundschaft in Mk 9:50c,” ZNW 75 (1984):
subj. act. noti¢w (#4540) to give to drink. Subj. w. av 44-59; HSB, 430-31.
(# 323) used in an indef. rel.cl. |GmoA€oq aor. subj. act.
s.v. 22. 42 oKxavdaAion aor. subj. act. ocavdaricw Mark 10
(# 4997) to cause to stumble, to cause someone to stum- @ 1avactas aor. act. part. dviotnu (#482) to
ble in his faith (Cranfield). Subj. w. av (# 323) used in an arise, to indicate the beginning of an action (usually
indef. rel. cl. muotevovtwy pres. act. part. miotevw motion) expressed by another vb., to set out, to get
(# 4409) to believe, to trust. Part. as subst. mepixeitor ready (BAGD). For a discussion of the chapter and its
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) mepixeon (# 4329) to place about, ethics s. Dan O. Via, The Ethics of Mark's Gospel in the
to place around. The picture is evidently that of placing Middle of Time (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985). ovp-
the person’s head through the hole, so that he is wear- mopevovta pres. ind. mid. (dep.) ovpropevouar (# 5233)
ing the millstone as a collar (Gundry, 512). wodoc oviKos to accompany, to travel w. someone. €1w@e1 plperf. ind.
(# 3685; 3948) the upper millstone. The millstone act. of the perf. form eiw6a (# 1665) to be accustomed
turned by a donkey, in contrast w. the handmill served to. The form is used here as an impf. (RWP). &5i5aoxKev
by a woman (Taylor; ABD, 4:831-32). tpayndog (# 5549) impf. ind. act. 5idao0Kw (# 1438) to teach. There is abso-
throat, neck. BeBAntor perf. ind. pass. BoAAW s.v. 22. lutely no reason for rejecting that Jesus spoke here in
Perf. emphasizes the state or cond. Perhaps the intent Greek (J.N. Sevenster, Do You Know Greek?, 190; JL, 382-
was to prevent the person from being buried, which 92, 510-12; VA, 111-56). @ 2 mpooeASovtec aor. act. part.
would have been a disgrace J. Duncan M. Derrett, (temp.) mpooepxouat (# 4665) to come to. Aor. indicating
“MYAOZ ONIKOZ (Mk 9:42),” ZNW 76 (1985): 284. the logically necessary action before that of the main
43 oxavbaAtCn pres. subj. act. s.v. 42. Subj. used in a vb. emnpwtwv impf. ind. act. enepwtcw (# 2089) to ask, to
3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes the possibility of the question. €eotwv (# 2003) pres. ind. it is allowed, it is
89 Mark 10

lawful. &moAdoa1 aor. act. inf. dm0Xbw (# 668) to release, ing for the stopping of an action in progress. tolovtwVv
to divorce, to divorce by means of a bill of divorcement gen. pl. tovovtos (# 5525) of such a kind, of such a char-
(EDNT; RAC, 6:707-19; TRE, 9:318-25). Inf. explains acter. Poss. gen. (Gundry, 544). @ 15 &nton aor. subj.
what is lawful. For a discussion s. HSB, 431-35. meipé- mid. (dep.) deyouat (# 1312) to receive, to welcome. The
Covtes pres. act. part. neipatw (# 4279) to tempt, to try, idea is to submit to God’s rule. Subj. w. dv (# 323) in an
here in a neg. sense. Part. indicating purp. 3 dno- indef. rel. cl. eto€A6q aor. subj. act. elogpyouat (# 1656) to
Kpu8eic aor. pass. (dep.) part. dmoxptvouai (# 646) to an- come in, to enter into. ® 16 EvayKaAtocpeEvOS aor. mid.
swer. Semitic use of the pleonastic part. (MH, 453). (dep.) part. (circum.) evayKaAtfouar (# 1878) to em-
e€imev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306). EvetetAato aor. ind. brace, to take in one’s arms. katevAoyet impf. ind. act.
mid. (dep.) evtedAonon (# 1948) tocommand. 4éné- KatevAoyew (# 2986) to wish one well, to bless. The force
tpewev aor. ind. act. enitpenw (# 2205) to allow. It was of the prep. in the compound is intensive. He blessed
permission, not a command. BiBAiov anootaciov them fervently, in no perfunctory way, but w. emphasis
(# 1046; 687) bill of divorcement (Matt. 5:31; AT, 307-8; (Swete). Iterat. impf. pictures the repeated action. t1ei¢
M, Gittin). ypdwou aor. act. inf. ypo&pw (# 1211) to write. aor. act. part. ti@nut (#5502) to place. Part. of manner.
Inf. is epex. to the vb. exitpenw. &moADoan aor. act. inf. 17 Exnopevoyévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) &k-
s.v. 2. Epex. inf. 5 mp0c w. acc., in accordance w., in mopevouar (#1744) (#4708) to go out, to go out on a
view of (BD, 124). oxAnpoxapdia (#5016) hardness of journey. mpoodpoyv aor. act. part. (temp.) mpootpexw to
heart, stubborn insensitivity (LN, 1:766; Klaus Berger, run to. yovunethous aor. act. part. (circum.) yovumetew
“Hartherzigkeit und Gottes Gesetz, die Vorgeschichte (# 1206) to fall to one’s knees. Falling on the knees is an
des antijiidischen Vorwurfs in Mc 10:5,” ZNW 61 expression of homage and petition toward human be-
[1970]: 1-47). €ypoupev aor. ind. act.s.v.4. @ 6 &poevacc. ings and God (EDNT). éanpwta impf. ind. act. s.v. 2.
sing. Gponv (#781) male. @fAvcg (#2559) female. Tonow fut. ind. act. or aor. subj. act. s.v. 6. KANpovop now
émoinoev aor. ind. act. now (#4472) to make. fut. ind. act. or aor. subj. act. kAnpovonew (# 3099) to in-
@ 7 Evexev (# 1915) w. gen., because of. KatoAetwer fut. herit. Inheriting eternal life was a fixed expression in
ind. act. kataAetnw (# 2901) to leave. TPOCKOAANONGETAL Judaism (Lane; Pesch; Ps. of Sol. 14:10). @ 18 eunev aor.
fut. ind. pass. mpooKkoAA aw (# 4681) to glue on; pass. to ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to speak. &yabdg (# 19) in-
be stuck to, to stick or cleave to; fig. to adhere closely to, trinsically good, good. In reference to God, “perfect”
to be faithfully devoted to, to be joined to (LS; BAGD; (NIDNTT; TDNT; EDNT). @ 19 oi8a¢ perf. ind. act.
MM). For the textual problem s. TC, 104-5. @ 8 éoovta1 2nd. pers. sing. 0150 (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 3rd. pl. ewt (#1639) to be. pres. meaning. govevons aor. subj. act. dovedw (# 5839)
@ 9 ovv-eleveev aor. ind. act. ovCevyvut (# 5183) to yoke to kill, to murder. Aor. subj. forms in prohibitions for-
together, to join together, used of marriage (BAGD; bid the whole act ever being done: “never do...”
Preisigke, 2:539; MM; NTRJ, 368-69). ywpifetw pres. (VANT, 337). poyedons aor. subj. act. woyevw (# 3658)
imp. act. ywpiGw (#6004) to separate, to divide. to commit adultery. KAewns aor. subj. act. KAentw
10 exnpwtwv impf. ind. act.s.v.2. 11 &xodvon aor. (#3096) to steal. yevdouaptupnons aor. subj. act.
subj. act. s.v. 2. Subj. w. &v (# 323) in an indef. rel. cl. yevdouaptupew (# 6018) to bear false witness, to give
younon aor. subj. act. yauew (# 1138) to marry. povyaton false testimony (BAGD). amootepnong aor. subj. act.
pres. ind. pass. poiyaw (# 3656) to commit adultery; anootepew (#691) to rob, to deprive, to defraud of.
pass. to cause to commit adultery (BAGD). Used of keeping back wages from one hired, and in
@ 12 &noAdoa0a. aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. s.v. 2. For classical Gr. of refusing to return goods or money de-
Jesus’ teaching on marriage and divorce and the posited w. another for safe keeping (Taylor). tipa pres.
woman divorcing the man s. NTRJ, 362-72; LNT, 363- imp. act. tywdaw (#5506) to honor. Pres. imp. stands in
88; Ernst Bammel, “Markus 10:11f. und das jiidische contrast to the previous aor. subj. forms and calls for a
Eherecht,” ZNW 61 (1970): 93-101; Gundry, 543; SB 2:23; continual action. Perhaps this emphasis in due to the
JAD. @ 13 npoced_epov impf. ind. act. npoodepw (# 4712) youth of the person (s. Gundry, 553). 20 €n im-
to bring to, to carry to. &wyntar aor. subj. mid. (dep.) pf./aor. ind. act. dni (# 5774) to say. For a discussion of
Gntouo. (#721) w. gen. to touch. Subj. used w. iva the vb. form, either aor. or impf. s. VA, 443-46. epvAa-
(# 2671) to express purp. The purpose of the touching is Edunv aor. ind. mid. pvAdoow (# 5875) to guard, to keep
to obtain a blessing (Taylor; SB, 1:807). exetipnoay aor. (on mid. as possible influence from the LXX s. BAGD).
ind. act. énitydw (# 2203) to rebuke. @ 14 18wv aor. act. Aor. is intended to sum up his accomplishments. veotn-
part. (temp.) Opdw (# 3972) to see. Nyavaxtnoev aor. ind. TOG gen. sing. veotng (# 3744) youth. It has reference to
act. wyavaKtew (# 24) to be vexed, to be indignant. In- a boy’s twelfth year when he assumed the yoke of the
gressive aor., “to become indignant” (Gould). GbETE aor. commandments and was held responsible for their per-
imp. act. cdinut (# 918) to allow, w. inf. kwAvete pres. formance (Lane). 21 uBAEwas aor. act. part. (cir-
imp. act. kwAvw (# 3266) to hinder. Neg. pres. imp. call- cum.) €upAerw (# 1838) to look at. yamnoev aor. ind. act.
Mark 10 90

eyaraw (# 26) to love, to have love for someone, based (# 1639) to be. @ 32 foav impf. ind. act. eit to be, Used
on sincere appreciation and high regard (LN, 1:293-94; Ww. part. ina periphrastic constr. GvapaivovTss pres, —
EDNT; TDNT).o€ ace. sing. ov (#5148) you. Acc. of part. avoBaive (# 326) to go up. Hy impf, ind. act. sv. 22.
general reference: “so far as you are concerned” (Gun- RpPoaywv pres. act. part. rpoayw (# 4575) to go before, to
ary, 554). botepel pres. ind. act. dotepew (#5728) to precede, to lead forward. Part. in a periphrastic con-
come short of, to fail, to be lacking (Taylor; Rom. 3:23). struction. &apBodvto impf. ind. pass. s.v. 24. dxolov-
Draye pres. imp. act. Drayw (# 56332) to gO. RWANOOY aor. BodvtTEs pres, act. part, sv. 21. Part, used as subst.
imp. act. nwAsw (# 4797) to sell, to offer for sale (LS). 30¢ (Gundry, 570). &oBodvte impf. ind. mid. (dep.) deBro-
aor. imp. act. Hd (# 1443) to give. Aor. imp. calls for wor (#5828) to fear, to be afraid, mapaAaBev aor. act.
a specific act. &€e1g fut. ind. act. Eyw (# 2400) to have. part. (circum.) mapa aubave (* 4161) to take w., to take
Imp. w. the fut. form a Semitic cond. cl. (Beyer, 238-55; along. fp§ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)s.v. 28. peAAOVTA pres.
SS, 120-21). dedpo (# 1306) Come! axodovGet pres. imp. act. part. wedAw (# 3510) to be about to. Part. used w. the
act. @xoXovdew to follow, (# 199) to follow as a disciple. pres. inf. to express a fut. w. a durative value: “the
Pres. imp. indicates the continual following as a disci- things which will be happening” (MKG, 307). oun-
ple. @ 22 otvyvaoag aor. act. part. (circum.) otvyvatw Baiveww pres. act. inf. cuuBarvea, (#5201) to happen, to
(#5145) to be sad, to become sad. Used of the sadden- come about. Used w. dat., “to happen to.” @ 33 mapa-
ing of the face of nature or the human face. Used of a SoSjoetar fut. ind. pass. rapad eur (# 4140) to deliver
dark stormy night or the somber, gloomy man who over (s. Mark 9:31). Kataxpivotdov fut. ind. act.
broods over unwelcome thoughts (Sw ete). GMAGEV aor. Kataxpivw (#2891) to condemn, to make a decision
ind. act. amepyouar (# 599) to go away. AvmOvpEVOS pres. against someone. @ 34 Gumaifovow fut. ind. act. du-
mid. (dep.) part. Aune ouar (FS3382) to be sad, to be sorry. maigw (# 1850) to mock, to play his game w, someone
Cireum. / causal part. av impf. ind. act. ew (# 1639) to (TONT; EDNT; Luke 22:63). SUTTOOOVOLY fut. ind, act.
be. Eywv pres. act. part. fyw (# 2400) to have. Part. in a furtow (# 1870) to spit on. paonywoova fut. ind. act.
periphrastic construction. @ 23 mepiPAewaevos aor. uaotiyow (#3463) to beat w. a whip, to scourge
mid. part. (circum.) repiBAerw (# 4315) to look around. aroxtevodow fut. ind. act. amoxtewww (#650) to Kill.
SvoxoAws (# 1552) w. difficulty. ypqata acc. pl. ype avaotnoerar fut. ind. mid. aviotmur (#482) to rise, to
(# 5975) a thing one uses; pl. wealth, riches, money got- rise up. 35 mpoomopevovtat pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
ten by selling (Tay lor; Gundry, 564). eloedevoovrat fut. mpooropevowar (#4702) to come to. Hist. pres. ait
ind. mid. (dep.) eioepyouat (#1656) to go in. OWLEV aor. subj. act. aitew (# 160) to ask, to request. For
@ 24 SBauBodvto impf. ind. pass. BauBew (#2501) to a discussion to the parallel passage in Matt, 20:22 s.
scare, to terrify; pass. to be amazed. amoxpi6ei¢ aor. HSB, 440-41. Subj. w. éav (# 1569) in an indef. rel. cl.
pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 3. eloeA@eiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 23. mONOTS aor. subj. act. sv. 6. Subj. w. iva (¥ 2672) ina cl.
Epex. inf. explaining what is difficult. as obj. of vb. =@ 36 rorhow aor. subj. act. s-v. 6. Deliber-
@ 25 evxomwtepos comp. evKonos (# 2324) easy, without ative subj. "What shall 1 do...?" @ 37 80¢ aor. imp. act.
trouble. tpupadia (# 5584) hole, perforation, opening. s.v. 21, Aor. imp. calls for a specific action w. a note of
pagidosg gen. sing. padic (# 4827) needle. dieAGetv aor. urgency. KaGiowpLEV aor. subj. act. KadGw (# 2767) to sit,
act. inf. depyouar (# 1451) to go through. Epex. int. ex- to take one’s seat. Subj. in cl. as obj. of vb. @ 38 oidate
plaining what is easy. @ 26 &exAnooovto impf. ind. perf. ind. act. s.v. 19. aitetoBe pres. ind. mid. aitew
mid. / pass. ¢xxAnoow (# 1742) pass. to be amazed, to (# 1o0) to ask, to request. Mid. somewhat stronger than
be overwhelmed. ow@fvat aor. pass. inf. cwhw (# 5392) the act. “to ask for oneself” (M, 160; TONT). risiv aor.
to rescue, to save. @ 27 GuBAewags aor. act. part. s.v. 21. act. inf. mvw (#4403) to drink. motpprov (# 4539) ace.
advvatog (#105) impossible. @ 28 fpEato aor. ind. sing. cup. The cup belongs to the royal banquet at
mid. (dep.) &pxoucr (# 806) to begin, w. inf. adnrapev which the king sits beside his most honored guests. It
aor. ind. act. &dinui (#918) to leave. fKodovenxapev also is associated w. the allotted share of joy or suffer.
perf. ind. act. axoAovdew (# 199) to follow, to follow asa ing which is the portion of men and of nations in the
disciple, w. dat. Pert. indicates “we have left all and are course of their life (Swete). Bartrobijivar aor. pass, int.
following you.” @ 29 &n impf. ind. act. s.v. 20. apiiKev Bartitw (# 966) to dip, to baptize, to immerse. Here it
aor. ind. act.S.V. 28. EVEKEV (F1915) because of, on ac- means to be overwhelmed by some difficult experience
or ordeal (LN, 1:286). His death and sufferings are com-
frei without (Taylor). AGO aor. subj. act. ABav pared to a raging flood of sorrow (EDNT).
(# 3284) to take, to receive. Subj. in a cond. cl. (VA, 308; @ 39 migode fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 38, Barnobhosots
Beyer, 119-20). exatovranAaciova (# 1671) a hundred fut. ind. pass. s.v. 38. @ 40 xa@ioar aor. act. inf. sv 37,
times as much, or as many; one hundredfold. Suwyyo¢g Inf. used as subst. dSodvan aor. act. inf. Sdeur (# 1443) sv.
(# 1501) persecution. &pyouév@ pres. mid. part. EpYouar 21. Inf. as subst. froaotar perf. ind. pass. éromateo
(# 2262) tocome. @ 31 Eoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) sur (# 2286) to make ready, to prepare. Pert, indicates it has
 WA MoreBi

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tires the sesame Sh wag, entabey yet gesaee by toed Wi 0 dk , ti Ge Gi, wae
City atti 280 0) 9d 4nn noses Trt) PP yy she ode ee ae at. 49.7, toes get.
Gomis pus ning 2goed ae. wrtiyrte Od. att. 9. ty. Vet. expects Ge te A CAG. BA
Qwow yes wd. ut. w yen, wrsgpnithyy b TLDS wang, neck. ehipagen at 06 Ut. 36. Fi Apia
eet witht ones. The greg. LBL IBY IGE wagt. nd. at. $6. Th. expire aug. “ne beggn 19 t-
Vn, iene weber nabpecerts to mn Sh, ON, Fig, hom”
9G, MA, this 4ST) ) te wot, wih,
60.set.Shes, wen 8 922)ss200sadeasAO. CPLIDLL AS. Mats11
th. erp) eh. persyses 1183) 2 bene,
0 be. tom Cities wes wé. ut. trtigs
@ ILI) be
fash. ond. ot. (dep) ays 4 16P)
9 be. tin Siti,
ty Citew BEL. FA. Gt GIFLIALL LG BO. BS.
Ut. th.tah. 0 Bs tats Say ows exsagi: hn tee Gon VESTED BEDS) 2 GEO LLELES, 2 SLL.
A hae Vitek) Capen ot en dae” Tee yn She Hot.gees, Climrgs
pes mp at. ay
oF A fae ve rhe, Hoe,Konapgiaoey oe citesthat OD) © op tote, to Bp. eteusr=. 1978) ahs. op
Vick
sex 266 net S entsg SPE) GIA WA. 8. Bt. pte. tamuyptass. vias, wh. (Gop) gat. (wom
gyn TILL) @ comme. rom ayre, 204. , sont ME sts TDD) Bis tts Ie Toe
bueapien A1FA) ETT, Cy IE, Date, te Be thyfpes tet. nd. act. Cgc #2) 0 fad. iss,
wasted @ baat ax. wt. ct a. at. tot ADP) the youu, A ay za, 2 re,
| tm AUB) © gE inte. xe porp. Verge tt in he LSS ond he gros ds te St or tA 2
OLD) nx. tag, ts, te gan gab ten ene comtecs Tayor) itestoum pot yas, pact tes b IZ)
Wht. Wty, Crt, UK, TI), AIP) 0. to tnd. Pet. pat. Comte: te on. Ib, Py ae
gon, waterdA, tn pac ht a he pep. A shoves tas an ad. at ctigs A@OD) te &, ts he one’s
tron. He tak om place (CNT, % CGSB, FOS, tH. The tat teak ne one teat eaten on tae cel
MIDNTL 27ES EON). 0 ge pe Oovivos 2 sess 0, te Versa + osices F Gon.
0G. ) pak. (mp) 6. 7. Con. Hos, tapos GY aad Len. 99 Pet, amen an. mp. act. ts
AYA, . The pep. composed is Geecisve
and APP) totosen, to ate. ton oss a te spas
EAS thy Hk te BIS (Wt, 224) taper act. Wepre ores, ID. act. Yes ATTN) 80org, Pues.
avataed wexiong TC, UR), pes at. past apyseis mp. amit 2gpthe at w 2 & mutuss (WAST,
C44)
0 bez, Pat & maces tattle emg). wd. UTR), tebanax HS, at teas OB)
10 say
wid. (dep) citirrysss A 8) to Gt.leenzt. onconteneaty aA, nakd tess oand J, wich BSS He SSS
engt: “he used to th “4 was kes cot 2 EE BG, wittyfb te comd_ mantre pres. wid at. ose
& IST2)
GI). 0 2 hastens,
a7. at. gat en 3 4 Tg ts do, to suka Gams a. ap. at. ies sais gen.
aK. ed. ib. (Gap)
3 Le.egligen yes at. ah ops tng, wi, betes te mend ad cod te te So,
GAP) 0 ay ot, xxezen. Ot hah von Gog, Fox Ba. Ww. pa AID, os te pss. en, oe. gs
the eG
A David +Cen Gages,
Jz,“Te Pace & S261 Cordis, 614, Pesto), in the Sigh ofteeKoma
ses to David ts Exchy Jodo,” 25 Sax 19) O93 Z- sysers & Siac TRIS t tas te sugges tat
P92; “The Davidtc Covencat1s the Gospels,”
5 Sax tee Sevale ubipenc elec uch to epetest este
1D) O93): LBT4 Oo ax mp at. ites
(4 17) nate doa wie proses w semen te amd
tohave mexcy, to thaw mezcy TNT) © B targa when igushed ot (DIE, 1A [DMM Dene, “Law
wngt and act 3%. 13 kag etcmes they comtccly in ee NT- Tine Pace Seales Cot” Now T 13 (997 1 2-
tiated nics. Gaeeney x7. tI, a> Tastes # LLP) i) jews os Kang tad the plese & woe te cud
keep ent, to be shen. SAS, w en (4 2571) i 2 So, A ios earn © 5 extiphes x at. eaegyy
tapeligy
cat. aad. act 8. 9. “Fe comtaemmsallty
cries pan AP) to 59 ont. Gaga cor we act 8 2 yao
on” 9 DB ots a. at pat (cam Jom & DB) CAG 2 ay quate sempaet and cused by
to tad, to cena. By seodog 6H ees dlows Se tues, tas tees ese, “tee a fee ore”
Mark 11 92

(BAGD). 5 €otnKotwv perf. act. part. ‘Lotnut (# 2705) part. (temp.) s.v. 11. jp&ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dpxopor
perf., to stand. Part. used as subst. €Xeyov impf. ind. act. (# 806) to begin, w. inf. exBaAAeEw pres. act. inf. exParrw
Aeyw (# 3306). AdovtEs pres. act. part. s.v. 2. Part. used (# 1675) to cast out, to drive out. nwAodvtTAs pres. act.
to complete the vb. @ 6 einav aor. ind. act. Aéyw to say, part. mwrew (# 4797) to sell. Part. as subst. G-yopaovta.g
s.v. 3. GbfiKav aor. ind. act. dbinui (#918) to allow. pres. act. part. wyopé.w (# 60) to buy. Part. as subst. tpa-
@ 7 EmiPaAAOVvOL pres. ind. act. EmPoAAW (# 2095) to netas (# 5544) table, the table on which moneychang-
place upon, to cast upon; hist. pres. 8 €otpwoav aor. ers display their coins (BAGD). xoAAvBioths (# 3142)
ind. act. otpwvvupni (#5143) to spread out. omiPac moneychanger (Matt. 21:12). They were necessary to
(# 5115) kind of bed or mattress made of straw, rushes, change money for the pilgrims (DJG, 806; BBC).
reeds, leaves, etc. Here leaves, leafy branches (BAGD). Kabedpa. (# 2756) seat, chair. neprotepa, (# 4361) pigeon.
Kowavtes aor. act. part. (circum.) Kontw (#3164) to cut. KQTEOTPEWEV aor. ind. act. KataotpEdw (# 2951) to turn
The paving of the road for about two miles makes for a down, to overthrow, to turn over. For a discussion of
red-carpet effect, magnifying the VIP Jesus (Gundry, this in the light of its background s. Craig A. Evans,
626; BBC). 9 npocyovtes pres. act. part. mpowyw “Jesus’ Action in the Temple: Cleansing or Portent of
(#4575) to go before. Part. as subst. &Kodov8obvtes Destruction,” CBQ 51 (1989): 237-70. 16 jiev impf.
pres. act. part. dkoAovdew (# 199) to follow. Part. as sub- ind. act. &binut (# 918) to allow. SveveyKy aor. subj. act.
st. Expatov impf. ind. act. kpatw (# 3189) to cry out, to diadepw (# 1422) to carry through. No one was allowed
scream. Impf. pictures the continual action. "They to enter the Temple Mount w. his staff, sandal, wallet,
screamed out repeatedly." woavwva (#6059) (Heb.) ho- or w. dust on his feet (M, Berakoth, 9:5; Swete). 17
sanna; save, we pray; save now (Matt. 21:9; Pesch). ev- €5i5aoKev impf. ind. act. 58caoKw (# 1438) to teach. In-
NoyNpEVOS perf. pass. part. evroyew (# 2328) to bless, to cep. impf., “he began to teach.” éXeyev impf. ind. act.
give thanks (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT). @ 10 vyiototg Aeyw (# 3306). yeypartor perf. ind. pass. ypadw (# 1211)
dat. pl. tyiotog (#5736) the highest, pl. heaven. to write. Quoting Isa. 56:7; Jer. 7:11. Used w. ob (# 4024)
11 E1o7AGev aor. ind. act. eioepxyoua (# 1656) to go in, in a question expecting a positive answer. KAnOnoetar
to come in. mepiBAEwapevoc aor. mid. part. (temp.) mEpt- fut. ind. pass. xadew (# 2813) to call. nenownKate perf.
Brénw (#4315) to look about, to look around. oyros ind. act. novew s.v. 3. Perf. emphasizes the past action w.
(# 4070) adj. late. obong pres. act. part. (causal) ei a continuing state or result. onqdarov (# 5068) acc. sing.
(# 1639) to be. Gen. abs., “since the hour was already hole, den, cave. Anotns (# 3334) robber, bandit, one who
late” (BAGD). €&f)A8ev aor. ind. act. E€epyouor (# 2002) robs by force and violence (LN, 1:585; TDNT).
to goout. #12 énardpiov (# 2069) adv., tomorrow, used @ 18 jKovoav aor. ind. act. akovw (# 201) to hear. &n-
w. the noun jWepa understood; “on the next day” tovv impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Impf. pic-
(BAGD). e&@ovtwv aor. act. part. s.v. 11. Gen. abs., tures the repeated action. &moA€owo aor. subj. act.
temp. or circum. part. Aor. indicates the logically nec- anodrvLL (# 660) to destroy, to ruin. Subj. used in obj. cl.
essary action. €metvacev aor. ind. act. newaw (# 4277) to Epopodvto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) doBeowar (# 5828) to be
be hungry. Ingressive aor., “he became hungry.” For a afraid, to fear. &&enAnooeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) éx-
discussion of the cursing s. HSB, 441-42. 13 6ov mTANnoooua (#1742) to be astounded, to be amazed.
aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Aor. describ- @ 19 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivonon (# 1181) to be-
ing an antecedent action. ovK?| (# 5190) fig tree. waxKpo- come. “When it got late” (Cranfield). e&enopedovto
Gev (# 3427) adv., from afar off. €xyovoay pres. act. part. impf. ind. mid. (dep.) exnopevouai (# 1744) to go out.
exw (# 2400) to have. Adj. part. gvAAG acc. pl. pvAAOV Impf. points to habitual action: “Whenever it became
(# 5877) leaf; pl. leaves, foliage. NAGev aor. ind. act. Epyo- late, they would go out of the city” (Gundry, 647).
wat (# 2262) to come, to go. apa. (# 726) so then, conse- 20 TOpOLROpPEvOpEVOL pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.)
quently; “in these circumstances” (Lane). evproet fut. TOPALOPEVOLOLL (# 4182) to pass by. elSov aor. ind. act.
indWact}'s.v%2: EABWV aor. act. part. (temp. ) Epyowar opaw (#3972) to see. EEnpopyevny perf. pass. part. En-
(# 2262) to come. evpev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. TV impf. ind. paivw (#3830) to dry up, to wither. Perf. pictures the
act. eit to be. odKxov (#5192) fig. In the Messianic age abiding results (Taylor). pita (# 4844) root. This implies
figs and all other products of nature will always be in the process took place in a day and strikes at the very
season. (Richard H. Hiers, “Not the Season for Figs,” source of the tree’s life, emphasizing the power of
JBL 87 [1968]: 394-400; BBC). This indicates the prom- Jesus’ curse (Gundry, 648). @ 21 d&voyvnobeic aor. pass.
ised OT kingdom would not be established at this time. (dep.) part. dvapivnoKoyar (# 389) to remember, to be
@ 14 anoxpiOeig aor. pass. (dep. ) part. d&noKpivonor reminded. Circum. / temp. part. i8e (#2623) aor. imp.
(# 646) to answer, to reply. elmev aor. ind. act. Acyw act. opaw to see. KaTHPGOW aor. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd.
(# 3306) to say. @ayo1 aor. opt. act. Ed8iw (# 2266) to eat. sing. Katapdopar (# 2933) to curse. &Enpavtat perf. ind.
Opt. here expresses prohibition (M, 165). rene impf. pass. s.v. 20. Perf. stresses the completion and per-
ind. act. &kovw (# 201) to hear. @ 15 eioeAOov aor. act. manance of the effect produced by Jesus’ word (Gun-
93 Mark 12

dry, 648). 22 Gmoxpi8etc aor, pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 14. tence is suppressed out of the strong emotion of fear
Exete pres. imp. act. éyw (# 2400) to have. Pres. imp. calls and iis a form of anacoluthon or aposiopesis (RG, 1203).
fora continual attitude. 23 einn aor. subj. act. s.v. 3. ELYOV impf. ind. act. yw (#2400) to have, to hold, to
Subj. w. &v (# 323) in an indef. rel. cl. &pOntt aor. imp. think (BD, 204). 33 anoxpiWevtesg aor. pass. (dep.)
pass. aipw (# 149) to lift up; pass., to be lifted up. BANOn- part. s.v. 14. ot8opev perf. ind. act. perf. oi5a (# 3857) to
TLaor. imp. pass. BaAAWw (# 965) to throw. Both aor. imps. know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning.
call for specific things, while the pass. describes the ac-
tion to be done. 5taxKp167 aor. subj. pass. (dep.) 5aKpivo- Mark 12
wo. (# 1359) to hesitate, to doubt, to waver back and @ 1 MpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apyouat (# 806) to
forth in judgment (s. MH, 302). Subj. in indef. rel. cl. begin, w. inf. AaAeiv pres. act. inf. Aakew (# 3281) to
Tiotevy] pres. subj. act. motedvw (#4409) to believe, to speak, compl. inf. to main vb. gunedwv (# 308) vine-
trust, w. obj. of belief in subst. cl. AaAei pres. ind. act. Aa- yard. For a study of this parable in the light of Jewish
Aw (#3281) to speak, to say. yiveto. pres. ind. mid. law s. LNT, 286-308; Martin Hengel, “Das Gleichnis
(dep). yivouor (#1181) to become. Futuristic pres. de- von den Weingartnern Mc 12, 1-12 im Lichte der Zeno-
picting a process going on in the pres., but w. termina- papyri und der rabbinischen Gleichnisse,” ZNW 59
tion in the fut. (VANT, 221); or incohative pres. [1968]: 1-39; BBC. épbdtevoev aor. ind. act. dutevw
describing an act just beginning (RG, 880). éotat fut. (#5885) to plant. mepéOnxev aor. ind. act. nepiti@nur
ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639) to be. avt@ dat. sing. adt0¢ (# 4363) to place around. paypov acc. sing. dpayLoc
Dat. of personal interest, or advantage. @ 24 mpooev- (# 5850) a fence, wall, hedge. This was necessary to
xeo8e pres. ind. mid. (dep.) mpooevyoua (# 4667) to keep the vines from running over another’s property
pray. a.tetode pres. ind. mid. aitéw (# 160) to ask, to ask (LNT, 292). It also was for protection against wild ani-
for oneself (s. Mark 10:38). nuotevete pres. imp. act. s.v. mals (Taylor). @pvEev aor. ind. act. opvoow (# 4002) to
23. EAGPete aor. ind. act. AouBdvw (# 3284) to receive. dig. bmodnviov (#5700) acc. sing. the trough for the
Used w. 6t1 (# 4022) as obj. of vb. @ 25 othxete pres. juice under the press in which the grapes were crushed
ind. act. otmKw (# 5112) to stand (BAGD). npocevyopevor (Cranfield). @koSounoev aor. ind. act. o1Kodopuéw (# 3868)
pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 24. d&iete pres. imp. act. to build. mbpyog (# 4788) tower. &&€5et0 aor. ind. mid.
abinut (# 918) to forgive (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT). aoq exdtdwut (# 1686) to give out, to farm out, to lease. For
aor. subj. act. Subj. used in purp. cl. napantwpa (# 4183) the mid. form s. GGP, 2:394; MH, 212. yewpyog (# 1177)
a false step, a fall from the right course, an error, a mis- farmer, tenant farmer. Those who had made a contract
take in judgment, a blunder, transgression (Swete; w. the landlord to tend the vineyard in return for part
Trench, Synonyms; TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT). 27 rept- of its produce (LNT, 293f). &meSqunoev aor. ind. act.
MAtODVtOS pres. act. part. (temp.) mepimatew (# 4344) to anodnuew (# 623) to travel, to make a trip; here, to trav-
walk about. Gen. abs., “While he was _ walking el to a foreign country (Hengel, “Das Gleichnis,” 21).
around.” He was evidently walking around in the por- @ 2 améoterrev aor. ind. act. wnootéAAw (# 690) to send,
ticos of the Temple. @ 28 éXeyov impf. ind. act. s.v. to commission, w. the authority of the one sending.
5, nosis pres. ind. act. moew (# 4472) to do. Pres. points Ka1p@ dat. sing. ka1pdc (# 2789) time. Dat. of time. AaBQ
to the continual action. é5wKev aor. ind. act. Sido aor. subj. act. AopBavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. Subj.
(# 1443) to give. notfis pres. subj. act. movéw. Subj. w. iva w. iva. (#2671) in a purp. cl. Normally the first time
(# 2671) used in purp. cl. 29 eimev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. wine could be made from the vineyard grapes was the
énepwtrow fut. ind. act. exepwtaw (#2089) to ask a fourth year; it was for personal use the fifth year (Lev.
question. &noxpiénte aor. imp. pass. (dep.), w. dat. s.v. 19:23-25). The fruit of the vineyard was possibly the
14. ép@ fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306). Fut. used in a Semitic vegetables grown between the vines. It was necessary
type of cond. cl. w. imp. w. kai and fut. (Beyer, 238). The for the owner to receive a token payment of the harvest
answering of a question w. a question was a common in order to retain ownership (LNT, 295; Pesch). Often
Rabbinical method (Hooker). 30 & obpavod “from one would have to pay one quarter of the produce
heaven” means from God (Lithrmann). nv impf. ind. (BBC). @ 3 AaPovteEs aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 2. €5€1-
act. eiyi (# 1639) to be. &noxptOnte aor. imp. pass. (dep.) pav aor. ind. act. Sepw (#1296) to beat. &néote av aor.
s.v. 29. 31 S:ed0yiCovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) diaAo- ind. act. s.v. 2. kevog (# 3031) adv. empty. For parallels
yiCouct (# 1368) to discuss, to dispute. eimwpev aor. subj. s. Hengel, “Das Gleichnis,” 26-31. @ 4 éxepadriwoav
act. s.v. 3. Subj. w. €dv (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. aor. ind. act. keparaiow (# 3052) to strike on the head.
w. the cond. assumed as possible. épei fut. ind. act. Aeyw Ntiwaoav aor. ind. act. atwdCw (# 870) to dishonor, to
s.v. 29. emiotevoate aor. ind. act., w. dat. as obj. s.v. 23. insult. ® 5 Gnéxteiway aor. ind. act. anoKtetvw (# 650) to
32 einwyev aor. subj. act. s.v. 3. Subj. continues the kill. S&povtes pres. act. Part. s.v. 3. dmoKTEwvovtEs pres.
cond. cl. w. another possibility (s.v. 31). €poBotvto impf. act. part. For the form anoxtévvw /amoxtévvupt s. MH,
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 18. The apodosis of the cond. sen- 245; RG, 1213. @ 6 Eva acc. sing. etc (#1651) one. Em-
Mark 12 94

phatic position separated from its noun viOVv (Gundry, épete pres. imp. act. epw (#5770) to carry, to bring. 8
686). ELYEV impf. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. ayanntog aor. subj. act. opaw (#3972) to see. Subj. in purp. cl.
(#28) beloved. evtpaxnoovtar fut. ind. pass. EVTPETW @ 16 TveyKav aor. ind. act. dépw s.v. 15. eixwv (# 1635)
(# 1956) pass., to reverence, to respect. @ 7 €lmav aor. image (Paul Corby Finey, “The Rabbis and the Coin
ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say, followed by dir. discourse Portrait [Mark 12:15b, 16]: Rigorism Manqué,” JBL 112
w. Ott (#4022) used as quotation marks (DM, 252). [1993]: 629--44). envypadn (# 2107) inscription (Matt.
KAnpovoyos (#3101) heir. The one who would take 22:20). eimav aor. ind. act. s.v.7. 17 dnddote aor. imp.
over the property. dedte (#1307) Come! (BD, 184). act. anodtdwui (#625) to give back, to pay. The com-
GNOKTEIVWLEV pres. or aor. subj. act. s.v. 5. Hortatory pound vb. implies that the tribute is a debt (Swete; s. W.
subj., “Let us kill...” Since the owner of the vineyard Stenger, “Gebt dem Kaiser, was des Kaisers ist!” Eine so-
had not received payment for three years, the tenants zialgeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Besteuerung Palisti-
hoped to destroy the evidence by killing the son and nas in neutestamentlichen Zeit [Marburg: Wenzel, 1987];
thus to have a claim to the vineyard (LNT, 300-306). HSB, 443-45). e&e8adpotov impf. ind. act. exbavpatw
€otat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (#1639) to be. (# 1703) to be astounded, to be amazed. Prep. in com-
@ 8 AoPovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 3. Temp. or circum. part. pound may be perfective: “completely astonished”
GmeKtEWwav aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. EEEBaAOVv aor. ind. act. éx- (MH, 309). 18 eivar pres. act. inf. ett (# 1639) to be.
BoAAw (#1675) to cast out, to throw out. @ 9 noinoer Inf. in indir. discourse. For a discussion of the resurrec-
fut. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do, to make. eAevoetan fut. tion in Jewish teaching s. S, 142-292; for the Sadducees’
ind. mid. (dep.) épyouar (#2262) to come, to go. view s. TJ, 77-78; BBC; DJG, 403. ennpwtwv impf. ind.
a@noAéoei fut. ind. act. anoAAvEL (# 660) to destroy, to act. emepwtdaw (# 2089) to question. A€yovtes pres. act.
ruin. Soe. fut. ind. act. dtm (#1443) to give. part. Aeyw (# 3306). For the Semitic construction of the
@ 10 avéyvwte aor. ind. act. cvayivwoKw (# 336) to read. part. s. MH, 454. 19 éypawev aor. ind. act. ypaow
anedoKiaoay aor. ind. act. anodoxctw (# 627) to re- (# 1211) to write, w. dat. as indir. obj. &mo8avq aor. subj.
ject, to reject after examining. olxodopodvtes pres. act. act. anoOvjoKkw (# 633) to die. Subjs. w. ev (# 1569) here
part. oixodouew (# 3868) to build. Part. as subst., “the are in a cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond.
builders.” éyevn6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivowor (# 1187) KOTOAIN aor. subj. act. kataXEttw (# 2901) to leave be-
to become. ywvia. (# 1224) corner. For the grammatical hind. a7 aor. subj. act. cpinut (# 978) to leave. AGBy aor.
structure of this v. s. MH, 423f; Taylor. @ 11 eyéveto aor. subj. act. s.v. 2. For the change from dir. to indir. dis-
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 10. S@avpaotn (# 2515) wonderful, course and the imp. force of the subj. s. Gundry, 701;
incomprehensible. 12 €Cjtovv impf. ind. act. Cntew BD, 247; VANT, 382, 385. &avaothon aor. subj. act. &&-
(# 2426) to seek, w. inf. Impf. emphasizes they repeat- aviotnut (# 1985) to raise up. For the quote from Deut.
edly sought. xpatfjoat aor. act. inf. kpatew (# 3195) to 25:5; Gen. 38:8 s. S, 338-45; SB, 1:886-87. @ 20 éAafev
seize. epoPnOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) goPeouar aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. dnoBvfoKwv pres. act. part. (temp.)
(# 5828) to fear, to be afraid of. €yvwoav aor. ind. act. yi- s.v. 19. &b7Kev aor. ind. act. s.v.19. @ 21 dréGavev aor.
vwokw (# 1181) to know, to recognize. mpog abtovs w. ind. act. s.v. 19. KataAmev aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v.
reference to them (Lane). a€vtes aor. act. part. aint 19. @ 22 a&dfjKav aor. ind. act. s.v.19. For the story in its
(# 918) to leave. For the Semitic use of the redundant Jewish setting s. S., 345-52. @ 23 avaot@ow aor. subj.
part. s. MH, 452-54. amijA@ov aor. ind. act. anepyouct act. aviotnut (#482) to rise up, to rise. Subj. w. 6tav
(# 599) to go away. 13 anooteAAOVOLV pres. ind. act. (#4020) in an indef. temp. cl.: “whenever they might
s.v. 2. Hist. pres. &ypebowot aor. subj. act. cypevw (# 65) rise.” €oton fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eipi s.v. 14. éoxov aor.
to catch or take by hunting or fishing (AS; s. Joseph and ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. @ 24 pn impf. ind. act.
Asenath, 21:21; GELTS, 1:5). Subj. w. et (# 1623) in purp. nut (# 5774) to say, to speak (s. Mark 10:20). nAavaoe
cl. Aoyw dat. AOyos (# 3364). Instr. dat. @ 14 EABOvtES aor. pres. ind. pass. nAavaw (# 4414) to lead astray, to cause
act. part. s.v. 9. Circum./temp. part. olapev perf. ind. to wander, to deceive; pass. to go astray, to be deceived,
act. 05a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. to be misled (BAGD; TDNT; EDNT; S, 357). etSotes
aANONSs (# 239) true, upright (Taylor). El pres. ind. act. perf. act. part. (causal) oda (#3857) s.v. 14. @ 25 dva-
2nd. sing. et (# 1639). wede1 G01 you are not concerned ot@ow aor. subj. act. s.v. 23. yapotdotv pres. ind. act.
about. é€eottv (# 2003) pres. ind. act; it is lawful, w. inf. youeéw (# 1138) to marry. Fut. pres. or gnomic pres. indi-
Sodvat aor. inf. act. Sidwyt (# 1443) to give. Here in the cating a general truth that will exist at the Resurrection.
sense of pay taxes, compl. inf. to main vb. "Is it lawful yopiCovtar pres. ind. pass. youitw (#1139) to give in
to give?” Kivooc (# 3056) tribute, poll tax (Matt. 22:17). marriage. For a discussion of no marriage in eternity
d@pev aor. subj. act. 515wy1; deliberative subj. used in a for the angels s. S, 368-81. 26 eyeipovtat pres. ind.
question. @ 15 et6we¢ perf. act. part. (causal) otéa s.v. 14. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to rise, to be raised. Theol. pass.
vnoxptots (#5694) hypocrisy, pretense, outward show (Gundry, 703). &véyvwte aor. ind. act. s.v. 10. Used w.
(BAGD); an attempt to evade the law (s. Mark 7:6). ov« (# 4024) in a question expecting a positive answer.
95 Mark 13

For the quotation from Exod. 3:6 s. Gundry, 703-704: S., (# 1270) dinner, the main meal, generally in the evening
381-403. @ 27 Cwvtwv pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live (SB, 4:611-39; LT, 2:205-210). 40 kateo@tovtec pres.
(as applied to God s. S, 406-14). mAavGobe pres. ind. act. part. katecOiw (# 2983) to devour, to eat up. ynpav
pass. s.v. 24. This answers the question of v. 24: “You are gen. pl. ynpa (# 5939) widow. Widows were helpess in
decieved, aren’t you...?”; “You are much deceived!” the society of the day, and the scribes are accused of
(Gundry, 704). @ 28 mpOoeAOcv aor. act. part. (circum.) sponging on the hospitality of people of limited means
TPOGEPOLOL (# 4665) to come to. &kovous aor. act. part. (Lane; EDNT; TDNT; NIDNTT; BBC). Part. as subst.
(temp. ) &kovw (# 201) w. gen. to hear, to listen to. ovgn- Tpopaoer dat. sing. mpodaotg (# 4733) alleged motive or
Tovvtwv pres. act. part. ovCntéw (#5184) to examine to- cause, esp. a motive or cause that is falsely alleged; pre-
gether, to dispute. Supplemental part. w. the vb. aKovw. text, pretense (Cranfield; Harry Fleddermann, “A
w8wv aor. act. part. (temp. ) opow (# 3972) to see. anexpiOn Warning about the Scribes [Mark 12:37b-40],” CBQ 44
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &noxpivouor (# 646) to answer. [1982]: 62-63). Dat. of manner. mpooevyouevor pres. mid.
ENNPWTNOEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 18. @ 29 &Kove pres. imp. (dep.) part. mpocevyouat (# 4667) to pray. ANwyovtat fut.
act. s.v. 28. © 30 ayannoets fut. ind. act. dyancw (# 26) ind. mid. (dep.) AauBavw (# 3284) to take, to receive.
to love. Fut. w. the force of the imp. is a translation of @ 41 kaStouc aor. act. part. (temp.) Ka6iGw (#2767) to
the Heb. impf. used as a jussive (MH, 458; BG, 94). sit, to take one’s seat. Aor. showing antecedent action.
@ 31 mAnoloc (# 4446) the next one, neighbor. peifwv Katévavtt (#2978) w. gen., opposite. yalopvAaKeiov
(# 3505) comp. peyas great. tovtwv gen. todto this. Gen. (# 1126) treasury. Probably a reference to the thirteen
of comparison. @ 33 ayanav pres. act. inf. s.v. 30. Inf. trumpet-like chests placed at intervals around the walls
used as subst. ovveotg (#5304) understanding. nepto- of the court of the women in the Herodian temple
ootepov (# 4358) comp. mepioo0g beyond measure, over (Swete; SB, 2:37-45; BBC; DJG, 812). €8ewpet impf. ind.
and above, more exceeding. mavtwv gen. pl. na act. Sewpew (# 2555) to watch, to observe. Impf. pictures
(#4246) all, every. Gen. of comparison. dAoKavTWLO. his repeated watching of the different persons who
(#3906) burnt offering. @voia (#2602) sacrifice. passed by. yaAKog (# 5910) copper, brass, bronze mon-
@ 34 dmv aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (#3972) to see. ey. Mhovouos (# 4454) rich, very rich. €BaAXov impf. ind.
vovvexw@<¢ (# 3807) wisely, thoughtfully, w. understand- act. Bo&AAw (# 965) to throw, to place “they were repeat-
ing (LN, 1:384). &mexpi@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 28. edly casting.” This was above and beyond the tithe and
waxpav (# 3426) acc. sing. far. Acc. fem. used as an adv. Temple tax. For the tithe and Temple tax s. JPB, 146-69.
(Taylor). €toApa. impf. ind. act. toAwaw (# 5528) to dare, @ 42 eA@otou aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. s.v. 9. Cir-
w. inf. €mepwtijoat aor. act. inf. s.v. 18. @ 35 anoKpiBEic cum. or temp. part. ntwyn (# 4777) adj. fem. poor, abject
aor. pass. part. s.v. 28. For the Semitic use of the part. s. poverty, referring to one who has literally nothing and
MH, 453. 18ca0Kwv pres. act. part. didaokw (# 1438) to is in imminent danger of real starvation (NTW, 110).
teach; part. of manner. @ 36 Ka@@ov pres. imp. mid. &BoAvev aor. ind. act. BoAAw (#965) to throw. AETTOV
(dep.) ka@nor (# 2764) to sit, to sit down. @@ aor. subj. (# 3321) the smallest Jewish coin. A small copper coin
act. t1Onut (# 5502) to place, to set, to establish, to make. worth normally about one-eighth of a cent (BAGD;
bnoxatw (# 5691) w. gen., under. For this section s. Matt. Lane; HJC, 296-302; DJG, 805). xoSpaven¢ (#3119) a
22:41-46; Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in Roman coin equal to about a fourth of a cent (BAGD).
the Gospels,” Bib. Sac. 150 (1993): 463-64; BBC. Mark gives the Roman coinage for the benefit of his
@ 37 TKKOvVEV impf. ind. act. s.v. 28. ndews (# 2452) adv. readers (Taylor). @ 43 mpooxaAEodevos aor. mid. part.
gladly. 38 BAenete pres. imp. act. BrAenw (# 1063) to (temp.) mpookareouar (# 4673) to summons, to call to
see, to beware of. GeAOvtwv pres. act. part. (adj.) GeAw oneself. mAeiov comp. modu (#4498) much; “more.”
(# 2527) to desire, to wish, w. inf. otoAatc dat. pl. otoAn TAVTWV s.v. 33. BAAAOVTWY pres. act. part. BaAAW s.v. 41.
(# 5124) cloak; not only the cloak worn by the common @ 44 mepiooevovtos pres. act. part. mepiocedw (# 4355)
people, but esp. the cloak of honor, of the scholars or of- to be in abundance. Part. used as subst. botepnaews
ficers (Jastrow, 1:537; SB, 2:31-33; BBC). nepinatetv pres. en. sing. votepnots (#5730) deficiency, want, need.
act. inf. mepinatéw (# 4344) to walk about. Honaopoc eiyev impf. ind. act. yw (#2400) to have, to possess.
(# 833) greetings. Walking around in such robes and Btov acc. sing. Biog (# 1050) living, livelihood, the means
being greeted in the market places make a pair (Gun- by which life is sustained (AS).
dry, 719). 39 npwtoxaGedpia (#4751) the chief seat,
the bench in the synagogues in front of the ark where Mark 13
the Scriptures were contained while facing the congre- @ 1 For a discussion of this chapter as well as its
gation. It was reserved for the officials and persons of history of interpretation s. George R. Beasley-Murray,
high distinction (LT, 1:436). TMpwtoKALota, (# 4752) first or Jesus and the Last Days: The Interpretation of the Olivet
chief place at the table. The place of the most honored Discourse (Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers,
guest on the couch around the table (Swete). deimov 1993). Exmopevopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) &k-
Mark 13 96

mopevonar (# 1744) to go out. Gen. abs. te (# 2623) aor. dat. pl. avtog (# 899). Dat. of disadvantage: “against
imp. act. 0paw to see. notanog (#4534) what sort of, them.” 10 xnpvx0fvo1 aor. pass. inf. Knpvoow
how fashioned. oixodopai nom. pl. oikodoun (# 3869) (# 3062) to preach, to proclaim as a herald. Inf. w. det
building. PI. refers to the whole Temple complex (Gun- (s.v. 7). © 11 &ywouv pres. subj. act. yw (# 72) to lead.
dry, 735; for a description of the temple s. Jos., JW, Subj. w. otav (# 4020) in an indef. rel. cl. Pres. subj. used
5:184-247; Ant., 15: 380-425; JPB, 51-72; TJ, 28-30; DJG, when the issue personally affects those present (VA,
811-14). 2 dheOf aor. subj. pass. adinu (#918) to 326). napadiSovtes pres. act. part. s.v. 9. Part. of manner.
leave. Subj. w. the two negatives is emphatic (RG, MPOWEpyvGte pres. imp. act. mpoyepivaw (#4628) to
1174). katoAvOF| aor. subj. pass. Katavw (# 2907) to de- concern oneself, to be anxious beforehand. Pres. imp.
stroy, to completely demolish (RWP). For the destruc- denotes simultaneous action w. another action (VANT,
tion of the Temple s. TJ, 190-98. 3 ka@npevov pres. 391). AaANoNtE aor. subj. act. AaArEw (# 3281) to speak.
mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) kaOnut (#2764) to sit down. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in an indef. cl. 067 aor. subj. pass.
Gen. abs. ennpwta impf. ind. act. enepwtdw (# 2089) to 5151 (# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. indicating that God
question, to ask. Inceptive impf., “they began to ask.” is the giver. AaAette pres. imp. act. Aarkew. AaAODVTES
For grammatical remarks on this section s. VA, 433-35. pres. act. part. Part. as subst. @ 12 nopadwoet fut. ind.
@ 4 einov aor. imp. act. Aéyw (# 3306). For the form s. act. s.v. 9. nopadtéwut to betray. enavaotnoovtat fut.
MH, 58; GGP, 2:337. werAn pres. subj. act. werrw (# 3516) ind. act. €maviotnut (# 2060) to rise up against. yoveic
to be about to. Used w. inf. to express the fut. Subj. w. acc. pl. yovevs (#1204) pl. parents. @avatwoovot fut.
Otav (#4020) in an indef. temp. cl. ovvtedeioBat pres. ind. act. ®@avatow (# 2506) to kill. 13 EoeoGe fut. ind.
pass. inf. ovvtedew (#5334) to complete, to bring to an mid. (dep.) et (#1639) to be. prcovpevor pres. pass.
end. Prep. in the compound is perfective (Taylor). part. poe (# 3631) to hate. Part. as predicate adj., or as
@ 5 npEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dpyouo. (# 806) to be- part of a fut. periphrastic construction (RG, 889; VA,
gin, w. inf. BAenete pres. imp. act. BAenw (# 1063) to see, 464). Vmopetvas aor. act. part. Dmouevw (#5702) to re-
to watch out, to beware, s. vv. 9, 23, 33. nAavhoT aor. main under, to endure patiently, to continue to bear up
subj. act. tAavaw (# 4414) to lead astray, to cause to despite difficulty and suffering (LN, 1:308; TDNT;
wander, to deceive. For revolutionary movements s. EDNT). ow@noetar fut. ind. pass. owtw (#5392) to res-
DJG, 688-98. Subj. ina neg. purp. cl. @ 6 €Aedoovta fut. cue, deliver, to save. 14 t8nte aor. subj. act. s.v. 1.
ind. mid. (dep.) épyouai (#2262) to go, to come. Eni TO Subj. w. Otav (#4020) in an indef. temp. cl. PSEA vyO
dvouati pov on the basis of my name. That is, coming (#1007) that which is detestable, abomination. tpn-
and saying that they are the Christ just as he had done WMCEWS gen. sing. Epnuwoig (#2247) making into a
(Gundry, 737). mAavnoovow fut. ind. act. s.v. 5. desert, desolating, desolation (Matt. 24:15; BBC). tot-
@ 7 aKovonte aor. subj. act. dkovw (# 201) to hear. no- Kota perf. act. part. iotnui (#2705) to stand (perf.).
Aewosg (#4483) war. Opoeiobe pres. imp. pass. Opoew avaylvwoKwv pres. act. part. avayivwoxw (#336) to
(# 2583) to raise an outcry; pass., of the alarm occa- read. Part. as subst. voeitw pres. imp. act. voew (# 3783)
sioned by a sudden cry or of mental uneasiness in gen- to understand, to comprehend. devyetwoay pres. imp.
eral, to be inwardly aroused, to be disturbed or act. 3rd. pl. pevyw (#5771) to flee. @ 15 katoPatw aor.
frightened (Swete; BAGD). Pres. imp. w. the neg. has imp. act. Ka.toPoriven (# 2849) to come down. e1oer8atw
the idea “do not immediately be alarmed” (MKG, 272). aor. imp. act. ELOEPXOMAL (# 1656) to goin. Aor. imp. pro-
det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary, w. inf. Shows hibits the whole act. dpa aor. act. inf. aipw (# 149) to
divine necessity. yevéoOo1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivopor take away, to remove. Inf. used to express purp.
(#1181) to become, to happen. @ 8 e€yepOjoetar fut. 16 Emiotpeyatw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. ent-
ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to rise up. Eoovton fut. ind. OTPEHL (# 2188) to turn about. &pat aor. act. inf. s.v. 15.
mid. (dep.) ewt (#1639). cevopog (# 4939) earthquake. @ 17 Exovoatc pres. act. part. dat. fem. pl. éxw (# 2400)
Kata (# 2848) distributive use of the prep.; “from place to have. Used in the idiom “to have something in the
to place,” “everywhere,” “here and there.” A1oc stomach,” “to be pregnant.” @nAafobdoaig pres. act.
(# 3350) famine. dpxn (# 794) beginning. wSivwv gen. pl. part. fem. dat. pl. Onratw (#2558) to nurse, to suck.
wéiv (#6047) birth pains (Matt. 24:8). For the form s. Part. as subst. 18 npooevyeove pres. imp. mid. (dep.)
MH, 135. 9 napadwoovov fut. ind. act. napadstdwyt Tpooevyoua (# 4667) to pray. yevntor aor. subj. mid.
(# 4140) to deliver over. ovvédpiov (# 5284) (BBC; DJG, (dep.) yivoua (# 1181) to become, to be. Subj. in an obj.
728-32; ABD, 5:975-80) a local Jewish council, court cl. yeysdvoc (# 5930) wintertime. @ 19 Eoovtat fut. ind.
(Moore, Judaism, 261). duphoeobe fut. ind. pass. depw mid. (dep.) eit (# 1639) to be. yeyovev perf. ind. act. s.v.
(# 1296) to beat. nyewovwv gen. pl. nyewwv (# 2450) ruler, 18. tovavdtn (# 5525) of such a kind, of such a character.
governor. ota@noeove fut. ind. pass. tot (#2705) to It emphazies the severity of the tribulation (Gundry,
place, to set, to stand. paptopiov (# 3457) witness. For 777). €xtioEV aor. ind. act. KtiGw (# 3231) to make, to cre-
the threefold aspect of this witness s. Cranfield. abt0ig ate. This increases the emphasis on unprecedented se-
97 Mark 14

verity (Gundry, 777). 20 eEKOAOBwWoEV aor. ind. act. come, to happen. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. @ 31 mape-
KohoBow (#3143) to shorten. touOn aor. ind. pass. s.v. Aevoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v.30. 32 oldev perf.
13. Ind. used in a 2nd. class cond. cl. (contrary to fact). ind. act. 15a. (# 3857) to know. Def. pert. W. pres. mean-
é€eAéEato aor. ind. mid. exAeyw (# 1721) to choose; mid. ing. 33 dypunveite pres. imp. act. wypumvew (# 70) to
to choose out, to pick out for oneself. 21 eixq aor. chase sleep away, to be watchful, to be alert, to be on
subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306). Subj. w. Eav (# 1569) in a 3rd. the lookout for, to be vigilant (MH, 290; LN, 1:333).
class cond. assuming the possibility of the cond. Pres. imp. calls for a constant vigil. @ 34 arodnyoc
TOTEVETE pres. imp. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe, to (# 624) to be away from home, to be away on a journey.
trust. Pres. imp. calls for a continual rejection of the Gheic aor. act. part. (circum.) dint (# 918) to leave, "he
false claims. @ 22 éyep@qoovta fut. ind. pass. eyeipw left." 0c aor. act. part. (circum.) tw (# 1443) to give,
(# 1586) to raise; pass. to rise, to appear on the scene "he gave." Aor. giving antecedent action. @vpwpdc
(BAGD). dHo0ovev fut. ind. act. 5{Swpt (# 1443) to give. (# 2601) doorkeeper, the one who stood guard at the en-
For the variant reading noinoovovw (fut. ind. act.) s. TC, trance of a courtyard which served several houses (SB,
112. &nondavav pres. act. inf. dmomhavew (# 675) to lead 2:47; BBC). evetetAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) evteAAopan
astray, to cause to wander. The prep. compound is ei- (# 1948) to command. ypnyopt| pres. subj. act. ypnyopew
ther local or perfective, to lead away (MH, 297). Inf. w. (# 1213) to watch, to keep awake, to be on the alert
mpocg (#4639) to indicate subjective purp. (Taylor). (BAGD). Subj. in a obj. cl. © 35 ypnyopeite pres. imp.
© 23 mpoeipnxa perf. ind. act. mportyw (# 4625) to say act. s.v. 34. owe (# 4067) evening. peoovoKtiov (# 3543)
beforehand. Perf. indicates the abiding results of what midnight, acc. of time. GAeKtopopwvias gen. sing. aAEK-
was predicted. 24 oxotio@joeta fut. ind. pass. oKo- topopwvia (#231) the crowing of a rooster. “At cock-
ti¢w (#5029) to darken, to make dark. oeAnvn (# 4943) crow,” the name of the third watch of the night (12-3
moon. Soe fut. ind. act. s.v. 22. d&yyo¢ (#5766) acc. a.m.) (BAGD; BBC). Gen. of time. npwi (# 4745) early
sing. light, ray, beam. @ 25 éoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) morning. These four words denote the four watches of
eit (# 1639) to be, used w. pres. part. to form a fut. peri- the night, from six at night to six in the morning
phrastic construction (VA, 483). mintovtes pres. act. (Gould). 36 €A@av aor. act. part. Epxoua (# 2262)
part. nintw (# 4406) to fall. core vOjoovtat fut. ind. pass. temp. or cond. part. Aor. giving antecedent action.
oaAEvw (# 4888) to shake. For OT and Jewish references eEatovns (# 1978) suddenly. evpy aor. subj. act. evptoxw
concerning the celestial disaster s. Gundry, 783; EDNT. (# 2351) to find. Subj. in a neg. purp. cl. kadeddovtac
26 Gwovtai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to see. pres. act. part. ka8evdw (# 2761) to sleep. Adj. part. com-
Epxouevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. Epxyouat (# 2262) to go. plementary to main vb.
Part. as adj. 27 Gmootedei fut. ind. act. amooteAAw
(# 690) to send, to commission; to send w. a special task, Mark 14
as a representative w. the authority of the one sending. #1 impf. ind. act. cyt (#1639) to be. Here
émiovvaéer fut. ind. act. exiovvayw (# 2190) to assemble, equivalent to, “was about to be.” Mark looks back on
to gather together. &kpov gen. sing. aKpov (# 216) end, the event as past (Swete). nmaoxa. (# 4247) Passover, the
extreme limit (BAGD). @ 28 ovx7| (#5190) fig tree. Passover Lamb, the Passover Feast, or the Passover
padete aor. imp. act. pavOavw (# 3443) to learn. KAdb0¢ Meal (Matt. 26:2; DJG, 236-41; SB, 4:41-76). &€vpoc
(# 3080) branch. anadog (# 559) tender; pred. adj. The (# 109) unleavened, the Feast of Unleavened Bread cel-
fig tree is mentioned because in Palestine, where most ebrated in connection w. Passover. For the days of the
trees are evergreens, oaks, or olives, the rising of the week involved s. Gundry, 801. e€qtovv impf. ind. act.
sap in its branches and the appearance of leaves is a Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Impf. pictures the repeated at-
sure sign that winter is past (Taylor; Lane). yevnta aor. tempts without success. 60A0¢ (#1515) deceit, guile,
subj. mid. (dep. ) s.v. 18. Subj. w. Otav (# 4020) in an in- trickery. Kpatnoavtes aor. act. part. (circum.) Kpatéw
def. temp. cl. €xgvq pres. subj. act. Exp (# 1770) to put (#3195) to seize. &moxtetvwow pres. subj. act. anoK-
forth, to sprout. gvAAG acc. pl. pvAAOV (#5877) leaf; pl. teivw (#650) to kill. Pres. emphasizes their murderous
foliage. Yiwwoxete pres. imp. / ind. act. ywwoKrw intent (Gundry, 801). @ 2 eopti (# 2038) dat. sing. feast.
(# 1182) to know, to recognize. BEpos (# 2550) summer. unnote (# 3607) lest, used to express neg. purp. Eotat
@ 29 tSnte aor. subj. act. opaw (#3972) to see. Subj. w. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit to be. Fut. ind. represents the
Otav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. yivopeva. pres. mid. danger as real and imminent, and adds force to the de-
(dep.) part. yivopan (#1181) “When you see these preciation (Swete). 80puBo¢g (# 2573) tumult, uproar,
things happening.” ® 30 napéA@q aor. subj. act. napep- riot. 3 Gvtog pres. act. part. (temp.) et (# 1639). Gen.
youat (# 4216) to pass by, to pass away. For the subj. w. abs. KataxKeevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) kata-
the double neg. od pqs. RG, 929; IBG, 22. yeved (# 1155) KEWOaL (# 2879) to recline at the table, Gen. abs. TA@ev
generation, race (Swete). HEXPIs ov (#3588; 4005) until. aor. ind. act. pyouai (#2262) to come, to go. Exovea
yevntar aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivonor (#1181) to be- pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. GAGBaotpov (# 223)
Mark 14 98

an alabaster vase (s. Matt. 26:7). Unguents kept best in 1569) in an indef. cl. A@ANONoEtAA fut. ind. pass. AWAEw
alabaster boxes [alabastris] (Pliny, NH, 13:19). popov (# 3281) to speak, to tell. pwnwoovvov (# 3649) memori-
gen. sing. wupov (# 3693) sweet-smelling oil, perfume. al. 10 annAsev aor. ind. act. anepyouar (#599) to go
Gen. of content. vapdog (#3726) spikenard, nard. A out. tapasoi aor. subj. act. tapadidwyr (# 4140) to deliv-
plant native to India (BAGD; s. PB, 205; POB, 148-49) er over. Subj. in a purp. cl. @ 11 axovoavtes aor. act.
that had a “foremost place among perfumes” (Pliny, part. (temp.) akovw (# 201) to hear. €yapnoav aor. ind.
NH, 12:42). The raw product cost 100 denarii a pound, pass. yaipw (# 5897) to rejoice, to be glad. emnyyetAavto
and its leaves cost anywhere from 40 to 75 denarii, de- aor. ind. mid. (dep.) emayyeAAopnat (# 2040) to promise,
pending on the size (Pliny, NH, 12:44). In 13:20 Pliny w. epex. inf. 50bvai aor. act. inf. idwyt (# 1443) to give.
says the cost for the finished product is more than 400 eCntet impf. ind. act. s.v. 1. Inceptive impf., “he began
denarii. muotiKog (#4410) genuine, pure (Taylor; LN, to seek ...” or iterat. impf., “he sought continually...”
1:703). MoAvTEADDS gen. sing. moAvTEATS (#4500) very evKaipws (#2323) conveniently, well-timed, oppor-
expensive, having great cost (MH, 285; BBC). ovv- tunely. @ 12 €6vov impf. ind. act. 8bw (# 2604) to slay, to
Tplwaoa aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. ovvtpipw sacrifice (an animal). Customary impf. &meAOovtes aor.
(# 5341) to crush. The breaking of the flask was per- act. part. (circum.) s.v. 10. etoysdowpev aor. subj. act.
haps the expression of the wholeheartedness of her de- etomacw (#2286) to prepare. Deliberative subj. in an
votion (Cranfield). It dramatizes the outpouring of all obj. cl. (SIMS, 75-76). payne aor. subj. act. eo8iw (# 2266)
the contents by making the flask henceforth unusable to eat. Subj. w. iva, (#2671) in purp. cl. 13 dnayete
(Gundry, 813). Kkateyeev aor. ind. act. Katayew (# 2972) pres. imp. act. vtayw (# 5632) to go forth. Pres. imp. w.
to pour down, to pour over, w. gen. @ 4 ayavaKxtodvtEes a vb. of motion. &mavtnoet fut. ind. act. anavtaw (# 560)
pres. act. part. cyavaKtew (# 24) to be unwilling, to be to meet, w. dat. kepdyiov (# 3040) acc. sing. a jar or ves-
angry, to be indignant against what is judged to be sel of pottery. b&at0¢ gen. sing. bdwp (#5623) water.
wrong (LN, Ll:762). Part. used as pred. adj. or as peri- Gen. of content. Baotatwv pres. act. part. Baotatw
phrastic W. Toav. GndA€10 (# 724) destruction, ruin, (# 1002) to carry. Adj. part. dkoAovOnoate aor. imp. act.
waste. yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivowat (# 1181) to become, aKorovdew (#199) to follow, w. dat. 14 E1o€A8N aor.
to happen, to be. For a similar complaint that perfumes subj. act. eioepyoua (# 1656) to go in. Subj. w. 6nov av
serve the most superfluous of all forms of luxury, be- (# 3963; 323) in an indef. rel. cl. eimate aor. imp. act.
cause unguents lose their scent and die at once when AEywW (# 3306). olKOdSEonOTHS (#3867) master of the
used s. Pliny, NH, 13:20. 5 n&dvato aor. ind. mid. house, landlord. xatéAvpa (# 2906) inn, guest room
(dep.) Svvapor (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. mpa8tvat aor. (Taylor). The citizens of Jerusalem provided rooms for
pass. inf. nutpaoKw (# 4405) to sell. emavw (# 2062) over, the pilgrims free of charge (WZZT, 160; JPF, 2:903).
above, more than. For the price of the perfume s.v. 3. gayw aor. subj. act. s.v. 12. 15 deter fut. ind. act.
S007jvo1 aor. pass. inf. dt5wyi (#1443) to give. eve- Setkvupt (# 1259) to show. Gvaya1ov (# 333) a room up-
Bpiavto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) eupprrcopar (# 1839) to stairs. EOTpwHEVOV perf. pass. part. otpwvvut (# 5143) to
snort, an expression of anger and displeasure, to warn spread out; or perhaps to be provided w. carpeted
sternly. w. dat. (BAGD; s. Mark 1:43). @ 6 dete aor. couches on which the guests reclined. (Swete; Taylor;
imp. act. aint (#918) to leave, to leave alone. Aor. NTNT, 39). Adj. part. €toyog (# 2289) ready, prepared.
imp. here calls for immediate cessation of the action. ETOULGOQTE aor. imp. act. etoatw (# 2286) to prepare,
mopeyete pres. ind. act. napexw (# 4218) to cause. In this get ready. @ 16 €&7)A@ov aor. ind. act. eEepyoua (# 2002)
context “to cause trouble.” Npydaoato aor. ind. mid. to go out. TAov aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. ebpov aor. ind. act.
(dep.) epyafouar (#2237) to work, to do. 7 6&Ante evptokw (#2251) to find. Ntotwaoavy aor. ind. act. s.v. 15.
pres. subj. act. 6¢.w (# 2527) to wish, to will, to want to. @ 17 yevouévng aor. mid. (dep.) part. gen. abs. s.v. 4.
Subj. w. otav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. novijoat aor. This could include late afternoon before sunset as well
act. inf. movéw (# 4472) to do. 8 Eoxev aor. ind. act. Exw as twilight after sunset (Gundry, 835; BBC).
(# 2400) to have. énoinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. mpoéAaPev @ 18 dvaKxewévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) &va-
aor. ind. act. npocaupavw (#4624) to take beforehand, Kear (# 367) to recline at the table. One would recline
to anticipate. For the Jewish aspect of performimg a on the cushions around the table and eat. Gen. abs.
deed in advance s. NTRJ, 313. wupioai aor. act. inf. €o8ovtwy pres. act. part. Eo0iw (#2266) to eat. Gen.
uvpitw (#3690) to anoint. Epex. inf. explaining the abs. napadwoer fut. ind. act. napadidwur s.v. 10.
main vb. évtapiaopos (# 1947) preparation for burial, @ 19 TpEavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &pyouc (# 806) to be-
or the burial (Taylor; BAGD). The anointing w. expen- gin, w. inf. AvtEeto8a1 pres. mid. (dep. ) inf. _ AVREOLOL
sive perfume gives Him dignity in burial so as to erase (# 3382) to be sad, to be sorrowful. eig Kate etc (# 1651;
the shame of the coming crucifixion (Gundry, 804; 2848) one by one. (Taylor; SIMS, 154, 226, 372). pnn
NTRJ, 312). @9xnpvy6q aor. subj. pass. knpvoow (# 3614) “Not I, is it?” It suggests a possibility, only to
(# 3062) to preach, to herald. Subj. w. énov &dv (# 3963; negate it (Gundry, 836). 20 &uBantopevoc pres. mid.
99 Mark 14

(indir. mid. “for oneself”) part. Eupontw (# 1835) to dip gwvijoa aor. act. inf. pwvew (# 5888) to call, to make a
in. Part. used as subst. tpvBAtov (#5581) bowl. The sound, to crow, indicating the coming dawn (BBC). Inf.
pieces of bread were dipped into the sauce or relish. w. prep. mpiv (#4570) “before.” anapvfoy aor. subj.
This intimate relationship is broken by betrayal (BBC). mid. (dep.) &napveowor (# 565) to deny. For a discussion
© 21 yéypantat perf. ind. pass. ypcpw (# 1211) to write. of the textual problems s. Markus Ohler, “Der zwei-
Perf. “it stands written” (MM). mopadsisotat pres. ind. malige Hahnschrei der Markuspassion: Zur Texttiber-
pass. S.v. 10. Futuristic pres. &yevvn@n aor. ind. pass. yev- lieferung von Mk 14, 30.68.72,” ZNW 85 (1994): 145-50.
vow (#1164) to bear; pass. to be born. Ind. in a 2nd. @ 31 Exnepioodic (# 1735) beyond measure, exceeding-
class cond. cl. which assumes the cond. to be contrary ly. €\GA€1 impf. ind. act. s.v. 9. Inceptive impf. 5€7 pres.
to fact. 22 A0Pov aor. act. part. (temp.) AoUPdava subj. act. det (# 1256) it is necessary, w. inf. Subj. w. av
(# 3284) to take. evdoyhoug aor. act. part. (temp. ) evAo- (#1569) in cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the
yew (# 2328) to give thanks, to praise, to bless. ExAQoEV cond. ouvaro8avetv aor. act. inf. covano8vnoKw (# 5271)
aor. ind. act. kAaw (# 3089) to break. &5wxev aor. ind. act. to die together. anapvnoopan fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 30.
didwp1 (# 1443) to give. AGPete aor. imp. act. AopPavor For the construction s. BD, 184; RG 929. 32 Te8onnavi
(# 3284) to take. For the celebration of the meal s. SB, (#1149) Gethsemane (Heb. / Aram. “press of oils”
4:41-76; HSB, 448-50; BBC. 23 ebyapiotnous aor. act. Lane; ISBE, 2:457-58; ABD, 2:997-98). ka@ioate aor. imp.
part. (temp.) evxopiotew (#2373) to thank, to say act. kabiCw (# 2767) to sit, take one’s seat. npooevewpar
thanks. mov aor. ind. act. nivw (#4403) to drink. aor. subj. mid. (dep.) mpocev youn (# 4667) to pray. Subj.
@ 24 Sia0HKn (# 1347) covenant, testament, will (s. ina temp. cl. 33 fpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.), w. inf.
Matt. 26:28). exyvvvoyevov pres. pass. part. exxew s.v. 19. €xOopPeiobar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. exOopPeowar
(#1772) to pour out, to shed. Blood was used in the (# 1701) to be amazed, to be distressed. Here denotes a
treaty ceremony to indicate that disobedience to the being in the grip of a shuddering horror given the
covenant stipulations would result in death. bmép dreadful prospect before him (Cranfield). adnyovetv
(# 5642) w. gen., for; either in the sense of “for the ben- pres. act. inf. ddnuovew (# 86) to be sorely troubled, to be
efit of,” or “instead of” (EDNT; NIDNTT, 3:1196-97). in anguish, to be upset (Taylor; LN, 1:315).
@ 25 niw aor. subj. act. s.v. 23. For the construction w. 34 mepidunos (# 4337) very sorrowful, surrounded w.
the double neg. ob un (# 4024; 3590) s. RG, 929-30. ye- sorrow, very sad. Prep. in compound is perfective
vnhpatos gen. sing. yevnua (#1163) that which is pro- (Gundry, 854) or intensive: “having excessive sorrow”
duced, fruit. For references to the messanic banquet s. (MH, 322). petvate aor. imp. act. wevw (#3531) to re-
Gundry, 844. 26 dpvnjoavtes aor. act. part. vuvEew main. Aor. calls for a specific action (VANT, 334).
(# 5630) to sing a hymn. The Passover meal was con- ypnyopeite pres. imp. act. ypryopew (# 1213) to be awake,
cluded w. the singing of the last part of the Hallel, end- to be watchful, to watch. Pres. imp. lays stress on the
ing w. Psalm 118; the meal was to be over by midnight watching (VA, 355). @ 35 mpoeA@uv aor. act. part. mpoep-
(WZZT, 232, 288-90; M, Pesahim, 7-9). This last song, xoua (#4601) to go forward, to go farther. pixpov
Ps. 118, appears throughout the last week of Christ’s (# 3625) adv. a little. Enuntev impf. ind. act. nintw
earthly life starting w. the triumphal entry. The psalm (# 4406) to fall. Iterat. impf. pointing to the repeated
emphasizes the treachery of friends; the assurance of prayers (Gundry, 854), or descriptive impf. describing
deliverance and the coming coronation of the Messian- the action as a moving-picture show (RG, 883). npoonv-
ic King. &€fA@ov aor. ind. act. s.v. 16. 27 oxavdaAro- xeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 32. Impf. may be incep-
Onoeobe fut. ind. pass. oxavdaAitw (# 4997) to cause to tive: “he began to pray.” mapéA®q aor. subj. act.
stumble, to offend; pass. to be offended, to be tripped mopepyoua (#4216) to go by, to pass by. The substance
up and fall into sin because of some baneful influence of the prayer is given in indir. speech (Taylor).
(Gundry, 844; TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). yeypan- 36 mapeveyKe aor. imp. act. tapadepw (# 4195) to take
tat perf. ind. pass. s.v. 21. motegw fut. ind. act. nataoow away, to remove. 37 xa@evdSovtac pres. act. part.
(#4250) to strike, to hit. TOYLEVO. acc. sing. mowny Kabevdw (#2761) to sleep. Adj. part. toyvous aor. ind.
(# 4478) shepherd. d:acKkopmic@joovta1 fut. ind. pass. act. toxvvw (#2710) to be strong, to be able, w. inf.
diaoKopnicw (i 1399) to scatter. 28 EvepOFivai aor. ypnyopfjoa. aor. act. inf. s.v. 34. © 38 mpooedyeobe pres.
pass. inf. eyeipw G@ 1586) to rise up; pass. to be raised. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 32. Pres. imp. calls for a continual
Inf. w. prep. peta (#3552) “after I am raised.” mpod&w attitude in prayer. €A@nte aor. subj. act. Epyouat (# 2262)
fut. ind. act. npowyw (#4575) to go forward, to go be- to go, to enter. Subj. w. iva. (#2671) in a neg. purp. cl.
fore. The word may continue the shepherd image and mpoOvpoc (# 4609) willing, eager, ready. doBevng (# 822)
mean “to lead” (Pesch). 29 $n impf. ind. act. pnt weak, without strength. 39 &medOwv aor. act. part.
(# 5774) to say (VA, 443-46). oKxavdaArobnoovtat fut ind. (circum. ) s.v. 10. mpoonv&ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 32.
pass. s.v. 27. Fut. in a cond. cl. expressing “expectaion” eimwv aor. act. part. Ke yw (# 3306) to say. Part. of manner.
(VA, 315). 30 GAEKtOpG acc. GAEKTWP (# 232) rooster. @ 40 éOuv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 38. ebpev aor. ind.
Mark 14 100

act. s.v. 16. kataPapvvopeEvot pres. pass. part. Katapapv- act. s.v. 1. tAnpwOdow aor. subj. pass. TANpOw (# 4444)
vw (#2852) to be weighed down, to be heavy. Part. as to fill, to fulfill. Subj. in a purp. cl. w. iva (#2671).
pred. adj. 7devoav plperf. ind. act. otS0. (# 3857) to know. @ 50 aévtes aor. act. part. (circum.) adinur (#918) to
Def. plperf. w. impf. meaning. a&moxpi8Gow aor. subj. leave, to forsake. €vyov aor. ind. act. bevyw (#5771) to
pass. (dep.) amoxptvona (# 646) to answer. @ 41 kaGev- flee. @ 51 veavioxos (# 3734) youth, young man. It has
dete pres. imp. act. s.v. 37. Pres. imp. calls for the con- been suggested that this was John Mark (Gundry, 861;
tinuation of an action in progress. It stresses the Lane). ovvnxoAov0et impf. ind. act. ovvaKorovdew
exasperation of Jesus (Gundry, 857). dvanaveobe pres. (# 5258) to follow along w. someone, w. dat. Impf. de-
imp. mid. (dep.) avanavoyar (# 399) to cease, to rest. scribes the continual action in the past. nepiBeBAnpEvOG
anexyet pres. ind. act. aneyw (#600) it is sufficient, perf. pass. part. mepiBarrAw (# 4314) to put around, to
enough of this! For possible meanings s. Cranfield; put on, to be clothed (“having a sheet ‘wrapped about’
Gundry, 856-57; NTNT, 39. 7@ev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. his naked body,” NTNT, 40). owdav (# 4984) fine linen
mapadstéotat pres. ind. pass. s.v. 10. Pres. describes the cloth or a garment made out of it (Cranfield). Either a
action as it is taking place. 42 €yeipeobe pres. imp. light summer square hastily caught up or a night dress
pass. S.v. 28. &ywpev pres. subj. act. dyw (# 72). Cohorta- (Swete). For the clothing of that time s. JPB, 123. youvog
tive subj., “let us go.” napasdiSovc pres. act. part. s.v. 10. (# 1218) naked, possibly in the sense of light clad (Tay-
Part. as subst. fyyixev perf. ind. act. eyyiGw (# 1581) to lor). The shedding of a garment under high emotional
draw near. @ 43 AaAotvtOs pres. act. part. (temp.) Aa- feeling may picture the idea that Jesus was deserted by
A€w (# 3281) to speak. Gen. abs. w. contemporaneous all (Howard M. Jackson, "Why the Youth Shed His
time. mopayivetoi pres. ind. mid. (dep.) mapayivonat Cloak and Fled Naked: The Meaning and Purpose of
(#4134) to come to. Hist. pres. wayaipdv gen. pl. Mark 14:51-52," JBL 116 [1997]: 273-89). kpatotow pres.
ywaxatpa (# 3479) sword, knife (BAGD; NTNT, 76-77; TJ, ind. act. s.v. 1. Hist. pres. or conative pres.: “they tried
107-108; EDNT). EvAov (# 3833) wood, a stout stick or to seize...” 52 KataAimav aor. act. part. (circum.)
perhaps a club (Swete). @ 44 Se8wxe1 plperf. ind. KaTaAEIMW (# 2901) to leave behind. Eovyev aor. ind. act.
act. di5wpt (# 1443) to give. For the plperf. without the s.v. 50. 53 amnyayov aor. ind. act. s.v. 44. ovvepxovtat
augment s. BD, 36. napadido0vc pres. act. part. s.v. 10. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) ovvepyouar (#5302) to accompa-
ovoonpov (# 5361) a sign, signal, a sign which has been ny, to go w. Hist. pres. @ 54 paxpodev (# 3427) from a
previously agreed upon as having a particular mean- distance, from afar. NKoAov@noev aor. ind. act. &KoAov-
ing or significance (LN, 1:443). @iAnow fut. ind. act. p1- 8ew (# 199) to follow, w. dat. adAn (# 885) courtyard. An
Aew (#5797) to kiss (BBC). For the casus pendens enclosed space, open to the sky, near a house or sur-
construction followed by a resumptive pronoun s. rounded by buildings (BAGD). ovyxa@npevocg pres.
SIMS, 86-88. Kpathoate aor. imp. act. s.v. 1. andyete mid. (dep.) part. ovykaOnuor (#5153) to sit together.
pres. imp. act. anayw (# 552) to lead forth, to lead away. OEppatvouevoc pres. mid. (dir. mid.) part. Pepwatvouar
GOpaAtic (# 857) adv.,safely. 45 €XOwv aor. act. part. (# 2548) to warm oneself. The two parts. are used ina
(circum.) s.v. 38. mpooeA®wv aor. act. part. (temp.) periphrastic construction. 9@¢ (# 5890) acc. sing. light,
Tpooepyoua (# 4665) to come to. KatepiAnoev aor. ind. fire. 55 ovvedpiov (#5284) the Sanhedrin (TDNT;
act. Katapirew (# 2968) to kiss fervently (Matt. 26:49). EDNT; HJPE, 2:199-226; JPFC, 1:379-400; Sidney B.
The compound indicates a prolonged kissing designed Honig, The Great Sanhedrin [New York: Bloch Publish-
to give the crowd a chance to see the one to be seized ing Co., 1953]; M, Sanhedrin; b. Sanhedrin; John 11:47).
(Cranfield). 46 €néBadov aor. ind. act. emPorrw For the legal violations of the trial s. Gundry, 893; BBC;
(# 2095) to place, to lay hands upon in a hostile sense DJG, 845-48. For the Roman interest s. DTM 1:666-68,
(Swete). Expatnoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. 47 nmapeotn- 676-710. e¢ntovv impf. ind. act. s.v. 1. Savat@oar aor.
Kotwv perf. act. part. maptotnut (#4225) to stand by, to act. inf. @avatow (#2506) to kill. Inf. w. ig (# 1650) for
be present w. someone (BAGD). Adj. part. omacdpevoc purp. nUptoxov impf. ind. act. s.v. 16. Conative impf. in-
aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) oncopa (# 5060) to draw dicating the unfulfilled action. 56 Eyevdonaptopovv
out, to draw. Emaoev aor. ind. act. naiw (#4091) to impf. ind. act. yevdouaptupew (# 6018) to give a false
strike, to hit. &getAev aor. ind. act. abarpew (# 904) to cut witness. toa nom. pl. fem. ioog (# 2698) equal in num-
off. wtapiov (#6064) acc. sing. dimin., ear. @ 48 ber, size, quality, of testimony given by witnesses; con-
GmoxpiOetc aor. pass. (dep.) part. cmoKpivopo (# 646) to sistent (BAGD). 57 dvaotavtes aor. act. part.
answer. For the redundant use of the part. s. MH, 453. (circum.) Gviotnut (#482) to stand up, to rise up.
Anoths (#3334) robber. EEnASate aor. ind. act. s.v. 16. @ 58 Nkovoopev aor. ind. act. dKovw (#201) to hear.
ovAAafetv aor. act. inf. cvAAaLPavw (# 5197) to arrest, to KataAvow fut. ind. act. Katadvw (#2907) to destroy. A
take as prisoner. Inf. of purp. 49 jwnv impf. ind. act. new temple was expected after driving out the Romans
ew (#1639) to be. &tSaoKwv pres. act. part. didaoKw (BBC). xeiponointos (#5935) made w. human hands.
(# 1438) to teach. Part. of manner. Expatnoate aor. ind. GxEpoTOINtos (# 942) not made w. human hands. For
101 Mark 15

the significance of the endings s. M, 221. orKodoynow say no, to deny. ova (# 3856) perf. ind. act. to know.
fut. ind. act. OUKOdOLEW (# 3868) to build. @ 59 ion equal Def. perf. w. pres. meaning (VA, 281-87). exiotopor
s.v. 56. @ 60 Ennpwtnoev aor. ind. act. enepwtaw (# 2089) (#2179) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to understand. e&f/A6ev
to question. anoxpivy pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. aor. ind. act. s.v. 16. mpoabAtov (#4580) acc. sing., the
sing. GmoKpivopon (# 646) to answer. Iterat. pres. Kata- vestibule leading to the courtyard. 69 mapeotwolv
Laptupodor pres. ind. act. katopaptupew (# 2909) to perf. act. part. (dat. masc. pl.) maptotnut (# 4225) perf. to
witness against, w. gen. 61 €01W7xa impf. ind. act. stand by, to be a bystander. Part. as subst. Dat. as indir.
o1wnaw (# 4995) to be silent. Perhaps this was in accord obj. 70 npveito impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 68. Impf.
to the current view of the Messiah (J. C. O’Niel, “The Si- suggests repeated denials (Cranfield). 71 dvaGe-
lence of Jesus,” NTS 15 [1969]: 153-67, esp. 165-67). Ome- Watifew pres. act. inf. dvadeyatitw (#354) to curse.
Kpiva.to aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 60. ennparto. impf. ind. Peter invokes an anathema on himself if his denials are
act. s.v. 60. Inceptive impf. @ 62¢eyo ey "I am" (Matt. false (Swete). Ouvbvai pres. act. inf. duvopi/ouvow
26:64). Oweode fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opdw (# 3972) to see. (# 3923) to swear. For the form s. MH, 251; GGP, 2:375-
KaOnpEvov pres. mid. (dep. ) part. KaOnyar (# 2764) to sit. TI @I2 épdvnoEv aor. ind. act. s.v. 30. &vepwvno@n aor.
For a discussion of this messianic claim as the Son of ind. pass. GVOPULVTOK (# 389) to remind, pass., to re-
God s. Martin Hengel The Son of God: The Origin of member. eimev aor. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to say.
Christology and the History of Jewish-Hellenistic Religion, dwvijoat aor. act. inf. s.v. 30. Inf. w. mptv (# 4570) to ex-
trans. J. Bowden (London: SCM, 1976, 41-56). Adj. part. press antecedent time (“before”). &mapvnoy aor. subj.
EpXOWEVOV pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v.3. 63 diappnEas mid. (dep.) s.v. 30. €mBadwv aor. act. part. (temp.) en-
aor. act. part. (temp.) Suappnyvupt (# 1396) to tear into, Borrw (#2095) to throw upon; to put his mind on
to rip (Matt. 26:65; BBC). 64 NKovoate aor. ind. act. (RWP), to set about to, to begin (BD, 162; M, 131; NTNT,
akovw (#201) to hear, w. gen. BAaopnuta (# 1060) slan- 41-43). €xAaev impf. ind. act. kAaiw (# 3081) to weep, to
der, blasphemy. For blasphemy in connection w. v. 62 s. cry; inceptive impf. "began to cry."
Catchpole, 135-41; Gundry, 915; and for the Jewish
view of Jesus s. JNTU, esp. 217-38; M, Sanhedrin 6:4. Mark 15
daivetar pres. ind. mid. datvw (#5743) to appear. Kat- 1 mpwi (#4745) early, at daybreak, from five to
€xpivav aor. ind. act. Kkataxpivw (#2891) to decide six a.m. (Swete; BBC). It was common for the Roman
against, to condemn. Evoxog (# 1944) guilty, w. gen. ex- officials to be at work very early (Sherwin-White, 45).
plaining the charge, which here isat the end of the sen- ovpBovArov (# 5206) council, counsel. W. the part. ron-
tence for emphasis (BD, 98). Elvan pres. act. inf. ewt oavtes aor. act. part. moew (# 4472) to make, the mean-
(# 1639). Epex. inf. explaining the condemnation. ing could be either “to reach a decision,” or “to hold
@ 65 MpEavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 19 w. compl. inf. consultation” (BAGD; Taylor). The variant reading,
éuntvev pres. act. inf. guntvw (# 1870) to spit on, w. dat. ETOILHOVTES, Seems to support the latter (TC, 117; Gun-
MEpikoADTtEW pres. act. inf. nepikaAvAtw (# 4328) to dry, 929). 5noavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) dew (# 1313) to
cover all around, to blindfold. koAaifew pres. act. inf. bind. amnveyKav aor. ind. act. anobepw (# 708) to carry
KorAadicw (# 3139) to strike w. the fist, derived from the away, to take away. Used in the papyri of one who is
word meaning “knuckles” (MH, 407). Pres. infs. pic- transferred from a village prison to the prison of the
ture the repeated action. mpopntevoov aor. imp. act. metropolis (M, 39). napedwKav aor. ind. act. rapadstSupt
Tpopntevw (# 4736) to prophesy. This seems to be in ac- (# 4140) to turn over, to deliver over to. @ 2 Ennpwtnoev
cord w. the Jewish view of Isa. 11:2-4, which indicates aor. ind. act. enepwtaw (# 2089) to question. The prep.
that the Messiah could judge by smell without seeing in compound is directive. Mué&toc (# 4397) Pilate (TJ,
(Lane; b, Sanhedrin 93b). trnpétns (# 5677) helper, as- 51-57). &moxpiOeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. dmoxpivopat
sistant, officer. These were evidently the armed guards (# 646) to answer. For the Semitic construction s. MH,
of the Temple (JPB, 28). pantopa. (# 4825) a slap on the 453. 3 Kkatnyopovv impf. ind. act. katnyopew (# 2989)
cheek w. the open hand (Taylor). €aBov aor. ind. act. to accuse. Iterat. impf. pictures the repeated accusa-
s.v. 22. “They caught him w. blows” (Swete). 66 tions. 4 €nnpwrta impf. ind. act. s.v. 2. dmoxpivy pres.
dvto¢ pres. act. part. (temp.) ett. Gen. abs. na1dioKdv ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 2. Used in a ques-
gen. pl. natdioxn (#4087) a female slave, maid. tion expecting a positive answer. ie (# 2623) aor. imp.
@ 67 180000. aor. act. part. (temp.) 0paw (# 3972) to see. act. opaw to see; “look here!” mooa nom. pl. nooo
@eppatvopevov pres. mid. (dir. mid.) part. s.v. 54. EuBAg- (# 4531) how large, pl. how many. Katnyopotov pres.
waoo. aor. act. part. euprenw (# 1838) to look at. This ind. act. s.v. 3. Hist. pres., or indicating the action in
may indicate that she looked straight at him (Cran- progress. 5 amexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 2. @av-
field). Noa impf. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. eyit water pres. act. inf. Pavpatw (# 2513) to be astounded,
(# 1639) to be. For the form s. MH, 203; GGP, 2:403. to wonder, to be amazed. Inf. w. date (# 6063) to ex-
@ 68 Npvjoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apveouat (# 766) to press actual result. Subject of the inf. in acc. ® 6 GnéAv-
Mark 15 102

ev impf. ind. act. dnoAvw (# 668) to release. Customary rejoice, to be glad. As a greeting, “Good day,” “Hail to
impf., “it was customary to release,” “he was in the you,” “Glad to see. you,” “How do you do?” (BAGD).
habit of releasing” (Gould). napytotvto impf. ind. mid. 19 Evuntov impf. ind. act. tontw (# 5597) to strike, to
(dep.) or indir. mid. napaiteonar (# 4148) to ask from hit. Impf. looks at the repeated action. KkaAdpw dat.
another, to beg. 7 TV impf. ind. act. ewt (# 1639) to sing. Kadapog (#2812) reed. Instr. dat. eventvov impf.
be. Aeyopuevos pres. pass. part. A€yw (# 3306) to say; pass. ind. act. guntow (# 1870) to spit on. TWWEVtES pres. act.
to be called. BapaPBac Barabbas (MP, 74; EDNT). ota- part. tt@nu1 (# 5502) to place. Used w. yovata, (# 1205) to
oats (#5086) insurrectionist, rebel, revolutionary kneel. A Latinism for genua ponere (IBG, 192). Part. of
(BAGD). 5e5epévoc perf. pass. part. dew (# 1313) to bind. manner. mpooeKvvovv impf. ind. act. tpookvvew (# 4686)
Part. as pred. adj. otaoig (#5087) rebellion, insurrec- to worship, to pay homage, a mockery in terms of Cae-
tion. dovog (#5840) murder. nenounKetoay plperf. ind. sar worship or oriental ideas of kingship (Taylor). Impf.
act. movew (#4472) to do, to make, to commit. For the describes the continual action in the past.
lack of the augment s. BD, 36. @ 8 avaBac aor. act. part. @ 20 evenaréav aor. ind. act. gunaifw (# 1850) to mock
(circum.) avaBatvw (#326) to go up. TpEato aor. ind. (TDNT; EDNT). Effective aor. pointing to the comple-
mid. (dep.) apyouat (# 806) to begin, w. inf. aiteioBar tion of the action. &€voav aor. ind. act. exdvw (# 1694)
pres. mid. inf. aitew (#160) to ask, to request; indir. to take off, to remove (clothing). vé5voav aor. ind. act.
mid., to ask for oneself. émoiet impf. ind. act. novew, évd0w (# 1907) to put on. otavpwowov aor. subj. act. s.v.
(# 4472) to do, to make. Customary impf. 9 dmexpién 13. Subj. in purp. cl. w. tva (# 2671). 21 wyyapevovoiv
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 2. &moAbow fut. ind. act. s.v. 6. pres. ind. act. ayyapevw (# 30) to compel, forcibly to im-
10 eyivwoxev impf. ind. act. yiwwoKkw (# 1182) to know. press someone into service, to compel him to serve
p80voc (# 5784) jealousy, a state of ill will toward some- whether he likes it or not (NTW, 16; NDIEC, 1:42; 2:77;
one because of some real or presumed advantage expe- BS, 86-87; MM). Hist. pres. mapayovta pres. act. part.
rienced by such a person (LN, 1:760). napadeduKxeroav napayw (#4135) to pass by. Adj. part. epxopevov pres.
plperf. ind. act. napadtdwui (#4140) to deliver over. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) €pxoua (# 2262) to go, to come.
@ 11 avéoetoav aor. ind. act. cvaoeiw (#411) to stir up, “As he was coming....” @pt| aor. subj. act. wipw (# 149) to
to encite. &0Avo7 aor. subj. act. s.v. 6. Subj. in purp. cl. lift up, to take up. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) ina cl. giving the
12 anoxpiGeic aor. pass. (dep). part. s.v. 2. nonow fut. content of the compelling. @ 22 pe8epunvevopevov pres.
ind. act. s.v. 8. Deliberative fut. 13 Expagav aor. ind. pass. part. peSepunvevw (#3493) to translate. Part. as
act. kpacw (#3189) to cry out, to scream. otabpwoov pred. adj. kpaviov (#3191) skull. 23 e6i5ovv impf.
(# 5090) aor. imp. act. otavpow to crucify. For a summa- ind. act. dtdwyu (# 1443) to give. The conative impf.,
ry of recent research s. DTM, 2:884-99. @ 14 exotnoev “they tried to give” (Swete). Eovpviopevov perf. pass.
aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. 15 BovAdpevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. opvpvitw (# 5046) to drug w. myrrh. In accordance
part. (causal) BovAoua (# 1089) to will, to wish, to want. w. Jewish customs, based on Proverbs 31:6, wine
ikavog (# 2653) sufficient. Used in the idiom “to satisfy” drugged w. myrrh was given in order to dull the senses
(Taylor; RG, 1385). novfjoat aor. act. inf. s.v. 8. tapedswKev (Cranfield). €AaPev aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to
aor. ind. act. s.v 10. $payeAAwous aor. act. part. (temp.) take, to receive. @ 24 otavpodov pres. ind. act. s.v. 13.
dpayerArow (# 5849) to flog (Matt. 27:26; Gundry, 938- Hist. pres. Svapepifovtar pres. ind. mid. diapepitw
39). otavpwOf aor. subj. pass. s.v. 13. Subj. w. iva (#1374) to distribute; mid. to divide among them-
(# 2671) in purp. cl. © 16 a&nnhyayov aor. ind. act. anayw selves. The soldier’s clothing, provided from home or
(# 552) to lead out, to lead away. avan (# 855) courtyard by his own means, reduced the amount of deductions
(s. 14:54). mpartwprov (# 4550) the official residence of a from his stipend. This may explain why the soldiers
governor. Here it is either Herod’s palace (BBC) or the cast lots for Jesus’ garment (BBC; NDIEC, 6:158-59).
Tower of Antonia (Taylor). svykadodow pres. ind. act. BoAAovtEs pres. act. part. BaAAw (#965) to throw. Part.
ovykarew (#5157) to call together. Hist. pres. of means or manner. KAT po¢ (# 3102) lot; that is, pebble
@ 17 évdt50oKovot pres. ind. act. evdisvoKw (# 1898) to or small stick (BAGD) possibly out of sheep bone. A
put on, to dress. Hist. pres. nop@bpa (#4525) purple. certain combination of the highest number would win
The cloak of one of the soldiers, possibly a castoff and (LAW, 2861). d&pq aor. subj. act. s.v. 21. Subj. in an indef.
faded rag, but w. color enough left in it to suggest the cl. @ 25 qv impf. ind. act. ewi (# 1639) to be. tpith third
royal purple (Swete; BBC). nepit8eaow pres. ind. act. (about 9 o'clock). EotabDpwoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. Aor.
nepitiOnut (#4363) to place about. mAeEavtes aor. act. may be culminative, viewing the total crucifixion, or it
part. (circum.) mAekw (# 4428) to braid, plait (out of may be ingressive, stressing the beginning of the cruci-
thorns). For the ending signifying material s. MH, 359. fixion. 26 Exvypapn (# 2107) inscription. aitia (# 162)
@ 18 *pEavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &pxouai (# 806) to be- cause, reason; here as legal t.t.: guilt, crime, charge, ac-
gin, w. inf. conateodar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. donafopor cusation (EDNT; BBC). exvyeypappevn perf. pass. part.
(# 832) to greet. yoipe pres. imp. act. yaipw (# 5897) to emiypapw (#2108) to inscribe, to write upon (Matt.
103 Mark 15

27:37). % 27 otavpodow pres. ind. act. otavpow (# 5090) act. inf. ka®aipew (# 2747) to take down. Inf. of purp.
to crucify. Anotds acc. pl. AnotN> (# 3334) robber, in- © 37 dbetc aor. act. part. s.v. 36. In this context, “having
surrectionist (BAGD). deEiWv (# 1288) right side, right uttered” (Cranfield). e&emvevoev aor. ind. act. exnvew
hand. edwvonov (#2381) left side, left hand. (#1743) to breathe out, to expire, to die.
29 TOPOTOPEvOLEVOL pres. mid. (dep.) part. 38 Katanétaopa (#2925) curtain, veil (Matt. 27:51).
TOPAMopEevouo.t (# 4182) to go by, to pass by. Part. as sub- eoxio0n aor. ind. pass. oxiCw (# 5387) to split; pass. to be
st. €BAaopnyovv impf. ind. act. PAaohnuew (#1059) to torn. 39 18ov aor. act. part. s.v. 4. kevtupiwv (# 3035)
slander, to blaspheme (s. Mark 14:64; TLNT). Iterat. centurion (Acts. 10:1; EDNT; TJ, 101). €vavtias (# 1885)
impf. stresses the repeated action. kivobvteg pres. act. opposite. viog 80d Son of God. Anarthrous predicate
part. kivew (# 3075) to move, to shake. Part. of manner. and its position emphasize nature and character (John
Pres. indicates contemporaneous action. obd& (#4025) 1:1). Fora discussion of this incidence s. Gundry, 973-
ah! or ha!, indicating wonder, real or assumed (Taylor; 75. @ 40 Toav impf. ind. act. ewi (# 1639). ano
SB, 2:52). KataAbwv pres. act. part. KataAdW (# 2907) to waxpodev from afar. Bewpodout pres. act. part. nom. fem.
destroy, to demolish. Part. as subst. ovxod0pav pres. act. pl. Sewpew (# 2555) to see, to view, to watch. Adj. part.
part. o1Kkodouew (# 3868) to build. 30 odoov aor. imp. @ 41 NkoAovGovv impf. ind. act. aKoAovbEw to follow, to
act. owtw (#5392) to save, to rescue. The jest was the follow as a disciple. 5inKovovv impf. ind. act. Siaxovew
harder to endure since it appealed to the consciousness (# 199) to serve, to minister to. The word implies mate-
of power held back only by the self-restraint of a sacri- rial support w. dat. Customary impf. cvvavoPGoa aor.
ficed will (Swete). kataBag aor. act. part. KatoPaivw act. part. ovvavaBaivw (#5262) to go up together, to go
(#2849) to come down, to go down. Part. of means. up w., used w. dat. Adj. part. @ 42 yevopeévng aor. mid.
© 31 enatfovtes pres. act. part. (circum.) éunattw s.v. (dep.) part. temp. s.v. 33. Gen. abs. Aor. indicates ante-
20. €owoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 30. coat aor. act. inf. s.v. 30. cedent action. napaoxevt (#4187) preparation. Here
@ 32 kataPatw aor. imp. act. s.v. 30. 1Swpev aor. subj. used technically of the day of preparation for a Sabbath
act. s.v. 4. Subj. w. va (# 2671) in purp. cl. motevowpev or the Passover (Taylor). npooapBatov (# 4640) the day
aor. subj. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe, to trust. Subj. before the Sabbath, that is, Friday (BAGD).
in purp. cl. ovveotavpwpevot perf. pass. part. cvotavpow 43 €A8wv aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 21. eboynwv
(# 5365) to co-crucify, to crucify together, to crucify w. (# 2363) prominent, noble, influential, wealthy (Taylor).
someone. Perf. emphasizes the state or cond. perhaps a BovAevtns (# 1085) counselor, a member of the Sanhe-
generic pl. in light of Luke 23:39 (GGBB, 405). avetdifov drin (Swete). mpoodexouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpoo-
impf. ind. act. ovetdiGw (# 3943) to reproach, to insult. dexouar (#4657) to await, to expect. Part. in a
Impf. indicates the repeated action of the past. periphrastic construction. TOAUNOUS aor. act. part.
@ 33 yevopévrs aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivouor (# 1181) to (temp.) toAuaw (# 5528) to dare, to have courage, to be
become, to happen. Gen. abs. &xtog sixth. The sixth brave enough. “He summoned up courage” (BAGD).
hour was 12 noon. €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopan. e1o7AGev aor. ind. act. eloepyouc (# 1656) to go in. Nth-
34 évaty dat. sing. ninth (3:00 p.m.). €Bonoev aor. ind. oato aor. ind. mid. aitew s.v. 8. 44 eBavpaoeV aor.
act. Bocw (# 1066) to cry out, to shout, to cry aloud. Aw ind. act. s.v. 5. té8vNKev perf. ind. act. 2vnoKw (# 2569) to
(#1836) My God. Aepa (#3316) why? ooPay8av die; perf. to be dead. The prep. ano is left off, because
(# 4876) you have forsaken me. (Matt. 27:46). we8epyn- there is no need for perfectivizing (M, 114; VA, 255).
VEVOMEVOV pres. pass. part. s.v. 22. €ykatéAimes aor. ind. TMpookaAEodpEvos aor. mid. part. tpooKarew (# 4673) to
act. 2nd. pers. sing. eykatareinw (# 1593) to forsake, to summons, to call to oneself (BAGD). ennpwtnoev aor.
leave in the lurch, to provide no_ help. ind. act. s.v. 2. &méBavev aor. ind. act. ano8vjoKw (# 633).
@ 35 mapeotnKOtwv perf. act. part. maptotnur (#4225) The distinction in tenses is noticeable. Perf. implies an
pert. to be a bystander, to stand aside. Part. as subst. existing cond.; aor. describes an observed event (Tay-
aKovoavteEs aor. act. part. (temp.) aKovw (# 201) to hear. lor). 45 yvovc aor. act. part. (temp.) yiwwokw (# 1182)
Aor. indicating antecedent action. t8e aor. imp. act. s.v. to know. ewpnoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dwpeopar
4. gwvei pres. ind. act. gwvew (#5888) to call. (# 1563) to give, to present, to bestow. The vb. suggests
@ 36 Spopov aor. act. part. (circum.) tp€xw (#5556) to a gracious act (Taylor). t@pa (# 4773) one that is fallen,
run. yewioas aor. act. part. yeuiGw (# 1153) to fill. ondyyoc corpse. This word was chosen to strengthen the fact of
(# 5074) sponge. o&0¢ (#3954) sour wine (Matt. 27:48; death (Pesch). For the general Roman view of not bury-
RAC, 6:635-46). mepiWetg aor. act. part. (circum.) mept- ing traitors s. Raymond E. Brown, “The Burial of Jesus
t1@nut (# 4363) to place around, to wrap around. eénott- (Mark 15:42-47),” CBQ 50 (1988): 234-36; and for the
Cev impf. ind. act. noticw (# 4540) to give to drink. Jewish view of burying even those crucified before sun-
Conative impf., “they tried to give.” dipete aor. imp. act. set s. Deut. 21:23; M, Sanhedrin 6:4-5; Jos., J.W., 4:317;
cine (# 918) to leave, to leave alone. iapev aor. subj. Brown, “The Burial,” 236-38; BBC. @ 46 c&yopdoas aor.
act. s.v. 4. Cohortative subj., “let us see.” Kka®eXetv aor. act. part. (temp.) ayopatw (#60) to buy. owvdav (# 4984)
Mark 16 104

fine linen. Ka@edwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 36. EvetAn- einmate aor. imp. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say, to tell. dyeobe
oev aor. ind. act. evetAew (#1912) to wrap, to roll, to fut. ind. mid; (dep.) opaw (#3972) to see.
wrap in (Matt. 27:59; Gnilka, 334-36). €6nkev aor. ind. @ 8 &&eAOoDOG1 aor. act. part. (circum.) ekepxopor
act. tl@nut (#5502) to place, to put, to lay. A variant (# 2002) to go out. Epvyov aor. ind. act. devyw (#5771) to
reading is kateOnkev aor. ind. act. KatatLOnLL (# 2960) to flee. eiyev impf. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to have. Used w.
lay down, to place a body in a tomb (BAGD). AeAato- emotions (BAGD). tpopog (#5571) trembling, fear.
UnNLEvov perf. pass. part. Aatoyew (# 3300) to hew, to cut Exotaotc (# 1749) bewilderment. epoPodvto impf. ind.
out of stone. Adj. part. mpooeKvAtoev aor. ind. act. mpoo- mid. (dep.) doBeowor (#5828) to fear, to be afraid.
KvAtw (# 4685) to roll to, to roll up. Rock tombs were @ 9 For the textual problem concerning Mark 16:9-20 s.
common in the neighborhood of Jerusalem, sometimes TC, 122-26; John W. Burgon, The Last Twelve Verses of the
containing chambers and sometimes a single room, Gospel According to Mark; William R. Farmer, The Last
provided w. a bench or shelf on which the body was Twelves Verses of Mark; DJG, 523-24; Pesch, 2:544-59.
placed. The entrance was closed by a large flat stone avaotas aor. act. part. (temp.) aviotnut (# 482) to rise.
rolled or pushed into position (Taylor). 47 e8ewpovv €pavn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) daivowar (#5743) to appear.
impf. ind. act. s.v. 40. téBeitor perf. ind. pass. t1OnL1 exBePanket plperf. ind. act. exBaAAw (# 1675) to cast out,
(# 5502) to place, to lay. to drive out. 10 mopevbeioa aor. pass. (dep.) part.
(temp.) mopevouor (# 4513) to go. antyyetAev aor. ind.
Mark 16 act. anayyeAAw (#550) to report, to announce. Yevo-
1 diayevopevov aor. mid. (dep.) part. diayivoyat wevoic aor. mid. (dep.) part. dat. masc. pl. yivowat
(# 1335) to pass, to elapse. Gen. abs., “when the Sab- (# 1181) to become, to happen, to be. Part. as subst. nev-
bath was over,” after sunset on the day following the ®oto1 pres. act. part. nevOew (#4291) to mourn.
crucifixion (Swete). NyOpacav aor. ind. act. cyopactw KAatovol pres. ind. act. kAaiw (# 3081) to cry, to weep.
(# 60) to buy. apwya (# 808) spice, probably perfumed @ 11 KaKeivor = Kai Exeivor (# 2797). akovboavtEs aor.
oils rather than aromatic herbs (Taylor). €4@oboa1 aor. act. part. (temp.) &Kovw (# 201) to hear. Cf pres. ind. act.
act. part. (circum.) €pyouat (#2262) to come, to go. Caw (# 2409) to live, to be alive. €8¢a6n aor. ind. pass.
GAeiywou aor. subj. act. cAetw (# 230) to anoint (BBC). Beconat (# 2517) to see, to behold, to look at; pass., to be
Subj. w. va (# 2671) in purp. cl. @ 2 dvateiAavtos aor. seen. NttothHOay aor. ind. act. aniotew (# 601) to disbe-
act. part. (temp.) dvatedAw (#422) to rise, used of the lieve, to refuse to believe. @ 12 nepinatodowy pres. act.
sun rising. Gen. abs. 3 dnoKxvAioet fut. ind. act. part. dat. masc. pl. nepinatéw (# 4344) to walk about, to
GMOKVAIW (# 653) to roll away. TyLiv dat. pl. eyw (# 1609); go about. Indir. obj. EpavepwOn aor. ind. pass. pavepow
dat. of personal interest, “for us.” 4 avoapreyaoar (# 5746) to make clear, to make visible; pass. to become
aor. act. part. (temp.) avopAenw (#329) to look up. visible, to be revealed, to appear. popot (# 3671) form
Bewpodotv pres. ind. act. Bewpew (#2555) to see, hist. (Phil. 2:6). mopevouévorg pres. mid. (dep.) part. dat.
pres. G&moxexvAtotat perf. ind. pass. s.v. 3. Perf. indi- masc. pl. mopevowat (# 4513) to go. @ 13 ameXOvtEs aor.
cates the state or cond. after a completed action. op05pa act. part. amepyouar (#599) to go away, to depart. For
(# 5379) very, extremely (BAGD). @ 5 eioeA Bobcat aor. the Semitic use of the part. s. MH, 452. amtyyyetvqv aor.
act. part. (temp.) eloépyouar (# 1656) to go in. eldov aor. ind. act. s.v. 10. €ntotevoav aor. ind. act. motedw
ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. KaOnpevov pres. mid. (# 4409) to believe. © 14 &vaxeweévoic pres. mid. (dep.)
(dep.) part. kaOniwa (# 2764) to sit. Adj. part. mepBeBAn- part. dvaKxeyior (# 367) to recline at the table. Adj. part.
weévov perf. pass. part. nepiBarrAw (#4314) to place Epavepwen aor. ind. pass. s.v. 12. @vetSioev aor. ind. act.
around; perf. pass. to be clothed w. otoany (# 5124) acc. overditw (#3943) to rebuke, to insult. oxAnpoxapdia
sing. robe, esp. a long-flowing robe (BAGD). For the (# 5016) hard-heartedness. Beaoapévoic aor. mid. (dep.)
acc. w. vb. of dressing s. BD, 86. &e8apPnOnoav aor. ind. part. s.v. 11. Part. as subst. &ynyeppévov perf. pass. part.
pass. (dep.) exOopBeoucar (#1701) to be amazed. The s.v. 6. Perf. indicates the state or cond. after the com-
women were startled and awestricken (Swete). pleted act. #15 eimev aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say.
® 6 ExOapPeiove pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. Pres. imp. TopevOEvtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 12. Circum. part.
w. the neg. un (# 3590) indicates the stopping of an ac- w. force of imp. (Matt. 28:19). «npd§ate aor. imp. act.
tion in progress. Cnteite pres. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to Knpvoow (#3062) to preach, to _ proclaim.
seek, to look for. Eotavpwpevov perf. pass. part. ctavpow 16 motevous aor. act. part. s.v. 13. Part. as subst. Bar-
(# 5090) to crucify. Perf. indicates the state or cond. Adj. tioBEts aor. pass. part. Bantitw (#966) to baptize. Part.
part. nyép@n aor. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to raise; pass. as subst. ow@noetar fut. ind. pass. owt (#5392) to res-
to rise. 18€ (# 2632) aor. imp. act. opaw to see; “look!” cue, to save. &MlOTHOaGS aor. act. part. s.v. 11. KataKpLOn-
€@nkav aor. ind. act. tiOnut (#5502) to place, to lay. oeto. fut. ind. pass. katakpivw (#2891) to decide
@ 7 vnayETe pres. imp. act. Dnayw (# 5632) to go forth, against, to condemn. 17 miotevoaov aor. act. part.
to go. Pres. imp. w. a vb. of motion (VANT, 341-44). s.v. 13. Part. as subst. Dat. as obj. of mapaKxoAovbew.
105 Mark 16

TapaKorovroet fut. ind. act. rapaxoroveew (# 4158) to éyw (# 2400) to have. Used w. KaAdc (# 2822) it means
follow, to accompany, to follow along the side, w. dat. “to be well,” “to be healthy.” 19 A@AToa1 aor. act. inf.
exPoAodov fut. ind. act. tkBorAWw (# 1675) to cast out. s.v. 17. Temp. use of inf. w. peta (# 3552) (“after”). dve-
AaANGovow fut. ind. act. Aarew (#3281) to speak. AnwOn aor. ind. pass. avoropPavw (# 377) to take up.
@ 18 OpeI¢ acc. pl. dh1¢ (# 4058) snake. &podor fut. ind. €xO1oev aor. ind. act. KabiCw (# 2767) to sit down, to
act. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to pick up. Bavdousos (# 2503) take one’s seat. 20 &€eAOOvteES aor. act. part. (circum.)
deadly. miwow aor. subj. act. nivw (#4403) to drink. s.v. 8. ExnpvEav aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. cvvepyobvtos pres.
Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl. assuming the possibility. act. part. ovvepyew (# 5300) to work along w., to cooper-
BAGwn aor. subj. act. BAdntw (# 1055) to harm, to injure. ate w. Gen. abs. BeBaobvtog pres. act. part. BeBarow
appwotos (# 779) weak, sick. émvOnoovow fut. ind. act. (#1011) to confirm. ExaxoAov8obvtwv pres. act. part.
emitiOnur (#2202) to place upon. éEovovw fut. ind. act. emaKxodovbEew (# 2051) to follow, to accompany.
 The Gospel of Luke
For a discussion of the research on Luke, s. E. Bo- group, the Twelve (Fitzmyer, 294). 3 &o€e aor. ind.
von, Luke the Theologian: Thirty Years of Research (1950- act. Soxéw (# 1506) to appear, to seem. KGpLot = Kai ELOl.
83), PTMS 12 (Allison Park, Pa.: Pickwick, 1987). See éuot used impersonally w. dat. of advantage; “it ap-
also I. Howard Marshall, Luke: Historian and Theolo- peared good to me also.” mapnkoAovOnKott perf. act.
gian, 13-20; DJG, 495-510. part. (temp.) dat. masc. sing. mapaKxoAvbew (# 4158) to
follow along, to investigate, to be thoroughly familiar
Luke 1 w. the whole affair (Nolland; Fitzmyer; Evans; PLG,
@ 1 eneidqnep (# 2077) inasmuch as, since. A tri- 128-30). Indicates the mental tracing, investigating,
ple compound particle (“since,” “truly,” “indeed”) ex- whereby one arrives at a knowledge of the matter
pressing cause w. reference to a fact already well (Meyer). Perf. emphasizes the state reached after in-
known (Arndt; Godet; BD, 238). For a study of this vestigation (“after having”). dvwGev (# 540) from the
section s. PLG. enexyeipnoav aor. ind. act. eniyeipew beginning, from the first, thoroughly (PLG, 130).
(# 2217) to put the hand to, to undertake, to attempt. axpiBdc (# 209) accurately, carefully, precisely, exactly
Without thought of censure, the other writers are men- (PLG, 131). Used by Galen to describe his accurate in-
tioned as precedents rather than failures (BC, 2:493). vestigation before writing one of his works (MLL, 251)
avataeaoba1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. avatacoopor (# 421) and was used to indicate the accurate information
to arrange in a row, to draw up again, in order; that is, gained by a doctor questioning the patient (Rufus, In-
to arrange afresh so as to show the sequence of events; terrogationes, 1; AIA, 64-65). Points to the painstaking
perhaps referring to an orderly written account (Plum- character of research (Arndt). kaeENc (# 2759) in or-
mer; Marshall). Epex. inf. explaining enexeipnoay. der, one after the other, successively; in an orderly
dunynots (# 1456) narrative. It indicates a narration of a fashion (Gerhard Schneider, “Zur Bedeutung von
verified and well-witnessed report (II. Du Plessis, Kadeég im lukanischen Doppelwerk,” ZNW 68 [1977]:
“Once More: The Purpose of Luke’s Prologue,” Nov T 128-31; BC, 2:504; Fitzmyer, 298-99; PLG, 131-32, 95). It
16 [1974]: 263; Fitzmyer, 292). memAnpopopnpévuv perf. could refer to topical order or chronological order. ypa-
pass. part. mAnpodopew (# 4442) to fill completely, to wou aor. act. inf. ypaw (# 1211) to write. Epex. inf. w.
fulfill, either in the sense of to be fully persuaded or to the vb. doxew. Kp&tiote voc. sing. Kpatiotog (# 3196)
be accomplished (Arndt; BAGD; LAE, 86; Fitzmyer, most noble, most excellent, honorary form of address
293). @ 2 napedooay aor. ind. act. napadidwpyt (# 4140) used to persons who hold a higher official or social po-
to deliver, to transmit in both oral and written form sition than the speaker (BAGD). @ 4 éntyv@ aor.
(Ellis; BBC). abtonta1 nom. pl. avtontngs (# 898) eye- subj. act. enryivwoKw (# 2105) to know. The prep. com-
witness, seeing something for oneself, one who has pound emphasizes a directive knowledge (M, 312).
personal experience, those who know the facts at first Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expressing purp. KatnynOns aor.
hand (Evans; PLG, 120). This reflects the conviction ind. pass. katnxew (# 2994) to instruct, to sound down
that the Christian faith is rooted not in speculative cre- into the ears, teach orally (Plummer; PLG, 139). cooa-
ation but in hist. reality (Ellis). The eyewitnesses are Neva, (# 854) certainty, safety, security, the truth about
Luke’s guarantee of a true report (Du Plessis, 265). some matters reported or discussed, a reliable account
Used in medical language of a personal examination (BC, 2:509; Evans). The position of the word gives its
of disease or of the parts of the body (WSNT; MLL, 89- solemn emphasis. Theophilus shall know that the faith
90; PLG,121; for other uses s. Evans; PLG, 34-41; 121- he has embraced has an impregnable hist. foundation
23; BASHH, 322). vanpétar nom. pl. vanpetns (# 5677) (Plummer). Luke wants to give him certainty by sup-
minister. They not only had personal knowledge of plying him w. a historically verified and complete ac-
the facts but also practical experience of the facts count (Du Plessis, “The Purpose...,” 270; s. also
(Plummer). The word was used of medical assistants Terrance Callan, “The Preface of Luke—Acts and Histo-
or attendants (MLL, 88-89; PLG, 123). yevowevou aor. riography,” NTS 31 [1985]: 580; BASHH, 326). There
mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) yivoyor (# 1181) to become, to may be a contrast w. the oral instruction (PLG, 140-41).
be. Part. w. one art. and the two substs. point to one @ 5 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2 (s. 2:1). epnwepta

106
107 Luke 1

(# 2389) daily service; then, a course (77212) of priests (# 5429) to shake together, to stir up, to trouble, to dis-
who were on duty for a week. The whole body of turb, to throw into confusion (BAGD). iv aor. act.
priests was divided into twenty-four families or cours- part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Aor. gives the logi-
es of service (JPB, 78; HJPE, 2:245-50; SB, 2:55-68; JPF, cally necessary action antecedent to the main vb. ené-
2:587-96). ‘EdoaBet (# 1810) Elizabeth, meaning My meoev aor. ind. act. emimintw (# 2158) to fall upon.
God is the one by whom to swear, or My God is for- 13 ofod pres. imp. mid. (dep.) doBeopnor (# 5828) to
tune (Fitzmyer, 322). 6 Toav impf. ind. act. et fear, to be afraid. Pres. imp. w. neg. pn (# 3590) is used
(# 1639) to be. Gpotepor (# 317) both. evavtiov (# 1883) to prohibit an action in progress (GGBB, 724). eton-
before. mopevopuevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. nopevouor Kovoen aor. ind. pass. etcakovw (# 1653) to hear, to lis-
(# 4513) to go. Hebraic expression indicating conduct ten to, to attend to. For the effect of the prep.
or way Of life. Part. may be periphrastic. EvtoAaig dat. compound s. MH, 304. S&noug (# 1255) request, prayer.
pl. evtoAn (# 1953) commandment. Ska1mpaor dat. pl. Implies personal need (Plummer). yevvnoet fut. ind.
dikaiwua (# 1468) ordinance, righteous demands, act. yevvow (# 1164) to bear, to give birth. kaAéoetc fut.
things declared right (TDNT). dpeumntog (# 289) blame- ind. act. kaAew (# 2813) to call, to name. Fut. used w.
less, unblamed (Trench, Synonyms, 380). 7 oteipa the force of an imp. ‘Ilwavwvng John. The name means
(# 5069) barren, sterile. Green argues that Luke con- “Yahweh has given grace or favor” (Evans).
sciously builds parallels to the Abrahamic story. (Joel @ 14 éortai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639). ayor-
B. Green, “The Problem of a Beginning: Israel’s Scrip- Aiaorsg (# 21) rejoicing, refers to a demonstrative rejoic-
ture in Luke 1-2,” BBR 4 [1994]: 61-86; BBC). mpoBeBn- ing (Arndt). It indicates the joy and happiness that
Kotes perf. act. part. mpoBaivw (# 4581) to go forward, arises from the experience of God’s saving action
to advance. Part. as pred. adj. This heightens the mira- (Marshall). yopnoovtor fut. ind. pass. (dep.) yaipw
cle that follows (Nolland). @ 8 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. (# 5897) to be glad, to rejoice. @ 15 oixepa (# 4975) acc.
(dep.) s.v. 2. For the Semitic construction w. prep. év sing. strong drink, beer (Fitzmyer, 326). Denotes any
(#1877) and inf. expressing contemporaneous time s. intoxicating beverage prepared from either grain or
Arndt; Beyer, 34-42. vepatevew pres. act. inf. lepatevw fruit (IDB, 4:448). For regulations regarding a Nazarite
(# 2634) to be a priest, to function as a priest. For vbs. s. M, Nazir; SB, 2:80-88. min fut. ind. mid. (dep.) tivo
w. this ending indicating the exercise of a profession s. (# 4403) to drink. Fut. w. double neg. ob ph (# 4024;
MH, 398; DJG, 634-35. ta&er dat. sing. tag (# 5423) 3590) for strong denial of a fut. action. nAnoOnoetat fut.
row, order. The temple service of an order was for one ind. pass. mipmAnwt (# 4398) to fill. Kordta (# 3120) body
week (from Sabbath to Sabbath) twice a year and at cavity, womb, uterus. The expression means either
certain Feasts (s.v. 5; SB, 2:58-63; M, Sukk. 5:7). 9 “from birth” (BAGD) or “before birth,” “prenatal”
€@0¢ (# 1621) acc. sing. custom. EAaye aor. ind. act. (Godet; Nolland). @ 16 Emiotpéewer fut. ind. act. em-
Aayyavw (# 3275) to receive, to obtain something by otpedw (# 2188) to turn about, to cause to return, to
lot, to be appointed or chosen by lot. The casting of convert. It conveys the idea of turning from idolatry
lots took place twice a day at the morning and at the and sin to love and serve God (Marshall; s. Mal. 2:6).
evening offering of incense (Plummer; J. Lightfoot, @ 17 npoedevoetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) mpooepxopnat
2:15-16; M, Tamid, 3:1; 5:2; b, Yoma 25a). @vp1doa1 aor. (# 4601) to go before. emiotpewar aor. act. inf. s.v. 16.
act. inf. @vuiaw (# 2594) to burn incense, to offer in- Inf. of purp. &meveic acc. pl. ameWns (# 579) disobedi-
cense as a sacrifice (SB, 2:71-75; M, Yoma 5:1; M, Tamid ent. Obj. of the inf. emotpeyou. For the construction s.
5:4; 6:2, 3; LT, 1:137). This was a high privilege and Marshall. €toysaoo aor. act. inf. Etomatw (# 2286) to
came only once in a lifetime (TBM, 259). Epex. inf. ex- prepare, to make ready. Inf. of purp. Kkateokevaopevov
plaining what was obtained by lot. evoeA@av aor. act. perf. pass. part. (adj.) kataoxevatw (# 2941) to furnish,
part. (circum.) eioepyouat (# 1656) to go in. © 10 mpoo- to equip, to prepare. Perf. emphasizes the state of pre-
EVYONEVOV pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpocevyouat (# 4667) paredness. It was used of the outfitting of a ship, a city,
to pray. Periphrastic part. @vpiopo. (# 2592) incense, of- or an army (Bovon; EDNT). This was the spiritual
fering of incense. Incense was offered in the morning preparation of Israel for the coming of the King. For
and in the evening (Exod. 30:7-8), and with the men- the Rabbinic discussion of repentance and redemption
tion of the crowd it was probably the evening offering, s. TS, 668-74. 18 einev aor. ind. act. Xeyu (# se
at around 3:00 P.M. (Fitzmyer, 324; Nolland). ywoowo1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ywwokw (# 1182)t
@ 11 On aor. ind. pass. opaw (# 3972) to see; pass. to know, to recognize. npoBeBnkvia perf. act. part. nom.
appear. totwe (# 2705) perf. act. part. totnur perf. to fem. sing. s.v. 7. @ 19 &moxpieic aor. pass. (dep.) part.
stand. @vo.aotnpiov (# 2603) altar of incense. The right amokptvouat (# 646) to answer. For the Hebraic con-
side was the south side, and the angel would be be- struction of the part. s. MH, 453. napeotnxws perf. act.
tween the altar and the golden candlestick (Plummer; part. moptotnut (# 4225) to stand, to stand beside; im-
SB, 2:79; BBC). @ 12 étapay6n aor. ind. pass. tapacow plies ministering (Plummer). For Gabriel and the min-
Luke 1 108

istry before the Lord s. SB, 2:89-98. &meotaAny aor. ind. ment (Plummer; BD, 39). @ 25 nenotnxev perf. ind. act.
pass. dnooteAAw (# 690) to send, to send w. authority, movew (# 4472) to do. Perf. implies the state or cond. as
to accomplish a mission (TDNT; NIDNTT). Theol. a result of the completed action. énetSev aor. ind. act.
pass. indicating that God had commissioned him. Aa- epopaw (# 2393) to look upon, to concern oneself w., to
Moat aor. act. inf. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. Inf. of purp. look w. favor on someone (BAGD). apedeiv aor. act.
evayyeAioao—=a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. evayyerifouor inf. ahatpew (# 904) to take away. Inf. used as object of
(# 2294) to bring good news. Inf. of purp. 20 éo7 fut. the vb. or to express results (Schtrmann; TBM, 264).
ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. eit (# 1639) to be. ow- dvetbog (# 3945) reproach, disgrace, insult (BAGD).
NOV pres. act. part. owndw (# 4995) to be silent. Part. Barrennesss was regarded as a severe reproach by
of the stative vb. used in a periphrastic construction Jewish women (Marshall; SB, 2:98). 26 anmeotaAn
(VANT, 317-18; VA, 483). 5vvdpevog pres. pass. (dep.) aor. ind. pass. s.v. 19. q dat. sing. fem. 0g (# 4005) rel.
part. Svvapor (# 1538) to be able. Part. in periphrastic pron. Dat. of respect (IGNT, 98). @ 27 napévocg
construction. AGAoa aor. act. inf. s.v. 19. yevntar aor. (# 4221) virgin. Euvnotevpévny perf. pass. part. wvn-
subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. otevw (# 3650) pass. ,to be engaged (s. Matt. 1:18; SB,
éniotevoas aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. 2:374, 376, 393-98). @ dat. sing. 0¢ (# 4005) rel. pron.
TANPwOHoovta fut. ind. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill, Dat. of respect s.v. 26. @ 28 evoeABwv aor. act. part.
to fill. It is used of the completion of a specified or di- (temp.) s.v. 9. Keyapitwyévn perf. pass. part. yapitow
vinely predestined time (Evans). Ko1pov acc. sing. (# 5923) to bestow grace, to show favor to someone.
time, kaipoc (# 2789) a specific time. It is the point of Here it is the divine favor for a special vocation (Mof-
time in God’s determination (Fitzmyer, 328). ® 21 hv fat, Grace, 100; Robinson, Ephesians, 226; TDNT; Test. of
impf. ind. act. et (# 1639). npoodsoKdv pres. act. part. Joseph 1:6). @ 29 dvetapaxOn aor. ind. pass. diatapaoow
mpoodoxaw (# 4659) to expect, to wait for. While it took (# 1410) to confuse, to perplex. The prep. compound
a little time to throw incense on the heated altar this intensifies the vb. tapacow. SvedoyiCeto impf. ind. mid.
delay troubled the people (BBC). Part. in a periphras- (dep.) diaAoyifouar (# 1368) to reason, to debate, to
tic construction. e8avpatov impf. ind. act. Gavpatw consider, to reckon up different reasons (RWP). no-
(# 2513) to marvel, to be astounded, to wonder at. tanog (# 4534) what sort of, what kind. of. etn pres.
Impf. pictures the continual action. ypovifew pres. act. opt. act. eit (# 1639) to be. The opt. may be in indir.
inf. ypovitw (# 5988) to delay. Inf. used w. the prep. ex- discourse (BD, 195; GGBB, 483), dir. discourse (VA,
pressing contemporaneous time: “while he delayed” 176), or the potential opt. (BG, 119). 30 poBod pres.
(MH, 450; IGNT, 201). They were waiting for him to imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 13. evpec aor. ind. act. EVPLOKW
come out and lead in the blessing of the people (Nol- (# 2351) to find. 31 ovAAnLWn fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
land; M, Tamid, 6:2). @ 22 e&A@wv aor. act. part. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 24. té&q fut. ind. mid. (dep.) tiktw
(temp.) e&€pxouar (# 2002) to go out. Aor. indicating (# 5503) to bear, to give birth. kaAgoetg fut. ind. act. Kka-
antecedent action. &5dvato impf. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. Aew (# 2813) to call. Fut. as command (s. 1:13).
20, w. inf. Enéyvwoay aor. ind. act. éxiyivwoKxw (# 2105) @ 32 Eotai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ew (# 1639). byratos
to know, to recognize. Ontaoia (# 3965) vision. Ewpa- (# 5736) superl. the highest, the most high. The term
Kev perf. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Perf. indicates “the Most High” was used in early Judaism for Yah-
the abiding results on the subject. dvavebwv pres. act. weh (Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in
part. diaveow (# 1377) to nod. Part. used in a peri- the Gospels,” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 465; SB, 2:99-100; Fitz-
phrastic construction indicating continuous action myer, 248; WA, 90-93). KAn@noetar fut. ind. pass. s.v.
(IBG, 16). Svépevev impf. ind. act. dvapevw (# 1373) to 31. Seoet fut. ind. act. S5iSwpur (# 1443) to give. For the
remain. The prep. in the compound is perfective. Both significance of the Throne of David s. Cleon L. Rogers,
the compound and the tense emphasize the fact that Jr., “The Promises to David in Early Judaism,” Bib Sac
itwas not a mere temporary seizure (Plummer). 150 [1993]: 285-302; “The Davidic Covenant...,” Bib Sac
@ 23 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. €nANOONoay aor. 150 [1993]: 466; Godet). 33 Baowrevoet fut. ind. act.
ind. pass. s.v. 15. Aettoupyia (# 3311) ministry; literally, Baovevu (# 996) to be king, to reign. émi tov olKov
service rendered to the people. Used in the religious TaxwB (# 2093; 3875; 2609) over the house of Jacob.
sense denoting the service a priest renders to God This refers to the Twelve Tribes of Israel (Nolland;
(Arndt). anfAGev aor. ind. act. anepyouar (# 599) to go Rogers, “Davidic Covenant in the Gospels,” Bib Sac,
away. @ 24 ovvedafev aor. ind. act. ovAAauBavwy 465). @ 34 eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
(# 5197) to conceive, to become pregnant. For the yivwoKw (# 1182) pres. ind. act. to know. Perfective
medical use of the term s. MLL, 91-92; DMTG, 304. pres. emphasizing that the results of a past action are
nepieKpupev impf. ind. act. mepikpvpw (# 4332) to con- still continuing (GGBB, 532). Used here in the sexual
ceal, to hide, w. the ref. pron. “she hid herself.” The sense: “I have had no relations w. a man” (TBM, 289).
compound vb. implies all-round, complete conceal- ® 35 enedevoeta fut. ind. mid. (dep.) éemépyouor
109 Luke 1

(# 2088) to come upon. émtoxiioer fut. ind. act. act. wyorALaw (# 22) to rejoice, to be glad, to be over-
emroxiacw (# 2173) to overshadow. Though the words joyed, w. émt which gives the reason for the joy
in themselves do not have sexual meanings, they do (BAGD; KVS, 256). The aor. may be understood as a
here explain how the male part in reproduction is pro- stative, as the Hebrew stative perf. which implies a
vided (Bovon). yevvapevov pres. pass. part. s.v. 13. past action, but emphasizes the pres. cond. resulting
Part. used as subst. KAn@noetar fut. ind. pass. s.v. 13. from the completed action (VANT, 276-80; for various
“The child shall be called holy, the Son of God,” or views s. VA, 131-32; Fitzmyer, 366; Nolland; HLIN,
“The holy child shall be called the Son of God” (Schiir- 117). @ 48 énéBAewev aor. ind. act. ex1préemw (# 2098) to
mann; Marshall; Fitzmyer, 351-52; IBG, 107). 36 ovy- look upon. It was often used of loving care (Marshall).
yevicg (# 5151) relative, kinswoman. The degree of taneivwoic (# 5428) lowliness, humiliation, humble
kinship is not certain, but it implies the kinship of station, afflicted state (Nolland; EDNT; TMB, 336, 350-
John and Jesus (Fitzmyer, 352). ovvetanev perf. ind. 55; HLIN, 118-19). pwoxapiototv fut. ind. act. wakapicw
act. s.v. 24. Perf. stresses the state or cond. ynpet dat. (# 3420) to call or consider blessed, happy, fortunate.
sing. ynpas (# 1174) old age. phy (# 3604) nom. sing. @ 49 Enxoinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 25. por dat. sing. eyw
month. KaAovupevy pres. pass. part. s.v. 13. Dat. of pers. (# 1609) I. Dat. of advantage, or personal interest.
interest, “for the one called barren.” 37 Gdvvatnoet @ 50 EAeog (# 1799) mercy. LXX translation of TOM,
fut. ind. act. Gdvvatew (# 104) to be impossible. pra God’s gracious loyalty to His covenant promises
(# 4839) word; here, thing, matter (NTNT, 46). (Matt. 9:13; Marshall). doBovpévoig pres. mid. (dep.)
38 yevoito aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivoua (# 1181) to be- part. s.v. 13. Fearing God is the OT description of piety
come, to happen. The opt. generally is used to express (Plummer). Part. as subst. @ 51 éxoinoev aor. ind. act.
a wish (BD, 194). Here it is an expression of submis- movew (# 4472) to do, to make; here, to display. Constat-
sion (Plummer). Gn7AGEv aor. ind. act. s.v. 23. @ 39 ive aor. summarizing God’s activity. For various views
avaotaea aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. Gviotnpt of the aor. here s. VA, 132-33; VANT, 268-69, 273-74;
(# 482) to arise. For the Semitic use of the redundant HLIN, 114-16. Bpaytovi dat. sing. Bpayiwv (# 1098) arm.
part. s. MH, 453. emopev6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) nopevo- OT image of God’s power, esp. as manifested in the
wat (# 4513) to go, to travel. @ 40 etofAGev aor. ind. act. Exodus (Nolland). Perhaps an allusion to Ps. 103:17
s.v. 9. hondoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) aonafouat (# 832) (BBC). 5eoxopmioev aor. ind. act. Siackopri~w (# 1399)
to greet. @ 41 &yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 38. to scatter. Often used in the LXX for God scattering
TKovoev aor. ind. act. &Kovw (# 201) to hear. Eoxiptnoev disobedient Israel or the enemies of His people (Bo-
aor. ind. act. oxiptaw (#5015) to leap, to jump. This is a von). brepnoavocg (# 5662) haughty, arrogant. d51avoig
sign of his prenatal sensitivity to the prophetic Spirit (# 1379) dat. sing. thought, thinking, a particular man-
(BBC). Bpebog (# 1100) unborn child, embryo, baby, in- ner or way of thinking, disposition, attitude (LN,
fant (BAGD). énAno@n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 15, w. gen. of 1:350). Frequently in the Psalms and Wisdom litera-
content. @ 42 dvedwvnoev aor. ind. act. avadwvew ture the enemies of God are described as arrogant,
(# 430) to call out. ebAoynpévn perf. pass. part. ebaoyew self-sufficient, and unwilling to acknowledge His sov-
(# 2328) to bless. The term could imply, “to praise” or ereignty (Evans; Isa. 2:12; Pss. Sol. 17:8; SB, 2:101-106).
“to provide benefits” (LN, 1:750). W. the latter mean- Dat. of respect (Marshall) or loc. dat. 52 xa@etiev
ing the pass. would be the theol. pass., indicating that aor. ind. act. kadaipew (# 2747) to bring down. tywoev
God acted graciously in choosing Mary as the mother aor. ind. act. vyow (# 5738) to lift up (s. Prov. 3:34; Isa.
of the Messiah. Perf. indicates the state or cond. after 2:11-12). @ 53 mew@vtac pres. act. part. meivaw
an action. év yovaeiv “among women.” Hebraic way (# 4277) to hunger, to be hungry. Ps. 107:9. Part. as
of expressing a superl. (BD, 128; BG, 48). ebAoynpévoc subst. evemAnoev aor. ind. act. eumimAnut (# 1855) to
perf. pass. part. €vkoyew The meaning “praise” is in fill, to fill quite full, to satisfy, w. gen. of content (KVS,
view here. @ 43 A687 aor. subj. act. Epyouat (# 2262) to 144). For the use in the LXX s. GELTS, 146. mdov-
come, to go. Subj. w. ‘iva. (# 2671) in an explanatory TODVTAS pres. act. part. TAovtEw (# 4456) to be rich, to
noun cl. (Marshall). @ 45 paxdpiog (# 3421) happy (s. be very rich. Part. as subst. &6améotetrev aor. ind. act.
Matt. 5:3). mustedoaoa aor. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) e€anooterAdw (# 1990) to send out. Used w. adv. acc.
to believe, to trust. 0t1 (# 4022) because, giving the rea- @ 54 avteAcPeto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) avtraupavan
son for the happiness, or that, giving the content of the (# 514) mid. to lay hold of in order to support or to suc-
belief (Nolland; Marshall). AeAoAnyevoic perf. pass. cour; to help, to come to the aid of someone, w. gen. as
part. AaA€w (# 3281) to speak. Dat. of respect, a fullfill- obj. (Plummer; BAGD; for the LXX s. GELTS, 40-41;
ment with respect to that which was told her. For a KVS, 126-27; for the papyri s. MM; Preisigke, 1:135-36).
discussion of the song s. DJG, 525-26. 47 peyadtbver The prep. in compound may connote grasping while
pres. ind. act. peyoA vv (# 3486) to make large, to mag- squarely facing the obj. (MH, 297). uvno@fvar aor. pass.
nify, to exalt, to praise (BAGD). NyoAAiaoev aor. ind. (dep.) inf. usvnoKopat (# 3630) to remember, to recall,
Luke 1 110

w. gen. as obj. (BAGD). The inf. to express result (BD, God (BBC). For a summary discussion of the song s.
198) or to explain the help (HLIN, 125). eAéoug gen. DJG, 895-96. @ 68 Exeoxewato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
sing. s.v. 50. The covenant w. Abraham is in view here Emioxentonat (# 2170) to look upon, to visit. ADTPWOIG
(TBM, 338). @ 55 EAGANoEV aor. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) (# 3391) redemption, release. The reference here is no
to speak; here, to promise (Bovon). For the syntax of doubt to political redemption, but it is accompanied
t@ "ABpadp s. Marshall. et¢ tov aidve forever. The cov- by and based upon moral and spiritual reformation
enant w. Abraham is viewed as eternal. @ 56 guetvev (Plummer; s. 2:38). @ 69 Tyyewev aor. ind. act. eyelpw
aor. ind. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. pfivas acc. pl. s.v. (# 1586) to wake, to raise up. The idea of God raising
36. Acc. of time. bxeotpewev aor. ind. act. vnootpEbw someone up points to His role as governor of history
(#5715) to return. 57 €xAno6n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 15. and sender of salvation (PPP, 72). Kepag (# 3043) acc.
texelv aor. act. inf. s.v. 31. Epex. inf. explaining time. sing. horn. Used as a symbol of power, strength and
eyevvnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. 58 TKovoav aor. ind. authority (TDNT; SB, 2:110-11; Fitzmyer, 383; Rogers,
act. adxovw (# 201) to hear. eweydAvvev impf. ind. act. “The Davidic Covenant in the Gospels,” Bib Sac 150
s.v. 47. ovvexaipov impf. ind. act. ovyyaipw (# 5176) to [1993]: 467). ® 70 EAGANoEV aor. ind. act. AaAEwW (# 3281)
rejoice together. 59 mepitepetv aor. act. inf. mepiten
vu to speak; here in the sense of promise. 71 owtnpiav
(# 4362) to cut around, to circumcise (TDNT; EDNT; (# 5401) acc. sing. deliverance, salvation. Salvation is
NIDNTT; SB, 4:23-40, esp. 23-27; TRE, 5:714-24; RAC, seen in terms of physical deliverance so that the pious
2:159-69; BBC). €xaAovv impf. ind. act. s.v. 13. Conative can give spiritual service to God (PPP, 72). proovvtwv
impf., “they were attempting to name him” (Arndbt). pres. act. part. gen. masc. pl. picew (# 3631) to hate (s.
@ 60 aroxpiGeioe aor. pass. part. nom. fem. sing. s.v. Gen. 12:3). Part. as subst. @ 72 motfjom aor. act. inf.
19. KANOnoetar fut. ind. pass. s.v. 13. 61 elma aor. novew (# 4472) to do, to perform (s.v. 51). Inf. expresses
ind. act. 3rd. pers. pl. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. KaAEttar the purp. of fyetpev aor. ind. act. s.v. 69. A€0¢ (# 1799)
pres. ind. pass. s.v. 13. @ 62 evevevov impf. ind. act. év- mercy, covenant loyalty (s.v. 50). wwno8fvar aor. pass.
vevw (# 1935) to nod, to signal by nodding. Incep. im- inf. s.v. 54, w. gen. as obj. Used in parallelism w. “to
pf., “they began to signal by nodding.” The art. used render covenant loyalty.” The covenant w. Abraham
here introduces an indir. question (RG, 766). @€A01 promised a seed through whom redemption for Israel
pres. opt. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to will, to want. Opt. used and blessings for all people would come (Gen. 12:1-3).
in indir. discourse (BD, 195) or as a less probable fu- @ 73 W@pooev aor. ind. act. ouvow (# 3923) to swear.
ture (GGBB, 484, 700). kaAeto@a1 pres. pass. inf. s.v. 13. dodvar aor. act. inf. 515wyur (# 1443) to give. Inf. gives
@ 63 aithoas aor. act. part. (circum.) aitéw (# 160) to the content and purp. of the oath (Plummer). @ 74
ask for, to request. Aor. indicating an antecedent ac- apoBus (# 925) without fear, fearless. pyo®EVTAS aor.
tion. mivaxtdiov (# 4400) a small tablet, small wooden pass. part. pvoucr (# 4861) to rescue, to deliver. Part. as
boards, covered w. a film of wax, were used (Ellis; SB, subst. Aatpevetv pres. act. inf. Aatpevw (#3302) to serve
2:108). In medical language it was used for a physi- (s. Heb. 12:28). @ 75 oovotntt dat. sing. oo1otns (# 4009)
cian’s notebook or tablet (MLL, 95-96; MM; Preisigke, piety, devoutness, personal piety or devoutness which
2:305). Eypoawev aor. ind. act. ypabw (# 1211) to write. arises out of respect for the eternal laws (TDNT; Eph.
EOavpaoav aor. ind. act. SPavuatw (# 2513) to be 4:24). @ 76 xAn-Onon fut. ind. pass. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v.
amazed. 64 dvewy6n aor. ind. pass. avotyw (# 487) 13. Here, “acknowledged as,” for the calling brings to
to open. Theol. pass. napayphpa (# 4202) immediately. expression what the child is (TBM, 372). mporopevon
eAGAet impf. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. Incep. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. mpompevounar
impf., “he began to speak.” evAoydv pres. act. part. ev- (# 4638) to go before, to go forth. €toysaoan aor. act. inf.
Aoyew (# 2328) to bless, to praise. Part. of manner. s.v. 17. Inf. of purp. @ 77 dodvan aor. act. inf. d1t5wyr
@ 65 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ‘yivopa (# 1181) to be- (# 1443) to give. Inf. of purp. @ 78 onAcyxvov (# 5073)
come, to be, to come to be. nmepioikodvtas pres. act. compassion, the heart of mercy (Arndt; TDNT). €A€0¢
part. mepioiwxew (# 4340) to live around, to live by, (# 1799) mercy; here, “tender mercy”; s. Test. of Zeb.
neighboring. Part. as subst. opetv{j (# 3978) dat. sing. 7:3; 8:2, 6; 1QS 1:22; 2:1; 1QH 1:30-31 (Nolland; TDNT).
hill country. d5vAadeito impf. ind. pass. dararew exioKxewetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 68. &vatoan (# 424)
(# 1362) to discuss, to talk w. The prep. compound and rising of a heavenly body or a growing shoot, branch.
the iterat. impf. indicate it was continuous talk back It refers to the Davidic Messiah as a Light that arises or
and forth between the people (RWP). 66 €8evto aor. as a Branch (s. PPP, 73; HLIN, 140-41; TBM, 373-74;
ind. mid. ti@npt (# 5502) to place, to lay. €ota fut. ind. Marshall; Fitzmyer, 387; BBC). 79 enip&van aor. act.
mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to be. Deliberative fut. used in inf. Enipaivw (# 2210) to appear, to show oneself. Inf. of
a question. @ 67 enxAnoen aor. ind. pass. miwnAnut purp. Ka@nyévoig pres. mid. (dep.) part. KaOnuat
(# 4398) to fill, w. gen. of content. Expopntevoev aor. (# 2764) to sit. Part. as subst. katev@dvan aor. act. inf.
ind. act. mpopntevw (# 4736) to prophesy, to speak for KatevOvvw (# 2985) to make straight, to guide. Inf. may
111 Luke 2

be purp. or epex. to the first inf. (Marshall; Schiir- onapyavow (#5058) to wrap in strips of cloth intended
mann). ® 80 nvEavev impf. ind. act. avgaven (# 889) to to strengthen the back and bones and to provide prop-
grow. éxpato.odto impf. ind. pass. kpatoiow (# 3194) er growth. It indicated the maternal care (Wisd. Sol.
to grow strong. Impf. indicates He continued to grow 7:4; Ezek. 16:4; s. 11 OtgJob 38:9), and the rank of the
strong. dvadet—ews gen. sing. avasdeéic (# 345) mani- child was indicated by the splendor and costliness of
festation, commissioning, installation (BAGD; Fitzmy- the bands (HDCG, 2:685; TBM, 399; DGRA, 634; MLL,
er, 389). 99). d&veKAivev aor. ind. act. dvakdivw (# 369) to lay
down, to place in a reclining position. ¢atvy (# 5764)
Luke 2 dat. sing. trough or box for feeding cattle, stable (IDB,
@ 1 Eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouon (# 1181) to 3:257; TDNT; BBC). katoAdpatt dat. sing. KataAvuo
become, to happen. Used as an introductory formula (# 2906) lodging, inn, guest room. For a description of
w. the prep. ev (# 1877) giving the time. For the use of a possibly similar building s. RWP; Fitzmyer, 408;
this vb. in Luke s. Plummer, 45; Beyer, 31-33; VA, 120- DJG, 69. 8 noweéves nom. pl. nowny (# 4478) shep-
26. ebfAGev aor. ind. act. e&epyouat (# 2002) to go out. herd. Shepherds had a low reputation and were
anoypadEecbat pres. mid. inf. dnoypcpw (# 616) to regis- looked upon w. great suspicion (TDNT; SB, 2:113).
ter, to record; mid. to register oneself, or permissive Noa impf. ind. act. ett (# 1639) used w. part. to form
mid., to allow oneself to be enrolled (GGBB, 426). Inf. a periphrastic construction. a&ypavdodvtes pres. act.
expresses either the content or the purp. of the edict. part. aypavAew (# 64) lit., to make the field the court-
OlKOVPEVTV acc. sing. oikovpEvN (# 3876) world, the in- yard, to spend their life in the open air (Plummer). The
habited earth. Acc. as subj. of the inf. 2 anoypaon Jews made a distinction between a flock in a stall and
(# 615) enrollment, tax registration. mpwtn (# 4755) a flock which was kept outside in the fields (SB, 2:114-
first, before. For the latter translation s. Nolland; 16). pvAGCOOVtES pres. act. part. PvAcoow (# 5875) to
Wayne Brindle, “The Census of Quirinius: Luke 2:2,” guard. 9 enéotn aor. ind. act. eptotnut (# 2392) to
JETS 27 (1984): 43-52; GGBB, 305-6; BBC. tyyewovevovt0¢ come upon suddenly and unexpectedly (NTNT).
pres. act. part. nyewovevw (# 2448) to govern, to be gov- NEPlEAQUWeEV aor. ind. act. nepiAcunw (# 4334) to shine
ernor. For the system of taxation and the problem of around. epoPnOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) moPeopar
the governorship of Quirinius s. Arndt; William Ram- (# 5828) to be afraid, followed by the cognate acc. used
sey, The Bearing of Recent Discovery on the Trustworthi- adverbially: “fear a great fear,” “to fear greatly” (BD,
ness of the New Testament (London: Hodder & 84-85). 10 poBeiobe pres. mid. (dep.) imp. Pres. imp.
Stoughton, 1915), 238-300; Harold Hoehner, “Chrono- w. neg. LN (# 3590) indicating the prohibition of an ac-
logical Aspects of the Life of Christ: The Date of tion in progress. @ 11 ét€x6n aor. ind. pass. tiktTw
Christ’s Birth,” Bib Sac 130 (1974): 340-48; DJG, 66-69; (# 5503) to give birth. éotar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt
and other bibliographical references by HA, 299; Nol- (# 1639) followed by dat. of personal interest. @ 12
land, 94-96; Marshall; Fitzmyer, 399-405; Sherwin- evpnoete fut. ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to find. tonap-
White, 162-71; NDIEC, 6:112-32. It has been suggested yavwuevov perf. pass. part. s.v. 7. Keiwevov pres. mid.
that Quirinius had authority over Syria at two differ- (dep.) part. keiwor (# 3023) to lie down, to be lying
ent times, or the census here was before Quirinius. down. 13 e&aipvng (# 1978) suddenly. eyeveto aor.
@ 3 énopevovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) mopevouar ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. otpatid (# 5131) army, a band of
(# 4513) to go, to travel. Impf. pictures the continual soldiers; this army, however, announces peace (Ben-
action in the past. For a discussion of each going to his gel). Perhaps heavenly attendents in God’s royal en-
own towns. NDIEC, 6:112-32. Gnoypapecbar pres. mid. tourage (DJG, 9). aivovvtwv pres. act. part. masc. gen.
inf. s.v. 1. Inf. of purp. @ 4 aver aor. ind. act. dva- pl. aivew (# 140) to praise. The pl. construction is ac-
Batvw (# 326) to go up. Kodeiton pres. ind. pass. KaAew cording to sense (RWP). 14 evdoxiag (# 2306) good
(# 2813) to call, to name. eivor pres. act. inf. eli pleasure. It refers to God’s good pleasure, those upon
(# 1639) to be. Inf. w. prep. giving the reason. @5 whom God’s favor rests (Arndt; Marshall; ESB, 101-
Anoypayooba aor. mid. inf. s.v. 1. Inf. of purp. euvn- 104; Schurmann; David Flusser, “Sanktus und Gloria,”
OTEVHEVT perf. pass. part. pvnotev (# 3650) pass. to be AUV, 129-52; for the phrase in DSS s. 1QH 4:32, 33;
engaged (s. Matt. 1:18). obon pres. act. part. ey. eyKdow 11:9; 1QS 8:6). @ 15 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1.
dat. (ons: éykvog (# 1607) pregnant (MIE +92). GanAGov aor. ind. act. anepyouor (# 599) to go away.
@ 6 elvan pres. act. inf. s.v. 4. Inf. w. prep. év (# 1877) in, EAGAOVV impf. ind. act. Aadew (# 3281) to speak. Impf.
to express time s.v. 1. émAnoOnoav aor. ind. pass. is incep. and pictures the repeated action. 5éA@wpev
niunanur (# 4398) to fill, to fulfill. texetv aor. act. inf. aor. subj. act. duepyou (# 1451) to pass through, to go
tiktw (# 5503) to give birth. Epex. inf. explaining at through. Prep. in compound refers to passing through
Tépon (# 2465). 7 éteKev aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. Tpwto- from one place to another (MH, 300-03). Hortatory
toxov (# 4758) firstborn. Eonapyavwoev aor. ind. act. subj., “let us go.” 57 (# 1314) indeed. It has the force of
Luke 2 112

urgency (Arndt). 15wpev aor. subj. act. opaw (# 3972) to results. Cedyos (# 2414) yoke, pair. tpvywv (# 5583) tur-
see. Hortatory subj. yeyovoc perf. act. part. (adj.) yivo- tledove, dove. vooods (# 3801) young, offspring, partic-
wa. (# 1181) to become, to happen. EYVUIPLOEV aor. ind. ularly used of birds. neprotepa (# 4361) pigeon, tamed
act. ywwpitw (# 1192) to make known. @ 16 T\8av aor. pigeon. This was the offering of the poor who could
ind. act. 3rd. pl. Epyouon (# 2262) to go. onevouvtes aor. not afford a lamb. The doves had to reach a certain
act. part. onevdw (# 5067) to hurry, part. of manner. stage of growth, but the pigeons had to be young
“They came in a hurry.” avedpav aor. ind. act. av- (Plummer; J Lightfoot, 3:39; SB, 2:123-24; M, Hullin
evptoxw (# 461) to find. Prep. in compound implies a 1:5). @ 25 evraBns (# 2327) cautious, esp. conscien-
successful search in finding the object (Plummer; MH, tious; here, conscientious in matters of religion (Plum-
295-96). 17 iSovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw mer; BAGD), pious in religious observance (Evans).
(# 3972) to see. Aor. indicating antecedent action. This mpoodexouevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpoodexouar
is logically necessary for the main vb. (“when they had (# 4657) to wait for, to expect. Part. in a periphrastic
seen this”). AaAnBEvtos aor. pass. part. (adj.) AaAew construction. napaxAnors (# 4155) consolation. A com-
(# 3281) to speak. © 18 GKxovoavtes aor. act. part. prehensive term for the fulfillment of the messianic
&Kovw (# 201) to hear. Adj. part. used as subst. e6av- hope; the hope for God’s eschatological restoration of
paoay aor. ind. act. Pavuatw (# 2513) to wonder, to be the theocracy to Israel (SB, 2:124; Fitzmyer, 427;
amazed. 19 ovvetnpet impf. ind. act. ovvtnpew TDNT). @ 26 Keypnatiopevov perf. pass. part.
(# 5337) to keep in mind, to hold or treasure up (in ypnnatiCw (# 5976) to impart a revelation, to instruct,
one’s memory) (BAGD). The difficult events that hap- to warn. In the papyri the word meant to transact busi-
pened are to be retained in order to be interpreted cor- ness, as well as a revelation from a deity (MM). Part. in
rectly (TBM, 406). Impf. pictures the continual action a periphrastic construction. i8etv aor. act. inf. s.v. 15.
in the past. ovpBaAAovea pres. act. part. ovpParAw Inf. explains the instruction. 189 aor. act. subj. s.v. 15.
(# 5202) to reflect upon (“placing together for compari- Subj. w. av (# 323) in an indef. temp. cl. w. tpiv 7] av
son” [RWP]), to interpret, often w. divine help (TBM,
(# 4570; 2445; 323), before. @ 27 HAGev aor. ind. act. s.v.
407). * 20 bréotpeyav aor. ind. act. vrootpepw 16. eloayayeiv aor. act. inf. eloayw (# 1652) to bring in.
(# 5715) to return. alvodvtes pres. act. part. OVEW
Inf. w. prep. ev (# 1877) ina temp. sense, while (RG,
(# 140) to praise. Part. of manner. j\kovoay aor. ind. act.
1072). movfjoa aor. act. inf. novew (# 4472) to do, to per-
&Kovw (# 201) to hear. etSov aor. ind. act. opdaw to see
form, to effect. [email protected]évov perf. pass. part. e6itw
s.v. 17. 21 exAno@noav aor. ind. pass. s.v. 6. TEeptte-
(# 1616) to be accustomed or used to. Perf. part. as sub-
petv aor. act. inf. nepiteuvw (# 4362) to circumcise. For
st.: “the custom”; here, “according to the custom of the
the rite of circumcision among the Jews s. 1:59. Epex.
Law.” 28 ed5e€ato aor. act. mid. (dep.) Sexouar
inf. €xAN@n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 4. KANGEV aor. pass. part.
(#1312) to receive, to welcome. &yKaAag acc. pl. ay-
s.v. 4. OVAANLHETVat aor. pass. inf. cvAAapPavw (# 5197)
to conceive, to become pregnant; s. 1:24. Inf. w. prep. KaAn (# 44) arm, bent as to receive something (BAGD).
mpo (# 4574) w. a temp. meaning, “before,” (RG, 1091). evAoynoev aor. ind. act. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless, to
22 xa@apiopos (# 2752) cleansing. The birth of a boy thank God as the source of blessing. It was the custom
made the mother unclean for 7 days; she had to re- in Jerusalem to bring a small child to a rabbi that he
main at home for 40 days without touching anything might bless the child and pray for it (SB, 2:138). @ 29
holy. She then was to offer the sacrifice at the Nicanor amoAvets pres. ind. act. anoAvw (# 668) to dismiss, send
Gate on the east of the Court of the Women (JPB, 219; away; here, to allow to die. Pres. ind., “You are dis-
SB, 2:119-20; BBC; DJG, 130; Lev. 12:1-8). avtév gen. pl. missing your servant” (Stein; Marshall; HLIN, 146-47;
abtos (# 899) their. It may refer to Mary and Joseph, in- ABD, 4:1155-56). An alternate meaning is a permissive
dicating family solidarity, or it may refer to the purifi- sense: “Now you can dismiss your servant.” @ 30
cation of Mary and to the redemption of the firstborn elSov aor. ind. act. s.v. 20. 31 ftoipaoas aor. ind. act.
(Stein; Marshall). &viyoyov aor. ind. act. avayw (# 343) etomsacw (# 2286) to prepare. @ 32 $d¢ (# 5890) light. In
to lead up. napaotijoat aor. act. inf. raptotn (# 4225) apposition to salvation, defining its nature (HLIN,
to present. Inf. of purp. For the redemption of the first- 148). 33 Bavpatovtes pres. act. part. s.v. 18. Part.ina
born s. Exod. 13:2-12; SB, 2:120. 23 yeypantan perf. periphrastic construction. ® 34 Keita pres. ind. mid.
ind. pass. ypcpw (# 1211) to write. Perf. is used of docu- of an old def. vb. Keio (# 3023), here used as the pass.
ments whose legal authority remains (MM; Stein). of tlOmut to place, to appoint, to be destined (RWP; Bo-
diavotyov pres. act. part. Suavotyw (# 1380) to open. Adj. von). tt@o1¢ (# 4774) fall, falling, used of the collapse
use of the part. kAn@noetar fut. ind. pass. kaAew s.v. 4. of a house and in the LXX for the effect of judgment on
© 24 So0bvan aor. act. inf. didwpr (# 1443) to give. Inf. of the wicked (BAGD; Evans; 1QH 2:8). avaotaoie (# 414)
purp. elpnevov perf. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to rising, refers to rising up out of humiliation or oppres-
speak; here, commanded. Perf. indicates the abiding sion (Evans). GVvtiAeyoLevov pres. pass. part. &vtlAeyw
113 Luke 2

(#515) to speak against, to contradict, to oppose. The 1. etdv gen. pl. Etog (# 2291) year; here, twelve years
Son experiences contradiction from the world, reach- old. The Jewish father was required to acquaint the
ing its culmination in the crucifixion (Meyer). @ 35 81- children with the Law, and when the child turned 13
ehevoetar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Siepxoucr (# 1451) to he was required to fulfill the Law. Jesus’ parents were
pass through. pow8ata (# 4855) a large, wide, double- perhaps getting him accustomed to the Law by taking
edged sword. Such a weapon signifies extreme an- him to the Feast of the Passover when he was twelve
guish (Plummer; Bovon). G&moxaAvp8Gow aor. subj. (SB, 2:144-47; Fitzmyer, 440; BBC; DJG, 236-37). ava-
Pass. aroKaAvntw (# 636) to unveil, to reveal. Used w. Baivovtwy pres. act. part. s.v. 4. Gen. abs. @ 43 teAet-
Omw< to express purp. of Keita in v. 34 (Arndt). 5taA0- . woavtwv aor. act. part. (temp.) teAetow (# 5457) to end,
ylowos (# 1369) consideration, thought, scheme, an un- to complete. Gen. abs. Aor. describes the antecedent,
dertone of hostility is suggested (Leaney). @ 36 logically necessary action to the main vb. vmootpedetv
mpofeBnxvia. perf. act. part. mpoBaivw (# 4581) to ad- pres. act. inf. bmo-otpepw (#5715) to return. Inf. w. prep.
vance. Choose aor. act. part. (adj.) Caw (# 2409) to live. ev (# 1877) to express contemporaneous time. brepetv-
TapGevia (# 4220) virginity. 37 ai-ctato impf. ind. ev aor. ind. act. broueévw (# 5702) to remain behind. éyv-
mid. (dep.) apiotnut (# 923) to depart. Impf. indicates woav aor. ind. act. y.wwoKxw (# 1182) to know. @ 44
the continual but unfulfilled action in the past. Aa- voutcavtes aor. act. part. (causal) vouifw (# 3787) to
Tpevovoa pres. act. part. (adj.) Aatpevw (# 3302) to min- suppose, to believe. evar pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639) to
ister. The datives indicate how she served and the acc. be. Inf. used to complete the vb., giving the content of
of time indicates how long she served (GGBB, 202). their supposition. It was common for pilgrims to travel
@ 38 emotéoa aor. act. part. Epiotnur (# 2392) to ap- together to the Feast in organized groups (WZZT, 121-
proach, to come up, to stand by. avOwpodoyeito impf. 27). NA8ov aor. ind. act. Epyoua (# 2262) to go. 0b0v acc.
ind. mid. (dep.) avOopnoAoyeona (# 469) to give thanks. sing. 0806 (# 3847) way; acc. of space (GGBB, 202). A
The compound prep. in the vb. indicates thanksgiving day’s journey was 20-25 miles (Stein). ave$itovv impf.
in return for benefits (M, 297). Incep. impf. eAéAet ind. act. dvatntew (# 349) to look for, to seek. The prep.
impf. ind. act. Aadew (# 3281) to speak, to say. mpoo- denotes thoroughness, and the iterat. impf. gives the
Sexouevors pres. mid. (dep.) part. dat. masc. pl. mpoo- repeated action: “They searched up and down, back
dexouar (# 4657) to expect, to wait for. Part. used as and forth, a thorough search and prolonged” (RWP).
subst. Dat. as indir. obj. AUtpwotg (# 3391) redemption, @ 45 evpovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 12. Temp. or causal
deliverance. Many of the coins struck by the Jews as part. bxéotpewav aor. ind. act. s.v. 43. avalntodvtes
they declared their independence from Rome read, “to pres. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 44. @ 46 eyeveto aor. ind.
the redemption of Israel” (Rogers, “The Davidic Cove- mid. (dep.) yivoyar (# 1181) to happen, to occur. evpov
nant in the Gospels,” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 466-67). 39 aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. ka@eCopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part.
étéAeoav aor. ind. act. tedew (# 5464) to complete. ené- KabeCouar (# 2757) to sit. enepwtGvta pres. act. part.
otpewav aor. ind. act. exiotpepw (# 2188) to return. @ 40 enepwtaw (# 2089) to ask a question, to inquire. The
mbEavev impf. ind. act. avgavw (# 889) to grow. prep. compound is directive (MH, 312). For questions
€xpataodto impf. ind. pass. kpataow (# 3194) to make and answers in the rabbinical method of teaching s.
strong; pass. to be strengthened, to grow strong. The SB, 2:150; JL, 115, 196-97. 47 e&iotavto impf. ind.
emphasis is upon total physical vigor, not mere mus- mid. (dep.) e&totnt (# 2014) to be amazed, to be aston-
cular strength (LN, 1:269). Impf. pictures the continual ished. Impf. pictures the continual action of the past.
action in the past. RANpobpevov pres. pass. part. TAnpow Jesus appears as a pupil who astonishes His teachers
(# 4444) to fill. Part. could be manner describing how by the understanding apparent in His questions and
he developed. copia (# 5053) dat. sing. wisdom. The answers (Marshall). @ 48 t80vtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
word was frequently used in the LXX to translate s.v. 15. &€emAaynoav aor. ind. pass. exmANoow (# 1742) to
MAN, the ability to apply knowledge (esp. of God’s strike out, to drive out by blow; pass. to be over-
instruction) to matters of life (s. M.V. Fox, “Words for whelmed, to be astonished. énotnoas aor. ind. act. 2nd.
Wisdom: M3IDM and 73°3; WAI and At; WSY and pers. sing. s.v. 27. d5vvapevor pres. pass. part. odvvaw
MwIN,” Zeitschrift fiir Althebraistik 6 [1993]: 149-69). In- (# 3849) to suffer pain, used of mental and spiritual
str. dat. giving also the content (KVS, 145). 41 pain. Here, “We have been anxiously looking for you”
énopevovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) nopevouo (# 4513) to (BAGD; for the medical use s. DMTG, 249; MLL, 32-
go, to travel, to make a journey. Customary impf. Ac- 33). eCntodpev impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to look for,
cording to the Law the men were to go to three cele- to seek. Impf. indicates the continual searching (“to
brationsa year (Exod. 34:23; Deut. 16:16; JPB, 130; look all over”). 49 eCnteite impf. ind. act. s.v. 48.
WZZT, 20; SB, 2:141-44). Impf. could be incep., empha- fSeite plperf. ind. act. of the def. perf. oiSa (# 3857) to
sizing the beginning of this particular trip: “they know. Ind. used w. ov« (# 4024) in a question expecting
began to travel.” @ 42 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. a positive answer. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is neces-
Luke 3 114

sary, followed by inf. 50 ovvijKav aor. ind. act. ov- These are metaphors of repentance (Stein).
vinut (# 5317) to bring together, to understand, to @ 6 Owetar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to see.
comprehend. €AGAn-oev aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. @ 51 Kat- @ 7 BartioGfivar aor. pass. inf. Bantitw (# 966) to bap-
éBn aor. ind. act. kataBaivw (# 2849) to go down. tv tize (s. Matt. 3:6). Inf. of purp. éxiévav gen. pl. exidvo.
impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) used w. the following pres. (# 2399) snake, poisonous snake. The expression is in-
part. as a periphrastic emphasizing the continual obe- tended to convey the repulsive and destructive charac-
dience (Fitzmyer, 445; VA, 459). vxotaooopevos pres. ter of those described (Fitzmyer, 467). Descriptive gen.
pass. part. vnotdoow (# 5718) pass. submit oneself, to For a similar expression (“adder or snake eggs”) in
subordinate oneself, to obey. Svethper impf. ind. act. DSS s. CD 5:14. béSeveev aor. ind. act. bxodeikvupt
diatnpew (# 1413) to keep, to guard safely. The prep. in (# 5683) to show, to show under, to point out, to give a
compound is perfective and describes the carrying of tip or private hint (RWP). ovyeiv aor. act. inf. devyw
action through to a definite result (M, 301). ® 52 npo- (# 5771) to flee. Inf. w. vb. Drodetkvupt. perAAOvONS pres.
exontev impf. ind. act. npoxontw (# 4621) to advance. act. part. gen. fem. sing. weAdw (# 3516) to be about to.
MAtkia (# 2461) dat. sing. height, stature, or perhaps Adj. part. (“coming wrath”) (Isa. 24; Fitzmyer, 468; SB,
age (Fitzmyer, 446; MM). Dat. of sphere, indicating the 4, ii:857-72; Moore, Judaism, 2:360-63). @ 8 xoinoate
area of advancement. aor. imp. act., moew (# 4472) to do, to make, to pro-
duce. Aor. imp. calls for a specific action. Fruit implies
Luke 3 a life of deeds (Stein). a&pEnoe aor. subj. mid. (dep.)
® 1 tyepovia (# 2449) leadership, government, apxopa. (# 806) to begin, w. inf. Used in a Semitic con-
reign. The fifteenth year of Tiberius was probably struction: “do not say” (Arndt; M, 455). eyetpa aor. act.
about A.D. 27-29 since he was made emperor on Sept. inf. eyeipw (# 1586) to awake, to raise up. For this v. s.
17, A.D. 14 (HA, 307-12; s. also FAP, 31-52, esp. 35-36; Matt. 3:9. @ 9 d&tvn (# 544) axe. Keita pres. ind. pass.
BBC; Dietmar Kienast, Romishe Kaisertabelle: Ketwat (# 3023) used as perf. pass. of T18nyUW1 to lie (s.
Grundziige einer Kaiserchronologie [Darmstadt: Wissen- 2:34; BAGD). novotv pres. ind. act. 3rd. pers. sing. s.v.
schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1996], 77). Nyewovevovtoc 8. Habitual pres. indicating the consistent character.
pres. act. part. (temp.) gen. masc. sing. NyeLovevw ExkONtetal pres. ind. pass. exxontw (# 1716) to cut off.
(# 2448) to be governor. Gen. abs. Pres. indicating a Gnomic pres. indicating that which generally occurs.
contemporaneous action. For Pilate s. TJ, 51-57. tetpap- @ 10 exnpwtwv impf. ind. act. exepw-taw (# 2089) to
yodvtos pres. act. part. (temp.) tetpapyew (# 5489) to be question, to inquire about. Prep. in compound is direc-
tetrarch; that is, a governor of one of four provinces, tive pointing to a specific subject. Incep. impf., “they
later a governor of any division (Plummer; TY, 43). began to ask.” nowjowpev aor. subj. act. s.v. 8. Delibera-
Gen. abs. For the life and times of Herod Antipas s. tive subj., “what shall we do?” 11 anoxptGetc¢ aor.
HA; Harold Hoehner, “Chronological Aspects of the pass. (dep.) part. amoxpivouar (# 646) to answer. For
Life of Christ: The Commencement of Christ’s Minis- the Semitic construction s. MH, 453. yitwv (# 5945) the
try,” Bib Sac 131 (1974): 147-62; TJ, 45-51. = 2 €yeveto tunic, garment worn next to the skin, made by sewing
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowa (# 1181) to become, to hap- two sheets of fabric together w. a space in the middle
pen (s. 2:1). 3 MAev aor. ind. act. Epyoucr (# 2262) for the head and neck (JPB, 123; EDNT; ABD, 2:235-
to come, to go. Knpvoowv pres. act. part. Knpvoow 37). Two tunics may have been worn to protect against
(# 3062) to proclaim, to preach, to herald. Part. of man- the cold (Marshall). wetadotw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers.
ner explaining how he came. For John’s preaching of sing. petadidwut (# 3556) to give, to share. Aor. imp.
baptism and repentance s. Matt. 3:1,2. 4 YEYPOTTALL calls for a specific action. It also stresses a general prin-
perf. ind. pass. ypapw (# 1211) to write. Perf. means “it ciple in a distributive sense; each is to do the action
stands written,” used of a quote from an authoritative once (VANT, 354-55). Bpo@wa (# 1709) food. Pl. is used
script (MM). Bo@vtog pres. act. part. Bocw (# 1066) to w. the idea of food supplies (EDNT). noveitw pres. imp.
shout, to call aloud. etowdoate aor. imp. act. etomatw act. 3rd. sing. s.v. 4. Pres. imp. gives a general principle
(# 2286) to prepare. moveite pres. imp. act. movew in an iterat. sense. ® 12 TNA8ov aor. ind. act. s.v. 3.
(# 4472) to do, to make. tpiBog (# 5561) way, path. teA@var nom. pl. tekwvng (# 5467) tax collector
@ 5 gapayé (# 5754) a valley shut in by precipices, a ra- (BAGD). Bantio€fvo. aor. pass. inf. s.v 7. Inf. of purp.
vine (Plummer). mAnpwOjoetar fut. ind. pass. mAnpow Toimowpev aor. subj. act. s.v. 8. @ 13 d1atetaypevov
(# 4444) to fill. Bovvog (# 1090) hill. tanetvwOnoeton fut. perf. pass. part. duataoow (# 1411) to command, to pre-
ind. pass. tamewvow (# 5427) to make low. OKOALOG scribe. Part. used as subst. in a comp. mpaooete pres.
(# 5021) crooked, curved. ev@etav acc. sing. evOvc imp. act. mpacow (# 4556) to do, to extort, to exact trib-
(# 2318) straight. For the use of etg w. acc. for the pred., ute (Plummer). Pres. imp. gives a general principle (s.
w. cuts. KVS, 64. tpayetor nom. pl. tpayve (#5550) un- VA, 355). @ 14 ennpwtwv impf. ind. act. s.v. 10. Kai
even, rough. Ae€iag acc. pl. Aetoc (# 3308) smooth, even. also. otpatevopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. otpatevouar
HGS) Luke 4

(# 5129) to be a soldier, to serve as a soldier (TJ, 101- and His Kingdom. @ 19 éAeyxopevos pres. pass. part.
115; BBC). d:a0etonte aor. subj. act. diacetw (# 1398) to ereyyw (# 1794) to bring to light, to expose, to convict
extort money by violence; literally, to shake violently; Or convince someone of something, to reprove
that is, to shake down (BAGD). Used in the papyri in (BAGD). For John and Herod Antipas s. TJ, 63-64; HA,
the sense “to intimidate” (MM). ovKodavtnonte aor. 110-71. Part. of cause. €noinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 4. 20
subj. act. ovkohavtew (# 5193) to accuse falsely, to ex- mpooeOnkev aor. ind. act. npootiOnut (# 4707) to add to.
tort by blackmail (Arndt; for soldiers’ discontentment, “He added this also on top of all-he shut up John in
corruption, and bribes s. NDIEC, 6:158; Tacitus, Annals prison” (Plummer). KatéKAeioev aor. ind. act. Kkata-
1, 16-17 [Truly the army is a harsh, unrewarding pro- KAeiw (# 2881) to shut up; literally, to shut down. Ac-
fession! Body and soul are reckoned at two and a half cording to Josephus he was brought in chains to the
sesterces a day—and with this you have to find clothes, fortress of Machaerus on the east side of the Jordan (TJ,
weapons, and bribes for brutal company commanders 63-64; Jos., Ant., 18.119; J.W., 7.163-95). ® 21 éyéveto
if you want to avoid chores”]). The subj. here forbids aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ytvowan (# 1181) to become, to hap-
the whole act from occurring and adds a note of ur- pen (s. 1:8). BartioOfjvan aor. pass. inf. s.v. 16. Inf. used
gency (VANT, 337, 339). dpxeio®e pres. imp. pass. w. prep. to express time. Bamtio8Evtoc aor. pass. part.
apkew (# 758) pass. to be enough, to be sufficient. (temp.) s.v. 16. Gen. abs. mpooevyouévov pres. mid.
oywviov food, ration, pay. The average soldier received (dep.) part. (temp.) mpocevyouct (# 4667) to pray. Gen.
225 denarii a year (a denarius, worth about 18 cents, abs. d&vewxOfvat aor. pass. inf. avotyw (# 487) to open.
was the normal day’s wages) from which deductions Temp. inf. w. prep. €v (# 1877). @ 22 xatoPrvat aor.
were made for food, clothing, and arms (OCD, 1014; act. inf. katoBaivw (# 2849) to come down. Temp. inf.
NDIEC, 6:157-59). For the meaning of “provisions,” s.v. 21. owwatiKd dat. sing. owyatixos (# 5394) bodily.
“shoppings,” s. C.C. Caragounis, “O'QNION: A Re- Loc. dat. eter dat. sing. etSog (# 1626) form, outward
consideration of Its Meaning,” Nov T 16 (1974): 49- appearence (BAGD). This expresses the reality of what
Silk @ 15 mpoodoxa@vtos pres. act. part. mpocdoKaw was seen (Marshall). yevéo@o1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v.
(# 4659) to await w. expectation. Gen. abs. Temp. part. 21 (s. 1:8; 2:1). edS0KNou aor. ind. act. eddoxew (# 2305)
expressing contemporaneous time. d10AoyiCowevwv to have pleasure, to be pleased. @ 23 apyopevoc pres.
pres. mid. (dep.) part. duaAoytGouar (# 1368) to discuss, mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 8. It refers to Jesus begin-
to reason, to debate. Gen. abs. wnnote (# 3607) whether, ning His ministry (Plummer). woet (# 6059) about,
perhaps; interrogative particle in an indir. question around. A person’s age frequently was given in multi-
(BAGD). etn pres. opt. act. ett (# 1639) to be. Opt. in ples of five. Luke’s chronology is only very general
indir. speech. @ 16 &mexpivato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) (Ellis; s. also v. 1). €vopiteto impf. ind. pass. vouitw
anoKxpivouo1 (# 646) to answer. For the use of the aor. (# 3787) to suppose.
mid. instead of the aor. pass. s. MM; BG, 74. toxv-
potepos comp. ioxvpog (# 2708) strong, mighty; comp. Luke 4
stronger, followed by gen. of comp. —ikavog (# 2653) @ 1 bnéotpEWeV aor. ind. act. drootpEdw (# 5715) to
sufficient, worthy. Adoar aor. act. inf. Avw (# 3395) to return, to depart (Marshall). hyeto impf. ind. pass. &yw
loose. Epex. inf. explaining ixavoc. iwavta acc. pl. wac (# 72) to lead. Impf. pictures the continual action in
(# 2666) leather strap (s. Mark 1:7); dat. of sphere indi- the past. @ 2 meipaCopevoc pres. pass. part. neipatw
cating place and means of baptism (GGBB, 155). Bar- (# 4279) to try, to tempt, here in the bad sense (Bovon).
tioer fut. ind. act. BantiGw (# 966) to baptize. Pres. part. here may express purp. (Matt. 4:1; RG, 891).
@ 17 xtbov (# 4768) winnowing shovel (Matt. 3:12). For a discussion of the temptation s. DJG, 821-27.
Siaxabdpar aor. act. inf. Siakabatpw (# 1350) to thor- Epayev aor. ind. act. éo0iw (# 2266) to eat. ovvtereo-
oughly clean, to clean out. Inf. of purp. &Awv (# 272) ®e1odv aor. pass. part. (temp.) ovvteAew (# 5334) to fin-
threshing floor. ovvayayeiv aor. act. inf. ovvayw ish, to complete. The prep. compound is perfective.
(#5251) to gather together. Inf. of purp. d&mo@nKn Gen. abs. émeivacev aor. ind. act. neivw (# 4277) to be
(# 630) storehouse, barn. a&yvpov (# 949) chaff. Chaff hungry. 3 etné aor. imp. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say, to
was used not only for making bricks, but as fuel for speak. yevntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivowar (# 1181) to
fires (MM; BAGD). kataxavoet fut. ind. act. KataKotw become. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) in purp. cl. @ 4 dmexpi6n
(# 2876) to burn, to burn up. dofeotw dat. sing. aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &moxpivonat (# 646) to answer. Ye-
aoBeotog (# 812) unquenchable. Used w. instr. dat. ypanto. perf. ind. pass. ypapw (# 1211) to write. Perf.
@ 18 napaKxadrdv pres. act. part. napaxarew (# 4151) to used to indicate the lasting authority of what was writ-
urge, to exhort, to encourage. Part. of manner. evnyye- ten (MM). €noetor fut. ind. mid. Caw (# 2409) to live.
Aifeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) evayyeAtfonar (# 2294) to For the fut. mid. s. BD, 42; RG, 356. @ 5 dvayayov aor.
proclaim the good news (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT). act. part. (temp.) avayw (# 343) to lead up. éeréev aor.
This was the good news of the coming of the Messiah ind. act. detkvout (# 1259) to show. Ev oT1ypA]xpOvov in a
Luke 4 116

point of time. It intimates the kingdoms were repre- reading of the Scripture in the synagogue service and
sented, not in a series of pageants, but simultaneously the service itself s. M, Meg. 4; TT, 36-53; SB, 4:1, 153-88;
(Plummer). @ 6 dwow fut. ind. act. 5twpt (# 1443) to Moore, Judaism, 1:291-307; HJP, 2:447-63; JPFC, 2:914-
give. napadsedotat perf. ind. pass. nrapadtdwut (# 4140) 33. @ 17 ene506@n aor. ind. pass. emdtdwpi (# 2113) to
to deliver over. Perf. indicates the present posses- give to, to hand over. avantvEas aor. act. part. (temp.)
sion. ® 7 mpooxvvnons aor. subj. act. npooxvvew avantvoow (# 408) to unroll, to unroll a book in scroll
(# 4686) to worship, to worship by falling on the knees. form (BAGD). For the variant form, c&votga¢ (aor. act.
Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl., w. the cond. considered part. d.votyw to open), s. TC, 137. edpev aor. ind. act. ed-
as a possibility. €ota1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) ptoxw (# 2351) to find. This may indicate that the pas-
to be. © 8 amoxptGeig aor. pass. part. s.v. 4. For the sages from the Prophets to be read were not yet fixed
construction s. 3:11. mpooxuvnoets fut. ind. act. s.v. 7. and Jesus deliberately sought out this passage (Fitz-
AatpEvOELs fut. ind. act. AatpEdwW (# 3302) to perform re- myer, 532). yeypoypévov perf. pass. part. s.v. 4. Part.
ligious rites as part, of worship, to minister, to serve used w. Tv to form the plperf. pass.: “It stood in writ-
(LN, 1:533). @ 9 tyayev aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. EOTNOEV ing” (Marshall; VA, 469). @ 18 ecivexev (# 1641) be-
aor. ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to place, to stand. El pres. cause of. Prep. preceded by gen. of the rel. pron. (RG,
ind. act. eit (# 1639). Ind. in a Ist. class cond., inwhich 425). €yptoev aor. ind. act. ypiw (# 5987) to anoint. evd-
the speaker assumes the reality of the cond. Bae aor. ayyedioao@oa1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. evayyertCouar
imp. act. BoAAW (# 965) to throw. For a discussion of (# 2294) to proclaim good news. Inf. of purp. mtwx0¢
this location in the temple s. BBC. 10 yeypantar (# 4777) poor. For a discussion and summary of the re-
perf. ind. pass. s.v. 4. evteAeitar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) search on the poor in Lukan theology s. Joel B. Green,
EvteAA ovat (# 1948) to command, to give instructions. “Good News to Whom?” in Jesus of Nazareth: Lord and
SiapvAGEat aor. act. inf. diadvaAdcoow (# 1428) to guard Christ: Essays on the Historical Jesus and New Testament
carefully, to watch over closely, to preserve, used esp. Christology, eds. Joel B. Green and Max Turner (Grand
for divine guardianship (MM; GELTS, 112). Prep. in Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994), 59-74, esp. 60-61. anéotaAKev
compound is intensive or perfective. Inf. in indir. perf. ind. act. dnooteAdw (# 690) to send, to send as an
speech, or as obj. of the vb. of speaking. @ 11 dpodow authoritative representative (TDNT). xnpv&a1 aor. act.
fut. ind. act. aipw (# 149) to lift up. phmote (# 3607) w. inf. Knpvoow (# 3062) to preach, to proclaim as a her-
subj., lest, to express neg. purp. npooKxowns aor. subj. ald. Inf. of purp. atypoAwtoig dat. pl. aiyucrwtos
act. mpooKxontw (# 4684) to strike against, to stumble on. (# 171) prisoner captured in war, captive. Dat. as indir.
@ 12 GmoxpiOeic aor. pass. part. (dep.) s.v. 4. eipntor obj. dip_eoic (# 912) release from captivity, pardon, for-
perf. ind. pass. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Exnerpdoerc fut. giveness (BAGD). avaprewic (# 330) restoration of
ind. act. exneipacw (# 1733) to tempt, to test, to try, to sight. &mootetAat aor. act. inf. dnooteAdw. Inf. of purp.
test out. Prep. in compound might suggest the daring teOpavopevous perf. pass. part. #pavw (# 2575) to break
of the act or the effort to put to a decisive test (MM, in pieces, to shatter. Perf. emphasizes the state or cond.
309). © 13 ovvtedéous aor. act. part. ovvtedew (# 5334) Part. as subst. €v Geer in release; used w. the vb. in
to complete, to finish. &néotn aor. ind. act. apiotnt the sense of “to set free” (Marshall). 19 emavtoc
(# 923) to depart. @ 14 bx€otpewev aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. (#1929) year. 5extOg (# 1283) acceptable. That in which
eEfAGev aor. ind. act. e&Epxoua (# 2002) to go out. @ 15 He is pleased to show humanity extraordinary favors
edtdaoKev impf. ind. act. dida0Kkw (# 1438) to teach. (Godet). In a DSS text concerning Melchizedek, this
Impf. emphasizes the continuing action. Possibly iter- passage is believed to refer to the tenth and final Year
at.: “He taught time and again in their synagogues.” of Jubilee, in which there is freedom from the debt of
S0EaCOuevos pres. pass. part. (circum.) dofatw (# 1519) sin, atonement, and judgment (11Q13 [11QMelch];
to glorify, to praise, to hold in high esteem. Possibly ESB, 245-67; DJG, 396-97). @ 20 mtvEac aor. act. part.
result (GGBB, 638). @ 16 A@ev aor. ind. act. pyoucr (temp. ) ntvoow (# 4771) to fold, to roll together.
(#2262) to come, to go. teOpoypevos perf. pass. part. anod0< aor. act. part. (temp.) anodtdwut (# 625) to give
(adj.) tp€gw (# 5555) to nourish, to bring up, to rear. back. banpetns (# 5677) minister, attendant. The use of
elonAdev aor. ind. act. eioepyouar (# 1656) to go in. the art. identifies him as a typical attendant (GGBB,
€£1000¢ (# 1665) perf. act. part. of an old form £6, to be 217). He was responsible to return the scroll to its
accustomed. Synagogue attendance was expected of place (SB, 4:i, 147). exd&®ioev aor. ind. act. Kabitw
every devout Jew (Ellis). For a discussion of syna- (# 2767) to sit down, to take one’s seat. The one teach-
gogue s. DJG, 781-84. aveotn aor. ind. act. aviotnyt ing generally sat to teach. For a study of the sermon s.
(# 482) to stand up. dvayvavan aor. act. inf. avayiwwoKw Asher Finkel, “Jesus’ Sermon at Nazareth,” AUV, 106-
(# 336) to read. Inf. of purp. The ruler of the synagogue 15. Noav impf. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. atevifovtes
could appoint one or more persons to read the Scrip- pres. act. part. ateviGw (# 867) to look or gaze intently,
tures (a section of Law and of the Prophets). For the w. dat. The prefix of the word is not alpha privative
117 Luke 4

but copulative or intensive (RWP). Part. ina periphras- peated action, 32 tenAnooovto impf. ind. pass. ex-
tic construction. ® 21 fpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dpyo- nmhrjcow (# 1742) pass. to be astounded, to be so
ya. (# 806) to begin, w. inf. nenAnpwtar perf. ind. pass. amazed as to be practically overwhelmed, to be great-
trnpow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. Perf. stresses the state ly astounded (LN, 1:312-13). Impf. pictures the repeat-
or cond. (VANT, 295-96) and has the sense of a pres. ed action in the past. 33 dvexpa£ev aor. ind. act.
(BD, 176). The passage was fulfilled in the Messianic avaKpat (# 371) to cry out, to scream out. 34 éa,
age. The listeners took offense since they did not see (#1568) ah! Interjection of anger or dismay, displea-
the Messiah before thern (BBC). @ 22 tuaptipovy impf. sure or surprise (Fitzmyer, 545). It may be taken as the
ind. act. waptupew (# 3455) to be a witness, to testify, w. imp. of ea w. the meaning “let (me) alone” (Schtr-
dat. of advantage (“to testify for him”). Incep. impf. mann; Nolland). tt qutv Kai oot “What is it to us and to
eBavpalov impf. ind. act. bavpalw (# 2513) to wonder, you?” “What do we have in common?” “Do not med-
to be amazed, to admire. Incep. impf. tkmopevopevors dle w. me!” (Marshall; s. John 2:4). NA@es aor. ind. act.
pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) exnopevowa (# 1744) to go 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 16. GmoAeoan aor. act. inf. GOAL
out. obgt (# 4049) used in a question expecting a posi- (# 660) to destroy, to ruin. Inf. of purp. ot6a (# 3857) to
tive answer: “this is..., isn’t it?” 23 eimev aor. ind. know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. @ 35 enetipnoev aor.
act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. m&vtws (# 4122) adv. (in an- ind. act. emitipaw (# 2203) to charge, to sternly com-
swers to questions) certainly! epeite fut. ind. act. Aeyw mand (Matt. 17:18; cf. 1OM 14:10). ¢ym@nt aor. imp.
to say. “You will go on to say to me” (Marshall). tape pass. dow (# 5821) to muzzle; pass. to be silent. Aor.
voc. masc. sing. 1atpocg (# 2620) doctor, physician, e- imp. calls for a specific action. €&eA0e aor. imp. act. s.v,
panevoov aor. imp. act. Sepaneww (# 2543) to heal 14. ptwav aor. act. part. nom. n. sing. pintw (# 4849) to
(GLH). fkoboapev aor. ind. act. d«vow (# 201) to hear. throw, to fling. In medicine the word was used of con-
yevopeva. aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) s.v. 3. motnaov aor. vulsive fits and similar affections (MLL, 2). Part. of
imp. act. nove (# 4472) to do, to perform. Aor. imp. manner telling how the demon came out. BAG wav aor.
calls for a specific action. 24 eimev aor. ind. act. s.v. act. part. (circum.) BAantw (# 1055) to damage, to in-
23. © 25 exdeto8n aor. ind. pass. kAeiw (# 3091) to shut, jure. In medicine the word indicated the damage done
to close. Theol. pass. ei for, about. eyeveto aor. ind. to the system by a disease. Here it means that no per-
mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. 26 enéypOn aor. ind. pass. neunw manent bodily damage was done to the man (MLL, 2).
(# 4287) to send. Theol. pass. @ 27 eni w. gen., at the @ 36 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. ouveAdouv
time of. ekaBapiobn aor. ind. pass. kabapiCw (# 2751) to impf. ind. act. ovAAaAew (# 5196) to talk together, to
cleanse. @ 28 énAno@noay aor. ind. pass. nipmAnpr discuss. Impf. pictures the repeated action in the past.
(# 4398) to fill. @upod gen. Bupos (# 2596) anger; parti- @ 37 ekenopeteto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) exnopevouar
tive gen. used w. enan@noay. The construction indi- (#1744) to go out. Impf. pictures the repeated action.
cates the control and dornination of the total person. hyos (# 2491) echo, report. @ 38 &vaatahs aor. act. part.
The mob could not legally execute capital punishment (temp.) s.v. 16. eloTAPev aor. ind. act. cioepyoucr
in dicating their great anger (BBC). Gxobovtec pres. act. (# 1656) to go into. ovvexopévn pres. pass. part. ovvezo
part. s.v. 23. © 29 avaotavtes aor. act. part. aviotnp1 (#5309) pass. to be held by something, to suffer. Part.
(#482) to arise, to get up. e&€Badov aor. ind. act. ex- is used in a periphrastic construction. mupet@ dat.
BoAAW (# 1675) to throw out, to drive out. Tyyayov aor. mupetos (# 4790) fever. The ancient physicians distin-
ind. act. s.v. 1. Oopd¢ (# 4059) brow, ridge. wKodounto guished fevers by the terms great and small. For this
plperf. ind. pass. o1xodopéw (# 3868) to build; intensive and the previous word s. MLL 3, 4. Instr. dat. npwrnoay
plperf. emphasizing the results that existed in the past aor. ind. act. epwtaw (# 2263) to ask, to request. They
time. It makes no comment about the present (GGBB, (those in the house) made a request on her behalf (Nol-
584). kataxpnyvioa aor. act. inf. kataxpnuvicw (# 2889) land). 39 emotes aor. act. part. (temp.) epiotnut
to throw someone over a cliff. Inf. used w. Wote to ex- (#2392) to stand by or near, to approach. énavw
press intended result (RWP; GGBB, 591; Takamitsu (# 2062) over. Jesus stepped up to the bed or rug on
Muraoka, “Purpose or Result?: “Qote in Biblical which the patient lay and bent over her (Arndt). ene-
Greek,” NovT 15[1972]: 205-19; J. L. Boyer, “The Classi- tiunoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 35. aKev aor. ind. act. adinut
fication of Infinitives: A Statistical Study,” Grace Theo- (# 918) to leave. &GvaotGoa. aor. act. part. s.v. 16. 6inKOvet
logical Journal 6 (1985): 11-12). 30 SeABwv aor. act. impf. ind. act. 61axovew (# 1354) to serve, to minister.
part. (circum.) é1épzouu (# 1451) to pass through, to go Incep. impf., “she began to minister.” 40 &bvovtos
through. tmopeveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) nopevonar pres. act. part. (temp.) d6vvw (# 1544) to go down (of the
(# 4513) to go, to go away. @ 31 KatnABev aor. ind. act. sun), to set. Gen. abs. etyov impf. ind. act. @yw (# 2400)
catepyouar (# 2982) to go down. &doKwv pres. act. to have. GoBevotvtas pres. act. part. aobevew (# 820) to
part. d16c0Kw (# 1438) to teach. Part. w. impf. Ay in be weak, to be sick. Part. as subst. tyyayov aor. ind. act.
periphrastic construction expressing continual or re- s.v. 1. emitets aor. act. part. emitiOnut (# 2202) to place
Luke 5 118

upon. Part. of means. “He healed by placing...” &8¢- teaching.” © 4 énavoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) navw
porevev impf. ind. act. s.v. 23. © 41 e&npxeto impf. (# 4264) to cease, to stop. AWA@v pres. act. part. AaAEw
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 14. kpavydfovta pres. act. part. (# 3281) to speak. Part. completes the vb. enavayaye
Kpavyactw (# 3198) to scream, to cry out. Part. of man- pres. imp. act. s.v. 3. yaAGoute aor. imp. act. YaAGW
ner, telling how the demons came out. Ex1TIL0V pres. (# 5899) to let down. A nautical term for lowering
act. part. s.v. 35. ela impf. ind. act. €aw (# 1572) to al- cargo or boats (RWP). a&ypa (# 62) catch. @ 5 ano-
low. AaAetv pres. act. inf. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Inf. Kpi8ei¢ aor. pass. (dep.) part. anoKxpivouoi (# 646) to
completing the vb. fdewav plpert. ind. act. oda answer (MH, 453; VA, 138). émiotata voc. sing.
(# 3857) s.v. 34. elvar pres. act. inf. et. (# 1639) Inf. in emiotatns (# 2181) overseer, director, master, implying
indir. discourse. The subject of the inf. is abtov (#899) authority and used here of one who has the right to
42 yevouévne aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 3., gen. give orders (Plummer). komidoavtes aor. act. part. Ko-
abs. €€€A@wv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 14. €nopev6n aor. mt1aw (# 3159) to work, to work w. effort, to work hard,
ind. pass. (dep.) nopevouat (# 4513) to go. emeCntovv implying difficulties and trouble (LN, 1:515). Conces-
impf. ind. act. eni€ntew (# 2118) to seek after, to look sive part., “although we have worked.” &.GBopev aor.
for. Prep. marks the direction of the search (Plummer). ind.. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. emi
Impf. describes the continual action. Katetyov impf. (# 2093) w. dat., “in reliance on Your Word” (Arndt).
ind. act. KOTE XW (# 2988) to hold back, to restrain. Con- yorcow fut. ind. act. s.v. 4. @ 6 moinoavtes aor. act.
ative impf. “they tried to restrain him.” nopeveoc@ar part. (temp.) movew (# 4472) to do. ovveKAetoav aor.
pres. mid. (dep.) int. s.v. 30. Inf. explaining what they ind. act. ovykAeiw (# 5168) to close together. 1y8vwv
tried to do. @ 43 einev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to gen. pl. 1y8vg (# 2716) fish. The kind of fish caught in
say. evayyeAtoaobat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 18. Inf. ex- the nets was very probably the Tilapia Galilee (“musht
plaining what is necessary. det (# 1265) pres. ind. act. abiad,” or “amnun”), known as St. Peter’s fish (M.
“it is necessary.” It gives a logical necessity. GNEOTAANV Nun, “Fish and Fishermen,” BAR 19 [1993]: 48-52).
aor. ind. pass. anootedAw (# 690) to send, to send as an Descriptive gen. diepphooeto impf. ind. pass. d1ap-
official representative (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT). pnyvuut (# 1396) to rip apart; pass. to burst. Incep. im-
pf., “they began to break apart.” @ 7 Katévevoay aor.
ind. act. katavevw (# 2916) to motion to. pétoxos
Luke 5 (# 3581) partner. EAPOvtUG aor. act. part. (adj.) Epyouar
@ 1 Eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowa (# 1181) to (# 2262) to come. ovAAaPeobar aor. mid. inf. ovAAaL-
become, to happen (s. 2:1). emixeto8o1 pres. mid. inf. Bavw (#5197) to take hold together, to help; w. dat. as
enixetat (# 2130) to lie upon, to press around, to press obj. Inf. explaining motioning of the disciples. TA®ov
upon. It describes the physical pressure of the crowd aor. ind. act. Epyouc.. EmANoav aor. ind. act. NiumANUI
as they seek to hear Jesus (Marshall). Inf. w. prep. €v (# 4398) to fill. BvOifeoBa1 pres. pass. inf. Bveitw
(# 1877) for contemporaneous time. dKovetv pres. act. (# 1112) to cause to sink; pass. to sink. Inf. used w.
inf. &xkovw (# 201) hear. eotwsg perf. act. part. totnpt Wote to express actual result. Pres. is incep., “it began
(# 2705) perf. to stand. Part. ina periphrastic construc- to sink” (Arndt). @ 8 18av aor. act. part. (temp.) Opaw
tion w. impf. NV. 2 eidev aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) (#. 3972) to see. mpooeneoev aor. ind. act. npoontntw
to see. TA01a acc. pl. mAoiov (# 4450) boat; here, small (# 4700) to fall down before (w. dat.). yovaow dat. pl.
boat, an open craft some twenty to thirty feet in length yovu (# 1205) knee. €&€A@e aor. imp. act. eEepyouci
(Ellis; Shelley Wachsmann, “The Galilee Boat-2,000- (# 2002) to depart, to go away. GpaptwAdc (# 283) sin-
Year-Old Hull Recovered Intact,” BAR 16 [1988]: 18- ful. Pred. adj. @ 9 OcuBos (# 2502) amazement.
33). €otata perf. act. part. s.v. 1. dAteig nom. pl. aAtEvG MEPEOXEV aor. ind. act. TEPLEXW (# 4321) to surround, to
(# 243) fisherman (Mendel Nun, “Cast Your Nets encompass, to seize. Ov gen. pl. ¢ rel. pron. Gen. by
Upon the Waters: Fish and Fishermen in Jesus’ Time,” attraction. ovvedafov aor. ind. act. ovdrouBavw
BAR 19 [1993]: 46-56, 70; Matt. 4:18-19). &noBdavtes aor. (# 5197) to catch. @ 10 Kowwwvocg (# 3128) partner, asso-
act. part. anoBatvw (# 609) to go away, to disembark. ciate, one who shares, stronger than the term used in
Circum. or temp. part. €mAvvov impf. ind. act. mAvVW v. 7. It denotes an association and a common under-
(# 4459) to wash, to clean. Impf. pictures the continual taking (Godet; TDNT; NIDNTT; MNTW). goBod pres.
action. 3 €uBac aor. act. part. eupatvw (# 1832) to imp. mid. (dep.) poBeowor (# 5828) to fear, w. the neg.
get in, to embark. Npwtnoev aor. ind. act. epwtaw un (# 3590) indicating a prohibition of existing action.
(# 2263) to ask, to request. Emavayayeiv aor. act. inf. €on fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. et (# 1639).
emavoryw (#2056) to put out to sea. Inf. as obj. of the vb. Cwypav pres. act. part. Gwypew (# 2436) to capture alive,
oAtyov (# 3900) adv. a little. Ka@ioas aor. act. part. Ka- to catch alive (Matt. 4:18-19; BBC). Part. in a periphras-
8iGw (# 2767) to sit down. €dtéacKxev impf. ind. act. tic fut. construction emphasizing linear or durative ac-
didaoKw (# 1438) to teach. Incep. impf., “he began tion (VA, 464; MT, 89; MKG, 307). @ 11 Katayayovtec
119 Luke 5

aor. act. part. (temp.) katayw (# 2864) to lead down; give halacha, i.e., authoritative interpretations of Scrip-
nautical term to bring boats to land. d&évtes aor. act. ture (Ellis). €4nAvO0tEs perf. act. part. Epyouor (# 2262)
part. (temp.) &pinut (# 918) to leave. HKoAObOnoay aor. to come, to go. Part. in a periphrastic construction (VA,
ind. act. akoAovbew (# 199) to follow, to follow as a dis- 469). 10801 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. idopor (# 2615) to
ciple (TDNT; NIDNTT; Fitzmyer, 569). @ 12 eyeveto heal. Inf. w. eg (# 1650) to express purp. (MT, 143).
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. Elva pres. act. inf. et. Inf. @ 18 bépovtes pres. act. part. (adj.) dépw (# 5770) to car-
w. prep. ev (# 1877) to express contemporaneous time. ry. NApOAEAVPEVOG perf. pass. part. Taparvw (# 4168) to
Aénpa (# 3319) leprosy (s. Matt. 8:4; for the medical use weaken, to disable. Perf. emphasizes the state or cond.
of this term s. DJG, 463-64; MLL, 5-6; DMTG, 219-20; of paralysis. Luke is in strict agreement w. the medical
MHW, 42-46; SB, 4:ii, 745-63; 11Q19 [Temple] 48:14- writers in using the vb. instead of the more popular
49:1). 18wv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 8. Aor. indicating adj. (MLL, 6; s. DMTG, 259). e¢ntovv impf. ind. act.
antecedent action. meowv aor. act. part. (circum.) nintw Cntéw (# 2426) to seek. Conative impf. pictures the un-
(# 4406) to fall. &5en@n aor. ind. pass. S€ou01 (# 1289) to fulfilled attempt. eloeveyKeiv aor. act. inf. e1opepw
want for oneself, to beg, to request. 6€AN¢ pres. subj. (# 1662) to carry in. Inf. as obj. of vb., completing it.
act. 8€A.w (# 2527) to want, to will. Subj. w. av (# 1569) @eivon aor. act. inf. tOnut (# 5502) to lay, to place. Inf.
in a 3rd. class cond. cl., assuming the possibility of the as obj. of the vb. 19 evpovtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
reality of the cond. S0vaoa: pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 50- evptoxw (#2351) to find. notag (# 4481) gen. fem. sing.,
vowat (# 1538) to be able. xa®apioat pres. act. inf. what sort of. Gen. of place: “by what sort of (way)”
Kabapitw (# 2751) to cleanse. Inf. supplementing the (BD, 99). eloevéyxworv aor. subj. act. s.v. 18. Delibera-
vb. Sbvaca1. @ 13 Exteivas aor. act. part. (circum.) ék- tive subj. of dir. question retained in the indir. (RWP).
tetvw (# 1753) to stretch out. Twato aor. ind. mid. avaBavtes aor. act. part. (circum.) a&vaBaivw (# 326) to
(dep.) anmtopor (# 721) to touch, w. obj. in gen. go up. They went up the stairs on the outside (BBC).
KaSapioOntt aor. imp. pass. s.v. 12. Aor. imp. calls for a Képayos (# 3041) tile. Because of the Gentile influence
specific action. &nfAGev aor. ind. act. anmepyouor (# 599) in Palestine at the time it would not be unusual for
to go away, to depart. @ 14 napnyyetiev aor. ind. act. Jewish homes to have had tile roofs (Geldenhuys). 51a
nmapayyedrw (# 4133) to command, to charge. eimeiv (# 1328) followed by gen., through. Ka@fKav aor. ind.
aor. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306). Inf. after a vb. of command- act. KaOinui (# 2768) to let down. KAiwiétov (# 3110) (di-
ing. &meAPwv aor. act. part. s.v. 13. Circum. part. taking min. of «Atvn) pallet, stretcher. For examples where the
the grammatical sense of the main vb. det€ov; imp. word is used of a light couch for carrying the sick s.
thrust. (VANT, 386). Seifov aor. imp. act. detkvupt MLL, 116. @ 20 18av aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 8. ae-
(# 1259) to show. mpooéveyKe aor. imp. act. Tpochepw wvtat perf. ind. pass. apinut (# 918) to release, to for-
(# 4712) to carry to, to offer a sacrifice. mpooetatev aor. give (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT). Perf. indicates a
ind. act. mpootacow (# 4705) to instruct, to command, completed state and expresses the abiding force of the
to give detailed instructions as to what must be done forgiveness (Marshall). Pass. is the theol. pass. indicat-
(LN, 1:425; s. Lev. 14:4-20; M, Neg. 14; M, Zeb. 5:5; ing that God has forgiven the sins (Stein). 21 TpEav-
10:5; M, Par. 11:8). waptopiov witness, proof. @ 15 dinp- to aor. ind. mid. (dep.) c&pxonar (# 806) to begin, w. inf.
yeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) Sepyouct (# 1451) to go diaroyifeo@ar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. siaroyifouar
through, to spread abroad. Impf. indicates the fame of (# 1368) to reason w., to debate w., to consider, to en-
Jesus kept going (RWP). ovvnpxovto impf. ind. mid. gage in some relatively detailed discussion of a matter
(dep.) ovvepyouo. (# 5302) to accompany, to travel w. (LN, 1:407). Inf. w. vb. of beginning. d&peiven aor. act.
someone. GxKovetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 1. Inf. of purp. 6e- inf. s.v. 20. Inf. completing vb. en (# 1623; 3590) ex-
pareveobar pres. pass. inf. Sepanevw (# 2543) to heal. cept. @ 22 emyvove aor. act. part. extyiwwoKw
Inf. of purp. 16 bxoywpév pres. act. part. UmoywpEw (# 2105) to know, to recognize. The prep. in compound
(# 5723) to withdraw, to slip away secretly (RWP). is directive and the vb. implies a thorough and accu-
Part. in a periphrastic construction. mpoocevyxopevog rate knowledge (Plummer). Temp. or causal part.
pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpooevyouo1 (# 4667) to pray. anoKpiOeic aor. pass. (dep.) part.s.v.5. @ 23 edxo-
Part. in periphrastic construction. Both periphrastics TMtEPOV comp. EvKoNOG (# 2324) easy; comp., easier.
show his habit of withdrawing and praying (VA, 481). eimetv aor. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Epex. inf. Eyewpe
@ 17 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. &\5aoKwv pres. pres. imp. act. eyeipw (# 1586) arise. mepimatet pres.
act. part. 51da0Kw (# 1438) to teach. Part. in periphras- imp. act. TEPUTO.TEW (# 4344) to walk about. For vbs. of
tic construction stressing the continuing progress of motion used in the pres. imp. s. VANT, 343-44.
his teaching, thus giving the context of the controversy 24 evdiite perf. subj. act. oda. (# 3857) to know. Def.
(Fitzmyer, 581). kaOnpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. ka6n- perf. w. pres. meaning. vidg tod avOpwnov Son of Man
wat (# 2764) to sit. vopodidaoKaAoc (# 3791) teacher of s. Darrell L. Bock, “The Son of Man in Luke 5:24,” BBR
the law. Used in the rabbinical writings of those who 1 (1991): 109-21. &pvevan pres. act. inf. s.v. 20. Epex. inf.
Luke 6 120

explaining &0votav. dpas aor. act. part. alpw (# 149) to Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. vnotevoovoty fut. ind. act.
lift up, to take up. mopevov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 33. 36 éniBAnua. (# 2099) patch. oxtous aor. act.
mopevopor (# 4513) to go. 25 avaotas aor. act. part. part. (temp.) oxitw (# 5387) to tear, to rip. et S€ ph ye
(circum.) aviotnut (# 482) to stand up. KatéKeito impf. but if otherwise (Plummer). oytoe1 fut. ind. act. ovp-
ind. mid. (dep.) kataKetoar (# 2879) to lie; customary dwvnoet fut. ind. act. oundwvew (# 5244) to fit, to har-
impf., “upon which he used to lie.” &mfA@ev aor. ind. monize, to agree. @ 37 pret fut. ind. act. pnyvupt to
act. s.v. 13. 50&GCwv pres. act. part. Sofaw (# 1519) to tear, to burst (BBC). exyvOnoetor fut. ind. pass exxew
glorify, to praise. Part. of manner explaining how he (# 1772) to pour out. amodAodvta fut. ind. mid. an0AAv-
departed. @ 26 EAaBev aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. €0EaCov ut (# 660) to ruin, to lose. @ 38 BAnteov (# 1064) verbal
impf. ind. act. s.v. 25. Impf. stresses the continual ac- adj. from BoarAw (# 965) one must put (s. M, 221).
tion. EmAno8noav aor. ind. pass. s.v. 7. eSopev aor. ind. 39 mov aor. act. part. (temp.) mivw (# 4403) to drink.
act. s.v. 2. mapddotog (# 4141) incredible; lit. “things “After drinking.” ypnotos (# 5982) good, useful, pleas- °
which are contrary to opinion or belief” (Arndt). In ant.
medicine the word was used of an unusual or unex-
pected recovery from illness (MLL, 71). It was used of Luke 6
an athlete to mean “wonderful,” “admirable” (MM; @ 1 Eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopo (# 1181) to
Preisigke, 2:241). @ 27 e€7A@ev aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. 68EG- become, to happen (s. 2:1). Followed by prep. ev
oato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Seaouo (# 2517) to see, to (# 1877) w. infin. expressing contemporaneous time.
observe, to look at. teAwviov (# 5468) tax station, cus- oaPpatw dat. sing. cooBBatov (# 4879) Sabbath. For the
tom house (s. Mark 2:14; BBC; DJG, 805-6). &«koAover Jewish regulations regarding the Sabbath s. M, Shab.,
pres. imp. act. s.v. 11 (Bovon). @ 28 KatoAmv aor. act. where 7:2 forbids reaping, threshing, and winnowing.
part. (circum.) katoAetw (# 2901) to leave, to forsake. (b. Shab.; Matt. 12:2.) Dat. of time: “on a sabbath.” For
GVvaOTeS aor. act. part. s.v. 25. NkoAovGet impf. ind. act. discussion of the Sabbath controversies s. DJG, 716-19.
s.v. 11. Incep. impf., “he began to follow him as a disci- dianopeveobar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. dianopevouar
ple.” 29 €xotnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. S0xn (# 1531) (# 1388) to go through. Inf. w. prep. €tiAAov impf. ind.
banquet. For a description of a Jewish banquet s. SB, act. tiAAw (# 5504) to pluck, to pick. jo8tov impf. ind.
4:611-639; DJG, 798-99. joav impf. ind. act. et. act. e00iw (# 2266) to eat. Impf. pictures the continual
KataxKeipevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 25. Here, to re- action in the past. otayug (# 5092) ear of grain. wwxov-
cline at the table. Part. in a periphrastic construction. Teg pres. act. part. (circum.) ywxw (# 6041) to rub. XEP-
30 eyoyyutov impf. ind. act. yoyyoGw (# 1197) to mur- oiv dat. pl. xetp (# 5931) hand. Instr. dat. @ 2 ELMQv aor.
mur, to complain, to grumble, to express one’s disco- ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306). 3 amoxprBEts aor. pass. (dep.)
nent (LN, 1:432; EDNT; BAGD). Impf. pictures the part. &noKkptvonat (# 646) to answer. For the use of the
continual action. @ 31 dmoxpiGetcg aor. pass. (dep.) part. s. MH, 453-54; VA, 137-38. aveyvote aor. ind. act.
part. s.v. 5. bytatvovtes pres. act. part. bytaivw (# 5617) avayivwwoKw (# 336) to read. émoinoev aor. ind. act.
to be well. Part. as subst. iatpod gen. sing. \atpoc noiew (# 4472) to do. émetvaoev aor. ind. act. meow
(# 2620) physician, surgeon (DMTG, 182). Gen. w. adj. (# 4277) to be hungry. Ingressive aor., “when he be-
ypetav (# 5970) need. @ 32 €ANAVOa perf. ind. act. s.v. came hungry.” @ 4 etonAGev aor. ind. act. eioepxouar
7. KOAEOML aor. act. inf. KaAEw (# 2813) to call. Inf. ex- (# 1656) to go in. AaPwv aor. act. part. (circum.) Aou-
presses purp. 33 vnotevovov pres. ind. act. vnotevw Bavw (# 3284) to take. Epayev (# 2266) aor. ind. act. to-
(# 3764) to fast (Geldenhuys). Pharisees frequently Oiw to eat. E5wKev aor. ind. act. dtSwpt (# 1443) to give.
fasted twice a week (BBC). Iterat. pres. muxvog (# 4781) gayetv aor. act. inf. eo8tw Epex. inf. explaining what is
frequent, numerous. As adv. (acc. pl.) often, frequently not lawful. @ 5 €Aeyev impf. ind. act. s.v. 2. Incep. im-
(BAGD). Sénoicg (# 1255) request, prayer. novodvtar pf., “he proceeded to say.” @ 6 €yéveto aor. ind. mid.
pres. ind. mid. s.v. 6. Indir. mid., “to do something for (dep.) s.v. 1. eloeAGeiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 4. 8doKetv pres.
oneself” (BAGD). 34 pn (# 3590) used in a question act. inf. ddcoKw (# 1438) to teach. For prep. w. inf. s.v.
expecting a neg. answer. vugwv (# 3813) marriage 1. deta (# 1288) right. There is a mark of particularity
hall, wedding room. The Hebraic expression (viovg here such as a physician would observe (MLL, 7).
TOV vundw@vos) designates the attendants of the bride- Enpoc (# 3831) dried, withered. 7 napetnpodvto impf.
groom (Arndt; Marshall; DJG, 88). év @ (# 1877; 4005) ind. mid. napatnpew (# 4190) to observe, to watch
while, so long as. movfoa aor. act. inf. s.v. 6. Inf. w. vb. closely, esp. w. sinister intent perhaps from looking
dbdvaocbe. vnotedou aor. act. inf. s.v. 33. Inf. w. previous sideways out of the corner of one’s eyes (Plummer).
inf.. “to make to fast,” “to cause to fast,” “to fast.” Oepanever pres. ind. act. Oepanevw (# 2543) to treat
@ 35 Edevoovta1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Epyoua (# 2262) medically, to heal. etpwow aor. subj. act. evptoxw
to come. anapéf aor. subj. pass. anatpw (# 554) to take (# 2351) to find. Subj. in a purp. cl. katnyopetv pres. act.
away, implying rejection and violent death (Ellis). inf. katnyopew (# 2989) w. gen., to accuse. Epex. inf. ex-
12] Luke 6

plaining the obj. of the vb. @ 8 7Set plpert. ind. act. of Bac aor. act. part. (temp.) KatoBaivw (# 2849) to go
the def. perf. ola (# 3857) to know. €yovtt pres. act. down. éotn aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. medwog (# 4268) flat,
part. (adj. ) masc. dat. sing. yw (# 2400) to have. &yepe level. TapaA1oc (# 4163) along the sea, seacoast.
pres. imp. act. eyeipw (# 1586) arise. othO1 aor. imp. act. @ 18 MAGov aor. ind. act. épyouor (# 2262) to come.
totnt (# 2705) to stand. For the aor. imp. expressing a aKodoai aor. act. inf. dkovw (# 201) to hear, w. obj. in
specific command and the use of the pres. imp. Ss gen. Inf. of purp. 1a@fjvax aor. pass. inf. iowa (# 2615)
VANT, 328, 348-49. avaotas aor. act. part. MOTH to heal (GLH). Inf. of purp. evoyAovpevot pres. pass.
(# 482) to stand up. Temp. or circum. part. éotn aor. part. evoxdew (# 1943) to trouble. For medical examples
ind. act. torn to stand. @ 9 exepwtd pres. ind./subj. of the word s. MLL, 8; for demons and disease s.
act. emepwtaw (# 2089) to ask, to direct a question to MHW, 139, 162-63. €8epanevovto impf. ind. pass. s.v. 7.
someone. Hortatory subj. if taken as subj: <Let me @ 19 eChtovv impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek.
ask.” &ya@onotfjoat aor. act. inf. vya8onoew (# 16) to Impf. pictures the continual or repeated action.
do good. Epex. inf. explaining é€eotww (# 5392). KaKxo- anteoba1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. &ntowar (# 721) to touch
movfjoa1 aor. act. inf. Kaxono1ew (# 2803) to do evil. (w. gen.). Epex. inf. explaining e&qtovv. eEnpxeto impf.
o@oat aor. act. inf. owlw (# 5392) to save, to rescue, to ind. mid. (dep.) e€epyouot (# 2002) to go out. Impf. pic-
heal. &roA€oon aor. act. inf. dmOAA VL (# 660) to destroy, tures the continual action in the past. 1@t0 impf. ind.
to ruin. ® 10 mepiBAewoyevoc aor. mid. part. nepiBAenw mid.s.v.18. 20 €ndpac aor. act. part. (temp.) emaipw
(# 4315) to look about. The mid. voice gives a personal (# 2048) to lift up. 21 newvdvtec pres. act. part. s.v. 3.
touch (RWP). €xtetov aor. imp. act. éxtetvw (# 1753) to Part. as subst. yoptac@njoeo@e fut. ind. pass. yoptacw
stretch out. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. ameKa- (# 5963) to feed animals, to fill, to satisfy; pass. to be
Teota@n aor. ind. pass. anoKaSiotnut (# 635) to com- satisfied. In the OT this could indicate a gift from God
pletely restore. Used as a medical t.t. to cure (BAGD; (Bovon). Theol. pass. indicating that God does the fill-
for the subst. s. Acts 3:21; MLL, 194; DMTG, 63). ing. KAalovtes pres. act. part. KAatw (# 3081) to cry, to
@ 11 ExANoOnoav aor. ind. pass. minAnut (# 4398) to weep. It expresses mourning and sorrow of all kinds
fill, w. gen. &voia (# 486) madness, mad fury, a loss of (Marshall; TDNT; EDNT). Part. as subst. yeAcoete fut.
reason which is caused by extreme excitement (Plum- ind. act. yeAaw (# 1151) to laugh. It functions as a di-
mer); it expresses the hardness of heart in Jesus’ critics vine pass.: “God will cause you to laugh” (Stein).
(Fitzmyer, 611). SteAdAovv impf. ind. act. diaroarEw @ 22 pionowow aor. subj. act. wicew (# 3631) to hate.
(# 1362) to discuss, to speak back and forth. For the Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. &bopiowotv aor. subj. act.
force of the prep. in compound s. MH, 302. notjoatev apopttw (# 928) to mark off from by a boundary, to
aor. opt. act. mo1ew (# 4472) to do. Potential opt. ex- separate; excommunication from the congregation as
pressing hesitancy, a weighing of possibilities (Arndt). well as from social intercourse; to outlaw (Plummer;
@ 12 éyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. e&eAeiv aor. Fitzmyer, 635). Ovewdtowow aor. subj. act. ovedsiqw
act. inf. e€epyouor (# 2002) to go out. Inf. w. prep. ex- (# 3943) to reproach, to heap insults on. €xBa&Awotv aor.
pressing contemporaneous time. mpooevtaoGo1 aor. subj. act. exBoAAw (# 1675) to cast out, to throw out.
mid. (dep.) inf. tpocevyouo (# 4667) to pray. Inf. used Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. ® 23 yapnte aor. imp. pass.
to express purp. SiavoKtepevwv pres. act. part. diavuK- xaipw (# 5897) to rejoice. oxipthoate aor. imp. act. oxip-
tepevw (# 1381) to watch through the night. Medical taw (# 5015) to skip, to jump, to leap. Aor. imp. calls
writers used it of whole night vigils (RWP; MLL, 117). for a specific act. Kate Ta HUTA (# 2848; 899) in just the
Part. used in a periphrastic construction. ® 13 mpoo- same way (Fitzmyer, 635). €xotovv impf. ind. act. novew
edwvnoev aor. ind. act. tpoodwvew (# 4715) to summons, (# 4472) to do. Customary impf. indicating a habitual
to call to. &xAeEGpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. exrEeyouar or characteristic action (VANT, 246). @ 24 ameyete
(# 1721) to choose, to select. The word implies the tell- pres. ind. act. anexw (# 600) to receive. The word was
ing over (A€yetv) in preference to others (ék) for one’s used in a commercial sense to acknowledge the receipt
own advantage (mid.) (Plummer). ®voyaoev aor. ind. of full payment (MM; LAE, 110f). Beyond the present
act. ovouatw (# 3951) to name, to give a name to. possession of riches these people have nothing to hope
@ 15 Kadovpevov pres. pass. part. kakew (# 2813) to for (Arndt). @ 25 eumenAnopevor perf. pass. part. éu-
call; pass. to be named. Cndwtns (# 2421) zealous, re- miunAnu (# 1855) to fill up, to satisfy. Perf. indicates a
ferring to the personal character (BC, 1:425), or zealot, continual state. Part. as subst. mewwaoete fut. ind. act.
referring to a political party which radically opposed s.v. 3. YeA@vtEes pres. act. part. s.v. 21. nevOnoete fut.
the Roman rule (s. IDB, 4:936; H. P. Kingdon, “The Or- ind. act. nmevOew (# 4291) to mourn. KAavoete fut. ind.
igins of the Zealots,” NTS 19 [1972]: 74-81; DZ; EDNT; act. KAatw (# 3081) s.v. 21. For the form s. MH, 244;
Fitzmyer, 619; ABD, 6:1043-54). @ 16 éyéveto aor. ind. GGP, 273. 26 einwow aor. subj. act. 4eyw (# 3306) to
mid. (dep.) yivouor (# 1181) to become. mpodotn¢ say. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. €xotovv aor. ind. act. s.v.
(# 4595) one who delivers over, betrayer. @ 17 Kkata- 23. 27 axovovoly pres. act. part. dat. masc. pl. aKkovw
Luke 6 122

(# 201) to hear, to hear and obey. Part. as subst. aya- compassionate ([DNT; NIDNTT). @ 37 xpivete pres.
mGte pres. imp. act. cyanaw (# 26) to love. moveite pres. imp. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge. The disciples are for-
imp. act. s.v. 23. Pres. imp. calls for a constant attitude. bidden to ursurp the place of God in judging and con-
As a contrast in the DSS community s. 1QS 1:9-10; for demning other people (Marshall). Pres. imp. calls for a
parallels s. Nolland; Luise Schottroff, “Gewaltverzicht continual attitude. Kpv67te aor. subj. pass. Futuristic
und Feindesliebe in der urchristlichen Jesustradition,” subj. used w. od pn (# 4024; 3590) for emphatic denial
JCHT, 197-221; esp. 204-13. @ 28 evAoyeite pres. imp. (RG, 930). katadixatete pres. imp. act. Katadsikatw
act. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless. The granting or acknowl- (# 2868) to condemn, to pass sentence against. Pres.
edgment of power leading to success. Here general imp. calls for a continual attitude. &moAvete pres. imp.
kindness shown to enemies (NIDNTT; TDNT; EDNT). act. ano0Avw (# 668) to release, to forgive. Pres. imp. is
KAaTOpPWHEVOUG pres. mid. (dep.) part. KATOPHOLAL iterat. GmoAvOToEOVE fut. ind. pass. The reference is to
(# 2933) to curse, the attempt to bring evil, harm, or in- personal insults and injuries (Marshall). @ 38 ti5ote
jury upon someone by means of a_ statement pres. imp. act. s.v. 30. 50@qoeto1 fut. ind. pass. s.v. 30.
(NIDNTT; TDNT; LN, 1:442). mpooebyeo@e pres. imp. Imp. followed by a fut. ind. indicates a Semitic type of
mid. (dep.) s.v. 12. énnpeafovtwy pres. act. part. cond. sentence (Beyer, 238). memieopeévov perf. pass.
ennpec.cw (# 2092) to abuse, to mistreat, to display a de- part. (adj.) meCw (# 4390) to press down. Perf. views
spiteful spirit (Arndt). 29 tomtovtt pres. act. part. the state or cond. oecaAevpévov perf. pass. part.
dat. sing. tomtw (# 5597) to hit, a violent blow w. the oarevw (# 4888) to shake. tmepexyvvvopevov pres.
fist rather than a contemptuous slap (Plummer). Part. mid. part. bmepexypvvvw (# 5658) to overflow. The pic-
as subst. ovayova, acc. sing. ovaywv (# 4965) cheek, jaw- ture is of grain poured into a container, pressed down
bone. A blow to the right cheek was a grievous insult and then shaken so that every little corner is filled and
(BBC). mapexe pres. imp. act. napexw (# 4218) to offer. the grain is poured in until it runs over (Arndt). 50-
aipovtos pres. act. part. gen. masc. sing. aipw (# 149) to oovolv fut. ind. act. 3rd. pers. pl. dtd s.v. 30. 3rd.
take, to take away. watiov (# 2668) coat, outward gar- pers. pl. is used impersonally, sometimes when the
ment. Yit@va acc. sing. yitwv (# 5945) undergarment subject is God (BD, 72). KoAmog (# 3146) the fold
(s. Matt. 5:40). kwAvon, aor. subj. act. kwrAvw (# 3266) formed by a loose garment overhanging a belt (Plum-
to hinder, to prevent. Subj. used w. neg. un (# 3590) to mer), or it may be the lap, in which case the skirt be-
express a prohibition. 30 aitodvt pres. act. part. comes the receptacle (Nolland). petpette pres. ind. act.
aitéw (# 160) to ask, to request. 5i50v pres. imp. act. wetpew (# 3582) to measure. G&vtetpnOnoetar fut. ind.
didmut (# 1443) to give. Pres. imp. may be iterat. pass. avtetpew (# 520) to measure back again. Prep.
Gmaiter pres. imp. act. amatéw (# 555) to ask for some- in compound expresses reciprocal action (MH, 297).
thing back. Neg. pres. imp. forbids the habitual action. For Jewish parallels s. Hans Peter Rtiger, “Mit
@ 31 G€Aete pres. ind. act. bedw (# 2527) to will, to de- welchem Mag ihr mefst, wird euch gemessen wer-
sire. MOWWOLW pres. subj. act. s.v. 23. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) den,’” ZNW 60 (1969): 174-82. 39 odnyetv pres. act.
in a obj. cl. For parallels to the Golden Rule s. Nolland; inf. odnyew (# 3842) to lead, to show the way. éume-
Fitzmyer, 639-40. 32 ayandte pres. ind. act. s.v. 27. oodvtai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eutintw (# 1860) to fall in.
Ind. used in a Ist. class cond. cl., which assumes the 40 Katnptiopévos perf. pass. part. (temp.) katapticw
reality of the cond. Pres. generalizes the thought (Mar- (# 2936) to complete, to finish, to equip. When the dis-
shall). wyan@vtac pres. act. part. Part. as subst. xdpig ciple has received complete preparation from his
(# 5921) thanks, favor. 33 dwya@onotite pres. subj. teacher, he will equal but not surpass his teacher.
act. aya8oroew (# 16) to do good. Subj. w. eav (# 1569) (Meyer). @ 41 xdpooc (# 2847) splinter, anything small
used in a 3rd. class cond. cl. w. the cond. assumed as and dry. ox0g (# 1512) beam. The main beam receiv-
probable. 34 Savionte aor. subj. act. davitw (# 1247) ing the other beams in a roof or floor (Plummer). kata-
to lend money (BBC). Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in 3rd. class voeic pres. ind. act. katavoew (# 2917) to notice, to
cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond. AaBetv observe carefully, to consider, to look at w. reflection.
aor. act. inf. AapBavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. Inf. as @ 42 dvvaomi pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing.
obj. of vb. amoAGBwowv aor. subj. act. anorAauBavwy dvvayar (# 1538) to be able, deg aor. imp. act. Gbinur
(# 655) to receive again. Subj. used in purp. cl. ta toa (# 918) to leave, to leave alone, to allow. éxBaAw aor.
(# 2698) similar services in return (Marshall). subj. act. €xBaAAW (# 1675) to cast out, to remove. BAE-
@ 35 amedniCovtes pres. act. part. amernicw (# 594) to TMV pres. act. part. BAenw (# 1063) to see. Circum. or
hope to have something in return (Arndt) or to give temp. part. For the use of ov (# 4024) w. the part. s. BD,
up in despair (Plummer). Used in medical language to 222. €xBoAe aor. imp. act. SaPAEwers fut. ind. act. d.a-
denote a disease one despairs of curing (MLL, 118f). BrAerw (# 1332) to see clearly, to see accurately. exPaAreiv
Part. of manner. 36 yiveo#e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) aor. act. inf. Inf. of purp. or result. 43 novodv pres.
s.v. 1. otKtippoves nom. pl. oiktippwv (# 3881) merciful, ind. part. noiew (# 4472) to do, to produce. Gnomic
3 Luke 7

pres. 44 ywwoxetat pres. ind. pass. ywwoKw (# 1182) the authority of the one sending (TDNT). €pwtév pres.
to know, to recognize. Gnomic pres. aKavOdv gen. pl. act. part. (circum.) epwtiw (# 2263) to ask, to request.
aKavec (# 180) thorn bush. ovAeyouow pres. ind. act. €XOwv aor. act. part. (circum.) Epxouot (# 2262) to come.
ovhAeyw (# 5198) to gather. Gnomic pres. od«a acc. pl. S1a0WoT aor. subj. act. 5i.0wCw (# 1407) to save, to res-
ovKov (# 5192) figs. Batog (# 1003) a bramble bush. cue, to heal. Medical writers used the term w. the
OTAHVAN (# 5091) a cluster of grapes, a bunch of grapes. meaning to escape from a severe illness or an epidem-
tpvyWorv pres. ind. act. tpvyaw (# 5582) to pick grapes, ic, to get through the attack (MLL, 10). 4 napaye-
to gather fruit. Gnomic pres. @ 45 mpodépet pres. ind. vopevot aor. mid. (dep.) part. napayivouar (# 4134) to
act. mpobepw (# 4734) to bring forth. Gnomic pres. AaAet come to. Part. as subst. nopexaAovv impf. ind. act.
pres. ind. act. Aakew (# 3281) to speak. Gnomic pres. Topaxarew (# 4151) to call for help, to appeal to, to
@ 46 KaAsite pres. ind. act. s.v. 15. Iterat. pres. indicat- urge. Impf. emphasizes the continual urging. OTOv-
ing a repeated action. 47 dKxovwv pres. act. part. Saiws (# 5081) eagerly, earnestly. @ dat. sing. 6¢
aKxovw (# 201) to hear, to listen to, to hear and obey. (# 4005) rel. pron. For a possible Latinism s. BD, 8.
Part. as subst. nov pres. act. part. s.v. 43. The parts. mapeen fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. napexono.t
imply the continued action necessary to receive Jesus’ (# 4218) to grant something to someone. @ 5 ayang
blessing (Arndt). brodei—w fut. ind. act. bxodeikvunt pres. ind. act. wyanaw (# 26) to love. Pres. pictures the
(# 5683) to show, to point out. @ 48 oikodoyobvtt pres. continual action. @Kodounoev aor. ind. act. oicodouew
act. part. (adj.) dat. sing. oixodouew (# 3868) to build. (# 3868) to build. Aor. pictures the act demonstrating
Dat. w. the adj. Eoxayev aor. ind. act. oxantw (# 4999) the love. 6 exopeveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) mopevo-
to dig. eB&@vvev aor. ind. act. Babbvw (# 959) to make por (# 4513) to go. waxpdv (# 3426) adv. far. &mexovt0s
deep, to deepen. €6nxev aor. ind. act. tiOnurt (# 5502) to pres. act. part. (temp.) ameyw (# 600) to be away. Gen.
lay. @eyeArov (# 2529) acc. sing. foundation. mAnLWoPNS abs. €mewwev aor. ind. act. néunw (# 4287) to send. oxvA-
(# 4439) a flood. yevoyevne aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp. ) Aov pres. imp. pass. oKVAAW (# 5035) to skin, to flay, to
s.v. 1. Gen. abs. MpOooEpTEEV aor. ind. act. TMPoopnyvvyt trouble, to bother, to annoy; pass. to trouble oneself
(# 4703) to break against. toxvoev aor. ind. act. ioxow (BAGD; MM). Pres. imp. w. the neg. calls for the end-
(# 2710) to be strong, to be able, w. inf. caAredoar aor. ing of an action in progress. ixavoc (# 2653) sufficient,
act. inf. carevw (# 4888) to shake, to cause to move to worthy, pertaining to being adequate, qualified for
and fro, to cause to totter (BAGD). otkodopufjo8a1 perf. something (LN, 1:679). otéyn (# 5094) roof. etoeArOn¢
pass. inf. oiwxodoyew Perf. indicates that the house has aor. subj. act. s.v. 1. Subj. in a cl. explaining ixavoc, or
been build and stands firm. Inf. w. prep. to express inaresult cl. 7 7&iwoa aor. ind. act. dE10w (# 546)
cause. 49 dKovous aor. act. part. s.v. 47. Part. as sub- to judge or consider worthy. €A@eiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 3.
st. TowNous aor. act. part. s.v. 47. Aor. sums up the lack Epex. inf. explaining the main vb. eimé aor. imp. act.
of obedience. oixodounjoavtt aor. act. part. s.v. 48. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act.
ovveneoev aor. ind. act. ovumtintw (#5229) to fall togeth- ia@ntw aor. imp. pass. 3rd. pers. sing. icowat (# 2615)
er. pty (# 4837) breaking, ruin, collapse. Used of a to heal. @ 8 taooopevog pres. pass. part. tacow
breach in a dam (MM). As a medical term, laceration (# 5435) to place or station, to appoint, to put someone
or rupture (MLL, 56). over, to put in charge. Pres. part. is adjectival: “For |
am a man who is habitually placed under authority”
Luke 7 (Plummer). mopevOntt aor. imp. pass. (dep.) s.v. 6. Epxov
@ 1 éne1dq (# 2076) after. Normally causal, but the pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. noinoov aor. imp. act.
word is temp. here (RWP). exAnpwoev aor. ind. act. noew (# 4472) to do. For harsh and strict discipline in
TANpow (# 4444) to fulfill, to end, to conclude, to finish the army s. TJ, 112. @ 9 e8avpaoev aor. ind. act. bav-
a task (Marshall). etondBev aor. ind. act. eroepyouat wacw (# 2513) to wonder, to be amazed at someone, to
(# 1656) to goin. @ 2 Exatovtapyzos (# 1672) leader of a marvel at some object (LN, 1:312). otpaetg aor. pass.
hundred men, centurion (s. Matt. 8:5; Acts 10:1; IDB, part. (temp.) otpedw (# 5138) to turn; pass. to turn
1:547f; TJ, 101). HpeAAev impf. ind. act. yérrw (# 3516) around. d&KodovOotvtt pres. act. part. dat. masc. sing.
to be about to. Used w. inf. to express fut. Impf. w. inf. aKorovbew (# 199) to follow, w. obj. in dat. tooabdthv
expresses futurity or intention reckoned from a mo- ace. sing. fem. TOGOVTOG (# 5537) so great, so large.
ment in the past: “he was going to die,” “he was at the ebpov aor. ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. For a com-
point of death” (MKG, 307). TteAevtav pres. act. inf. parison of the accounts in Matt. and Luke s. Zane C.
terevtaw (# 5462) to die. Evtog (# 1952) costly, valu- Hodges, “The Centurion’s Faith in Matthew and
able, honored. Used w. the dat. of reference adt@ Luke,” Bib Sac 121 (1964): 321-32. @ 10 bxootpEwavtes
(# 899). 3 dKovous aor. act. part. (temp.) aKkovw aor. act. part. (temp.) vzootpedw (# 5715) to return. mep-
(# 201) to hear. &néotevev aor. ind. act. anootedrAW o8EvtES aor. pass. part. s.v. 6. Part. as subst. byraivovta
(# 690) to send, to send someone to carry out a task w. pres. act. part. (adj.) masc. acc. sing. vytatvw (# 5617) to
Luke 7 124

be healthy. The servant was not only cured but was (# 4673) to call to, to summons (mid., to oneself). @ 19
also in good health (MLL, 11; s. DMTG, 316). @ 11 eyé- Enepwev aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. €t pres. ind. act. ei
veto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouon (# 1181) to become, to (# 1639) to be. npoodox@pev pres. ind. act. or subj. (de-
happen (s. 2:1). €&ij¢ (# 2009) adv. of time, next, in a se- liberative subj.) mpoodoxaw (# 4659) to wait for, to ex-
ries, of time on the next day, afterward (BAGD). pect. ® 20 napayevopevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 4.
émopeven aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 6. KOAOUPEVTV pres. GmeoteiAev aor. ind. act. s.v.3. 21 Ebepanevoev aor.
pass. part. kaAew (# 2813) to call. The town of Nain ind. act. Sepanevw (# 2543) to treat medically, to heal.
was located between Nazareth and Capernaum paotiywv gen. pl. uaotig (# 3465) whip, scourge,
(ZPEB, 4:358-60; Fitzmyer, 658). ovvemopevovto impf. plague, suffering. tyapioato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
ind. mid. (dep.) ovpnopevouar (# 5233) to travel to- yapifouar (# 5919) to be gracious to, to graciously
gether. @ 12 Tyyoev aor. ind. act. eyyitw (# 1581) to grant. BAéne pres. act. inf. BAemw (# 1063) to see. Inf.
draw near, to approach, w. dat. e&exouifeto impf. ind. as obj. @ 22 amoxpiWei¢ aor. pass. (dep.) part.
pass. exxouitw (# 1714) to carry out, esp. to bury. Impf. amokpivonat (# 646) to answer. For the Semitic use s.
pictures the burial procession in progress. te8vnKw< MH, 453. mopevdevtec aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 6. Cir-
perf. act. part. 9vnoKxw (# 2569) to die; perf. to be dead. cum. part. w. imp. force (VANT, 386). amayyeiAate aor.
Part. as subst. povoyevis (# 3666) only, only child. yjpa imp. act. dmayyedAw s.v. 18. Aor. imp. calls for a specif-
(# 5939) widow. Jesus’ compassion on the weeping ic act. elSete aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. qKovoate aor. ind. act.
widow, who for the second time (first her husband) s.v. 3. &vaPAErovow pres. ind. act. avaPrEnw (# 329) to
had been robbed of her provider and protector, is see again. Iterat. pres. For the prep. &v& in compound
probably to be understood as a Messianic act. (TDNT). s. MH, 295. nepimatodow pres. ind. act. nepimatew
ixavos (# 2653) here, much, many, numerous. Accord- (# 4344) to walk about. Ka@apifovtar pres. ind. pass.
ing to Jewish custom, everyone of the village was to Kadapitw (# 2751) to cleanse. Iterat. pres. 23 oxav-
take part in the funeral procession. In Galilee the men SaA1007 aor. subj. pass. okavdaArtCw (# 4997) to cause to
went before the open coffin (SB, 4: i:579-80; s. Matt. stumble, to take offense (TDNT). Subj. in an indef. rel.
9:23). 13 18v aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) cl. @ 24 &nedBovtwv aor. act. part. (temp.) anepxouar
to see. €omAayyvio®n aor. ind. pass. omdayxvicouar (# 599) to go away. Gen. abs. ayyedog (# 34) messenger.
(# 5072) to be inwardly moved w. compassion, to have Tp§ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 15. €€mAGate aor. ind.
compassion upon (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). act. s.v. 17. tt why? or what? (s. Beyer, 100-102; Mar-
KAaie pres. imp. act. KAatw (# 3081) to cry, to weep shall) @¢aoao801 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. Seaopar (# 2517)
loudly. The pres. imp. w. neg. un (# 3590) indicates the to see, to watch. Inf. of purp. oaAevopevov pres. pass.
discontinuing of an action in progress. ® 14 npoo- part. oorevw (# 4888) to shake. It refers to an insignifi-
EAOWV aor. act. part. (temp.) mpooepyouar (# 4665) to cant thing or person. They did not go out to see an in-
come to. Twato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &mtonar (# 721) to significant person (Stein). @ 25 18eiv aor. act. inf. s.v.
touch, w. gen. This exposed him to uncleanness (BBC). 13. Inf. of purp. padaKocg (# 3434) soft. It is used to de-
oopocg (# 5049) an open coffin, a portable frame on scribe clothes of fine material (Marshall). Nuteopévov
which the body was laid (Arndt). Baoté{ovtes pres. perf. pass. part. audievvupt (# 314) to clothe, to dress.
act. part. BaotaCw (# 1002) to carry. Part. as subst. €otn- For the acc. used w. the pass. s. BD, 87. Ev50&0g (# 1902)
oav aor. ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to stand. éyep@nti aor. distinguished, splendid. tpvoq (# 5588) dat. sing. in-
imp. pass. éyeipw (# 1586) to raise; pass. to rise up. Aor. dulgent, luxurious. bmapyovtes (# 5639) pres. act. part.
imp. calls for a specific act. 15 &vexa@1oev aor. ind. vmapxw to be, to exist. Part. as subst. translated as a rel.
act. avaKabicw (# 361) to sit up. Used by medical writ- cl. BaotAerov (# 994) palace. ® 26 vat (# 3721) yes, cer-
ers to describe patients sitting up in bed (MLL, 11). tainly! A strong emphatic particle, confirming a pre-
TpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &pxopar (# 806) to begin, ceding statement (DM, 262). mepio-cotepov (# 4358)
w. inf. AaAgtv pres. act. inf. Aadew (# 3281) to speak, to comp. mepiso0c remarkable (in the comp. nepioodc, to-
utter a sound (Arndt). €wKev aor. ind. act. S151 gether w. its adv. and comp. is a colloquial substitute
(# 1443) to give. 16 édafev aor. ind. act. AopPavw for LOAAov, udALota [BAGD 651]). npopntov gen. sing.
(# 3284) to take, to seize. €50EaCov impf. ind. act. 50- npopntns (# 4737) prophet. Gen. of comp. @ 27 yeypan-
EaCw (# 1519) to glorify, to hold in high esteem. Incep. ta. perf. ind. pass. ypadw (# 1211) to write. Perf. used
impf., “they began to glorify....” Nyép@n aor. ind. pass. for authoritative documents or writings (MM).
s.v. 14. eneoxewato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) EmoKentopar KataoKxevaoet fut. ind. act. KataoKev-ccw (# 2941) to
(# 2170) to look at, to go to see, to visit. Used of God’s prepare, to build, to construct. 28 pei{wv (# 3505)
gracious visitation in bringing salvation (BAGD). comp. véyac great; comp., greater. Iwavvov gen. ‘Iwav-
@ 17 e&7AGev aor. ind. act. EEEpyouar (# 2002) to go out. vnc¢ (# 2722) John. Gen. of comp. puxpotepos comp. pik-
@ 18 annyyeivav aor. ind. act. dnayyeAAw (# 550) to re- pocg (# 3625) small. Comp. used as superl.: “least,”
port. mpooxoAgocpevog aor. mid. part. npooKarew “smallest” (RG, 667-69). abtod gen. adtoc (# 899) gen.
125 Luke 7

of comp. @ 29 GKovous aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 3. Instr. dat. e&uaooev impf. ind. act. exucoow (# 1726) to
edtxatwoav aor. ind. act. Sikaiow (# 1467) to declare wipe off, to dry. Katepiiet impf. ind. act. katapiurew
righteous, to consider as righteous, to justify. Here, “to (# 2968) to kiss, to kiss affectionately. Kissing the feet
recognize and acknowledge the righteousness of God” was a common mark of deep reverence, esp. to leading
(GW, 138). BantioBevtes aor. pass. part. Barrio (# 966) rabbis (Plummer; SB, 1:995; TDNT; Fitzmyer, 689).
to baptize. Temp. or circum. part. 30 neétnoav aor. TiAeupev impf. ind. act. cAetw (# 230) to anoint. Not the
ind. act. d6etew (# 119) to set aside, to annul. Used of religious, but the general word for anoint (Trench, Syn-
grain rejected by the inspector as unfit for food (MM). onyms, 136; 2 Sam. 12:20); but s. the use of the word in
BantioBevtec aor. pass. part. (causal) s.v. 29. 31 opor- the LXX for anointing priests in Exod. 40:15; Num. 3:3
wow fut. ind. act. du010w (# 3929) to compare. Delibera- (GELTS, 18; s. also Jos., Ant., 6:165). wopw s.v. 37. Instr.
tive fut. used as a question of deliberation. @ 32 dat. @ 39 i6wv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 13. KOAEOOS
maidiov (# 4086) child. KkaOnuévorc pres. mid. (dep.) aor. act. part. (adj.) Kaew (# 2813) to call, to invite. Nv
part. (adj.) kano (# 2764) to sit. mpoopwvodovv pres. impf. ind. act. s.v. 37. eyivwoxev impf. ind. act. ywwoKkw
act. part. (adj.) dat. masc. pl. npoopwvew (# 4715) to call (# 1182) to know. Used w. &v (# 323) in a contrary to
to. TdANoapEV aor. ind. act. avrew (# 884) to play the fact cond. sentence (GGBB, 663). notann (# 4534) what
flute. Wpynoaove aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dpxéouor (# 4004) sort of? Literally, from what country? (AS). Gmteto.
to dance. e8pnvnoapev aor. ind. act. Opnvew (# 2577) to pres. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 14. Pres. pictures the action in
mourn, to lament. éxAaboate aor. ind. act. KAatw progress. 40 anoxptOetc aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 22.
(# 3081) to weep. Both John and Jesus were rejected oot dat. sing. ov (# 5148) 2nd. pers. personal pron. In-
(Marshall). 33 eAnAvev perf. ind. act. épyount dir. obj. eineiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 7. Epex. inf. etme aor.
(# 2262) to come. Eo8iwv pres. act. part. E081 (# 2266) imp. act. s.v. 7. @ 41 ypeoperretne (# 5971) debtor, one
to eat. Part. of manner telling how he came. Habitual who owes an obligation or debt (RWP). daviotn¢
pres. mivwv pres. act. part. mivw to drink (# 4403) Part. (# 1250) moneylender, a professional moneylender
of manner. Habitual pres. @ 34 wyog (# 5741) glutton. (Arndt). Herod Agrippa I was deeply in debt to many
oivonotns (# 3884) wine drinker, drunkard. The pred. moneylenders (Jos., Ant., 18:147; TJ, 57-62). wherev
without the art. stresses the character or quality (s. impf. ind. act. odethw (# 4053) to owe. Snvaprov (# 1324)
John 1:1). 35 €&1xa1w6n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 29; Matt. denarius. A Roman silver coin worth normally about
11:19. @ 36 jNpwta impf. ind. act. epwtaw (# 2263) to 18 cents. It was a workman’s average daily wage
ask, to ask someone to do something. Incep. impf.: (BAGD). nevtoKoowa (# 4296) acc. pl. five hundred. For
“He began to ask.” @ayq aor. subj. act. eo8tw (# 2266) to high debts incurred in the Roman Empire s. Nolland.
eat. Subj. used in a cl. which is the obj. of the vb. (RG, MEVINKOVTa (# 4299) acc. pl. fifty. 42 Exovtwv pres.
991-94). eioeAOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 1. KateKAION act. part. (causal) eyw (# 2400) to have. Gen. abs.
aor. ind. pass. KatakAiva (# 2884) to cause to lie down; anodobvat aor. act. inf. amodtdwpt (# 625) to pay back,
pass. to recline at the table. @ 37 fv impf. ind. act. cyst to give back. Inf. as dir. obj. €yaptoato aor. ind. mid.
(# 1639) to be. GpaptwA0ocg (# 283) sinful, devoted to sin (dep.) s.v. 21. He made them a present of what they
(RWP). Pred. adj. without the art. stresses the character owed (Plummer). tA€iov comp. moArvc (# 4498) much;
or quality (s.v. 34). emvyvodoa aor. act. part. (temp.) comp. more. ayarnoet fut. ind. act. wyandw (# 26) to
emiyitwwokw (# 2105) to know, “having learned definite- love; perhaps here to feel the deepest thankfulness
ly” (Arndt). katéKertar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) KataKet- (Fitzmyer, 690). @ 43 dmodapBdvw (# 5696) pres. ind.
wa. (# 2879) to lie down, to recline on a dining couch act. to take up, to assume, to suppose w. an air of su-
(BAGD). Kopicooa aor. act. part. (temp.) Kouicw percilious indifference (Plummer). op0@¢ (# 3987) adv.
(# 3152) to bring. GAGBaotpov (# 223) alabaster, a very rightly, correctly. Expiwac aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing.
soft stone from which flasks or vases were made for Kpivw (# 3212) to judge. @ 44 otpadetc aor. pass. part.
the keeping of perfume (Arndt; Mark 14:3). wopov gen. (temp.) s.v. 9. 7 impf./aor. ind. act. pnyt (# 5774) to
sing. uvpov (# 3693) ointment, perfume; gen. of con- say. For the form s. VA, 443-46. etofA@ov aor. ind. act.
tent. @ 38 otGoa aor. act. part. totnut (# 2705) to stand. s.v. 1. €5wKag aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 15. It
Circum. part. or part. of manner. Katovoa. pres. act. could be translated, “you did not pour any water on
part. (circum.) s.v. 13. The outward act of weeping is my feet,” indicating not that Simon had failed to per-
the result and expression of the inward state of grief, form normal rules of etiquette, but that he had failed
repentance, or joy over the forgiveness of sin (Gelden- to show any expression of love whatever (Otfried
huys; Stein). 5&xpvotv dat. pl. dakpovv (# 1232) tear. In- Hofius, “Fu&waschung als Erweis der Liebe: Sprachli-
str. dat. TpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 15. BpExetv pres. che und sachliche Anmerkungen zu Lk 7,44b,” ZNW
act. inf. Bpéyw (# 1101) to wet. Jesus was reclining and 81 [1990]: 171-77; BBC). éBpegev aor. ind. act. s.v. 38. &&€-
she was standing behind him, thus wetting his feet w. woéev aor. ind. act. s.v. 38. © 45 oiAnua (# 5799)
her tears (Marshall). OptEiv dat. pl. @pté (# 2582) hair. kiss. The kiss in public was not a general practice
Luke 8 126

among Jews of the Second Temple era, but was a spe- subst. omeipan aor. act. inf. Inf. of purp. oneipew pres.
cial sign of respect (William Klassen, “The Sacred Kiss act. inf. Inf. w. prep. €v (# 1877) to express contempo-
in the New Testament. An Example of Social Bound- raneous time: “as he was sowing.” €meoev aor. ind. act.
ary Lines,” NTS 39 [1993]: 122-35; esp. 123-26; Hofius, nintw (# 4406) to fall. katenathOn aor. ind. pass. kato-
“Fufwaschung...,” 176; SB, 1:995). 5véAimev impf. ind. natew (# 2922) to trample on, to trample down. Kat-
act. diarettw (# 1364) to stop, to cease. Katapiuotoa édayev aor. ind. act. kateoOtw (# 2983) to eat up. Prep.
pres. act. part. s.v. 38. Part. supplements the vb. in compound is perfective. 6 Katémeoev aor. ind.
@ 46 EAaiw dat. sing. €Aaiov (# 1778) olive oil. Instr. act. Katanintw (# 2928) to fall down. ovev aor. pass.
dat. Teas aor. ind. act. s.v. 38. For the anointing and part. (temp.) vw (# 5886) to spring up, to sprout, to
washing of the body s. SB, 1:426-429. @ 47 ov yapiv grow. In medical terms it was used for the growth of
because of which, on account of. &ewvto1 perf. ind. parts of the body, of diseases and of vegetation (MLL,
pass. aoinit (# 918) to release, to forgive. Perf. indi- 58). e€npaven aor. ind. pass. Enpaivw (# 3830) to dry up.
cates the continuing results or state of a completed act. Eyew pres. act. inf. €yw (# 2400) to have. Inf. w. prep. to
Hyannoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 42. dietat pres. ind. pass. express cause. ixyd¢ (# 2657) moisture. It could be
Gnomic pres. @ 49 fip€avto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. used as the medical expression for the juices of the
15. ovvavaxeipevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. ovvavaxet- ’ body, of plants, and of the earth (MLL, 57). 7 dKav-
wat (# 5263) to sit at the table together, to recline at the @a (# 180) thorns, thorn bush. ovpovetoar aor. pass.
table together. Part. as subst. &pinotv pres. ind. act. s.v. part. nom. fem. pl. cvuudvw (# 5243) to grow together.
47. 50 o€owxev perf. ind. act. oww (# 5392) to rescue, This was a t.t. in medical language for the closing of
to save, to deliver. It was her faith, not her love, that wounds, ulcers, the uniting of nerves, bones, etc.
saved her (Caird). Perf. indicates the continuing re- (MLL, 59; DMTG, 304). &mémviEav aor. ind. act. ano-
sults of a completed action. nopevov pres. imp. mid. nviyw (# 678) to choke, to choke off so as to extermi-
(dep.) s.v. 6. nate (Plummer). @ 8 enoinoev aor. ind. act. no1ew
(# 4472) to make, to produce. épwvet impf. ind. act.
Luke 8 gwvew (# 5888) to call. Impf. is best interpreted as de-
@ 1 Eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoua (# 1181) to noting repeated action (Arndt). &kovew pres. act. inf.
become, to happen (s. 2:1). The formula often is used aKovw (# 201) to hear. Inf. of purp. &kovetw pres. imp.
to introduce a temp. element (Beyer, 29-62). Ka6eENc act. 3rd. pers. sing. 9 éxnpwtwv impf. ind. act. ex-
(# 2759) gen. sing. one after the other, successively, af- epwtaw (# 2089) to ask, to direct questions to. Incep.
terward (s. 1:3). Swwdevev impf. ind. act. dodevw impf., “they began....” ein pres. opt. act. cyt. Opt. of in-
(# 1476) to pass through, to travel through. Kata mOAwv dir. discourse, a mark of elegant speech (Arndt).
from city to city. Distributive use of the prep. (RG, @ 10 SeS0ta1 perf. ind. pass. Sidwut (# 1443) to give.
608). Knpvoowv pres. act. part. (circum.) Knpvoow Theol. pass. indicating that God is the subject. yw@var
(# 3062) to proclaim as a herold. ® 2 tedepanev- aor. act. inf. yrwwoKxw (# 1182) to know. Inf. as dir. obj.
weévou perf. pass. part. Sepanevw (# 2543) to treat medi- Aoinoig dat. pl. Aono (# 3370) the rest. Those outside
cally, to heal. Perf. emphasizes the pres. state or cond. the circle of Christ’s disciples (Plummer). Dat. as indir.
Part. in a plperf. periphrastic constr. (VA, 466; VANT, obj. iva. (# 2671) w. subj. introduces a purp. or result cl.
321). KaAOvVPEVT pres. pass. part. (adj.) Kaew (# 2813) (Stein). BA€movtec pres. act. part. BAenw (# 1063) to see.
to call, to name. e&eAnrvGer plperf. ind. act. e€epyouar Part. used to translate the Heb. inf. abs. (Isa. 6:9) in a
(# 2002) to come out. Plperf. of completed action high- concessive sense (Beyer, 266). Conveys the idea, “you
lights the antecedent past while still implying the past may look and look again, but you will never see”
state consequent upon it (VANT, 307). 3 enitponocg (Marshall). ovvidow pres. subj. act. ovvinut (# 5317) to
(# 2208) overseer, finance minister, one who is con- understand, to comprehend. @ 11 tod God (#2536)
cerned w. the finances and personal property of an subjective gen. “A word which comes from God”
owner (HA, 303f). Sunkovovv impf. ind. act. diakovew (RWP). 12 &Kxovoavtes aor. act. part. s.v. 8. Part. as
(# 1354) to minister, to provide; rel. pron. for those w. subst. miotevoavteg aor. act. part. (temp.) motedvw
a person to minister to them. They were persons of (# 4409) to believe, to trust. ow@@ow aor. subj. pass.
substance (Plummer). Impf. pictures the continual owtw (# 5392) to save, to rescue. Theol. pass. Subj.
ministering or providing. 4 ovviovtos pres. act. used in a purp. or result cl. (s.v. 10). @ 13 d&xobdowo1v
part. (temp.) ovveytt (# 5290) to come together. Gen. aor. subj. act. s.v. 8. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. 8&xovtar
abs. Emimopevowévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. emimopevo- pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 5exouor (# 1312) to welcome, to
wa (# 2164) to go on a journey to, to go to. Gen. abs., receive. mpog Kaipov for a time, temporarily. &diotavtar
epex. explaining the preceding gen. abs. (Marshall). pres. ind. mid. (dep.) apiotnut (# 923) to go away, to
@ 5 e&MAGev aor. ind. act. e€epyouat (# 2002) to go out. withdraw, to fall away. @ 14 meoov aor. act. part. rintw
omeipwv pres. act. part. omeipw (# 5062) to sow. Part. as (# 4406) to fall. Part. as subst. mopevopevor pres. mid.
127 Luke 8

(dep.) part. (temp. ) Mopevowar (# 4513) to go. “As they (# 5230) to fill completely. The prep. in compound is
go on their way” (Arndt). ovprviyovtat pres. ind. pass. perfective (MH, 325). Impf. pictures the process of
ovptviyw (# 5231) to choke, to choke until dead. Prep. completely filling. exwSbvevov impf. ind. act. Kivdv-
in compound is perfective (MH, 325). teAeopopodotv vevw (# 3073) to be in danger. @ 24 mpooed@ovtes aor.
pres. ind. act. teAeopopew (#5461) to bear fruit to matu- act. part. (temp.) mpooepyouar (# 4665) to come to. dn-
rity, to bring to maturity. 15 xatéxovow pres. ind. yeipav aor. ind. act. dieyeipw (# 1444) to wake up.
act. Katéxw (# 2988) to hold down, to hold fast. kapmo- ENTLOTATA VOC. sing. EntotctN¢ (# 2181) master, overseer
gopodoiv pres. ind. act. kaprodopew (# 2844) to bear (s. 5:5). GMOAADPEB. pres. ind. mid. &nOAA VL (# 660) to
fruit. @ 16 Oxvoc (# 3394) lamp (s. Matt. 5:15). dayas destroy; mid. to perish. Pres. pictures the action in
aor. act. part. &ntw (# 721) to light. kaAdntet pres. ind. progress. SveyepOetc (# 1444) aor. pass. part. (circum.).
act. kaAvmtw (# 2821) to hide, to cover. Gnomic pres. ENETILNOEV aor. ind. act. Enity:dw (# 2203) to rebuke (s.
oxevet dat. sing. oxetoc (# 5007) vessel, jar, dish Matt. 17:18). kAvdwv (# 3114) wave, a boisterous surge,
(BAGD). Instr. dat. (“cover it w. a vessel”). KAtvns a violent agitation (RWP). émaboavto aor. ind. mid.
(# 3109) gen. sing. bed, couch. ti@now pres. ind. act. navw (# 4264) to cease, to stop. YaAnvn (# 1132) calm,
tron. (# 5502) to set in place. Gnomic pres. Avxyvia stillness. @ 25 poBnOevtes aor. pass. part. (circum.)
(# 3393) lampstand. Elomopevopevor pres. mid. (dep.) goBeouar (# 5828) to be afraid. E8abpaoav aor. ind. act.
part. etonopevouat (# 1660) to go in. Part. as subst. Bavuctw (# 2513) to wonder, to be amazed. @ 26 Katé-
BAEMWoLV pres. subj. act. BAenw s.v. 10. Subj. w. iva MA€voav aor. ind. act. Katanrew (# 2929) to sail down;
(# 2671) ina purp. cl. For this s. Mark 4:21f. @ 17 ie., from the high seas toward the coast. a&vtimepa
Kpuntov (# 3220) hidden. yevnoetar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) (# 527) opposite. “Opposite Galilee,” that is, “on the
s.v. 1. anoxpvdov (# 649) hidden, hidden away from east shore of the Lake of Gennesaret” (BAGD).
the public eye (Plummer). yvwo6f aor. subj. pass. yi- @ 27 e€eO0vt1 aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 5. Dat. used w.
vwokw (# 1182) to know. €\6q aor. subj. act. épxouar the vb. bxqvtNoEV aor. ind. act. dravtdw (# 5636) to
(# 2262) to come. Subj. used w. double neg. od ph meet someone, w. dat. evedvoato aor. ind. mid. evdvw
(# 4024; 3590) (BD, 184; VA, 416). 18 Eyq pres. subj. (# 1709) to put on, to clothe oneself. atiov (# 2668)
act. €yw (# 2400) to have, to possess. Subj. w. av (# 165) the outer garment, clothes; here, any kind of garment
in an indef. rel. cl. S0@qoeta1 fut. ind. pass. dtdwpr (Arndt). €wevev impf. ind. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain;
(# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. ap@noetar fut. ind. pass. customary impf. 28 18dv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v.
aipw (# 149) to take away. Theol. pass. @ 19 napeyeve- 20. dvaxpagas aor. act. part. avaxpatw (# 371) to cry
to aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mapaytvopnar (# 4134) to come. out. Part. of manner. mpooenecev aor. ind. act. mpoo-
jdovavto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) vvopor (# 1538) to be mintw (# 4700) to fall forward, to fall down before, w.
able, w. inf. ovvtvyeiv aor. act. inf. ovovtvyyavw (# 5344) dat. Baoavions aor. subj. act. Bacavitw (# 989) to rub
(w. dat.) to come together w., to join, to contact. on a touchstone, to test the genuineness, to examine,
@ 20 axnyyéeAn aor. ind. pass. anayyerAw (# 550) to re- to torture. The NT has merely the general sense of in-
port. othKaow perf. ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to stand. flicting bodily or mental pain (Arndt; TDNT; MLL, 63;
Perf. indicates the state or cond.: “they are standing.” NIDNTT; EDNT). Subj. used in a neg. command. @ 29
\Seiv aor. act. inf. opdw (# 3972) to see. BEAOVTES pres. TMapNyyeirev aor. ind. act. napayyerAAw (# 4133) to com-
act. part. (circum.) 8€Aw (# 2527) to want to, to desire, mand, to charge. A number of manuscripts have the
w. inf. @ 21 a&moxpvetc aor. pass. (dep.) part. amoKpivo- impf. mapayyeAAev, which would emphasize repeated
wo. (# 646) to answer (s. MH, 453). @ 22 €yeveto aor. action or be incep. (Fitzmyer, 738). €&€Aeiv aor. act. inf.
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. éveBn aor. ind. act. eupatvw s.v. 5. Inf. in indir. discourse. ovvnpnaxet plperf. ind.
(# 1832) to go in, to get in, to embark. 5éA@mpev aor. act. ovvapnacw (# 5275) to seize by violence, to drag
subj. act. depyouar (# 1451) to go through. Prep. in away. The prep. in compound is perfective and de-
compound emphasizes the passing through a point notes the establishment of a permanent hold (M, 113):
and the arrival at the destination (MH, 300ff). Hortato- “seize and keep a firm hold of” (MM). e5eopeveto impf.
ry subj. &vqaxOnoav aor. ind. pass. avayw (# 343) to lead ind. pass. deopevw (# 1297) to bind. Impf. could be iter-
up, to put out to sea. For a discussion of the Sea of Ga- at. aAvoeow dat. pl. aAvotig (# 268) chain. Instr. dat. né-
lilee s. ABD, 2:899-901. 23 mAgovtwv pres. act. part. Saig dat. pl. medn (# 4267) fetter, bond for the feet. It
(temp.) tAew (# 4434) to sail. Gen. abs. GQbOTVWOEV aor. could be made of hair or of material that was used in
ind. act. &dunvow (# 934) to fall asleep. Probably on the the manufacture of ropes (Arndt). #vAacooLEvos pres.
elevated stern using a wooden or leather-covered pass. part. (circum.) dvAdcow (# 5875) to guard, to
helmsman’s seat (BBC). Ingressive aor. katéBn aor. ind. watch. diappthoowv pres. act. part. (circum.) duappnyvu-
act. katopaivw (# 2849) to come down, to go down. ut (# 1396) to tear into. The prep. intensifies the mean-
Naira (# 3278) a violent storm, a whirlwind or torna- ing of the vb. (RWP). NAabveto impf. ind. pass. EAadvw
do (Arndt). ovvenAnpotvto impf. ind. pass. ovpmAnpow (# 1785) to drive as the wind drives clouds (BAGD).
Luke 8 128

Impf. pictures the repeated action. 30 exnpwthoev (# 4659) to await, to expect. Part. in a periphrastic con-
aor. ind. act. s.v. 9. Aeyiov (# 3305) legion (s. Matt. struction. A vivid picture of the attitude of the people
26:53; Evans). lof) Gev aor. ind. act. eicépyouc (# 1656) toward Jesus (RWP). @ 41 A@ev aor. ind. act. s.v. 17.
to go into. ® 31 napexaAovv impf. ind. act. 3rd. pl. bnipxev impf. ind. act. brapyw (# 5639) to be. neowv
napaxaréw (# 4151) to ask, to beseech. Impf. is incep. aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 5. mapeKdAet impf. ind. act.
or stresses the continual begging. en1taEq aor. subj. act. s.v. 31. Incep. impf. or stressing the continual pleading.
emitaoow (#2199) to enjoin or change. Subj. used in an eloeAGeiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 30. Inf. in indir. discourse, or
obj. cl. &Bvooog (# 12) abyss, depth, underworld. The dir. obj. 42 povoyevng (# 3666) only child. ane-
prison of disobedient spirits (TDNT; Ellis; Cremer; @vnoKev impf. ind. act. amo8vnoKw to die. Impf. mean-
EDNT; 1 Enoch 10:4-6; 18:11-16; Jubilees 5:6-10). ing (“she is dying”) is from the viewpoint of the father
amen etv aor. act. inf. cnepxopar (# 599) to go away. Inf. (Plummer). bxayetv pres. act. inf. brayw (# 5632) to go
in indir. discourse. 32 Booxoyévn pres. pass. part. away, to depart. Inf. w. prep. tv (# 1877) to express con-
(adj.) Booxw (# 1081) to feed; pass. to graze. Enitpewn temporaneous time. ovvenviyov impf. ind. act. s.v. 14.
aor. subj. act. emitpenw (# 2205) to allow. Subj. in a obj. The prep. expresses the Pressing together all around
cl. etoed 8eiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 30. Inf. as dir. obj. @ 33 &&- him (Plummer). 43 ovoa. pres. act. part. (adj.) nom.
eX@ovta aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 5. @pynoev aor. ind. fem. sing. eit (# 1639). pbog (# 4868) flow (s. Mark
act. opudw (# 3994) to rush. kpnpvog (# 3204) a steep 5:25; for the medical use of the word s. MLL, 15-16).
and rocky slope (Plummer). &xenviyn aor. ind. pass. TPOOAVAAWOASG, aor. act. part. NpocavaAtoKw or mp00-
s.v. 7. @ 34 i80vteg aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 20. avarow (# 4649) to spend lavishly (BAGD). For the tex-
Bookovtes pres. act. part. s.v. 32. Part. as subst. yeyovdg tual problem s. TC, 145. toyvoev aor. ind. act. ioxow
perf. act. part. yivoyor (# 1181) to become, to happen. (#2710) to be able, w. inf. ®epanevOTivat aor. pass. inf.
Part. as subst. évyov aor. ind. act. devyw (# 5771) to San 2 ® 44 npooeA Gove aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v.
flee. dnnyyetvay aor. ind. act. s.v. 20. @ 35 éEHAGov aor. 24. Hwato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &xtopat (# 721) to touch,
ind. act. s.v. 5. Wetv aor. act. inf. s.v. 20. Inf. of purp. w. gen. Kpaonedov border, perhaps the tassel, one on
evpov aor. ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. KaOnpLevov each corner of the overgarment (Arndt). éotn aor. ind.
pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) ka@nuo (# 2764) to sit. act. totnut (# 2705) to stand. Used among medical writ-
watiopévov perf. pass. part. ywattCw (# 2667) to clothe. ers to denote the stoppage of bodily discharges (MLL,
Perf. part. emphasizes the state or cond. owpovotvta 15). @ 45 awoypevocg aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 44.
pres. act. part. owppovew (# 5404) to be of sound mind, apvovpévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. dpveonor (# 766) to
to be in one’s right mind. Used of mental health in say no, to deny. Gen. abs. ovvéxovow pres. ind. act.
contrast to madness (BAGD). — €oPHONoav aor.
ind. ovvexw (# 5309) to press hard (BAGD). Pres. indicates
pass. (dep.) poBeowor (# 5828) to be afraid, to
fear. the action in progress. &mo8AiBovotv pres. ind. act. &no-
@ 36 annyyelday aor. ind. act. s.v. 20. EowON aor.
ind. 8X1pw (# 632) to crush, to press upon, to crowd. Used
pass. ow$w (# 5392) to rescue, to save, to heal.
Sa1- of pressing out grapes (RWP). @ 46 Eyvwv aor. ind. act.
woviobeic aor. pass. part. dapovifouar (# 1227) to be s.v. 10. e&eANAvOviav perf. act. part. (adj.) acc. fem.
possessed by an evil spirit. 37 Npwtnoev aor. ind. act. sing. s.v.1. 47 Wodoa aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 20.
epwtaw (# 2263) to ask, to request. &meABetv aor. act. €A.a0ev aor. ind. act. AavOdvw (# 3291) to escape notice,
inf. s.v. 31. ovvetyovto impf. ind. pass. ovvexw (# 5309) to be hidden (BAGD). tpepovoa pres. act. part. tpéuw
to hold together; pass. to be seized. euBas aor. act. part. (# 5554) to tremble. Part. of manner. npooreootoa aor.
(temp.) s.v. 22. vm€otpewev aor. ind. act. brootpEpw act. part. (circum.) s.v. 28. Tyato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
(# 5715) to return. 38 ed€ito impf. ind. mid. s.v. 44. Omnyyelvev aor. ind. act. s.v. 20. > how, that.
(indir. mid., “ask for oneself”) 5€o.01 (# 1289) to ask, to 1a6n aor. ind. pass. icouor (# 2615) to heal. @ 48
request, to beg.Iterat. impf. pictures the continual ask- oéowKev perf. ind. act. s.v. 36. Perf. indicates the state
ing. ele nAvber plperf. ind. act. s.v. 5. elvan pres. act. as the result of a completed action. nopevov pres. imp.
inf. cyt (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. discourse. &NEAVOEV mid. (dep.) nopevouar (# 4513) to go. 49 AaADDvtOG
aor. ind. act. am0Avw (# 668) to release, to send away, to pres. act. part. (temp.) AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Gen.
dismiss. 39 bnootpEhe pres. imp. act. s.v. 37. &in- abs. expressing contemporaneous time: “while he was
yoo pres. imp. mid. (dep.) dinyeouor (# 1455) to tell, to speaking.” téOvnkev perf. ind. act. Ovhokw (# 2569) to
describe. anfAGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 31. knpvoowv pres. die; perf. to be dead. oxbAde pres. imp. act. oKdAAW
act. part. s.v. 1. Part. of manner. €noinoev aor. ind. act. (# 5035) to trouble, to cause inconvenience to, to an-
noiew (# 4472) to do. 40 tbmootpedet pres. act. inf. noy. Pres. imp. w. neg. wn (# 3590) used to discontinue
s.v. 37. Inf. w. prep. ev (# 1877) to express contempora- an action in progress. @ 50 dkovous aor. act. part.
neous time. amedeEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dnodseyouar (temp.) s.v. 8. &mekpt6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 21.
(# 622) to receive, to welcome, implying a cordial re- gofod pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 25. niotevoov aor. imp.
ception (EGT). npoodoxdvtec pres. act. part. tpocdoKaw act. s.v. 12. Note the change of tense (“cease to fear;
129 Luke 9

only make an act of faith” [Plummer]). ow@noetar fut. (dep.) S€xou01 (# 1312) to receive, to welcome. Subj. in
ind. pass. s.v. 36. Fut. ind. in a Semitic type of cond. cl. an indef. cl. kovioptéc (# 3155) dust. &motivaooeteE pres.
preceded by the imp. and Kat (# 2779) (Beyer, 238-54), imp. act. anotivacow (# 701) to shake off. An act sym-
@ 51 &Owv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 17. &@fKev aor. bolizing the severance of all association. Jews return-
ind. act. d&binut (# 918) to allow, w. inf. eiceAeiv aor. ing to Palestine from pagan territory were expected to
act. inf. s.v. 30. 52 ékAatov impf. ind. act. KAatw do the same (Fitzmyer, 754; BC, 5:269-77; BBC; Matt.
(# 3081) to weep loudly. éxontovto (# 3164) impf. ind. 10:14). 6 dinpxovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) dvepyonor
mid. (dir. mid.) kontw to beat the breast or head in (# 1451) to go through. Iterat. impf. ebayyeAtopevor
mourning (s. Matt. 9:23; BBC). KAaiete pres. imp. act. pres. mid. (dep.) part. evayyeAiGouon (# 2294) to pro-
used w. a neg. as a command to stop the action which claim good news. Part. of manner. 7 TiKovoev aor.
is in progress. ané8avev aor. ind. act. dno@vnoKkw (# 633) ind. act. cKovw (# 201) to hear. tetpadpyns (# 5490) tet-
to die. Ka@evSer pres. ind. act. kaGevdw (# 2761) to rarch. Luke calls Herod Antipas by his correct title
sleep. Pres. stresses the action in progress. @ 53 Kate- (HA, 149; TJ, 46; DJG, 324). ywopeva. pres. mid. (dep.)
yeAwv impf. ind. act. katayedcw (# 2860) to deride, to part. yivouai (# 1181) to become, to happen. Part. as
laugh scornfully at (used w. gen.). Incep. impf., “they subst. 5unmoper impf. ind. act. dianopew (# 1389) to be
began to ridicule.” etéoteg perf. act. part. (causal) of the perplexed, to be thoroughly at a loss, unable to find a
def. perf. oi5a (# 3857) to know. @ 54 xpatnoas aor. act. way out (RWP). Impf. pictures his continual state of
part. (temp.) kpatew (# 3195) to grasp, to take hold of, mind. Aéyeo8a pres. pass. inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Inf.
Ww. gen. &pwvnoev aor. ind. act. dwvew (# 5888) to call w. prep. to express cause. Nyép6n aor. ind. pass. eyeipw
aloud. éyeipe pres. imp. act. eyeipw (# 1586) to rise up, (# 1586) to raise; pass. to rise. For discussion of the
to get up. For a discussion of the idomatic use of the popular opinion regarding the supposed resurrection
pres. imp. of this vb. s. VANT, 348-49. @ 55 enéotpeyev of John s. HA, 187-89. 8 &pavn aor. ind. pass. daivw
aor. ind. act. emiotpedw (# 2188) to return. Prep. in com- (# 5743) to appear. aveotn aor. ind. act. aviotnpt
pound is directive (MH, 312). &véotn aor. ind. act. G- (# 482) to raise up, to rise. ® 9 GmeKepdAtoe aor. ind.
viotnut (# 482) to arise, to stand up. d1étaéev aor. ind. act. anokeharitw (# 642) to behead (TJ, 63-64). Enter
act. d:atacow (# 1411) to instruct, to command. S00fvar impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Impf. pictures the
aor. pass. inf. Siw (# 1443) to give. Inf. in indir. dis- continual seeking. Wetv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972) to
course, or as dir. obj. of the vb. payetv aor. act. inf. €0- see. The statement could be taken as a form of sarcasm
8iw (# 2266) to eat. Inf. as obj. of the previous inf. 56 or irony (HA, 190f). Inf. as dir. obj. | 10 bxootpE-
e€Eotnoay aor. ind. act. e€iotnu (# 2014) to be beside wovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) bnootpepw (# 5715) to re-
oneself, to be greatly astounded. mapnyyetAev aor. ind. turn. dinynoavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dinyeouar
act. s.v. 29. eimetv aor. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak, to (# 1455) to report, to narrate, to tell. €moinoav aor. ind.
tell. Inf. in indir. discourse, or dir. obj. of the vb. ye- act. noew (# 4472) to do, to accomplish. naparapwv
yovoc perf. act. part. s.v. 34. Part. as subst. aor. act. part. (circum.) moparaupavw (# 4161) to take
someone along as a traveling companion. brexwpnoev
Luke 9 aor. ind. act. Droywpew (# 5723) to withdraw. Kat’ 1Siav
@ 1 ovyKoAeodpevos aor. mid. part. (temp.) ovyKa- (# 2848; 2625) privately, alone. KaAovpevnv pres. pass.
Aw (# 5157) to call together, to summons. €5wxev aor. part. kadew (# 2813) to call, to name. 11 yvovtec
ind. act. Si8wur (# 1443) to give. eEovota (# 2026) au- aor. act. part. ywwwokw (# 1182) to know, to recognize.
thority (TDNT; NIDNTT). @epanevetv pres. act. inf. Temp. or causal part. NKoAovOnoav aor. ind. act.
Gepanevw (# 2543) to treat medically, to heal. Epex. inf. aKoAoveew (# 199) to follow. d&nodeEGpEvos aor. mid.
explaining the authority and power. ® 2 dméotetev (dep.) part. anodexou01 (# 622) to receive, to welcome
aor. ind. act. dmootéAAw (# 690) to send out, to send out (s. 8:40). €AGA€t impf. ind. act. AaAew (# 3281) to speak.
as an Official or authoritative representative (TDNT, Incep. impf. 1@t0 impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. Impf. pic-
EDNT). knpdooet pres. act. inf. knpvoow (# 3062) to tures the repeated action. @ 12 fip§ato aor. ind. mid.
preach, to proclaim as a herald. Inf. of purp. 1a0801 (dep.) &pxoucr (# 806) to begin, w. inf. KAivet pres. act.
pres. mid. (dep.) inf. La.opL01 (# 2615) to heal. inf. KAivw (# 3111) to bend, to bow down. Intr. to de-
@ 3 aipete pres. imp. act. aipw (# 149) to take. éxew cline; used of the day coming to an end, probably be-
pres. act. inf. yw (# 2400) to have. Inf. used to express tween 3:00 and 6:00 P.M. (Arndt). mpooeA@ovtes aor. act.
a command (RG, 1092; BD, 196). @ 4 e1oéAOnte aor. part. (temp.) mpooepxouct (# 4665) to come to. &mdAvOOV
subj. act. eloepyowar (# 1656) to come into, to go into. aor. imp. act. dnoAvw (# 668) to release, to dismiss. Aor.
Subj. in an indef. cl. wevete pres. imp. act. pevw (# 3531) imp. calls for a specific act. mopev®evteg aor. pass.
to remain. &&€pxeo0e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) e€epyouat (dep.) part. (circum.) nopevouat (# 4513) to go, to jour-
(# 2002) to go out. The pres. imps. are iterat., applying ney. KQTOADOWOLV aor. subj. act. katarvw (#2907) lit., to
to repeated incidents. 5 5€xwvto1 pres. subj. mid. unharness the pack animals, to rest, to find lodging
Luke 9 130

(BAGD; MM). Subj. w. tva (# 2671) in purp. cl. etpwo anodsokacw (# 627) to reject after investigation; to
aor. subj. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. emiovtiopog (# judge someone or something as not being worthy or
2169) provision, food, esp. provisions for a journey genuine and thus something to be rejected (Plummer;
(RWP); (s. Gen. 42:25; 45:21; Exod. 12:39). Subj. w. iva LN, 1:365; TDNT). axoxtav@fivo1 aor. pass. inf. an0-
(# 2671) in purp. cl. @ 13 d0te aor. imp. act. s.v. 1. Aor. Ktetvw (# 650) to kill. Eyep@fjvan aor. pass. inf. s.v. 7. The
imp. calls for a specific act. dayetv aor. act. inf. Eo8iw infs. here are dependent on the vb. Sei. @ 23 apvn-
(# 2266) to eat. Inf. as dir. obj. &yopaowpev aor. subj. act. odo08w aor. imp. mid. (dep.) 3rd. sing. apveouar (# 766)
ayopatw (# 60) to buy, to buy in the marketplace. Subj. to say no, to deny. &pa&tw aor. imp. act. s.v. 3. Taking up
is used in 3rd. class cond. cl. w. et (# 1623) instead of one’s cross refers to the attitude of self-denial (Mar-
eav (RWP). @ 14 kataKdivate aor. imp. act. KaTAKAtvu) shall). This refers to carrying the horizontal beam (pat-
(# 2884) to recline, to have someone to sit down to eat ibulum) to the place of crucifixion past a mocking,
(LN, 1:219). KAvoia (# 3112) a group of people eating jeering mob (BBC). It is the readiness to renounce self
together, a company reclining. &va nevtnKovta, (# 324; and be ready to die a shameful death. Ka6’ Tépav
4299) groups of about fifty. @ 15 €xoinoav aor. ind. (# 2848; 2465) day by day, daily. dxoXovGettw pres. imp.
act. s.v. 10. KatEKALVaY aor. ind. act. s.v. 14. 16 Aa- act. s.v. 11. Here the word indicates to follow as a disci-
wv aor. act. part. (temp.) AopBavw (# 3284) to take, to ple (TIDNT; EDNT). @ 24 6€Aq pres. subj. act. 6€Aw
receive. avaBAewas aor. act. part. (temp.) avoprenw (# 2527) to will, to want to, w. inf. Subj. in an indef. rel.
(# 329) to look up. Both parts. express antecedent ac- cl. o@oa1 aor. act. inf. owlw (# 5392) to save, to rescue.
tion. EvDAOYNOEV aor. ind. act. evAOyEw (# 2328) to bless, Gnodéoet fut. ind. act. GnoAAvUL (# 660) to lose, to de-
to give thanks. KatéxAaoev aor. ind. act. KataKrGaw stroy (EDNT). &mod€oq aor. subj. act. Subj. in an indef.
(# 2880) to break. &5i50v impf. ind. act. s.v. 1. Impf. pic- rel. cl. owoet fut. ind. act. @ 25 whedeitat pres. ind.
tures the repeated act of giving. mapa@etvat aor. act. pass. wherew (# 6067) to help, to benefit, to be of use.
inf. napattOnur (# 4192) to place before, to serve food. Kepéjous aor. act. part. (cond.) kepdaivw (# 3045) to
Jesus’ act would remind a Jew of the miracle of the gain, to win. The word is often used of the pursuit of
manna (Ellis). Inf. of purp. @ 17 Ebayov aor. ind. wealth, earthly riches, business success (Fitzmyer,
act. s.v. 13. exoptao8noav aor. ind. pass. yoptacw 788). GmoMous aor. act. part. s.v. 24. CnyweOet¢ aor.
(# 5963) to feed, to satisfy. 7p6n aor. ind. pass. aipw pass. part. Cnuiow (# 2423) to suffer loss, to receive
(# 149) to take up. nepiooedouv aor. act. part. tepiocevw damage (NTNT, 61; Preisigke; s. Mark 8:36). @ 26
(# 4355) to be in abundance, to be left over. Part. as ENALOXLVOT} aor. subj. pass. ExaLoxvvVoLLAL (# 2049) to be
subst. kotvot nom. pl. Kopivog (# 3186) basket (s. Mark ashamed, in the eyes of men. Subj. w. @v (# 323) in an
6:43). Nom. in apposition to the subject. ® 18 éyéveto indef. rel. cl. enaroyvvOnoetor fut. ind. pass. £6q aor.
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyat (# 1181) to become, to hap- subj. act. €pxouat (# 2262) to go, to come. Subj. in an in-
pen, w. prep. and inf. expressing contemporaneous def. temp. cl. 27 éotnkotwv perf. act. part. iotnut
time (s. 8:1). etvai pres. act. inf. et (# 1639). mpooevxo- (# 2705) to stand. Part. in a periphrastic construction.
wevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpocevyouor (# 4667) to yevowvta1 aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yevouor (# 1174) to
pray. Part. in a periphrastic construction. Kato Wovac taste, w. obj. in gen. Subj. w. double neg. strongly ne-
alone. Ovvijoav impf. ind. act. ovvew (# 5289) w. dat., gating an action. iwot aor. subj. act. opaw (# 3972) to
to be together. Emnpwtnoev aor. ind. act. ENEPWTOW see. Futuristic subj. (RWP). @ 28 €yeveto aor. ind. mid.
(# 2089) to question, to direct a question to. Elva pres. (dep.) yivoyon (# 1181) (s. 2:1). napadroPov aor. act. part.
act. inf. Inf. in indir. speech. 19 d&moxpiOévtes aor. (circum.) s.v. 10. &veBn aor. ind. act. dvoPaivey (# 326) to
pass. (dep.) part. anoxptvonat (# 646) to answer. For go up. mpooevEaobat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 18. Inf. of
the Semitic use s. MH, 453. &véotn aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. purp. 29 MPOCEDYEDHOL pres. mid. (dep.) inf., s.v 18.
@ 20 Xptotov acc. sing. ypiotog (# 5986) the anointed, Inf. w. prep. €v (# 1877) to express contemporaneous
the Christ (TDNT; NIDNTT; DJG, 106-17; EDNT). Acc. time (“while”); s. BD, 208. et0¢ (# 1626) appearance.
is used w. the unexpressed inf. (RWP). @ 21 exityn- AevKos (# 3328) white. Eaotpamtwv pres. act. part.
oa aor. act. part. emit wow (# 2203) to rebuke, to stern- (adj.) eGaotpantw (# 1993) to flash forth as lightning, to
ly charge. Part. of manner. mapnyyetev aor. ind. act. gleam. For a discussion of the Transfiguration s. DJG,
napayyerrAw (# 4133) to command, to order. Used esp. 834-41. ® 30 ovvedaAovv impf. ind. act. ovArarew
of transmitted orders of a military commander (AS). (# 5196) to speak together, to converse. Impf. pictures
Aeyetv pres. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Inf. as obj. or the continued conversation. 31 op®€vtes aor. pass.
in indir. speech. @ 22 eimwv aor. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) part. (adj.) opaw (# 3972) to see; pass. to appear. €050¢
to say. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act., it is necessary, w. inf. (# 2016) departure, going out. The word contains the
It gives a logical necessity. It refers not to fate but to ideas both of death and ascension (Godet). TyeAAev
the will of God (Evans). ma@etv aor. act. inf. maoyw impf. ind. act. perArAw (# 3516) to be about to; w. inf. to
(# 4248) to suffer. anodoxiao@fvar aor. pass. inf. express the fut. In the impf. it expresses fut. or inten-
131 Luke 9

tion reckoned from a moment in the past (MKG, 307). cast out. Subj. in an obj. cl. névvn@qoav aor. ind. pass.
The concept of divine appointment or determination is (dep.) S0voyat (# 1538) to be able. 41 d&noxpiOEic aor.
evident (Arndt). 32 BeBapnyévot perf. pass. part. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 19. Sveotpoypeévn perf. pass. part.
(adj.) Bapéw (# 976) to make heavy, to burden; pass. to (adj.) 5uactpedw (# 1406) to make twisted, turned, dis-
be heavy. Perf. pictures the state or cond. dtaypnyopn- torted. Perf. stresses the state or cond. éoowa fut. ind.
OavtEs aor. act. part. (circum.) diaypnyopew (# 1340) to mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639). aveEoua fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
remain awake. The force of the prep. is either to re- avexouat (# 462) to bear w., to endure, w. gen. ™poo-
main awake in spite of desire to sleep or to become ayaye aor. imp. act. mpocayw (# 4642) to bring to, to
thoroughly awake (RWP; MH, 301). etéov aor. ind. act. lead to. Aor. imp. w. a vb. of motion (VANT, 341-48).
Opouw (# 3972) to see. ovveot@tas perf. act. part. (adj.) @ 42 npooepyouevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.)
ovviotnut (# 5319) to stand together. @ 33 mpooepxouar (# 4665) to come to. Gen. abs. expressing
diaxwpifeo8at pres. mid. inf. Siaywpitw (# 1431) to di- contemporaneous time, “as he was coming.” Eppngev
vide; mid. to depart. Inf. w. prep. to express time. elvat aor. ind. act. pyyvuut (# 4838) to throw down. The word
pres. act. inf. et. (# 1639) Epex. inf. movmowpev aor. is used of boxers knocking down, and of wrestlers
subj. act. s.v. 10. Hortatory subj. et8u¢ perf. act. part. throwing an opponent (Plummer). ovveonapogev aor.
0180 (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Cir- ind. act. ovonapaoow (# 5360) to tear, to pull about, to
cum. or causal part. 34 emeoxiatev impf. ind. act. convulse. émetipnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 21; Matt. 17:18.
emroxracw (# 2173) to overshadow. Incep. impf. epoBn- idoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. &mé5wkev aor. ind.
O8noav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) doBeowor (# 5828) to be act. 051511 (# 625) to give back. @ 43 étenAno-
afraid. eloedGetv aor. act. inf. s.v. 4. Inf. w. prep. to ex- oovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) exmAnooouar (# 1742) to be
press contemporaneous time. @ 35 exdeAeypevos perf. beside oneself, to be astonished, to be so amazed as to
pass. part. (adj.) exAeyw (# 1721) to choose. Perf. pic- be practically overwhelmed (LN, 1:312). peyaAevotntt
tures the state or cond. &kovete pres. imp. act. dKovw dat. sing. peyarerotns (# 3484) majesty, grandeur, sub-
(# 201) to hear, listen to, w. the gen. @ 36 yeveobar limity (Marshall). 89avpofovtwv pres. act. part. (temp.)
aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 18. Inf. w. prep. év (# 1877) to Savucatw (# 2513) to wonder, to be amazed. Gen. abs.
express time (after). evpe@n aor. ind. pass. evptoKw enoiet impf. ind. act. s.v. 10. 44 @éo08e aor. imp. mid.
(# 2351) to find. eotynoay aor. ind. act. ovyaw (# 4967) to (dep.) ti@nyt (# 5502) to place, to lay. The meaning of
be silent. Ingressive aor., “they became silent.” anny- the expression is “store them in your memory”
yetdav aor. ind. act. anayyedAw (# 550) to report. Eopa- (Arndt). péAdeu pres. ind. act. s.v. 31. mapadidoo8a1
kav plperf. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. ® 37 Eyeveto pres. pass. inf. napadidwyi (# 4140) to deliver over, to
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s. 2:1. €&fi¢ (# 2009) afterward. betray. @ 45 jyvoovv impf. ind. act. wyvoew (# 51) to be
KOtEABOVTWV aor. act. part. (temp.) KatEpxonat (# 2982) ignorant, not to know. napaxexaAvppevov perf. pass.
to come down, to go down. Gen. abs. ovvyvtnoev aor. part. (adj.) napoxarvntw (# 4152) to conceal. Perf.
ind. act. ovvavtaw (# 5267) to meet, w. dat. stresses the state or cond. aio®wvta1 aor. subj. mid.
@ 38 éBonoev aor. ind. act. Boow (# 1066) to call out, to (dep.) atodcavowa (# 150) to possess the power of per-
cry out for help. émpPAewou aor. act. inf. eniprenw ception, to perceive (BAGD). Subj. in purp. cl. &o0-
(# 2098) to look upon, to regard w. compassion (Arndt; Bodvto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 34. Epwtfjoar aor. act.
KVS, 282). povoyevig (# 3666) only child. This son was inf. epwtdw (# 2263) to ask, to question. Epex. inf. ex-
extremely important since he would provide in old plaining the fear. 46 evofjAGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 4. 16
age and would carry on the name (BBC). 39 the definite art. used before indir. speech (BD, 140). etn
eEatovnsg (# 1978) suddenly. The word was used in pres. opt. act. et (# 1639) to be. Opt. used in indir.
medical language for sudden attacks of speechless- question in a context of doubt and perplexity (RG, 940;
ness, spasms, etc. (MLL, 19). onapdooer pres. ind. act. MKG, 240ff). peitov (# 3505) comp. WEYOLC great. Comp.
onapacow (# 5057) to tear. Hist. pres. appog (# 931) used as superl., “greatest.” QvTHV gen. avTOG; gen. of
foam. Used by medical writers to describe the symp- comp. @ 47 eidu¢ perf. act. part. o180 (# 3857). Def.
toms of epilepsy. Probably the disease through which perf. w. pres. meaning, s.v. 33. Temp. or causal part.
the demons exerted their power over this child (MLL, emiAaBoyevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) émrop-
17). poy (# 3653) hardly, w. difficulty. anoxwpei pres. Bavouai (# 2138) to take, to take hold of. €otnoev aor.
ind. act. anoywpew (# 713) to leave, to depart. ovvtpipov ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to place, to stand. @ 48 S€Entar
pres. act. part. (circum.) ovvtpiBw (#5341) to crush to- aor. subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl.
gether, to mishandle, to bruise (Fitzmyer, 808; cf. ovv- anooteiAAaVte aor. act. part. s.v. 2. Part. as subst. wikpo-
tpyiua fracture, abrasion, DMTG, 306). @ 40 edenOnv TEpos comp. LKpOG (# 3625) little, small. Comp. used as
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) 5eoua1 (# 1289) to ask, to plea, to the superl., “least” (BD, 32; GGBB, 298). bxapywv pres.
beg, to ask for w. urgency (LN, 1:408), w. gen. of pers. act. part. vmapyw (# 5639) to be. Part. as subst. weyas
(BAGD). é«BaAwotv aor. subj. act. exBardrw (# 1675) to (# 3489) great. The thought is “great in God’s eyes”
Luke 10

(Stein). Positive used as superl. (BD, 127; MT, 31). @ 49 cific act. &meASOvtt aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 57.
GmoKpiOeis aor. pass. part. s.v. 19. etSovev aor. ind. act. Oc yon aor. act. inf, @artw (# 2507) to bury. According to
Opaw s.v. 36. EKBaAAOVtE pres. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 40. It- Jewish tradition, the obligation to bury a relative took
erat. pres. indicating a repeated action. ExwAvopev precedence over religious duties and was considered
impf. ind. act. kwAvw (# 3266) to hinder, to prevent. an obligatory act of love (Ellis; SB, 4:578ff; M, Bera-
Conative impf., “We tried to prevent...” d&KoAovdet koth, 3:1; Roy A. Harrisville, “Jesus and the Family,”
pres. ind. act. s.v. 11. Pres. indicates continual action. Interp. 23 [1969]: 432). Inf. of purp. @ 60 ageg aor.
@ 50 KwAvete pres. imp. act. s.v. 49. Pres. imp. used w. imp. act. &pinut (# 918) to allow, w. inf. vexpog (# 3738)
a neg. here means “do not continue” or “do not al- dead. “Let the (spiritually) dead bury the (physically)
ways” (MKG, 272). 51 €yeéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dead” (Marshall). ameA@wv aor. act. part. s.v. 57. Cir-
s.v. 18. oupnAnpodo=a1 pres. pass. inf. ovumANpow cum. part. w. the force of an imp. (VANT, 386). d1ay-
(# 5230) to fill, to fulfill. Used in the fulfillment of a di- yeAAe pres. imp. act. diayyeAAw (# 1334) to publish
vine plan (TDNT). Inf. w. prep. €v (# 1877) to express everywhere, to proclaim far and wide (Arndt). @ 61
time, “while the days leading up to His taking up anotagaosar aor. mid. (dep.) inf. amotacoouar (# 698)
were being fulfilled” (Marshall). avoATwews gen. to detach, to separate; to set myself apart from, bid
sing. avaannyis (# 378) taking up, lifting up. It could farewell to those who that are at my house (Plummer).
refer to His death or to His ascension (Arndt; Mar- @ 62 EmPodwv aor. act. part. emiBPadrAw (# 2095) to place
shall). Gen. of description. €otnpioev aor. ind. act. upon, to place the hand upon. Part. as subst. &potpov
otnpitw (# 5114) to fix firmly. “To set the face” is a He- (# 770) acc. sing. plow (ABD, 6:1115-16). BAemwv pres.
braism implying fixedness of purp., esp. in the pros- act. part. BAenw (# 1063) to see, to look. Part. as subst.
pect of difficulty or danger (Plummer; JMJ, 79-81; Pres. indicates a continual looking. ed@etog (# 2310)
Fitzmyer, 828; C.A. Evans, “’He Set His Face’: A Note well-placed, fit, suitable, useable. It was used of those
on Luke 9, 51,” Biblica 63 [1982]: 545-48; Gen. 31:21; Jer. suitable for a place or office (MM; Preisigke). In medi-
42:15, 17; Dan. 11:17; 1QS 2:12; 1QH 8:16). mopeveobar cal writers it meant “well adapted to,” “well ar-
pres. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 12. Inf. of purp. @ 52 ranged” (MLL, 75).
Gmeoteev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. mopevOEevtEs aor. pass.
(dep. ) part. (circum.) s.v. 12. eloTAGov aor. ind. act. s.v. Luke 10
4. Etoscoa aor. act. inf. etosatw (# 2286) to prepare. @ 1 avederéev aor. ind. act. avadeixvunr (# 344) to
Inf. w. wg (# 6055) to express purp. (BD, 197-98). show forth, to display, to make public, esp. a person’s
@ 53 edeEavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. Mpoownov appointment to an office (Plummer). a@meotevev aor.
(# 4725) face. Semitic use means “person” or “he” (SB, ind. act. anooteAAw (# 690) to send out, to send out as
2:165; Marshall). mopevopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. an official authoritative representative (TDNT). ava
s.v. 12. Periphrastic vb. part. w. impf. Iv. @ 54 wovtes 500 (# 324; 1545) distributive, by twos. For the textual
aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 9. etmmpev aor. subj. act. Aeyw problem s. TC, 150-51; Bock. TwedAev impf. ind. act.
(# 3306) to speak. Deliberative subj. preceded by a vb. wedAdw (#3516) to be about to, w. inf. for the fut. (s. 7:2).
of desire (BD, 185). kataPivar aor. act. inf. KataBaivw @ 2 SenOnte aor. imp. pass. (dep.) Seouar (# 1289) to
(# 2849) to go down, to come down. Inf. expressing pray, to ask someone for something, w. gen. €xBaAq
purp. or result. dvaA@oa aor. act. inf. dvarow (# 384) aor. subj. act. exBoAAw (# 1675) to drive out, to cast out.
to consume, to destroy. For the use of the word in the Subj. w. Omwe (# 3968) in an obj. cl. giving the content
LXX s. GELTS, 30. Prep. in compound is perfective of the prayer. @ 3 Odnayete pres. imp. act. vrayw
(MH, 296). Inf. of purp. or result. 55 otpadeic aor. (# 5632) to go, to go forth. Pres. imp. w. a vb. of mo-
pass. part. (temp.) otpedw (# 5138) to turn. enetipnoev tion. apvac acc. pl. dpnv (# 748) lamb. For the figure of
aor. ind. act. s.v. 21. @ 56 EmopevOnoay aor. ind. pass. lambs and wolves s. Marshall; Fitzmyer, 847; TDNT; 1
(dep.) s.v. 12. 57 axoAovenow fut. ind. act. s.v. 11. For Enoch 89:13-27. @ 4 Baota{ete pres. imp. act. Baoratw
a discussion s. Matt. 28:19; DJG, 186-88. Deliberative (# 1002) to carry. Here the pres. imp. w. neg. indicates
fut. indicating intention (VA, 424). amépyn pres. subj. “do not always” (MKG, 272). BadAavtiov (# 964) ace.
mid. (dep.) anepyouar (# 599) to go away. Subj. in an sing. purse, an old word for moneybag (RWP; Bovon).
indef. rel. cl. @ 58 GAwneKxesg nom. pl. cAwnng (# 273) Ggonaonove aor. subj. mid. (dep.) domatouar (# 832) to
fox. gwied¢ (# 5887) den, hole for animals. KataoKn- greet. @ 5 eloeAOnte aor. subj. act. cicepyouar (# 1656)
vwog (# 2943) encampments, roost (Plummer). KAivy to go in. Subj. w. av (# 323) in an indef. rel. cl. Aeyete
pres. subj. act. kAtvw (# 3111) to lay. Subj. in indef. rel. pres. imp. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. eipnyn (# 1645)
cl. (RWP). @ 59 axKoAoveel pres. imp. act. s.v. 11. peace, used in Semitic sense of 819% (shalom), whole-
The word indicates to follow as a disciple (TDNT). ness, prosperity, salvation (TDNT: NIDNTT; TDOT;
Pres. imp. would indicate a lifestyle. Emitpewov aor. EDNT; GELTS, 130). #6 1 pres. subj. act. eiwt (# 1639)
imp. act. emitpenw (# 2205) to allow. Aor. calls for a spe- to be. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in 3rd. class cond. cl., where
is Luke 10

the possibility of the cond. is assumed. vids elpnyns 850). Gov gen. sing. Ging (# 87) Hades, like the OT
son of peace. In the Semitic sense of “one characterized Sheol Ow). It means death, grave, or the realm of
by wholeness,” that is, “one who has been born of death (Ellis; TDNT; TDOT; NIDOTTE; NIDNTT;
peace and is also destined for the peace of others” EDNT; SB, 4:ii, 1016-29; 1 Enoch 102:5, 11; 1QH 3:9, 16,
(William Klassen, “’A Child of Peace’ [Luke 10.6] in 19; Fitzmyer, 855). kataBnoq fut. ind. mid. katoBaivw
First Century Context,” NTS [1981]: 488-506, esp. 501; (# 2849) to go down. Perhaps an allusion to Isa. 14:13,
also Marshall; SB, 2:166). enavananoetat fut. ind. pass. 15 (Marshall). @ 16 axovwv pres. act. part. GKovw
(dep.) €navanovouor (# 2058) to rest upon. et 8 UN YE (# 201) to hear, to listen to, w. gen. Part. as subst.
but if not, otherwise (Thrall, 10). &voKdpyer fut. ind. abetav pres. act. part. Getew (# 119) to set aside, to re-
act. avoxountw (#366) to return. @ 7 pévete pres. imp. ject. Part. as subst. anooteiAavte., aor. act. part. s.v. 1.
act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. éo@tovtes pres. act. part. Part. as subst. 17 bnéotpewav aor. ind. act. vn0-
(circum.) €001w (# 2266) to eat. mivovtes pres. act. part. otpédw (# 5715) to turn about, to return. bnotd&ooETAL
(circum.) nivw (# 4403) to drink. pro8ed (# 3635) gen. pres. ind. pass. vnotacow (# 5718) to subject; pass. to
sing. wage, pay. The saying does not appear to be be in subjection. The word was used in a magical text
found in Jewish lit. (JJ, 210). Gen. w. the adj. d&v¢ in the papyri for the subjection of evil spirits and de-
(# 545) (“worthy”). petoPaivete pres. imp. act. weto- mons (LAE, 258, 263). Pres. could be iterat. @ 18
Botvw (# 3553) to change a place, to leave, to depart. e8ewpovv impf. ind. act. Bewpew (# 2555) to see, to be a
The force of the prep. involves the idea of change spectator. Impf. points to what was constantly repeat-
(MH, 318). @ 8 evoepynove pres. subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. ed. Every expulsion of demons meant a fall of Satan
Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. &&ywvtar pres. subj. mid. (dep.) (Arndt). aotpann (# 847) lightning. meoovta aor. act.
dexyoua. (# 1312) to receive, to welcome. napatibepeva. part. (adj.) mintw (# 4406) to fall. 19 5é6wxKa perf.
pres. pass. part. nopatiOnut (# 4192) to set (food) be- ind. act. di6wut (# 1443) to give. Perf. means, “I have
fore someone. Part. as subst. @ 9 Bepanevete pres. imp. given to you, so that you now possess it” (Gelden-
act. Gepanevw (# 2543) to treat medically, to heal. jyy- huys). mateiv pres. act. inf. matew (# 4251) to walk.
kev perf. ind. act. eyyiGw (# 1581) to draw near; perf. to Epex. inf. explaining the e€ovota. dpewv gen. pl. dd1¢
be at hand (s. Matt. 3:2). @ 10 e€eA@ovtes aor. act. part. (# 4058) snake. &ikfoq aor. subj. act. adixew (# 92) to
(temp.) e€€pzyouct (# 2002) to go out. elmate aor. imp. commit an injustice, to harm, to do wrong. Subj. w.
act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to speak. 11 kai (# 2779) double neg. od un (# 4024; 3590) for a strong denial.
even. Ascensive use; the thing that is added is out of © 20 yatpete pres. imp. act. yatpw (# 5897) to rejoice.
the ordinary and rises to a climax like the crescendo in Pres. imp. w. neg. pf (#3590) indicates that this should
music (RG, 1181). kovioptog (# 3155) dust. KoAAnBEvtO. not be one’s attitude. eyyeypantar perf. ind. pass.
aor. pass. part. (adj.) koAAGWw (# 3140) to cling to. For Evyypaow (# 1582) to write in, to record. For the Jewish
the medical examples of the word s. MLL, 128. &no- concept of various heavenly books s. SB, 2:169-176,
paooopeda pres. ind. mid. anopacow (# 669) to wipe and for references to passages s. Stein. Perf. indicates
off, to rub off w. the hands (RWP; for medical usages s. the completed state. Theol. pass. indicating that God
MLL, 111). Pres. indicates that the saying accompanies has done the action. @ 21 jyaAAlaoato aor. ind. mid.
the action (Marshall). @ 12 &vextotepov comp. GvEeKt0¢ (dep.) ayoAdaw (# 22) to rejoice, to be overjoyed, to
(# 445) bearable, endurable. The word is used in a experience a state of great joy and gladness, often in-
Christian letter of the 4th century to describe a sick volving verbal expression and bodily movement (LN,
lady who has gotten better: “Her cond. seems ... to be 1:303; TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT). &0poA0yotpo1 pres.
more tolerable (a4vextotepov), as she can sit up” (Oxy- ind. mid. (dep.) e£on0A0yeouon (# 2018) to confess pub-
rhynchus Papyri 939, 25; also NDIEC, 4:247; MM). licly, to praise, to thank. améxpuyas aor. ind. act. 2nd.
@ 13 éyevnOnoay aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivowor (# 1181) pers. sing. anoxpuntw (# 648) to conceal, to hide. ame-
to become, to happen. YEVOMEVaL aor. mid. (dep.) part. KGAVWaS aor. ind. act. onokarvTtw (# 636) to unveil, to
Part. as adj. oaxkog (# 4884) sackcloth. From the Heb. reveal, eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyo1 (# 1181) to
or Aramaic word meaning a cloth made of rough become, to be. “In this way good pleasure has come
goat’s hair to cover the naked body as a sign of into being before you,” referring, in a reverential way,
mourning or penitence (Fitzmyer, 854). Ka@nyevor to God’s gracious action of revealing to the elect (Fitz-
pres. mid. (dep.) part. Kka8nuat (# 2764) to sit. Circum. myer, 873). 22 napes0o6n aor. ind. pass. nopadidwur
part. or part. of manner. petevonoay aor. ind. act. weto- (# 4140) to give over, to pass on, to transfer. BovAntat
voew (# 3566) to change the mind, to repent. Ind. w. dv pres. subj. mid. (dep.) BovAoua (# 1089) to will, to con-
(# 323) in a contrary to fact. cond. cl. @ 15 wh (# 3590) sider carefully, to make a decision after careful consid-
used in questions which expect the answer “no.” byo- eration, w. inf. (EDNT; TDNT; NIDNTT). a&noxoAdwar
@ro7 fut. ind. pass. Vyow (# 5738) to lift up, to exalt. aor. act. inf. s.v. 21. @ 23 otpaeic aor. pass. part.
“You don’t expect to be exalted..., do you?” (Fitzmyer, (temp.) otpepw (# 5138) to turn; pass. (w. refl. meaning)
Luke 10 134

to turn toward, to turn to (BAGD). BAénovtes pres. act. (RWP; SB, 2:181-82). exdvoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
part. (adj.) BAenw (# 1063) to see. @ 24 NOEANOav aor. exdvw (# 1694) to remove the clothing, to strip.
ind. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to wish, to desire, to want, w. emBEvtEs aor. act. part. (temp.) EnitiOnyr (# 2202) to
inf. Wetv aor. act. inf. dpaw (# 3972) to see. eldav aor. place upon; here, to inflict blows upon someone.
ind. act. opdw. &kodoat aor. act. inf. s.v. 16. HKOVOaV aor. GnT)A8ov aor. ind. act. anepyouat (# 599) to go away.
ind. act. s.v. 16. @ 25 vouikos (# 3788) jurist, lawyer. GhevtEs aor. act. part. (circum.) &pinpt (# 918) to leave.
One conversant w. the law, its interpretation and ap- nuwWavns (# 2467) half dead. 31 ovyKxupia (# 5175)
plication (TDNT; EDNT; Matt. 22:35). &veotn aor. ind. coincidence. This had not been prearranged or
act. aviotnut (# 482) to stand up, to rise for a question planned (Arndt). t8wv aor. act. part. (temp.) opdw
or participation in an argument (Arndt). Perhaps this (# 3972) to see. avtiTapyAGev aor. ind. act. dvtimapepyxo-
was a gruff, unexpected gesture (Bovon). exnerpatwv po. (# 524) to pass by along on the other side, to pass
pres. act. part. exneipacw (# 1733) to try, to test, to alongside (napo) of, facing, or being opposite (avtt).
tempt. A recognized religious authority is testing the He came alongside, then stepped over to the opposite
unofficial teacher to see whether He gives the right an- side of the road to avoid ceremonial contamination w.
swers (Marshall). Circum. part. or expressing purp. a stranger, or one who might be dead (RWP; Fitzmyer,
TONoas aor. act. part. moiew (# 4472) to do. Part. of 887). The priest and the Levite were obligated accord-
means (“by doing”). KANpovoptow fut. ind. act. KAnpo- ing to the law to help a neighbor in need. They also
vouew (# 3099) to receive as inheritance, to receive a were obligated not to defile themselves by touching a
share allotted to you (Arndt). @ 26 yéypantat perf. dead body. Since defilement prevented their service in
ind. pass. ypapw (# 1211) to write. Perf. was used for the temple and eating of the tithe, they chose to pass
authoritative documents (“it stands written”) (MM). by on the opposite side rather than to take a chance on
avayivwoKEtg pres. ind. act. dvayiwwokw (# 336) to defilement (LNT, 211-17). @ 32 €d@wv aor. act. part.
read. “How do you read?” i.e., “May I hear your au- (temp.) Epyouor (# 2262) to go, to come. The Levites
thorities w. exposition?” (LNT, 224). 27 dnoxpiGeic served in the temple helping the priest and were re-
aor. pass. (dep.) part. amoxpivopon (# 646) to answer. sponsible for the music. For the priests and Levites s.
Semitic use of the part. (MH, 453). wyannoets fut. ind. JPB, 77-102; Luke 1:5. © 33 Lapapitnes (# 4901) Samari-
act. cyarow (# 26) to love. For the fut. used in a Semitic tan (s. 9:52; John 4:3-15; SB, 1:538-60; Bock). The word
way to express a command s. BG, 94. nAnoiov (# 4446) stands first in the sentence for emphasis (Evans). 05€0-
acc. sing. neighbor. Samaritans and foreigners were wv pres. act. part. (temp.) 0devw (# 3841) to travel, tobe .
excluded from this category (Marshall). 28 op@dc on a journey (“As he was traveling”). NA@ev aor. ind.
(# 3987) straight, correctly. &nexpi@ng aor. ind. pass. act. s.v. 32. €onAayxvio8n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) onray-
(dep.) s.v. 27. mote. pres. imp. act. s.v. 25. Pres. imp. xvicouar (# 5072) to be deeply moved w. compassion,
calls for a habitual and continual way of life. (jon fut. to have compassion (TDNT; EDNT; MNTW, 156-60).
ind. mid. Caw (# 2409) to live. Imp. w. kat (#2779) and The irony is that a foreigner, not included in the Jewish
fut. forms a cond. type sentence. For this Semitic con- definition of a neighbor, is the one who showed him-
struction s. Beyer, 238-55; MH, 421. 29 @€Awv pres. self neighbor to the unfortunate Jew (Ellis). @ 34
act. part. s.v. 24. Part. may be causal. 6ika1@o0a1 aor. act. MpooeOwv aor. act. part. (circum.) npooepyouct (# 4665)
inf. dukatow (# 1467) to declare righteous, to justify, to to come to. (Contrast avtimapexouo v. 31.) The Samari-
clear oneself of a charge. The lawyer wishes to vindi- tan was moved by compassion, and this obviated fears
cate himself w. a question implying he did not know about his own contamination (LNT, 217). catédnoev
precisely what his duty was (GW, 133). pov gen. sing. aor. ind. act. katadew (# 2866) to bind up. Used in med-
eyo (# 1609). Personal pron. emphasized by its posi- ical language of binding up wounds, ulcers, etc. (MLL,
tion, “Who is my neighbor?” 30 bxoAaPov aor. act. 27; BBC). tpavpata acc. pl. tpadpa (# 5546) wound,
part. (circum.) broAauBavw (# 5696) to take up, to take hurt (DMTG, 312). The pl. points to the severe cond. of
up the discussion. xateBaivev impf. ind. act. Kata- the man. éniyewv pres. act. part. (circum.) émyew
Batvw (# 2849) to go down. Impf. vividly describes the (# 2219) to pour upon. For the medical use of this term
action. G0 TepovoaAnp eis ‘Tepiya from Jerusalem to as Well as the medicinal use of oil and wine s. MLL, 28-
Jericho. For a description of the area s. Jos., JW, 4:451- 29. empiBaoug aor. act. part. (circum.) émpiBacw
474; SB, 2:177-81. The distance of about 150 furlongs (# 2097) to set upon. Ktivog (# 3229) acc. sing. animal,
(approximately 11 1/2 miles) is desert and rocky (Jos., animal used for riding (BAGD). tyayev aor. ind. act.
JW, 4:474). Anotaig dat. pl. Anotns (# 3334) robber, one ayo (# 72) to lead. mavéoyeiov (# 4106) inn. A large
who uses force in robbing. Dat. w. prep. in the vb. structure w. shelter for man and beast (Arndt). émepe-
meplemecev aor. ind. act. nepinintw (# 4346) to fall ANON aor. ind. pass. (dep.) emmedeouar (# 2150) to care
among, to be encompassed by, to be surrounded by for, w. obj. in gen. Used in medical language of care
robbers. A common experience on the road to Jericho taken of the sick or some injured part of the body
135 Luke 11

(MLL, 29). 35 ExBadwv aor. act. part. (circum.) €k- an agitated state of mind (Geldenhuys). ®opuBaty pres.
BodrAw (# 1675) to throw out, to take out. Swxkev aor. ind. pass. @opvpatw (# 2571) to cause trouble; pass. to
ind. act. 5idwp (# 1443) to give. Snvaprov (# 1324) de- be troubled or distracted. 42 e€eA€Eato aor. ind. mid.
narius. A Roman coin worth about 18 cents. It was the (indir. mid.) ExA€ yoo (# 1721) to choose, to choose for
workman’s average daily wage (BAGD; DJG, 805; oneself, for one’s benefit (GGBB, 421). &darpeOnjoetar
ABD, 1:1086-87). navdoyei dat. sing. mavdoyeve (# 4107) fut. ind. pass. apaipew (# 904) to take away.
innkeeper. Indir. obj. émyeAnOnt1 aor. imp. pass. (dep.)
s.v. 34. mpoodanavnons aor. subj. act. mpoodanavaw Luke 11
(# 4655) to spend besides, to spend in addition. Subj. in @ 1 Eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyat (# 1181) to
an indef. rel. cl. Enavepyeo@ai pres. mid. (dep.) inf. become, to happen, followed by prep. w. inf. indicat-
EMOLVEPXOWLOLL (# 2059) to come back again. Inf. w. prep. ing time (Luke 8:1). ivan pres. act. inf. et (# 1639) to
tv (# 1877) to express time: “When I return.” &nodwow be. Inf. w. prep. for contemporaneous time. npocevx0-
fut. ind. act. anodidwut (# 625) to give back, to pay wevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpooevyoua (# 4667) to
back. For the Samaritan’s utter trust in making the inn- pray. Part. in a periphrastic construction. €mavoato
keeper his agent, esp. in light of his lack of legal re- aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mavopo (# 4264) to stop, to cease.
course s. LNT, 218. @ 36 doxet pres. ind. act. doxew diSaEov aor. imp. act. ddco0Kw (# 1438) to teach. mpoo-
(# 1506) to appear, to seem, w. dat. yeyovevau perf. act. evyeoba pres. mid. (dep.) inf. Inf. as dir. obj. 2 mpoo-
inf. s.v. 13. Inf. as obj. of the vb. umeoovtos aor. act. evynove pres. subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. Subj. in an indef.
part. (adj.) eunintw (# 1860) to fall in, to fall among. temp. cl. Aéyete pres. imp. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
@ 37 novnous aor. act. part. novew (# 4472) to do, w. the Pres. imp. here is iterat. matep voc. sing. natnp (# 4252)
adj., to show. He could not bring himself to say, “the father; suggesting that the Father will grant what’s
Samaritian!” €\€0¢ (# 1799) mercy. For the Heb. content best. The prayer has as contextual background the
of this word s. TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT. nopevov pres. family relationship between a father and son (TDNT;
imp. mid. (dep.) mopevowat (# 4513) to go. motel pres. NIDNTT; EDNT). @yao@ntw aor. imp. pass. ayiacw
imp. act. mo1gw to do. “Do constantly,” in the sense of (# 39) to declare holy, to treat as holy (Arndt). It indi-
lifelong action (Geldenhuys). @ 38 nopeveobar pres. cates a respect and reverence due to a heavenly Father.
mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 37. Inf. w. prep. to express contem- €\0Etw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. Epxouct (# 2262) to
poraneous time. elofAGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. bmedEEato come. 3 Eniovoros (# 2157) daily, for the coming day
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) bn0dexoua1 (# 5685) to receive, to (s. Matt. 6:11; Fitzmyer, 908-909; EDNT; TDNT). 3150”
welcome as a guest. ® 39 tide dat. fem. sing. 06e, this pres. imp. act. dtd (# 1443) to give. Pres. is iterat.,
one here (RG, 696). KaAoupévn pres. pass. part. Karew “give time after time.” The father was to provide for
(# 2813) to call; pass. to be named. napaxaGeoGeioa. aor. the family. 4 ae aor. imp. act. apinut (# 918) to re-
pass. (dep.) part. (temp.) nom. fem. sing. nmapaxaGeto- lease, to forgive. Opetdovtt pres. act. part. odethw
ua. (# 4149) to sit beside. She is eager to hear the (# 4053) to owe, to owe a debt. For sins viewed as a
teaching (BBC). fixovev impf. ind. act. s.v. 16. Impf. pic- debt to God s. TDNT. The family members were to be
tures the continual listening. 40 mepveonato impf. at harmony w. one another. etoeveyKys aor. subj. act.
ind. mid. (dep.) meproncouar (# 4352) to be pulled or elodepw (# 1662) to lead into, to bring into. “Do not
dragged away, to become or be distracted. She was permit the foes of our soul to catch us in their net”
drawn about in different directions (Plummer). (Arndt). The father was to protect the family. @ 5 é&et
émiotaoa aor. act. part. (circum.) epiotnt (# 2392) to fut. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Deliberative fut. ina
place upon, to come to. péAeu (# 3508) pres. ind. act. rhetorical question (RG, 875), w. nuance: “Can you
used impersonally w. dat., péAet oot “to be of concern imagine going to a neighbor, asking for help to enter-
to you” (BAGD). «catéAinev impf. ind. act. katoreinw tain a friend and getting this response?” (PAP, 121).
(# 2901) to leave, to forsake. Impf. expresses the con- HECOVUKTiOV gen. sing. LecovuKTiov (# 3543) midnight.
tinuance of the neglect (Plummer). 5iaKxoveiv pres. act. Gen. of time (“about midnight”) (BAGD). Often one
inf. diaxovew (# 1354) to minister, esp. to serve at the ta- traveled at night because of the heat during the day
ble. Inf. of purp. or result. etmé aor. imp. act. Aeyw (PAP, 121; Bovon). etny aor. subj. act. Aeyw s.v. 2. Delib-
(# 3306) to speak. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. ovv- erative subj. piA€ voc. oiiog (# 5813) friend. The point
QaVTAGBHtaL aor. subj. mid. (dep.) cvvavtiAcpBavopat of the story seems to turn on the concept of friendship,
(# 5269) to help. The mid. voice w. the prep. in com- esp. the responsibilities of loyalty, faithfulness, help-
pound means to take hold of oneself at the end of a fulness, unselfishness, etc., connected w. it (RAC,
task together w. another (RWP). @ 41 anoKpibEic 8:418-34; TDNT; EDNT; Jos., J.W., 1:390; TJ, 20). yptjoov
aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 27. HEptvac pres. ind. act. ye- aor. imp. act. kiypnut (# 3079) to lend. Distinct from “to
puuvaw (# 3534) to be concerned, to be overly con- lend on interest” as a matter of business. It means “to
cerned, to be anxious, to have care (BAGD). It refers to allow the use of” as a friendly act (Plummer; LXX Ps.
Luke 11 136

111 [112]:5). &ptog (# 788) bread, loaf of bread. To feed a construction of the imp. followed by the fut. as a type
guest w. a partial loaf left from another meal would be of cond. cl. s. 10:28, 10 AopPaver pres. ind. act. Aop-
an insult (PAP, 122). @ 6 éne1dn (# 2076) because. nape- Bavw (# 3284) to receive. Iterat. or customary pres.
yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) napayivonar (# 4134) to ar- @ 11 tiva acc. sing. masc. interrogative pron. ti¢ who?
rive, to come to. napa@now fut. ind. act. napatiOnur what sort of? (BAGD). aitnoet fut. ind. act. s.v. 9. De-
(# 4192) to set before. The reputation of a whole com- liberative fut. used in a question which expects the an-
munity is at stake and the host is asking the sleeper to swer “no” (s.v. 5): “of what sort of father from your
fulfill his duty to the guest of the village (PAP, 122-23). midst would a son ask a fish, and he would give
@ 7 Kaxeivos Eowbev and that one from within. The de- him...?” The point has to do with the kind of earthly
monstrative pron. is used in a derogatory sense. father that would do such a thing. dw acc. sing. 0o1¢
anoxpveic aor. pass. (dep.) part. anoxpivouat (# 646) to (# 4058) snake. émvSwoet fut. ind. act. emididwur (# 2113)
answer (s. 10:27). knog (# 3160) tiring work, trouble. to give over, tohandto. 12 wov (# 6051) acc. sing.
MOpEYE pres. imp. act. nmapexw (# 4218) to cause, to egg. @ 13 ovv (# 4036) therefore, draws a conclusion.
make; Komovc napeye “to cause trouble for someone,” DMAPXOVtES pres. act. part. (adj.) vrapyw (# 5639) to be,
“to bother someone” (BAGD). Pres. imp. w. the neg. yn to exist. oiSate perf. ind. act. oda (# 3857) to know.
(# 3590) indicates the stopping of an action in progress. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. 6150va1 pres. act. inf. s.v. 7.
KexAetotar perf. ind. pass. KAetw (# 3091) to lock. The T00W .GAAOv how much more? Introduces a rabbinical
noise would wake the children sleeping on the floor type of argument (Qal wahomer) which argues from the
(BBC). Perf. indicates the state after the completed ac- lesser to the greater (Stein; SB, 3:223-26). The heavenly
tion. €ig (# 1650) w. force of év (BG, 33). &vaotas aor. Father’s reputation as a father is reliable. @ 14 €xBaAA-
act. part. &viotnut (# 482) to arise, to get up. The part. wv pres. act. part. exBarAw (#1675) to throw out, to
could be cond.: “even if I get up,” or else circum. cast out. Part. in a periphrastic construction, “he was
dobvou aor. act.inf. diswyt (# 1443) to give. Inf. com- in the process of casting out ... (VA, 481). Kw0¢
pletes the vb. Vv. 5-7 could be an extended question, (# 3273) dumb, not able to speak. eyeveto aor. ind. mid.
“Can you imagine having a friend and going to him (dep.) s.v. 1, w. gen. abs. for time. &&€A®0vt0¢ aor. act.
with a sacred request to help you entertain a guest, part. (temp.) eepyouor (# 2002) to go out. Gen. abs.
and then he offers silly excuses about sleeping chil- €AGANOEV aor. ind. act. Aarew (# 3281) to speak. e6a0-
dren and a barred door?” (PAP, 124). @ 8 dvatdera waoav aor. ind. act. bavucatw (# 2513) to wonder, to
(# 357) lack of feeling of shame, shamelessness, ruth- marvel. @ 15 eimov aor. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say.
lessness, a bold act out of ignorance (PAP, 125-33; Alan apyxovt dat. sing. &pxwv (# 807) leader, prince (s. Matt.
F. Johnson, “Assurance for Man: The Fallacy of Trans- 12:24, 27). @ 16 neipatovtes pres. act. part. (circum.)
lating Anaideia by ‘Persistence’ in Luke 11:5-8,” JETS neipacw (# 4279) to test, to try, to tempt. e¢ntovv impf.
22 [1979]: 123-31; CCFJ, 1:92; Nolland). The man got ind. act. s.v. 9. @ 17 e15W¢ perf. act. part. (temp.)
up because he wanted to avoid the shame of being a oiéa. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning s.v. 13. d51avonpa
faithless friend and a horrible host (PAP, 132-33). The (# 1378) thought, the content of thinking and reason-
word may refer to the one requestion and the meaning ing (LN, 1:351). The word indicates to think through or
would be, “If among humans a request is granted be- distinguish intent or purp. (RWP). einev aor. ind. act.
cause the request is rude and out of ignorance, how s.v. 15. d:opepio8eioa aor. pass. part. (adj.) nom. fem.
much more will your heavenly Father grant your re- sing. diapeptCw (# 1374) to divide into. Epnpodtar pres.
quest” (Klyne Snodgrass, “Anaideia and the Friend at ind. pass. pnuow (# 2246) to make empty, to destroy, to
Midnight [Luke 11:8],” JBL 116 [1997]: 505-20). eyepBeic make desolate. Gnomic. pres. indicating a general
aor. pass. part. (circum.) eyetpw (# 1586) to arise, to get statement that is always true. olKog Eni olKOV one
up. dwoet fut. ind. act. s.v. 7. ypter pres. ind. act. ypnGw house falls on another (in civil strife or civil war) (Mar-
(# 5974) to need, to have need of, w. gen. 9 aiteite shall; Fitzmyer, 921). 18 d:epepio@n aor. ind. pass.
pres. imp. act. aitew (#160) to ask, to request. Pres. s.v. 17. Ind. used in a Ist. class cond. cl. where the
imp. here is customary; i.e., “make it your habit,” “re- cond. is assumed as true for the sake of argument.
spond in this way whenever it is called for”; here, “if otaOhoetar fut. ind. pass. totnu1 (# 2705) to stand. éxBa-
you ask at any time, it will be given you” (VANT, 433). AAEvW pres. act. inf. s.v. 14. Inf. in indir. speech. 19
SoOjoetat fut. ind. pass. s.v. 7. Theol. pass., God is the vioi nom. pl. viog (# 5626) son. Here equivalent to
Giver. ¢nteite pres. imp. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. ev- “your own people” (Arndt). éoovtat fut. ind. mid.
ptoete fut. ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to find. Kpovete (dep.) elut (# 1639) to be. 20 SaKxtvA0¢ (# 1235) fin-
pres. imp. act. Kpovw (#3218) to knock. d&vovynoetat fut. ger. Jesus works through God’s power without the use
ind. pass. avolyvvut, avoryw (# 487) to open. Theol. of rings, charms, and incantations (Fitzmyer, 922; s.
pass., the heavenly Father will do more than the Robert W. Wall, “The Finger of God’: Deuteronomy
friend; His reputation as a father is reliable. For the 9:10 and Luke 11:20,” NTS 33 [1987]: 144-50). éxBéAAw
LG Luke 11

pres. ind. act. s.v. 14. Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. Pres. is 2nd. pers. sing. 8nAacw (# 2558) to suck, to nurse. @ 28
habitual or iterat. &@aoev aor. ind. act. p0avw (# 5777) pevodv (# 3528) rather. The word is used in a corrective
to come, to arrive at. The rule of God is present in the sense: “What you have said is true as far as it goes, but
person of Jesus. 21 ioxupdc (# 2708) strong. Adj. the blessedness of Mary consists in the fact that she
used as subst. Ka@wA1opévoc perf. pass. part. (adj.) shares in the blessedness of those who hear the Word
KadonAr1Cw (# 2774) to arm fully, to equip. Prep. in com- of God and keep it” (Thrall). &xovovtes pres. act. part.
pound is perfective. pvAdooq pres. subj. act. dvidcow aKovw (#201) to hear, to hear and obey. Pres. stresses
(# 5875) to guard. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. aban the continual action. gvAdooovtes pres. act. part. pv-
(# 885) courtyard, palace. @ 22 Endv when, w. subj. Aaoow (#5875) to guard, to keep. Both parts. used as
ee al comp. LoXUpoc; comp., “stronger than he subst. 29 énaOpoifouévwv pres. mid. part. (temp.)
‘ adtod gen. adt0¢; gen. of comp. €meA@wv aor. act. enadpoitw (# 2044) to throng together, to crowd upon.
_ (circum.) emepyouar (# 2088) to come upon. viKhoy Prep. in compound is directive, indicating the concen-
aor. subj. act. vikaw (# 3771) to conquer. mavondia tration of the vb.’s action upon some object (MH, 312).
(#4110) complete armor, a word indicating the sol- Gen. abs. fip€ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apyouat (# 806) to
dier’s outfit such as shield, sword, lance, helmet, etc. begin, w. inf. S00joeta1 fut. ind. pass. s.v. 7. Theol.
(RWP; Eph. 6:11; TJ, 106-10). aiper pres. ind. act. aipw pass. indicating God as the Giver. @ 30 EYEVETO aor.
(# 149) to take away. énenotOer plperf. ind. act. neidw ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. 31 votog (# 3803) south. e&yep-
(# 4275) to trust. o«dA@ acc. pl. oxdAov (# 5036) booty, Onoeton fut. ind. pass. s.v. 8. KotaxKpivet fut. ind. act.
spoils. The armor and weapons taken from the body of KatouKpiven (# 2891) to condemn. 6ev aor. ind. act. s.v.
a slain enemy (BAGD). Sta5téwotv pres. ind. act. 510- 2. akodoat aor. act. inf. s.v. 28. Inf. to express purp.
dtSwut (# 1344) to distribute. 23 dv pres. act. part. TElov comp. Torus (# 4498) many, great; comp., great-
ewt (#1639). Part. as subst. ovvaywv pres. act. part. er (w. gen. of comp). ® 32 d&vaothoovtat fut. ind. mid.
ovvayw (#5251) to lead together, to gather together. (dep.) s.v. 7. wetevonoavy aor. ind. act. uetavoew (# 3566)
Part. as subst. oxopmifer pres. ind. act. oxopmitw to change one’s mind, to repent. eig (# 1650) at, be-
(# 5025) to scatter, to scatter out. The picture is one of cause of w. acc. For this meaning of the prep. s. BD,
gathering the flock of sheep, or scattering them (Mar- 112; DM, 104. 33 Avyvog (# 3394) lamp, oil lamp (s.
shall, Evans). @ 24 e€€@q aor. subj. act. e€epyouc Matt. 5:15). Gas aor. act. part. (circum.) antw (# 721)
(# 2002) to go out. Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in an indef. to light. kpbaty a dark and hidden place, a cellar. ti6n-
temp. cl. Svepyetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) depyonor ow pres. ind. act. ti@nut (# 5502) to place, to put. Gno-
(# 1451) to pass through, to go through. avvdpoc (# 536) mic pres. 0610¢ (# 3654) a bushel, a peck measure, a
waterless (s. Matt. 12:43). Cntobv pres. act. part. Cntew grain measure (s. Mark 4:21ff). Avyvia. (# 3393) lamp-
(# 2426) to seek. Part. of manner. ebpioxov pres. act. stand. elonopevopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.)
part. (temp.) s.v. 9. bmootpeww fut. ind. act. rootpEepw Elomopevona (# 1660) to go in. BA€nwou pres. subj. act.
(# 5715) to turn back, to return. €€7A8ov aor. ind. act. BAenw (# 1063) to see. Subj. in purp. cl. @ 34 androids
@ 25 éX@Ov aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 2. cecapwyevov (# 604) single, as opposed to double or faulty and dis-
perf. pass. part. (adj.) capow (#4924) to sweep out, to torted vision (Arndt; Matt. 6:22). It would indicate that
clean. Kekoopnpévov perf. pass. part. (adj.) Koouew one should focus his or her eye on God alone, so that
(# 3175) to arrange in order. Perf. parts. emphasize the nothing can cause one to compromise integrity toward
state or cond. @ 26 novnpotepa comp. of movnpog the Lord (Susan R. Garrett, “’Lest the Light in You Be
(# 4505) evil, wicked (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT). éavtod Darkness’: Luke 11:33-36 and the Question of Commit-
gen. of comp., than himself. eigeA@ovto. aor. act. part. ment,” JBL 110 [1991]: 93- 105,esp. 99), i pres. subj. act.
(temp.) eoepyouan (# 1656) to go in. Katouxei pres. ind. eit (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. dtav (# 4020) in an indef.
act. kato1uew (# 2997) to dwell, to take up residence. temp. cl. gwteivdcg (#5893) shining, brilliant. enav
Prep. in compound indicates taking up a permanent (# 2054) whenever, after, w. subj. oxotewog (# 5027)
abode (Plummer). xeipova (# 5937) comp. kaKoc bad; dark. 35 oxonet pres. imp. act. oxonew (# 5023) to
comp., worse. MPOTwV gen. pl. MPato< (# 4755) first; see, to look upon, to watch. pn (# 3590) whether. Here
gen. of comp. PI. “the first things.” © 27 EYEVETO aor. used like an indir. question (RG, 1045). @ 36 Exov pres.
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1, w. prep. €v (# 1877) and inf. ex- act. part. éyw (# 2400) to have. dotpant (# 847) dat.
pressing time. Aeyewv pres. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to sing. flash, lightning. Instr. dat. oto fut. ind. mid.
speak. Inf. w. prep. for contemporaneous action. (dep.) ett (# 1639). Perhaps the fut. is to be taken as an
émdéipaoa. aor. act. part. (circum.) nom. fem. sing. enaipw imp. (Gottfried Nebe, “Das €oto1 in Lk 11,36-ein neuer
(# 2048) to lift up. Koia (# 3120) womb, belly, abdo- Deutungsvorschlag,” ZNW 83 [1992]: 108-14). gwtity
men (DMTG, 206). Baotacaco, aor. act. part. (adj .) pres. subj. act. wtiGw (# 5894) to illuminate, to enlight-
Bactatw (# 1002) to carry. paotoi nom. pl. paotoc en. Jesus warns those who will test him, by pointing
(# 3466) breast (DMTG, 231). e@NAaoag aor. ind. act. out that on the Day of Judgement all will stand in
Luke 11 138

heavenly light and the light will reveal those who are undone, to neglect, to let pass (BAGD). @ 43 ayanate
fully committed to Christ (Garrett, “Luke 11:33-36 and pres. ind. act. ayandaw (# 26) to love. Habitual pres.
Commitment,” JBL 110 [1991]: 105). @ 37 AaAjoa1 aor. mpwtoxadespia (# 4751) chief seat, place of honor, the
act. inf. s.v. 14. Inf. w. prep. ev (# 1877) to express con- best seat. This was a semicircular bench around the
temporaneous time, “while he is speaking...” Epwtd ark facing the congregation (Plummer). @ 44 pvnpeta
pres. ind. act. gpwtdw (# 2263) to ask, to question. Hist. nom. pl. pvnetov (# 3646) tomb. Pred. nom. Gdnra
pres. Gptothoy aor. subj. act. &piotiw (# 753) to eat, to nom. pl. anos (# 83) unseen, inconspicuous. Tepita.-
eat breakfast. It may be the morning meal after the re- tobvtes pres. act. part. (adj.) mepimatew (# 4344) to walk
turn from morning prayers (RWP; SB, 2:204). The about. otSaow perf. ind. act. s.v. 13. @ 45 a&moxpibEeic
upper class Jews had two meals on weekdays, a light aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 7. bBpieig pres. ind. act.
meal in mid-morning and a main meal in the late af- vppicw (# 5614) to insult, to mistreat, to treat shameful-
ternoon (Marshall). Subj. in indir. speech in a obj. cl. ly (MNTW; TDNT). @ 46 doptitete pres. ind. act. op-
ElOEABWV aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 26. &VETEOEV aor. tiCw (# 5844) to burden, to burden down; double acc.
ind. act. avanintw (# 404) to recline, to fall back on a Habitual pres. goptia acc. pl. doptiov (# 5845) burden.
sofa or lounge (RWP). @ 38 180v aor. act. part. (temp.) dvoPdaotaKta acc. pl. SvoBaotaKtog (# 1546) difficult,
opaw (# 3972) to see. EBavpaoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 14. heavy to bear. axtvAwv gen. pl. daKtvAog (# 1235) fin-
ePartio®n aor. ind. pass. Panti~w (#966) to dip, to ger. Mpoowavete pres. ind. act. mpoowovw (# 4718) to
wash; pass. to wash oneself. The dir. mid. is probably touch, w. dat. A term used by medical writers to de-
causative since Jesus was a guest in a Pharisee’s house, scribe the feeling, very gently, of a sore or tender part
“did not first have himself washed” (GGBB, 424). For of the body or the pulse (MLL, 62). The scribes escape
the washing of hands s. Matt. 15:2. © 39 vov (# 3814) the obligations they place on others (Marshall). @ 47
now (logical). €weev (# 2033) outside. mivaxog gen. olkodopeite pres. ind. act. oixodouew (# 3868) to build.
sing. nivaé (# 4402) platter, dish. For household uten- Habitual pres. amextewvav aor. ind. act. GnoKteivw
sils s. JPFC, 2:740-43. Ka@apifete pres. ind. act. (#650) to kill. @ 48 ovvevdoxeite pres. ind. act. ovv-
Kabopitw (# 2751) to clean. Habitual pres. éow@ev evdoxew (# 5306) to approve of, to entirely approve of.
(# 2277) inside. yepet pres. ind. act. yéuw (# 1154) to be @ 49 anooted® fut. ind. act. dmootedAw (# 690) to send,
full of, w. gen. apmayn (# 771) robbery, robbing. It to send as an authoritative official representative. Fut.
points to covetousness and greed (Arndt). @ 40 is like the Heb. prophetic perf., which views the fut.
ahpoves voc. pl. &bpwv (# 933) foolish, ignorant, per- spoken of w. the certainty of a past event (Stein). &o-
taining to not employing one’s understanding, partic- Ktevovovv fut. ind. act. s.v. 47. 5WEovow fut. ind. act. 51-
ularly in practical matters (LN, 1:387). oby (# 4024) ww (# 1503) to persecute. @ 50 exntneq aor. subj.
neg. part. used in a question expecting a positive an- pass. exCntew (# 1699) to require, to demand back, to
swer. MoiNoaus aor. act. part. novew (# 4472) to make. require as a debt (Plummer). Subj. ina purp. cl. depen-
Part. as subst. @ 41 mAnv (#4440) however, neverthe- dent on the vb. anooteAAw in v. 49 (Marshall). Theol.
less. In this case, possibly introducing an inference pass., indicating that God holds them responsible.
(Thrall, 23; s. 22:21). évovta pres. act. part. Eveyt EKKEXVPEVOV perf. pass. part. Exyew (# 1772) to pour
(# 1913) to be in; those things which are within; i.e., the out, to shed. Perf. stresses the state or cond. of lasting
heart. “Give your heart as alms, let your heart go out results. kataBoAn (# 2856) foundation. 51 &modo-
to the poor.” For this and other suggestive meanings s. wévov aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) Gn0AA vp (# 660) to
Arndt; Fitzmyer, 947. Part. as subst. d0te aor. imp. act. destroy, to loose; mid. to perish. weta&d (# 3568) be-
s.v. 3. €Aenpoovvn (# 1797) mercy, compassion, alms. tween, w. gen. exCntn@noetor fut. ind. pass. s.v. 50.
@ 42 ovat (# 4026) woe, alas. Denotes a grieving giving @ 52 Nipate aor. ind. act. aipw (# 149) to take away. KAEi-
up to judgment (Ellis). a&xodexatobte pres. ind. act. da. acc. sing. KAetc (# 3090) key. The key of knowledge
anodexatow (# 620) to pay a tenth, to tithe (JPB, 146-69; is the key that opens the treasures of knowledge; it is
Matt. 23:23). ndvoopov (# 2455) mint (POB, 139-40; PB, the right interpretation of Scripture (Arndt). etond@ate
88; Matt. 23:23). nnyavov (# 4379) rue. A strong-smell- aor. ind. act. s.v. 26. eloepyouevouc pres. mid. (dep.)
ing herb w. gray-green leaves and lemon-yellow clus- part. s.v. 26. Part. as subst. €xwAvboate aor. ind. act.
ters of flowers (IDB, 4:129; POB, 208). Aayavov (# 3303) Kwrvw (# 3266) to hinder. @ 53 &EeABOvVtOG aor. act.
vegetable, plant. Whatever is used for food and is kept part. (temp.) s.v. 14. Gen. abs., “after he had gone
watch over and grows from the soil is subject to tithes out....” Tp§avto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 29, w. inf.
(M, Maaseroth; also SB, 4:640-97). napepyeode pres. ind. dewac (# 1267) adv., terribly. €veyew pres. act. inf.
mid. (dep.) nmapepyouc (# 4216) to go by, to pass by, to evexw (# 1923) to have it in for someone, to have a
neglect, to disobey. Habitual pres. et impf. ind. act. grudge against someone. &nootopatitew pres. act. inf.
det (# 1256) it is necessary, w. inf. movfjoo aor. act. inf. anootouatitw (# 694) to pry w. questions, to entice to
s.v. 40. mapetvan aor. act. inf. mapinut (# 4223) to leave answers. Originally to dictate what is to be learned by
139 Luke 12

heart and recited (Plummer). mAevovwv comp. noAvc @iov (# 5141) dimin. sparrow. Sparrows were regarded
(# 4498) much, many. Comp. as the positive (BG, 50). as good to eat and sought after by the poor since they
@ 54 éevedpevovtes pres. act. part. (circum.) evedpevw were very inexpensive (Fitzmyer, 960; SB, 1:583; LAE,
(# 1910) to prepare an ambush, to lie in wait. @npedoar 272-74; BBC). nmwdobvtar pres. ind. pass. mwrew
aor. act. inf. @npevw (# 2567) to ensnare, to catch in (# 4797) to sell; pass. to offer for sale. Iterat. pres. dooa-
hunting, to hunt (RWP). Inf. of purp. Their purp. was piwv gen. pl. coodpiov (# 837) the sixteenth part of a
ultimately to kill him. denarius worth approximately one cent (Arndt). Gen.
of price. €mAeAnopevov perf. pass. part. entravOda.vona1
Luke 12 (# 2140) to forget, to be forgotten, to neglect, overlook,
1 év oig in which things or circumstances, in the care nothing about, to escape one’s notice (BAGD).
meantime (RWP). EN\ovVvaYGELOGV aor. pass. part. Perf. indicates the state or cond. 7 tpiyeg nom. pl.
(temp.) EMLOVVEYU) (# 2190) to gather together. Gen. Opté (# 2582) hair. npt@wnvtar perf. ind. pass. apiwWuEew
abs. katamatetv pres. act. inf. katanatéw (# 2922) to (# 749) to count; pass. to be counted. Perf. indicates
trample on, to walk on. Inf. w. wote (# 6063) to express the lasting results. doBeto8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v.
result. Tip§ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) GpYOpo (# 806) to 4. W. the neg. pn (# 3590), “stop being afraid” or “do
begin, w. inf. mpooéyete pres. imp. act. mpocexw (# 4668) not always be afraid.” Svapepete pres. ind. act. w. gen.
to beware, to take heed. Pres. imp. calls for a continual diadepw (# 1422) to differ, to be superior to (Plummer;
attitude. 2 ovyKexadvpevov perf. pass. part. ovy- s. Matt. 10:29). The difference is not quantitative, but
Kodontw (# 5158) to hide, to conceal completely, to qualitative (Fitzmyer, 960). Pres. indicates the continu-
cover up. Perf. looks at the completed cond. w. abid- al state. @ 8 0¢ dv (# 4005; 165) whoever. OnoA0yn07
ing results. Part. as subst. adnoxaAvpnoetar fut. ind. aor. subj. act. oporoyew (# 3933) to agree, to confess.
pass. anokarvntw (# 636) to uncover, to reveal. yvwo- The expression w. prep. is Semitic and means “to state
Onoetan fut. ind. pass. yivwokw (# 1182) to know. @ 3 about a person what one knows to be true” (Arndt).
v0’ mv = avti wv (# 505; 4005) on account of which Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. owoAoynoet fut. ind. act. oL0A0-
things, because. Or it may mean “therefore” (Mar- yew (# 3933) to confess. ® 9 Gpvnodpevos aor. mid.
shall). eimate aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to (dep.) part. apveona (# 766) to say no, to deny. Part. as
speak. &kovoOtoetat fut. ind. pass. dkovw (# 201) to subst. anapvnOnoetan fut. ind. pass. anapveowat (# 565)
hear. €X@ANoateE aor. ind. act. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. to deny. Prep. in compound is perfective (MH, 298).
toyteiov (# 5421) store chamber, secret room. Knpvx6n- Theol. pass. indicating that God is the subject of the
oetai fut. ind. pass. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim, to action. @ 10 épei fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak.
herald. For a discussion of these vv. s. JMJ, 159-60. Fut. used indef. in a cond.-like statement (VA, 432; BD,
@ 4 pidotg dat. pl. pido (# 5813) friend. It is as com- 192). ig (# 1650) against. abeOnoetor fut. ind. pass.
panions of Jesus that the disciples are esp. precious to adinut (# 918) to release, to forgive, w. dat. (TDNT;
God (Evans, 11:5). Apposition, indir. obj. poBn67te aor. EDNT, Fitzmyer, 965). Theol. pass. indicating that God
subj. pass. (dep.) poBeopo. (# 5828) to be afraid, to fear; is the one who forgives. BAaopnunoavtt aor. act. part.
w. prep. and (# 608) “to be afraid of” (KVS, 29-30). dat. sing. BAaobnuew (# 1059) to slander, to blaspheme
Subj. w. the neg. is used to prohibit the starting of an (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT). Part. as subst. Dat. w.
action. GmoKtetvovtwy pres. act. part. amoKktetvw (# 650) vb. 11 Elopepwow pres. subj. act. eiopepw (# 1662)
to kill. Part. as subst. peta tata (# 3552; 4047) after to bring into, to lead in. Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in an in-
these things. €yovtwv pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to def. temp. cl. pepyvnonte aor. subj. act. pepyrvow
have. Part. as subst. TEPLODOTEPOV (# 4358) comp. (# 3534) to be concerned, to be anxious. Subj. used to
mepicoog remarkable (s. 7:26). movfoo1 aor. act. inf. express a prohibition. &moAoynonobe aor. subj. pass.
novew (# 4472) to do. Inf. as dir. obj. @ 5 vrodetEw fut. anohoyeonat (# 664) to defend oneself. Subj. in a prohi-
ind. act. brodeikvupt (# 5683) to show. oBnOntEe aor. bition. einnte aor. subj. act. s.v. 10. Subj. in a prohibi-
imp. pass. (dep.), here w. acc. s.v. 4. Aor. _imp. gives a tion. @ 12 S801 fut. ind. act. didaoKw (# 1438) to
note of urgency (VANT, 339-40). G&noxteivar aor. act. teach. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary, giving a
inf. s.v. 4. Inf. w. prep. peta (# 3552) expressing subse- logical necessity; w. inf. evmeiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 10.
quent time: “after he has killed” (VA, 388). €xovta pres. @ 13 eine aor. imp. act. s.v. 10. Aor. imp. for a specific
act. part. s.v. 4. Part. as subst. referring to God (Fitz- request. pepioaoat aor. mid. inf. yepitw (# 3532) to di-
myer, 959). éuBoAgiv aor. act. inf. Euporrw (# 1833) to vide; mid. to divide something w. another. Inf. in indir.
throw into. Epex. inf. explaining e&ovolav. yéevwva speech. For a copy of a will and a discussion of inherit-
(# 1147) the valley Gehenna, hell (Fitzmyer, 959; ance s. NDIEC, 6:27-47; for Jewish regulations s. M,
TDNT; DJG, 310-11; Mark 9:43). vai (# 3721) yes, cer- Baba Bathra, 8-9; SB, 3:545-53. @ 14 Katéotnoev aor.
tainly. @ 6 odyi (# 4049) strengthened form of ov, not. ind. act. ka@totn (# 2770) to appoint, to constitute, w.
Used in a question expecting the answer “yes.” otpov- double acc. pweptotns (# 3537) divider, one who divides.
Luke 12 140

@ 15 Opate pres. imp. act. opdaw (# 3972) to see, to be- up. Habitual pres. Part. as subst. eavt@ (# 1571) dat.
ware. Pres. imp. calls for a continual attitude. ¢vAdoo- sing. refl. pron.. Dat. of interest (“for himself”).
eo@e pres. imp. mid. (dir. mid.) dvAdcow (# 5875) to TAOVTOV pres. act. part. MAoutew (# 4456) to be rich. W.
guard; mid. to guard oneself against something, to prep. €1¢ (# 1650), “to be rich in,” or “toward God”
look out for, to avoid (BAGD). mAeoveEia (# 4432) cov- (BAGD). @ 22 pepywvate pres. imp. act. pepvaw
etousness, greediness. The greedy desire to have (# 3534) to be concerned about, to worry about, to
more, a strong desire to acquire more and more mate- have anxious concern (LN, 1:313; Bovon). Pres. imp.
rial possessions or to possess more things than other w. neg. prohibits an attitude. yuxq (# 6034) dat. sing.
people have, all irrespective of need (Plummer; LN, soul, life; it refers to the whole human being (Stein).
1:291-92; MNTW; TDNT). mepiooevev pres. act. inf. Dat. of interest (BD, 101). &ynte aor. subj. act. s.v. 19.
mepiooevw (# 4355) to be in abundance. Inf. w. prep. as Deliberative subj. in indir. discourse, s.v. 17. evivono8e
a subst., or epex. (MT, 146; RWP). @ 16 mAovo10g aor. subj. mid. (dep.) evdvona1 (# 1907) to put on, to
(# 4454) rich, very rich. evpopnoev aor. ind. act. evpopew clothe oneself. @ 23 mdelov comp. modvg (# 4498)
(# 2369) to produce well, to be fruitful. It was a cove- much; comp., more. tpogij¢ gen. sing. tpopn (# 5575)
nant blessing to have a good harvest (Deut. 28:8). The nourishment, food, sustenance. Gen. of comp. év50pa-
word was used by Josephus of a plentiful olive crop in tog gen. sing. evduia (# 1903) clothing. Gen. of comp.
Galilee (Jos., J.W., 2:592). In medical writers it was @ 24 Katavonoate aor. imp. act. Katavoew (# 2917) to
used of a woman who was fruitful, or of countries or understand, to take knowledge of, to perceive, to give
climates producing disease (MLL, 144). @ 17 d1ed0- careful consideration to some matter, to think very
yiteto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) Siaroyifouar (# 1368) to carefully, to consider closely (LN, 1:350). kopaxac acc.
consider, to think over, to reason. Impf. pictures the pl. xopaé (# 3165) crow, raven. The name covers the
continual action in the past, or is incep.: “he began to whole of the crow tribe (Plummer). They are cared for
reason.” foijow aor. subj. act. moew (# 4472) to do, to by God even though they are unclean birds (Fitzmyer,
make. Deliberative subj. in a question of contempla- 978). oneipovowy pres. ind. act. oneipw (# 5062) to sow
tion. ovvdéw fut. ind. act. cvvayw (# 5251) to gather to- seed. Gnomic pres. @epiovoi pres. ind. act. Gepitw
gether, to harvest. 18 xaGeA@ fut. ind. act. Kabaipew (# 2545) to harvest. tp€get pres. ind. act. tpepw (# 5555)
(# 2747) to tear down. Volitive fut. indicating purp. to nourish, to sustain. Gnomic pres. indicating that
and determination of the will (RG, 874). &xo®nKas acc. which is always true. nm0om pGAAOV by how much
pl. ano@nkn (# 630) storehouse, granary, barn. There more? For this construction s. 11:13. @ 25 pepyivav
were large grain silos in Sepphoris (BBC). petfovac pres. act. part. s.v. 22. Part. of means (“by being con-
(# 3505) comp. yeyag great; comp., greater. oikodopjow cerned”). Nikita, (# 2461) stature, a measure of space
fut. ind. act. oixodouew (# 3868) to build. Volitive fut. used here for a small unit of time (“age”) (Arndt).
@ 19 €p@ fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Volitive fut. mpoodeivat aor. act. inf. mpootiOnut (# 4707) to add to.
Keipeva, pres. mid. part. (adj.) Kkeivor (# 3023) to lie. Inf. after the vb. S0vatar. riyus (# 4388) cubit, a mea-
Here used of goods stored up. &vanavov pres. imp. sure of length about 18 inches (BAGD). Here it may
mid. (dep.) avanavoya to rest, to take one’s rest. Pres. refer to a temp. measurement: “a small amount of
imp. views the continual action expected by the rich time on one’s life” (Stein; Fitzmyer, 978-79). @ 26 odv
farmer. $&ye aor. imp. act. E001w (# 2266) to eat. mie aor. (# 4036) therefore, draws a conclusion from the pre-
imp. act. mivw (# 4403) to drink. Aor. imps. look at the ceding. EA\axtotov (# 1788) superl. OAtyog small, slight;
specific actions within the expected period. ebppaivov superl., least, smallest. 50vao8e pres. ind. pass. (dep.)
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) evppatvopat (# 2370) to be hap- Svvapat (# 1538) to be able. Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl.,
py. Pres. imp. stresses the continual action as habitual. assuming the reality of the cond. pepyvate pres. ind.
Note the frequency of the egotistic assertions marking act. s.v. 22. @ 27 Katavonoate aor. imp. act. s.v. 24.
the superficial self-confidence of the speaker (Fitzmy- Kpiva, acc. pl. kpivov (# 3211) lily. The word is used ge-
er, 973). @ 20 adpwv (# 933) voc. sing. without reason, nerically for many lily-like flowers; beautiful wild
senseless, foolish, expressing a reckless and inconsid- flowers (Fitzmyer, 979; PB, 169). kom1@ pres. ind. act.
erate habit of mind (AS). anaitodow pres. ind. act. koriaw (# 3159) to work. Gnomic pres. vn6et pres. ind.
amaitew (# 555) to ask from someone, to require. Im- act. vnOw (# 3756) to spin. mepveBaAEto aor. ind. mid.
personal pl. (GGBB, 403). The rabbis used the 3rd. pl. mepiparaw (# 4314) to put around oneself, to clothe.
to avoid saying “God” (RWP). Futuristic pres. @ 28 yoptoc (# 5965) grass. Ovta pres. act. part. (adj.)
Htoiwaoas aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. etomatw eit (# 1639) to be. adprov (# 892) tomorrow. KAiBavoc
(# 2286) to prepare. tivt dat. sing. tic (# 5515) interrog- (#3106) oven, furnace. BaAAOPEVOV pres. pass. part.
ative pron. what? Dat. of advantage or possession. (adj.) BaAAw (# 965) to throw, to cast. Gnomic pres.
Eotat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eipt (# 1639) to be. @ 21 6n- Gupieter pres. ind. act. dudiatw, cupetw (# 373) to
oavpitwv pres. act. part. Onoavpitw (# 2564) to treasure clothe. For the form s. BD, 39. noow pGAA0v by how
i Se Luke 12

much more (s. 11:13). 0Avyonvetor (# 3899) voc. pl. small act, ovonw (# 386) to break up, to loose, to untie, to
faith, little faith. 29 Cnreite pres. imp. act. Gnréw depart, to return. The picture is the breaking up of a
(# 2426) to seek. Pres. imp. w. neg. uh (# 3590) forbids feast or a camp (Plummer). Subj. in an indir. question
an attitude. ¢aynte aor. subj. act. s.v. 22. minte aor. subj, w. the interrogative adv. move when (RWP; BAGD).
act. mivw (# 4403) to drink. petewpifeote pres. imp. yom gen. pl. youos (4 1141) marriage, wedding; pl.
pass. petewpiCw (# 3577) to be raised from the ground, wedding celebration or simply banquet (Marshall).
suspended in midair, to be anxious, to be worried, to eMMOVLOSG aor, act. part. (temp.) Epyoyas (# 2262) to go,
be put in a state of anxiety (Arndt; BAGD; EDNT; MM; to come. Gen. abs. vw aor. act. part. (temp.)
TDNT; TLNT; CCFI, 3:99; Jos., Ant., 16.135). Permis- cpouw (# 3218) to knock. Gen. abs. Gvoigwow aor. subj.
sive pass., “do not let yourself be worried.” 30 act. dvotyvups, avoiyw (# 487) to open. Subj. w. tva
enibntovow pres. ind. act. eniintew (# 2118) to seek, to (# 2671) ina purp. cl. © 37 Adv aor. act. part. (temp.)
look for. Pres. indicates the constant attitude. ovéev 3.v, 36. ebphoet fut. ind. act. ebpioxw (# 2351) to find.
perf. ind. act. ol60. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. pTrY~opovtas pres. act. part. (adj.) ypryyopew (# 1213) to
meaning. ypttete pres. ind. act. 7pnQw (#5974) to need, remain awake, to watch. nepijooetas fut. ind. mid. s.v.
w. obj. in gen. © 31 mAv (# 4440) however, adversative 35. avaxdvel fut. ind. act. avaxdivw (# 369) to cause to
use (Thrall, 21; s. 22:21). Gnreite pres. imp. act. s.v. 29. recline, esp. at a table. napedAav aor. act. part. (temp.)
Pres. imp. calls for continual action or lifestyle. npoote- nopepyouar (# 4216) to go along, to come to, to come.
Ofoetat fut. ind. pass. s.v. 25. For the imp. followed by braxovtoet fut. ind. act. dvaxovew (# 1354) to serve, esp.
the fut. as a type of cond. sentence s. 10:28. % 32 popod at the table. © 38 guiuxKt (#4 5871) dat. sing. guard,
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 4. Pres. imp. w. neg. forbids a watch. The Jewish system was to divide the night into
continua] attitude of fear. ebéoxnoev aor. ind. act. ev- 3 equal watches, each having 4 hours (6-10, 10-2, 2-6),
doKew (# 2305) to have pleasure, to be pleased. b0bva1 but the Roman system had 4 watches of 3 hours (6-9,
aor. act. inf. di6uxs1 (4 1443) to give. Epex. inf. explain- 9-12, 12-3, 3-6) (SB, 1:688-91; Fitzmyer, 988). Dat. of
ing evdoxnoey. © 33 modfoute aor. imp. act. nurw time: “sometime in the second or third watch.” &:8q
(# 4797) to sell. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. nap- aor. subj. act. s.v. 36. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl.,
yore. pres. act. part. imapyw (# 5639) to exist, to be at which assumes the possibility of the cond. edpy aor.
one’s disposal. Part. as subst.: what belongs to sorne- subj. act. s.v. 37. % 39 ~wwoxete pres. imp. act. jivwoKw
one, property, possessions (BAGD). 80te aor. imp. act. (# 1182) to know. fet plperf. ind. act. oi6a s.v. 30. Ind.
5.v. 32. Ehenootvn (# 1797) compassion, alms, contri- in a 2nd. class cond. cl, w. a contrary to fact. cond.
bution (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT; SB, 4:536-58; dicey aor. ind. act. abinus (# 918) to allow, to permit.
Stein, 52-54). novfoate aor. imp. act. novew (# 4472) to bwpuyeiivar aor. pass. inf. diopicow (# 1482) to dig
make. poasavrwoyv (# 964) moneybag, purse. The fol- through, to break in. Epex. inf. explaining what would
lowing phrase indicates that this refers to receptacles not be allowed. @ 40 yiveoBe pres. imp. mid. (dep.)
for heavenly treasure (Marshall). nodawtpeva. pres. yivouan (# 1181) to become, to be. Pres. imp. calls for
pass. part. (adj.) nu7.c10w (# 4096) to make old; pass. to continual state of readiness. €toyosg (# 2289) ready, pre-
become old. dvexiernt0g (# 444) unfailing, inexhaust- pared. Pred. nom. Soxeite pres. ind. act. doxew (# 1506)
ible. of¢ (4 4962) moth. SvapPeiper pres. ind. act. dw- to suppose, to think. ® 42 dpa (# 726) then, therefore.
Weipw (4 1425) to corrupt, to spoil, to destroy. Prep. in Used in questions to draw an inference from what pre-
compound is perfective. © 34 Kai (# 2779) also. Eoto1 cedes, or simply to enliven the question (BAGD).
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ei (# 1639) to be. © 35 Eowoayv oixovoyos (# 3874) steward, a trusted slave commis-
pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. pl. eiut (#4 1639). dadfig (# 4019) sioned w. the responsibility of the oversight of various
hips, waist. nepeLwopevat perf. pass. part. nepilwvvupt duties in the household (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT).
(# 4322) to fasten up the garments w. a belt, to adjust gpovysoc (# 5361) wise, understanding, resulting from
the long ankle-length robe to ensure readiness for ac- insight and wisdom (LN, 1:384). kataethoei fut. ind.
tion or departure; a commom OT instruction for readi- act. kaBiotny1 (# 2770) to appoint, to commission. Bepa-
ness or service (Fitzmyer, 987). Part. used in a perf. neta. (# 2542) ministry, household, a body of domestic
pass. periphrastic imp. construction. Perf. has the servants (RWP). 6160va1 pres. act. inf. di6wy1 (# 1443) to
meaning, “be the kind of person who never needs to give. Inf. of purp. ovtopetptov (# 4991) acc. sing. a mea-
be told to gird them up, because he will always live in sured portion of food, ration (Plummer). @ 43
this cond.” (GI, 41). Kavpevot pres. pass. part. xaiw mowtvta pres. act. part. (adj.) sv. 33. @ 45 ety aor.
(# 2794) to light, to keep burning, to burn (BAGD). subj. act. A270 (# 3306) to say. Subj. w. tv (# 1569) ina
Periphrastic pres. imp., “already burning and continu- 3rd. class cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the
ously burning” (RWP). © 36 mpoodezouevots pres. mid. cond. ypovife1 pres. ind. act. ypovitw (# 5988) to take
(dep.) part. (adj.) TpnasEeyouat (# 4657) to await, to ex- time, to delay. With his absence the slave could abuse
pect. Dat. w. the adj. powt (“like”). ava2ve7 aor. subj. his authoritiy (BBC). pygo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v.
Luke 13 142

36. Epex. inf. explaining the vb. ypovifer. apEntar aor. to blow. xavowv (# 3014) hot, burning. “It will be a
subj. mid. (dep.) dpxouor (# 806) to begin, w. inf. scorcher!” (Fitzmyer, 1000). For a vivid description of
tOMTEW pres. act. inf. tuntw (# 5597) to beat. toGiewv the hot winds s. GB, 67-70. @ 56 doxacer pres. act.
pres. act. inf. eo8tw (# 2266) to eat. mivew pres. act. inf. inf. doxyacw (# 1507) to examine, to prove, to come to
nivw (# 4403) to drink. pe8boxeo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) a conclusion after an examination. Inf. as obj. of the vb.
inf. weOvoKoua (# 3499) to be drunk, to become drunk, oigate (“You know how to”) perf. ind. act. oda
to get drunk. @ 46 m&e1 fut. ind. act. T{Kw (# 2457) to (# 3857). Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. @ 57 Kpivete 10
come. mpoodoxG pres. ind. act. mpoodoxaw (# 4659) Sixkatov judge the right, pronounce just judgment
to expect. Styotopqoet fut. ind. act. Siyotowéw (# 1497) to (LAE, 117). 58 avttéiKxog (# 508) opponent, adver-
cut in two pieces. This could be literal or metaphorical sary in a law case. 0¢ aor. imp. act. S151 (# 1443) to
(Marshall). @noe1 fut. ind. act. tint (# 5502) to place, give. Used w. epyaotav (# 2238) as a Latinism meaning
to give. @ 47 yvovc aor. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 39. “to take pains,” “to make an effort” (BAGD; LAE, 116).
ETOULGOUS aor. act. part. (adj.) EtoaCw (# 2286) to be annAAGYGa1 perf. pass. inf. anaAAGCOW (# 557) to free;
ready, to be prepared. movqoac aor. act. part. s.v. 33. pass. to be released from, to be rid of. Used here in a
daptoetar fut. ind. pass. depw (# 1296) to skin, to flay, legal sense where the perf. emphasizes a state of com-
to flog. For customs regarding old Jewish slavery s. pletion: “to be rid of him for good” (RWP). It was used
SB, 4:698-744; for the beating of a slave s. NDIEC, 4:63- in the papyri of one getting rid of the plots of evil men
67. @ 48 oAiyos (# 3900) few. Adj. w. subst. (“blows”) (NDIEC, 4:155; MM). xataovpy pres. subj. act. kata-
to be supplied (BD, 85). The punishment of the one ovpw (# 2955) to drag away. Subj. in a neg. result cl.
who sinned in ignorance is less severe (Stein). £5007 nopadswoer fut. ind. act. napadiswpr (# 4140) to deliver
aor. ind. pass. s.v. 32. Theol. pass. (ntn@noetat fut. ind. over, to turn over. mpaxtwp (# 4551) officer, the subor-
pass. Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to require. Theol. pass.: dinate officer carrying out the judgment of the court,
God gives and God requires. mapé@evto aor. ind. mid. the officer of a debtor’s court (Arndt; Fitzmyer, 1003;
(dep.) mapattOnut (# 4192) to give over, to commit, to Marshall). Bagi fut. ind. act. BaAAw (# 965) to throw, to
entrust. nepioootepov (# 4358) comp. mepioodc¢ remark- cast. For a discussion of debt obligations s. NDIEC,
able (s. 7:26). aitnoovow fut. ind. act. aitéw (# 160) to 6:99-105. @ 59 e&€AON¢ aor. subj. act. eEEpyouor (# 2002)
ask from someone, to require great endowments or a to come out. Subj. w. double neg. for a strong prohibi-
great responsibility, w. acc. (Arndt). @ 49 TA8ov aor. tion. Aentov (# 3321) acc. sing. a small copper coin
ind. act. s.v. 36. Badeiv aor. act. inf. BorAAw (# 965) to worth about one-eighth of a cent (BAGD; s. Mark
cast, to throw. Inf. of purp. ti 6€Aw et “How I wish 12:42). &mo0d@¢ aor. subj. act. anodtSwyt (# 625) to give
that...” (RWP). a&vnp6n aor. ind. pass. dvantw (# 409) to back, to pay back. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl.
kindle, to set on fire. Fire may indicate how the com-
ing of God’s Kingdom divides people into two camps Luke 13
(Stein; Marshall). 50 Bantio@7jvai aor. pass. inf. Bar- @ 1 napijoav impf. ind. act. mapet (# 4205) to be
tiGw (# 966) to baptize; in a metaphorical sense of present, to come. Impf., “they had come,” “they had
being overwhelmed by a catastrophe (Marshall; just arrived” (BAGD; Fitzmyer, 1006). amayyeAAovtes
Stein). Epex. inf. explaining the word Bdartiona pres. act. part. (circum.) amayyeddw (# 550) to report.
(# 967). ovvexouor pres. ind. pass. ovvexw (# 5309) eitev aor. ind. act. wetyvuyt (# 3502) to mix. It has been
pass. to be afflicted, to suffer. teXeo87 aor. subj. pass. suggested that this incident occurred at a Passover,
terew (# 5464) to complete, to finish, to end. Subj. in an perhaps the year before Jesus’ death (Ellis; HA, 175ff;
indef. temp. cl. @ 51 mapeyevouny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) for Pilate s. TJ, 51-57; DJG, 615-17). @ 2 d&noxpiGetc aor.
napaytvouat (# 4134) to arrive, to come. dobvat aor. act. pass. (dep.) part. amoxpivouat (# 646) to answer. For
inf. s.v. 32. Inf. of purp. dvapepropos (# 1375) division. the Semitic construction s. MH, 453. dSoxeite pres. ind.
@ 52 géoovtai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) epi (# 1639) to act. doxew (# 1506) to suppose. mapa (# 4123) more
be. Stapepepiopévor perf. pass. part. (adj.) dropepiw than. €yévovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouai (# 1181) to
(# 1374) to divide, to divide into. 53 &10pepioOnoov- become, to be. nenovOaow perf. ind. act. raoyw (# 4248)
tat fut. ind. pass. s.v. 52. @ 54 1nte aor. subj. act. opaw to suffer. @ 3 petavofite pres. subj. act. wetavoew
(# 3972) to see. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. &dvateAAov- (# 3566) to change the mind, to repent. Subj. w. é&v
oav pres. act. part. (adj.) avatedAw (# 422) to rise. (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. in which the speaker
Svopnav gen. pl. svoun (# 1553) going down, setting of assumes the possibility of the cond. amodeiobe fut. ind.
the sun; pl. west. OuBpocg (# 3915) rain. Generally the mid. amoddvu (# 660) to perish. @ 4 Eneoev aor. ind.
rain came from the Mediterranean in the west. For the act. tintw (# 4406) to fall. mbpyog (# 4788) tower. ané-
rain and climate in Palestine s. GB, 41-66; NIVAB, 24- Ktetvev aor. ind. act. anoKktetvw (# 650) to kill. dbevdétyS
26; ABD, 5:119-26. @ 55 votoc (# 3803) south wind. Dir. (# 4050) debtor, sinner. The idea of sin as a debt to God
obj. of 18nte. tvEovta, pres. act. part. (adj.) mvew (# 4463) was well-known (TDNT; EDNT; WJ, 334-44). Katot-
143 Luke 13

KoDVTas pres. act. part. KatouKew (# 2997) to dwell, to straightening the vertebrae of the spine (MLL, 21). €tg
live. Part. as subst. @ 5 ovyi (# 4049) introduces a ques- TO Mavtenés (# 1650; 4117) complete, at all. Either to be
tion which expects a positive answer. Moabtwe (# 6058) taken w. inf. (“to raise herself at all”) or w. part. (“com-
likewise, in the same manner. @ 6 elyev impf. ind. act. pletely unable”) (Marshall). 12 iv aor. act. part.
Exw (# 2400) to have. neputevpévny perf. pass. part. (temp.) Opaw (# 3972) to see. npooepwvnoEV aor. ind. act.
(adj.) dutevw (# 5885) to plant. dunedav (# 308) vine- npoopwvew (# 4715) to call to. &noA€AvOaL perf. ind.
yard. For the planting and cultivating of a vineyard s. pass. 2nd. pers. sing. amoAvw (# 668) to release, to free
Pliny, NH, 17:156-214; Columella, De Arboribus, 21; someone (acc.) from something (gen). Perf. indicates,
BBC. 7A@ev aor. ind. act. tpyoucr (# 2262) to come. “you have been freed and are in the state of freedom”
Cnta@v pres. act. part. Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to look for. (Arndt). The word is used in medical writers for the re-
Part. expressing purp. “I have come in order to seek leasing from disease; ie., relaxing tendons, mem-
fruit.” evpev aor. ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. @7 branes, etc. (MLL, 21). The power of the evil spirits
OymeAoupyoc (# 307) vineyard keeper (SB, 1:869-75). Et was to be broken when the days of the Messiah came
nom. pl. tog (# 2291) year; parenthetical nom. used to (SB, 4:i, 521, 527). @ 13 éx€Onxev aor. ind. act. EnitiON
express time (BD, 79). It was four years from the time (# 2202) to lay upon, to place upon. napayptya. (# 4202)
of planting that mature fruit was expected (LNT, 295; at once, immediately. &vwp@w6n aor. ind. pass. cvopbow
M, Orlah; Lev. 19:23-25). Here the three years are (# 494) to straighten up again. A medical term mean-
counted from the time when the fig tree would nor- ing, “to straighten, to put into natural position, abnor-
mally be expected to bear, not from the time of plant- mal or dislocated parts of the body” (MLL, 22).
ing (RWP). éxxowov aor. imp. act. Exxontw (# 1716) to es0EaCev impf. ind. act. dS06atw (# 1519) to glorify. In-
cut off. watt (# 2672) why? Kai (#2779) also, in addi- cep. impf. “she began to glorify.” 14 anoxpuGetg aor.
tion (Plummer). Katapyei pres. ind. act. Katopyew pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 2. &yavaxt@v pres. act. part. (cir-
(# 2934) to make idle, to make ineffective, to use up. cum.) ayavaKtew (# 24) to be aroused, to be indignant
@ 8 dE aor. imp. act. apinut (# 918) to allow. Et0¢ acc. against what is judged to be wrong, to be angry (LN,
sing. s.v. 7. Acc. of time expressing duration. oxayw 1:762). E8epanevoev aor. ind. act. Pepanevw (# 2543) to
aor. subj. act. oxantw (# 4999) to dig. Subj. w. éws treat medically, to heal. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act., it is
dnov (# 2401; 3963) in a temp. cl. B&AW aor. subj. act. necessary, w. inf. explaining the necessity. épyafeo8at
BoAAW (# 965) to throw. Konpta. acc. pl. Konpiov (# 3162) pres. mid. (dep.) inf. epyaCouor (# 2237) to work. Epxo-
manure, fertilizer. For the work of digging and fertiliz- wevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. Epyouar (# 2262) to come.
ing s. SB, 2:198. @ 9 nownon aor. subj. act. novew (# 4472) Circum. part. as imp. Sepameveobe pres. imp. pass.
to make, to produce. Subj. in 3rd. class cond. cl., as- @ 15 anexpi0n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 2. bxoKpitai
suming the possibility of the cond. to peAAov (# 3516) voc. pl. broxpitns (# 5695) hypocrite, casuist (TDNT;
next year, for the future. For the construction of this EDNT; TLNT). 16 ooPBatw dat. sing. od BBatov (# 4879)
sentence in the suppression or breaking off under the Sabbath. Dat. of time (“on the Sabbath”). Botv acc.
influence of strong emotion s. Arndt; RG, 1203; NTNT, sing. Bots (# 1091) ox. dvog (# 3952) donkey. oatvn
67. €1 8 wn ye (# 1623; 1254; 3590; 1145) but if not, oth- (# 5764) stable, stall, feeding trough. &moyoyov aor. act.
erwise, w. ye used for greater emphasis (Thrall, 10). part. (circum.) anayw (# 552) to lead out. notiGet pres.
éxxowetc fut. ind. act. s.v. 7. Fut. used to express a com- ind. act. notiGw (# 4540) to give to drink. Pres. tenses
mand. The parable applies to the need of Israel and its here are customary. For examples from the Mishnah
religious leaders to repent before God’s coming judg- and DSS s. Marshall; SB, 2:199-200; M, Shab. 5:1-4;
ment (Arndt; IP, 269). 10 5t8d0Kwv pres. act. part. M, Erub. 2:1-4; CD 11:5, 13-14; Luke 14:5. @ 16 @vyatnp
d1dcoKw (# 1438) to teach. Part. in a periphrastic con- (#2588) daughter. O@vyatepa ‘ABpadp (acc. sing.)
struction highlighting the continual action in the past. “daughter of Abraham.” It indicates that she has the
@ 11 ~xovoa pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. aoee- faith of Abraham and is a member of God’s people (s.
veva. (# 819) weakness, sickness. “A spirit of infirmity” 4 Macc. 11:28-29; the mother of the seven martyrs is
may be an Aramaism, indicating that the sickness was called a “daughter of Abraham” because of her brav-
caused by this spirit (Fitzmyer, 1012; SB 2987451 o2 1, ery and faith). The nation of Israel was also referred to
524-26). €tn acc. pl. s.v. 7. Acc. of time expressing dura- as the daughter of Abraham (SB, 2:200). oboav pres.
tion. ovykbntovoa. pres. act. part. ovykuntw (# 5174) to act. part. (adj.) eyt (# 1639) to be. €noev aor. ind. act.
bend together. Medical word for curvature of the spine dew (# 1313) to bind. &e1 impf. ind. act., w. inf. dei
(RWP). The illness has been diagnosed as spondylitis (# 1256) it is necessary. It gives the logical necessity. v-
ankylopoitica or skoliasis hysterica (Marshall). Svvopevn @7va1 aor. pass. inf. Avw (# 3395) to loose, to free, to re-
pres. pass. (dep.) part. Sdvauo1 (# 1538) to be able, w. lease. Epex. inf. explaining what is necessary. @ 17
inf. dvaxbyat aor. act. inf. avaxontw (# 376) to bend AEyovtOS pres. act. part. (temp.) AEyw (# 3306) to say, to
up, to raise oneself up, to stand erect. Galen used it of speak. Gen. abs. katnoxbvovto impf. ind. pass. Kkatat-
Luke 13 144

oxvvw (# 2875) to be ashamed, to humiliate, to disgrace where. “I do not know where you come from.” @ 26
(LN, 1:310). Impf., “they were being put to shame.” apEeobe fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 25. &pd&youev aor. ind.
GvtiKeipevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. avtikeor (# 512) act. eo0iw (#2266) to eat. émtowev aor. ind. act. nivw
to be opposed, to resist. Part. as subst. €yaipev impf. (# 4403) to drink. wAateia (# 4423) wide, wide street.
ind. act. yaipw (# 5897) to rejoice. Impf. describes the €5150£ac aor. ind. act. s.v. 10. © 27 a&nootnte aor. imp.
continous action. €vd0Eog (# 1902) glorious, splendid, act. aptotnut (# 923) to depart, to go away. Aor. imp.
wonderful (LN, 1:696). ywwouévoig pres. mid. (dep.) has a note of finality. gpyato nom. pl. epyatns (# 2239)
part. (adj.) s.v. 2. “They were rejoicing over the glori- worker; obj. gen. follows, “workers of unrighteous-
ous things being done by Him.” 18 oyo1wow fut. ind. ness.” @ 28 €otat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to
act. onovow (# 3929) to compare, to make alike. Deliber- be. khavOuog (# 3088) loud crying, wailing. Bpvyyoc
ative fut. in a rhetorical question. 19 KoKkog (# 3133) (# 1106) grinding, gnashing of teeth. The chattering or
grain. owamews gen. sing. otvam (# 4983) mustard (s. gnashing of the teeth indicates suffering or the anger
Matt. 13:31). AaPewv aor. act. part. (circum.) AoBavw directed against the master (Marshall). 6weo@e aor.
(# 3284) to take. éBoAev aor. ind. act s.v. 8. Kim0c subj. mid. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Subj. in an indef.
(# 3057) garden. nbEnoev aor. ind. act. ad&a.vw (# 889) to temp. cl. exPoAoevovg pres. pass. part. exBardrdw
grow. €yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopar (# 1181) to (# 1675) to cast out, to drive out. @ 29 jEovor fut. ind.
become. Kateoxhvwoev aor. ind. act. KataoKknvow act. Tikw (# 2457) to come. &vatoddv gen. pl. avatorAn
(# 2942) to dwell, to make a nest. ® 20 eimev aor. ind. (# 424) east. Svoudv gen. pl. dvoun (# 1553) west. For
act. s.v. 17. duowow fut. ind. act. s.v. 18. 21 Coun the pl. used for the four directions s. BD, 77-78. Bopp&
(# 2434) dat. sing. leaven. AaPodoa aor. act. part. (cir- (# 1080) north. For the form in Koine s. GGP, 20-21.
cum.) s.v. 19. €vexpvwev aor. ind. act. eyKpvntw (# 1606) votov gen. sing. votog (# 3803) south. dvaxKAenoovtat
to hide. dAevpov gen. sing. cAEevpov (# 236) flour. De- fut. ind. pass. avakAivw (# 369) to recline (at the table).
scriptive gen. oata acc. pl. octov (# 4929) seah. A Jew- ® 30 éoovtoi fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 28. @ 31
ish measure for grain about a peck and a half (BAGD). mMpoonAGav aor. ind. act. mpooepyouai (# 4665) to come
eCvpwOn aor. ind. pass. Coyow (# 2435) to leaven, to fer- to. €€eAGe aor. imp. act. e€epyoua (# 2002) to go out.
ment. For this parable s. Matt. 13:33. @ 22 5venopeveto Mopevov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mopevopa (# 4513) to go.
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) dtanopevouat (# 1388) to journey evtebOev (# 1949) from here. This incident probably
through, to pass through. Impf. pictures the continual took place just before Jesus left Galilee (HA, 218).
action, “he continued on his journey” (Fitzmyer, 1024). Gmoxteivar aor. act. inf. s.v. 4. Evidently a threat by
Kata (# 2848) w. acc., distributive use (“from village to Herod to get out of Antipas’ domain (HA, 219f). Inf. w.
village”). &18a0xwv pres. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 10. the vb. Geet. 32 mopevOevtes aor. pass. (dep.) part.
nopeta. (# 4512) journey. novobpevos pres. mid. part. s.v. (circum.) mopevouar (# 4513) to go; w. imp. force
9 (“making his way to Jersualem”) (RWP). @ 23 et (VANT, 386). eimate aor. imp. act. s.v. 17. dAwmeEK1 dat.
(# 1623) if. Used to introduce a dir. question and is ei- sing. akwarng (# 273) fox. The person described as a fox
ther a Hebraism or an ellipsis (RG, 1176, 1024). owto- is looked down upon as weak and wily, lacking real
WeVOL pres. pass. part. owlw (# 5392) to rescue, to save. power and dignity (HA, 220, 343-47; Bovon; BBC).
Part. as subst. 24 a&ywviCeode pres. imp. mid. (dep.) Epictetus says that foxes are “rascals of the animal
aywvitouar (# 76) to engage in an athletic contest, to kingdom” and men like them are “slanderous and ma-
strive, to strive to do something w. great intensity and licious” (Epictetus, Discourses, 1.3.7-8; DNP, 4:687. The
effort, to make every effort to, w. inf. (LN, 1:663). form used in the descriptions was normally fem.
EloeAeiv aor. act. inf. eloepyoucr (# 1656) to go in. (DNP, 4:687). iaoig (# 2617) healing, cure. &noteA@
Epex. inf. oteviig gen. sing. otevoc (#5101) narrow. De- pres. ind. act. anotedew (# 699) to complete, to per-
scriptive gen. €ntnoovot fut. ind. act. s.v. 6. |6xvoovolv form. For the medical use of these two terms s. MLL,
fut. ind. act. toyvw (# 2710) to be strong, to be able. 23-24. onPEepov Kai aUptov acc. sing. The expression “to-
@ 25 evep6f| aor. subj. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to rise; pass. day and tomorrow” means “day by day.” Along w. the
to raise, to get up. GmoxKAEton aor. subj. act. dmoKAEw reference to the third day it is a Semitic idiom for a
(# 643) to lock up. &pEnove aor. subj. mid. (dep.) cpyxo- short and definite period (HA, 221). teAevodpon pres.
wa (# 806) to begin, w. inf. Subj. here used in an indef. ind. pass. teAeiow (# 5457) to complete, to finish. Here
temp. cl. €otavan perf. act. inf. totnut (# 2705) to stand. it is pass. and means “I am brought to completion”
Kpovetv pres. act. inf. kpovw (# 3218) to knock. d&vo1Eov (HA, 222). @ 33 det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is neces-
aor. imp. act. avotyw (# 487) to open. Aor. imp. calling sary, w. inf. giving a logical necessity. €yopévn pres.
for a specific act may also have a note of urgency. mid. part. dat. €yw (# 2400) to have; mid. used of time,
amoKpiOeig aor. pass. part. s.v. 2. epel fut. ind. act. Aeyw immediately, following (BAGD). Here, “the next day”
(# 3306) s.v. 17. ot8a (# 3857) perf. ind. act. to know. (Plummer). Dat. of time. mopeveoBar pres. mid. (dep.)
Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. m08ev (# 4470) where, from inf. s.v. 32. evdexyetar pres. ind. mid. évdexouc (# 1896)
 145 Luke 14

impersonal, it is possible, it is fitting. Here, “it will not dle medically, to heal. Epex. inf. @ 4 Novyaoav aor.
do,” “it is impossible,” the idea of necessity entering in ind. act. novyatw (# 2483) to be silent. Ingressive aor.,
(BAGD; Arndt; MM). a&noAéo801 aor. mid. inf. s.v. 3. “they became silent” (RWP). EmtAaPopevoc aor. mid.
Epex. inf. explaining what is impossible. It is not des- (dep.) part. (circum.) emAapuBavona (# 2138) to take
tined that Herod would kill Jesus, but Jerusalem hold of. idoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) icopar (# 2615) to
would (Fitzmyer, 1032). 34 d&moxteivovoa pres. act. heal. &néAvoev aor. ind. act. dnoAvw (# 668) to release
part. (adj.) dnoxteive (# 650) to kill. Pres. may indicate (s. 13:12). @ 5 Bots (# 1091) ox. dpéap (# 5853) acc.
the repeated action, indicating the ever-present atti- sing. well. neoeitat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) nintw (# 4406)
tude toward heaven-sent messengers (Fitzmyer, 1036). to fall. dvaondoet fut. ind. act. dvaondw (# 413) to pull
AvBoPoAoboa. pres. act. part. (adj.) AWoBodkEw (# 3344) to up, to pull out. In the DSS it was forbidden to give
stone. GmeotoAyevoucg perf. pass. part. cmootedAw help to an animal on the Sabbath, either to pull it out
(# 690) to send, to send out as an authoritative repre- of a ditch or help deliver the young (CD, 11:13-15).
sentative (TDNT; EDNT). Part. as subst. nOéAnoo. aor. @ 6 toxvoav aor. ind. act. ioxbw (# 2710) to be strong,
ind. act. dw (# 2527) to wish, to desire, w. inf. &m- to be able, w. inf. avtanoKpi6fivar aor. pass. (dep.) inf.
ovvagéai aor. act. inf. tmiovviyw (# 2190) to gather to- avtamoKptvouat (# 503) to answer back, to reply. For
gether. Ov tponov (# 4005; 5573) in like manner, just as. the force of the prep. compound s. MH, 297.
Opvic (# 3998) hen. vooord (# 3799) nest, brood. mtépv- © 7 éheyev impf. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to speak. Incep.
yas acc. pl. mtepv§ (# 4763) wing. nOeANoate aor. ind. impf., “he began to tell...” KkexAnpévoug perf. pass.
act. Aor. points to the finality of the decision. @ 35 part. Kaew (# 2813) to call, to invite. Part. as subst. en€-
Gpietar pres. ind. pass. cdinur (# 918) to leave, to for- xwv pres. act. part. (causal) emeyw (# 2091) to hold the
sake. It means “you have it entirely to yourselves to mind on something, to notice. He directed His atten-
- possess and protect, for God no longer dwells in it and tion to this (Plummer). mpwtoKAtota (# 4752) chief seat,
protects it” (Plummer). i5nte aor. subj. act. opaw the first place. In a group of three cushions or couches
(# 3972) to see. Subj. w. strong negation ob pn (# 4024; used for reclining, the one in the center was the place
3590) (NSV, 74). jEer fut. ind. act. s.v. 29. eimnte aor. of honor (SB, 4:611-35). e&eAeyovto impf. ind. mid.
subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Subj. in an indef. temp. exreyw (# 1721) to choose; mid., to choose for oneself.
cl. evAoynuévocg perf. pass. part. evroyew (# 2328) to Customary impf. @ 8 KANGij¢ aor. subj. pass. s.v. 7.
bless, to praise. Part. as subst. Subj. w. Otav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. KataKA167}¢
aor. subj. pass. (dep.) KataxKAtvouar (# 2884) to sit
Luke 14 down, to recline (esp. when eating). Subj. w. neg. to ex-
@ 1 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopo (# 1181) to press prohibition, implying the action does not yet
become, to happen (s. 8:1). €A@etv aor. act. inf. Epyouat exist and should not arise (MKG, 273). évtywotepoc
(# 2262) to come, to go. Inf. w. prep. ev (# 1877) to ex- comp. évtwos (# 1952) honored. oov gen. ov you. Than
press time (MT, 145). gayetv aor. act. inf. €o8iw (# 2266) you; gen. of comp. q pres. subj. act. ewi (# 1639) to be.
to eat; inf. of purp. Normally there were two main Subj. used is a cl. where fear is implied: “for fear that
meals in the day, but on the Sabbath there were three. there might be...” (NSV, 142). KexAnpévoc perf. pass.
The Sabbath meal, which was prepared the day before part. s.v.7. 9 &A@ov aor. act. part. (cond.) Epyouar
and kept warm (M, Shab. 3:1-6; 4:1-2), was around (# 2262) to come. “If he comes....” KaAEGMS aor. act.
noon (Jos., Life, 279), after the synagogue service, and part. s.v. 7. Part. as subst. €pet fut. ind. act. A€yw s.v. 7.
it was common to invite guests to the Sabbath meal 50¢ aor. imp. act. d515w1 (# 1443) to give. Aor. imp. calls
(SB, 2:202-203; Fitzmyer, 1040-41). Noav impf. ind. act. for a specific act. &pEq fut. ind. mid. (dep.) d&pxropat
eut (# 1639) to be. napatnpovpevor pres. mid. part. (# 806) to begin, w. inf. The vb. marks the contrast be-
napatnpew (# 4190) to stand by the side and watch (s. tween the brief, self-assumed promotion and the per-
6:7). Part. in a periphrastic construction. The mid. and manent merited humiliation (Plummer). oaioyovn
act. have the same meaning (BAGD; RG, 811, “redun- (# 158) shame. Kateyew pres. act. inf. katexw (# 2988) to
dant mid.”). @ 2 1500 (# 2627) aor. imp. opaw (# 3972) take, to hold down. 10 KAn@fJ¢ aor. subj. pass. s.v. 7.
to see, to behold. Used as particle meaning “behold,” Subj. w. Otav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. nopevOeic
“look.” vSpwmicds (# 5622) dropsy. A medical term de- aor. pass. (dep.) part. nopevopon (# 4513) to go. Circum.
noting a person suffering from dropsy, a disease in part. w. imp. force (VANT, 386; NSV, 82). avameoe aor.
which the body swells up due to fluid forming in the imp. act. avanintw (#404) to fall back, to lie back, to re-
cavities and tissues (Marshall; MLL, 24; DMTG, 318; cline at the table. €X@q aor. subj. act. s.v. 1. Subj. in an
SB, 2:203-04). @ 3 dmoxpiOeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. indef. temp. cl. KexAnkwe perf. act. part. s.v. 9. épei fut.
OnoKpivouar (# 646) to answer (s. 13:2). &eotw pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Used w. iva. (# 2671), here
ind. act. €€e0t1(v) (# 2003) it is lawful, it is allowed, w. perhaps to express results rather than purp. (Plummer;
inf. @epanedoon aor. act. inf. Sepanevw (# 2543) to han- RG, 984f). mpooavaBnét aor. imp. act. npooavoPatvw
Luke 14 146

(# 4646) to come up to. It pictures the host as beckon- 241-57. nyopaoa aor. ind. act. ayopatw (# 60) to buy.
ing the guest to come up to him (Arndt). 60 (# 1518) avayKn (# 340) necessity, constraint; “I am obliged.”
praise, fame, honor; here, honored (Marshall). ovvav- He would have to see if the field had depreciated in
AKEWEVWV pres. mid. part. ovvavaKepar (# 5263) to re- value (LNT, 137). €€eA@0v aor. act. part. (circum.) e&ep-
cline at the table together (w. dat.). Part. as subst. @ 11 yonar (# 2002) to go out. Betv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972)
vydv pres. act. part. Dow (# 5738) to lift up, to exalt. to see. Epex. inf. explaining the avaykny. Epwtd pres.
tanewwOnoetar fut. ind. pass. tamewow (# 5427) to ind. act. tpwtdw (# 2263) to ask, to request. Exe pres.
make low, to humble. Subst. part. pres. points to a imp. act. €yw (# 2400) to have, to consider. “Consider
habit of life. bywOnoetar fut. ind. pass. @ 12 KeKAnKOTI me excused” (BAGD; NSV, 106). napytnyévov perf.
perf. act. part. dat. sing. s.v. 7. movfj¢ pres. subj. act. pass. part. mapaiteono.. (# 4148) For the construction s.
moew (# 4472) to make. Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in an in- RWP; Fitzmyer, 1056. @ 19 Cevyn acc. pl. Cedyoc
def. temp. cl. Iterat. pres. &piotov (# 756) acc. sing. (# 2414) yoke. Nyopaoa. aor. ind. act. s.v. 18. Soxydoar
breakfast, the early morning meal (11:37; SB, 2:204- aor. act. inf. Soxywatw (# 1507) to try out, to prove by
206). detnvov (# 1270) acc. sing. dinner, the main meal testing. Inf. of purp. @ 20 éynpa aor. ind. act. yopew
(SB, 4:611-39). gwvet pres. imp. act. dwvew (# 5888) to (# 1138) to marry. (Deut. 20:5-7; 24:5; Palmer, “Just
call, to invite. Pres. imp. means “do not habitually in- Married” NovT 18 [1976]: 242). €A@etv aor. act. inf. s.v.
vite.” It is the exclusive invitation of rich neighbors 9. @ 21 napayevopevoc aor. mid. part. (temp.) mapa-
that is forbidden (Plummer). ovyyevet¢ acc. pl. ovy- yivouwar (# 4134) to come. annyyetrev aor. ind. act. anay-
yevng (#5150) relative. yeitovac acc. pl. yeitwv (# 1150) yerAdw (# 550) to report. opyioBeig aor. pass. part.
neighbor. GvtiKaAg€owoiv aor. subj. act. avtiKarew opyiCopa (# 3974) to be angry, to be very angry, to be
(# 511) to invite in return. For the reciprocal action ex- furious (LN, 1:761). Ingressive aor., “to become an-
pressed in the prep. s. MH, 297. Subj. w. pnnote gry.” oixodeonotng (# 3867) ruler of a house. &€Ae aor.
(# 3607) to express purp. or a conjectured probability imp. act. s.v. 18. Aor. imp. calls for immediate action.
(BAGD). kai avtot emphatic, even they (Fitzmyer, Trateia (# 4423) wide, wide street. pouag acc. pl. poun
1047). yevntor aor. subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. avtanodon0 (# 4860) street, lane. &vaneipous acc. pl. s.v. 13. larre,
(# 501) repayment. @ 13 50xn (# 1531) reception, ban- cripple. The physically blemished were barred from
quet. It could be a reference to the messianic victory full participation in Jewish worship. This was also
banquet after the destruction of His enemies (LNT, stressed in the Qumran community (Ellis; 1QSa 2:4-
126-55). motfijg pres. subj. act. s.v. 12. Subj. w. otav 10). elocyorye aor. imp. act. elodyw (# 1652) to lead in,
(# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. Ka&A€t pres. imp. act. s.v. to bring in. @ 22 yeyovev perf. ind. act. s.v. 1. Perf.
7. avanerpos (# 401) crippled, maimed. Prep. is inten- stresses the completed state or abiding results. enéta-
sive (“very maimed”) (Plummer). For the term mnpog Eas aor. ind. act. enitdoow (# 2199) to command, to
in medical language s. MLL, 148-49. ywAog (# 6000) give an order. @ 23 opaypoc (# 5850) hedge, fence. The
lame. @ 14 €o7 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. vineyards, gardens, or fields surrounded by hedges or
eiut (# 1639) to be. &vtanodotva aor. act. inf. wvtamo- fences (Fitzmyer, 1057). Poor travelers were accus-
5t5wp (# 500) to pay back again, to pay back in return. tomed to camping in the shelter of the hedges and
Inf. as obj. &vtanod0@noetar fut. ind. pass. Theol. pass. fences (Arndt). dvd&yKaoov aor. imp. act. avayKacw
indicating that God is the subject. @ 15 &Kkovoas aor. (# 337) to compel. The compelling was by persuasion
act. part. (temp.) &kovw (# 201) to hear. ovvavaKepe- (Plummer). Aor. imp. stresses the urgency. etoedOeiv
vwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 10. pe&yeto fut. ind. mid. aor. act. inf. s. 13:24. Inf. as dir. obj. yey1o87 aor. subj.
(dep.) €08iw (# 2266) to eat. 16 Exoiet impf. ind. act. pass. yeuiCw (# 1153) to fill; pass. to become full. Subj.
s.v. 12. Impf., “he was in the process of making....” €xa- w. iva (# 2671) in a purp. cl. @ 24 KexAnpeévwv perf.
NEGEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. © 17 aneoteElAev aor. ind. act. pass. part. s.v. 7. yeboetau fut. ind. mid. (dep.) yevouar
amooteAAw (# 690) to send, to send out as an official (# 1174) to taste, to eat, w. obj. in gen. There shall be no
and authoritative representative (TDNT; EDNT). food sent to them as a token of recognition (LNT, 141).
eimeiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 7. Inf. of purp. kekAnpevotc perf. @ 25 ovvenopevovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ovvropeto-
pass. part. s.v. 7. Epyeo@e pres. imp. mid. (dep. ) sv. wot (# 5233) to go together, to accompany, w. dat.
OF @ 18 jpEavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apyonat Otpaetc aor. pass. part. (circum.) otpedw (# 5138) to
(# 806) to begin, w. inf. amo pias (# 608; 1877) unani- turn oneself, to turn. @ 26 «oet pres. ind. act. ni0ew
mously, w. one accord (BD, 126). naparteto8or pres. (# 3631) to hate. It signifies loving less (Arndt; Fitzmy-
mid. (dep.) inf. mapo.teono. (# 4148) to ask someone er, 1063). For the rabbinical teaching regarding prefer-
for something. When used w. invitations, “to make an ential treatment of the teacher over the father s. M,
excuse,” “to beg off” (RWP; BAGD; NDIEC, 3:78). For Baba Netzia 2, 11. Ind. in a cond. cl. which the speaker
a discussion of the excuses s. LNT, 137-38; Humphrey assumes to be true. €ivat pres. act. inf. s.v. 14. @ 27
Palmer, “Just Married, Cannot Come,” Nov T 18 (1976): Baotater pres. ind. act. Baotatw (# 1002) to carry, to
147 Luke 15

bear. Pres. views a continual or habitual action. otav- class cond. cl. in which the speaker assumes the cond.
pog (# 5089) cross. For the concept of discipleship s. to be possible. aptv¥joetar fut. ind. pass. aptow (# 789)
Matt. 28:19. @ 28 G&Awv pres. act. part. (adj.) b2.u to equip, to make ready, to season (Fitzmyer, 1069).
(# 2527) to wish, to desire, w. inf. mbpyog (# 4788) tower, 35 xonpia. (# 3161) manure heap, rubbish heap. ev@e-
some sort of fortification to protect a house, land, or tog (# 2310) fit, suitable. B&AAovON pres. ind. act. BarAAw
vineyard (Fitzmyer, 1065). otxodoyfioo1 aor. act. inf. (# 965) to throw out. Impersonal pl. used to express
oikodouew (# 3868) to build. ka@ious aor. act. part. (cir- pass. Gnomic pres. &kovetv pres. act. inf. aKovw (# 201)
cum.) ka@iCw (# 2767) to sit down. This represents long to hear. Inf. of purp. &kovetw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers.
and serious consideration (Plummer). wnotfer pres. sing.
ind. act. ynoitw (# 6028) to count, to calculate. Gnomic
pres. indicating that which generally takes place. da- Luke 15
TavT (# 1252) cost. dnaptioyos (# 568) completion, to @ 1 joav impf. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. Used w.
finish off, to finish up. For the force of the prep. s. MH, the part. in a periphrastic construction. eyyiCovtes pres.
299. 29 @Evtos aor. act. part. (temp.) tlOnut (# 5502) act. part. éyyiGw (# 1581) to come near, w. dat. &kovetv
to place, to lay. Gen. abs. OeyeAtog (# 2529) foundation. pres. act. inf. akovw (# 201) to hear. Inf. of purp., “they
loxvovtos pres. act. part. (causal) s.v. 6. Gen. abs. &k- were coming in order to hear.” ® 2 Seyoyyvfov impf.
ted€oat aor. act. inf. extedew (# 1754) to bring to com- ind. act. diayoyyvdw (# 1339) to murmur, to murmur
pletion, to finish successfully. Bewpobvtec pres. act. among themselves, throughout their whole company
part. Oewpew (# 2555) to see, to watch. Part. as subst. (Plummer; Bock). For the abuses of tax collectors s.
ap§wvtat aor. subj. mid. (dep.), w. inf. s.v. 9. Subj. in a NDIEC, 8:68-74; DJG, 805-6). Impf. pictures the contin-
neg. purp. cl. of apprehension (NSV, 141-42; BD, 188). ual action. mpoodeyetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) mpoodexo-
eumaitew pres. act. inf. gumattw (# 1850) to mock, to wat (# 4657) to receive, to welcome. The vb. often
make fun of someone, to ridicule, to taunt, w. dat. implies hospitality and it is assumed that the guest
@ 30 eyOVtES pres. act. part. s.v. 7. Part. explaining the brings honor to the house where he is invited (PAP,
ridiculing. obtog this man, derogatory sense, used sar- 143). ovveo@ter pres. ind. act. ovvecbiw (# 5303) to eat
castically in derision. hpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.),w. together, to eat w. someone, w. dat. , rhe pres. tenses
inf. s.v. 9. okodopetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 28. toxvoev aor. here stress a habitual conduct. @ 3 eimev aor. ind. act.
ind. act. s.v. 6. @ 31 mopevopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. A€yw (# 3306) to say, to speak. @ 4 Exywv pres. act. part.
s.v. 10. Temp. or cond. part. ovpBaAetv aor. act. inf. ovp- (adj.) yw (# 2400) to have, to possess. &modéous aor.
BoAAW (# 5202) to throw together, to fight, w. dat. m0- act. part. (cond.) amoAA vu (# 660) to lose. The act. may
AEwos (# 4483) war. KaBious aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. indicate that the shepherd takes responsibility for the
28. BovAedboetar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) BovAevonar losing of the sheep (PAP, 149). kataAetmet pres. ind. act.
(# 1086) to confer, to take counsel, to deliberate w. one- Katarettw (#2901) to leave. W. the neg. ov (# 4024) ina
self. €v by, with. Instr. use of the prep. (RWP). question expecting the answer “yes.” Pres. indicates
bnavtfoo. aor. act. inf. bravtaw (# 5636) to meet, w. habitual action. GnoAWAOG perf. act. part. GnOAvLUL
dat. Epex. inf. explaining what might be possible. ép- Perf. indicates the state or cond. Part. as subst. evpn
XOLEVYD pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 1. Part. as subst. @ 32 aor. subj. act. evploKw (# 2351) to find. Subj. in an indef.
et S€ UN YE but if not, otherwise (Thrall, 10). TOppw temp. cl. ® 5 evpwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 4. enitiOn-
(#4522) far. Ovtog pres. act. part. (temp.) eli to be. Ow pres. ind. act. EMUTOTLL (# 2202) to place upon. LOG
Gen. abs. mpeofeia (# 4561) embassy, delegation. (# 6049) shoulder. yaipwv pres. act. part. xatpw (# 5897)
arooteiAas aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 17. €pwt& pres. to rejoice. Part. of manner. The shepherd rejoices, al-
ind. act. s.v. 18. @ 33 dnotd&ooeto pres. ind. mid. though the process of restoration calls for the arduous
(dep.) anotdcooopa (# 698) to say good-bye to, to re- task of carrying the sheep for some distance (PAP, 148).
nounce, to forsake, to willingly give up or set aside ® 6 €AOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) Epyouat (# 2262) to
what one possesses, w. dat. (LN, 1:566; s. NDIEC, 1:58- come. ovyKaAet pres. ind. act. ovykarew (# 5157) to call
9). bmapyovov pres. act. part. dat. n. pl. vxropyw together. Pres. tenses are hist. pres., making the story
(# 5639) to exist, to be at one’s disposal. Part. as subst., lively and vivid. yettwv (#1150) neighbor. ovyyapnte
“what belongs to someone, property, possessions” aor. imp. act. ovyKatpw (#5176) to rejoice together. Aor.
(BAGD). dbvato1 pres. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvopor imp. calls for a specific act, w. a note of urgency.
(# 1538) to be able, w. inf. itiis not a matter of “one may Friends and neighbors were to try to help find a lost
not,’‘but “one can not!” eivar pres. act. inf. s.v. 1. @ 34 animal and would rejoice when it was found (Exod.
ovv (# 4036) to be sure (DM, 255). Gag (# 229) salt; s. 23:4; Deut. 22:1-3; J. Duncan and M. Derrett, “Fresh
Evans for the symbol of salt. pwpaveq aor. subj. pass. Light on the Lost Sheep and the Lost Coin,” NTS 26
uwpatvw (# 3701) to make foolish, to make useless [1979]: 36-60; esp. 38-40). evpov aor. ind. act. Ist. pers.
(Matt. 5:13; Marshall). Subj. w. édv (# 1569) in a 3rd. sing. s.v. 4. &MOAWAOG perf. act. part. s.v. 4. Just as the
Luke 15 148

shepherd’s friends rejoice so God’s friends should re- danavtnoavtos aor. act. part. (temp.) danavaw (# 1251)
joice when He recovers that which was lost (BBC). 7 to spend, to spend completely, w. the implication of
éotat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (#1639) to be. peta- uselessly and therefore wastefully (LN, 1:575). Gen.
voovtt pres. act. part. petavoew (# 3566) to change the abs. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyon (# 1181) to be-
mind, to repent (s. Matt. 3:2). 7 (# 2445) than. Used w. come, to arise, to happen. jpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
the positive of the adj. to form a comp. construction. cpyouat (# 806) to begin, w. inf. botepeioBar pres. mid.
xpeta (# 5970) need, necessity. @ 8 Spayude acc. pl. (dep.) inf. votepeouor (# 5728) to come late, to be be-
dpayun (# 1534) drachma. A Greek silver coin worth hind, to fall short, to be in want, to suffer need. @ 15
normally about 18 or 19 cents. It was the price of a mopevOeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. (circum.) mopevouar
sheep or one-fifth the price of an ox (BAGD; EDNT; (# 4513) to go. €KOAANON aor. ind. pass. KoAAGw (# 3140)
DJG, 805; Fitzmyer, 1081; Marshall). €yovoa pres. act. to glue together, to join. It denotes that he forced him-
part. (adj.) s.v. 4. &moA€o7 aor. subj. act. s.v. 4. Subj. in a self on a citizen of the country (Arndt). Emeywev aor.
3rd. class cond. cl. in which the speaker assumes the ind. act. meunw (# 4287) to send. Booxetv pres. act. inf.
cond. might be possible. Gmtei pres. ind. act. dntw Booxw (# 1081) to feed, to graze. Inf. of purp. xoipos
(#721) to light. Used w. the neg. in a question (# 5956) pig. He was occupied in the most degraded
(“doesn’t she light?”) expecting the answer “yes.” oa- occupation known to the Jews (LNT, 112). The polite
pot pres. ind. act. capow (# 4924) to sweep, to clean. way a Middle Easterner gets rid of unwanted hangers-
Cntei pres. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to search. emmpeddic on is to assign them a task he knows they will refuse
(#2151) carefully, diligently. The prep. compound is (PAP, 170). @ 16 eneOduer impf. ind. act. emOvuew
directive. It is directed concern (MH, 312). evpy aor. (# 2121) to desire, to long for. Impf. expresses an unful-
subj. act. s.v. 4. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. @ 9 evpotoa filled desire. yoptao@fivat aor. pass. inf. yoptatw
aor. act. part. (temp.) nom. fem. sing. s.v. 4. @tAag acc. (# 5963) to feed, to fill; pass. to eat one’s fill, to be satis-
pl. dian (# 5813) female friend, girl friend. ebpov aor. fied (BAGD). Epex. inf. explaining the desire. Kep&tiov
ind. act. s.v. 4. ammA€ou, aor. ind. act. s.v. 4. 10 evwn- (# 3044) little horn, carob pods. The pods of the carob
ov (# 1967) in the presence of, w. gen. WETAVOODVTI pres. tree whose sweet-tasting pods were shaped like little
act. part. s.v. 7. @ 11 elmev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. elyev horns (RWP; POB, 72-73; PB, 63). The rabbis consid-
impf. ind. act. s.v. 4. Impf. used for a vivid description. ered this the equivalent of being in the direst need
12 vewtepog comp. ved (# 3742) new, young; comp., (Leaney). Perhaps it is better to see this as a wild carob
younger. 60¢ aor. imp. act. 515wy1 (# 1443) to give. Aor. plant, whose berries are black and bitter w. no nour-
imp. calls for a specific act. w. a note of urgency. The ishment and hardly filling (PAP, 173). Qo8.ov impf. ind.
request of the son that the father give him his inherit- act. €001w (# 2266) to eat. €5180v impf. ind. act. dt8wpr
ance while the father was in good health was an insult (# 1443) to give. Nobody would give him anything
w. the implication, “Father, I cannot wait for you to else, anything suitable (Fitzmyer, 1088). @ 17 A®wv
die!” (PAP, 164). éniBaAAov pres. act. part. (adj.). aor. act. part. epyouat (# 2262) to come; here, to come to
emtparrw (# 2095) to fall to, to be appropriate. It is the oneself, to repent. He is motivated by hunger and re-
share which hypothetically is bound to come to him pents for having lost the money (PAP, 176, cf. 173-76).
(LNT, 106). wépog (# 3538) portion, part. ovoia (# 4045) €7 impf. ind. act. dnt (#5774) to say. pto@1og (# 3634)
possession, property. The younger son’s part was hired worker. These were workers who were paid at
probably about two-ninths (LNT, 109) or one third the end of the day and did not form part of the house-
(Fitzmyer, 1087). 5etAev aor. ind. act. diaipew (# 1349) hold (Fitzmyer, 1089). mepiocevovtat pres. ind. mid.
to divide. The father made a formal and legal division (indir. mid., “for themselves”) nepiooevw (# 4355) to be
of his goods. The son’s responsibility to his family did in abundance, to cause to abound, to make extremely
not cease with his legal claims (LNT, 108ff). @ 13 ovv- rich, used of persons who receive something in great
ayayav aor. act. part. (temp.) ovvayw (# 5251) to gather abundance (BAGD). @ 18 Gvaotés aor. act. part.
together. Perhaps in the sense, “to turn everything into (temp.) d&viotnut (# 482) to stand up, to get up. nopev-
cash” (BAGD; MM). The buyer of the property was oopat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 15. Volitive fut. indicat-
not to possess it before the death of the father (s. M, ing a decision or intention of the will (RG, 889; NSV,
Baba Bathra 8, 7). a&neSnpnoev aor. ind. act. anodnuew 52). €p@ fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. m&tEP voc.
(# 623) to be out of the land, to be away from home, to sing. matnp (# 4252) father. Twaptov aor. ind. act.
go on a journey to a distant country. dveoKopmioev aor. ouaptavw (# 279) to sin. He sinned against God and
ind. act. diacKkopmiCw (# 1399) to scatter, to scatter in his father in disobeying the fifth commandment. Hav-
various directions, to squander (Arndt). G@v pres. act. ing squandered his goods, he was not able to fulfill his
part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Part. of means or manner. moral obligation to his father (LNT, 111f). 19 KAn-
agowtws (# 862) adv. without saving, dissolutely. Used @fjvar aor. pass. inf. Kaew (# 2813) to call, to name.
of debauched and profligate living (TDNT). 14 Epex. inf. explaining the adj. &&1o¢. moinoov aor. imp.
149 Luke 16

act. toiew (# 545) to do, to make. He wants to be made (# 1581) to come near. TKovoev aor. ind. act. GKovw
a hired worker, which means he would not live at (# 201) to hear, w. obj. in gen. ovpowvia (#5246) music.
home eating his brother’s bread and would be able to It means a band of players or singers (Plummer). xop0¢
earn money to gain back what he had lost (PAP, 178). (# 5962) choral dance, dancing. The older son heard a
Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. w. a sense of urgency. loud, boisterous, joyous celebration in progress as he
@ 20 MAGev aor. ind. act. EpXOLOA (# 2262) to come. Gné- approached the house (PAP, 192). @ 26 npooxaAeoa-
XOVtOS pres. act. part. (temp.) aneyw (# 600) to be far wwevoc aor. mid. part. (temp.) mpookarew (# 4673) to
off. Gen. abs. (“while”). ei8ev aor. ind. act. dpdw summons, to call to oneself. €nvv@dveto impf..ind. mid.
(# 3972) to see. EonAayyvio@n aor. ind. pass. onhayyviCo- (dep.) mvvOavouor (# 4785) to inquire, to question.
wat (# 5072) to be deeply moved w. compassion Impf. indicates that he kept asking various questions,
(MNTW; TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). Part of the compas- perhaps to find out if his brother was rich or poor
sion was that the father knew the humilitation that the (PAP, 194). etn pres. opt. act. eit (# 1639) to be. Opt.
son faced in the village (PAP, 180-82). 5papwv aor. act. used in indir. discourse corresponding to the potential
part. (circum.) tpexyw (# 5556) to run. An Oriental no- opt. of the dir. question (BD, 195). 27 Tet pres. ind.
bleman w. flowing robes never runs anywhere, but in act. Nkw (#2457) w. the perf. meaning, to have come, to
his deep compassion the father did (PAP, 181). enéne- be present (BAGD). é6voev aor. ind. act. s.v. 23. by-
oev aor. ind. act. eximintw (# 2158) to fall upon. aivovta pres. act. part. (adj.) byiaivw (# 5617) to be
tpaynAos (# 5549) neck. KatepiAnoev aor. ind. act. Kata- healthy (MLL, 10). ameAaBev aor. ind. act. onocopnpavwy
pirew (# 2968) to kiss, to kiss fervently, the sign of for- (# 655) to receive back. @ 28 wpyto8n aor. ind. pass. op-
giveness (Jeremias, Parables). @ 22 e€eveyKate aor. imp. yiCw (# 3974) to be angry, to become angry. Ingressive
act. Exdepw (# 1766) to bring out. Aor. imp. calls for a aor. NeAev impf. ind. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to wish, to de-
specific act. w. a note of urgency. otoAn (# 5124) robe, a sire, to want to, w. inf. eioeAGeiv aor. act. inf. eloepyouct
stately robe. Instead of medals of honor, robes were (# 1656) to go in. €&€AGwv aor. act. part. (circum.) e&€pyxo-
given. He is treated as the guest of honor (Jeremias). wat (# 2002) to go out. mapekaAet impf. ind. act. mapa-
The best robe would be the father’s robe which he KaAew (# 4151) to entreat, to beseech, to beg, to plead.
wore on special occasions (PAP, 185). évévoate aor. Iterat. impf. indicates “he kept on beseeching him”
imp. act. evdvw (# 1907) to clothe, to dress. 60te aor. (RWP). @ 29 Gmoxpi@etg aor. pass. (dep.) part.
imp. act. Si5wut (# 1443) to give. Saxtbdog (# 1234) anoxpivoua. (# 646) to answer. For the Semitic use of
ring, signet ring. He is to consider himself as his fa- the part. s. MH, 453. maptA@ov aor. ind. act. mapepxouar
ther’s deputy (LNT, 113; BBC). tx06nua. (# 5687) san- (# 4216) to pass by, to neglect, to transgress. Aor. indi-
dal, shoe. A sign that the servants accepted him as cates not even once in contrast w. so many years of ser-
master and that he is a free man in the house (LNT, vice (RWP). wa aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 16.
114; PAP, 185). @ 23 gépete pres. imp. act. pepw (# 5770) Epupos (# 2253) kid, young goat. This was far less value
to bring, to carry. Pres. imp. here is idomatic and may than a fatted calf (Fitzmyer, 1091). Worth at the most
be due to the idea of motion involved in the vb. about 20 cents (Arndt). EVpave® aor. subj. pass. (dep.)
(VANT, 347). pooxog (# 3675) a young animal, calf. s.v. 23. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) in a purp. cl. 30 OUTOS
oitevtov (# 4988) fattened. @voate aor. imp. act. bvw this one. Used contemptuously. KOTHPAYWV aor. act.
(# 2604) to kill, to slaughter. The killing of the fatted part. (adj. ) kateo@iw (# 2983) to eat up, to devour. The
calf is the height of hospitality (LNT, 14). payovteg aor. prep. is perfective. @ 31 eimev aor. ind. act. heyw
act. part. 00iw (# 2266) to eat. Circum. or temp. part. (# 3306) to say. et pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. ewt
(“when we eat”). evopavOdpev aor. subj. pass. (dep.) (# 1639). o& acc. pl. poss. adj. o0¢ (#5050) yours. @ 32
evopatvouat (# 2370) to make merry, to rejoice, to be evopavOTvor aor. pass. inf. s.v. 23. yapfivai aor. pass.
happy. Hortatory subj., “Let us be happy.” A calf indi- inf. yaipw (# 5897) to rejoice, to be glad. Infs. are em-
cates that the whole village was invited and that this phasized by the position. 1 impf. ind. act. dei
was a sort of covenant banquet to reconcile the son to (# 1256) it is necessary, one must; w. inf. It gives a logi-
the whole community (PAP, 186-87). @ 24 ot (# 4022) cal necessity. The parable was told to entreat the re-
because. tv impf. ind. act. eyst (# 1639) to be. aveCnoev spectable Jews to rejoice w. God over the restoration of
aor. ind. act. avataw (# 348) to live again, to begin to sinners (Caird).
live (GI, 150). &moAwAws perf. act. part. amoAAvUL
(# 660) used in sense of the mid. to be ruined, to be lost Luke 16
(BAGD). Part. in a periphrastic construction, “he was @ 1 Kai (# 2779) also, connects this parable w.
in a state of destruction” (VA, 470). ebpé6n aor. ind. what has just been related (Arndt). ELYEV impf. ind. act.
pass. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. TpEavto aor. ind. mid. éyw (# 2400) to have. oiKxovouos (# 3874) steward, man-
(dep. ) s.v. 14., w. inf. @ 25 MpEoBUtEpos (# 4565) comp. ager of an estate. One who has been given the authori-
npeoBuc old; comp., older. Tyyioev aor. ind. act. eyyitw ty and responsibility to handle the affairs of the estate
Luke 16 150

for the owner. He was chosen because he was hard- ceive. Aor. imp. has a note of urgency. ypopya (# 1207)
working, zealous, competent, and faithful-not too writing, reference to a written contract. Ka@ioag aor.
young, but not too old (between 35-65) (LNT, 52; act. part. kabiCw (# 2767) to sit down. Circum. part. w.
TDNT; TLNT; Columella, De Re Rustica, 11:16-265). In sense of the imp. yp&wov aor. imp. act. ypaow (# 1211)
this case, the estate manager may have been responsi- to write. Aor. imp. is specific and urgent. It has been
ble for land rentals (PAP, 91-94). &veBAn@n aor. ind. suggested that the steward was releasing the debtors
pass. d10BaAAw (# 1330) to bring charges w. hostile in- from unlawful interest (usury), which was con-
tent, either falsely and slanderously or justly (BAGD). demned by biblical law (LNT, 56-74), but this may
It means being accused behind one’s back (NTNT, 69). have been a case where it was not money, but produce
w<> (# 6055) because. Used w. part. for giving the al- from the coming harvest. At any rate, he is acting in
leged ground of a charge against one (RWP). duaoKop- the name of his lord and the debtors are happy w. the
miCwv pres. act. part. Siaokopritw (# 1399) to scatter, to reduction (PAP, 100-101). He forgives in the name of
squander. It refers to the steward’s wastefulness, care- the master about 500 denarii (BBC). mevtnKovta
lessness, and neglect of duty (Geldenhuys). Pres. indi- (# 4299) acc. pl., but not declinable, fifty. Each reduc-
cates that this was a continual process. #2 tion amounted to about 500 denarii (PAP, 101).
gwvnoas aor. act. part. (temp.) dwvew (# 5888) to call. @ 7 xopoc (# 3174) corn. A measure for grain, flour,
G080¢ aor. imp. act. anodtdwut (# 625) to give back, to etc., between ten and twelve bushels (BAGD); a yield
render. Aor. imp. calls for a specific action w. a note of of about 100 acres worth about 2,500 denarii (BBC).
urgency. Aoyog (# 3364) account. olKovopia (# 3873) 8 extveoev aor. ind. act. enaivew (# 2046) to praise. If
stewardship, trusted responsibility. This involved a the lord had reversed the steward’s action, the debtors
presentation and examination of records, receipts, dis- would have been upset, but by accepting the decision
bursements, cash on hand and the settlement of ac- the community views him as a generous person; thus
counts (TLNT, 2:572). This was not only a demand for the steward has actually brought honor to his lord
a statement of accounts but also a dismissal or firing (PAP, 101-2, 106-7). &duxta. (# 94) unrighteous, refers to
of the steward, but he is not jailed (Marshall; PAP, 96- his previous cond. ppovipwe (# 5862) adv., wisely. In
98). 5bvq pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. 5vva- this context it means “cleverness and skill deployed in
wat (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. For the form s. BD, 46. self-preservation” (PAP, 106). émoinoev aor. ind. act.
Olkovopeiv pres. act. inf. oikovouew (# 3872) to be a mow (# 4472) to do, to make, to act. dpoviywrtepor
steward, to exercise the responsibility of managing an comp. ppoviyos (# 5861) wise; comp., wiser. This clever
estate (s.v. 1). 3 noinow aor. subj. act. novew (# 4472) rascal was wise enough to place his total trust in the
to do. Deliberative subj., “what shall I do?” aoupeitor quality of mercy experienced at the beginning of the
pres. ind. mid. apaipew (# 904) to take away from. story. That trust was vindicated. Disciples need the
Pres. indicates that the process was taking place but same kind of wisdom (PAP, 107). @ 9 noinoate aor.
had not yet been made public (PAP, 98). oxantew pres. imp. act. s.v. 8. The point is how one should use his
act. inf. oxantw (# 4999) to dig. Digging is the hardest money generally (Bock). &« (# 1666) of, by, apart from.
kind of work (BAGD). enarteiv pres. act. inf. enartew The translation “and not” has been suggested (Pas-
(# 2050) to ask for something, to beg. Epex. inf. ex- quale Colella, “Zu Lk 16:7,” ZNW 64 [1973]: 125). po-
plaining what he would be ashamed of. aioyvvopar pwvas (# 3440) mammon, livelihood, possession. For a
(# 159) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to be ashamed. @ 4 Eyvwv comprehensive listing of the examples of this word s.
aor. ind. act. ywwwokw (# 1182) to know. “I’ve got it”; it H.P. Ruger, “Mopwvac,” ZNW 64 [1973]: 127-31;
is a burst of daylight to the puzzled, darkened man TDNT; EDNT; Fitzmyer, 1109; Matt. 6:24. exAiry aor.
(RWP). noinow fut. ind. act. s.v. 3. petaota6@ aor. subj. subj. act. exAeinw (# 1722) to fail, where the unrigh-
pass. veOiotnut (# 3496) to remove, to transfer. d&wv- teous mammon ceases to be of service (Arndt). Subj.
to aor. subj. mid. (dep.) exon (# 1312) to receive, to w. Otav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. S€Ewvtar aor.
welcome. His purpose was to win a place of accep- subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 6. to welcome, to receive. 3rd. pl.
tance. Subj. w. va. (# 2671) in purp. cl. 5 mpooxare- is indef. and is like a pass., or refers to God (SB, 2:221).
opevos aor. mid. part. (temp.) mpooKarew (# 4673) to aiwvuoc (# 173) eternal. oxnvag acc. pl. oxnvn (# 5008)
summons, to call someone to oneself. ypeoberretns tent (TDNT; SB, 2:221). 10 edayiotw (# 1788) dat.
(# 5972) debtor. OdetAetg pres. ind. act. odetrw (# 4053) sing. superl. dAvyo¢ few; elative superl., very little
to owe, to owe a debt. @ 6 Batoc (# 1004) bath. A (RWP). @ 11 eyeveo8e aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouat
Heb. liquid measure between eight and nine gallons (#1181) to become, to be, to prove to be (Plummer).
(BAGD) a yield of 150 trees worth 1,000 denarii (BBC). Ind. in a Ist. class cond. cl. which assumes the reality
éAaiov gen. sing. €Aaov (# 1778) olive oil. Gen. of con- of the cond. GAnBivos (# 240) true, real, genuine, au-
tent or description. eimev aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to thentic (BAGD; TLNT). Adj. used as subst. motevdoer
say. de€a aor. imp. mid. (dep.) dexouor (# 1312) to re- fut. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to have faith in, to en-
151 Luke 16

trust; w. dir. obj. in acc. and indir. obj. in dat. 12 connection of thoughts in this chapter s. LNT, 78-99.
GAAotpiw dat. sing. GAROTPLOC (# 259) another’s, that evediSvoxeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) evédvoKouor
which belongs to another. byétepog (# 5629) yours, (# 1898) to dress oneself in something, to clothe one-
your own. The treasure of heaven will be their own in- self, w. acc. Customary impf., “he customarily clothed
alienable possession (Marshall). 5a0€1 fut. ind. act. himself.” nopbvpa (# 4525) purple. Bbooos (# 1116) fine
didwut (# 1443) to give. @ 13 oiKetns (# 3860) slave, a linen. The outer garment was dyed purple, the inner
household servant. It means people in service, includ- garment was of fine linen made of flax (Arndt). ev-
ing all the servants in the household (TLNT, 1:384). ppaivopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. evopaivoyar (# 2370)
SovAevew pres. act. inf. Sovevw (# 1526) to be en- to be glad, to enjoy oneself. Part. in a periphrastic con-
slaved, to serve as a slave. Inf. completes the vb. Pres. struction emphasizing the continual action in the past.
inf. denoted the continual action of service. wronoet fut. AapTpPWS (# 3289) splendidly, sumptuously, extrava-
ind. act. uicew (# 3631) to hate. Futs. in this context are gantly, lavishly (TLNT, 2:366). @ 20 ntwyog (# 4777)
gnomic, indicating a general truth. ayannoet fut. ind. poor, poor as a beggar (TDNT; MNW; EDNT). eBeBAn-
act. ayamaw (# 26) to love. d&v@éEeto1 fut. ind. mid. to plperf. ind. pass. BoAAw (# 965) to throw, to place.
(dep.) avtexouar (# 504) to cling to, to hold fast to He had been placed there and was still there. mvAav
someone, to be devoted to (MM). Katadpovnoer fut. (# 4784) gate. It refers to the large ornamental gateway
ind. act. katappovew (# 2969) to despise, to scorn, to to a mansion (Marshall). etaxwyevog perf. pass. part.
disdain, denoting a lack of respect, w. gen. (TDNT; (adj.) €Axow (# 1815) to be full of sores. A medical term
TLNT). @ 14 t\kovov impf. ind. act. akovw (# 201) to meaning to be ulcerated (MLL, 31; DMTG, 148). @ 21
hear, to listen. Impf. pictures the continual action, Em1OvL@V pres. act. part. emOvpew (# 2121) to desire, to
“they were listening.” oiWapyupog (#5795) lover of long for. Luke uses this word w. the inf. to express the
money (TLNT). For the greed of the Pharisees s. SB, unfulfilled desire or longing (Jeremias, Parables). yop-
1:222; 4:1, 336-39. tmapyovtes pres. act. part. (adj.) taooTVvat aor. pass. inf. yoptacw (# 5963) to satisfy, to
brapyw (# 5639) to exist, to be. &epuKtnpifov impf. ind. feed until one is full. Inf. as obj. mimtovtwv pres. act.
act. exwuKtnpitw (# 1727) to turn up the nose, to show part. (adj.) mimtw (# 4406) to fall. He wanted to be al-
disrespect or contempt; to sneer at (Arndt; LN, 1:435; lowed to crawl under the table after the guest had de-
TLNT, 2:534-35; TDNT; s. Ps. 2:4). @ 15 S1Ka10dvtEc parted and to share the scraps w. the dogs (LNT, 89).
pres. act. part. dika1ow (# 1467) to justify, to declare GAAG Kat (# 247; 2779) further, what is more. The two
righteous. Part. as subst. Pres. part. is conative, “the particles are combined in a progressive sense, “and
ones who are trying to justify themselves.” byndocg worse than all” (Thrall, 14; Marshall). «bveg nom. pl.
(#5734) high, exalted, lifted up. BdeAvywa (# 1007) Kbwv (# 3264) dog. enéAeryov impf. ind. act. enreiyw
abomination, that which is detestable. It orginally (# 2143) to lick. The prep. €nt could be local (“to lick
meant something that offends on account of its stench over”) (RWP). €AKnN acc. pl. €Akog (# 1814) wound, ulcer
(Arndt). @ 16 evayyerifetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) ev- (MLL, 32; s.v. 20). @ 22 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
ayyeriGouar (# 2294) to proclaim or announce as good yivonan (# 1181) to become, to happen, w. inf. (s. 2:1).
news (TLNT). Biafetar pres. ind. mid. Bracoua (# 1041) a@mo8aveiv aor. act. inf. GnoOvnoKkw (# 633) to die.
to use force, to force one’s way. Conative pres., “every- anevexOfivar aor. pass. inf. anobepw (# 708) to carry
body tries to press into it” (Arndt). For the mid. force s. away. KoAmosg (# 3146) bosom. It indicates the place of
BS, 258; for the possible pass. meaning (“each one is honor at a banquet (s. John 13:23; Jeremias, Parables;
urged,” or “expressly invited to enter”) s. TLNT, 1:290- SB, 2:225-27). &meé@avev aor. ind. act. été&n aor. ind.
91; Fitzmyer, 1117. 17 evxonatepov comp. evKoroc pass. 8antw (# 2507) to bury. @ 23 gdq dat. sing. Gdn¢
(#2324) easy; comp., easier. MapeABetv aor. act. inf. (# 87) hades, the underworld, the place of the dead
mapepyouc. (# 4216) to go by, to pass away. Epex. inf. (IDNT; SB, 4:ii:1016-29). €na&ipacs aor. act. part. (temp.)
explaining what is easier. Kepaia. (# 3037) horn, one of encipw (# 2048) to lift up. bxdpxwv pres. act. part. (cir-
the little horns or minute projections which distin- cum.) vrapyw (# 5639) to exist, to be. Ba&oavoc (# 992)
guish Heb. letters (Plummer). Acc. as subject of the inf. torment, torture. Originally the touchstone by which
meoetv aor. act. inf. mintw (# 4406) to fall. Epex. inf. metals were tested, then the rack for torturing people
@ 18 dnodbwv pres. act. part. dmodvw (# 668) to release, (RWP; TWNT; EDNT; NIDNTT; SB, 4:1016-165). op&
to divorce. Part. as subst. yap@v pres. act. part. yowew pres. ind. act. opcw (# 3972) to see. Hist. pres. @ 24
(# 1138) to marry. poiyever pres. ind. act. poryevw gwvjoas aor. act. part. (circum.) dwvew (# 5888) to call,
(# 1358) to commit adultery. Gnomic pres. indicating a to cry out. €henoov aor. imp. act. edeew (# 1796) to have
general truth. GnoAEAvPEVNY perf. pass. part. acc. fem. mercy on, to show mercy, to see someone in dire need,
sing. &modvw. (# 668) Christ has spoken of the continu- to have compassion on them, and to give help to re-
al obligation of the law; He now gives an isolated ex- move the need (TLNT; NIDNTT). mépwov aor. imp. act.
ample (Meyer). @ 19 5€ (# 1254) and, now. For the neumw (# 4287) to send. Both aor. imps. are used in the
Luke 17 £52

state of emergency, a cry for help (Bakker, 100). Bawn Bauckham, “The Rich Man and Lazarus: The Parable
aor. subj. act. Bantw (# 970) to dip. &Kpov (# 216) acc. and the Parallels,” NTS 37 (1991): 225-46.
sing. tip. SaKtvdog (# 1235) finger. béatog gen. sing.
vdwp (# 5623) water. Gen. w. the vb. indicating the Luke 17
thing into which something was dipped (Marshall; @ 1 cinev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. For the
BD, 95). katowvEq aor. subj. act. katayoyw (# 2976) to construction €lmev mpoc s. Fitzmyer, 116. dvevbeKt0<
cool off, to make cool. For medical examples s. MLL, (# 4510) impossible, from the vb. meaning “to admit
32. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) in a purp. cl. odvv@par pres. to oneself”; hence, “inadmissible,” “unallowable”
ind. pass. 0dvvaw (# 3849) to cause pain; pass. to feel (RWP). €A@eiv aor. act. inf. Epxyouo (# 2262) to come.
pain, to be in anguish, to be in severe pain (BAGD; Inf. used either as the subject (IBG, 129) or to express
MM). For medical examples of the word s. MLL, 32-33; design (Plummer). ® 2 Avovtedei pres. ind. act.
DMTG, 249. Pres. indicates the continual suffering. For Avoitehew (# 3387) lit., it pays the taxes, repays the
the end of kings, rulers, and the landlords at the com- outlay, it is well, it is advantageous, it is worth its
ing of the Son of Mans. 1 Enoch 63. 25 pvnoentt aor. while (Plummer). pvAiKog (# 3683) that which belongs
imp. pass. (dep.) wyvnoKxonar (# 3630) to remember. to the mill (millstone). nepixeita pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
a@méAaBec aor. ind. act. &moraupavw (# 655) to take mepikeyia (# 4329) to place around, to be placed
from, to receive. NapaKaAeitat pres. ind. pass. napaKa- around. tpayndos (# 5549) neck. €ppintat perf. ind.
Aew (# 4151) to encourage, to comfort. d&vvaoat pres. pass. pintw (# 4849) to throw, to hurl (s. Matt. 18:6;
ind. pass. s.v. 24. For the forms. BD, 45. 26 peta&d Mark 9:42). oxavéaAton aor. subj. act. oxavdaritw
(# 3568) w. gen., between. yaoua (# 5926) division, (# 4997) to cause to stumble (TDNT; EDNT). Subj. w.
chasm. éothpiktai perf. ind. pass. otnpitw (# 5114) to iva. (# 2671) like the inf. in a comparative cl. (BD, 201;
set up, to firmly establish. Perf. indicates that which NSV, 135). 3 mpooeyete pres. imp. act. npooexw
stands fixed. Theol. pass. indicating that God made (# 4668) to give attention, to take heed. Pres. imp. calls
the great chasm. 8€AovtEs pres. act. part. 6éAw (# 2527)
for a continual attitude. Gpapty aor. subj. act. cpap-
tavw (# 279) to sin. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class
to wish, to want, w. inf. Part. as subst. d:aPhvai aor.
cond. cl., in which the speaker assumes the possibility
act. inf. diaPaivw (# 1329) to pass through. d0vwvtar
of the cond. €xitipnoov aor. imp. act. exityaw (# 2203)
pres. subj. pass. (dep.) Svvapio1 (# 1538) to be able, w.
to rebuke, to warn sternly, w. dat. The vb. has the nu-
inf. Subj. w. Omwg (# 3968) in a result cl. Svanepdoiv ance of a frank, but gentle admonition: politely tell
pres. subj. act. duamepcw (# 1385) to cross over. Subj. in
him that he is wrong. This is to be done instead of har-
a result cl. @ 27 épwt@ pres. ind. act. epwtdw (# 2263)
boring a grudge (Fitzmyer, 1140). Aor. imp. calls for a
to ask. m€uwns aor. subj. act. s.v. 24. The rich man specific act. wetavonon aor. subj. act. uetavoew (# 3566)
showed love for his brothers but had no love for Laz- to change one’s mind, to repent. Subj. w. éav (# 1569)
arus (LNT, 90). Subj. in an obj. cl. @ 28 dropaptopytar in a cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond.
pres. subj. mid. (dep.) d1apoptvpoyo. (# 1371) to wit- Ges aor. imp. act. apint (# 918) to release, to forgive,
ness to, to warn. The prep. compound may mean to pardon. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act which is
“bear witness successfully” or “bear witness thor- complete, but the completed act may be repeated
oughly, earnestly” (Plummer). Subj. in a purp. cl. kat (VANT, 367). @ 4 emtdxic (# 2232) seven times. Sym-
(# 2779) too, also. €AOwot aor. subj. act. épxouar bolizes any large number (Arndt). Tepa.c gen. sing.
(# 2262) to come, to go. Subj. used in a neg. purp. cl. Tuepa (# 2465) day. Gen. of time. Guapthon aor. subj.
29 akovodtwoav aor. imp. act. 3rd. pl. aKovw (# 201) act. s.v. 3. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a cond. cl., assuming
to hear, to hear and obey, w. obj. in gen. @ 30 nopev6f the possibility of the cond. For the first aor. form used
aor. subj. pass. (dep.) mopevopor (# 4513) to go, to make in Hellenistic Gr. instead of the 2nd. aor. form s. BD,
a journey. Subj. w. ێv (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. 41; MH, 214; GGP, 2:290-97. etg (# 1650) against. em-
in which the speaker assumes the possibility of the oTpeEWT] aor. subj. act. €miotpepw (# 2188) to turn to. Subj.
cond. petavonoovovy fut. ind. act. yetavoew (# 3566) to w. €av (# 1569) in a cond. cl. assuming the possibility
repent, to change one’s mind. 31 dxKovovovw pres. of the cond. aproEIG fut. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 3.
ind. act. s.v. 29. Ind. in a 2nd. class cond. cl. in which @5 TpOoBEC aor. imp. act. tpootiOnut (# 4707) to add to,
the speaker views the cond. as contrary to fact. dvaotf] to give in addition, to increase. It involves increasing
aor. subj. act. aviotnut (# 482) to rise, to rise up. Subj. the substance rather than adding anew substance (GI,
w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. assuming the possi- 51). @ 6 KOKkoc (# 3133) grain. owamnews gen. sing.
bility of the cond. nevo8qoovtar fut. ind. pass. meiOw oivani (# 4983) mustard. Gen. of description. EAE YETE
(# 4275) to persuade. The story teaches the necessity of impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak, to say. Impf. in a
giving earnest heed to the warnings of God’s Word. contrary to fact cond. cl. The vb. in the cond. is pres.
For a discussion of extra-biblical parallels s. Richard ind. in a Ist. class cond. cl. (giving a mixed cond. sen-
153 Luke 17

tence [RWP; BD, 189] rather than the normal impf. unprofitable, useless, unworthy, as an expression of
This implies the disciples had some faith (GI, 51). modesty (Marshall). For the alpha privative s. Moor-
ouKdpivog (# 5189) mulberry tree, or maybe the fig- house, 41-68. woetAopev impf. ind. act. opetdw (# 4053)
mulberry (BAGD; Marshall; RWP). It designates a to be obligated, to owe a debt, to be morally obligated,
large tree whose roots were very strong and was not to w. inf. moto aor. act. inf. s.v. 9. menoinKapev perf. ind.
be planted within 37 feet of a cistern (SB, 2:234; Fitz- act. s.v. 9. Perf. indicates the abiding results of the
myer, 1144). The use of the art. is deictic, pointing to a completed action. @ 11 éyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
particular tree (GGBB, 221). expifwOntt aor. imp. pass. yivowar (# 1181) to become, to happen, w. prep. and
expiCow (# 1748) to rip out by the roots, to uproot. The inf. in a Semitic construction (s. 2:1). nopebecBat pres.
pass. may be a theol. pass. indicating that God is to mid. (dep.) inf. nopevouat (# 4513) to go, to travel. Inf.
perform the act. gvtev@ntt aor. imp. pass. dutedw w. prep. €v (# 1877) to express contemporaneous time.
(# 5885) to plant. bxqKovoev aor. ind. act. dnraKovw dSinpxeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) Sepyouan (# 1451) to go
(# 5634) to listen to, to obey. Used in a contrary to fact through. Impf. pictures the progressive action in the
cond. cl. @ 7 éywv pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. past. 12 etoepyopeévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.)
Adj. part. modifying tig (# 5515). &potpidvta pres. act. s.v. 7. Gen. abs. &xqvtnoav aor. ind. act. anavtaw
part. (adj.) dpotpidaw (# 769) to plow. moyaivovta pres. (# 560) to meet, to encounter. Eotnoav aor. ind. act.
act. part. (adj.) nowoivw (# 4477) to be a shepherd. totnut (# 2705) to stand. noppwGev (# 4523) far away, at
Pres. indicates the continual work that the servant a distance (concerning leprosy s. Matt. 8:4). ® 13 npav
does. eloe ove aor. act. part. (temp.) (dat.) etoepyonat aor. ind. act. aipw (# 149) to lift up. EA€noov aor. imp.
(# 1656) to come in. Dat. in agreement w. adtw (# 899). act. eeew (# 1796) to have mercy on, to have compas-
€pei fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Used in a ques- sion on, to see one in need who may not deserve the
tion expecting the answer “no” (Stein). eb0éwe (# 2311) misfortune, to feel sorrow and compassion and to seek
immediately. mapeA@wv aor. act. part. nopepxouat to help the one in need (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT;
(# 4216) to come to. Circum. part. w. the nuance of the TLNT). Aor. imp. has a note of urgency. @ 14 18av
imp. Gvaneoe aor. imp. act. dvanintw (# 404) to fall aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. mopevOEvtEs
back, to recline at the table. @ 8 ovyi (# 4049) strength- aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 11. Circum. part. w. nuance
ened form of ov used in a question expecting the an- of an imp. émetEate aor. imp. act. enideixvupt (# 2109)
swer “yes.” Etoiwaoov aor. imp. act. etouacw (# 2286) to show. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. &yéveto aor.
to prepare. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. Seunvnow ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 11. bmayetv pres. act. inf. dnayw
fut. ind. act. deumvew (# 1268) to eat, to dine, to eat the (# 5632) to go. Inf. w. prep. ev (# 1877) to express con-
main meal (LS). nepi{wooyevosg aor. mid. (dir. mid.) temporaneous time. exa@apio@noav aor. ind. pass.
part. nepiCwvvuu (# 4322) to gird yourself about, to tie KabapiCw (# 2751) to cleanse. @ 15 1d0n aor. ind.
up your tunic so that it will not interfere w. your pass. icoua1 (# 2615) to heal. vmeotpewev aor. ind. act.
movements (Arndt). Circum. part. as imp. 5iaKovet vrootpedw (# 5715) to turn around, to return. S0€aCwv
pres. imp. act. diaxovew (# 1354) to minister, to serve pres. act. part. d0€0Cw (# 1519) to esteem, to glorify, to
(at the table). Pres. imp. emphasizes the details of the praise, to cause someone to have a good opinion of an-
service: “Serve me throughout the meal in the various other (TDNT; TLNT). Part. of manner. @ 16 éxeoev aor.
duties of such table service” (VANT, 353). @&yw aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. ebyapiotév pres. act.
subj. act. £o0iw (# 2266) to eat. miw aor. subj. act. mivw part. evyapiotew (# 2373) to be thankful, to give
(# 4403) to drink. Effective aor.; both subjs. in an indef. thanks. Part. of manner. Kai abt0¢ (# 2779; 899) and he,
temp. cl.: “until I finish eating and drinking.” peta emphatic (Plummer; Stein). 17 &noxpw8eig aor. pass.
(# 3552) w. acc., after. da&yeoat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) €0- (dep.) part. anoKptvouor (# 646) to answer. For the
Oiw. Fut. as command or permission. mieoot fut. ind. Semitic use of the part. s. MT, 155ff. xa8apto®noav aor.
mid. (dep.) mivw. This reflects the current custom ind. pass. s.v. 14. 18 ebpe@noav aor. ind. pass. eb-
(Geldenhuys). 9 pn (# 3590) used in questions ex- ptoxw (# 2351) to find. W. the part. it can denote the
pecting the answer “no.” yaptg (# 5921) grace, thanks. state of one’s being or action in which one is involved
Here, “to have gratitude toward one” (RWP). énoinoev (BAGD; GELTS, 189). tmootpewavtes aor. act. part.
aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do, to accomplish. 610- (adj.) s.v. 15. 8oBvou aor. act. inf. 5t8w1 (# 1443) to give.
TaxGEVTH aor. pass. part. ataoow (# 1411) to order, to Inf. of purp. et wn (# 1623; 3590) except. &AAOYEVTS
command. Part. as subst. The point is that slaves have (# 254) one of another race, foreigner. @ 19 davaotac
to carry out their duties without expecting to thereby aor. act. part. &viotnut (# 482) to rise up. Circum. part.
place their masters under obligation (Marshall). w. nuance of imp. Yet this action is necessary for the
@ 10 novnonte aor. subj. act s.v. 9. Subj. w. otav (# 4020) completion of the action of the main vb. mopevov pres.
in an indef. temp. cl. Aéyete pres. imp. act. s.v. 7. 6T1 imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 11. o€owxev perf. ind. act. owtw
(# 4022) equivalent to quotation marks. aypetog (# 945) (# 5392) to rescue, to save, to heal. Perf. indicates the
Luke 18 154

state or cond. @ 20 énepwtnGetg aor. pass. part. (temp.) (# 2520) acc. sing. sulphur, brimstone. @ 30 &moKa-
emepwtaw (# 2089) to ask a question, to direct a ques- AvMtETAL pres. ind. pass. anokarvmtw (# 636) to unveil,
tion to. d&mexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 17. napath- to reveal. The futuristic use of the pres. gives a confi-
protc (# 4191) observation, a watching closely. Used by dent assertion intended to arrest attention w. a vivid
medical writers to denote empirical medical observa- and realistic tone (MT, 63). Theol. pass. @ 31 katoBatw
tion of disease (MLL, 153; DMTG, 260). Here the idea aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. katoBaivw (# 2849) to
is the watching for premonitory signs, i.e., a sort of es- come down. Aor. imp. forbids the beginning of an ac-
chatological timetable (Fitzmyer, 1160). @ 21 épotot tion. Gpar aor. act. inf. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to take.
fut. ind. act. s.v. 7. €vt0g (# 1955) w. gen. within, in the Inf. of purp. Emotpeyatw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing.
midst of, among (Arndt; BAGD; Stein; Marshall; Fitz- s.v. 4. @ 32 uvnpovevete pres. imp. act. uvniovevw
myer, 1161; Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Cove- (# 3648) to remember. It means to pay attention to
nant in the Gospels,” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 470-71). 22 something and so to be warned (Marshall). Pres. imp.
erevoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) épyoua s.v. 1. ExvOvpn- calls for a constant attitude. 33 €ntnon aor. subj. act.
oete fut. ind. act. emOvuew (# 2121) to desire, to long Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to attempt, to try, w. inf. Subj. w.
for. Prep. in compound is directive. Weiv aor. act. inf. 0¢ av (# 4005; 165) in an indef. rel. cl. mepinoinoacbar
opaw (# 3972) to see. Inf. as dir. obj. Oweo8e fut. ind. aor. mid. inf. mepitoiew (# 4347) to preserve (mid.) for
mid. (dep.) opaw. 23 &nEAONTE aor. subj. act. AnEpyo- oneself, to preserve one’s life. Inf. as dir. obj. amoéoet
wo (# 599) to go away, to depart. Subj. w. neg. is used fut. ind. act. s.v. 27. &moA€07 aor. subj. act. s.v. 27. Subj.
as a prohibition; the aor. indicates do not start the ac- 0¢ Gv in an indef. rel. cl. Cwoyovnoer fut. ind. act.
tion. dwEnte aor. subj. act. SuwKw (# 1503) to pursue. Gwoyovew (# 2441) to give life to, to make alive, to pre-
24 cotpann (# 847) lightning. dotpantovos. pres. act. serve a life. 34 éoovtai fut. ind. mid (dep.) s.v. 24.
part. (adj.) dotpantw (# 848) to flash, to lightning. ex TapaAnLPOnoetar fut. ind. pass. naparopBavw (# 4161)
Ths (# 1666) the word ywpacs (# 6001) (region) is to be to accept, to receive, to take. It could mean take for
supplied. “From one place on earth to another place judgment or for salvation (Marshall). &e@qoetar fut.
on earth” (Marshall). AGpret pres. ind. act. Aqunw ind. pass. &pinut (#918) to leave. 35 GANBovoa pres.
(#3290) to shine. Gnomic pres. éotou fut. ind. mid. act. part. nom. fem. pl. aAnéw (# 241) to grind. 37
(dep.) ei (# 1639) to be. @ 25 dei pres. ind. act. dei a&noKpibevtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 17. aetOg (# 108)
(#1256) it is necessary; giving a logical necessity, w. eagle, vulture (Fitzmyer, 1173). emiovvayOnoovtar fut.
inf. ma@etv aor. act. inf. nacyw (# 4248) to suffer. Epex. ind. pass. emiovvayw (# 2190) to gather together.
inf. explaining the necessity. dmodoKxwaobfvor aor.
pass. inf. anodox yaw (# 627) to reject as unworthy or Luke 18
unfit after examination (TDNT; LN, 1:31; GELTS, 50). @ 1 mpc (# 4639) used w. inf. indicating purp.,
26 eyéeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 11. @ 27 joPiov but is sometimes weakened to “w. reference to” (MT,
impf. ind. act. o0iw (# 2266) to eat. Emwvov impf. ind. 144). d€iv pres. act. inf. det (# 1256) it is necessary, giv-
act. s.v. 8. €yapouv impf. ind. act. yauew (# 1138) to mar- ing a logical necessity. mpooebyeo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.)
ry. €yaptCovto impf. ind. pass. yopitw (# 1139) to give in inf. mpooevyouai (# 4667) to pray. Pres. inf. w. mavtote
marriage. The impfs. vividly portray the continual ac- (# 4121) stresses a continual action. Epex. inf. explain-
tion of the past time. They were not merely living their ing the necessity. abtovs acc. pl. adt0¢ (#899). Acc. as
ordinary lives, but they were wholly given up to exter- subject of the inf. €yKaxeiv pres. act. inf. eyKaKew
nal things (Plummer). eto7AGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. K1- (# 1591) to give in to evil, to become weary, to lose
Bwtos (# 3066) ark. MA@ev aor. ind. act. sv. 1. heart, to turn coward (RWP). Real courage requires
KataKAVOLOG (# 2886) flood; from the vb. meaning “to that we leave the problem w. God (J. M. Derrett, “Law
dash against,” signifying an overwhelming inunda- in the New Testament: The Unjust Judge,” NTS 18
tion (Arndt). &mwAeoev aor. ind. act. GnOAAVUL (# 660) to [1972]: 191). In the most desperate circumstances they
ruin, to destroy. The last three vbs. in the aor. stand in must continue to ask doggedly and intensely and
contrast to the previous impfs. (RWP). @ 28 nyopatov never desist. It is not so much a matter of omission as
impf. ind. act. ayopatw (# 60) to buy, to purchase at the of relaxing one’s efforts, giving up rather than con-
marketplace. enwAovv impf. ind. act. mwAew (# 4797) to tinuing the fight (TLNT, 1:398-99). 2 poBodpevoc
sell. Epvtevov impf. ind. act. putevw (# 5885) to plant. pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) poBeowa (# 5828) to fear, to
w@Kodouovv impf. ind. act. oixodouew (# 3868) to build. be afraid. évtpenouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) év-
@ 29 1 fem. sing. dat. rel. pron. 0g (# 4005) which. Dat. tpemono (# 1956) to turn to confusion, to put to shame;
of time, “on which day.” €&f)A@ev aor. ind. act. e€epxo- mid. to reverence. In these respects he showed disre-
uo. (# 2002) to go out. éBpeev aor. ind. act. Bpexw gard for God’s Law, which demanded love for God
(#1101) to rain. Rather than used impersonally, the and his neighbor. @ 3 ynpa (# 5939) widow. A widow
subject of the vb. is probably the Lord (BD, 72). ®eiov would go to court without an advocate only in a des-
155 Luke 18

perate situation (Derrett, NTS, 188; TDNT; EDNT:; (# 5467) tax collector (JZ). 11 ota@etg aor. pass. part.
NIDNTT; NDIEC, 3:20). fpxeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) (circum.) totnut (# 2705) to stand. mpoonbdyeto impf.
Epxouar (# 2262) to come. Iterat. impf., “she came over ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 10. Incep. impf., “he began to
and again!” éxSixnoov aor. imp. act. £kdiKéw (# 1688) to pray.” evyopiotd pres. ind. act. evyapiotew (# 2373) to
avenge someone, to procure justice for someone. Here, be thankful, to give thanks. It was customary to began
“to render justice by upholding the innocent and pun- a prayer w. a note of thanksgiving. In this case it
ishing the guilty” (Stein), “take up my case” (Derrett, turned out to be an expression of self-admiration
NTS, 187). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a tone of (Arndt). &pmayes nom. pl. dprat (# 774) swindler, ex-
urgency. avtibikov gen. sing. avtidiKos (# 508) adver- tortioner, robber (LAE, 316f). Pred. nom. pouyoc
sary, opponent (in court). @ 4 1@edev impf. ind. act. (# 3659) adulterer. obtog this one! Used in a contemp-
8€Xw (# 2527) to wish, to want to. Impf. pictures his tuous sense. 12 vnotebw (# 3764) pres. ind. act. to
continual rejection. €1 Kat (# 2779; 1623) if, also, even fast (TDNT; SB, 2:241ff, 4:77-144; M, Taanith; DJG,
if. W. this construction the cond. is treated as a matter 233). Pres. pictures a continual lifestyle. di¢ tod oaPBa-
of indifference. The matter is belittled (RG, 1026f). tov (# 1489; 4879) twice a week, on Mondays and
@ 5 ye (# 1145) a particle of emphasis. “Yet because she Thursdays (Plummer; Fitzmyer, 1187). anodexata
troubles me” (Plummer). mapeyew pres. act. inf. pres. ind. act. amodexatow (# 620) to tithe, to pay a
napexw (# 4218) to cause, to bring about (BAGD). tenth. For the tithe at the time of the NT s. JPB, 146-69.
NMapexetv Konov (# 3160) to cause trouble, torment, suf- KT@pat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) ktaowor (# 3227) to own,
fering. “Since this woman is exasperating me” (TLNT, to possess. 13 paxpd@ev (# 3427) from afar, far off.
2:326). Inf. w. prep. 51a (# 1328) to express cause. Ep- Probably just within the confines of the court of Israel
xoWEvN pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 3. Pres. indicates the (Fitzmyer, 1188). otw¢ perf. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 11.
continual coming; the part. could be cond. or manner. TOeAev impf. ind. act. s.v. 4. em&pou aor. act. inf. enatpw
dnwniacy pres. subj. act. bnwnidtw (# 5724) to strike in (# 2048) to lift up. étumtev impf. ind. act. tomtw
the eye, to give a black eye to. Here in the sense of “to (# 5597) to strike, to hit. otf@o¢g (# 5111) acc. sing.
annoy” (Plummer) or “to disgrace” in the sense of los- breast. The breast or heart was regarded as the seat of
ing prestige (Derrett, NTS, 190ff; Marshall). Subj. w. sin; hence the act is one of grief or contrition (Mar-
‘va (# 2671) in a neg. purp. cl. @ 6 Gkovoate aor. imp. shall). AdoOnT aor. imp. pass. Udokouat (# 2661) to
act. aKkovw (# 201) to hear. @ 7 noinon aor. subj. act. propitiate; pass. to be propitiated, to be merciful or
movew (# 4472) to do, to make. Subj. in a question w. the gracious; to forgive (Ps. 79:9 [78 LXX]; APC, 125-185;
double neg. od« un (# 4024; 3590) to express an affir- TDNT; GW, 23-48; V, 84-100, esp. 87, 98; K. Grayston,
mation (BD, 184). exdixnotg (# 1689) vengeance, w. the “\Xao0Ke08a1 and Related Words in LXX,” NTS 27
vb. noiew, “to vindicate,” “to punish the offenders” [1981]: 640-56; NIDNTT; NDIEC, 3:25). @ 14 xatéBn
(Marshall). A t.t. for administrative justice (Derrett, aor. ind. act. KatoPaivw (# 2849) to go down. dedikaw-
NTS, 186). Bowvtwv pres. act. part. (adj.) Boaw (# 1066) evo perf. pass. part. duka1ow (# 1467) to justify, to de-
to cry aloud, to call for help. Nnépag Kai vuKtoc (# 2465; clare righteous. Perf. looks at the completed state; i.e.,
2779; 3816) gen. sing.; gen. of time: during the day and the state of having been declared to be in the right
the night. paxpo@vpet pres. ind. act. paxpoOvpew (TDNT; APC, 224-74). Theol. pass. indicating that
(# 3428) to be patient, to delay, to extend a period of God is the One justifying. bydv pres. act. part. Dyow
time on the basis of a particular mental attitude, to be (#5738) to lift up, to exalt. tanevwwOjoetar fut. ind.
slow to (LN, 1:646). God will not delay (Derrett, NTS, pass. tamewow (# 5427) to make low, to humble.
189; Arndt). 8 noinoet fut. ind. act. s.v. 7. €AOWv aor. TOMEW@V pres. act. part. Part. as subst. bywOnoetar fut.
act. part. (temp.) épyouat s.v. 3. © 9 nemowWotas perf. ind. pass. @ 15 npooed_epov impf. ind. act. npoopepw
act. part. meiOw (# 4275) to persuade; perf. to be per- (# 4712) to bring to. Impf. pictures the continual action
suaded, to be convinced, to have confidence in, to in the past. Bpegn acc. pl. Bpedos (# 1100) baby, infant.
trust in. Perf. expresses persistence in a state of confi- anthta1 pres. subj. mid. (dep.) a&xtopor (# 721) to
dence (TLNT, 3:67). Adj. part. as subst. &&ov8evotvtac touch, w. gen. Iterat. pres., “He touched one after the
pres. act. part. etovbevew (# 2024) to regard as nothing, other” (RWP). Subj. in a purp. cl. 180vte¢ aor. act. part.
to despise, to treat w. contempt, to despise someone or (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Enetiywv impf. ind. act.
something on the basis that it is worthless or of no emitwaw (# 2203) to rebuke. Incep. impf., “they began
value (LN, 1:763). @ 10 avéBnoav aor. ind. act. dva- to rebuke.” © 16 mpooeKaAéoato aor. ind. mid. mpoo-
Batvw (# 326) to go up. npooedEaobar aor. mid. (dep.) KaAréw (# 4673) to summons, to call to oneself. adete
inf. tpooevyouc (# 4667) to pray. There were two peri- aor. imp. act. d&dinut (# 918) to allow. €pyeo8a1 pres.
ods reserved in the Temple for public prayer at the mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 3. Epex. inf. explaining what is to
third hour (9:00 A.M.) and at the ninth hour (3:00 P.M.) be allowed. kwAvete pres. imp. act. KwAvw (# 3266) to
(Fitzmyer, 1186; SB, 2:696-702). Inf. of purp. teAwvns hinder, to forbid. Pres. imp. w. the neg. calls for an ac-
Luke 18 156

tion in progress to cease (VANT, 365). @ 17 5€Entor potent, impossible (BAGD). Nom. as subject. @ 28
aor. subj. mid. (dep.) deyouat (# 1312) to receive, to Ggévtes aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 16. Here “to for-
welcome. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. eto€A6q aor. subj. act. sake,” “to leave.” NKoAovOnooyev aor. ind. act. s.v. 22.
etoepyouat (# 1656) to go into. Subj. w. double neg. od @ 29 adtixev aor. ind. act. &inut to allow (s.v. 28). yo-
un (# 4024; 3590) for strong negation. It has been sug- veic acc. pl. yovevs (# 1204) only. In pl. yoveic parents.
gested that the following accounts of the rich young évexev (# 1915) because of, on account of. 30
ruler, the blind man, and Zacchaeus reflect how one is [ano]AGBq aor. subj. act. GnoAapBavw (# 655) to receive,
to receive the Kingdom as children; that is, a sudden, to receive in return, to recover, to get back (BAGD).
single-minded attraction to an object or person Subj. ovyi ph (# 4049; 3590) in a strong double neg.
(Stephen Fowl, “Receiving the Kingdom of God as a statement. noAAanAaciwv (# 4491) having many folds,
Child: Children and Riches in Luke 18:15ff,” NTS 39 manifold, much more, many times as much (MM).
[1993]: 153-58). @ 18 énnpwtnoev aor. ind. act. éne- 31 napadaBov aor. act. part. (circum.) maparauBavey
pwtdw (# 2089) to question, to ask a question, to direct (# 4161) to take along; the notion of taking aside is in-
a question to someone, to ask about. Prep. in com- volved but not prominent (Plummer). teAeoOjoetar
pound is directive. nounoas aor. act. part. (circum.), s.v. fut. ind. pass. teXew (# 5464) to bring to completion, to
7. KANpovounow fut. ind. act. KAnpovouew (# 3099) to re- complete. Theol. pass. indicating that God is the One
ceive as an inheritance, to inherit. 19 &ya80c (# 19) who acts. yeypoppeéva. perf. pass. part. ypaow (# 1211) to
ood (EDNT; for various views s. Fitzmyer, 1199). e. wn write. Perf. indicates the completed state of an author-
Eig “except one,” that is God. @ 20 ol8ac perf. ind. act. itative document (MM). @ 32 napadoOjoetat fut. ind.
ovda (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. pass. napadiéwui (# 4140) to deliver over to. €6veoiv
woixevons aor. subj. act. poryevw (# 3658) to commit dat. pl. €6vog (# 1620) Gentile. gunaryOqoetat fut. ind.
adultery. Used w. neg. un (# 3590) as a prohibition for- pass. eunatw (# 1850) to mock (s. 22:63). bBpio8noetar
bidding that the action should arise (MKG, 273). povev- fut. ind. pass. vBpitw (# 5614) to treat outrageously, to
ons aor. subj. act. povevw (# 5839) to murder, to commit treat someone contemptuously in an insolent and ar-
murder. KAEWns aor. subj. act. kAEntw (# 3096) to steal. rogant way, to treat abusively (MNTW; TDNT; LN,
wevdouaptuptons aor. subj. act. yevdouaptupew (# 6018) 1:433, 757; CCF], 4:225). guntvo-Onoetar fut. ind. pass.
to be a false witness, to give false witness. tiwa pres. euntow (# 1870) to spit on. @ 33 paotiywoavteEs aor. act.
imp. act. tyuaw (# 5506) to honor. 21 épvAaEa. aor. part. (temp.) waotiyow (# 3463) to scourge (s. Matt.
ind. act. dvAdoow (# 5875) to guard, to keep, to ob- 27:26; TDNT). &noxtevodot fut. ind. act. anoxteivw
serve. Complexive aor. looking at his total life as a (#650) to kill. avaothoetor fut. ind. mid. aviotnu
whole. @ 22 aKovoac aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 6. (# 482) to rise. @ 34 ovvijKkav aor. ind. act. ovvinut
Aeinet pres. ind. act. Aeinw (# 3309) to be lacking. mwAn- (#5317) to comprehend, to understand. They did not
oov aor. imp. act. mwAew (# 4797) to sell. Aor. imp calls understand how the messianic King could die! kexpup-
for a decisive and specific action. 51a50¢ aor. imp. act. peévov perf. pass. part. (adj.) kpvmtw (# 3221) to conceal,
d1ad1dwu1 (# 1344) to distribute. Prep. compound im- to hide. Theol. pass. €yivwoxov impf. ind. act. ywwooKkw
plies the giving to various ones (MH, 302). é€etg fut. (# 1182) to know. — @ 35 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. For the construction of (s. 2:1). eyyiGew pres. act. inf. eyyitw (# 1581) to come
an imp. followed by the fut. indicating a type of a near. Inf. w. prep. tv (# 1877) to express contemporane-
cond. sentence s. Beyer, 238-55. dedpo (# 1306) come! ous time. &€xa@nto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) Kanwar
GKoAovGEt pres. imp. act. ckoAovdEew (# 199) to follow, (# 2764) to sit. €marta@v pres. act. part. (circum.) énartéw
to follow as a disciple, w. dat. (TDNT; EDNT). 23 (# 2050) to ask for, to beg. @ 36 aKovous aor. act.
nepiAvnos (# 4337) surrounded by sorrow, extremely part. (temp.) s.v. 6., W. gen. as obj. 5amopevopevov pres.
sorrowful. Pred. adj. yevn@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivo- mid. (dep.) part. dvamopevouar (# 1388) to travel
wat (#1181) to become. @ 24 18av aor. act. part. (temp.) through, to pass through. emvvOaveto impf. ind. mid.
s.v. 15. yevouevov aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 23. 5voKoAws (dep.) muvOavonor (# 4785) to inquire. Incep. impf., “he
(# 1552) adv. difficult. 25 ebxonwtepov comp. evKo- began to inquire.” ein pres. opt. act. ett (# 1639) to be.
moc (# 2324) easy, without difficulty; comp., easier. Opt. in indir. speech. 37 &miyyetdav aor. ind. act.
tpjwa (# 5557) hole, eye of a needle. Bedovn (# 1017) anayyeArw (#550) to report. 38 eBonoev aor. ind. act.
needle. Used in medical writers of a surgical needle s.v. 7. vie Aavid voc. sing. For the significance of the
used in operations (MLL, 60f). etoeA@eiv aor. act. inf. expression s. Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Cove-
s.v. 17. Epex. inf. explaining what is easier. @ 26 d&Kov- nant in Early Judaism,” and “The Davidic Covenant in
oavtes aor. act. part. dKkovw (# 201) to hear, to listen. the New Testament,” Bib Sac 150 (1993): 285-302; 458-
Part. as subst. ow@fjva1 aor. pass. inf. owlw (# 5392) to 78. EAENOOV aor. imp. act. eAeew (# 1796) to have mercy
save, to rescue. © 27 eunev aor. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to on (s. 17:13). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note
say. adbvata nom. pl. advvatoc (# 105) powerless, im- of urgency. 39 mpowyovtes pres. act. part. mpocyw
INS Luke 19

(# 4575) to go before. Part. as subst. émetipwv impf. ind. TeAAev impf. ind. act. weAdw (# 3516) to be about to, w.
act. s.v. 15. Incep. impf. ovynon aor. subj. act. ovyow the inf. to express fut. Impf. w. inf. expresses futurity
(# 4967) to be silent, to be quiet. Subj. in obj. cl. Expatev reckoned from a moment in the past: “He was going to
impf. ind. act. kpdCw (# 3189) to shout, to scream. Impf. pass through” (MKG, 307). 5uépyeo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.)
pictures the repeated action, “he continued scream- inf. s.v.1. 5 ev aor. ind. act. Epxouor (# 2262) to
ing.” @ 40 otaGetc aor. pass. part. (temp.) s.v. 11. xé- come. avoPewas aor. act. part. avoprenw (# 329) to
Aevoev aor. ind. act. kekevw (# 3027) to order, to look up. Circum. or temp. part. omevoas aor. act. part.
command. G&x@fivai aor. pass. inf. cyw (# 72) to lead. onevdw (# 5067) to hurry. Circum. part. used as imp.
Inf. in indir. speech. tyyloavtog aor. act. part. (temp.) (Matt. 28:19). katéBn6. aor. imp. act. KatoPatvo
s.v. 35. Gen. abs. €mnpwrtnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 18. @ 41 (# 2849) to come down. Aor. imp. calls for a specific ac-
noinow fut. ind. act. s.v. 7. Fut. in an obj. cl. dvapreyw tion w. a note of urgency. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is
aor. subj. act. dvopAenw (# 329) to look up, to see again, necessary, giving a logical necessity, w. inf. wetva. aor.
to regain sight (s. MH, 295). @ 42 avaBAewov aor. imp. act. inf. wevw (# 3531) to remain, to stay. Jesus was put-
act. oéowkev perf. ind. act. s.v. 26. Perf. points to the ting pressure on him to clean up his life so that He
completed cond. @ 43 avéBAewev aor. ind. act. s.v. 41. could visit w. him (LNT, 283). .@ 6 KatéBn aor. ind.
NKodovGet impf. ind. act. s.v. 22. Incep. impf., “he began act. s.v. 5. bmedeEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) bmodexou01
to follow.” S0&&Cwv pres. act. part. d0&6.Cw (# 1519) to (# 5685) to welcome, to receive as a guest. yaipwv pres.
glorify (s. 17:15). 18mv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 15. act. part. ya1ipw (# 5897) to rejoice, to be glad. Part. of
eSwxev aor. ind. act. dSidwyi (# 1443) to give. aivog manner. 7 10vtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 3. &veyoy-
(# 142) praise, the speaking of the excellence of a per- yCov impf. ind. act. diayoyyvtw (# 1339) to express dis-
son (LN, 1:429). content in an emphatic way, to murmur, to complain,
to grumble w. one another (LN, 1:433). Incep. impf.,
Luke 19 “they began to grumble.” etofAGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 1.
@ 1 eloedOuv aor. act. part. (circum.) cioepyouar KaTtoHADOL aor. act. inf. Katadvw (# 2907) to take up
(# 1656) to go in. &npxeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) diepyo- one’s quarters, to lodge, to rest. Inf. of purp. It was
wo (# 1451) to go through, to pass through. ® 2 Ka- thought to be wicked to eat the fruit of a person whose
AOVpEVOS pres. pass. part. (adj.) KaAEw (# 2813) to call; earnings were tainted (LNT, 281). @ 8 otaeic aor.
pass. to be named. apyiteA@vng (# 803) chief tax collec- pass. part. tot (# 2705) to stand up, to step up to say
tor, superintendent of tax collectors. Although the something (BAGD). twiovg (# 2468) half. bnapyovtwv
term itself is not found in Gr.,, it is a literal translation pres. act. part. unapyw (# 5639) that which one has,
of the Heb. rav mokhes (JZ, 277). He was in the service possessions. €1 (# 1623) if. Introduces a 1st. class cond.
of the government or foreign bankers who had bought cl. in which the subject views the cond. as real. ovKo-
the privilege of collecting taxes (Arndt). For tax collec- gavtnjow aor. ind. act. ovKopavtew (# 5193) originally,
tors and the Jewish view of them as using force and one who shows the fig, that is, one who makes w. his
fraud to gain riches s. LNT, 280ff; TDNT; JZ; BBC; DJG, hand the sign known as the “fig,” a gesture meant to
804-6; NDIEC, 8:47-76. mAovowos (# 4454) rich, very “misrepresent in an outrageous way” (MM); to bring
rich. @ 3 éCfter impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. false charges, to inform, to obtain through extortion or
Impf. pictures his continual effort. iSetv aor. act. inf. blackmail, used frequently of blackmail by officials
opaw (# 3972) to see. Epex. inf. explaining e¢nter. ndv- (LS; s. also A. C. Mitchell, “The Use of ovxodavtetv in
vato impf. ind. pass. (dep.) 5vvopor (# 1538) to be able, Luke 19:8: Further Evidence in Zacchaeus’s Defense,”
w. inf. &n0 (# 608) (w. gen.) from, here in a causal Bib. 72 [1991]: 546-47). &nodiSwyr (# 625) pres. ind. act.
sense. The multitude was the source of the hindrance to pay back, to give back. Futuristic pres. indicating
(Plummer). NAikia. (# 2461) stature, size. @ 4 mpodpa- the intention (Dennis Hamm, “Luke 19:8 Once Again:
yuo aor. act. part. (circum.) mpotpexw (# 4731) to run be- Does Zacchaeus Defend or Resolve?” JBL 107 [1988]:
fore. &veBn aor. ind. act. avaBpaivw (# 326) to go up, to 431-37). tetpandobv (# 5486) four times, fourfold. If a
climb up. ovKopopéo. (# 5191) fig-mulberry tree. It has person was convicted for wrongdoing in matters of tax
leaves like those of the mulberry tree, and fruit like collecting, he could be fined from three to tenfold (JZ,
that of a fig tree. It grows to a height of 30-40 feet w. a 278-80). In later Roman law there was a fourfold penal-
crown of 120 feet in diameter. The trunk is short w. ty required (Buckland, 582; s. esp. 576-83; RPL, 212-13).
twisted main branches near the ground making it easy His intention to make restoration indicates his repen-
to climb (Arndt; POB, 106-08; PB, 68-69). 18n (# 1697) tence, making it possible for Jesus to eat w. him with-
aor. subj. act. s.v. 3. Subj. in a purp. cl. exeivng gen. out contamination and indicating that he is now a new
sing. exeivoc (# 1697) w. the word “way” to be under- man (LNT, 283ff; SB, 2:250-51). @ 9 éyéveto aor. ind.
stood. Gen. used in connection w. the prep. in the com- mid. (dep.) yivouor (# 1181) to become, to happen, to
pound vb., or else adverbial in use (RWP; MT, 16). come. vi0g 'ABpadp a son of Abraham. Although he is
Luke 19 158

a physical descendant of Abraham by birth, the anar- act. part. (temp.) s.v. 12; “after he had received.” dwvn-
throus construction stresses his characteristic as hav- ivan aor. pass. inf. pwvew (# 5888) to call. Inf. in indir.
ing faith as Abraham did. 10 Gntijoo1 aor. act. inf. discourse (RG, 1036). Se8wxe1 plperf. ind. act. s.v. 13.
Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to look for. Inf. of purp. cdoar yvoi aor. subj. act. yrwwoxw (# 1182) to know. Subj. in a
aor. act. inf. owCw (# 5392) to save, to rescue. Inf. of purp. cl. Svempaywatedoavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
purp. GnoAWAOS perf. act. part. AmOAAvEL (# 660) to diampaywatevouor (# 1390) to gain by trading, to earn
ruin, to destroy, to be lost. Perf. pictures the state or in business. The compound points to the result of the
condition. Part. used as subst. ® 11 d&kovovtwv pres. activity enjoined (Arndt). 16 mapeyeveto aor. ind.
act. part. (temp.) &kovw (# 201) to hear, to listen to. mid. (dep.) napayivouar (# 4134) to come on the scene,
Gen. abs. npoo@eig aor. act. part. tpoottOnut (# 4707) to to come, to present oneself. Consummative aor. em-
add. Here used in the Hebraic sense of an adv.: again, phasizing the cessation of an act or state, “when he ar-
further. For the Hebraic adverbial use of an auxiliary rived...” (GGBB, 560). mpoonpyaoato aor. ind. mid.
vb. s. MH, 445f. eivon pres. act. inf. eyt (# 1639) to be. (dep.) mpooepyaConat (# 4664) to produce in addition,
Inf. prep. to express cause, “because He was near to gain. The prep. compound indicates “in addition,”
Jerusalem” (MT, 142). dS0Kxeiv pres. act. inf. doKxew “besides,” “more” (RWP). @ 17 evye (# 2301) well, in-
(# 1506) to seem, to appear, to suppose. avtove acc. pl. deed, excellent, well done. eAayxiotw (# 1788) superl.
avtos (# 899) they; to the ones listening to Him. Acc. iKkpoc little, small; superl., very little. miotog (# 4412)
as subject of the inf. tapaypTpo (# 4202) immediately. faithful, trustworthy, dependable, reliable (LN, 1:377).
avapatveodat pres. pass. inf. dvahatvw (#428) pass., to eyevov aor. ind. mid. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 9. 1061 pres.
dawn, to appear, to manifest itself. Inf. w. weAAEt to ex- imp. act. et (# 1639) to be. Used in a periphrastic
press fut. @ 12 evyevis (# 2302) of noble birth. A construction w. the part. EXwV (# 2400) (VA, 465).
significant term, since to be a member of the aristocra- @ 18 7AGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. Enotnoev aor. ind. act.
cy was highly prized (Arndt; s. NDIEC, 2:58-60). moew (# 4472) to make. @ 19 yivov pres. imp. mid.
énopevOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) nopevoua (# 4513) to go, (dep.) s.v. 9. @ 20 ELYOV impf. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to
to travel. AaBeiv aor. act. inf. AauBavw (# 3284) to re- have. amoxeweévny perf. pass. part. amoxeywa (# 641) to
ceive. Inf. of purp. bmootpewan aor. act. inf. DnootpEpw lay aside, to put away. oovdaptw dat. sing. covdapiov
(# 5715) to return. Inf. of purp. @ 13 Kadéous aor. (# 5051) (from Latin) a face cloth for wiping perspira-
act. part. (temp.) KkaAew (# 2813) to call, to summons. tion, corresponding to our handkerchief (BAGD). To
é6wKev aor. ind. act. didwur (# 1443) to give. pve hide the money in a cloth was a safe hiding place and
(# 3641) mina. A Gr. monetary unit, w. the Attic mina a breach of faithfulness required of a servant (LNT,
being worth in normal times about eighteen to twenty 24). 21 epoBovpny impf. ind. mid. (dep.) doBeonar
dollars, or about 100 drachmas (BAGD; SEH, 1:471ff). (# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. abotnpog (# 893) harsh,
A drachma was the pay for a day’s work and this severe; originally that which is harsh and stringent in
would be about 3 months’ wages (Stein). The small taste. It signifies a person who would not permit any
sum indicates this is a test of faithfulness (Marshall). trifling, one who was strict and exacting, who expects
Tpaypatevoaove aor. imp. mid. (dep.) npaypatevouar to get blood out of a stone (Arndt; Trench, 47f; MM; 2
(# 4549) to carry on business, esp. as a banker or trad- Macc. 14:30). Anarthrous pred. adj. stresses the charac-
er (Plummer; NDIEC, 2:58-59; 4:12-13; MM; Preisigke, ter or quality. el pres. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. aiperc
2:350). For business ventures in the ancient world, esp. pres. ind. act. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to take away. €6n-
involving private companies and investments, s. LNT, Kac aor. ind. act. tiOnut (# 5502) to place, to lay, to set,
17-31; Jones, 114-39; E. Badian, Publicans and Sinners. to put down. Oepifers pres. ind. act. SepiCw (# 2545) to
Private Enterprise in the Service of the Roman Republic reap. Eomeipas aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. oneipw
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1972), esp. 67-81; SEH, 1:130- (# 5062) to sow. 22 TSerg plperf. ind. act. of the def.
91; 255-352. év w (# 1877; 4005) while, until (BD, 193). perf. ot5a. (# 3857) to know. Def. pert. Ww. pres. meaning.
@ 14 noAitor nom. pl. noritns (# 4489) citizen. Enicovv 23 €SwKac aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. tpdmeCa. (# 5544) table,
impf. ind. act. wioew (# 3631) to hate. This would refer banker's table. Banks would take in a deposit, pay in-
to the Jewish rejection of Jesus (Stein). Impf. indicates terest on money invested, and change money into var-
the habitual hate. dméoteiAav aor. ind. act. anooteAAw ious currencies (s. KP, 1:819-21; OCD, 160-61; Jones,
(# 690) to send, to send as an official authoritative rep- 187-88; SEH, 1:180ff, plate XXIV, picture 4; MM). €A@av
resentative. mpeoBeia (# 4561) embassy, delegation aor. act. part. Epyowar (# 2262) to come, to go. Part.
(TLNT). Baowedoat aor. act. inf. Baoievw (# 996) to be forms a cond. cl. of a contrary to fact cond. sentence
king, to rule as king. @ 15 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) (BD, 182). toxw dat. sing. toxog (# 5527) interest on
s.v. 9. émavedSeiv aor. act. inf. enavepyouci (# 2059) to money loaned. A papyrus text states, “I have paid the
return again. Aor. inf. used w. prep. €v (# 1877) to ex- interest ... at the rate of a stater (= 4 drachmas
press time: “after he returned” (MT, 145). AaPovta. aor. [BAGD]) per mina” (MM; Preisigke, 2:606). In Rome
159 Luke 19

the interest rate of a bank was set at 12% per annum tures the continual and repeated action. 37 €yyifov-
(KP, 1:820; NDIEC, 6:107). émpo&a aor. ind. act. rpdcow TOG pres. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 29. Gen. abs. katoPdcet
(# 4556) to make, to collect. Used of collecting taxes, dat. sing. KataPaoig (# 2853) going down, descent.
duties, and interest (BAGD). 24 napeotiov perf. This was the western slope, going down to the Kidron
act. part. dat. pl. naptotnut (# 4225) to stand by. Part. Valley (Fitzmyer, 1250). tip&avto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
as subst. Dat. as indir. obj. &pate aor. imp. act. aipw apxowar (# 806) to begin, w. inf. yaipovtes pres. act.
(# 149) to take, to take away. Aor. calls for a specific act part. xaipw (# 5897) to rejoice. Part. of manner. Qiveiv
w. a note of urgency. S0te aor. imp. act. s.v. 13. éxovtt pres. act. inf. aivew (# 140) to praise. wv gen. pl. 6¢
pres. act. part. dat. sing. yw (# 2400) to have. Part. as (# 4005) rel. pron. Gen. by attraction. eidov aor. ind. act.
subst. Dat. as indir. obj. @ 26 S06joeta1 fut. ind. pass. opaw (# 3972) to see. @ 38 ebAOynpeEvoOs perf. pass. part.
s.v. 13. ap@noetar fut. ind. pass. s.v. 24. 27 mAnv evAoyew (# 2328) to bless, to praise. Adj. part. as pred.
(# 4440) moreover. Here the meaning is progressive, adj. A quotation similar to Ps. 118:26. @ 39 énitipnoov
“and, what is more” (Thrall, 23; s. 22:21). @EANoavtas aor. imp. act. exitisaw (# 2203) to rebuke, to warn, to
aor. act. part. 6€w (# 2527) to will, to want, w. inf. Part. threaten. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of
as subst. Baowedoat aor. act. inf. s.v. 14. &yayete aor. urgency. The Pharisees recognize that the crowd’s
imp. act. &yw (# 72) to lead. kataopatate aor. imp. act. claims have messianic character. @ 40 dmoKxpiets aor.
Kataopatw (# 2956) to slaughter, to cut down. pass. (dep.) part. amoxptvonar (# 646) to answer. For
Eumpoovev (# 1869) w. gen., before. 28 eimwv aor. act. the Semitic use s. MH, 453. av (# 1569) used here in a
part. (temp.) Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to speak. enopeveto 1st. class cond. cl. where the cond. is assumed as real
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 12. Incep. impf., “he began to (RWP; BD, 189). ownnoovow fut. ind. act. cilwraw
go,” “he continued traveling.” dvoPaivwv pres. act. (# 4995) to be quiet, to be silent. kpaovov fut. ind. act.
part. s.v. 4. Epex. part. explaining how he continued Kpacw (# 3189) to cry out, to scream. @ 41 18dv aor.
his journey. @ 29 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 9. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 37. ExAavoev aor. ind. act. KAaiw
yytoev aor. ind. act. éyyiCw (# 1581) to be near, to come (# 3081) to cry, to weep, w. emphasis upon the noise
near. For a discussion of the triumphal entry s. DJG, accompanying the weeping (LN, 1:104). The word
854-59. KaAODpEVOV pres. pass. part. Karew (# 2813) to means to lament w. sobs (Arndt). @ 42 i (# 1623)
call; pass., to be called, to be named. améotetev aor. if, introduces a contrary to fact cond. cl. w. the conclu-
ind. act. s.v. 14. @ 30 dnayete pres. imp. act. Drayw sion broken off and not expressed (RWP; BD, 255).
(# 5632) to go, to go forth. etonopevopevor pres. mid. Eyvws aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing s.v. 15. Kai ov
(dep.) part. (temp.) evonopevonar (# 1660) to go in, to (#2779; 5148) emphatic, even you! eéxpbBn aor. ind.
come in. evphoete fut. ind. act. evpioxw (#2351) to find. pass. kpvmtw (#3221) to conceal, to hide. @ 43 OT1
m@A0G (# 4798) a young animal, a young donkey, colt (# 4022) that, introducing the obj. of Eyvw¢ (Marshall);
(TDNT; EDNT). d5e5epeévov perf. pass. part. (adj.) dew r “for,” giving an explanation of why Jesus weeps
(# 1313) to bind, to tie. €xa@ioev aor. ind. act. KabItw over the city. N§ovow fut. ind. act. nkw (#2457) to come.
(# 2767) to sit. This would indicate that it was fit for a For a firsthand report of the Roman siege and destruc-
king (Fitzmyer, 1249). One is to think of a young, un- tion of Jerusalem s. TJ, 156-209. napeuBarotovv fut. ind.
ridden animal tethered alongside its mother, which act. mapeuBardAw (# 4212) to throw or raise up beside.
would naturally accompany the young animal (Mar- xapaKka acc. pl. xapag (# 5918) stake. Here the sing. is
shall). Aboauvtes aor. act. part. AvW (# 3395) to loose. collective designating the palisades, a wall made of
Circum. part. w. the meaning of an imp. (VANT, 385- stakes erected by Roman soldiers during the siege of
86). 31 EpwtG pres. subj. act. epwtaw (# 2263) to the city (Arndt; s. Jos., J.W., 5:260). oot dat. sing. ov
question, to ask, to inquire. épeite fut. ind. act. Aeyw (#5148) you. “Against you.” Dat. w. the prep. in the
(# 3306) to say. Fut. used as a command (VA, 419-20; vb. Tept-KvKAWOOVOLV fut. ind. act. tepikuKAOW (# 4333)
NSV, 52). @ 32 ameXOOvteEs aor. act. part. (temp. ) anep- to encircle. ovvéEovotv fut. ind. act. ovveyw (# 5309) to
you.ar (# 599) to go away, to go out. OANEOTHAUEVOL perf. hold together, to press hard, to crowd someone, to
pass. part. s.v. 14. Part. as subst. edpov aor. ind. act. s.v. hem someone in. navto0ev (# 4119) from all sides. 44
30. 33 Avovtwy pres. act. part. s.v. 30. Gen. Ed5ap0dorv fut. ind. act. E5ahiGw (# 1610) to level to the
abs. @ 35 Tyayov aor. ind. act. vyw (# 72) to lead. ground, to dash against the ground (Geldenhuys;
émipiwavtes aor. act. part. (circum.) enipintw (# 2166) NTNT, 74). &dnoovotv fut. ind. act. ainur (# 918) to
to throw upon. éneBiBaoav aor. ind. act. empipacw leave. As Titus entered Jerusalem the Beautiful on the
(# 2097) to place upon. The act is regarded as one of morning of Sept. 26, after the destruction, he is report-
honor; such homage was a sign of kingship (Mar- ed to have said, “God indeed has been with us in the
shall). @ 36 mopevopévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. war. God it was who brought down the Jews from
(temp.) s.v. 12. Gen. abs. bneotp@vvvov impf. ind. act. these strongholds; for what power have human hands
vrootpwwvvpt (# 5716) to spread out under. Impf. pic- or engines against these towers?” (Jos., JW, 6:411; TJ,
201) smrexexy (# 2175) visitation, visitation of divire TRAN ester ® cakulate, & weet eres
power, mostly in the good sense (BAGD) @ 45 ce- (TLNT). sims aor sehi act. se 2 Saki we ode
een Gon act. part. emp) Sx 1 (DRG, Sie) pie (# 25) im 2 ._ chs ond. ch &® whch the cond B
Oe En. mad, (Gap) Si 37 makobwang pres act part comsidered as 2 possitality Gpef fet. ind. act. howe &
mioias (F 2797) to SIL Pact @S Roun “those who =i.” sav. Smeuaeett
aor ind. act. meme
(# £42) & be-
“sles” @ 4 wyperm pert ind pas ede eve, waht in dat © 6 newman
fet ied act
(# 2272) te white. Perf. indicates “ER Sands written,” weteda@ada 29QD) to Stame, t throw Stores down
and was used for authonitative documentS (AND. BEAR PRs im Compound may be perfective: “t stare
pe fut. ind mid. (dep) stat (# 1659) to be. Exaujauts t> death” (Fitemver, 1275) eseenqaiveg pert pass.
or. ind. act. sm 18 exmianev ( Wes) ace. Sing. cave, parttae 4g Weigicta Pest. indicates 2 St
mk Agewiv cen. pl Amomc (# 3O2) robber. For ths Hed state of persuasion (RWP) Part Sater a Pere
ineidient, s.Matt. 23:12. @ 47 Sdkowwy pees AE part. ae S 2 pred. adj. diver pres act.
deere (F 1459) to teach. Part. used in 2 periphrastic ined. cignt ( 2630).
Iné im indie Speech @ 7 cee
construction SSE the continual action Sree aor ind. pass (dep) sx 3 shiver perf act inf ate
impé. ind. act. se 3. Imp. DAMES the pests Aor # NSD & row Def pert wo pres. meaning. Inf in
whach was not completed. dxakige aor act. inf Grai- ir. Speech This & am unemected answer From the
Aur § 680) to destrox Epex. inf. expleiming what was Sct PRES aX! RAGES GESeLaw @ SS Ae
attempted. @ 48 sipeerey imei ind. act. Qnnexe ind act. Sv 2 mew) pres ind act su 2 @ 8 phew
@# 2352) to find. Impf. indicates they were not t suc aon. ind. wad. (ee) Seuee = BUS) to begin we Re
ceed, im spite of their scarching and meditating Spersucey aor ind act getsaw (# WAH to plant Bie
(Arndt) mouhomerw aor subi act <u 18 dehherstive aor ind mid. (dep) Schau: 1G) t eae, t a
subj. Sexpipare impf. ind. mid. ep SAAN PWR out (MD). xine aor ind. act. Grebe ea
ad ees eee seeeecerees gen. Sing. avwec. Ris not to keve the county mepiraiest
Gear if itis the ob} of the va (“ther hang on Him “ar Weeweds (F SSS SD) ace. pl. for 2 long ime Ace. of
of the part. (“they were listening > Bin” ) (Fiazanver time expressing Gurahor ‘Fer SS parables Mark
1270). Gxowew pres. act. part. G@xeves (# MW) to hear te 12>1-1> ako Charies A. Kimebell, “Jesus’ Expesttion of
Bsten to. Part. of manner or Gircum. pert. Scripture in Lake 22-1% An Inquiry in Light of ew-
ish Hermeneutics,” BAR 3 ( TS © BR eS
Luke owls aor ind act. dmesslle Ql) & eaeS wed
@ 1 Syhvew aor ind. md. (ep) rrenen— — & aS am authoriaiive representative (TDNT) digeeee
become, to happen (Ss 2:1) dQdemewnes pres act. part. fut. ind. act. Ra @ HS) & give Ret we tee
Gemp) &daaxe (F 1459) to teach Gen. eae Wha he (F 272) twnde. PEP Ww 2 wre of epectatior
was teaching.” The Court of the Gentiles surrounded (WA, 415:RWP) Gpatewadane ane:ind. act. Semmes
by a halls was 2 populkr place fr Rachers Le (F IO) | send owt, } end away Seeerssyg for
(DIG. 812 . Shayyelafguivee pres mid. (dep) part act. part. (emp) Row ( IN)
tw fay whet O11
(temp) cvaelxener 22D) to preiam 3goog Rews RAs aon ind. mal (dep) TATTETEL # £8) &
(TLNT TDONT: TLNT). Gen. abs. Sxieruea aor. ind. add. Used
im the Hebra senseaf “again” (BAGD:s
act. SMT # 2332) t& stand by t& approach eit) ot eteeleagi act. int mame (42S) t send Inf
@ 2 cee aor. ind. act. ine (# SNH) t say te Henk as compl tt of th vh meaiiee GD WA ex
Asyortas pres. act. part. Liwea Pleonastic part. in Sema WAVESOr act. part. (lesan) Gtmele F RB) tS G&-
construction
& (MH, 484) simdy aor imp. act ine horor O52 eqeoentc we act Par. (ema)
hie imp. calls for a Specific actor W. 2 Nok Of EERE ewan & SHO) t wound. For the medical use af
ce mete dat Sing. moiec (* £571) what ind. mouig the term= DMG 312. SShakew aor ind act aGeile
pres. ind. act. masse(# £472) tdo, te perform. Pres (# Ie7D)
} throw owt. © 13 eauhew fet. ied act or aor
poants to what He is im the process of doing. deg aor smd. act. mew (F £572) t do. Deltberetive
fet. or subi.
act. part. Rieu: §* 2445) to give. Part. as subct. The i 2 Queshon of contemplenon (RWP) mage fat ind
former question iS more general, the Ihtter more pre- act sv Il. ieag (# 27E2) perhaps, probebiy,
ase (Noland) @ 3 cmempeiiic aor pass (dep) pert. me bps dymemwerm: Ge ad nas ) eae
@magnvener § &£) to answer Semitic use of the re an §F IGS) to Show respect
to, to have regard Re %
dundant part. (MH. 459). Gpartqee fut. ind. act. perma ue (BAGD\ @ BM Wiwas ace at st gen =p
(# 2263) to question to ask. Simats aor imp. act. sv 2 qoew (F WD)
t we. Rela ket ma ep)
e2e sepeyee from heavere 2 circumlocution fr Raleyrlever § 1583) t reasam, te
a er ixeep. ee
“from God” Geein) Gv impé. ind. act. sigi © 1639) to pt. “they began t Gitcuss.” Geacetvemey pres aor.
be. @ Soweloyicare aor ind mid (dep) erllerce cle act. Gractiw (# GD) to Mh Hortatery subi. “let
wen (F 3299) to bring together accounts, t reason, te us el” yevquen aor sali mad. (ep) su 1 Subt ina
161 Lig 20

purp. or result cl. © 15 exfodivees aor. act. part. (BD, 196). The sense would be, “such words as it
(termp.) 6.v. 12. Gméeteway aor. ind. act. sv. er would enable them to hand him over” SRG, 143).
(# 4036) therefore, drawing a conclusion from the story mapanfavas aor, act. ink. mupuhiinass (4 41M) to ddiver
0 far (5. Isa. 5-3-5). mover fut. ind. act. av. 13. 16 over, Gp dat. sing, spy (4 794) rule, office, domain,
Beroeun fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Epyoyas (# 2262) to come. sphere of influence (BAGD). Indir. obj. frrepives gen.
Gmina fut. ind. act. and).i.1 (# 660) to destroy. bine sing, tye” (4 240) governor. Gen. goes Ww. both of
fut. ind. act. s.v. 2. aor. act. part. (temp.) o«- the preceding nouns (Marshall). @ 21 an.
otn9 (# 201) to hear. The subject would be the audience ind, act. exzeportims (4% 2089) to direct a question to
of y. 9. "feworw aor. opt. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. The only use someone, to ask. Hibaysy pert. ind. act. otha (4 3657) to
of this phrase outside Paul’s epistles. The meaning is know, Det. pert. w. pres. meaning, Maybe, pres. ind.
“may the whole story never happen!” (Arndt; Rom. act. Lapis (4 3284) to receive. Used in the expression
YA). The audience recognizes the justice and yet the “to accept the face,” which is a Hebraism meaning “to
extremeness of the lord’s punishment of people per- regard w. favor,” “to show partiality” (Geldenhuys).
forming such horrible acts (VA, 175). © 17 eypizyas Pres, indicates the habitual practice. © 22 Hgorw pres.
aor. act. part. (circum.) eyfiznw (# 1838) to look at, to ind, act. Hon (4 2003) it is alowed, it is lawful, w. inf.
fix one’s gaze upon. ‘yerpupyevoy perf. pass. part. (adj) The question is framed as a question in the law. The
ypeo (4 1211) to write; pert, it stands written. For the authority and ability of Jesus as a teacher was being
legal and authoritative implications of this word s. BS, tested (LNT, 315-23). Capos (4 5843) tribute. brivas aor.
112ff, MM 2 quotation from Ps. 118:22. dmebocipaoayv act. inf. sv. 10. Epex. inf. explaining Zeomv. & 23
aor. ind. act. énoioxysil (4 627) to reject after exami- Katavonus aor. act. part. (temp.) xataveem (4 2917) to
nation, to reject as unworthy or unfit (GELTS, W). take note of, to perceive, to consider carefully. xavoup-
g pres. act. part. oixotoyiw (4% 1668) to via. (4 4111) lit, readiness to do anything, skill, in the
build. Part. as subst., “the builders.” eyevifon aor. ind. neg. sense craftiness, trickery, treachery (BAGD; LN,
pass. (dep) sv. 1. puvia (4 1224) corner It may be a 1771). % 24 beifeete aor. imp. act. bcixvs (4 1259) to
foundation stone binding two walls at the corner, or it show. bnvaguoy (4 1324) acc. sing. denarius. A Roman
may be a keystone locking into place the stones of an silver coin with a picture of Caesar (s. Matt. 22:20; HL
arch (Nolland). © 18 see aor, act. part. (adj.) xinww SH. Hart, “The Coin of ‘Render unto Caesar...’ [A Note
(4 4406) t fall. cuvii anthem fut. ind. pass. cw on Some Aspects of Mark 1213-17; Matt. 22:15-22;
(4 5314) to shatter. xéon aor. subj. act. xintw Subj. in an Luke 20-20-26)” JPD, 241-48; BEC). duxtwa acc. sing.
indef. rel. cl. Jamphoet fut. ind. act. dixpim (4 2347) to eixtay (4 1635) image. exryposh (4 2107) inscri
winnow chaff from grain, to blow away like chaff, to Some feel Jesus was alluding to Ecclesiastes 7:2 (LNT,
sweep out of sight or out of existence (Plummer). For 324-28). % 25 wivov (4 5523) therefore, draws an infer-
the meaning “to grind to powder” s. BS, 225f; MM; ence and a consequence from the preceding (BD, 235).
a, 12%. % 19 Kirnpay aor. ind. act. Grew anibore aor. imp. act. anobiixous (# 625) to render, to
(4 2426) to seek, to try, w. ink. emifedziv aor. act. ink give what is proper and due, to pay (Marshall). Jesus’
empiviss (4 2095) to place upon, to lay hands upon answer is that human governments are to be obeyed as
someone. é aor. ind. pass. (dep.) efeouan long as they do not conflict w. God’s law and obedi-
(4 5822) to be afraid, to fear. Epvwoay aor. ind. act. n- ence to God (LNT, 333-37). t& wi Geod (# 2536). The
von (4 1182) to know, to recognize. Ips (4 4639) in gen. indicatestowhom the things are to be paid, prob-
reference to, w. respect to. % 20 napamptpuvies aor ably indicating the dedication of one’s whole life (Fitz-
act. part. (circum.) xupatnpem (4 4190) to watch intent- myer, 1297; EF Bruce, “Render to Caesar,” JPD, 261; s.
ly (6. 6:7), Gxboei.ov aor. ind. act. sv. 10. epedBews Nolland for a discussion of the gen. here). © 26 iogv
(# 1588) spy, agent, someone hired to trap one by crafty oay aor ind. act. pine (# 2710) to be able, w. inf. exia-
words, one who is hired to lie in wait (RWP; Fitzmyer, fec@an aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 20. Garwphouvtes
aor. act.
1294). Used in Job 19%12 for one “set in ambush” art. {circum.) Gavyale (# 2513) to marvel, to wonder
(GELTS, 126; ¢. also Jos, JW, 2.27; 6.286). tmoxpio- tot pay aor. ind. act. orcs (# 4967) to be silent, to be-
pevous pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj) imoxpivouai come silent. Ingressive zor. = 27 xpoceiBOvtes aor.
(4 5693) to pretend; they play the role of righteous peo- act. part. (temp.) xposepzoucs (# 4665) to come to, to
ple to spy on Jesus (ILNT, 3.409; s. TDNT). etven pres. approach. Gvrizyovres pres. act. part. aviveyo (# 515)
act. ink. gyi (4 1639) to be. Epex. inf. exvicfeovian aor. to speak in opposition to, to oppose, to contradict, to
subj. mid. txiicppave (# 2138) to lay hold upon, to deny. divei pres. act. inf. cipi (# 1639). Inf. in indir.
size,w. double gen. (atrats Mrprs), the first being the speech. For the Sadducees s. TJ, 76-81; Acts 238-9.
dir. obj, the second being epex; “to catch him [in his] exnpatnoay zor ind act sv. 21. 28 Eppaywev zor
word” (Fi et, 1295). Subj. w. iva. (4 2671) in a purp. ind. act. sv. 17. dxo@avq aor. subj. act. axcbvioxw
A Gore (4 (063) w. ink. Used to express intended result (# 633) to die. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cL where the
Luke 21 162

cond. is viewed as possible. éitexvog (# 866) childless. q 35). @ 44 Kael pres. ind. act. karew (# 2813) to call.
pres. subj. act. ewt (# 1639) to be. Subj. in 3rd. class @ 45 d&Kovovtos pres. act. (temp.) part. s.v. 16. Gen. abs.
cond. cl. A&Bq aor. subj. act. s.v. 21. Subj. in a noun cl. 46 npooeyete pres. imp. act. mpooexw (# 4668) to give
as obj. of the vb. éypayev. Eavaothoy aor. subj. act. &€- heed to, to be aware of. Pres. imp. calls for a continual
aviotnut (# 1985) to raise up out of, to raise up. Subj. in action. @eAovtwv pres. act. part. (adj.) 8€Aw (# 2527) to
noun cl. For the levirate marriage s. Deut. 25:5-10; M, wish, to want to, w. inf. nepitatetv pres. act. inf. mept-
Yebamoth; Fitzmyer, 1304; Donald A. Leggett, The nmatew (# 4344) to walk about. otoAaic dat. pl. otoAn
Levirate and Goel Institutions in the Old Testament (Cher- (#5124) robe, a stately robe generally reaching to the
ry Hill, N.J.: Mack Publishing Company, 1974); ABD, feet or, train-like, sweeping the ground (Trench, Syn-
1:765; 4:296-97. 29 AaBwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. onyms, 186). Lawyers and officers used these in more
21. ané8avev aor. ind. act. s.v. 28. 31 EAaBev aor. ind. ornamented or voluminous fashion as a mark of dis-
act. s.v. 21. KateAmov aor. ind. act. KatoAeitw (# 2901) tinction (Fitzmyer, 1318; SB, 2:31-33). piobvtwv pres.
to leave behind. améOavov aor. ind. act. s.v. 28. 33 act. part. (adj.) oiew (# 5797) to love, to be fond of.
yiveto. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. Futuristic pres. mpwtoxadedpia (# 4751) seat of honor. For the seat of
Eoxov aor. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have, w. double acc. honor at the synagogue and at banquets s. 11:43; Mark
(“to have her as wife”). 34 01 vioi TOD ai@vos tovTOV 12:39. 47 KateoBiovow pres. ind. act. Katecbiw
the sons of this age (world). yopobow pres. ind. act. (# 2983) to eat up. Habitual pres. mpopacer dat. sing.
youew (# 1138) to marry. Gnomic or habitual pres. indi- Tpopacic (# 4733) actual motive, valid excuse, falsely
cating a constant practice. yopioxovtat pres. ind. pass. alleged motive, pretext (BAGD). paxpa& acc. waKposg
yopioKw (# 1140) to give in marriage; pass., to be given (# 3431) long. It is not the length of prayers, but the
in marriage, used of the woman (BAGD). Gnomic or motive that is criticized. Ahwwovtar fut. ind. mid.
habitual pres. @ 35 KatoEwOevteg aor. pass. part. (dep.) s.v. 21. mepioootepov (# 4358) comp. mEpioads re-
Kataeiow (# 2921) to consider worthy. Part. as subst. markable (s. 7:26).
translated as a rel. cl. (“the ones who...”). Tuxeiv aor.
act. inf. tuyyavw (# 5593) to attain, to meet, to experi- Luke 21
ence, w. gen. Epex. inf. explaining the part. katafw- @ 1 avoprewas aor. act. part. (temp.) avoprenw
Gévtec + 36 GnoBaveiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 28. \om@yyeAoL (# 329) to look up. evéev aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to
nom. pl. iomyyedos (# 2694) angel-like, equal to angels. see. B&AAOVtAG pres. act. part. (adj.) BadAw (# 965) to
Pred. adj. 6vteg pres. act. part. (causal) et (# 1639). throw. Pres. indicates the continual action. yaCoov-
(“Since they sons of the resurrection.”) They partici- AaK1ov (# 1126) contribution box (s. Mark 12:41). nAov-
pate in the age to come (Fitzmyer, 1306). @ 37 eyeipov- o1og (# 4454) rich, very rich. Gifts were brought for
tot pres. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to raise, to be raised. various reasons, and the one making the offering de-
Futuristic pres. kai (# 2779) even, also. eunjvvoev aor. clared the amount and purp. to the priest; in this way
ind. act. unvow (# 3606) to disclose, to inform, to reveal. it was possible to know how much various people
Used esp. of making known what was secret or known brought (SB, 2:38-39; Marshall; M, Shek. 2:4-5; 6:5-6).
only to a select few (Plummer; LN, 1:412). 38 @ 2 ynpa (# 5939) widow. The plight of a widow with-
Cwvtwv pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Part. as sub- outa husband to provide was grievous (EDNT; TDNT;
st. avT@ dat. sing. adt0g (# 899) (“to Him”). Dat. of re- TDOT). meviypoc (# 4293) needy, poor. It describes the
spect, indicating a relationship (IGNT, 97-98); they are person for whom life and living is a struggle (NTW;
alive as far as God is concerned (Marshall). (@ow pres. Fitzmyer, 1322). Aenta& acc. pl. Aentov (# 3321) the
ind. act. 39 anoKxpWevtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. S.V. smallest bronze coin (s. Mark 12:42). @ 3 mtwyn
3. elma aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. 40 EtOALWV (# 4777) poor, poor to the point of having nothing at all
impf. ind. act. toAwaw (# 5528) to dare, w. inf. Enepwtav and being forced to beg in order to survive. (Arndt;
pres. act. inf. s.v. 21. Epex. inf. @ 41 elvan pres. act. inf. TDNT,; Fitzmyer, 1322; NTW). wAgtov comp. of 20A0¢
s.v. 27. Inf. in indir. speech. For a discussion of this (#4498) much; comp., more. mavtwv gen. pl. n&c
passage s. Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant (# 4246) all. Gen. of comparison. éBaAev aor. ind. act.
in the Gospels,” Bib Sac 150 (1993): 463-64. @ 42 xa@ov s.v. 1. 4 nepiooevovtos pres. act. part. gen. n. sing.
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) kaOnuar (# 2764) to sit. ex deErdv mtepiooevw (# 4355) to be in abundance, to be in excess.
ov at my right hand. The king is accorded a place of Part. as subst. abtoig dat. pl. adt0¢. Poss. dat. (“their
honor by Yahweh Himself, a sign of blessing on his abundance”). €BaAov aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. dotépna
rule (Fitzmyer, 1315). @ 43 @@ aor. subj. act. TION (#5729) lack, poverty. It is more than poverty; it signi-
(# 5502) to place, to make. Subj. w. €w¢ av (# 2401; 165) fies destitution (Arndt). Biog (# 1050) living, livelihood
in an indef. temp. cl. bxomdstov (# 5711) acc. sing. foot- (s. Mark 12:44). eiyev impf. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to
stool. Double acc. used predicatively. It predicates have. Her generous giving came from her great faith!
something of a noun already in the acc. (“as...”) (IBG, @ 5 AeyOvtwv pres. act. part. arn ) Aeyw (# 2400) to
163 Luke 21

say, to speak. Gen. abs. davadqpaoww dat. pl. avadnua yevéo@at aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 7. @ 10 €Aeyev impf.
(# 356) a gift dedicated to God. Used of costly offerings ind. act. s.v. 5. Impf.,, “He continued talking.” eyep6n-
presented to the gods and suspended or exposed to oetor fut. ind. pass. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise; pass. to
view in the temple. It expresses that which is dedicat- rise. @ 11 oe1opdc (# 4939) earthquake. kata tom0UG
ed to God for its own honor as well as for God’s glory (# 2848; 5536) everywhere, various places, distributive
(Trench, Synonyms, 16ff). Instr. dat. Kexdopntor perf. use of prep. Awog (# 3350) hunger, famine. Aowog
ind. pass. Koowew (# 3175) to adorn. Perf. indicates a (# 3369) pestilence, plague, disease. For the medical
state or cond. For the beauty of the Temple s. TJ, 28-30; use of the word s. DMTG, 225. o0Bntpa nom. pl.
Jos., J.W., 5.222-24: ABD, 6:364-65. For example, the poBntpov (# 5831) terrible sight or event, horror. For the
amount of gold on the exterior of the Temple was so signs that were reported to have happened just before
great that it was said when the sun shone it virtually the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70 s. TJ, 197-98.
blinded the onlookers. In Rabbinic sources it is said, @ 12 mpo (# 4574) prep. w. gen., before. The prep. is
“No one has seen a truly beautiful building unless he used of time (Plummer). émiBoAodotw fut. ind. act.
has seen the Temple” (b. Baba Bathra, 3b). 6 tadta emiBarrw (# 2095) to throw upon, to lay (hands) upon;
(# 4047) these things. Acc. of general reference (RWP). w. the idea of violence; to arrest (MM). 51w&0vo1v fut.
Also explained as an independent nom. (M, 69; DM, ind. act. diwkw (# 1503) to pursue, to persecute. mapasdt-
70). Gewpeite pres. ind. act. Gewpew (# 2555) to see, to d0vtec pres. act. part. napadtdwpt (# 4140) to deliver
look at, to observe something w. continuity, often w. over. Part. of manner describing the persecution.
the implication that what is observed is something un- GNAYOMEVOUG pres. pass. part. amayw (# 552) to lead
usual (LN, 1:279). €Xevoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) épxo- away as a prisoner or condemned man (BAGD). A t.t.
wat (# 2262) to come. dpeOqoetat fut. ind. pass. apinut in Athenian legal language (EGT). Circum. part. or
(# 918) to leave. katoAvejoetat fut. ind. pass. KatoAvW part. of manner. @ 13 axoBnoetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
(# 2907) to destroy, to destroy completely. For the de- anopaivw (# 609) to turn out, w. dat. of advantage.
struction of the temple by the Romans s. TJ, 193-96. “This will lead to [an opportunity] for you for wit-
@ 7 Exnpwtnoay aor. ind. act. énepwtdaw (# 2089) to di- ness” (RWP; Nolland). @ 14 O€te aor. imp. act. tint
rect a question to, to ask. ota fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (#5502) to place, to determine. Aor. imp. calls for a
(# 1639) to be. péAAq pres. subj. act. weAAw (# 3516) to be specific act. mpopedretav pres. act. inf. mpouedretaw
about to; w. inf. to express fut. (MKG, 307). Subj. w. (# 4627) to practice beforehand, to prepare. The proper
dtav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. yiveo@a1 pres. mid. term for preparing a speech (Geldenhuys). Epex. inf.
(dep.) inf. yivouon (# 1181) to become, to happen. The explaining the command. d&moAoynOFivan aor. pass. inf.
question becomes the springboard for the eschatologi- amodoyeouar (# 664) to defend oneself (EDNT). Inf. as
cal discourse proper (Fitzmyer, 1331). @ 8 BAénete obj. of the previous inf. 15 wow fut. ind. act. Siw
pres. imp. act. BAenw (# 1063) to see, to beware. Pres. (# 1443) to give. otopa (# 5125) acc. sing. mouth; here,
imp. calls for a constant vigil. mAavnO7tE aor. subj. the power of speech (Exod. 4:10-17). copia (# 5053)
pass. tAavaw (# 4414) to deceive, to lead astray; pass. wisdom, the choice of matter and form (Plummer).
to be led astray. Subj. w. neg. un (# 3590) to express a Svvijoovtat fut. ind. pass. (dep.) 5vvopat (# 1538) to be
command not to start an action. Pass. of permission: able, w. inf. dvtiotivan aor. act. inf. &vOtotnu1 (# 468) to
“Do not allow yourselves to be deceived.” thevoovtar stand against, to withstand, to resist. dvteuetv aor. act.
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 6. €ni TH OvOopatt pov in my inf. avttseyw (# 515) to speak against, to refute. dvtt-
name. Perhaps the idea is “claiming the name ‘Messi- Keipevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. avtikeyat (# 512) to lie
ah’ which rightfully belongs to me” (Marshall; Nol- over against, to be opposed. Part. as subst.: opponent,
land). yw ey (# 1609; 1639) I am. That is, “I am the enemy, adversary (BAGD). For the prep. in compound
Messiah” (Stein; Marshall; Evans). tryyixev perf. ind. s. MH, 297. 16 napadoOnoeobe fut. ind. pass. napa-
act. tyyiCw (# 1581) to draw near, to be near. nopevOTte d5tSwut (# 4140) to deliver over. yovewv gen. pl. yovevs
aor. subj. pass. (dep.) nopevona (# 4513) to go. Subj. w. (#1204) parent. Bavatwdoovow fut. ind. act. Pbavatow
neg. pn (# 3590) as a command not to start an action. (# 2506) to kill. €& (# 1666) out of. Partitive gen. w. the
@ 9 dkovonte aor. subj. act. dkovw (# 201) to hear. Subj. prep. used as the obj. (“some of you”) (BD, 91). @ 17
w. 6tav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. noAEuog (# 4483) e€oeove fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639). Used w. part.
armed conflict, war, battle, conflict (BAGD). &xkataota- to form a periphrastic construction stressing the con-
oia (# 189) disturbance, upheaval, revolution. ntonOjte tinual action or state. p1dobpevot pres. pass. part. ui0ew
aor. subj. pass. ttoew (# 4765) to be terrified as the re- (# 3631) to hate. ® 18 &mOANtOL aor. subj. mid. anoAAv-
sult of something which startles or alarms, to be very ut (# 660) to destroy, to perish. Subj. w. double neg. ob
frightened (LN, 1:317). Subj. w. neg. un (# 3590) to pre- un (# 4024; 3590) for a strong denial. @ 19 dnopovi|
vent an action from beginning. Sei pres. ind. act. dat. sing. vrowovn (# 5705) lit., remaining under; pa-
(# 1256) it is necessary, giving a logical necessity, w. inf. tience, endurance, courageous and constant tenacity
Luke 21 164

w. hopeful expectancy, indicating an active endurance Used w. the prep. &mo giving the cause of the fainting
which opposes the evil while patiently waiting on the or expiring. Emepyouévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. emepxo-
Lord (TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). W. the prep. €v (# 1877) war (# 2088) to come upon. Adj. part. modifying the
may indicate the sphere rather than means. xthoaobe word “things,” which is to be supplied (Fitzmyer,
aor. imp. mid. (dep.) ktcoua (# 3227) to possess, to ac- 1349). oixovpevy (# 3876) dat. sing. inhabited earth, the
quire. For the variant reading «tnoeode (fut. ind. mid.) land that is built upon. caAevOjoovtar fut. ind. pass.
s. TC, 173. @ 20 16nte aor. subj. act. s.v. 1. Subj. w. 6tav oorevw (# 4888) to shake. 27 Owovtat fut. ind. mid.
(# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. kukAovpevny pres. pass. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Epxopuevov pres. mid. (dep.)
part. (adj.) kvkAow (# 3240) to encircle. otpatomedov part. (adj.) s.v. 6. @ 28 a&pyouévwv pres. mid. (dep.)
(# 5136) army camp. For the Roman siege of Jerusalem part. (temp.) opxoua. (# 806) to begin, w. inf. Gen. abs.
s. TJ, 174-204. yv@te aor. imp. act. yiwwoxw (# 1182) to yiveo@a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 7. avaxbyate aor.
know, to recognize. Aor. calls for a specific act. TyyiKev imp. act. avaxvntw (# 376) to stand erect, to be elated.
perf. ind. act. s.v. 8. @ 21 gevyétwoav pres. imp. act. Used of being elated after sorrow (Plummer; MLL, 21).
3rd. pers. pl. bevyw (# 5771) to flee. Pres. imp. vbs. in Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. w. a note of urgency.
this v. give general precepts or prohibit them (VANT, Emdpate aor. imp. act. enaipw (# 2048) to lift up. amodrv-
338). Exywpettwoav pres. imp. act. 3rd. pl. exywpew Tpwaic (# 667) redemption, release for the payment of a
(# 1774) to go out. etoepyéoOwouv pres. imp. mid. (dep.) price, complete deliverance (APC, 37-48; TDNT;
3rd. pl. eoepyouar (# 1656) to go into to enter. 22 NIDNTT; EDNT; GW, 71ff). The word suggests not
ExduKTOEWS gen. sing. Exdiknoisg (# 1689) punishment, just redemption from sin but redemption from politi-
vengeance. Gen. of description. mAno@fiva1 aor. pass. cal oppression and establishment of an independent
inf. mipmAnut (# 4398) to fill, to fulfill. Inf. of purp. ye- Jewish state. It is found on a coin struck ca. 133-34,
ypoypeéva. perf. pass. part. (adj.) yp&pw (# 1211) to write. “First year of the Redemption of Israel” (ABD, 1:1081
Perf. was used of authoritative documents (MM). For fig. m). @ 29 iSete aor. imp. act. s.v. 27. @ 30 mpoBa-
the OT character of this prophecy s. C.H. Dodd, More Awotv aor. subj. act. mpoParAw (# 4582) to put forth, to
New Testament Studies, 74-80. 23 exovoatc pres. act. sprout. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. BA€movtes pres. act.
part. dat. fem. pl. éyw (# 2400) to have; €v yaotpi Exe part. BAemw (# 1063) to see. Circum. part., “you see for
to be pregnant. Part. as subst. Dat. of disadvantage. yourselves.” The construction stresses that no other in-
O@nAatovoa1c pres. act. part. dat. fem. pl. Onratw struction will be necessary (Fitzmyer, 1353). @&pog
(# 2558) to nurse, to breast-feed. Adj. part. as subst. (# 2550) summer. @ 31 18nte aor. subj. act. s.v. 29. Subj.
Dat. of disadvantage. avaykn (# 340) distress, calamity. w. Otav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. ywwopeva. pres.
opyn (# 3973) wrath, deep-seated anger. @ 24 Te- mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) s.v. 7. Pres. indicates that the oc-
oodvta fut. ind. mid. (dep.) mintw (# 4406) to fall. aty- currence would be taking place as they watched. yi-
paAwTioonoovtat fut. ind. pass. alyporAwti~w (# 170) to VWOKETE pres. imp. act. s.v. 20. @ 32 mapér@y aor. subj.
take captive. Eotat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 7. na- act. mapepxouar (# 4216) to go by, to pass away. For the
TOVHEVT pres. pass. part. matew (# 4251) to walk on, to term “last generation” in DSS s. 1QpHab 2:7; 7:2; CD
tread on. Part. in a periphrastic construction. é&ypt od 1:12; Bock. Subj. w. a double neg. ob pn (# 4024; 3590)
(# 948; 4005) until, whenever, w. subj. TAnpwe@ov aor. for.a strong denial. yeyntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 7.
subj. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. It is possible Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. @ 33 napeAevoovtat fut. ind.
that Luke understands the final signs (vv. 25-33) to fol- mid. (dep.) s.v. 32. The second form is fut. w. a double
low the Gentile times and, if so, a fut. repossession by neg. expressing a strong denial. Jesus identifies the
the Jews is anticipated (Ellis; Marshall). Subj. in an in- permanence of His prophetic utterance w. the constan-
def. temp. cl. @ 25 éoovtai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. cy of Yahweh’s word found in the OT (Fitzmyer, 1353).
17. onpeta nom. pl. onuetov (# 4956) sign. Jesus now an- 34 npoo-€xete pres. imp. act. tpocexw (# 4668) to give
swers the question of v. 7 about “the sign.” ovvoxn attention, to give heed. Pres. imp. calls for a constant
(# 5330) distress, dismay. anopig (# 680) dat. sing. per- vigil. BapnO@orv aor. subj. pass. Bapew (# 976) to weigh
plexity. yous gen. sing. jyxoc (# 2492) roaring. Gen. of down, to depress. Subj. w. unmote in a neg. purp. cl.;
possession, shading over into an expression of cause: warding off something still dependent on the will (BD,
“perplexity caused by the roaring of the sea” (Arndt). 188). kpoumdAn (# 3190) dat. sing. drunken nausea. Sig-
OdAOv gen. sing. oaA0¢ (# 4893) rolling or tossing mo- nifies the distressing aftereffects of intoxication
tion, esp. of the waves in a rough sea (BAGD). The fab- (Arndt; for medical examples of the word s. MLL,
ric of the universe shows signs of breaking up and 167). peOn (# 3494) dat. sing. drunkenness. Dat. w.
there is panic on the earth (Marshall). 26 anowv- prep. expressing the instrument causing the depres-
yovtwy pres. act. part. (temp.) anoyvoyw (# 715) to sion. wépyiva, (# 3533) care, worry, anxiety, a feeling of
breathe out, to faint, to expire. For the medical use s. apprehension or distress in view of possible danger or
MLL, 166. Gen. abs. mpoodoxia (# 4660) expectation. misfortune (LN, 1:313). Buwtixdg (# 1053) belonging to
165

daily life, worldly, secular, everyday (MH, 379). envoth (# 4140) to hand over, to deliver over. Deliberative
aor. subj. act. eptatny (# 2392) to come upon (suddenly subj. (RWP). ® 5 egapnoay aor. ind. pass. yaipw
and unexpectedly). Subj. w. wnmote (4 3607) in a neg. (# 5897) to rejoice, to be glad. ovve@evto aor. ind. mid.
purp. or result cl. atpvibweg (# 167) suddenly, unexpect- ouvtibnut (# 5338) to make an agreement together.
edly. 35 mayig (# 4075) snare, trap. eneoehevoetan botva1 aor. act. inf. 6t6up1 (# 1443) to give. Epex. inf.
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) enevoepyouor (# 2082) to come in explaining the agreement. 6 e&wpodoynoev aor. ind.
over. KOAnpeVOUS pres. mid. (dep.) part. «aOnpai act. eLoyoruyew (# 2018) to consent, to promise. Prep.
(# 2764) to sit, to dwell. Part. as subst. @ 36 aypunveite in compound is intensive: “he fully consented,”
pres. imp. act. aypunvew (# 70) to be awake, to stay “agreed out and out” (NTNT, 75). e¢ntet impf. ind. act.
awake, be alert, to be watchful; to make an effort to s.v. 2. edKatpta (# 2321) opportunity, convenient time,
learn of what might be a potential future threat (LN, the right time (s. Heb. 4:16). mapaéobvon aor. act. inf.
1:333; GELTS, 5). bedyevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. dzoya1 s.v. 4. Epex. inf. explaining edkatpiav. atep (# 868) w.
(# 1289) to request, to pray. Part. of manner telling how gen., without, apart from. @ 7 TA@ev aor. ind. act. Epzo-
one should be alert. katvoybonte aor. subj. act. kutis- war (# 2262) to come. Perfective aor., “to arrive.” Bet
yw (# 2996) to have the strength to, to be able to, w. impf. ind. act. 6e1 (# 1256) it is necessary, w. inf. @beoBa1
inf. Subj. in a purp. cl. exgvyetv aor. act. inf. exdevyo pres. pass. inf. 60w (# 26/4) to offer, to slay. For sugges-
(#1767) to flee, to escape. peAXovta. pres. act. part. tions regarding the time s. Fitzmyer, 1382. @ 8 ané-
(adj.) s.v. 7. as subst. yiveo@a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. otetkev aor. ind. act. anooteAAw (# 690) to send w.
7. Inf. used w. the part. weAAovta to express fut.: “the delegated authority. evmwy aor. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306)
things about to happen.” ota®fva aor. pass. inf. torn to say. Semitic use of the redundant part. nopevOevtec
(# 2705) to stand. Inf. w. the vb. kaniozbonte. © 37 TV aor. pass. (dep.) part. nopevoua (# 4513) to go. Circum.
impf. ind. act. ei (# 1639). i6aoKwy pres. act. part. part. used as imp. (VANT, 386). etoyaoate aor. imp.
b16woKw (# 1438) to teach. Part. in a periphrastic con- act. etoipatw (# 2286) to prepare, to make ready. Aor.
struction stressing the continual action in the past. vo«- imp. calls for a specific act. 6&ywpev aor. subj. act. Eo8in
tag acc. pl. vie (# 3816) night. Acc. of time. eepzopevoc (# 2266) to eat. Subj. w. iva. (4 2671) in a purp. cl. 9
pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) eepyouo1 (# 2002) to go Etowcouev aor. subj. act. s.v. 8. Deliberative subj.
out. MbAifero impf. ind. mid. (dep.) air iCoyar (# 887) to 10 elceABOviwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 3. Gen. abs.
spend the night, to find lodging. © 38 dipOpitev impf. ovvavtnoet fut. ind. act. cuvavtaw (# 5267) to meet, w.
ind. act. op6pilw (# 3983) to rise, to come, early in the dat. BaotaLwy pres. act. part. (adj.) Baotaw (# 1002) to
morning. Impf. indicates the customary action for this carry. akoLovenoate aor. imp. act. axorovbew (# 199) to
time. axovety pres. act. inf. dxovw (# 201) to hear. Inf. of follow, w. dat. © 11 €peite fut. ind. act. A€yw s.v. 8. Fut.
purp. used as imp. katadwpa. (# 2906) guest room (BAGD; s.
2:7). ¢&yw aor. subj. act. s.v. 8. Futuristic or deliberative
Luke 22 subj. (RWP). It could be tantamount to a purp. cl.
@ 1 trey impf. ind. act. evyiGw (# 1581) to be (Marshall). 12 Set&e1 fut. ind. act. deixvuyi (# 1259) to
near, to draw near. Aeyopévn pres. pass. part. rey show. avayarov (# 333) acc. sing. an upstairs room, an
(# 3306) to say; pass., to be called, to be named. extra room built onto the flat roof of a typical Palestin-
2 Liowy impf. ind. act. Crtew (# 2426) to seek. Impf. ian house (Marshall). eotpwevov perf. pass. part. (adj.)
indicates continual action, but not a special meeting of otpwvvuut (# 5143) to spread out. Here the term could
the Sanhedrin (Arndt). 10 n. sing. 0 (# 3836) The def. indicate the floor consisting of tiles, but more likely it
art. functions as quotation and makes clear the sub- describes the room as furnished, supplied w. rugs and
stantival idea of the indir. question (RG, 766). dveAwot couches (Arndt). 13 Gmed@ovteg aor. act. part.
aor. subj. act. avaipew (# 359) to take away, to do away (temp.) anepyouo. (# 599) to go out. evpov aor. ind. act.
w., to kill. Deliberative subj. in indir. question (RWP). evpioxw (# 2351) to find. elpnket plperf. ind. act. Aéyw
egoBodveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) doBeoua (# 5828) to be (# 3306) to say. — Ttotwaoa aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. @14
afraid, to fear. © 3 e1oTBev aor. ind. act. eloepyount eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become,
(# 1656) to go in, to come in. Kaotpevov pres. pass. to be. (“When it was sundown.”) &veneoev aor. ind. act.
part. xaj£u to call. ‘Toxopuatns (# 269) Iscariot. For a avanintw (# 404) to recline (at the table); lit. to fall
discussion of the possible meanings of the term s. back. @ 15 enWupig. (# 2123) dat. sing. desire. eneOdyun-
ABD, 3:1091-92; EDNIT, 2:491-93, 1366-67; DTM, o@. aor. ind. act. em18vpew (# 2121) to desire, to long for.
2:1410-18. 6v~e. pres. act. part. (adj.) ciui (# 1639) to be. For the Hebraic construction w. the dat. of the verbal
© 4 ane fay aor. act. part. anepzouc (# 599) to depart, substitutive w. the cognate vb. as a translation of the
to go away. Circum. or temp. part. CUVEAGANOEYV aor. Heb. inf. abs. s. BD, 106; Fitzmyer, 1395. @ayetv aor. act.
ind. act. ovii,022 (# 5196) to talk together, to confer inf. s.v. 8. Epex. inf. explaining the desire. na@etv aor.
w. 7 n. sing. s.v. 2. napad@ aor. subj. act. napadidwyr act. inf. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer. Inf. w. prep. mpo
Luke 22 166

(# 4574) to express time, “before I suffer” (MT, 144). oudovetkia (# 5808) contentiousness; lit. love of strife,
@ 16 paw aor. subj. act. s.v. 8. Subj. w. a double neg. ob contention, readiness or desire to argue or quarrel
un (# 4024; 3590) for a strong denial. nAnpw6F aor. subj. (Arndt; LN, 1:439). Soxei pres. ind. act. doxew (# 1506)
pass. tAnpow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. The subject is to seem to be, w. inf. €ivat pres. act. inf. s.v. 23. petCwv
probably the Passover (maybe as the Messianic Ban- (# 3505) comp. weyas great; comp., greatest. 25 Kupt-
quet [Stein]) and pass. is the theol. pass. indicating Evovoly pres. ind. act. Kupievw (# 3259) to be lord or
that God is the One who does the action (Marshall). master, to rule over, w. gen. Gnomic pres. indicating a
@ 17 Se&dpevosg aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) dexouar general truth. eGovo1clovtes pres. act. part. e€ovoiatw
(#1312) to receive. The cup was handed to Him (# 2027) to have authority over, w. gen. Part. as subst.
(Plummer). evyapiotnoas aor. act. part. evyapiotew evepyetar nom. pl. evepyetns (# 2309) one who does
(# 2373) to bless, to give thanks. The blessing or good deeds, benefactor. This was a title given to gods,
thanksgiving for the wine was, “Blessed art Thou, O princes, and other outstanding persons; it became a tt.
Eternal, King of the Universe, the Creator of the fruit for the benefactor-protector of a city, people, or of the
of the vine” (M, Berakhoth 6:2; Marshall; SB, 4: ii, 627- whole human race (BAGD; MM; EDNT; RAC, 6:848-
34). elmev aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. AdBete aor. imp. act. AouU- 60; TDNT; TLNT). xoAotvtat pres. ind. pass. KaArew
Bavw (# 3284) to take. Svopepioate aor. imp. act. d10- (# 2813) to call; pass. to be called. @ 26 yiveo8w pres.
ueptCw (# 1374) to distribute. 18 miw aor. subj. act. imp. mid. (dep.) 3rd. sing. s.v. 14. Pres. imp. calls for a
mivw (# 4403) to drink. Subj. w. a double neg. od ph continual attitude. vewtepog comp. veog (# 3742)
(# 4024; 3590) for a strong denial. 167 aor. subj. act. s.v. young, the lowest in rank (Plummer). Comp. used as
7. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. @ 19 AaPov aor. act. part. superl.: “the youngest.” tyobpevog pres. mid. (dep.)
(temp.) s.v. 17. evyapiotnoas aor. act. part. s.v. 17. part. nNyeoua (# 2451) to lead, to be the leader. Part. as
€kAqoev aor. ind. act. KAdw (# 3089) to break. The word subst. d5vakovdv pres. act. part. diakovew (# 1354) to
is used in the NT of dividing up bread at a meal (Mar- serve, to minister, to render assistance or help by per-
shall). €5wxev aor. ind. act. 515w1 (# 1443) to give. 5160- forming certain duties, often of a humble or menial na-
Wevov pres. pass. part. (adj.) moveite pres. imp. act. ture (LN, 1:460). 27 dvaxeipevog pres. mid. (dep.)
no.ew (# 4472) to do. Pres. imp. calls for a repeated ac- part. avaKeyat (# 367) to recline at the table. Part. as
tion. &vapvnois (# 390) remembrance, memorial. The subst. ovyt (# 4049) used in a question expecting a pos-
Passover Meal was a memorial for the Jews to remind itive answer, “It is the one who reclines at the table,
them of their past and give them hope for a future and isn’t it?” eyo I (emphatic). “I am the one who is serv-
final deliverance (SB, 2:256). 20 deinvijoar aor. act. ing.” @ 28 dopeyevnxotes perf. act. part. dropevw
inf. deinvew (# 1268) to dine, to eat a meal. Inf. w. prep. (# 1373) to remain throughout. The idea of persistent
eta. (# 3552) to express time (“after”) (MT, 143). 5106n- loyalty is enforced by the compound vb., the perf.
Kn (# 1347) covenant, will (s. Matt. 26:28). Exyvvvopevov tense, and the prep. (“who have perseveringly re-
pres. pass. part. exyvvvw (€xxew) (# 1772) to pour out, mained w. me and continue to do so” [Plummer]).
to shed. “To shed blood” meant to murder (BAGD; 29 diatiBepar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) SiatiOnut (# 1416)
Gen. 9:6). @ 21 nAnv (# 4440) however. Here it seems to decree, to ordain, to assign. 5véeto aor. ind. mid.
to indicate a breakoff in the thought and a transition to (dep.) StatiOny. 30 EoOnNtE pres. subj. act. EoOtw s.v.
a different point (Thrall, 22; also the detailed study of 8. Subj. w. noun cl. as obj. of the vb. SiatiBevor. rivyte
this word in Blomqvist, 75-100). mapas dovtog pres. pres. subj. act. s.v. 18. ka@noeoGe fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
act. part. (adj.) s.v. 4. @ 22 wpopévov perf. pass. part. Kabat (# 2764) to sit. Kpivovtes pres. act. part. (cir-
opitw (# 3988) to mark off the boundary, to determine. cum.) kpivw (# 3212) to judge. The Passover celebrated
The perf. indicates a state arising from a completed ac- two events, the deliverance from Egypt and the antici-
tion in the past. Theol. pass. indicates that what was pated coming Messianic deliverance (Ellis). There may
about to happen would occur because God had or- be a reference here to Ps. 122:4-5 (Fitzmyer, 1416). This
dained it (Stein). Part. as subst. @ 23 fpEavto aor. ind. would refer to final restoration of Israel and the fut.
mid. (dep.) &pxopnor (# 806) to begin, w. inf. ovgntetv Kingdom to be set up at the return of Christ (s. Stein).
pres. act. inf. ov¢ntew (#5184) to discuss w., to dispute, @ 31 e&qtnoato aor. ind. mid. e&aitew (# 1977) to ask
to express forceful differences of opinion without nec- for, to demand, to demand the surrender of (Marshall;
essarily having a presumed goal of seeking a solution TDNT). The mid. voice indicates the personal interest
(LN, 1:438-39). ein pres. opt. act. ewt (# 1639) to be. of Satan (Arndt). owidoar aor. act. inf. oividlw (# 4985)
Opt. in indir. speech, a mark of culture (Arndt). pé..ov to sift, to separate the chaff from the wheat (Fitzmyer,
pres. act. part. weAAw (# 3516) to be about to. Used w. 1424; Marshall). Inf. of purp. @ 32 &5en@nv aor. ind.
inf. to express fut. (MKG, 307). Part. as subst. mpdooew pass. d€op01 (# 1289) to ask for, to pray, to voice a peti-
pres. act. inf. mpcoow (# 4556) to do, to accomplish. tion based on a real need (Arndt). &xAiny aor. subj. act.
@ 24 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 14. kai even, also. exdetnw (# 1722) to leave off, to fail utterly. Prep. in
167 Luke 22

compound is perfective (MH, 309). Subj. w. iva TMOpeveyKe aor. imp. act. napadépw (# 4195) to carry by,
(#2671) used in an obj. cl. Emvotpéwas aor. act. part. to remove. notnpiov (# 4539) acc. sing. cup. For a dis-
(temp. ) Eniotpedw (# 2188) to turn, to return. oTHpioov cussion of the meaning of “the cup,” s. DTM, 1:168-71;
aor. imp. act. otnpitw (# 5114) to establish, to support, C. A. Blaising, “Gethsemane: A Prayer of Faith,” JETS
to strengthen. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. ® 33 22 (1979): 333-43. nAnv (# 4440) either a balancing ad-
Mopevecdar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. nopevounar (# 4513) to versative particle (“nevertheless”) or introducing a
go. Epex. inf. explaining €toyog. = 34 dwvnoer fut. cond. (“on the cond. that”) (Thrall, 69ff; s.v. 21).
ind. act. pwvew (# 5888) to make a sound, to call. Here, yiveoOw pres. imp. mid. (dep.) 3rd. pers. sing. s.v. 14.
to crow. &t-apvjoq aor. subj. mid. (dep.) 2nd. sing. Pres. imp. calls for a continued and continual action
anopveonar (# 656) to deny. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. (VANT, 380-82; VA, 350). @ 43 w@n aor. ind. pass.
ELSEvart perf. act. inf. ovSa. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. Ww. opaw (# 3972) to see; pass. to appear. Evlaxvuv pres. act.
pres. meaning. Inf. in indir. speech. @ 35 anéoteia part. evioxvw (# 1932) to strengthen. The strengthening
aor. ind. act. AMOOTEAAW (# 690) to send as an official role of the angel is like that of a trainer who readies the
representative. atep (# 868) prep. w. gen., without. Boa- athlete (DTM, 1:189; for the medical use s. MLL, 80-81).
Aavtiov (# 964) moneybag, purse. mnpa (# 4385) knap- Adj. or circum. part. @ 44 yevoyevog aor. mid. (dep.)
sack, wallet. tbxo05nwa (# 5687) sandal, a leather sole part. (temp.) s.v. 14. &ywvig (# 75) dat. sing. conflict (an
that is fastened to the foot by straps (BAGD). ph athletic conflict), struggle; sweat is often mentioned in
(# 3590) neg. in a question expecting the answer “no.” the struggle (DTM, 1:189; for the medical use s. MLL,
doteptoate aor. ind. act. botepéw (# 5728) to lack (s. Ps. 81-82). Exteveotepov comp. Extevis (# 1757) eagerly,
23:1 [LXX 22:1]). od@evog (# 4029) not a thing! (Fitzmy- earnestly; comp., more earnestly, fervently. npoonvyeto
er, 1431). 36 dapdtw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 40. eyéveto aor. ind. mid.
aipw (# 149) to take up. mwANOatw aor. imp. act. 3rd. (dep.) s.v. 14. 18pw¢ (# 2629) sweat. woet (# 6059) as, in-
pers. sing. nwAew (# 4797) to sell. &yopacdtw aor. imp. troduces a comparison; the sweat became so profuse
act. 3rd. pers. sing. wyopatw (# 60) to buy. The aor. that it flowed to the ground as freely as if it were drops
imps. call for a specific action. For various interpreta- of blood (DTM, 1:185; Marshall). @poyBoc (# 2584) thick
tions s. Fitzmyer, 1431-32. The idea may be, “Prepare clots. Used in medical language for a clot of coagulat-
for difficult times” (Marshall). @ 37 yeypoppévov perf. ed blood (MLL, 82-83; DMTG, 180; DTM, 1:184-86).
pass. part. ypadw (# 1211) to write. Perf. was used for aipatos gen. sing. ao. (# 135) blood. Descriptive gen.
authoritative documents (MM). Part. used as subst. det KatoPaivovtos pres. act. part. (adj.) katoPatvw (# 2849)
pres. ind. act., w. inf. s.v. 7. It indicates the divine ne- to go down, to fall down. @ 45 avaotae aor. act. part.
cessity. TeAeoO7\vat aor. pass. inf. tedew (# 5464) to com- (temp.) aviotnut (# 482) to stand up. The standing up
plete. The bringing to completion of what one wills or indicates that Jesus has stopped praying and is also a
what another wills (TDNT). éAoyio6n aor. ind. pass. Ao- sign of vigor (DTM, 1:192-93). EA®v aor. act. Part.
yiGoua. (# 3357) to count, to reckon, to consider, to (temp.) s.v. 7. evpev aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. KoywpEevVOUS
class. @ 39 e€AOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) e&€pxouat pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) koucouat (# 3121) to sleep.
(# 2002) to go out. For a discussion of the Mount of Ol- Av (# 3383) sorrow, grief, anxiety. Gen. w. prep. &0
ives in Luke s. DJG, 266-67. tKkoAov@noay aor. ind. (# 608) (“because of sorrow”). It has been suggested
act. s.v. 10. @ 40 yevopevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. that when sorrow had exhausted one, sleep came
(temp.) s.v. 14. mpooevyeove pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mpoo- (DTM, 1:193; s. also MLL, 84-85). 46 ka®evéete pres.
evyoua (# 4667) to pray. Pres. imp. calls for a continual ind. act. ka8evdw (# 2761) to sleep. dvaotavtES aor. act.
action on the part of the disciples (VANT, 353). part. s.v. 45. Circum. part. w. the nuance of the main
eloeAeiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 3. The idea is either “to fall vb. mpooebyeode; imp. thrust (s. Luke 15:14). evoeAOnte
into temptation” or “to succumb to temptation” (DTM, aor. subj. act s.v. 3. @ 47 AaAodvtOS pres. act. part.
1:159). Inf. of purp. @ 41 d&neondo8n aor. ind. pass. (temp.) AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. Gen. abs. “While he
onoondw (# 685) to tear away; pass., to withdraw (Fitz- was speaking...” A€YOWEVOS pres. pass. part. (adj.) Aéyw
myer, 1441). Oeig aor. act. part. t1@nut (# 5502) to place; (# 3306) to say; pass. to be called or named. mponpxeto
here, to kneel down. One normally stood, but this impf. ind. mid. (dep.) mpoepyoua (# 4601) to go before.
stresses the urgency and humility of Jesus (Marshall). Hyytoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. pAAoar aor. act. inf. purew
Circum. part. or part. of manner. npoonvyeto impf. ind. (#5797) to kiss. Inf. of purp. @ 48 giAnpati dat. sing.
mid. (dep.) s.v. 40. Incep. impf. stressing the begin- biAnua (# 5799) kiss (s. DTM, 1:255). Instr. dat. napa-
ning; it also pictures repeated action. @ 42 et (# 1623) 5i8w¢ pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 4. @ 49 8ovtes
if. Introduces a cond. cl. which is considered to be true. aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 43. €odpevov fut. mid. (dep.)
BovAet pres. ind. act. BovAouat (# 1089) to will, to desire. part. et (# 1639) to be. Part. as subst., “what was
It carries the tone of a preordained, divine decision, about to happen.” et (# 1623), particle normally used
somewhat more deliberate than 6¢4w (DTM, 1:171). when indir. question is due to an ellipsis, “tell us
Luke 22 168

whether we shall strike” (Arndt). mata&opev fut. ind. (# 5138) to turn, to turn oneself. eveBAewev aor. ind. act.
act. mataoow (# 4250) to strike (w. a sword). 50 euprenw (# 1838). to look at, w. dat. bxEuvnoen aor. ind.
ématogtev aor. ind. act. s.v. 49. d&peidev aor. ind. act. pass. (dep.) broptvjnoKxoyat (#5703) to remember. mpiv
aparpew (# 904) to take away, to cut off. ovG acc. n. sing. (# 4570) w. inf., before. dwvijoar aor. act. inf. s.v. 34.
(# 4044) ear. @ 51 GmoxpiOeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. anapvnon fut. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 34.
amoxptvonar (# 646) to answer. Semitic use of the pleo- @ 62 &€eAOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 39. ExAavoEV
nastic part. €Gte pres. imp. act. €aw (# 1572) to allow. aor. ind. act. kAoiw (# 3081) to weep. mikpiic (# 4396)
Perhaps the idea is, “allow them to continue w. the ar- adv. bitterly. For a comparison of this section w.
rest” (VANT, 353; for various views s. Marshall). awa- Mark’s account s. Catchpole, 160-74; DTM, 2:587-626;
wevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. dxtouat (# 721) to touch, w. esp. 590-91. @ 63 ovveyovtes pres. act. part. (adj.)
obj. in gen. Part. of manner. wtiov gen. sing. wtiov ovveyw (# 5309) to hold together, to hold in custody
(# 6005) ear. iaoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) iaopa (# 2615) (BAGD). evenoifov impf. ind. act. eunaitw (# 1850) to
to heal. @ 52 napayevouévous aor. mid. (dep.) part. play a game w., to mock, to make fun of someone by
(adj.) mapayivouar (# 4134) to come, to arrive, to be imitating him in a distorted manner (LN, 1:435; EDNT;
present. apyiepevs (# 797) high priest (DTM, 1:404-11; TDNT; D.L. Miller, “Empaizen: Playing the Mock Game
2:1425-26). otpatnyoc (# 5130) guard, captain (of the [Luke 22:63-64],” JBL 90 [1971]: 309-13; DTM, 1:581-84;
Temple) (BAGD; DTM, 2:1430-31; HIP, 2:277-79; JPB, for the use in the LXX s. GELTS, 146). Incep. impf.,
81-82). mpeoBdtepoc (# 4565) an older one, elder (DTM, “They began mocking...” S€povtEes pres. act. part. depw
2:1428-29). Anotns (# 3334) robber. EEnABate aor. ind. (# 1296) to flay, to beat. For this word in reference to
act. s.v. 39. EbAov (# 3833) wood, club. @ 53 Ovtos pres. the beating of a slave s. NDIEC, 4:63-67. Part. of man-
act. part. eyt (# 1639) to be. Gen. abs. e&etetvate aor. ner or temp. @ 64 mepikadAvwavtes aor. act. part.
ind. act. exteivw (# 1753) to stretch out. @ 54 ovdA- (temp.) mepikaruntw (# 4328) to put a veil around, to
AaBovtes aor. act. part. ovAAapBavw (# 5197) to seize, to blindfold. ennpwiwv impf. ind. act. enepwtaw (# 2089)
arrest. Circum. or temp. part. j1yayov aor. ind. act. wyw to question. Impf. is incep. or pictures the questioning
(# 72) to lead, to lead away. etonyayov aor. ind. act. over and again in this game of blindman’s bluff. mpo-
eioayw (# 1652) to lead into. jKoAovGe1 impf. ind. act. $ntevoov aor. imp. act. mpopntevw (# 4736) to prophesy.
s.v. 10. @ 55 neptayavtwy aor. act. part. (probably gen. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. matouc aor. act. part.
abs.) nepiantw (# 4312) to kindle around, to make a mtaiw (# 4091) to strike, to hit. Part. as subst. @ 65 BAao-
good fire that blazes all over (RWP). avan (# 885) onodvtes pres. act. part. (adj.) BAaopnuew (# 1059) to
courtyard (DTM, 1:593-95). ovyKa@ioavtwv aor. act. slander, to blaspheme, to speak against someone in
part. ovyxaditw (# 5154) to sit together. Nights in such a way as to harm or injure his or her reputation
March and early April can be very chilly, and it was (LN, 1:434). €Xeyov impf. ind. act. s.v. 13. Impf. pictures
the custom of soldiers to keep fires burning through the continual action. @ 66 &yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
the night (DTN, 1:594-95). Gen. abs. €ka@nto impf. ind. s.v. 14. ovvnx6n aor. ind. pass. ovvayw (# 5251) to come
mid. (dep.) s.v. 30. 56 1é0doa. aor. act. part. (temp.) together, to assemble. For a discussion of the political
nom. fem. sing. s.v. 49. &tevioaoa aor. act. part. (cir- background w. special focus on the Jewish legal power
cum.) nom. fem. sing. ateviw (# 867) to gaze at, to and the Sanhedrin s. DTM, 1:328-72. axnyayov aor. ind.
look steadily at, to stare, w. dat. @ 57 Npvnoato aor. act. anayw (# 552) to lead away. @ 67 einov aor. imp.
ind. mid. (dep.) apveouat (# 766) to say no, to deny. act. s.v. 13. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of
Two meanings are implicit: “to refuse to recognize” urgency. €tmw aor. subj. act. Subj. w. éav (# 1569) in a
and “to abandon and deny solidarity w. someone” (El- 3rd. class cond. cl. in which the speaker assumes the
lis). 08a (# 3857) perf. ind. act. to know. Def. perf. w. possibility of the cond. muotevonte aor. subj. act.
pres. meaning. ® 58 peta Bpayd (# 3552; 1099) after a miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Subj. w. double neg. for a
little while. &>n impf. ind. act. oni (# 5774) to say. Kai strong denial. 68 épwthow aor. subj. act. epwtdw
ov (# 2779; 5148) even you too! Emphatic by position (# 2263) to question, to ask. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond.
(Fitzmyer, 1464). et pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. eyt cl. &moxpiOf\te aor. subj. pass. (dep.) s.v. 51. Subj. w.
(# 1639). © 59 Sia0tdONG aor. act. part. (temp.) Stott double neg. for a strong denial. It might be that Jesus
(# 1460) to go away, to pass. Gen. abs. d1ioxvpiteto has in mind the earlier refusal of the Jewish leaders to
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) dtioxupiGouar (# 1462) to make enter into dialogue w. him and take up an honest posi-
oneself strong, to make an emphatic declaration, to in- tion (Marshall). 69 €otat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) epi
sist (RWP). @ 60 nopayprhua (# 4202) immediately. (# 1639) to be. ka®npevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 30.
AAAODVTOS pres. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 47. Gen. abs. &w- Part. in a periphrastic construction. 70 &n impf.
vnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 34. dAeKtwp (# 232) rooster. The ind. act. s.v. 58. For the answer of Jesus s. Mark 14:62.
second cockcrow was associated w. dawn (DTM, 71 NKovoopeEV aor. ind. act. &Kovw (# 201) to hear. For
1:605-07). @ 61 otpaeic aor. pass. part. otpEepw the charge of blasphemy s. Matt. 26:65; Mark 14:63-64;
169 Luke 23

DTM, 1:520-27, 530-47; Darrell L. Bock, “The Son of @ 6 dKovous aor. act. part. (temp.) akovw (# 201) to
Man and the Debate over Jesus’ Blasphemy,” Jesus of hear. Exnpwtnoev aor. ind. act. énepwtaw (# 2089) to
Nazareth: Lord and Christ: Essays on the Historical Jesus question, to ask. @ 7 envyvove aor. act. part. exryiwwwoKw
and New Testament Christology, ed. by Joel B. Green and (# 2105) to know, to recognize. The prep. compound is
Max Turner (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994), 181-84; directive. It directs the vb.’s action upon some object
DJG, 76-77. (MH, 312). &verepwev aor. ind. act. dvanéunw (# 402) to
send, to send up. In this case for judicial examination
Luke 23 (Arndt; DTM, 1:765). Pilate evidently sent Jesus to
@ 1 dvaotav aor. act. part. (temp.) &viotnut (# 482) Herod Antipas as a diplomatic move to try to please
to arise. Tyyayov aor. ind. act. &yw (# 72) to lead. Herod. He also felt that Herod would reach the same
@ 2 Mp§avto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) cpyouat (# 806) to be- conclusion of innocence in this awkward case (HA,
gin, w. inf. Katnyopetv pres. act. inf. katnyopew (# 2989) 233-39). Perhaps Pilate sent Jesus to Herod Antipas as
to speak against someone, to accuse, w. gen. A legal a sort of preliminary investigation (DTM, 1:766; BBC;
tt: “to bring a charge against someone” (EDNT; DJG, 848). 6vta pres. act. part. (adj.) cyt (# 1639) to be.
BAGD; NDIEC, 1:28-29). todtov acc. sing. ovtoc @ 8 iSwv aor. act. part. (temp.) opdw (# 3972) to see.
(# 4047) this one, used contemptuously. ebpapev aor. €xapn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yaipw (# 5897) to rejoice, to
ind. act. evpiokw (# 2351) to find. Indicates either “to be glad. Aiav (# 3336) very. & iwKav@v ypovwv from
catch in the act” or “to discover by investigation” many times; that is, for a long time. 6€\wv pres. act.
(Plummer). d51a0tpepovta pres. act. part. (adj.) d5i0- part. 8€Aw (# 2527) to will, to want to, w. inf. Part. ina
otpedw (# 1406) to turn this way and that, to distort, to periphrastic construction, which catches the intensity
pervert, implying sedition (RWP). This political of Herod’s wish (DTM, 1:768). 1eiv aor. act. inf. opdaw
charge is one that tyrants often made of their oppo- (# 3972). dkovet pres. act. inf. s.v. 6. Inf. w. prep. 51a
nents and may be related to Deut. 13:1-6; 18:20-22, (# 1328) expressing cause. fAmGev impf. ind. act. €A-
which speaks of a false prophet who turns people niGw (# 2527) (# 1827) to hope. The periphrastic con-
away fom the Lord God (DTM, 1:739). Pres. may be struction and the impf. indicate the continuance of the
conative, “He is trying....” kat that is, introducing two wishing and hoping (Plummer). t8eiv aor. act. inf. Inf.
examples of the political perversion. KwAvovta pres. as obj. of the vb. yivopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. yivo-
act. part. (adj.) kwAvw (# 3266) to forbid. 5tS0vat pres. wat (# 1181) to become, to do, to perform. @ 9 ennpwta
act. inf. dt6wyt (# 1443) to give, to pay. The accusation impf. ind. act. s.v. 6. Impf. pictures the repeated ques-
brought against Jesus is presented by Luke as being tioning. Impf. may be conative, “he tried to question”
purely political in content (Blinzler). Epex. inf giving (DIM, 1:771). ovdev (# 4029) acc. sing. nothing. It may
the content of kwAvovta. A€yovta pres. act. part. AEyw be used adverbially (“not at all”) or as the dir. obj.
(# 3306) to say. Adj. part. indicating the second aspect (“nothing”) (DTM, 1:772). &nexpivato aor. ind. mid.
of the attempted perversion. Xpiotov Baowen (# 5986; (dep.) s.v. 3. @ 10 etothKetoay plperf. ind. act. torn
995) acc. sing. “Messiah King” (DTM, 1:740). Pred. acc. (# 2705) to place; perf. to stand. ebtovug (# 2364) adv. at
w. the inf. elvan pres. inf. act. cit (# 1639) to be. Inf. in full pitch, vigorously (HA, 240). katnyopotdvtes pres.
indir. speech. This is also a revolutionary charge, but act. part. s.v. 2. Circum. part. or part. of manner. @ 11
in more personal terms (Evans). They are playing on etovOevnoas aor. act. part. (circum.) eEov8evew (# 2024)
the fears of a Roman governor that this Jew may be to count as nothing, to treat w. contempt, to despise.
trying to restore a kingdom that Rome had supplanted otpatevpaow dat. pl. otpatevua (# 5128) army. Here
25 years before (DTM, 1:740; DJG, 687-98). 3 npwrn- the pl. may indicate only a modest detachment of sol-
oev aor. ind. act. pwtaw (# 1163) to question, to ask. diers, his bodyguard (HA, 241). gumat&ag aor. act. part.
cmoxpideic aor. pass. (dep.) part. dnoxpivonar (# 646) to (temp.) eumaigw (# 1850) to play a game w., to mock (s.
answer. Pleonastic use of the part. (MH, 453). on im- 22:63). mepiBaAwv aor. act. part. nepiBaAAW (# 4314) to
pf./aor. ind. act. ont (# 5774) to say. @ 4 aitios throw about, to put on. Part. of manner telling how
(# 165) cause, case, guilty. Either “I find no case” or “I they mocked Jesus. eo7jta acc. sing. EoONc (# 2264)
find nothing guilty” (DTM, 1:742). @ 5 entoyvov impf. robe. Aaumpav acc. sing. Aaumpoc (# 3287) bright. Such
ind. act. tnicyvw (# 2196) to grow strong, to insist. The a robe was used of the candidate for an office. Jesus
prep. in compound indicates “to add up in strength” was ridiculed and mocked as the candidate for the
and the impf. indicates they kept insisting (RWP). kingship of the Jews (HA, 243). avenepwev aor. ind. act.
dvaceiet pres. ind. act. dvacetw (# 411) to stir up, to in- s.v. 7. Here, “to send back.” @ 12 eyévovto aor. ind.
cite. Pres. indicates the continual action. Si8d0Kwv mid. (dep.) s.v. 8. npotxtipxov impf. ind. act. npoiinapyw
pres. act. part. SidaoKw (# 1438) to teach. Part. of man- (# 4732) to be before, to exist previously, w. part. (BD,
ner explaining how Jesus was inciting the people. dp- 213). Expe (# 2397) dat. sing. enmity, open hostility.
Ecysevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. dpyouat (# 806) to begin. OvtEs pres. act. part. cyt (# 1639) to be. @ 13 ovyKaAe-
Luke 23 170

OdpeEvos aor. mid. part. (circum.) ovyKkadew (# 5157) to KELVTO. OTAVPWE7Va1 aor. pass. inf. s.v. 21. Epex. inf. ex-
call together, to summons. “He called them together plaining their request. Katioyvov impf. ind. act.
about himself” (HA, 243). @ 14 npoonvéyKate aor. ind. Katioxvw (# 2996) to gain power over, to prevail. Prep.
act. mpoopepw (# 4712) to bring to. anootpEpovta pres. in compound indicates an unfavorable action (MH,
act. part. anootpepw (# 695) to turn someone away 316). Incep. impf., “... began to prevail.” @ 24 énéxpt-
from, to pervert. “To seduce the people from their alle- vev aor. ind. act. enixpivw (# 2137) to give a sentence, to
giance” (Plummer). Part. as subst. Conative pres.: “as pronounce a legal decision, the final decision (Arndt).
one trying to seduce the people.” &vaxpivas aor. act. yeveo@at aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 8. Epex. inf. explain-
part. (temp.) avakpivw (# 373) to examine, to examine ing the judgment that was pronounced. 25 G&méAv-
judicially (s. DTM 1:766-68, 791). Effective aor., exam- oev aor. ind. act. s.v. 18. BeBAnpevov perf. pass. part. s.v.
ined and reached a conclusion. ebpov aor. ind. act. ev- 19. qtobvto impf. ind. mid. s.v. 23. mapedwkev aor. ind.
ptoxw (# 2351) to find. Const. aor. wv gen. pl. rel. pron. act. rapadiswut (# 4140) to deliver over. 26 antyayov
0g (# 4005) who, which. “Of which things.” Katnyo- aor. ind. act. anayw (#552) to lead away. emtAaBopevor
peite pres. ind. act. s.v. 2. @ 15 mempaypevov perf. pass. aor. mid. (dep.) part. emirapPavouar (# 2138) to seize,
part. mpdacow (# 4556) to do, to practice. The perf. looks to lay hold upon (s. Mark 15:21). epyowevov pres. mid.
at the abiding results of an act which was done. Adj. (dep.) part. épyoua (# 2262) to come. en€8NKav aor. ind.
part. as subst. Agency expressed by the dat. avdtd act. emtttOnut (# 2202) to place upon. The condemned
(# 899) “by him.” @ 16 naiSevous aor. act. part. mat- person generally had to carry the crossbeam behind
devw (# 4084) to teach, to admonish. “To give hima les- the nap of the neck like a yoke (DTM, 2:913). pepe
son,” either by beating or warning (Sherwin-White, pres. act. inf. pepw (#5770) to carry. Inf. of purp. @ 27
27). It would be a minor beating that would be the NKOAOvGEL impf. ind. act. dkoAovdew (# 199) to follow.
whole penalty (DTM, 1:793). Temp. part. means, “Af- €xontovto impf. ind. mid. kontw (# 3164) to cut off;
ter I have....” &moAvow fut. ind. act. anorAvw (# 668) to mid., to hit oneself on the chest as a sign of mourning
release. @ 18 avexpayov aor. ind. act. «vaxpatw (# 371) (BAGD). é6pnvovv impf. ind. act. 6pnvew (# 2577) to la-
to cry out. mopmAnOet (# 4101) all together. aipe pres. ment, to wail. For the Jewish mourning for the dead s.
imp. act. aipw (# 149) to take away. Pres. imp. is the SB, 4:i, 582-609. 28 otpadets aor. pass. part. (circum.)
emotional and impatient command to become in- otpepw (# 5138) to turn; pass., w. reflexive meaning, to
volved in the action of taking away (Bakker, 82-83; turn oneself, to turn around, to turn toward (BAGD).
also VANT, 350-51; VA, 356). &m0AvOOVv aor. imp. act. KAaiete pres. imp. act. KAaiw (# 3081) to weep, to cry.
anorvw (# 668) to release, set free. Effective aor. draws Pres. imp. w. the neg. un (# 3590) indicates the stop-
attention to the terminating point: “release him quick- ping of an action in progress. many (# 4440) but. Used
ly and decisively.” For a discussion of the identity of in in adversative function (Thrall, 21, 68; s. 22:21).
Barabbas s. DTM, 1:796-800; Fitzmyer, 1490-91. @ 19 @ 29 epodow fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. WaKapiot
otaoig (# 5087) uprising, insurrection, riot, revolt. nom. pl. fem. maxaptioc (# 3421) blessed, happy (s.
yevoevty aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) s.v. 8. povov acc. Matt. 5:3). oteipa (# 5096) sterile, childless. Kota
sing. dovoc (# 5840) murder. Acc. w. prep. 51a (# 1328) (# 3120) stomach, womb (DMTG, 206). &yevvnoav aor.
giving the cause. BAn@eic aor. pass. part. BadAw (# 965) ind. act. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear, to give birth. paotdg
to throw, to cast. One was placed in prison until infor- (# 3466) breast. €8pewav aor. ind. act. tpedw (# 5555) to
mation about the accused could be gathered. ® 20 nourish, to give nourishment. The blessing falls on the
TMpooepwvnoev aor. ind. act. tpoohwvew (# 4715) to call childless women who will not have to give children as
to, to call out, to address someone. 8€AWV pres. act. booty to death (Fitzmyer, 1498; DTM, 2:923). @ 30
part. (causal). s.v. 8. aod Doar aor. act. inf. s.v. 18. @ 21 ap§ovtan fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. meoete aor. imp. act.
enepwvovv impf. ind. act. exipwvew (# 2215) to call nintw (# 4406) to fall. Bovvoig dat. pl. Bovvoc (# 1090)
forth, to shout, to yell. The prep. in compound means hill. Indir. obj. KoaAvwate aor. imp. act. Kar0nTw
“against” (Marshall). Impf. pictures the continuous ac- (# 2821) to hide, to conceal. @ 31 bypog (# 5619) moist.
tion. Otavpov pres. imp. act. otavpow (# 5090) to cruci- Codov (# 3833) wood. Enpog (# 3831) dry. The proverb
fy. The pres. imp. is full of emotion for the people are perhaps from the carpentry profession. The meaning
irritated even more by the evasive answers of Pontius is if an innocent person has to suffer so severely, what
Pilate (Bakker, 83). @ 22 Enoinoev aor. ind. act. novew will happen to those who are guilty? (Arndt; DTM,
(# 4472) to do. evpov. aor. ind. act. s.v. 14. 23 éné- 2:925-27; SB, 2:263-64). ‘yevnto. aor. subj. mid. (dep.)
Ketvto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) exixemor (# 2130) lit., to s.v. 8. Deliberative subj. in a question of contemplation
lie upon, to press upon, to be urgent. The vb. was used (RWP). @ 32 tyovto impf. ind. pass. s.v. 1. Etepor
for the rush and swirl of a tempest (RWP). aitovpevor (# 2283) other, of a different kind. kaxotpyoc (# 2806)
pres. mid. (indir. mid., “for oneself”) part. oitew wrongdoer, criminal. avatpebijvar aor. pass. inf.
(#160) to ask. Part. used to complement the vb. éné- avoipew (# 359) to take up, to take away, to put to
171 Luke 23

death. Inf. of purp. @ 33 7AGov aor. ind. act. s.v. 26. NTS 12 [1965]: 36). €A@N¢ aor. subj. act. s.v. 26. Subj. w.
KQAOVHEVOV pres. pass. part. (adj.) kaArew (# 2813) to dtav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. @ 43 nmapasderoocg
call, to name. Kpaviov (# 3191) skull, upper part of the (# 4137) paradise; a Persian word meaning a park or
head (DMTG, 211). Eotavpwoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 21. enclosed garden, then used in Judaism as the abode of
For crucifixions. Blinzler; C; TDNT; DJG, 147-49; ABD, the redeemed between death and the resurrection
1:1207-10; DTM, 2:885-87 (w. bibliography), 945-52. (TDNT; SB, 2:264-69; DTM, 2:1010-13). @ 44 &xtn
@ 34 dec aor. imp. act. aint (# 918) to release, to for- (# 1761) six. According to Jewish reckoning 12 noon.
give. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. otSao. perf. ind. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopo1 (# 1181) to become,
act. 18a. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. to be. Evatn (# 1888) ninth, that is, 3:00 P.M. @ 45 €KA1-
“They” includes both Romans and Jews (DTM, 2:973). MOVTOG aor. act. part. (causal) exAretnw (# 1722) to fail, to
Siapepifouevor pres. mid. part. (circum.) diopepicw leave out, to fail utterly. Gen. abs. eoxio8n aor. ind.
(# 1374) to divide up into parts for oneself, to distrib- pass. oxiGw (# 5387) to rip, to tear. Theol. pass. katané-
ute. €BaAov aor. ind. act. s.v. 19. KAfipog (# 3102) lot; taowa (# 2925) curtain, veil (Ellis; DTM, 2:1098-113;
that is, a pebble, small stick, etc. (BAGD; Blinzler). Matt. 27:51). 46 wvnoas aor. act. part. (temp.)
@ 35 elothket plperf. ind. act. s.v. 10. Plperf. here has pwvew (# 5888) to call, to cry out. napatiBepar pres.
the import of the impf. (DTM, 2:991). @ewpév pres. act. ind. mid. napatiOnut (# 4192) mid. to deposit w. anoth-
part. (circum.) Sewpew (# 2555) to watch, to observe. iy, ive) give someone charge, to commit, to entrust
etewuxtnpitov impf. ind. act. ekuv«tnpitw (# 1727) to (BAGD). Ps. 31:6 (LXX 30) was used in later rabbinical
turn up the nose at, to mock (s. Luke 16:14; s. also Gal. tradition as an evening prayer (Fitzmyer; SB, 2:269;
6:7). Impf. expresses continual action, “they kept BBC). eimwv aor. act. part. (temp.) A€yw (# 3306) to say.
sneering” (Fitzmyer, 1504; BBC). €owoev aor. ind. act. eténvevoev aor. ind. act. exnvew (# 1743) to breathe out,
owtw (# 5392) to rescue, to save. It refers to the healing to expire, to die. @ 47 18wv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 8.
work of Jesus, and the cl. is equivalent to a cond. (Mar- yevouevov aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 44. Part. used as
shall). owodtw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. 36 Evé- subst.: “that which happened.” e60&afev impf. ind. act.
moigav aor. ind. act. s.v. 11. mpooepyouevor pres. mid. d0EaCw (# 1519) to glorify. Incep. impf., “he began to
(dep.) part. (circum.) mpooepyouat (# 4665) to come to. glorify.” Ovtws (# 3953) adv. truly, certainly. Sixa1o¢
Prep. in compound may give the meaning, “to come (# 1465) righteous, innocent (DTM, 2:1163-67; TLNT,
forward” (DTM, 2:997). d&0¢ (# 3954) acc. sing. vinegar, 1:320-26; TDNT). @ 48 ovpnapoyevouevor aor. mid.
a sour wine drink (s. Matt. 27:48; DTM, 2:997). mpoo- (dep.) part. (adj.) ovnnapayivouar (# 5219) to come to-
gépovtes pres. act. part. mpoopepw (# 4712) to bring to. gether, to arrive along w. Bewpia (# 2556) show, specta-
Their offering of cheap wine is a burlesque gift to the cle. Bewpnoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 35. yevoyeva.
King (DTM, 2:997). @ 37 €l pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 44. tomtovtes pres. act. part.
sing. ett (# 1639) to be. Used in a Ist. class cond. cl. in tuntw (# 5597) to strike. otH@0¢ (# 5111) breast, chest.
which the speaker assumes the reality of the cond. dnéotpepov impf. ind. act. brootpepw (#5715) to return.
Here it is sarcasm. o@oov aor. imp. act. s.v. 35. Incep. impf. @ 49 evothKetoav plperf. ind. act. s.v. 10.
@ 38 éEnvypadn (# 2107) inscription (s. Matt. 27:37; yvwotoc (# 1196) known. The reference is to Jesus’
DIM, 2:962-68). @ 39 xpepaobevtwy aor. pass. part. friends rather than His relatives (Marshall). ovv-
Kpenavvupt (# 3203) to hang; mid. to be hanging aKxoAovGovoa1 pres. act. part. (adj.) nom. fem. pl. ovv-
(BAGD). &BAaopnpet impf. ind. act. BAaohnew (# 1059) akohovdew (# 5258) to follow along w., to accompany.
to blaspheme, to slander. obi (# 4049) Used in ques- op@oat pres. act. part. (circum.) nom. fem. pl. opaw
tions expecting a positive answer (“You are, aren't (# 3972) to see. @ 50 Bovdreutns (# 1085) council mem-
you?”). A more bitter taunt than “if thou art” (Plum- ber. This marks Joseph as a member of the Sanhedrin
mer). ® 40 ENITLOV pres. act. part. (circum.) emitydw (Arndt). brapyxwv pres. act. part. (adj.) brapyw (# 5639)
(# 2203) to rebuke. én impf./aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. poBf| to exist, to be. @ 51 ovykatateBeevoc perf. pass. part.
pres. ind. mid. (dep. ) poBeonar (# 5828) to be afraid, to ovykatatiénut (# 5163) to put down the same vote as,
fear. @ 41 pév... 6€ (# 3525; 1254) on the one hand. to agree w., to consent to (Marshall). Periphrastic con-
on the other hand. dikaiwes (# 1469) adv. justly. enpako- struction. Luke wants to clarify parenthetically and yet
wev aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. &noAopBavopev pres. ind. act. emphatically that though Joseph was a member of the
anokauBavw (# 655) to receive, to receive in return, to Sanhedrin, he had not stood in agrement w. their deci-
receive back (BAGD; MH, 298). &tonog (# 876) out of sion to kill Jesus (VA, 485). mpooedexeto impf. ind. mid.
place, out of line, wrong. @ 42 LvTjo@ntt aor. imp. pass. (dep.) mpoodexoua (# 4657) to wait for, to expect. Impf.
(dep.) pyvjoKoyar (# 3630) to recall to mind, to re- pictures his continual attitude of waiting. @ 52
member (BAGD). A prayer petition found on grave- MPooeAGwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 36. Tthoato aor.
stones that one be remembered at the resurrection (E. ind. mid. (indir. mid., to ask for oneself) aitéw (# 160)
E. Ellis, “Present and Future Eschatology in Luke,” to ask, to request. 53 Ka@eAwv aor. act. part. (temp.)
Luke 24 172

Kabaipew (# 2747) to take down. evetvAteev aor. ind. stand by, to step up as suddenly, to burst upon one
act. EvtvA cow (# 1962) to wrap, to wrap in, to wrap up. (RWP). aotpantovon pres. act. part. (adj.) dat. fem.
For burial customs in the Mishnah s. DTM, 2:1243-44. sing. cotpantw (# 848) to flash, lightning. @ 5 &poBoc
€Onxev aor. ind. act. tiOnur (# 5502) to place. AakEvtOG (# 1873) afraid, frightened. ‘yevouevwv aor. mid. (dep.)
(# 3292) cut in a rock, hewn. For the type of tomb s. part. s.v. 4. Gen. abs. KAtvovodv pres. act. part. gen.
DIM, 2:1247-51. Keiwevog pres. pass. part. Keipor fem. pl. KAivw (# 3111) to bend, to bow. Gen. abs.
(# 3023) lie down, used in periphrastic construction. Cnteite pres. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. C@vta
@ 54 napacKxedn (# 4187) preparation. Here Friday pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Part. as subst., “the
must be meant, as the next cl. makes clear (Marshall). living one.” @ 6 nNyép@n aor. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586)
Enépwoxev impf. ind. act. enupwoKw (# 2216) to dawn, to to raise; pass. to be raised, to rise. pwno@nte aor. imp.
give light. In a figurative way, to approach (Arndt). In- pass. LiuvjoKoya (# 3630) to remember. €AGANOEV aor.
cep. impf., “began to approach.” 55 kataKoAovenoa- ind. act. AoAew (# 3281) to say, to speak. @ 7 Sei
oa aor. act. part. (circum.) nom. fem. pl. kataKkoAovbew (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary, w. inf. It gives a
(# 2887) to follow after. The prep. compound describes logical necessity. napasdsoO7ivar aor. pass. inf. rapadidw-
following right over an intervening space until the ut (# 4140) to deliver over. otavpw@fvat aor. pass. inf.
goal is reached (MH, 316). ovveAnAv@viat perf. pass. otavpow (# 5090) to crucify. Nwepe (# 2465) dat. sing.
(dep.) part. nom. fem. pl. ovvepyouor (# 5302) to come day. Dat. of time. dvaotivor aor. act. inf. d&viotnpt
w., to accompany. Part. in a periphrastic construction. (# 482) to stand up, to rise. ® 8 €uvno8noav aor. ind.
€0ecoavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Gecoua (# 2517) to see, pass. (dep.) w. obj. in gen. s.v. 6. @ 9 drootpeyaoat
to observe, to watch. été8n aor. ind. pass. TON aor. act. part. (temp.) nom. fem. pl. bmootpedw (# 5715)
(#5502) to place. 56 bnootpéwaoa aor. act. part. to return. Gmnyyeivav aor. ind. act. anayyeArw (# 550)
(temp.) nom. fem. pl. s.v. 48. Ttotpaoav aor. ind. act. to report. @ 10 joav impf. ind. act. ciut (# 1639) to be.
etowo.cw (# 2286) to prepare. For a discussion of burial EAeyov impf. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. to tell. Impf.
practice s. DJG, 88-90. dpwya (# 808) spice, sweet- indicates the repeated action. 11 &avnoav aor. ind.
smelling herbs (Arndt). pbpov (# 3693) ointment. It pass. (dep.) paivopat (# 5743) to appear, to show one-
probably means scented oil and/or ointment which self, to appear to be, to seem to be (BAGD). Afpoc
was applied to the corpse (DTM, 2:1258). oa PBatov (# 3333) idle talk, nonsense, babbling, delirium. Used
(# 4879) acc. sing. Sabbath. From sundown at the end in medical language of the wild talk of the sick during
of the day of Passover until sundown ending the Sab- delirium (MLL, 178; TLNT). qniotovv impf. ind. act.
bath (Fitzmyer, 1543). Acc. of time. novyaoav aor. ind. amiotew (# 601) to disbelieve. The impf. pictures the
act. novyacw (# 2483) to rest. continual disbelief. 12 dvaotas aor. act. part. (cir-
cum.) s.v. 7. €Spoapev aor. ind. act. tpeyw (# 5556) to run.
Luke 24 Tapaxvwas aor. act. part. (circum.) mapaxvatw (# 4160)
@ 1 6pOpov Badéws (# 3986; 960) gen. sing. early; to peer in, stretching forward to get a good look (MM;
ligeeat deep dawn.” Gen. of time (RWP). MA8ov aor. NTNT, 80-81; Fitzmyer, 1547). o80viov (# 3856) linen
ind. act. Epyouar (# 2262) to come. Pépovoat pres. act. cloth, bandage used in preparing a corpse for burial
part. (circum.) nom. fem. pl. d¢pw (#5770) to bring, to (BAGD; Fitzmyer, 1547-48; MM). af)A@ev aor. ind. act.
carry. Ttoipaoay aor. ind. act. eto1pacw (# 2286) to pre- anepxouar (# 599) to come or go away, to depart. Bav-
pare. @ 2 edpov aor. ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. waCwv pres. act. part. daviacw (# 2513) to be amazed,
GMOKEKVALOWEVOV perf. pass. part. GmoKkvAtw (# 653) to to marvel. Part. of manner. yeyovoc perf. act. Part. S.v. 4.
roll away. For a description of tombs found near Jerus- Part. as subst., “that which had jhappened.” Perf. indi-
alem, fitted w. huge circular stone discs set in a trans- cates the abiding results. @ 13 Toav impf. ind. act. s.v.
verse channel hollowed out of stone s. Fitzmyer, 1544. 10. mopevoyevor pres. mid. part. nopevouai (# 4513) to
Perf. indicates the completed state or condition. go. Part. in a periphrastic constr. anéyovoay pres. act.
@ 3 eloedOo}oa1 aor. act. part. (temp.) nom. fem. pl. part. (adj.) acc. fem. sing. amexw (# 600) to be at a dis-
eroepyouct (# 1656) to go into. For the empty tomb s. tance. otadiov (# 5084) stade. A measure of distance
Zane C. Hodges, “The Women and the Empty Tomb,” about 607 feet; 60 stade, about seven miles. (RWP). For
Bib Sac 123 (1966): 301-9; W. L. Craig, “The Historicity a discussion of the village and its location s. Fitzmyer,
of the Empty Tomb of Jesus,” NTS 31 (1985): 39-67. 1561-62; Nolland, 1196, 1201; Marshall; ABD, 2:497-98;
@ 4 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouai (# 1181) to be- ZPEB, 2:299-301. @ 14 wpidovv impf. ind. act. ouiréw
come, to happen, w. prep. and inf. (s. 8:1). &mopeioban (# 3917) to talk w., to converse. ovpBeBnkotwv perf. act.
pres. mid. (dep.) inf. anopew (# 679) to be at a loss, to part. (adj.) ovupBatvw (# 5201) to happen, to occur. It
be perplexed. Temp. use of the inf. w. the prep. ev perhaps indicates the lingering results. @ 15 eyeveto
(# 1877) (“while”). énéotnoav aor. ind. act. Ediotnpt aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 4. ov€ntetv pres. act. inf.
(# 2392) to come upon suddenly or unexpectedly and ov¢ntew (# 5184) to investigate together, to discuss. Inf.
173 Luke 24

w. prep. ev (# 1877) expressing contemporaneous ac- course. ® 24 ant\@ov aor. ind. act. anepyouar (# 999)
tion. abtos (# 899) himself, emphatic use (IBG, 121). to go away, to go out. evpov aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. et50v
eyyloas aor. act. part. eyyitw (# 1581) to come near. Cir- aor. ind. act. opaw s.v. 23. 25 d&vontor nom. pl. voc.
cum. or temp. part. ovvenopeveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) avontos (# 485) not understanding, unintelligent, fool-
ovuropevonar (# 5233) to go w., to travel w. Impt. pic- ish, pertaining to unwillingness to use one’s mental
tures the continual action. 16 éxkpatodvto impf. faculties in order to understand (LN, 1:386). Bpadeic
ind. pass. kpatéw (# 3195) to lay hold of, to take pos- nom. pl. voc. Bpadvg (# 1096) slow, dull. motevetv pres.
session, to hold, to restrain. They were blocked or re- act. inf. miotevw (# 4409) used w. the prep. ent (w. dat.)
strained by supernatural power (Ellis). mvyv@va aor. to believe on, to repose one’s trust upon, suggesting
act. inf. Emiytvwoxw (# 2105) to know, to recognize. Inf. more of a state (M, 68). Epex. inf. explaining the dull-
expressing result. @ 17 avtBdAAete pres. ind. act. ness (BD, 206-07). EAGANoaV aor. ind. act. s.v. 6.
avttBarAW (# 506) to place or put against, to exchange ® 26 ovdyi (# 4049) Used in questions expecting a posi-
words, to argue about. For the reciprocal action indi- tive answer (is it not true?). &e. impf. ind. act. s.v. 7.
cated by the prep. compound s. MH, 297. nepina- madeiv aor. act. inf. taoyw (# 4248) to suffer (TDNT; for
todvtEs pres. act. part. (temp.) mepinatéw (# 4344) to the suffering Messiah s. Isa. 52:13-15; 53; SB, 2:273-99;
walk (“while you were walking”). €ota@noav aor. ind. JIU; TDNT under nmaitc¢ 800; the somewhat neg. ap-
pass. totnut (# 2705) to stand. They stopped in their proach HJP, 2:547-54). Epex. inf. explaining the logical
tracks (Marshall). oxv@pwnocg (# 5034) w. a sad, necessity. etoeAGetv aor. act. inf. s.v. 3. Isa. 52:13-15 and
gloomy, or sullen look. 18 dmoKpiOeig aor. pass. 53 picture the Messiah’s suffering and then His glory.
(dep.) part. &moxpivouai (# 646) to answer. Pleonastic @ 27 apEdpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) &épxopar
use of the part. mapoixetg pres. ind. act. napoixew (# 806) to begin. 5tepunvevoev aor. ind. act. depunvedw
(# 4228) to live as a stranger, to inhabit or live in. (# 1450) to interpret, to explain. The vb. is used of in-
“Have you been living alone (all by yourself)?” terpreting a foreign language (Plummer). @ 28 Ty-
(RWP). Eyvuc aor. ind. act. yiwwoxw (# 1182) to know. yloav aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. Emopevovto impf. ind. mid.
@ 19 noia (# 4481) what kind of? what sort of? eyéveto (dep.) s.v. 13. mpooenovnoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) xpoo-
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 4. @ 20 dnwe (# 3968) that, moew (# 4701) to act as though, to pretend. He would
how, in what way? introducing an indir. question have departed if they had not begged Him to remain
(BAGD; Marshall). nopéSwkav aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. (Plummer). moppwtepov comp. noppw (# 4522) far
EOtavPwoay aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. © 21 HAniCopev impf. ahead, forward; comp., farther. nopevecbar pres. mid.
ind. act. €AniCw (# 1827) to hope. Impf. used w. a vb. of (dep.) inf. s.v. 13. Epex. inf. explaining the main vb.
wishing. It indicates failure to realize the desire or the 29 napeBidoavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) napoPidfopar
perception that it cannot be realized (SMT, 15). péAdwv (# 4128) to use force to accomplish something, to urge
pres. act. part. weddw (# 3516) to be about to. Part. as strongly, to prevail upon; effective aor., “they success-
subst. Used w. pres. inf. to express durative fut. (MKG, fully constrained Him” (Arndt). petvov aor. imp. act.
307). Avtpodoba1 pres. mid. inf. AvtTpOW (# 3390) to re- wevw (# 3531) to remain. Aor. imp. calls for a specific
deem, to release by payment of a price, to fulfill the action w. a note of urgency. KéKAiKev perf. ind. act.
obligation of the OT family protector, kinsman re- KAivw (# 3111) to decline (used of the day), to approach
deemer, Heb. 582 go’el (DCH, 2:293-95; THAT; its end. evoTAGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. pwetvon aor. act. inf.
NIDOTTE; TDNT; NIDNTT; APC, 9-59; TLNT). &AAG weve. Inf. of purp. 30 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v.
ye kai moreover. The second and third of these parti- 4. KOTOKALOTVOL aor. pass. (dep.) inf. KataKAtvopat
cles form a combination expressing a progressive idea (# 2884) to sit down, to lie down, to recline (when eat-
reinforced by the one in the mid. for the sake of em- ing). Inf. w. prep. to express time (“while”) (MT, 145).
phasis (Thrall, 12-15). d&yet pres. ind. act. dyw (#12) to AaBwv aor. act. part. (temp.) AauPavw (# 3284) to take,
lead, to spend time. Used impersonally, “one is keep- to receive. ebAdynoev aor. ind. act. evAoyéw (# 2328) to
ing the third day,” or personally, “he (that is, Jesus) is bless, to give thanks. KAGoag aor. act. part. (temp.)
already spending the third day since” (BAGD; Arndt; KAdw (# 3089) to break. énedtSov impf. ind. act. emstdw-
BD, 72). &yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 4. @ 22 &€otn- ut (# 2113) to give to, to distribute. Incep. impf., “He
oav aor. ind. act. cétotnt (# 2014) to amaze, to startle. began...” 31 SinvoixOnoav aor. ind. pass. Siavotyw
yevoueva aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 4. Circum. or temp. (# 1380) to open. Theol. pass., indicating that God had
part. dpOpivocg (# 3984) early. 23 evpodoar aor. act. opened their eyes (Fitzmyer, 1568). €meyvwoay aor. ind.
part. (temp.) nom. fem. pl. s.v. 2. AGov aor. ind. act. s.v. act. emyiwwoKw (# 2105) to recognize. &pavtog (# 908)
1. A€yovoa pres. act. part. (circum.) nom. fem. pl. Aeyw invisible. 32 ka1opeévn pres. mid. (dep.) part. katowat
(# 3306) to say. OntaOto. (# 3965) appearance, vision. (# 2394) to burn. Periphrastic construction emphasiz-
éwpaxevan perf. act. inf. opaw (# 3972) to see. Inf. in in- ing continuance of the emotion (Plummer). EAGA€L
dir. discourse. Civ pres. act. inf. s.v. 5. Inf. in indir. dis- impf. ind. act. s.v. 6. duqvotyev impf. ind. act. s.v. 31.
Luke 24 174

@ 33 avaotdvtes aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 7. abt TH Ob0¢ gen. sing. 1y8v¢ (# 2716) fish. Partitive gen. (BD,
wpa (# 899; 6052) in the same hour. Dat. of time. bné- 90-91). ontd¢g (# 3966) roasted, baked, broiled. pépocg
otpewav aor. ind. act. s.v. 9. edpov aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. (# 3538) acc. sing. part of something. 43 AaPwv aor.
NOpoiopévous perf. pass. part. (adj.) c@poitw (# 125) to act. part. s.v. 30. &payev aor. ind. act. eo8iw (# 2266) to
gather together, to assemble. @ 34 dvtwe (# 3953) adv., eat. @ 44 wv pres. act. part. (temp.) et (# 1639) to be.
truly, certainly. jyép6n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 6. 67 aor. (“While I was yet w. you.”) [email protected] aor. pass. inf.
ind. pass. opdw (# 3972) to see; pass., to appear. @ 35 TANpOw (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. Inf. w. Set s.v. 7. yeypap-
e=nyoovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) eEnyeouar (# 2007) to weéva. perf. pass. part. ypadw (# 1211) to write. Perf. was
lead out, to rehearse, to explain. Incep. impf. eyvao8n used for legal binding documents whose authority
aor. ind. pass. yiwwoxw (# 1182) to know, to make lasted (MM). @ 45 &invotgev aor. ind. act. s.v. 31. ovvi-
known. KAdoet dat. sing. KAdoig (# 3082) breaking. €vat pres. act. inf. ovvinut (# 5317) to understand, to
36 AaAobvtwv pres. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 6. Gen. abs. comprehend. Inf. of result. @ 46 yeypantat perf. ind.
€otn aor. ind. act. totnu (# 2705) to stand. 37 nton- pass. s.v. 44. ma@etv aor. act. inf. s.v. 26. Inf. in indir. dis-
@évtEs aor. pass. part. (circum.) ntoéw (# 4765) to terri- course. &vaothvat aor. act. inf. s.v. 7. @ 47 KnpvxO7var
fy; pass. to be terrified, to be alarmed, to be frightened. aor. pass. inf. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim, to preach,
yevopevot aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) s.v. 4. €&50KoUV to herald (TDNT; EDNT). Inf. in indir. discourse.
impf. ind. act. Soxew (# 1506) to suppose, to believe, to @ 49 anooteéAAw (# 690) pres. ind. act. to send out, to
seem, w. inf. @ewpetv pres. act. inf. Bewpew (# 2555) to send out as a personal authoritative representative
see, to watch. @ 38 tetapayyevor perf. pass. part. (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT). xa8ioate aor. imp. act. Ka-
tapdoow (# 5429) to agitate, to stir up, to shake up, to 8itw (# 2767) to sit, to spend some time in a place
trouble. Periphrastic construction. 5uaAoyiopog (# 1369) (Plummer). €vévonoGe aor. subj. pass. evd50w (# 1907) to
consideration, esp. doubt. &vaBatvovoty pres. ind. act. clothe; pass. to be clothed. Subj. w. éw¢ ov (# 2401;
avaBaivw (# 326) to come up, to arise. ® 39 iSete aor. 4005) in an indef. temp. cl. @ 50 &€tyayev aor. ind. act.
imp. act. opaw s.v. 34. wndadtqoate aor. imp. act. eEayw (# 1974) to lead out. mapas aor. act. part.
ynAadaw (# 6027) to touch, to feel. mvedpa (# 4460) (temp.) enaipw (# 2048) to lift up. 51 eyeveto aor.
spirit, bodiless independent being of a person after ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 4. ebAoyeiv pres. act. inf. s.v. 30. Inf.
death (Fitzmyer, 1576). d0téa acc. pl. doteov (# 4014) w. prep. to express contemporaneous time (MT, 145).
bone. €xovta pres. act. part. (adj.) €yw (# 2400) to have. Svéotn aor. ind. act. dtiotnut (# 1460) to set apart, to
@ 40 &Se1Eev aor. ind. act. Setkvuut (# 1259) to show. For separate, to part, to depart. &vepepeto impf. ind. pass.
the textual problem of this v. s. TC, 187; Marshall. @ 41 avapepw (# 429) to carry through.@ 52 npooxvvn-
GNLOTOUVTWY pres. act. part. (temp.) aniotebw (# 601) to OavtEes aor. act. part. (temp.) mpooxvvew (# 4686) to
disbelieve. Gen. abs. @avpatovtwv pres. act. part. @av- worship. Dméotpeway aor. ind. act. s.v. 33. @ 53 ebAo-
uacw (# 2513) to wonder, to be amazed. Gen. abs. yodvtes pres. act. part. s.v. 30. Periphrastic part. or
Bpwouios (# 1110) eatable. EvOdde (# 1924) here. @ 42 part. of manner. For the reason of the disciples’ joy s.
enéSwxKav aor. ind. act. emvdtw (# 2113) to give to. 1y- Plummer.
 The Gospel of John
For a discussion of the authorship of this Gospel indicating par excellence (GGBB, 222-23), and “word”
s. Westcott, IX-LXVII; Morris, Studies 139-292; Adolf from the context of rhetoric, w. the meaning “The
Schlatter, “Die Sprache und Heimat des Vierten Evan- Communicator par excellence.” The word was used w.
gelisten,” Johannes und Sein Evangelium, K.H. Reng- the art. as a nickname for Protagoras, because of his el-
storf (ed.), 28-201; Eugen Ruckstuhl, Die literarische oquence and ability to communicate (LS, 1059; HGS,
Einheit des Johannesevangeliums (Géttingen: Vanden- 2:78; s. also Jos., JW, 1:234, 515). AsTHE WORD, Jesus
hoeck & Ruprecht, 1987); Eugen Ruckstuhl and Peter reveals the Father to the creation (s.v. 18). Borgen dis-
Dschulnigg, Stilkritik und Verfasserfrage im Johannes- cusses that it is an exposition of Gen. 1:1, assuming
evangelium (G6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Philo’s exegesis; s. Haenchen, 145-47, for further bibli-
1991). For an overview of the prologue see M. Rissi, ography. @ 2 odtoc (# 4047) demonstrative pron. nom.
“John 1,1-18,” Interpretation 31 (1977): 395-401; J.A.T. masc. this. It implies and emphasizes the whole previ-
Robinson, “The Relationship of the Prologue to the ous definition (Westcott). 3 navta dV abdtod “all
Gospel of St. John,” NTS 9 (1962/63): 120-29; R.G. things (were) through Him.” This phrase seems to be
Hamerton-Kelly, Pre-existence, Wisdom and the Son of particularly appropriate to describe the role of the
Man (Cambridge, 1973); DJG, 368-83; s. Haenchen for Logos vis-a-vis God and the world (Schlatter). €yéveto
further bibliography. aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouat to become. The creative
activity is viewed as one event in contrast to the con-
tinuous existence in vv. 1-2 (RWP; Tenny). ywpic¢
John 1 (# 6006) prep. w. gen., without, apart. It implies here
@ 1 apyt (# 794) dat. sing. beginning. Refers to a both causality and presence (Brown). yeyovev perf. ind.
period before creation and is more qualitative than act. yivojot (# 1181) For the possible grammatical con-
temp. (Brown). Without the art. it can refer to any pos- structions s. Brown; 1QH 1:20; 1QS 3:15. Perf. here em-
sible beginning. While there is a deliberate allusion to phasizes the existing results along with the
Gen 1:1 here, there are also numerous contrasts accomplished action. The emphasis here is not on the
(Haenchen; TDNT; NIDNTT; GELTS, 64). fv impf. ind. process of creation, as previously, but on the product
act. et (# 1639) to be. Impf. expresses continuous of creation. For the textual problem s. TC, 195-96; Kurt
timeless existence (Bernard) and is contrasted w. EyévE- Aland, “Uber die Bedeutung eines Punktes: Eine Un-
to of v. 3 (Barrett). It relates here not to the act of cre- tersuchung zu Joh 1, 3/4,” ZNW 69 (1968): 174-209;
ation, but to what existed when creation came into Schnackenburg; SPJ, 17-44. For various interpretations
being, namely, the Word (Beasley-Murray). The Word of vv. 3-4 s. SPJ, 45-89. 4 Cwn (# 4237) life. The right
existed in the past at any beginning. mpog (# 4639) to- and power to bestow activity, to make alive. Here it
ward, to. Here, “with,” showing accompaniment (“w. points to one particular part of creation: mankind
God”), or “toward God”; i.e., relationship (Brown). (Lightfoot). All that is created continually owes its ex-
@e0¢ (# 2536) God. The word occurs without the art. It istence to him (Becker; DJG, 469-71). o@¢ (# 5890) light.
is the predicate emphasizing quality: “the Word has That which enables men to recognize the operation of
the same nature as God” (Phillip B. Harner, “Qualita- God in the world (Hoskyns). The emphasis is on the
tive Anarthrous Predicate Nouns,” JBL 92 [1973]: 75- source and purpose of the light (Carson; Peder Bor-
78; DM, 139-40; GGBB, 266-69). 6 AOYOS nom. AOyoC gen, LOGOS Was the True Light and Other Essays on the
(# 3364) word. Possibly a description of Jesus from the Gospel of John [Trondheim: Tapir Publishers, 1983]; cf.
OT designating Him as the divine and ultimate Re- also R.E. Brown, “The Qumran Scrolls and the Johan-
vealer of God’s wisdom and power (Brown; Morris; nine Gospel and Epistles,” CBQ 17 [1955]: 403-419;
Hoskyns; s. further Bernard; Dodd; Beasley-Murray, 6- 559-74; BINT, 203-204; DJG, 472-73). tév avOpwrwv
10; Carson; TDNT; NIDNTT; Ladd, 237-42; Burton L. gen. pl. dvOpwroc man. Obj. gen., light for men to see
Mack, Logos und Sophia [G6ttingen: Vandenhoeck and how they are and how God is. @ 5 oxotig (# 5028) dat.
Ruprecht, 1973]; ABD, 4:348-56, esp. 352-53; DJG, 481- sing. darkness. Darkness is viewed as opposite and
84, 376-77). Perhaps the best view is to view the art. as opposed to the light. Fig. of speech that describes the

175
John 1 176

cond. of the world darkened by sin. gaivet pres. ind. Morris). He is the true light, the genuine and ultimate
act. patvw (# 5743) to shine. Pres. indicates, “the light self-disclosure of God to man (Carson; TDNT; NIDNT;
keeps on giving light” (RWP). katéAaBev aor. ind. act. MM; TLNT). gwtifet pres. ind. act. pwtigw (# 5894) to
Katoraupavw (# 2898) to seize, to grasp, to overcome, shed light upon, to bring light, to enlighten, to in-
to grasp w. the mind, to understand. Const. aor. view- struct. Customary pres., indicating that this is the gen-
ing the total action in contrast to the light that contin- eral habit. Only He can make clear for every
ues to shine. Perhaps John combined the two verbal individual the meaning and purpose of his or her life;
meanings-the darkness neither understood nor it is not that he literally enlightens everyone (Light-
quenched the light (Barrett). Here the vb. could also foot; Carson). This helps man to see God and himself.
refer to acknowledging and receiving the truth of the Pres. indicates the revelation is only in Him (Bult-
revelation (Beasley-Murray); for discussion of the op- mann), or that it continually shines in the present
tions s. PJP, 89-92. He concludes it means “seize,” darkness, not referring to universal salvation or reve-
“overcome in an undesirable or hostile manner.” For lation. It may mean that the conception of the Torah’s
the importance of life and darkness in DDS s. 1QS 1:9- light coming with Moses is the model for the coming
10; 2:16; 3:13; 3:20; 1 QM 1:7, 9; Morris, Studies, 324f; of Logos light (PJP, 88). epyoyevov pres. mid. (dep.)
Ladd, 234-36; J.H. Charlesworth, “A Critical Compari- part., s.v. 7. Adj. part. expressing contemporaneous ac-
son of the Dualism in 1QS iii, 12-iv, 26 and the ‘Dual- tion to the main vb. @wti{et. It could refer to each per-
ism’ contained in the Fourth Gospel,” NTS 15 (1969): son born, or more like to Christ as the light who came
389-418. This v. is almost a summary of the Gospel: 1. into the world (Brown). It seems best to take it as the
Light invades the realm of darkness; 2. Satan and his antecedent to the light. In light of 3:19; 12:46 it should
subjects resist the light, but are unable to thwart its refer grammatically to Christ coming into the world.
power; 3. the light is victorious in spite of the opposi- Cf. various options for the meaning here (PJP, 87; Car-
tion. (Blum; Tenny). ® 6 GneotaApevoc perf. pass. part. son). 10 €yvw aor. ind. act. 3rd. pers. sing. yiwwoxw
amooteAAw (# 690) to send, to commission, to send as (# 1182) to know, to recognize; more than intellectual
an authoritative personal representative (TDNT; knowledge, but rather “to be in right relation” (Mor-
EDNT). Perf. stressing the existing result. Adj. part. ris). The lack of recognition was not due to the light,
giving a description of the man who appeared. The but due to the willful rejection of man, caused by sin
prep. indicates the permanent character of his mission (s. John 12:37-43). @ 11 11a acc. n. pl. 110g. (# 2625)
(Morris). John was divinely commissioned and one’s own, belonging to one, personal. It describes the
equipped to prepare for the coming light; thus his wit- land and people of Israel as being the home and fami-
ness was valid. This is the reason for his testimony ly of God (Westcott; NIDNTT, 2:838-39; W. Pryor,
concerning the true nature of the light (Beasley-Mur- “Jesus and Israel in the Fourth Gospel — John 1:11,”
ray; Carson; Blum; Morna D. Hooker, “John the Bap- Nov T 32 [1990]: 201-18; LS; Thucydides, History, 1.141;
tist and the Johannine Prologue,” NTS 16 [1969/70]: TLNT). It emphasizes that they should have been fa-
354-58; DJG, 383-91). napa (# 4123) w. gen., from, from miliar with His person, His coming and His claims, as
the side of. It does not indicate the same close relation well as the great tragedy of their ultimate rejection.
as v. 1 (Morris). John isi to prepare for the coming Light TapeAaPov aor. ind. act. raparauBavw (# 4161) to re-
(PJP, 86). 7 TAGev aor. ind. act. EPXOWOL (# 2262) to ceive, to take to one’s side; a common vb. meaning “to
come. Haptupton aor. subj. act. paptupew (# 3455) to welcome” (RWP). Aor. pictures the action indepen-
witness, to be a witness. Const. aor. viewing all the dent of time. @ 12 6001 nom. do00¢ (# 4012) as many as.
various actions of his testimony as a whole. The effec- This introduces a casus pendus, a dangling construc-
tiveness of his witness is visible in vv. 19-51. Eig tion which is resumed by the subsequent pron. abtoig
(# 1650) prep., to. Used as an idiom with the vb. to dat. pl. avtog (# 899) (GGBB, 51-52; Bernard; MH,
give the purp. of the coming, to testify. Subj. w. {va 423ff). The unbelief of John 1:11 is not universal. éa-
(# 2671) to explain the previous (Barrett), or to express Bov aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to receive. ESwKev
purp. miotebowot aor. subj. act. tiotevw (# 4409) to be- aor. ind. act. di5wut (# 1443) to give, used here in the
lieve. Subj. w. iva to express the purp. of the witness, sense of give permission. While there is human re-
that or so that people believe in the light. @ 8 jv impf. sponsibility to act upon the offer of faith, it requires a
ind. act. s.v. 1. exeivog (# 1697) that one, referring to divine action to bestow this privilege. yevéo@a1 aor.
John in contrast to Christ. paptupnoq aor. subj. act. s.v. mid. (dep.) inf. yivoya (# 1181) to become. Epex. inf.
7. NEpt tod pwtds concerning the light. John was the completing the verbal thought of e&ovotav (# 2026). By
lamp, not the light itself (PJP, 89). @ 9 GAnO1voc (# 240) nature men are not the children of God; only by re-
real, genuine, authentic. The opposite is not necessari- ceiving Christ do they gain the right to become the
ly false, but impf., shadowy. Christ is the perf. light in children of God or enjoy the benefits of the salvation
whose radiance all other lights seem dim (Bernard; that comes from the Jews (John 4:22; Barrett; Beasley-
177, John 1

Murray). motevovoty pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) the cross (19:35), and the Easter resurrection (20:24-29;
to believe, to trust, to put one’s faith in (BAGD; TDNT; Beasley-Murray). This clearly manifested glory was
NIDNTT; Dennis R. Lindsey, Josephus and Faith: nioti¢ not perceived by all, as the Gospel goes on to show
& muoteveiv as Faith Terminology in the Writings of Fla- (Carson). S0&av (# 1518) glory, that which brings honor
vius Josephus & in the New Testament (Arbeiten zur Ge- and praise to someone. Here the manifestation of
schichte des Antiken Judentums und des Urchristen- God’s presence and power which is visible to Israel
tums 19; Leiden: Brill 1993). It is the appropriate re- during the wilderness wandering. Now it is visible in
sponse to revelation (DJG, 224-25). Part. w. the prep. the person of Christ (Dodd, 207; TDNT; TLNT). Possi-
ec (# 1650) indicating an active commitment to a per- bly this refers to the glory seen in the miracles men-
son. It is the acceptance of Jesus and what He claims to tioned in John (Haenchen). povoyevot¢ acc. sing.
be as well as a committing of one’s life to Him (Brown; wovoyevns (# 3666) only, unique. The word emphasizes
M, 67-68). 13 aiatwv gen. pl. aipa (# 135) blood. the unique relationship that the Father has to the Son
Perhaps the blood of father and mother, but it is better (Morris; EDNT; s. also John 3:16). It does not suggest
to view the pl. in the Semitic sense of bloodshed, the idea of begotten by one alone, by one Father with-
blood, or violence (DCH, 2:443-44; GELTS, 11) or out the assistance of a mother. Instead, it suggests the
bloodshed at the altar (Epistle of Aristeas, 88, 90). This unique position to the father and thus his unique abil-
and the following phrases emphasize that no human ity to reveal the Father (Gen. 22:2; Beasley-Murray).
agency is or can be responsible for such a birth (Bar- For the textual problem s. PJP, 97. mAnpng (# 4441) full.
rett). oapKds gen. sing. oupé (# 4922) flesh. Gen. indi- In apposition to 50&av (Carson). yapitog gen. sing.
cates the source of the will. Here the word “flesh” is yoptc (# 5921) grace (TDNT; TLNT). GAn@eia (# 237)
not a wicked principle opposite to God, but rather the truth. These terms used together are based on the OT
sphere of the natural, the powerless, and the superfi- concepts of grace (loving loyalty) and truth related to
cial (Brown). It stands in contrast to the divine will, God’s loyalty and faithfulness to His covenant and
emphasizing “earthly humanity’s transitoriness and covenant people (Barrett). For the OT background s.
subjection to death” (EDNT). eyewvn8noav aor. ind. Lester J. Kuyper, “Grace and Truth: An Old Testament
pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to give birth, to bear; pass. to be Description of God and Its Use in the Johannine Gos-
born. Vb. is used of the new birth and the new source pel,” Interpretation 18 (1964): 3-19; TDNT; Matt. 9:13;
of life. Const. aor. viewing the total action. @ 14 oapé 12:7; Zane Hodges, “Problem Passages in the Gospel
flesh (s.v. 13). Here it stands for the whole man, a syn- of John 1. Grace after Grace,” Bib Sac 135 (1978): 34-45.
ecdoche (Brown). It shows that Christ shared in man’s In John’s Gospel it often represents “eternal reality as
creaturely weakness (Beasley-Murray). eyeveto aor. revealed to men-either the reality itself or the revela-
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. The word came on the human tion of it” (Dodd, 177; DJG, 860-62). Here it suggests
scene as flesh, man (Barrett). This change in state the personal nature of the reality of God and the reve-
stands in contrast to its permanent cond. in 1:1 (Tenny, lation (Beasley-Murray). 15 paptupet pres. ind. act.
31; s. J. Painter, “Christology and the Fourth Gospel,” s.v. 7. Hist. pres. adding vividness to the account or it-
AusBR 31 [1983]: 45-62). &oxhvwoev aor. ind. act. oxn- erat., suggesting the repeated testimony of John con-
vow (# 5012) to live in a tent, to settle. Ingressive aor., cerning Jesus. It may also suggest that John’s
to take up one’s temporary dwelling place (Bernard). testimony continues (Beasley-Murray). Kexpayev perf.
The flesh of Jesus Christ is the new localization of ind. act. kpatw (# 3189) to cry, to cry out. A rabbinic t.t.
God’s presence on earth; Jesus is the replacement of for the loud voice of prophet who intends to be heard
the ancient tabernacle (Brown). His body is now the (Hoskyns). Perf. possibly pictures the ringing of the
physical location of the divine presence; an incarna- message in the ears of the hearers (Bernard; but s. M,
tion, becoming flesh, not coming into existence. The 147). It may also be presenting John’s witness compre-
Word is the ultimate manifestation of the presence of hensively, as a summary of all the action (Carson).
God amongst human beings (Carson). This may also TpGt0¢ Lov Tv “He was before me.” Jesus is superior to
allude to the attendant temp. limitations of human life John in terms of might, priority in status and in time
and environment s. John 3:17; 6:38-42, 51; 7:29; 8:23; (Beasley-Murray). © 16 mAnpwpatos gen. sing. nANpw-
10:36; 16:28 (Tenny, 33). &@eacdpe8a aor. ind. mid. wa. (# 4445) fullness, that which is filled (in the pass.
(dep.) Secouo1 (# 2517) to watch as in a theater, to sense) or that which fills (act. sense) (Morris; TDNT).
view, to contemplate (Brown, 502). Const. aor. viewing Kat (# 2779) even, resumptive. dvti (# 505) instead of,
his whole life as one event to behold. To attribute to either the idea of replacement (the old covenant re-
the word 6eGou01 in such a context purely a spiritual placed by the new covenant [Brown]), or the idea of
sense is to set at nought the evidence (Godet, John). accumulation-the total life is of grace as it perceives
This could also refer to the revelation of glory in terms one grace is exchanged only for another (Barrett).
of the signs performed (2:11), the being lifted up on Fresh grace replaces grace received and perpetually
John 1 178

so; thus the grace is inexhaustible (Beasley-Murray; ling, “Attitudes to Judaism in the Fourth Gospel,”
Tenny, 33). A more likely alternative view is that the L’Evangile de Jean, Sources, Rédaction, Theologie, ed. M.
Old Testament Law (a token of grace) is replaced by de Jonge (Louvain: University Press, 1977), 347-54.
the revelation through Christ (a new grace) (Carson). @ 20 wporoynoev aor. ind. act. ouoroyew (# 3933) to
@ 17 6t1 (# 4022) that, explanatory of the preceding cl. agree, to confess. Const. aor. viewing the total action.
(Haenchen). &606n aor. ind. pass. d5t8wpui (# 1443) to Apvjoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Gpveouai (# 766) to deny.
give. Const. aor. with the action being viewed as a The first term marks the ready self-devotion of the tes-
whole. This underscores the contrast to the grace timony, the second its completeness (Westcott). The
given through the Mosaic Law and the grace that ap- terms taken together suggest “he declared without
pears with the advent of Christ. This is a dominant any qualification, avowing” (Brown). Even his denials
theme throughout the prologue. (Eldon Jay Epp, “Wis- constituted part of his witness to the true Christ (Car-
dom, Torah, Word: The Johannine Prologue and the son). For a discussion of John s. TJ, 63-65; E. Bammel,
Purpose of the Fourth Gospel,” in Current Issues in Bib- “The Baptist in Early Christian Tradition,” NTS 18
lical and Patristic Interpretation: Studies in Honor of Mer- (1971): 95-128; W. Wink, John the Baptist in the Gospel
rill C. Tenney Presented by His Former Students [Grand Tradition, Society for New Testament Studies Mono-
Rapids: Eerdmans, 1975], 136-38). Divine passive not graph Series 7 (Cambridge, 1968), 87-115; Martin Sto-
mentioning explicitly God as the subject. ® 18 @0¢ wasser, Johannes der Taufer im Vierten Evangelium: Eine
(# 2536) God. The anarthrous use of the noun empha- Untersuchung zu seiner Bedeutung fiir die johannische Ge-
sizes his nature, not just his person. Thus no one has meinde, OeBS 12 (Klosterneuburg: Oesterreichisches
seen the essence of true deity (Tenny, 34). The back- Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1992); R.L. Webb, John the
ground is Exod. 33:20. In Christ there is the full revela- Baptizer and Prophet: A Socio-Historical Study, JSNTSS
tion of God (HSB, 492-93). ewpaxev perf. ind. act. opaw 62 (Sheffield: JSOT, 1991). Carl H. Kraeling, John the
(# 3972) to see, to behold, to view. Perf. indicating the Baptist (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1951); ABD,
action has not taken place at any time. muonote (# 4799) 3:887-99. Xpiotog (# 5986) Christ, Messiah. S. M. de
ever, yet at any time. Wv pres. act. part. et (# 1639) to Jonge, “Jewish Expectations about the ‘Messiah’ ac-
be. KoAnov (# 3146) bosom. A Heb. idiom expressing cording to the Fourth Gospel,” Jesus Stranger from
the intimate relationship of child and parent, or of Heaven and Son of God, (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars,
friends (Tasker), or a position of honor (John 13:23; 1977), 77-116; DJG, 114-17. 21 npwtnowv aor. ind. act.
TDNT). Here it suggests intimate fellowship. eg w. a s.v. 19. d&mexpi@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) amokpivopar
stative vb. does not express motion, but affirms the in- (# 646) to answer. 'HAtag (# 2460) Elijah. This expecta-
timate relationship (GGBB, 360). &€nynoato aor. ind. tion is based on Mal. 4:5-6; cf. Mark 9:11-12; ABD,
mid. (dep.) e€nyeouwa to lead out, to explain, to re- 2:465-66; BBC; DJG, 203-206. 0 npoontngs (# 4737) the
hearse facts, to recount a narrative. Often used for a prophet. The art. refers to the known or promised
publishing or explaining of divine secrets (Barrett; prophet intended by Deut. 18:15 (Meyer; s. also the
TLNT). Only the Son, who has the very nature of God, study of background material in Meeks; 1QS 9:11; Bea-
is able to give an authentic exposition of God to man. sley-Murray). @ 22 5@pev aor. subj. act. 515wyt (# 1443)
This is a t.t. of the exposition of the Laws by the rabbis. to give. Subj. w. iva, (# 2671) to express purp. MeL yao
This exposition is particularly authoritative due to his aor. act. part. (temp.) masc. dat. pl. meunw (# 4287) to
unity with God (Beasley-Murray). As a result he dis- send. Aor. indicating antecedent time. @ 23 &pn impf.
plays the nature of the invisible Father (Blum). Const. ind. act. nui (# 5773) to say, to speak (VA, 444-47).
aor. viewing Christ’s life as a continuing revelation of Bodivtoc pres. act. part. Boaw (# 1066) to shout, to cry
the Father. Consequently, the rest of the Gospel is out. It describes the cry which answers to strong feel-
Christ’s unfolding revelation of God the Father (Car- ing (Westcott). ev@dvate aor. imp. act. evOvvw (# 2316)
son). @ 19 paptupia (# 3456) witness. The miracle of straighten, to make straight. @ 24 dneotaApevor perf.
the incarnation calls for witnesses to substantiate its pass. part. s.v. 6. @ 25 Npwtnoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 19.
reality (Tenney; M.C. Tenney, “The Meaning of Wit- Here the question turns from his identity to his au-
ness in John,” Bib Sac 132 [1975]: 229-41). anéoteivav thority (Haenchen). Bamtifeicg pres. ind. act. Barticw
aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. Aevitng (# 3324) Levite. Perhaps (# 966) to baptize. Pres. pictures the repeated action.
the Levites accompanied the priests here as members 26 amexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 21. Here John
of the Temple police (Haenchen; JTJ, 207-13). epwth- renounces all three Messianic titles, viewing himself
owo. aor. subj. act. epwtaw (# 2263) to ask, to ques- only as one who prepares the way. €otnkev perf. ind.
tion. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) indicates the purp. of the act. totn (# 5112) to stand. Perf. suggests “there is
sending. There does not seem to be any hostile intent, one who has taken his stand in your midst: the hidden
but there seems to be a legitimate function of inquir- Messiah is present in Israel” (Beasley-Murray). The
ing concerning John’s self-understanding. C.J.A. Hick- other variant readings have insufficient support, while
IW) John 1

the perf. fits into the context and John’s usage nicely (# 149) to lift up, to take away, to carry off, to bear
(TC, 199). otate perf. ind. act. oiSa (# 3857) to know. (TDNT). Pres. is the futuristic (Brown) or timeless
Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. For a discussion of the (Bultmann) or hist. (Godet). apaptia (# 281) sin. The
meaning and its contrast to its synonym s. Brown, Ap- sing. here refers to the mass of sin and the subsequent
pendix 1; VA, 281-87. @ 27¢EPXOMEVOS aor. pass. (dep.) guilt incurred (Godet; Hoskyns). 30 yéyovev perf.
part. Epyouc (# 2262) to go, to come. iva (# 2671) used ind. act. s.v. 3. mp@toc (# 4755) first, as a comp. It has a
here w. the adj. &&to¢ (# 545) worthy; w. the subj. where temp. significance, “before” (Brown). Here the priority
normally the inf. is used (RWP; Mark 1:7). abtod re- stems from his preexistence (Blum). @ 31 féetv plperf.
peated after the rel. pron. and best regarded as a ind. act. oa (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
Semitism (Barrett). yovta acc. waco (# 2666) leather meaning. Plperf. refers to a past event, or is a remote
strap. bn05qa (# 5687) sandal, shoe. Loosing and car- stative aspect (VA, 287-90). davepw@T] aor. subj. pass.
rying sandals was a duty of a slaves and a disciple was avepow (# 5746) to manifest, to make clear, to reveal.
exempt from this because of its menial character (Ber- NAGov aor. ind. act. Epyouct (# 2262) to come. @ 32
nard; Talmud, Keth 96a; SB, 1:121). This then reflects Ewaptoproev aor. ind. act. woptupéw (# 3455) to witness.
the exalted nature of Jesus (Tenney). John’s baptism is Const. aor. viewing John’s witness to Jesus as the Mes-
to prepare for the appearance of the yet hidden Messi- siah as a whole. te@€opor perf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 14.
ah (Beasley-Murray). @ 28 éyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Resultative perf. emphasizes the continuing effects of
s.v. 3. BnBavig Bethany beyond the Jordan. The present the past action. kataBativov pres. act. part. KataBatvw
location is unknown, perhaps a small wadi close to Jer- (# 2849) to come down. W¢ (# 6055) as. mEpiotepa
icho (ABD, 1:703-705) or it may refer to Batanea (OT (# 4361) dove. Eyetvev aor. ind. act. wevw (# 3531) to re-
Bashan) in the north-east of Palestine (Carson; Rainer main. Const. aor. suggests the dove’s remaining as a
Riesner, “Bethany Beyond the Jordan [John 1:28]: To- whole. For the phrase “Son of God” s. Beasley-Murray,
pography, Theology and History in the Fourth Gos- 25-26. @ 33 Tiel plperf. ind. act. ola. to know. Def.
pel,” TB 38 [1987]: 29-63). 29 enadprov (# 2069) adv. perf. w. pres. meaning (s.v. 31). mewwas aor. act. part.
tomorrow; that is, on the following day. The word s.v. 22. Subst. part. Banti€etv pres. act. inf. s.v. 25. Inf. of
“day” in the dat. (dat. of time) is understood (RWP). In purp. elev aor. ind. act. eyo (# 3306) to say. t8n¢ aor.
vv. 29, 35, 43 this phrase occurs; in John 2:1 it is Nwepa. subj. act. 2nd. pers. sing. Opdw. Subj. w. indef. rel. dv
TH tpity (“the third day”). Thus there seems to be a be- (# 165) suggests “any one who.” KatoPaivov pres. act.
ginning of a series of days here (Haenchen). This series part. (adj.) s.v. 32. pevov pres. act. part. (adj.) nom. n.
culminates in the first sign. For a discussion of pro- sing. s.v. 32. For the idea of ritual cleansing with water
posed parallels between these days and the last week and the cleansing of the spirit s. 1QS 3:7, 8; 4:21.
of Christ’s life s. Tenney, 38-39. 18 (# 2623) aor. act. @ 34 éwpaxa perf. ind. act. s.v. 18. wewaptopnKa perf.
imp. 0paw to see (“behold”). This favorite word of ind. act. s.v. 32. Perf. emphasizes that his testimony
John is no longer a real imp. expressing a command was continuous up to the time of speaking (Bernard).
but an exclamation to draw attention (Morris; SB, @ 35 elothKet plperf. ind. act. totnyt (# 2705) to stand.
2:371; NIDNTT; P. Fiedler, Die Formel “und siehe” im Plperf. indicates that they were standing before the
Neuen Testament, 1969). Gvoc (# 303) lamb. Evidently a conversation commenced. €« (# 1666) out of, from;
reference to the various uses of the lamb as a sacrifice used here to circumscribe a partitive gen. (Haenchen).
in the OT (ABD, 4:132.). All that this sacrifice foreshad- @ 36 EuPArewas aor. act. part. euBAenw (# 1838) to look
owed was perfectly fulfilled in the sacrifice of Christ at; signifies an intent, earnest gazing (Bernard). avo
(Morris). Here referring to the innocence and mildness (# 303) lamb (s. John 1:29). nepitatodvtt pres. act. part.
of a lamb. It emphasizes not only the vicarious suffer- nepinatew (# 4344) to walk. ie aor. imp. act. opaw to
ing, but his unprotesting suffering. This makes a lamb see (s.v. 29). ® 37 Tkovoav aor. ind. act. &Kovw (# 201)
a perfect substitute for sins in contrast to the daily sac- to hear. Const. aor. viewing the conversation and the
rifice of the lamb (J Lightfoot). For the possible specific talking as a whole. AaAobvtos pres. act. part. AarEw
references of what was intended s. Morris; Brown. S. (# 3281) to speak. For John’s use of this vb. s. Morris.
C.K. Barrett, “The Lamb of God,” NTS 1 (1954/55): NKOAOVENOwY aor. ind. act. GKorovbEw (# 199) to follow
210-18; G. Ashbey, “The Lamb of God,” JTS (1977): as a disciple. They followed in the sense of literally
63ff; (1978): 62ff; D. Brent Sandy, “John the Baptist’s walking with him and as his disciples. They turned
‘Lamb of God' Affirmation in Its Canonical and Apoca- their loyalty to him as a result of hearing the conversa-
lyptic Milieu,” JETS 34 (1991): 447-59. The figs. of the tion (TNDT). @ 38 otpageic aor. pass. part. otpepw
lion and the lamb are combined in the T. Jos. 19:8f; s. (# 5138) to turn, to turn around. @eaodpevos aor. mid.
also the T. Benj. 3; J.C. O’Neill, “The Lamb of God in (dep.) part. (temp.) Seaoua (# 2517) to see; s.v. 14. Aor.
the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs,” JSNT 1 is necessarily antecedent to his question. Ti Cnteite
(1979): 2-30; DJG, 432-34. aipwv pres. act. part. aipw “What do you seek?” Here the question is understood
John 2 180

as “where do you live?” However, the significance 21. dwvijout aor. act. inf. pwvew (# 5888) to call. Inf. w.
here seems to be, “What do you seek in life?” (Blum). prep. mpo (# 4574) to express time (“before”) (MT, 144).
papi (Heb.) rabbi; lit., my great one; teacher (TDNT; Ovta pres. act. part. et (# 1639) to be. ov«h (# 5190)
ABD, 5:600-602). pe8eppnvevoyevov pres. pass. part. fig tree. The rabbis often sat under a fig tree for study
we8epunveow (# 3493) to translate, to interpret. or for teaching (Bultmann). The fig tree portrays a
@ 39 Epyeobe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) Epxouon (# 2262) to place of peace and prosperity, safety and leisure (1
come s.v. 7. Oweo@e fut. imp. mid. opdaw (# 3972) to see. Kings 4:25; Mic. 4:4; Zech. 3:10). Perhaps it was a place
For the imp. followed by kat and the fut. as a Semitic of meditation on the Law (Tenney; Blum; s. also J.R.
type of cond. cl. s. Beyer, 238-58. TGav aor. ind. act. Michaels “Nathanael under the Fig-Tree [Jn 1, 48; 4,
épyouat s.v. 7. eldav aor. ind. act. paw to see. The time 19]” ET 78 [1966/67]: 182f; C.ED. Moule, “A Note on
was either 10 A.M. (Roman time) or 4 P.M. K. Hanhnart, “Under the Fig tree in John 1,48.50,” JTS 5 [1954]: 210f.
“About the Tenth Hour” ... on Nisan 15 (John 1, 40), in For a discussion of the fig tree see FFB, 118-19; Oded
L’Evangile de Jean BETL 44 Gembloux/Leuven 1977, Boronski, Agriculture in Iron Age Israel, 114-16; POB,
335-46; IBC, 1:594-95. @ 40 dxovodvtwv aor. act. part. 103-07; PB, 58-59). The supernatural knowledge of
(adj.) dkovw (# 201) to hear. &kodovOnoavtwv aor. act. Christ, not the fig tree, is emphasized (Carson). e150V
part. s.v. 37. @ 41 evdpioxer pres. ind. act. evpioxw aor. ind. act. 0paw (# 3972) to see. © 49 anexpiOn aor.
(# 2351) to find. Hist. pres. mp@tov (# 4754) first, taken ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 21. ob Baoeds et tod ‘Topanr
either as an adv. (i.e., he found his own brother first “You are King over Israel.” Without the art. the char-
and later found someone else) or as an adj.: the first acter or quality is stressed (s.v. 1 6¢0¢). A confession as
thing he did was to find his brother (Tasker). etpnxa- to the person and office of Christ (Bengel). 50 vn0-
wev perf. ind. act. evptokw to find. Meootag (# 3549) the Katw (# 5691) w. gen., under. peitw (# 3505) comp. pé-
anointed, Messiah, Christ. Perhaps looking forward to yacg great; comp., greater. Perhaps this refers to the
John 20:31. For the term s. NIDNTT; TDNT; EDNT; miracles in the following chapters. tovtwv pl. gen.
UFG, 238-79; Matt. 16:16. peSepynvevopevov pres. pass. tovto; gen. of comp. referring to his supernatural
part. (adj.) weepunvedw (# 3493) to translate, to inter- knowledge. own fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to
pret. @ 42 tyayev aor. ind. act. wyw (# 72) to lead. eu- see.@ 51 6weode fut. ind. mid. (dep.) dpa to see.
Bréyas aor. act. part. euprAenw (# 1838) to look upon. avewyota perf. act. part. avotyw (# 487) to open. Perf.
Aor. part. indicates that he looked before he spoke. indicates the completed state (“to be opened”). A ref-
KAn@noy fut. ind. pass. kaArew (# 2813) to call. Epunved- erence to Jacob’s vision in Gen. 28:10ff (Bernard). For
ETO. pres. ind. pass. epunvevw (# 2257) to translate, to more discussion s. HSB, 493-95. dvoPaivovtasg pres.
interpret. 43 NOeAnoev aor. ind. act. b€Aw (# 2527) to act. part. avaBaivw (# 326) to go up. The thought is
will, to want. Aor. indicates “he resolved” w. the sub- that the Son of man is the means of bridging the gap
ject probably Jesus (Morris). €€eA@eiv aor. act. inf. e&ep- between earth and heaven (Morris).
xouar (# 2002) to go out. Compl. inf. to the main vb.
evpioxet pres. ind. act. s.v. 41. dKooveet pres. imp. act.
GKOAOvOEW s.v. 37. 45 Eypawev aor. ind. act. ypadw John 2
(# 1211) to write. The prominent position of the vb. "@ 1 yopoc (# 1141) wedding. For the Jewish cus-
may indicate that Philip and Nathanael had previous- tom regarding weddings s. SB 2:372-79; IDB, 3:285f;
ly discussed the fulfillment of these Scriptures (Mor- LNT, 228-46; H. Granquist, Marriage Conditions in a
ris). A major theme in John is that Jesus fulfills the OT Palestinian Village 2 vols. (New York: AMS Press, 1975),
(Carson). Moses (Deut. 18:18-19) and the prophets (Isa. 1931-35; JPFC, 2:752-60. &yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
52:13-53:12; Dan. 7:13; Mic. 5:2-4; Mal. 3:1-4) predicted ytvonar (# 1181) to become. For a discussion of this
Messiah’s coming. 46 tt &ya@ov anything good. A passage s. B. Olsson, Structure and Meaning in the
scornful question (Barrett) due to the low regard for Fourth Gospel: A Text-Linguistic Analysis of John 2:1-11
Nazareth. épxov pres. imp. mid. (dep.), s.v. 7. Imp. is and 4:1-42 (Gleerup, 1974); R. Schnackenburg, Das erste
inviting rather than commanding. Pres. imp. is com- Wunder Jesu (Freiburg: Herder, 1951); W. Luetgehet-
mon w. a vb. of motion (VANT, 341-48; esp., 344-45). mann, Die Hochzeit von Kana (Joh 2,1-11), 1989. For a
@ 47 épxouevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 7. GANOGC discussion of the structure of 2:1-4:54 s. Carson, 166.
(# 242) truly. H. Kuhli, “Nathanael — “Wahrer Israel- Kava tig ToAuvaias Cana of Galilee. The exact loca-
it’? Zum angeblischen attributiven Gebrauch von tion is unknown. It was in the area around Nazareth.
GANO@s in Joh 1,47,” BN 9 (1979): 11-19. 500g (# 1515) Thus it would have taken 2-3 days to travel from
deceit, cunning, treachery. It indicates his religious Jerusalem to Cana of Galilee. @ 2 &«KAnN@n aor. ind.
and moral integrity (Lindars). 48 no@ev (# 4470) pass. KaAew (# 2813) to call, to invite. Const. aor. view-
where. YlvWoxeg pres. ind. act. yiwwokw (# 1182) to ing the complete action. For the moral obligation of
know. Gmexpt6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) amoKxptvoyat s.v. the guests to bring gifts and the duty of reciprocation
181 John 2

s. LNT, 229-34. @ 3 votepnoavtog aor. act. part. (temp.) draw, to draw out. Often used of drawing water from
votepew (# 5728) to fall short, to run short, to fail. Gen. a well, but here from a water jar (Brown; TLNT, 1:131-
abs. Aor. describes action that is antecedent and logi- 33; Gen. 24:13; Isa. 12:3; cf. Jos., JW, 4:472). Aor. imp.
cally necessary for the action of the main vb. Usually has a note of urgency (EGGNT, 86). There is intention-
the wedding was seven days of feasting. No reason is ally no description of the method of the miracle, only
mentioned for the shortage of wine. Failure by the of the person performing it. pepete pres. imp. act. depw
groom to provide adequately for the guests was a so- (# 5770) to carry. Pres. progressive suggesting that the
cial disgrace (Tenney; BBC). @ 4 ti uot Kai oot “What action should continue. Frequently, the pres. imp. oc-
is it to Me and to you?” (“You have no right to blame curs with vbs. of motion. apyitpixAivoc (# 804) super-
Me. The problem is taken care of.”) It is an answer of intendent of a banquet whose duty it was to arrange
remonstrance, of putting off and impatient urging the table and food (AS; BBC). fveyKav aor. ind. act.
(LNT, 238-43). There are two ways of understanding dépw to carry. Const. aor. viewing the total action.
this (1) What business is that of ours? (2) What author- @ 9 eyevouto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yebouo. (# 1174) to
ity do you have over me? (Tenney). For the various taste. Const. aor. viewing the total action. ‘yeyevnpévov
views see C.P. Ceroke, “The Problem of Ambiguity in perf. mid. (dep.) part. yivowor (# 1181) to become. Perf.
John 2,4,” CBQ 21 (1959): 316-40; O. Baechli, “Was habe emphasizes the state or cond. arising from a past com-
ich mit Dir zu schaffen?” ThZ 33 (1977): 69-80; GGBB, pleted action. Here it also emphasizes the antecedent
150-51. ‘yovat voc. yuvn (# 1222) woman. Voc. is not dis- action of the quite recent events (JG). f6et plperf. ind.
respectful, but a certain disassociation is present act. 0160. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning
(Schnackenburg) Jos., Ant., 17:74 uses the term as a moev (# 4470) where, from where, indicating source.
sign of affection. fKe pres. ind. act. nkw (# 2457) to NVvtAnNKOtEs perf. act. part. avtAéw s.v. 8. Perf. part. em-
have come, to be present (BAGD). wpa. (# 6052) hour. “I phasizes the antecedent action of the quite recent
shall choose the appropriate moment,” referring to His events (JG). pwvei pres. ind. act. pwvew (# 5888) to call,
intention to provide the needed wine, and to reveal his to call out. Hist. pres., adding vividness to the account.
glory. The reference is not immediately to his death. It vupptog (# 3812) groom. Called since he was ultimately
is the beginning of the journey which through the responsible for the food and drink. 10 ti@novw pres.
cross climaxes in his exaltation (LNT, 142; for similar ind. act. ti0nuwi (# 5502) to place; here, to serve.
expressions s. 7:6, 8, 30; 8:20; 12:23; 13:1; 17:1). #5067 weBvo8@otv aor. subj. pass. pebvoKw (# 3499) pass. to
av (# 4005; 5515; 323) whatever. A€yn pres. subj. act. become drunk, to be drunk. Subj. w. étav (# 4020) de-
Aéyn (# 3306) to speak, to say. Subj. w. &v expresses a scribes the general time (“whenever”). The words do
generalization. Mary anticipates some immediate ac- not imply that the guests were already drunk (Sand-
tion or utterance from her Son. Thus the meaning is, ers). EAo0ow (# 1781) comp. uiKpo¢ small; comp., lesser,
“Whatever he may be shortly saying to you” (JG, 376- inferior; used as the opposite of Kadov (# 2819) to de-
77). monoate aor. imp. act. movew (# 4472) to do. Aor. scribe less good wine served at the end of a meal
imp. has a note of urgency here (EGGNT, 86), “do im- (TLNT). tetnpnkas perf. ind. act. tnpew (# 5498) to
mediately.” @ 6 Ai@iva1r (# 3343) stone. Adjs. w. this guard, to keep back, to preserve. Perf. describing the
ending generally signify material, origin, or kind (MH, continuing result of his withholding the wine. The
359). Stone was used because it did not itself contract point of the miracle is that Christianity is an advance
uncleanness (Barrett; SB, 2:406-07; R. Deines, Jiidische over Judaism. God has kept his best gift until last
Steingefifse und pharisdische Frommigkeit. Ein archaolog.- (Blum; DJG, 873). @ 11 éxotnoev aor. ind. act. no1ew
historischer Beitrag zum Verstandnis von Joh 2,6 und der (# 4472) to do. Const. aor. emphasizing the total action.
jiidischen Reinheitshalacha z. Zeit Jesu [Tubingen: J.C.B. apyn (# 794) beginning (implying that there was more
Mohr], 1993). b8pia (# 5620) waterpot. Keipevan pres. to come). onpetov (# 4956) sign, an act or miracle w. a
mid. (dep.) part. keiya (# 3023) to lie, to stand (of ves- meaning designed to lead to belief in Jesus as the Mes-
sels). Adj. part. describing the location. ywpodoat pres. siah, the Son of God. This is a personal mark, identify-
act. part. ywpew (# 6003) to have room for, to contain. ing sign, or distinctive in respect to the true character
Adj. part. describing the content. ava (# 324) each, and nature of Christ (Schnackenburg; Brown; TDNT;
prep. used in a distributive sense (JG, 222-23). wetpntns TLNT; H. van der Loos, “The Miracles of Jesus,” NTS 9
(# 3583) measure; a liquid measure about nine gallons [1965]: 590-618; DJG, 555-56). It was also designed to
or 36 liters each (BAGD; ABD, 6:905). 7 yepioate aor. show the type of ministry he was to have, one of trans-
imp. act. yeuiGw (# 1153) to fill, to fill w. (w. gen.). Au- formation. (Jos., Ant., 2:274, 280 states God uses mira-
thoritative imp. (JG, 319). éyewroav aor. ind. act. Ewe cles to convince people). &pavepwoev aor. ind. act.
dvw (# 2401; 539) up to the brim. There was no room bavepow (# 5746) to manifest, to make visible, to make
left for adding anything to the water in the jars (Ber- clear. Const. aor. viewing all the actions in the miracle
nard). @ 8 a&vtAnoate aor. imp. act. avthew (# 533) to as part of the manifestation of His glory. His Messianic
John 2 182

glory was manifested in the abundance of wine which also functioned as a banker charging interest and a 4-6
was the OT figure for joy in the final days (Brown). percent transaction fee for exchanging coins of differ-
Eniotevoay aor. ind. act. m1o-tevw (# 4409) to believe in, ent origins. The temple tax, based on Neh. 10:32-33,
to trust in. Const. aor. picturing their belief as a whole, was for the upkeep of the temple (ABD, 6:340). @ 15
or ingressive aor. picturing their entrance into the state MOiNous aor. act. part. movew (# 4472) to make. Aor. in-
of belief. @ 12 peta todto after this. This common con- dicates antecedent time to the main vb. e&€BaAev. dpa-
nective within John is without any reference to a par- yedAov (# 5848) whip, scourge. No sticks or weapons
ticular length of time (Carson). KateBn aor. ind. act. were allowed in the temple precinct (Brown). This is a
Katopatvw (# 2849) to go down. Const. aor. viewing Latin loanword, flagellum, the dem. form of flagrum
the journey as a whole. If Cana is on the northwest (BAGD; MM; for a discussion of the incident in gener-
shore of Galilee, then they went down ina literal sense als. DJG, 817-21; particularly in John s. DJG, 819-20). A
(Carson). €wewav aor. ind. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. lash made of cords or thongs made from the ox’s hide
Const. aor. viewing the staying as a whole. @ 13 na- was attached. The purpose was for whipping horses,
oxa (# 4247) Passover. This feast was celebrated on the slaves, or criminals (DGRA, 539-40). oxoiviov (# 5389)
14-15 of Nisan (Exod. 12:6). Two other Passovers are cord, probably of twisted rushes (Westcott). e&€Barev
mentioned in John (6:4; 11:55; 12:1; 13:1). For a discus- aor. ind. act. €xBaAAw (# 1675) to cast out, to drive out.
sion of the pilgrimages to the Passover s. WZZT. For a Const. aor. viewing the action as a whole. He drove
discussion of the way of celebrating Passover cf. the out the animals. KoAAvBiotav gen. KoAALBLatNS (# 3142)
Mishnah tractate Pesahim. avéBn aor. ind. act. ava- money changer. Poss. gen., indicating to whom the
Batvw (#326) to go up. This describes the pilgrimage to coins belonged. The action is not directed against the
Jerusalem. It could simply refer to the geographic worshippers, but against those who detract from true
height or to the importance of the capital and Temple. worship (Beasley-Murray). e&€xeev aor. ind. act. e&exw
For a discussion of this pericope s. R.H. Hiers, “The (# 1772) to pour out. For the unusual form s. MH 215,
Purification of the Temple: Preparation for the King- 265. Keppa. (# 3047) small coin, usually copper; change
dom of God,” JBL 90 (1971): 82-90; DJG, 819-20. (BAGD; MM). tpanefa. (# 5544) table. a&vetpewev aor.
@ 14 evpev aor. ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to find. iepd ind. act. avatpedw (# 418) to turn over. @ 16 nwAodoiv
dat. tepov (# 2639) temple. Here it is a reference to the pres. act. part. nwiew (# 4797) to sell. Used here as an
Court of the Gentiles, not the sanctuary per se (2:19- noun with an obj. (“the sellers of pigeons”). &pate aor.
20). For a summary of the history and description of imp. act. oipw (# 149) to lift up, to take away. moveite
this temple s. ABD, 6:364-68; JPB, 54-72. nwdodvtac pres. imp. act. motew (# 4472) to make; used w. neg. pq
pres. act. part. nwAew (# 4797) to sell. Subst. part. used (# 3590) to prohibit an action in progress. €umopiov gen.
as a noun indicating not only their profession, but the eumopiov (# 1866) a place of trade, a house of merchan-
activity. Pres. parts. indicate action contemporaneous dise. Gen. of apposition (Barrett) or epex. gen.
to the main vb. For a discussion of the trade and com- (BAGD). Here the selling location takes the place of
merce, particularly to enrich the family of Annas s. JTJ, the action of selling. The attack here is that they think
48-49. Boas pl. Bots (# 1091) ox. mpoBatov (# 4585) one can purchase God’s favor through sacrifice
sheep. nepiotepa. (# 4361) pigeon. These were the ani- (Schlatter; Richard Bauckham, “Jesus’ Demonstration
mals used for the Temple sacrifices. Pigeons were for in the Temple,” in Law and Religion: Essays on the Place
the poor, oxen for the very wealthy (M, Sheq. 5:3; SB of the Law in Israel and Early Christianity ed. Barnabas
1:851). keppatiotns (# 3048) money changer, properly Lindars [London: SPCK, 1988], 72-89). @ 17 éuvnoOn-
one who exchanges large money into small (Morris). oav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) HiwvnoKouat (# 3630) to re-
Money changers were required because the Jews were member. yeypoypevov perf. pass. part. ypcudw (#1211) to
not allowed to mint their own coins. The Roman coins, write. Periphrastic part. Choc (# 2419) zeal, followed
w. images of the emperor as deity, were blasphemous by the obj. gen. tod oikov oov zeal for thine house
to the Jewish leaders. For this reason the Temple tax (Tasker). A quotation from Ps. 69:9. The zeal for God
and sacrifices had to be paid in silver didrachmas of would ultimately lead Jesus to his death. His vehe-
Tyre. For a picture s. ABD, 1:1081 fig. 0. According to mence demonstrates his inward passion for the Father
the Mishnah (M, Sheq. 1:1, 3) they were to collect the and the Father’s interest (Tenney). katadayetar fut.
tax before the Feast (beginning the 25th of Adar) inside ind. mid. (dep.) kateo@iw (# 2983) to eat up, to con-
the Temple precincts. At times they cheated in assist- sume. Pred. fut. describing a fut. event. @ 18 ane-
ing in transactions, particularly in converting or sell- Kpi@noay aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &moxpivouar (# 646) to
ing animals for the temple service (M, Ker. 1:7; M, answer. obv (# 4036) in response. For the responsive
Shek. 7:4; JCST; Beasley-Murray; ABD, 1:1086-87; JTJ, use of the particle s. DM, 254. onyetov sign. s.v. 11 (s.
48-49). xaOnpéevovcg pres. mid. (dep.) part. KaOnyar Morris, 684-91; Peter Riga, “Signs of Glory: The Use of
(# 2764) to sit. Subst. part. At times a money changer ‘Semeion’in St. John’s Gospel,” Interpretation 17 [1963]:
183 John 3

402-424). The question is one of credentials (Carson). on the other hand. émtotevev impf. ind. act. motevw
deucvvetc pres. ind. act. Setkvut (# 1259) to show. Pres. (# 4409) to trust, to entrust oneself. Prog. impf. to viv-
indicating an immediate fut. action: “What sign are idly describe the past action. It could be customary, de-
you going to show us?” Ott (# 4022) because (JG, 157). scribing Jesus’ custom of not entrusting the full
movetc pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. Pres. points meaning of his mission to everyone. The use of the vb.
to the things that Jesus was in the process of doing. is parallel to 1 Thess. 2:4; Gal. 2:7; 1 Cor. 9:17; 1 Tim.
@ 19 anexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) anoxpivouat s.v. 18. 1:11; cf. also Jos., Ant., 20:183; JW, 5:567; MM; BAGD;
Avoate aor. imp. act. AVw (# 3395) to loose, to destroy. Schlatter). ywwwoKet pres. act. inf. ywwoKw (# 1182) to
The construction by over 1,000 workers was ongoing know. 614 (# 1328) with the art. inf. describes the cause.
(ABD, 6:365). It is a permissive or concessive imp., not For them he was a great healer, not necessarily a great
a command (RWP; JG, 321-22; contra GGBB, 490-97). Savior (Blum). 25 paptupjon aor. subj. act. waptupew
Or it is a type of cond. cl.: “If you destroy... YAN AG352- (# 3455) to witness, to give witness. “God, who knows
53). €v within; temp. use of the prep. “after an interval everything and is everywhere present, from whom
of three days” (JG, 255). éyep@ fut. ind. act. éyeipw nothing is hidden, is the witness par excellence”
(# 1586) to raise up. For the imp. followed by the fut. s. (TLNT). Const. aor. describing his knowledge as a
1:39. This may refer to the restoration of the Temple by whole. éyivwoxev impf. ind. act. ywwoKw s.v. 24. Cust.
Messiah (Tg Isa. 53:5). 20 oixoSoyN6n aor. ind. pass. impf. indicating that he regularly knew what was in
oikodouew (# 3868) to build, to erect. Complexive aor. man. What is in a man is hidden from another; only
summing up the completed building, though it is not God knows (SB, 2:412; GGBB, 228-29).
yet completed (it was completed in A.D. 63) (Brown;
Harold W. Hoehner, “Chronological Aspects of the
Life of Christ,” Bib Sac 131 [1974]: 49-52; VANT, 172; John 3
257-58; cf. GGBB, 560-61; for DSS instructions concern- @ 1 S€ (# 1254) and, but. This can be in contrast to
ing temple building s. Yigael Yadin, “The Temple the preceding and suggest that Nicodemus was open.
Scroll,” BA 30 [1967]: 137-39). Since the building was Or it can be a continuation of the narrative, not neces-
started about 20 or 19 B.C. this year must be between sarily as a point in thought (Carson, 185-86; JG, 104-
27 or 28 A.D. (SB, 2:411ff; Jos., Ant. 15:380-425; JW, 106). &vOpwros (# 476) man, a man of the Pharisees. An
1:401; 5:184-247; for a discussion on the chronological unusual expression probably linked to the closing of
problem as well as the building of the temple in Jose- the previous chapter, so as to bring out Jesus’ knowl-
phus cf. TJ, 28-30. Hoehner understands the aor. to edge of man (Morris). For two opposite portrayals s.
refer to a completed edifice finished 18/17 B.C. Thus Michael Goulder, “Nicodemus,” SJT 44 (1991): 153-68
this year would be 29/30 A.D. Harold W. Hoehner, and M. de Jonge, “Nicodemus and Jesus: Some Obser-
Chronological Aspects of the Life of Christ, 40-43. vations on Misunderstandings and Understanding in
@ 21 For the misunderstanding by the Jewish leaders the Fourth Gospel,” BJRL 53 (1970-71): 337-59; ABD,
s. O. Cullmann, “Der johannische Gebrauch doppel- 4:1105-106. For a discussion of the Pharisees s. TJ, 70-
deutiger Ausdrticke als Schlussel zum Verstandnis des 76; Alan Watson, Jesus and the Jews: The Pharisaic Tradi-
vierten Evangeliums,” TZ 4 (1948): 360-72; D.A. Car- tion in John (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press,
son, “Understanding Misunderstandings in the Fourth 1995); ABD, 5:289-303; DJG, 609-14. d&pywv (# 807) lead-
Gospel, ” TB 13 (1982): 59-91. 22 nyepOn aor. ind. er. At least an influential Pharisee, perhaps a member
pass. éyeipw s.v. 19. Const. aor. including both his of the Sanhedrin (BAGD; Haenchen; Schlatter; SB,
death and resurrection. &uvnjo@noav aor. ind. pass. 2:412-19). @ 2 MAGev aor. ind. act. épyouct (# 2262) to
(dep.) LvoKoLOH (# 3630) to remember, w. gen. adtod come. otSapev perf. ind. act. 0150 (# 3857) to know. Def.
gen. sing. avt0c (# 899). Gen. as an obj. The content of perf. w. a pres. meaning. The Ist. pl. may be a refer-
what they remembered is given in the 611 cl. Only after ence to others among the Sanhedrin who believe or at
the resurrection did the disciples understand the least are interested. eANAVOac perf. ind. act. Epxouat to
meaning of this statement (Schlatter). @ 23 Gewpodvtec come; a consummative perf. emphasizing not only the
pres. act. part. @ewpéw (# 2555) to see. Part. is causal or completion of the process of coming, but the state of
temp. Pres. indicates contemporaneous action. S. Christ’s presence in Israel. This is not a reference to
Donald Guthrie, “Importance of Signs in the Fourth Christ’s preexistence but a recognition that God was
Gospel,” VoxE 5 (1967): 72-83; Zane C. Hodges, “Un- peculiarly with him (Carson). onnetov (# 4956) sign (s.
trustworthy Believers Joh 2,23-25,” Bib Sac 135 (1978): John 2:11, 18) Here it is plural even though only one
139ff. énoter impf. ind. act. novew s.v. 18. Progressive sign has been mentioned by John (Carson). The mira-
impf. to vividly describe the past action in progress. cles authenticated the message (SB, 2:420; Baba Meci’a
24 abtO¢ pron. emphasizes the contrast between the 59b; s. also Acts 2:22; Schlatter). q pres. subj. act. eit
others and Jesus (GGBB, 349). 5€ (# 1254) in contrast, (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. eav (# 1569), except. The im-
John 3 184

plied question is, “who are you really?” (Carson). here stands in contrast to the sing. of addressing Nico-
@ 3 amexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) cnoxptvonon (# 646) demus. This application is broader than simply Nico-
to answer. yevvn@f| aor. subj. pass. yevvaw (# 1164). demus. This explains the generalizing tig (# 5516) in
Pass. can either mean to be born or begotten (Brown). vv. 3, 5 (Carson). @ 8 nvedwa (# 4460) wind. Perhaps
Subj. w. dv in a cond. cl. where the cond. is possible. there is a play on words here or it is figurative; the
The emphasis here is on receiving a new origin. This wind itself has no will. @€Ae. pres. ind. act. b&w
birth is attributed to the Spirit (NIDNTT, 3:179). (# 2527) to desire. mvet pres. ind. act. nvew (# 4463) to
avw0_ev (# 540) from above; the heavenly word from blow. Gnomic pres. suggesting what normally occurs
whose power a man must be renewed (s. 3:31; 19:11, (IBG, 8). n08ev (# 4470) where, from what place. nod
23; Schnackenburg; Tenney). Perhaps a circumlocution (# 4544) where, to what place. yeyevvnpevos perf. pass.
for God (BBC). This is an adaptation of the Jewish part. s.v. 3. The point of the comp. seems to be that the
hope of a new creation (Beasley-Murray; SB, 1:420-23). Spirit as the wind is not understandable or controlla-
Advs. with the suffix -Sev answer the question ble. Yet the effects are undeniable and unmistakable
“whence?” “from where?” (BD, 56). The word can also (Carson). @ 9 yevéo8a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivouor
mean “again,” “anew” (Acts 26:5). The translation “re- (# 1181) to become; to be; to happen. tadta (# 4047)
born from above” includes both meaning of the word fem. pl. avtn; this is a summary of the discussion so
(Morris). This also stands in contrast to the belief that far. 10 0 &18do0KaA0c (# 1437) the teacher. The art.
being of the seed of Abraham was sufficient (J Light- emphasizes this status of Nicodemus as a great teach-
foot). eiv aor. inf. act. opcw (# 3972) to see. Here to er (Barrett). This is ironic, the “well-known teacher”
experience, encounter, participate in at the end of the who does not know this simple truth (JG). As a Phari-
age (Brown). Compl. inf. to the main vb. &bvatar. Aor. see, he was considered among “the most accurate in-
points to the total experience. The need is for transfor- terpreters of the Laws” (Jos., JW, 2:162; Life, 191; TJ, 72-
mation (Carson). Baovdeiav tod 80d kingdom of God. 73). The sharp rebuke stands in contrast to his leader-
It points to God’s rule. Used almost as a synonym for ship position. Based on the study of the Hebrew Bible
eternal life (DJG, 429). @ 4 yevvn@tivai aor. pass. inf. he should have but did not understand this (Carson).
yevvaw s.v. 3. Compl. inf. to the main vb. Sdvatat. 11 oiSopev perf. ind. act. s.v. 2. AaAodpev pres. ind.
yepwv (# 1173) old. wv pres. act. part. et (# 1639) to be. act. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Pres. indicates the action
Circum. part. describing a contemporaneous cond. in progress. €wpaKapev perf. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to
Kouria (# 3120) stomach, womb. debvtepov (# 1309) sec- see. Perf. indicates the resulting cond. of having seen.
ond, a second time. eloedGetiv aor. act. inf. eloepyouat Loptupodpev pres. ind. act. waptupew (# 3455) to wit-
(# 1656) to go into. Compl. inf. to the main vb. vva- ness to, to bear witness. AopPavete pres. ind. act. Aop-
TOL. yevvnOTvar aor. pass. inf. yevvaw s.v. 3. @ 5 yevvnet| Bavw (# 3284) to receive. The problem here is not
€& VSat0¢ Kai MvEvpatocg “born of water and spirit.” intellectual, but one of believing the witness (Carson).
For a discussion of the various views s. Carson; Zane @ 12 €i (# 1623) if; the fact of fulfillment is assumed to
C. Hodges, “Water and Spirit — John 3,5,” Bib Sac 135 be fulfilled (SMT, 244). eniyeia n. pl. Emtyeiog (# 2103)
(1978): 206ff; Linda Belleville, ““Born of Water and earthly. eimw aor. subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Subj.
Spirit’: John 3:5,” Trin] N.S. 2 (1981): 125-41; HSB, 495- suggests doubt. emovpaviog heavenly. For the terms
96; BBC; DJG, 347-48, 575-76. Witherington wants to “earthly” and “heavenly” s. Schnackenburg. The
see water as physical birth (Ben Witherington IIL, “The earthly things may refer to the conds. necessary to
Waters of Birth: John 3:5 and 1 John 5:6-8,” NTS 35 enter the kingdom of God, while the heavenly things
[1989]: 155-60). The phrase explains the previous refer to the conds. of the established kingdom on earth
dvwOev (# 540) and Kat (# 2779) is explanatory in the (Carson). 13 avaBeBnxev perf. ind. act. avopaivay
sense of “that is.” Thus there is an equation between (# 326) to go up, to ascend. Perf. indicates “no man
water and the spirit. ® 6 yeyevvqevov perf. pass. part. has gained the height of heaven” (Morris). et pn
s.v. 3. Perf. conveys that which has been born and (# 1623; 3590) except. Since he is the only one who has
presently comes before us in this light (Westcott). This come from heaven, he alone can speak authoritatively
shows the necessity of a new birth in order to become of it (Carson). He alone by virtue of his descent from
children of God (Carson). x (# 1666) prep., from; indi- heaven is authorized and empowered by the Father to
cates the source or sphere. @ 7 Bavpaones aor. subj. act. achieve the salvation of the divine sovereignty (Beas-
Bavpatw (#2513) to wonder, to marvel. Aor. subj. is a ley-Murray). KataBag aor. act. part. Katopaivw
categorical prohibition: “Do not marvel at all!” (which (# 2849) to descend, to come down. Subst. part. to de-
he had done in v. 4) (BD, 337,2). Perhaps the idea of scribe here the qualifications of the Son of Man. Aor.
the vb. here is to stumble or reject; s. 5:28 for the same indicates action logically antecedent, though the ac-
meaning (Schlatter). det (# 1256) pres., ind. act. it is tion could be temporally simultaneous. @ 14 bywoev
necessary (w. inf.). buag pl. ov (# 5148) you; the pl. aor. ind. act. vyow (# 5738) to lift up, to make high.
wv
185 John 3

Const. aor. referring to the action as a whole. In John it kpiveta pres. ind. pass. s.v. 17. The change to the pres.
refers both to the lifting up on the cross as well as the is durative or progressive, suggesting a sentence pres-
exaltation to heaven (TDNT). 616 (# 4058) snake; cf. ently being executed. xexpitai perf. ind. pass. kptvw to
Num. 21:4-9; 2 Kings 18:4; ABD, 5:1117. byw@fvor aor. judge. Perf. indicates he has already been judged and
pass. inf. Dyow. Compl. inf. to the impersonal vb. Sei presently is under the sentence (JG, 352). mEnLOTEVKEV
(# 1256) pres. ind. act. w. inf., it is necessary to, giving perf. ind. act. miotevw to believe. Perf. indicates he has
a logical necessity. tov vidv tod d&vOpuov Son of Man. entered into a continuing state of belief (Morris).
S. the discussion in Schackenburg. @ 15 miotebwv @ 19 xpiotg (# 3213) judgment. Here as the process of
Pres. act. part. Tiotevw (# 4409) to believe. Subst. part. judging, not the sentence of condemnation (Morris).
ma O (# 4246) anyone who. Pres. expresses simulta- Men are judged by the work and person of Jesus (Bar-
neous action. ExN pres. subj. act. Eyw (# 2400) to have. rett). God’s great saving act has become a means of
Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp.; the purp. of the judgment through the perverted reaction of people.
exaltation is that those who believe obtain eternal life. (Beasley-Murray). o@¢ (# 5890) light. The revelation
aidvioc (# 173) eternal. Eternal life is the life of the age brings to light what man truly is (TDNT; s. John 1:4).
to come which is gained by faith, cannot be destroyed, The difference in men is their response to the light
and is a pres. possession of the one who believes (GW, (Tenny; Zane C. Hodges, “Coming to the Light-John
191-201; Brown, 505-508; Dodd, 144-50). ® 16 ottwe 3:20-21,” Bib Sac 135 [1978]: 314-22; E.R. Achtemeier,
yap just as the acquisition of eternal life is grounded in “Jesus Christ, the Light of the World: The Biblical Un-
the lifting up of the Son, so the lifting up of the Son is derstanding of Light and Darkness,” Interpretation 17
grounded in the love of God (Carson). nyamnoev aor. [1963]: 439-49). eAnAvGev perf. ind. act. Epxouor (# 2262)
ind. act. wyanaw (# 26) to love (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT; to come. Perf. indicates the abiding results of His com-
James Moffatt, Love in the New Testament |[London: ing. Nyamnouv aor. ind. act. s.v. 16. @ 20 pada (#5765)
Hodder and Stoughton, 1929]; Brown, 497ff; EIM, 64- bad, foul, worthless. mpa&oowv pres. act. part. mpacow
85). Const. aor. viewing all God’s individual actions of (# 4556) to do. Pres. indicates simultaneous actions.
loving the world as a whole. xoowog (# 3180) world His evil deeds demonstrate his rejection of Christ, the
(N.H. Cassem, “A Grammatical and Contextual In- light of God. éAeyx67] aor. subj. pass. edeyyw (# 1794) to
ventory of the Use of koojog in the Johannine Corpus bring to light, expose; properly sifted, tried, tested and
with some Implications for a Johannine Cosmic Theol- then, if need be, convicted; to show how faulty they
ogy,” NTS 19 [1972]: 81-91; TDNT). ote (# 6063) w. are and to reprove; to state that someone has done
ind. to express actual result (RG, 1000; BAGD; Car- wrong, w. the implication that there is adequate proof
son). wovoyevi| (# 3666) unique, only one of this kind of such wrongdoing; to prove (Westcott; LN, 1:436;
(EDNT; TDNT; GELTS, 309; Wisdom 7:22; D. Moody, NIDNTT; TDNT; CCFJ, 2:73). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to
“God’s Only Son,” JBL 72 [1953]: 213-19). &wKev aor. express purp. ® 21 novdv pres. act. part. movew (# 4472)
ind. act. 5t8wut (# 1443) to give. The giving points to to do, practice. For the construction noiWv thy GANBELav
His grace (s. Isa. 9:6). Const. aor. viewing all God’s in- in DDS s. 1QS 1:5; 5:3; 8:2. pavepw6] aor. subj. pass.
dividual actions in sending His Son. nig 0 motebwv davepow (# 5746) to manifest, to bring to light. 61
this construction has a generalizing tendency; perhaps (# 4022) gives the content of what is manifested. eip-
a gnomic pres. (GGBB, 620-27); “anyone who be- yaoueéva. perf. pass. part. epyacoua (# 2237) to work, to
lieves.” &moANTAI aor. subj. mid. on0AA VL (# 660) to de- produce by work. Perf. points to the permanence of
stroy, to perish (TDNT). Subj. w. iva, (# 2671) and neg. such works (Morris; JG, 344). €v @e@ (# 1877; 2536) In-
un (# 3590) to express neg. purp. of the giving. str. use of the prep., giving the reason for the perma-
@ 17 GméotetAev aor. ind. act. anootedAw (# 690) to nence of the deeds (BD, 117-18; BAGD). @ 22 peta
send, to send as an authoritative representative tadto (#3552; 4047) after these things. There is no indi-
(TDNT; EDNT). This may be a preparation for v. 19, cation of length of time. The previous conversation
because the word is used for emitting light (TLNT, took place in Jerusalem, while the following was in the
1:186). Kpivy aor. subj. act. kptvw (# 3212) to decide, to Judean hillside (Carson). 7\@ev aor. ind. act. EPYOLAL
judge, to condemn, as a contrast w. ow07 (Morris). The s.v. 2. bvetpiBev impf. ind. act. diatpiBw (# 1417) to re-
vb. suggests not just the process of sentencing, but the main, to spend some time. Durative impf. presenting
ensuing condemnation (NIDNNT, 2:362-67). Const. the staying as in progress, but prior to the time of writ-
aor. viewing the total action. ow67 aor. subj. pass. owtw ing. eBantitev impf. ind. act. BantiGw (# 966) to baptize.
(# 5392) to rescue, to save. Subjs. w. iva (# 2671) to ex- Iterat. impf. points to the repeated action. @ 23 Bax-
press purp. In light of John 9:39 one should under- titwv pres. act. part. BartiCw s.v. 22. In light of John 4:2
stand the statement that Jesus came into a world the disciples baptized, not Jesus himself. mapeyivovto
already condemned in order to save some (Carson). impf. ind. mid. (dep.) mapayivouat (# 4134) to come on
@ 18 miotebwv pres. act. part. miotevw to believe s.v. 16. the scene, to appear, to come. Iterat. impf. indicates
John 4 186

“they kept on coming again and again.” eBantifovto pres. act. inf. avéavw (# 889) to grow, to increase. Inf.
impf. ind. pass. Bantitw to baptize. 24 yap (# 1142) complements the impersonal vb. det, which gives a
explains why John is still baptizing. BeBAnyEévoc perf. logical necessity. Durative or iterat. pres. (BD, 172).
pass. part. BaAAw (# 965) to throw, to cast. Part. in a pe- EAattodobaL pres. pass. inf. EAXattOw (# 1738) to make
riphastic construction indicating that John was not yet less, inferior, to decrease. Inf. complements the imper-
in prison (VA, 485). This gives an indication of the ear- sonal vb. Set. 31 d&vwev from above s.v. 3. EnaVvW
liest ministry of Christ. Based on Mark 1:14 the Ga- (# 2062) above, w. gen. dv pres. act. part. s.v. 4.
lilean ministry began after the incarceration (Carson). 32 ewpaxev perf. ind. act. opdw s.v. 11. Perf. indicates
© 25 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyat (# 1181) to be- the past action. TKovoev aor. ind. act. axovw (# 201) to
come, to arise. Const. aor. describing the total contro- hear. Const. aor. viewing the hearing of the total
versy. ovv (# 4036) now, to indicate the continuation of speech. 33 AaPwv aor. act. part. AouBavw (# 3284) to
a subject from one thought to another (DM, 254). Cntn- take, to receive. toppa&yioev aor. ind. act. odpayitw
og (# 2428) questioning, controversy, debate concern- (# 5381) to seal, to certify, to acknowledge as a seal
ing a controversial subject (BAGD), even of a legal does on a document. It indicates authenticity or own-
dispute (MM). &x (# 1666) from. The dispute arose ership (TDNT; BAGD; MM; BBC). Const. aor. viewing
from and originated w. the disciples of John (Barrett). the total action of sealing. 6t1 (# 4022) is either causal
KaGapiopoc (# 2752) cleansing, purification. This is not cl. or it could give the content of the seal. @ 34 ov
concerning baptism, but concerning ritual cleansings (# 4005) the antecedent is omitted; often a demonstra-
(John 2:6; Carson). It refers to agricultural purification tive pron., here it would be in the nom. case (“the one,
in a physical or cultic sense (BAGD; NIDNTT, 3:102, whom...”). G@méotevev aor. ind. act. s.v. 17. pha
citing the Michigan papyri 185,16; cf. also A.R.C. (# 4839) word, that which is spoken. pétpov (# 3586)
Leaney, The Rule of Qumran and its Meaning [London: measure. The Father gives to the Son without measure
SCM Press, 1966], 141f, 191f; Roger P. Booth, Jesus and (Morris). ® 35 Gyan pres. ind. act. wyandw (# 26) to
the Laws of Purity: Tradition, History, and Legal History love. Pres. describes the ongoing relationship between
[Sheffield: The University of Sheffield, 1986]; MM; the Father and Son. 8€5wxev perf. ind. act. dtSwy1
DJG, 125-31). @ 26 peyaptopnKacs perf. ind. act. s.v. 11. (# 1443) to give, to entrust, to place into one’s authori-
Perf. describes antecedent action: “who you witnessed ty (Gen. 39:8; 29:12; BAGD). Perf. indicates the lasting
to in the past, yet people are still following because of results of the Son receiving the authority over all
your testimony.” te (# 2623) aor. imp. act. opdw to see. things. © 36 motebwv pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409)
Used to point out something that the speaker wishes to believe. Subst. part. to describe the characteristics
to draw attention to (BAGD). 27 a&n-expi6n aor. ind. necessary. Pres. describes the simultaneous action of
pass. (dep.) amoxptvoyat to answer. s.v. 3. q pres. subj. the part. and the main vb. Cwnv aiwviov (# 2437; 173)
act. eit (# 1639) to be. 5eSopuevov perf. pass. part. d5wpt eternal life. Since life is in the Son the believer has this
(# 1443) to give. Part. used in a periphrastic w. ev life when he is united to him by faith (Beasley-Mur-
(# 1569) construction to express the perf. subj. Subj. ex- ray). @&mevO@v pres. act. part. ameWew (# 578) to be dis-
presses the cond.; it is possible for the cond. to be ful- obedient. Disbelief is regarded in its activity
filled. ® 28 poptupeite pres. ind. act. waptupew (# 3455) (Westcott). Oyetou fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to
to witness. Their witness to John’s role is contrasted to see. It means to participate in God’s kingdom and is
John’s previous witness concerning Christ (v. 26). interchangeable with faith (Lindars; NIDNTT, 3:516).
aneotakwevog perf. pass. part. s.v. 17. €unpoodev opyn (# 3973) wrath. This played a role in the preach-
(# 1869) before. 29 Eywv pres. act. part. exw (# 2400) ing of John the Baptist (John 1:6ff, 19-28; Matt. 3:7; Mk.
to have. vouon (# 3811) bride. vupotoc (# 3812) bride- 1:3-8; Lk. 3:2-17). Only by faith in Messiah can one es-
groom. pidog tod vupiov the friend of the groom. The cape the wrath. While the future holds the full mani-
groom’s closest friend who takes care of arranging the festation of the wrath, present unbelief places one
wedding. He was to ensure that the ceremony encoun- presently under wrath (NIDNTT; TDNT; DJG, 411).
tered no difficulties (Brown; Jastrow, 2:1543; Carson; God’s wrath is not a sudden gust or passion, but the
SB, 1:45-46, 500-501; DJG, 86-88). EotnKwW<¢ perf. act. settled displeasure of God against sin (Tenny).
part. totnut (# 2705) to stand. Subst. part. thy dwvnv tod
vuppiov the voice of the groom is thought to be the tri-
umph shout by which the bridegroom announced to John 4
his friends outside that he had been united to a virgin- 1 For a discussion of this pericope s. Edeltraud
al bride (Beasley-Murray; Schnackenburg). d&Kovwv Leidig, Jesus Gesprach mit der Samaritanerin und weitere
pres. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 8, w. obj. in gen. memANpwtar Gespraiche im Johannesevangelium (Basel: Friederich
perf. ind. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. Perf. in- Reinhardt Kommissionsverlag, 1981); I.H. Marshall,
dicates the continuing effects of this joy. @ 30 av&dvetv “The Problem of NT Exegesis (John 4,1-45),” JETS 17
187 John 4

(1974): 67-73. Hendrikus Boers, Neither on this Moun- deutscher Ubersetzung (Tubingen: A. Francke Verlag,
tain Nor in Jerusalem: A Study of John 4, SBLMS 35 1994); DJG, 40. Impf. 5e1 is used w. a necessity in the
(Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988); Teresa Okure, The Jo- past. Josephus comments, “It was absolutely neces-
hannine Approach to Mission, WUNT 31 (Tubingen: sary for those who would go quickly to pass through
J.C.B Mohr, 1988). For several contrasts between Nico- that country (Samaria), for by that road you may, in
demus and the Samaritan woman, and Christ and the three days, go from Galilee to Jerusalem” (Jos., Life,
Samaritan woman s. Blum, 284. This interview again 269). Svepyeo@at pres. mid. (dep.) inf. duepyouct (# 1451)
demonstrates the truth of John 2:25; for the similari- to pass through. Compl. inf. to the impersonal vb. €6e1.
ties; also Mary M. Pazdan, “Nicodemus and the Sa- @ 5 Xuyap (# 5373) this may be modern day ‘Askar, on
maritan Woman: Contrasting Models of Discipleship,” the shoulder of Mount Ebal, opposite of Mount Geri-
BTB 17 (1987): 145-48; Carson, 214-15. obv (# 4036) zim (Carson). Aeyouévnv pres. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306)
when, now; indicates a succession of either time or to say; pass. to have the name. mAnotov (# 4446) w.
events (DM, 253). €yvw aor. ind. act. yiwwoxw (# 1182) to gen., near to, near. xwptov (# 6005) piece of land, par-
know. 611 (# 4022) gives the content of his knowledge. cel. €5wKev aor. ind. act. 5t5wyt (# 1443) to give. Const.
He did this in order to avoid conflict with the Phari- aor. viewing the action of purchasing and giving as a
sees. Tkovoav aor. ind. act. &Kovw (# 201) to hear. 6t1 whole (cf. Gen. 33:19; 48:22; Josh. 24:32). A.F. Wedel,
gives the content of what the Pharisees heard. It intro- “John 4:5-36,” Interp. 31 (1977): 406-12. @ 6 mnyN
duces indir. discourse here (GGBB, 458). While the (# 4380) well, spring. This well was over 90 ft. deep.
Pharisees were throughout the land, in John they seem There was a rounded stone at the top. A hole was cut
to be concentrated in Jerusalem (John 1:24; 7:32, 45-48; in the top so that a leather bucket could be lowered to
8:13; 9:13, 15; 11:46ff, 57; 12:19, 42) (Schlatter). mAetovac the underground spring (Schlatter). The following dis-
comp. morvg (# 4498) much; comp., more. f (# 2445) cussion revolves around the contrast of well water and
than, used to complete the comp. @ 2 Kaitor ye living water suggesting the life and salvation of the
(# 2793) although (BD, 234; Thrall; Blomquist, 35-45). kingdom (Beasley-Murray). While the well here is dug
ePantitev impf. ind. act. Bantitw (# 966) to baptize. out, it is fed by an underground spring, providing
The durative or customary impf. emphasizing the re- then fresh water (Carson). KexomiaKws perf. act. part.
peated act. This is to show that Jesus was not just an- komiaw (# 3159) to labor, to grow weary from work
other baptizer or even an imitator of John the Baptist (TLNT). Perf. emphasizes the state of weariness, fre-
(Beasley-Murray, 58). He used his disciples as the quently beginning before the action of the main vb.
agents (Carson). 3 défKev aor. ind. act. dpinpt Part. is either causal or temp. It describes a trait of
(# 918) to leave. GntjAOev aor. ind. act. anepxouar Jesus. od01nopia (# 3845) walking, journey. This is a
(# 599) to go out. Aor. in both vbs. describe the journey metonymy (cause for the effect). The journey is men-
from Judea to Galilee. Since Jesus was working on tioned; the weariness is meant. exadeCeto impf. ind.
God’s timetable and since he also now saw the end of mid. (dep.) «kaGefoucr (# 2757) to sit, to be sitting.
his ministry he withdrew to avoid the present conflict Impf. is progressive describing a vivid past action.
(Blum). @ 4 éet impf. ind. act. dei (# 1256) it is neces- ovtwc (# 4048) thus, so, either modifying the vb.
sary, to have to, w. inf. Not geographical necessity in exadeleto or the part. kexomiaxws (Brown). ent (# 2093)
light of Jos., Ant., 20:118; JW, 2:232; Life, 269, referring w. dat., upon; “upon the curbstone of the well” (RWP).
to Jewish travellers passing through Samaria (Carson). w<¢ (# 6055) w. numbers, about; (i.e., about noon, the
Rather, the vb. gives a divine necessity, meaning that natural time to rest while the sun was at its height
God’s will or plan is involved (Brown). It may antici- [Bernard; BBC]). ® 7 &pyeta1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
pate the statement in John 4:42 that Jesus is the Savior Epxouo (# 2262) to come. Hist. pres. &vtAijoar aor. act.
of the world, and not just the Jews. 81a tig Lapapeiac inf. dvtAew (# 533) to draw. Inf. expresses the purp. of
(# 1328; 4899).This was the shortest way from Judea to her coming. Possibly the woman’s public shame (s.v.
Galilee. Normally, a Jew would not pass through Sa- 16ff; BBC) caused her to come alone (Carson). 806 aor.
maria, since the Samaritans even made the land im- imp. act. didwur (# 1443) to give. This is a polite re-
pure. S. ABD, 5:940-47; James D. Purvis, “The quest, yet with a note of urgency. netv aor. act. inf. tivw
Samaritans and Judaism,” in Early Judaism and Its Mod- (# 4403) to drink. Compl. inf. to the main vb. giving the
ern Interpreters, ed. by Robert A. Kraft and George W.E. content of the request with the dir. object (water) un-
Nickelsburg, 81-98, particularly 87-90; idem., The Sa- derstood. @ 8 ameAnAdGe1oav plperf. ind. act. anépxo-
maritan Pentateuch and the Origin of the Samaritan Sect wot (#599) to go away. Plperf. describes the antecedent
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); idem., action of the disciples. They had left, leaving Jesus
“The Fourth Gospel and the Samaritans,” Nov T 17 alone. &yop&owow aor. subj. act. wyopatw (# 60) to buy
(1976): 161-98; Jiirgen Zangenberg, XAMAPEIA. Antike at the marketplace. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) describes the
Quellen zur Geschichte und Kultur der Samaritaner in purp. of their leaving. 9 wv pres. act. part. et
John 4 188

(# 1639) to be. Part. in apposition to 0% Concessive use deep. The well is still over 100 feet (30 m) deep. (Car-
of the part., “even though you are a Jew.” The inherit- son). ovv (# 4036) therefore, then; the lack of the bucket
ed suspicions and animosities were intensified when and the depth of the well make it impossible to draw
the Samaritan was a woman (Carson). According to the desired water. Even the great patriarch Jacob had
the Mishnah a Cuthean (Samaritan) woman was con- to use a bucket. @ 12 pn (# 3590) expecting a neg. re-
sidered completely unclean (M, Niddah 4:1). ovong ply. peiGwv (# 3505) comp. péyas great; comp., greater.
pres. act. part. eit to be. Part. used appositionally; TMatpOG gen. Tatrp (# 4252) father; gen. of comp. ESwKev
pres. indicates a contemporaneous status, thus height- aor. ind. act. didwyt (# 1443) to give. Const. aor. view-
ening the distinction between the two. ovyypa@vtat ing the action of giving as a whole. @peypata (# 2576)
pres. ind. act. ovyypaouat (#5178) to have dealings w., cattle. €mvev aor. ind. act. nivw (# 4403) to drink. Const.
to use together w.; s. D.R. Hall, “The Meaning of syn- aor. viewing the action of drinking as a whole.
chraomai in John 4,9,” ET 83 (1972): 56-57. Jews do not @ 13 mivwv pres. act. part. mivw s.v. 12. Attributive part.
use vessels w. Samaritans for fear of becoming unclean to describe a generalizing tendency. It is in apposition
(Barrett; Morris; M, Niddah 4:1; SB, 1:538-60; D. to mag (# 4246) (“all who ...”) (RG, 772). Svwnoet fut.
Daube, “Jesus and the Samaritan Woman: The Mean- ind. act. duyaw (# 1498) to thirst, to be thirsty. Predic-
ing of ovvypaouat,” JBL 69 [1950]: 137-47; Matt. 10:5). tive fut. here describes what will certainly happen.
Customary or gnomic pres., indicating the Jewish cus- Jesus means here nothing in the world offers one true
tom. @ 10 anexpt6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) anoKxpivopar satisfaction (Schlatter). 14 ntq aor. subj. act. tivw s.v.
(# 646) to answer. TIEtG plpert. ind. act. of the def. pert. 12s Subj. w. av (# 323) generalizes: anyone who, any-
oda. (# 3857) to know. Ind. in a 2nd. class cond. cl. in one in general, without any particular individual in
which the speaker assumes the cond. is contrary to mind (EGGNT). ob (# 4005) rel. pron. has been attract-
fact. 5wped (# 1561) gift, donation. This could refer ei- ed to the gen. of its antecedent. wow fut. ind. act. Si5w-
ther to the Torah as God’s gift, or better to eternal life ut s.v. 12. Put. gives the fut. cond. in which the
which Christ will offer her (Carson). This deals with following will be fulfilled. The water given by Jesus
the legal aspect of the gift (TDNT). In a letter it refers liberates because it is what one deeply longs for and
to the Emperor’s beneficium to the soldiers (MM). It fulfills human needs (Schlatter). This water satisfies
could possibly be referring to Jesus himself, the gift of the thirst for God (cf. Isa. 12:3; 55:1). yewnoeta fut. ind.
God, that is the one who is speaking to you (NIDNTT). mid. (dep.) ytvouai (# 1181) to be, to become. The
Ttnoas aor. ind. act. aitéw (# 160) to ask. Const. aor. de- water that Jesus will give will change the person by
scribing the upcoming conversation. €5wkev aor. ind. becoming a spring itself. GAAopevov pres. mid. (dep.)
act. 515wpui (# 1443) to give. G@v pres. act. part. Caw part. Goo (# 256) to spring up, leap. In simple ap-
(# 2409) to live; attributive use of the part. Part. de- position. Used of quick movement by living beings
scribes an attribute of the water; that is, fresh, flowing like jumping (Brown). etg (# 1650) could be under-
water in contrast to brackish water from a cistern or a stood to give the purp. or result. It could also give the
well, but also water creating and maintaining life (Bar- goal of the water, leading the recipient to eternal life
rett; Beasley-Murray; SB, 2:433-36). For the expression (Schlatter). 15 80¢ aor. imp. act. {Swi s.v. 12. Imp.
in DSS s. CD 19:34. There it means the law which is a is used as a request or entreaty. iva (# 2671) gives the
well of living water. This expression often refers to content or result of the preceding request. 5up@ pres.
YHWH and his salvation in the OT (Prov. 13:14; 18:4; subj. act. dvyaw s.v. 13. Sepywpor pres. subj. mid.
Isa. 12:3; Jer. 2:13; 17:13). Jesus’ request is only an (dep.) diepxyouar (# 1451) to go, to come (BAGD). év-
opening to the rest of the conversation. Jesus focuses Oude (# 1924) here. avtieiv pres. act. inf. GvtAEW s.v. 7.
the conversation on three things: 1. Who is he? 2. What Inf. gives the purp. of her coming to the well.
is the gift of God? 3. What is the living water? (Blum). ® 16 bnaye pres. imp. act. Dndwyw (# 5632) to go. Pres.
Here the thirsty traveler becomes the true giver of imp. often is used to express an order involving mo-
thirst-quenching water (Becker). In light of SB, 2:433- tion (Bakker, 82). Here the imps. are dir. commands for
36 it is tempting to view this water as the revelation the woman to follow. They are given in the necessary
brought by the Revealer (Becker) or the gift bestowed and chronological sequence. @Wvnoov aor. imp. act.
by the revelation (Beasley-Murray), i.e., the eternal life dwvew (# 5888) to call. Aor. imp. may have a note of ur-
mediated by the Spirit (Carson). @ 11 Kvpte (# 3267) gency to it (EGGNT, 86). €A@€ aor. imp. act. épyouar
sir; not christological, but a polite address. &xe1¢ pres. (# 2262) to go. @ 17 Gmexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Progressive pres. indicat- amoKkptvouat (# 646) to answer. KaA@> (# 2822) adv.,
ing pres. possession here. &vtAnwa (# 534) bucket for well; used here in the sense of truthfully (EDNT). Jesus
drawing water. The response of the woman is con- commends her formal truthfulness, while gently ex-
trolled by her misunderstanding of the conversation posing the truth (Carson). 6t1 (# 4022) gives the con-
(Beasley-Murray). péap (# 5853) well. Badv (# 960) tent of her speech. @ 18 Eoyec aor. ind. act. Eyw (# 2400)
189 John 4

to have. Const. aor. viewing all five marriages as a ing for such worshipers. mpooxvvodvtac pres. act. part.
whole. According to rabbinic teaching, a woman was mpooxvvew to worship (TDNT; EDNT). @ 24 nvedpo,
to be married only twice or at most three times (SB, (# 4460) spirit. The predicate without the art. empha-
2:437; C.M. Carmichel, “Marriage and the Samaritan sizes the character and nature (s. John 1:1; GGBB, 270).
Woman,” NTS 26 [1980]: 332-46). &An@ES acc. GANONC As a spirit he is not bound to a location as the Jews
(# 239) truly. “This is a true thing” (RWP). eipnkas perf. and Samaritans would have him bound. “God is invis-
ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Perf. emphasizes the com- ible, life-giving and unknowable unless he chooses to
pletion of her speech and confession. @ 19 8ewp@ pres. reveal himself” (Carson). €v (# 1877) “in.” Prep. gives
ind. act. Sewpéw (# 2555) to see, to perceive. mpodntns the sphere or manner in which one must worship.
(# 4737) prophet. The word is used with a wide range TMpookvveiv pres. act. inf. tpookvvew s.v. 20. Compl. inf.
of meaning. At this point it may not denote a full- to the impersonal dei (# 1256). 25 €A6q aor. subj. act.
orbed OT prophet or messianic figure (Carson), but epyouat s.v. 23. Subj. adds a degree of uncertainty
prophetic quality (GGBB, 265-66). 20 mpooexbvnoav (“whenever”). Gvayyedei fut. ind. act. avayyedrAw
aor. ind. act. tpookvvew (# 4686) to worship. Aor. views (# 334) to announce. The word is used of the fresh and
the entire process of worship ever since the establish- authoritative message of the advocate in John 16:13ff
ment of the Samaritan temple or religion as one whole (Westcott). The Messiah is the supernatural person
act. Mpooxvveiv pres. act. inf. Compl. inf. to the main who will declare the divine truth to men (Barrett). This
vb. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary. R.J. Bull, will be His recognizing trait. 26 AGAwv pres. act.
“An Archaeological Context of Understanding John 4, part. Aadew (# 3281) to speak. Pres. emphasizes the on-
20,” BA 38 (1975): 54-59. The different location in wor- going action. Part. in simple apposition to eya
ship was a major difference between the Jews and Sa- @ 27 Eni tovtw (# 2093; 4047) this indicates a shift in
maritans. For a discussion of the OT background s. the story with the return of the disciples (Becker).
Otto Betz, “’To Worship God in Spirit and Truth.’ Re- E0avpalov impf. ind. act. Gavpatw (#2513) to be aston-
flections on John 4, 20-26,” Standing before God: Studies ished, to marvel. It denotes incredulous surprise
on Prayer in Scripture and Tradition with Essays: (MM). Ingressive impf., “they began to wonder.” The
Festschrift John M. Oesterreicher, KTAV, 1981, 53-72. surprise arises because He was talking to a woman,
@ 21 Ot (# 4022) indir. discourse or possibly causal. which was held to be improper, esp. for a rabbi. One
MLOTEVE pres. imp. act. Tiotevw (# 4409) to believe. Pres. does not talk to a woman publicly on the street, not
imp. may have the notion of linear or continuing ac- one’s own wife, and particularly not to another wom-
tion (EGGNT). wpa (# 6052) hour. “The eschatological an, due to the gossip of the people (Schlatter; s. M,
hour, initiating the new age of the kingdom of Aboth 1:5; b. Qidd. 70a; Moore, Judaism, 2:269f; SB,
God-when worship of the Father will be tied to no 2:438). EAGAEL impf. ind. act. AaAEw s.v. 26. Durative
place” (Beasley-Murray). mpooxuvfoete fut. ind. act. impf. describing the whole conversation in the past
mpookvvew s.v. 20. The conversation concerning the tense. peévtot (# 3530) really, actually. 28 dpfjKev aor.
controversy of the location of worship should not be ind. act. &ptnut (# 918) to leave. Const. aor. viewing the
understood against the rival temple built in the Per- action as a whole. obv (# 4036) now. This should not be
sian period and destroyed by John Hyrcanus in 128 understood logically, but chronologically. vépia
B.C. @ 22 6t1 (# 4022) because; causal. The question is (# 5620) water jar (BAGD). It must be fairly large,
what is it giving the reason to: just to the immediate cl. since in Gen. 24:14 it could provide enough water for
or to the two that precede. This then goes beyond the camels to drink. She leaves her water bucket behind in
location of worship to the object of worship (Becker). haste. This indicates her desire to return; or perhaps it
owtnpia. (# 5401) deliverance, salvation. What is meant allows Jesus to drink from it (Schlatter). ® 29 dedte
is that salvation is available through Jesus, who was (# 1307) adv. serving as hortatory particle: come! come
born as fulfillment of the covenant with Abraham. Sa- on! (BAGD). iSete aor. imp. act. opaw (# 3972) to see.
maritans must participate in the salvation that comes Aor. imp. often has a sense of urgency, entreaty, com-
from the Jews (TDNT; TLNT; NIDNTT; Carson). mand, a polite command. €xoinoa aor. ind. act. no1ew
@ 23 Epyetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) épyouc (# 2262) to (# 4472) to do. Const. aor. viewing all her actions as a
go, to come. Futuristic pres. to emphasize the certainty whole. This is consonant with the Samaritans’ under-
of coming. GAnOivog (# 240) true, genuine. mpoo- standing of the “Taheb” as restorer and revealer of the
Kuvqtns (# 4687) worshiper. mpooxvvnjcovoty fut. ind. truth (Beasley-Murray; BBC). wnt (# 3614) not neces-
act. Mpookvvew s.v. 20. torovtovg (# 5525) such, of such sarily expecting a neg. answer, but rather a cautious,
a kind. ¢ntei pres. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Con- tentative opinion (Schnackenburg; M, 193). Xpiot0c
tinuous pres. emphasizing John’s point that this type (# 5986) for her Jesus is not just a prophet or the
of worship is what God seeks at all times. Possibly prophet, but the Messiah (Becker; DJG, 114-17).
progressive emphasizing that God is presently look- 30 eEfAGov aor. ind. act. ebepyouo (# 2002) to go out.
John 4 190

Const. aor. viewing the action as a whole. Tjpxovto here of people coming to Christ. AevKat pl. AevKoc
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) épxouon (# 2262) to go. Impf. pic- (# 3328) white. Perhaps referring to the people in their
tures the long procession as they approached Jesus white clothes (Morris). Jesus’ work-to do the will of
(RWP), “they began coming.” @ 31 Ev t@ petaéd the one who sent him-—cannot be postponed, since the
(# 1877; 3590) in the meanwhile; that is, before the Sa- harvest is now (Becker). 36 8epiGwv pres. act. part.
maritan villagers arrived (Bernard). Another indica- Oepttw (# 2545) to harvest. Subst. part. describing a
tion of a shift in the story line. Npwtwv impf. ind. act. man in his role as sower. The pres. suggests durative
epwtaw (# 2263) to question, to ask. Impf. may suggest action. The harvest is already ongoing (Becker). 11080¢
the very recent past or the action as still ongoing; or it (# 3635) reward, recompense. oneipwv pres. act. part.
may be incep. @aye aor. imp. act. Eo0iw (# 2266) to eat. oneipw (# 5062) to sow. opod (# 3938) together. Both
Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. should rejoice though each had a different responsibil-
This section moves from the water for the woman to ity, one at the end of the harvest, the other is necessary
the bread for the disciples (Beasley-Murray). for its initiation. yaipq pres. subj. act. yaipw (# 5897) to
32 Bodowv (# 1111) food, properly the process of eat- rejoice. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses result. This
ing but here synon. w. food (Barrett). payetv aor. act. proverb is used differently than in Lev. 26:10; Deut.
inf. €081w s.v. 31. Here the inf. describes the purp. of 28:30; Mic. 6:15; Matt. 25:26, where it largely has a neg.
having the bread. 33 GAANAOUS acc. pl. GAANAWV connotation. Here it indicates the difference of roles in
(# 253) each other, a reciprocal pron. pn (# 3590) used the service of the kingdom of God. Each worker may
in questions expecting the answer no. TveyKev aor. ind. rejoice in the total harvest (Beasly-Murray). @ 37 év
act. depw (# 5770) to carry, to bring. 34 Bpdpa tovtw (# 1877; 4047) in this. It may refer to the previ-
(# 1109) food. iva (# 2671) does not express purp., but ous (v. 36) but more probably to the following (v. 38)
rather introduces a noun cl. used as subject or pred. (Barrett). GAnNBivog (# 240) true, dependable; here an
nom. explaining what the food is (M, 208). A person accurate proverb in contrast to the previous one.
lives from that for which he lives (Schlatter). nEwwav- @ 38 ameotetda aor. ind. act. anooteAAw (# 690) to
TOG aor. act. part. neunw (# 4287) to send. teAEwow aor. send, to send as an official and authoritative represen-
subj. act. teAevow (# 5457) to accomplish, to finish, to tative. Const. aor. viewing the action of sending as
bring to consummation; to complete, to bring to com- whole. This would include not only the actual sending
pletion that work which was begun by the Father out, but also the preparation and work. It refers to the
(BAGD; Schnackenburg). Subj. w. twa (# 2671) cl. ex- general purp. of their calling (Carson). Oepiet pres.
plaining what His food is. 35 tetpdunvos (# 5485) act. inf. s.v. 36. Compl. inf. is giving the purp. of the
the fourth month. Oepionog (# 2546) harvest. Four sending. kexomiaKate perf. ind. act. komiaw s.v. 6. Con-
months intervened between the end of sowing and the summative perf. emphasizing the completion of the
beginning of harvest (Barrett; s. also “The Gezer Cal- work antecedent to the time of sending. xomog (# 3160)
endar,” ANET, 320; IBD, “Calendar”; ABD, 1:816-20). work, labor. eloeAnAdOate perf. ind. act. eioepyouar
There is a question, whether this is a simple proverbial (# 1656) to go into, to enter into; used here in a fig.
saying, or whether the saying describes the time of sense to come to enjoy; to enjoy the fruit of one’s labor
year (Becker; W.G.E. Watson, “Antecedents of a New (BAGD). Consummative perf. emphasizing that the
Testament Proverb,” VT 20 [1970]: 368-70). Usually the disciples have already been sent and are enjoying the
period between sowing and harvest was six months, fruit of the previous work. @ 39 éxiotevoay aor. ind.
but the interval from the latest date of sowing to the act. motevw (# 4409) to believe. Const. aor. emphasizes
beginning of the harvest was four months (Beasley- the action in its entirety; possibly an ingressive aor.
Murray; SB, 2:439-40). Here the word is used in a fig. emphasizing the entrance into the state or cond. This
sense, indicating the spiritual readiness of the Samari- acceptance of Jesus as Christ by the Samaritans stands
tans. He had just sown the seed through his conversa- in sharp contrast to the rejection by the Pharisees (vv.
tion with the woman; now the harvest is already at 1-3). paptupovones pres. act. part. paptupew (# 3455) to
hand with the population streaming out of the city give witness, to testify. She has joined John the Baptist
(Carson). €ndpate aor. imp. act. ematpw (# 2048) to lift in testifying to Jesus as the Messiah (Beasley-Murray).
up. Imp. here is used as entreaty, inviting them to see éxoinoa aor. ind. act. noiew (# 4472) to do. Const. aor.
that the fields are ready for the harvest. Aor. here indi- viewing her life as a whole. @ 40 fpwtwv impf. ind.
cates a note of urgency and a specific action (EGGNT, act. epwtdw (# 2263) to ask, to request. Iterat. impf.,
86). 8Edoaobe aor. imp. mid. (dep.) Geaouat (# 2517) to “they kept on asking him.” petvo aor. act. inf. pevw
look at, to contemplate (John 1:14). The disciples (# 3531) to remain. Compl. inf. giving the content of
should not only see the people streaming out of the the request. €uetvev aor. ind. act. wevw to remain. The
city, but contemplate the meaning and significance of following indicates that he stayed and taught about
this. ywpa (# 6001) field, open country (BAGD). Used his person and his mission (Schlatter). A shocking ac-
191 John 4

tion to the Jews then (BBC). @ 41 tov Adyov adtod “his Tpwta impf. ind. act. s.v. 31. Incep. impf. (“began to
word.” This is a further development from the refer- ask”) or iterat. impf. (“asked repeatedly”). The vb. oc-
ence to word of the woman in v. 39. Their belief is not curs here in the sense of petition, not in the sense to
based on a secondhand report, but a firsthand encoun- ask a question (Schlatter; MM). tva (# 2671) w. subj.
ter. 42 AaAa (# 3282) speech. Not in the sense of gives the content of the request. kataBf aor. subj. act.
gossip but as human and outward speech about some- Katopaivw (# 2849) to go down, to descend; used to in-
thing (Schnackenburg). aKnkoopev perf. ind. act. dicate a direction away trom Jerusalem. idontat aor.
&Kovw (# 201) to hear. Consummative perf. emphasizes subj. mid. (dep.) topo (# 2615) to heal. This is the ac-
the previous report that was heard (past act) and ac- tual purp. of his coming and the request. TweAdev impf.
cepted (present result). GAn@dc¢ (# 242) truly, in the ind. act. yerArAw (# 3516) to be about to, w. inf. (“was
sense of certainly. This is great insight into the true na- going to die,” “was at point of death”). For the use of
ture of Christ, while the Pharisees rejected these claims the inf. to express futurity reckoned from a moment in
(vv. 1-2). owthp tod Koopov (# 5400; 3180) “savior of the the past s. MKG, 307. 48 onpetov (# 4956) sign (John
world.” The term “savior of the world” often was 2:11). tepata pl. tepac (# 5469) wonder. Directs atten-
used of the Roman emperor (LAE, 364f; TDNT; Craig tion to the miraculous, but in the NT the word is not
R. Koester, “’The Savior of the World’ (John 4:42),” JBL used alone (Morris). t8nte aor. subj. act. opaw (# 3972)
109 [1990]: 665-80). The emphasis in this story is not on to see. Subj. occurs to express uncertainty in the cond.
the woman or the Samaritans, but on the person of His faith required the support of sight (Westcott).
Christ. The Samaritans believed based on Deut. 18:15- Muotevonte aor. subj. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe.
18 promising another Moses to come and initiate di- The pl. indicates the individual was representative of a
vine favor. This is a title applied to Jesus in that he ful- whole class (Bernard). @ 49 xataPnO aor. imp. act.
fills the hopes of the Samaritans, Jews, and the world KatoPatvw (# 2849) to go down. Aor. imp. indicates a
of nations (Beasley-Murray; cf. John MacDonald, The note of urgency. mpiv (# 4570) w. inf. &moBaveiv aor. act.
Theology of the Samaritans [Philadelphia: Westminster, inf. dno8vjoKw (# 633) to die. This suggests the urgen-
1964], 365ff). ® 43 eE7)AGev aor. ind. act. e€Epyouat to go cy of the request. He is not so much interested in the
out (s.v. 30). Jesus and his disciples leave the Samari- signs and wonders, but in the healing powers of Jesus
tan city of Sychar and continue on northward into Ga- (Carson). mordiov (# 4086) child. The word does not
lilee, continuing the journey from 4:3. @ 44 gLap- necessarily mean a small child. @ 50 nopevov pres.
topnoev aor. ind. act. yaptvpew to witness s.v. 39. imp. mid. (dep.) sing. mopevonar (# 4513) to go, to trav-
natpts1 dat. sing. natpic (# 4258) homeland, one’s own el. Pres. imp. emphasizes the durative nature of the
part of the country (BAGD). For a discussion of the journey. Cf) pres. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) to live; Semitic,
word s. Carson. @ 45 obv # 4036) then, therefore covering both recovery from illness and return to life
(DM, 2536). 7AGev aor. ind. act. Epxouc (# 2262) to go, from death (Brown). Pres. is futuristic indicating the
to come. Const. aor. describing the total journey. &5&- certainty of the healing. e€miotevoev aor. ind. act.
Eavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) d€xouo1 (# 1312) to receive, miotevw (# 4409) to believe. His belief consisted of
to welcome. Const. aor. describing the reception as a thinking that Jesus can heal even from a distance. AOyw
whole. éwpaxotes perf. act. part. opaw (# 3972) to see. dat. A0yog (# 3364) word. Here the object of the faith is
Perf. part. often refers to recent events in John (JG, 366; the revelation of Christ. Here is an example of a posi-
# 2506). €moinoev aor. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do, to tive response in faith to the revelation of Christ
make. Const. aor. describing the ministry as a whole. through a sign. €mopeveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) nopevo-
éoptn (# 2038) feast; here referring to the Passover wo to travel. This is the outward expression of his
(BAGD). @ 46 Baotr1K0g (# 997) belonging to the king, faith in Christ’s revelation. 51 KatoPaivovtog pres.
royal officer. Either a person of royal blood or a ser- act. part. katoBatvw s.v. 49. Gen. abs. implying “as” or
vant of the king (Brown); perhaps here an official in “because” (JG, 84); “while on his way.” dxrNvtNOGV aor.
the army of Herod Agrippa (Beasley-Murray), since ind. act. bnavtaw (# 5636) to meet. The viewpoint of
the term describes the soldiers of King Mithridates the action has changed. The servants now are the sub-
(BAGD); s. also A.H. Mead, “The BaoidiKog in John jects of the action. The dat. adt@ (# 899) describes who
4:46-53,” JSNT 23 (1985): 69-72. no®ever impf. ind. act. is being met. Ott (# 4022) introduces the dir. discourse.
codevew (# 820) to be sick. Prog. impf. indicates the @ 52 envGeto aor. ind. mid. (dep. ) movOavoua (# 4785)
vivid past or perhaps that the illness is still going on. to inquire. Ingressive aor. views the initiation of the
@ 47 axovous aor. act. part. aKkovw (# 201) to hear. conversation. ov (# 4036) now; not a temp. but a logi-
Temp. use of the circum. part., “when he heard.” Aor. cal connection. kop wotepov (# 3153) adv. comp. Kon wos
describes action as the basis for the main vb. anf)Aev nicely; comp., better. €oxev aor. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to
aor. ind. act. anepyouar (# 599) to go out. The journey have. Used w. the preceding adv. meaning “to be
from Capernaum to Cana was about 18 miles (Becker). well”; w. the ingressive aor. “to get better” (Barrett).
John 5 192

ex (# 2396) yesterday. For the reckoning of time s. he knew,” or temp., “when he became aware” (Car-
Norris; IBD, “Time.” GiKev aor. ind. act. adinur son). vying (# 5618) whole, well, restored to health
(# 918). @ 53 Eyvw aor. ind. act. yiwwwokw (# 1182) to (BAGD). yevéo8at aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivopor (# 1181)
know s.v. 1. The Father knows that the words of Jesus to become. Compl. inf. to the vb. 6&Ae1g “do you desire
had an immediate effect (Schlatter). kat (# 2779) and; to become well?” 7 anexpiOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
introduces the result of the encounter with Christ. amoKpivoua (# 646) to answer. Go8Eevav pres. act. part.
@ 54 devtepov (# 1311) again, the second (sign). The nom. masc. sing. aobevew s.v. 3. Subst. part. to empha-
term “again” is pleonastic (Brown). Both signs are size this trait of the man. tapay67 aor. subj. pass.
means of Christ revealing Himself (Becker). Though tapdoow (# 5429) to trip up, to trouble. Subj. w. 6tav
demonstrating that Jesus is the promised One they are (# 4020) to express an indef. time (“whenever”). BaAq
also hidden. The miracle at the wedding and this aor. subj. act. BadAw (# 965) to throw, to bring. It may
healing were not openly public. €A@wv aor. act. part. express the necessary haste of movement (Westcott).
epxouon (# 2262) to go. Aor. describes the logically an- Here in the sense of “quickly put” (BAGD). Subj. w.
tecedent action to the main vb. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. @ 8 Eyelpe pres. imp. act.
eyeipw (# 1586) to rise. For the idiomatic use of the
pres. imp. of this vb. s. VANT, 348-49. dpov aor. imp.
John 5 act. aipw (# 149) to pick up, to lift up. Aor. imp. calls
@ 1 aver aor. ind. act. avoPaivw (# 326) to go up. for a specific act and has a note of urgency. kpaBattoc
2 éotw pres. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. Hist. pres. (# 3187) mat, pallet, mattress used by the poor as bed-
(Schnackenburg; contra GGBB, 531; D.B. Wallace ding (Brown; MM). The command to carry the light
“John 5, 2 and the Date of the Fourth Gospel, Bib 71 mat shows the completeness of the healing (Carson).
(1990): 177-205. npopatixt) (# 4583) having to do w. TEPUTOLTEL pres. imp. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to walk
sheep. Either sheep gate or sheep pool (Morris; Bar- about. Pres. imp. w. vb. of motion (VANT, 343-44).
rett). An adj. modifying an understood noun, such as e9 eyEVEtO aor. ind. mid. (dep. ) yivoua (# 1181) to be-
gate or market. This allows for KoAvpBnOpa (# 3148) come. Npev aor. ind. act. aipw s.v. 8. This action will in-
(diving pool, sheep pool) to be nom. (Carson). For a troduce the reaction of the Jewish leaders. nepiencter
discussion of the variant see Barrett; TC, 207-208. For impf. ind. act. nepimatéw to walk around. Incep. impf.,
the identification as the pool of St. Anne s. Morris; “he began to walk about.” odPBatov (# 4879) Sabbath
Schnackenburg; Carson. €mtAeyopuévn pres. pass. part. (ABD, 5:853-56). The exegetical significance is not just
enireyw (# 2141) to name, to be named. Exovoa. pres. a chronological statement, but that healing on the Sab-
act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. The attributive part. is bath caused controversy. The carrying does not con-
used in place of a rel. cl. For a discussion of the pool tradict the OT law, but does break the tradition of the
see John Wilkinson, The Jerusalem Jesus Knew: An Ar- elders (Carson; BBC; DJG, 716-19, 218-19; SB, 2:454-61;
chaeological Guide to the Gospels (Thames & Hudon, Matt. 12:2). @ 10 teBepanevpeévw perf. pass. part. Sepa-
1978); Joachim Jeremias, The Rediscovery of Bethsesda nevw (# 2543) to treat medically, to heal. Perf. pictures
(Louisville: Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, his state or cond. and puts some stress on the perma-
1966); David J. Witkamp, “John 5,2 and the Pool of Be- nence of the cure (Morris). Perf. describes an event in
thesda,” NTS 12 (1965/66): 392-404; AJA, 166-68, 238- the recent past. Instead of rejoicing over the healing,
40; BBC; DJG, 41. ® 3 KateKeito impf. ind. mid. the Jewish leaders, ironically, only find fault (Carson).
(dep.) kataxetonat (# 2879) to lie; customary impf., “a éEEoTtL pres. ind. act. eEeot (# 2003) it is lawful, it is al-
multitude used to lie.” do®evobvtwv pres. act. part. lowed, w. inf. &pa aor. act. inf. aipw s.v. 8. Compl. inf.
ao8_evew (# 820) to be weak, to be sick. Subst. part. as a to the main vb. @ 11 G&nexpt6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v.
noun to describe a weakened cond., a sick person 7. Momoas aor. act. part. novew (# 4472) to do, to make.
(BAGD). tuod0¢ (# 5603) blind. ywrog (# 6000) lame. Subst. part. Aor. describes antecedent action, “the one
Enpoc (# 3831) dry, withered, disabled w. atrophied who made me well.” 12 Npwtnoav aor. ind. act. Epw-
limbs, a wasting disease (Brown; BAGD). @ 4 For the tow (#2263) to ask. eimv aor. act. part. AEyw (# 3306) to
textual problem and the omission of this v. s. TC, 209. say, to speak. Attributive part. to 0 dvOpwnocs. @ 13
@ 5 doeveia (# 819) weakness, sickness. Based on v. 7 iaBeic aor. pass. part. ion (# 2615) to heal. Subst.
his illness prevented him from going to the water him- part. Aor. portrays antecedent time. In this story the
self. Nothing more can be inferred from the text. persons are referred to by their activities, “the one
6 tdwv aor. act. part. opaw (# 3972) to see. Circum. who said,” “the one who was healed,” etc. fet plperf.
part. temp.: “when Jesus saw.” Jesus is the one who ind. act. oida (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
initiates the miracle (Becker) KataxKeipevov pres. mid. meaning. e€€vevoev aor. ind. act. Exvevw (# 1728) to
(dep.) part. KataKeiouat s.v. 3. yvovc aor. act. part. yi- turn the head aside, to dodge, to turn aside (Barrett;
vwoKkw (# 1182) to know. Circum. part. causal, “because NTNT, 88; GELTS, 138; Jos., Ant., 7:83; 9:120). Jesus
193 John 5

was no longer visible to the man healed (BAGD). évtoc ship involves perfect identity of will and action with
pres. act. part. (causal) ett (# 1639) to be. Gen. abs., the Father (Westcott; s. Isa. 42:1). @ 20 yap (# 1142) for.
“because there was a crowd in the place.” (JG, 84). Explains how the Son can do the Father’s will (Car-
@ 14 peta tadta after these things; after the Jewish son). @Wel pres. ind. act. pew (# 5797) to love; from
leaders had interrogated the man; no specific time is in the original meaning, “treat someone as one of their
mind. Se (# 2623) aor. imp. act. dpdw to see. YeYovaG own” developed the meaning, “the natural inclination
perf. ind. act. yivojot (# 1181) to become. Perf. empha- to a relative, love for a relative”; then the meaning, “to
sizes the action in the recent past, w. results of the heal- love” (TDNT; TLNT; Brown; 3:16). Pres. indicates the
ing continuing. Gydptave pres. act. imp. Gpaptdavw ongoing love of the Father for the Son. Seixvvov pres.
(# 279) to sin. Pres. imp. w. the neg., “do not continue ind. act. deikvup (# 1259) to show, to demonstrate.
to sin any longer.” Sin in the man’s life may have occa- wetCova (# 3505) comp. peyas large, great; comp., great-
sioned the illness. This may have been the reason for er. tovtwv gen. of comp., w. épya referring to the heal-
Jesus healing this particular man (Carson). yeipov ings. Bavpacnte pres. subj. act. bavuatw (# 2513) to be
(# 5937) comp. xaKxog bad, evil; comp., worse. It is astonished, to wonder. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express
something worse than the physical ailment. yevnto. purp. ® 21 yap (# 1142) for. Introduces an illustration
aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivoyo1 to become. Subj. w. iva of the principal of vv. 19-20 (Carson). éyeipet pres. ind.
(# 2671) to express purp. @ 15 avtyyetdev aor. ind. act. act. eyeipw (# 1586) to raise. Gwonovet pres. ind. act.
avayyeAAw (# 334) to report. He reported to the offi- Cwonoew (# 2443) to make alive. There seems to be a
cials the name of the one who healed him (BAGD). play on words here. Just as the Father physically gives
Tojous aor. act. part.s.v.11. 16 5a todto (# 1328; life to the dead so the Son gives spiritual life to the
4047) because of this; because the man identified the spiritually dead. This was an activity belonging exclu-
healer as Jesus. e5iwkov impf. ind. act. dwKw (# 1503) sively to God and may be anticipatory of John 11 (Car-
to persecute. Incep. impf., “they began to persecute.” son). @ 22 S€5wxev perf. ind. act. d15wy1 (# 1443) to
There is a marked shift here from a simple hesitation give; in the sense of granting authority. Resultative
about Christ to a controversy and ultimately an official perf. stressing the pres. results of the Son’s authority
rejection of Christ (Carson, 240). énoie. impf. ind. act. due to the Father’s past action. @ 23 tysmot pres. subj.
moiew to do. Impf. could be incep. (Morris) or better, act. tru (# 5506) to honor. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to ex-
customary: “he was in the habit of doing” (Westcott). press result, possibly purp. ty@v pres. act. part. Taw
@ 17 anexpivato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 7. The mid. to honor. Subst. part. Pres. used to describe a trait or
indicates a legal force, to make answer to the charge, attitude. meywwovta aor. act. part. neunw (# 4287) to
to make a defense (Morris; MM). Even though the op- send. Adj. part. to describe the past actions of the Fa-
ponents’ statements are not mentioned, the answer ther sending the Son. Jesus is equal in activity and
should be viewed as a response to these charges (Car- honor (Carson). 24 d&Kkovwv pres. act. part. aKovw
son). The response indicates that the charges against (# 201) to hear. Subst. part. (“the one who”), used here
the man of carrying his bed were only a pretense to in the sense of meeting a cond. motebwv pres. act. part.
the real charge of Jesus healing on the Sabbath (Beck- miotevw (# 4409) to believe. neuwavtt aor. act. part. meL-
er). The basis of the answer is that while God’s cre- mw s.v. 23. aiwviog (# 173) eternal (s. 3:15). Kpto1s
ative activity ceased after 6 days, his activity of (# 3213) judgment. Includes fut. judgment and also
rewarding and punishing did not (Haenchen). @ 18 the judgment that was in process throughout the min-
éCntovv impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Impf. is istry of Jesus (Barrett). petoBeBnxev perf. ind. act. pe-
either progressive, indicating the action in progress, or toBaivw (# 3553) to go or pass from one place to
iterat.: “they kept on seeking to kill him.” &moKteivon another, to transform, to move one’s living quarters
aor. act. inf. dmoxteivw (# 650) to kill. Inf. indicates the (Schnackenburg). Perf. indicates the completed state;
purp. of the searching and complements the main vb. the believer has passed into eternal life which begins
éAvev impf. ind. act. Avw (# 3395) to loose, to break, in here (Bernard). The place from which and to which is
the sense of disregarding their traditions. toog (# 2698) given with &k (# 1666) and etc (# 1650) (BAGD; s. 1
equal. He claims to be God. nowdv pres. act. part. no1ew John 3:14). Part of the Son’s mission is to bring both
(# 4472) to do. In rabbinic teaching a rebellious son is life and judgment. 25 dKxovoovow fut. ind. act. cKobvw
said to make himself equal w. his father (Lightfoot). s.v. 24, to hear and do, to be obedient as commonly
Breaking the Law concerning the Sabbath was serious, used in the OT (Barrett); to hear and to appropriately
but claiming God as his own Father was blasphemy act upon what has been heard. There is a double refer-
(Carson). @ 19 noviv pres. act. inf. morew s.v. 18. BAET ence here to the physically dead and the spiritually
pres. subj. act. BAenw (# 1063) to see. novodvta pres. act. dead. Just as Jesus healed by his word, so he makes
part. novéw to do. noth pres. subj. act. toew to do. Subj. those alive by his word (Carson). &koboavtes aor. act.
w. av (# 323) for a generalizing tendency. Perfect Son- part. dkobw to hear. Choovow fut. ind. act. Caw (# 2437)
John 5 194

to live. Refers to the spiritually dead being made alive topew (# 3455) to witness. Perf. indicates the testimony
(Tasker). 26 wonep ... oUTWS “just as... so also”; ex- of John still has value (Brown). Those of Qumran con-
plicates the comp. between the Father and the Son. sidered themselves as witnesses of the truth and sons
€d5wKev aor. ind. act. diswyt (# 1443) to give. Exet pres. of the truth (10S 8:6; 4:5; 1OM 17:8; 1QH 6:29). ti @An-
act. inf. €yw (# 2400) to have. Compl. inf. to the main @eia (# 237) dat. of interest; if the truth refers to the
vb. @ 27 xpiow noveiv to execute judgment. Compl. person of Christ. It can refer to his testimony of the
inf. to the main vb. €6xev. 6t1 because. vidg avepwm0”D Coming One or to his testimony that Jesus is the truth
Son of Man (DJG, 775-81). Without the art. emphasiz- (Haenchen). @ 34 ow6f\te aor. subj. pass. owlw (# 5392)
ing humanity or equal to the expression w. the art. to save, to rescue. The pass. may express divine agen-
(Morris). Here the concept of the Son of God in the cy. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. 35 Avxvog
previous discussion (vv. 19-26) is expanded. @ 28 8av- (# 3394) lamp (Matt. 5:15). A hypocatastasis referring
wacete pres. imp. act. Pavpatw (# 2513) to wonder, to to John the Baptist. Thus he combines the themes of
be astonished. w. the neg. un (# 3590) prohibits an ac- witness and light. He is not the light but a lightbearer,
tion in progress. pvnpetov (# 3646) grave; this strength- suggesting that his light was from a higher source
ens the contrast between the physically and spiritually (Carson). Ka10pevog pres. pass. part. kaiw (# 2794) to
dead. Those who are physically dead obey the Son light; pass. to burn. The emphasis is on the process
while those who are spiritually dead do not. aKxov- and result of the light burning (BAGD). Adj. part. to
Govoly pres. act. part. dKovw s.v. 24. Subst. part. Here describe the activity of the lamp. Pres. indicates the
used in the sense of “obey.” 29 exnopevoovtat fut. ongoing testimony of John the Baptist. daivwv pres.
ind. mid. (dep.) exnopevouar (# 1744) to go out. moin- act. part. daivw (# 5743) to shine, to give light, to be
OauvtEes aor. act. part. novew (# 4472) to do; to practice bright (BAGD) n6eAnoate aor. ind. act. 6&Aw (# 2527) to
virtue (BAGD). Aor. describes the antecedent action, wish, to want to. Const. aor. describes the whole pro-
here the fulfilling of a cond. &vaotaorg (# 414) resur- cess of encounter with and reaction to John. &yoA-
rection. The following gen. is result or purp. padAO¢G MoaO7var aor. pass. (dep.) inf. wyaAA Kona (# 22) to be
(# 5765) bad, worthless. mpa&avteg aor. act. part. glad, to be overjoyed, to exult (BAGD). Compl. inf. is
mpacow (# 4556) to do. Subst. part. The two parts. de- used as a complement to the main vb. Aor. suggests
scribe the two types of individuals and their ensuing the simple event of their rejoicing without reference to
destinies. @ 30 Sixatog (# 1465) righteous, corre- duration or results. @ 36 peifw comp. s.v. 20. Predicate
sponding to God’s standard. méywavtog aor. act. part. acc. yap (# 1142) for. The miracles Christ has done are
meumw to send s.v. 23. The authority of passing judg- greater than the testimony of John. They are part of
ment is derived from the sending agent, the Father the Father’s testimony (Carson). Thus they constitute
Himself. @ 31 GAnéns (# 239) true, genuine in the two witnesses, the Father and the works themselves
sense of legally acceptable. The legal principle here is (Becker). 5e5wxev perf. ind. act. d5t5wyr (# 1443) to give.
from Deut. 19:15 where man can not be convicted of a The consummative perf. emphasizes the completion
crime on the testimony of one witness (Brown; s. also of the Father giving the Son specific tasks to accom-
M, Kethoboth, 2:9; SB, 2:227-29.). For a structure of the plish. teXewwow aor. subj. act. teAevow (# 5457) to com-
discourse s. U.C. von Wahlde, “Literary Structure and plete. Consummative aor. emphasizes the completion
Theological Argument in Three Discourses with the of the works that Christ was to do. Subj. w. iva
Jews in the Fourth Gospel,” JBL 103 (1984): 575-84. (# 2671) indicates purp. or result. anéotaAKev perf.
@ 32 GAXOs (# 257) another. Not the Baptist, but the ind. act. dnooteAdw (# 690) to send. Resultative perf.
Father (Barrett). paptup@v pres. act. part. waptupew emphasizing that the present miracles are due to the
(# 3455) to witness. Used substantivally to emphasize Father’s previous commissioning. @ 37 méuwwas aor.
the person witnessing. Pres. describes the contempo- act. part. s.v. 23. peyoptopnxev perf. ind. act. waptupew
raneous action. The testimony is going on presently. (# 3455) to witness. Resultative perf. emphasizing the
nept (# 4309) concerning; this prep. gives the object of continuing effect of the Father’s witness. The Father is
the testimony, while the dat. would suggest advantage the third witness to the validity of Christ’s claims.
for the person (BAGD). oda (# 3857) pert. ind. act. to axnkoate perf. ind. act. ckovw (# 201) to hear. Resulta-
know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. ® 33 dneotaAKate tive perf. They have not in the past, nor do they now,
perf. ind. act. amooteAAw (# 690) to send, to send as an accept the Father’s revelation and testimony. et60¢
authoritative representative. The reference is to the re- (# 1626) appearance, form. €wpaKate perf. ind. act.
ligious leaders who examined John the Baptist (s. John opaw (# 3972) to see. 38 pévovta pres. act. part. (adj.)
1:19-27). Now Jesus offers corroborative evidence for wevw (# 3531) to remain. “The word, which would re-
his claim, namely the following witnesses: John the main in you.” Gmeoteev aor. ind. act. anootérAAW
Baptist (33-35); God the Father (36-38); and the Scrip- (# 690) to send. Consumative aor. emphasizing the
tures (39-47) (Carson). peyaptopnkev perf. ind. act. wap- completion of the fact that he is already here.
195 John 6

® 39 tpavvate pres. ind. act. gpavvdaw (# 2236) to in mind. @ 47 miotevete pres. ind. act. s.v. 44. Ind. ina
search, to investigate. Customary pres. suggesting 1st. class cond. cl. which assumes the reality of the
their long-standing habit of searching the Scriptures. cond. muotevoete fut. ind. act. Their rejection of Christ
The form could be imp., but the context demands the is a continuation of the rejection of the OT prophets
ind. (Carson). Corresponding to the Heb. t.t. used by and Scriptures.
the rabbis and in the Qumran literature for the study
of the Scripture (Schnackenburg; Sir. 17:11; 45:5; Bar.
4:1; Pss. Sol. 14:1f; Becker). 611 (# 4022) because. pap- John 6
Tupodoat pres. act. part. nom. fem. pl. waptupEew s.v. 37. @ 1 aniAGev aor. ind. act. anepyoua (# 599) to go
Pres. emphasizes the contemporaneous aspect of the away, to depart. népav (# 4305) the other side (of the
witness; that is, the Scriptures continue to witness to shore). For a collection of essays on this chapter s. R.
the claims of Christ. While there is no explicit passage Alan Culpepper, Critical Readings of John 6 (Leiden: E.J.
mentioned, it is a comprehensive hermeneutical key Brill, 1996). 2 TkoAobGe1 impf. ind. act. dKoAovbEw
(Carson). @ 40 €AGeiv aor. act. inf. Epyouat (# 2262) to (# 199) to follow, w. dat. Impf. denotes the continuous
come. Compl. inf. to the main vb. €ynte pres. subj. act. action: “they kept following” (Morris). €8edpovv impf.
€xw (# 2400) to have. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express ind. act. Bewpew (# 2555) to be a spectator, to watch, to
purp. @ 41 80§av (# 1518) glory, in the sense of ap- notice (BAGD). The miracles and signs attracted great
proval. If he was the kind of Messiah they wanted, all attention. doBevodvtwv pres. act. part. dobevew (# 820)
would follow. There were a number of messianic pre- to be weak, to be sick. Subst. part. @ 3 GviAGev aor.
tenders before A.D. 70 (Jos., Ant. 20:97-99, 171-72; JW, ind. act. &vepyouo (# 456) to go up, to come up. ExaOn-
2:258-65. S. P.W. Barnett, “The Jewish Sign Proph- to impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ka@nwa (# 2764) to sit down,
ets—A.D. 40-70-Their Intentions and Origins,” NTS 27 to sit, to be, to live (BAGD). @ 4 hv impf. ind. act. et
[1981]: 679-97; DJG, 688-98). @ 42 &yvwxa, perf. ind. (# 1639) to be. For the Passover s. Matt. 26:2; Luke
act. ylwwoxw (# 1182) to know. The resultative perf. 22:1; J Lightfoot, 3:301-302. @ 5 emdpac aor. act. part.
suggests the present knowledge Christ has of them enaipw (# 2048) to lift up. Temp. or circum. part. Aor.
based on his past experience. ott (# 4022) gives the indicates antecedent action to the main vb. 8eacdpEevocg
content of the knowledge. @ 43 eAndvba. perf. ind. act. aor. mid. (dep.) part. Secouai (# 2517) to see, to view.
epxouar (# 2262) to go. Resultative perf. emphasizes cyopaowpev aor. subj. act. wyopacw (# 60) to buy at the
the completion of the coming, and the present aspect, marketplace. Deliberative subj. in a question. d&ywov
his presence. £167 aor. subj. act. €pyoua1 to go. Const. aor. subj. act. 08iw (# 2266) to eat. Subj. w. iva to ex-
aor. viewing the total action. Subj. w. &av (# 1569) in press purp. @ 6 mewpatwv pres. act. part. neipacw
a 3rd. class cond. cl. which views the cond. as possible. (# 4279) to test. Used here in the neutral sense of test-
Anuweove fut. ind. mid. (dep.) AapPavw (# 3284) to re- ing (Morris; TLNT). Pres. indicates contemporaneous
ceive. @ 44 miotedoa aor. act. inf. miotevw (# 4409) to action. Circum. part. expressing his motive. fet pl-
believe. Compl. inf. to the main vb. 5bvaobe (# 1538). perf. ind. act. of the def. perf. oda (# 3857) to know.
AapBdvovtes pres. act. part. AayPdavw (# 3284) to re- EuedAev impf. ind. act. weAAw (# 3516) to be about to.
ceive. Part. is either causal (“because”) or cond. (“if Used w. the inf. to express the immediate fut. (MKG,
you”). Pres. emphasizes the contemporaneous action. 307). moveiv pres. act. inf. movew (# 4472) to do. @ 7 &n-
It is not possible to believe while seeking man’s ap- vaptov (# 1324) denarius. A Roman silver coin normal-
proval. Kat (# 2779) and; connects the two main vbs. ly worth about 18 cents; it was a day’s wages (BAGD;
@ 45 Soxeite pres. imp. act. doxew (# 1506) to think, IBD; ABD, 1:1086; DJG, 805). Gen. of price, “for two
suppose. Pres. imp. w. uN (# 3590) suggests the cessa- hundred denarii.” Bpayxd (# 1099) short, small; used of
tion of an ongoing action. Katnyopjow fut. ind. act. quantity in a small amount: a little (BAGD). AG@Bq aor.
Katnyopew (# 2989) to accuse, w. gen. A legal t.t. to subj. act. AopBavw (# 3284) to receive. Subj. w. tva
bring charges in court (BAGD). katnyop@v pres. act. (# 2671) to express purp. 9 mordaptov (# 4081) lad,
part. katnyopew. Pres. part. perhaps having the force of small boy, a double dimin. (Brown). xpt@1vog (# 3209)
the fut. (BD, 175). Tragically, Moses will not support, made of barley. For adj. w. this suffix signifying mate-
but condemn them for their disbelief (DJG, 562). na- rial, origin or kind s. MH, 359. owapiov (# 4066)
mikate perf. ind. act. niw (# 1827) to hope. Perf. in- cooked food eaten w. bread, tidbit, w. a special mean-
dicates that the hope continues in the pres. and is not ing of pickled or preserved fish (BAGD; MM; NDIEC,
merely and emotion of the past (Bernard). @ 46 ém1- 2:92; Barrett). @ 10 movqoate aor. imp. act. no1ew
otevete impf. ind. act. miotevw s.v. 44. Impf. in a con- (# 4472) to do. In the sense of “make” or “command.”
trary-to-fact cond. cl. €ypowev aor. ind. act. ypadw Jesus himself makes the preparation for the miracle
(# 1211) to write. Const. aor. viewing the writing more (Becker). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. dvameoeiv
as a whole, with the finished product, not the process, aor. act. inf. dvanintw (# 404) to recline, to sit down.
John 6 196

Inf. in indir. discourse giving the content of the com- dvexopnoev aor. ind. act. Gvaywpew (# 432) to depart,
mand. yoptos (# 5965) grass, hay; almost always of to go away. The departure here is a preparation for the
grass standing in a field (BAGD). ton dat. tomoc next miracle (Becker). @ 16 éyeveto aor. ind. mid.
(# 5536) place, area, location, region. &vénEoay aor. ind. (dep.) ytvouat (# 1181) to become. “When evening
act. cvanintw. ws (# 6055) w. numbers, about. @ 11 odv came.” KatéBnoav aor. ind. act. katoBatvw (# 2849) to
(# 4036) used in a temp. sense, then, or used to intro- go down. @ 17 euPavteg aor. act. part. eupatvw
duce an act of special solemnity (JG, 168-69). éXaBev (# 1832) to embark, to get into (a boat). Temp. part w.
aor. ind. act. AapBavw (# 3284) to receive, to take. ev- aor. showing antecedent action. Tipyovto impf. ind.
YAPLotHoas aor. act. part. evyapiotew (# 2373) to give mid. (dep.) Epyouar (# 2262) to go, travel. Impf. may be
thanks. Not a sacramental reference (Bernard). For ex- conative, “they were trying to cross,” or emphasize
amples of the prayers s. SB, 4:627-34. 5ve5wxev aor. ind. continuing action, “they were in process of crossing”
act. $1adtSwpt (# 1344) to distribute. dvaKepévots pres. (Morris). eyeyovet plperf. ind. act. s.v. 16. Now it is no
mid. (dep.) part. dvaKkerpar (# 367) to recline (at the ta- longer evening, but darkness has set in. EAnAvOet pl-
ble). Subst. part. Pres. indicates contemporaneous ac- perf. ind. act. £pyouo. to go. Plperf. indicating anteced-
tivity. N@eAov impf. ind. act. b&w (# 2527) to wish, to ent action. @ 18 mvéovtoc pres. act. part. nvew (# 4463)
desire. @ 12 €venAno@noav aor. ind. pass. EuntmAnut to blow. Gen. abs. Sveyeipeto impf. ind. pass. d1eyeipw
(# 1855) to fill up, to fill; pass. to be satisfied (w. (# 1444) to wake up, to arouse, pass., “was becoming
enough to eat). Const. aor. viewing the total action of aroused” (BAGD). @ 19 €AnAaxotes perf. act. part.
both the eating and being satisfied. ovvaydayete aor. (temp.) EAavvw (# 1785) to row. ota6iov (# 5084) stade,
imp. act. ovvayw (# 5251) to gather together. Ingressive about 607 feet (BAGD). The lake is about 13 miles long
aor. suggests the beginning of the action, “start pick- and at its greatest width 8 miles wide (IDB, 2:348;
ing up.” This is not only a Jewish custom so that noth- ZPEB, 2:643-48; ABD, 2:899-901). nepitatodvta pres.
ing is wasted (SB, 4:626ff; 2:479; BBC), but it shows the act. part. (adj.) mepimatew (# 4344) to walk about. Pres.
greatness of the miracle (Becker). The leftovers were indicates contemporaneous action. &oPnOnoav aor.
for the ones who served (J Lightfoot, 3:302). nepiooev- ind. pass. (dep.) doBPeouar to be afraid. Used in the
oavta aor. act. part. mepiooevw (# 4355) to be in abun- pass. to describe fear, alarm, fright (BAGD). Ingressive
dance, to be left over. Adj. part. describing the food. aor., “they became afraid.” 20 poBetobe pres. imp.
aroAntar aor. mid. (dep.) subj. &noAA v1 (# 660) to per- mid. (dep. ) poBeopcr (# 5828) to be afraid. Pres. imp. w.
ish, to be lost. Subj. w. (va. (# 2671) to express purp. a neg. 1 to prohibit an action in progress. 21 obv
@ 13 ovvjyayov aor. ind. act. cvvayw s.v. 12. Const. aor. (# 4036) used in a temp. sense, then (s.v. 11). NOEAov
viewing all the actions of the gathering. eyepwioav aor. impf. ind. act. s.v. 11. AoPeiv aor. act. inf. AauBavw
ind. act. yeuiGw (# 1153) to fill. Kopivoc (# 3186) basket, (# 3284) to take, in the sense of take someone up into
probably of wicker (Morris); of various sizes but usu- the boat (BAGD). brfyov impf. ind. act. bnayw (# 5632)
ally a large, heavy basket for carrying things; typical of to go to. The direction is given by the prep. eg
the Jews (BAGD). BeBpwxoov perf. act. part. BiBpwoKw (# 1650); progressive impf., “to which land they had
(# 1048) to eat. Significant in that there is more left been going” (RWP). ® 22 eotnKws perf. act. part. 1otn-
over after the meal than before. @ 14 i80vtEs aor. act. ut (# 2705) to stand. etdov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to
part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Aor. describing ante- see. Mhovapiov (# 4449) small ship, boat. et ph (# 1623;
cedent action. é€moinoev aor. ind. act. noew (# 4472) to 3590) except. ovvetonAGev aor. ind. act. ovveroepxyouar
do. Const. aor. summarizing all the actions necessary (# 5291) to go into together. Prep. in compound indi-
in performing the miracle. EAeyov impf. ind. act. Aeyw cates the accompaniment and the goal. anfAGov aor.
(# 3306) to say. Incep. impf., “they began to say.” 0 ind. act. anepyouat (#599) to go. 23 TA8ev aor. ind.
mpodntns (# 4737) the prophet (s. John 1:21; Meeks, 87- act. Epxouat (# 2262) to go; here in the sense, to arrive.
91; 1QS 9:11). épxopevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) €payov aor. ind. act. eobiw (# 2266) to eat. ebyapioth-
Epyouat (# 2262) to come. @ 15 yvovs aor. act. part. y1- OQVtOG aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 11. Gen. abs. Aor. in-
vwoKw (# 1182) to know. Causal part. w. aor. indicating dicates antecedent action. @ 24 eéveéBnoav aor. ind.
antecedent action. Jesus knew about their future ac- act. s.v. 17. Cntodvtes pres. act. part. (circum.) ¢ntew
tions beforehand; thus he acted to avoid being made (# 2426) to seek. @ 25 evpovtec aor. act. part. (temp.)
king for the wrong reasons. p£AAovol pres. ind. act. evploKkw (# 2351) to find. Aor. indicating antecedent ac-
WeAAW to be about to. W. inf. to indicate an imminent tion. eimov aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. YEyovas
future. apnacer pres. act. inf. cpmacw (# 773) to rob, to perf. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. yivowat (# 1181) to be-
seize. A violent word w. connotations of force (Brown). come, to be. Perf. brings two ideas together: “When
They wanted to make him king for the wrong motives, did you come?” and “How long have you been here?”
which he rejected by withdrawing. nounowov aor. subj. (Morris). © 26 Gnexpi@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
act. s.v. 14. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to indicate purp. amoKpivonat (# 646) to answer. onpeiov (# 5946) sign s.
197 John 6

John 2:18. &cyete aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. EyoptdoOnte aor. picts the offer in progress. In Rabbinical circles the
ind. pass. xoptaCw (# 5963) to feed, to feed until full, to “Bread from Heaven” was spiritual food from the
be satisfied (w. food). 27 épydteobe pres. mid. (dep.) spiritual world (TFG, 240). @ 34 80¢ aor. imp. act.
imp. epyatouar (# 2237) to work, to earn by working 515m s.v. 31. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note
(Barrett). Pres. imp. w. the neg. pn (# 3590)iin this case of urgency. @ 35 0 aptos ts Gwijic the bread that gives
may be conative: “stop trying to earn” (Barrett). life; that is, everlasting life (Morris). The gen. could be
Bpdoig (# 1111) food. a&moAAvpevnv pres. mid. part. called a verbal gen. (Carson). For a discussion of the “I
(adj.) s.v. 12. pevovoav pres. act. part. (adj.) pevw m” sayings s. DJG, 354-56. epyopevoc pres. mid. (dep.)
(# 3531) to remain. This food remains forever and also part. (subst.) s.v. 14. Here in the sense, come in belief.
has the effect of producing a life that lasts forever Part. emphasizes the performance of the act of belief
(Morris). Swoet fut. ind. act. dt5wp1 (# 1443) to give. (Becker). mewdoq aor. subj. act. mewaw (# 4277) to be
Eappayioev aor. ind. act. odpayi~w (# 5381) to seal, to hungry. Subj. w. ob un (# 4024; 3590) to express strong
certify (s. John 3:33). The sacrificial animals were ex- denial (M, 187-92; GGBB, 468-69). miotebwv pres. act.
amined and sealed if perfect. Perhaps the thought of part. s.v. 29. Sunoet fut. ind. act. Siyaw (# 1498) to
Christ as an accepted sacrifice is indicated (Westcott). thirst, to be thirsty, to suffer from thirst. mwnote
Perhaps in the sense of attestation that the Son of Man (# 4799) ever. ® 36 einov aor. ind. act. s.v. 25. It may
gives true, nonperishable food (NIDNTT). @ 28 no1- refer to v. 26; or to words like them spoken at an earli-
@pev pres. subj. act. s.v. 10. Deliberative subj., “What er time (Westcott). €wpaxKate perf. ind. act. opdw s.v. 30.
shall we do?” epyotwpeba pres. subj. mid. (dep.) s.v. 27. Perf. here emphasizes the completion of the action w.
Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. The meaning the resultant cond., yet without the appropriate re-
here is “to perform a work” (Barrett). pya tod 60d the sponse emphasized by the _ following _ perf.
works of God; the works that God desires of men 37 didwow pres. ind. act. s.v. 31. Pres. is used here
(Brown; BBC). Descriptive gen., indicating the kind of where the Son awaits; in v. 39 the perf. expresses the
works. One work is mentioned in the following verse, gift as completed in the will of Father (Morris). N&et
which is belief in the mission of Jesus given by the Fa- fut. ind. act. nw (# 2457) to come. Specific fut., “will
ther. @ 29 motevnte pres. subj. act. miotebw (# 4409) to certainly come.” @ 38 katapeBnKka perf. ind. act. kata-
believe. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) as explanatory of the Batvw (# 2849) to go down, to come down. Perf. em-
work (Barrett). GméoteiWev aor. ind. act. anootédAw phasizing the completion of the act w. its results: He
(# 690) to send, to send as an authoritative representa- has come down and is here. nov pres. subj. act. s.v. 6.
tive (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). 30 t&apev aor. subj. act. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. M€WWavtos aor.
opaw (# 3972) to see. The miracle he had just per- act. part. (subst.) meumw (# 4287) to send. @ 39 anoAgow
formed was not enough for them (Becker). Subj. w. tva aor. subj. act. anoAA VL (# 660) to destroy, to lose. “That
(# 2671) to express purp. ® 31 pawa (# 3445) manna. I should not lose one of the whole company” (Barrett;
The miraculous provision of the manna in the desert TDNT). &vaothow aor. subj. act. aviotnu (# 482) to
provided the rabbi w. suitable language to describe raise up. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) explaining the content of
the rich gifts of God in the messianic age (Hoskyns; the will. Here it indicates the final resurrection as the
SB, 2:481; TFG, 238-50; P. Borgen, Bread from Heaven: beginning of the anticipated kingdom. 40 8ewpav
An Exegetical Study of the Concept of Manna in the Gospel pres. act. part. Oewpew (# 2555) to see. Subst. part. yn
of John and the Writings of Philo [Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965]; pres. subj. act. éyw (# 2400) to have. Subj. w. iva
and his updated discussion, PJP, 121-44). They expect- (# 2671) explains the content of the will. Not as fut. but
ed in the endtime limitless, supernatural provision of as pres. already a divine power before the resurrection
manna (Becker; s. Apoc. Bar. 29:8). yeypoppevov perf. (Westcott). &vaothjow aor. subj. act. or fut. ind. act.
pass. part. ypapw (# 1211) to write. Perf. was used for aviotnt (# 482) to raise up. The volitive fut., a promise
important authoritative documents (MM). ESWKEV aor. (RWP). If subj. then parallel to €yq expressing the con-
ind. act. d15wut (# 1443) to give. payetv aor. act. inf., s.v. tent of the Father’s will. @ 41 eyoyyufov impf. ind. act.
5. Inf. of purp. % 32 ovv (# 4036) then, either temp. as yoyyvGw (# 1197) to murmur, to grumble, to complain,
a response or logical inference (“therefore, because of as a sign of displeasure or perhaps unbelief (GELTS,
their misunderstanding”). 5€5wxKev perf. ind. act. 5t5w- 92; TDNT; EDNT). Incep. impf., “they began to com-
ut s.v. 31. Perf. implies, “Moses has never given you plain.” This reaction is in sharp contrast to the later re-
true bread” (JG, 333). 5t8wow pres. ind. act. Pres. indi- action of belief in 6:68-69 (Becker). obv (# 4036) then;
cates the standing offer. 33 KatoPaivwv pres. act. logical connection. KataBac aor. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 16.
part. katoBaivw (# 2849) to come down, to descend. @ 42 obtog this one. An element of discouragement, W.
Subst. part. Jesus is no longer simply the provider of a note of disgust or despisement (Brown). otéapev perf.
bread, but also the gift of God, just as the bread was in ind. act. ota (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres.
the OT (Becker). 51600¢ pres. act. part. s.v. 31. Pres. de- meaning. katapeBnka. perf. ind. act. s.v. 38. @ 43 yoyyv-
John 6

Sete pres. act. imp. s.v. 41. Pres. imp. w. a neg. pA ovetdsv aor. ind. act. sv. 29.%@ pres. ind. act. cv 31. da
(# 3590) to stop an action in progress. @ 44 Héeiv aor. (# 21328) w. ace, because of wat (# 2779) also. Gnesi fat.
act. inf. Spyouct (# 2262) to come. Inf. w. wb. Soverran. ind. act. sv Sl. @ 58 wanna aor. act. party Sv xX
ReLWAS aor. act. part. (adj) s.v. 38. &Axvoy aor. subj. act. Seayov aor ind. act. cv 31. aaesGevery aor ind, act. a&me-
eAxvw (# 1816) to draw. For the possible implications @vnoxe (# 639) to die. Qham fut. ind. act. Cae sw 51.
of this word, such as the idea of resistance-“to take @ 59 ovvaywyt (F 5252) cat. sing. gathering, svne-
possession of,” “to bring near”-referring to the con- gogue. &Sdoxev pres. act. part. (temp) ddeore
version of proselytes s. Morris; Barrett. The word was (# 1438) to teach. Pres.ewi woe CONTEMMPOTANEOUS
used in rabbinic lit. as the expression of a religious ex- action. @ 60 oxlnpog ( SIP) dried, rough harsh.
perience (TFG, 266). avaotmow fut. ind. act. sv 40. dover pres. act. inf Geoue (# 202). “To hear we appre
@ 45 yeypaupévey perf. pass. part. sv. 31. Soovrer fut. ciation” (Morris). Compl. inf. w. vb. dovertan, @ 61 si-
ind. mid. (dep.) siut (# 1639) to be. diSaxwe (F 1495) Seig perf. act. part. ot8a sw 42. Temp. or causal part.
taught; the substantivized verbal adj. as a pass. W. oxavoaditet pres. ind. act. acavdalile (# £997) to cause
gen. (Gs0d) to designate the agent (MT. 134). axovens to stumble, to offend (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT) @ 62 Ge
aor. act. part. (adj.) &xove (# 201) to hear padev aor. wpiyte pres. subj. act. Gewpee (# 2565) to see. For the
act. part. (adj.) pevdavw (® 3448) to learn. possible constructions of this elliptical sentence ¢
@ 46 swpaxéy perf. ind. act. Opaw s.v. 30. Perf. empha- Brown: Barrett. avafaivevta pres. act. part. (temp)
sizing the abiding results. No one has seen the Father; aveParve (# 326) to go up, to ascend. Pres OXPESSINE
thus they cannot know him. dv pres. act. part. st contemporaneous action, “while he is ascending.”
(# 1639) to be. @ 47 motevey pres. act. part. sv. 29. mpotepov (# £728) formerly. @ 63 Ggoxowdy pres. act.
Subst. part. yer pres. ind. act. Syw (# 2400) to have. part. (adj.) Ggororw (# 2445) to make alive. agelsi
Pres. indicates continual possession. @ 48 fyw (# Teue) pres. ind. act. agelee (# E7) to profit, to be useful Ae
I, Emphatic, “I, alone,” “IL, in contrast to any other.” AG@AnKa perf. ind. act. Aalew (# 3287) to speak. Perf.
@ 49 SPayov aor. ind. act. Fotiw (# 2260) to eat. Const.
emphasizing the completed action of the past conver.
aor. viewing the forty years of eating as a whole. ax- sation and itscontinuing results, @ 64 der plperf. ind.
Savoy aor. ind. act. axo8vpoxw (# 633) to die. @ NO
act. ida (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pee meaning.
KatoPaivwv pres. act. part. caraSarve (# 2849) to come mupadwowy fut. act. part. tapadkdeur (F £140) to deliv-
down. ayn aor. subj. act. godiw (# 2266) to eat. axo-
er over, to betray Subst. part. indicating the trait by
@avy aor. subj. act. @ro@vnoxw (# 633) sw 49. Subj. w.
which the person is known. @ 65 yrs es ind. act.
iva (# 2671) to express purp. @ 51 G@v pres. act. part.
ASye (F 3806) to say, to tell, to Speak “Ret aor act. ink
(adj.) Saw (# 2409) to live. xataBag aor. act. — sw. 38
Spyoucr (# 2262) to goa. Compl. inf. w. wb. preaa 3
eayn aor. subj. act. s.v. 50. 3rd. class cond. w. dav
pres, subj. act. ciur (# 2639) to be. Ssdauévev perf, pass.
(# 1569) viewing the cond. as possible. It aes to the
act of appropriating Christ (Morris). (noes fut. ind. act. part. didaur (# 1445) to give. Used here to form the
Caw d€ (# 1254) an unusual position for the particle, periphrastic perf. pass. sud). @ 66 be tome (| AL)
but introducing a fresh thought (Barrett). bgp (# 5e42) either “for this reason” or “from this time” (Barrett)
W. gen., for, in behalf of, for the sake of. @ 52 GiayovT GafAsov aor ind. act. sv. 1. xeprexateev imps. ind. act.
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) wayouar (# 3481) to fight, to sv 12. @ 67 pq SO90) used in @ question expecting
wage a war of words (RWP); incep. impf. Sodven aor. the answer no. Kad (# 2779) also. @ 68 Gxexpiy aor
act. inf. HiSue (# 1443) to give. Compl. inf. w. vb. dove- ind. pass, (dep.) sv. 20. G&xedsvodusta fut. ind. mid.
Tar @ 53 dayne aor. subj. act. sv. SQ. Subj. w. dav (dep.) axepyouar (# 599) to go away; in the sense, “to
(# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. viewing the cond. as a whom should we tum.” Here is the clear sense af
possibility. xinte aor. subj. act. rive (# 4403) to drink. hearing resulting in belhet, which results in eternal life.
The Law of Moses forbade the drinking of bleed and @ 69 nemorevKauey perf. ind. act. moteue (F 4409) to
eating of meat w. the blood still in it; here it refers to believe. Pert. implies, “we have come to a place af
the violent death of Jesus on the cross (Carson: s. also faith and continue there” (Morris). Syweapey perf.
HSB, 498-500). -@ 54 tp@yewv pres. act. part. eye ind. act. ywwore (# 1182) to know, Perf. implies “we
(# 5592) to nibble, to munch, to eat audibly, to crunch. have recognized the truth and hold it” (Barrett).6
Pres. points to a continuing appropriation (Morris). ays (# 41) the Holy One, dedicated by God to convey
Subst. part. describing the trait w. a possibly cond. the words of eternal life to mankind (Tasker). @ 70 ss.
idea. mivwv pres. act. part. s.v. 53. avaotmow fut. ind. cAsSauny aor ind. mid. éxeisye (# 1722) to select, to
act. s.v. 39. @ 55 Bo@oig (# 1111) food. Pred. nom. choose out for oneself. hhaBodo¢ (F 1333) slanderer
GANens (# 239) true, genuine. ROO (# 4530) drink. devil (DIG, 171-72). Satan has made Judas his ally,a
@ 56 wéver pres. ind. act. weve (# 3531) to remain, to subordinate devil (Barrett), Monadic noun not requir
abide. Pres. indicates a continual abiding. @ 57 axe- ing art. (GGBB, 249). @ 71 SusdAsv impf. ind act. sn &
199 John 7

mopadidove pres. act. inf. s.v. 64. Inf. w. wero express- yet arrived. @ 9 eimwv aor. act. part. (temp.) AEyw
ing near fut. (# 3306) to say. Aor. suggests logically antecedent ac-
tion. Ewetvev aor. ind. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain.
@ 10 aveBnoav aor. ind. act. dvoPatvw s.v. 8. davEepds
John 7 (# 5747) adv., openly. This is the exact opposite of
® 1 meprenatet impf. ind. act. nepinatew (# 4344) what the brothers had desired (v. 4). @ 11 ovv (# 4036)
to walk, to conduct one’s life, to pass one’s time. Impf. temp. use, then. e¢jtovv impf. ind. act. Cntéw s.v. 1. It-
of customary action (Barrett). N0eXdev impf. ind. act. erat. impf., “continually sought him.” 12 yoyyvoyos
8€Aw (# 2527) to will to desire, to want to, w. inf. TEp1- (# 1198) murmuring, complaint, grumbling. Perhaps
mateiv pres. act. inf. e€ftovv impf. ind. act. Cntew here muttering, as of men who did not dare to speak
(# 2426) to seek, w. inf. Impf. pictures the progressive plainly and loudly what they felt (Westcott). It may
attitude (RWP). amoxteivor aor. act. inf. anoKtetvw also convey the idea of dispute, since there was no
(# 650) to kill. Epex. inf. explaining what they were agreement concerning Jesus. Based on Deut. 13 the
seeking to do. Perhaps this refers back to 5:18. charge was very serious (BBC). 13 pévtot (# 3530)
@ 2 eopth (# 2038) feast, festival. oxnvonnyia (# 5009) particle, mostly adversative; though, to be sure, in-
the setting up of tents or dwellings. For the popular, deed, however (BAGD). nappnoia (# 4244) openly,
great, and holy Feast of Tabernacles s. SB, 2:774-812; boldly, w. confidence. The basic idea in the word is
Edersheim, Temple, 268-287; WZZT, 238-54; Jos., Ant., freedom of speech, when the word flowed freely
8:100; M, Sukkah; BBC; DJG, 235-41. This was one of (Morris; TLNT). éAaAet impf. ind. act. Aarew (# 3281)
the three great feasts. It lasted a week from 15 to 21 of to speak. 14 pecovons pres. act. part. (temp.) wecow
Tishri (September / October). It concluded on the (# 3548) to be in the middle. Gen. abs. a&véBn aor. ind.
eighth day with a great celebration of music, dancing, act. s.v. 8. €5t8aoKev impf. ind. act. SidcoKw (# 1438) to
and prayer for rain. It was a harvest festival for the teach. Incep. impf., “he began to teach.” Instead of re-
grape, fruit, and olive crops. @ 3 petéBn61 aor. imp. vealing himself through miracles and signs, Jesus re-
act. petaBativw (# 3553) to leave, to depart. Aor. imp. veals himself through his revelatory teaching. The
calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. evtedOev temple courts were a common place for popular teach-
(# 1949) from here. tnaye pres. imp. act. vrayw ers (BBC). @ 15 e@avpafov impf. ind. act. SPavpacw
(# 5632) to go. Pres. imp. of a vb. of motion. iva (# 2513) to wonder, to marvel at. Impf. vividly de-
(# 2671) w. the fut. ind. which may put a slight empha- scribes the ongoing action. ypéppata (# 1207) letters,
sis on the actuality of beholding (Morris). 8ewpnoovetv education. Refers particularly to rabbinical learning
fut. ind. act. 8ewpew (# 2555) to see. The brothers want under another rabbi (Brown). ouSev perf. ind. act. oda.
Jesus to show off His miraculous power in Jerusalem (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. peyaen-
(Brown). @ 4 xpvmt@ dat. (# 3220) hidden, secret. Ks perf. act. part. wavOcavw (# 3443) to learn, to study.
napproig dat. (# 4244) open, public. “Public” was con- Perf. emphasizes the status of his education, not hav-
sidered anything in the presence of ten Israelites (SB, ing passed through the school of the master (Godet;
2:486). davepwoov aor. imp. act. davepow (# 5746) to BBC). 16 a&mexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &noxKpivo-
manifest, to make clear. @ 5 eniotevov impf. ind. act. wor (# 646) to answer. mepwavtos aor. act. part. (subst.)
miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Impf. pictures the continu- meumw (# 4287) to send. @ 17 6€Aq pres. subj. act.
al attitude. Though they believed that Jesus might be Bedw (# 2527) to want to, w. inf.; that is, “if it be any
able to dazzle Jerusalem w. miracles, they themselves man’s will to do His will” (Westcott). ywwoetat fut.
had not begun to perceive the meaning of what they mid. (dep.) ind. ywwokw (# 1182) to know. notEepov
had already beheld (Barrett). @ 6 ka1pog (# 2789) time, (# 4538) interrogative used in a disjunctive question
the suitable time, the favorite opportunity (Morris). (“whether”) (BAGD). @ 18 AaA@v pres. act. part.
Etouoc (# 2289) ready, in the sense of present (BAGD). (subst.) AaAkew (# 3281) to speak. Pres. indicates con-
@ 7 Lt0e%v pres. act. inf. uisew (# 3631) to hate. Compl. temporaneous action, “the one who presently speaks.”
inf. w. the vb. Sovato1. @ 8 avaBnte aor. imp. act. dva- Cntdv pres. act. part. Cntew s.v. 1. Adj. part. describes
Batvw (# 326) to go up, to ascend. Aor. imp. indicates the character trait of the one who speaks the truth.
the action should start. Perhaps Jesus uses a play on Here in the sense of try to obtain, possess, desire.
words w. the term “ascend” (Brown), or He simply is (BAGD). m&wyavtos aor. act. part. neunw (# 4287) to
refusing to go w. the disciples at that time (Morris). send. Aor. part. indicates logically or temporally ante-
tavtnv (# 4047) this, there, “this kind of feast”; not cedent action. @ 19 Sé5wxKev perf. ind. act. Stdwpr
necessarily the particular feast, but this kind of feast to (# 1443) to give. Perf. emphasizes the result of the past
be received with applause (J Lightfoot). menAnpwtar giving and thus their present possession. ¢ntette pres.
perf. ind. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. Resul- ind. act., w. inf. s.v. 1. &moxtetvat aor. act. inf. s.v. 1.
tative perf. showing that the state or results have not @ 20 amexpiOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v 16. @ 21 év
John 7 200

Epyov one work, a reference to the healing in John 5:1- “Jewish Expectations about the 'Messiah' according to
15 (Brown). €noinoa aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. the Fourth Gospel,” NTS 19 [1972]: 246-70).
@ 22 Se5wxKev perf. ind. act. 5tSwpt s.v. 19. meprtopn @ 32 aKovoav aor. ind. act. dKovw (# 201) to hear. yoy-
(# 4364) circumcision. Here it is more than the simple yoCovtos pres. act. part. yoyyuGw (# 1197) to murmur.
rite, but all the work that is involved in preparing for dmnpetns (# 5677) attendant. Here temple police
and carrying out the rite (SB, 4:23-30; TDNT; RAC, (Brown; BBC). mudaowow aor. subj. act. matw (# 4389)
2:159-69; TRE, 5:714-24; NIDNTT; EDNT; BBC). 23 to arrest. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp.
Av07 aor. pass. subj. vw (# 3395) to loose, to break @ 33 mépwavto. aor. act. part. (subst.) s.v. 18. @ 34 ntn-
laws, to annul, to cancel (AS). Subj. w. va (# 2671) for oete fut. ind. act. Cntéw (# 2426) to seek. ebpnoete fut.
purp. or perhaps result. This argumentation is from ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. €A@eiv aor. act. inf.
the lesser to the greater (SB, 2:488; b. Sabb 132a; Epyouat (# 2262) to go. Compl. inf. @ 35 weAdet pres.
Haenchen). xoA@te pres. ind. act. yokaw (# 5957) to be ind. act. weAAW (# 3516) to be about to, w. inf. for the
angry, to be enraged; preferring anger over defilement fut. (s. 6:6). &uaonopav (# 1402) dispersion, diaspora.
(MM; NDIEC, 4:175-76). vying (# 5618) well, healthy. Jews living outside Palestine (TDNT; JPFC, 1:117-83,
@ 24 xpivete pres. imp. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge. 183-215, 464-503). The following gen. describes the
Pres. imp. w. the neg. indicates the stopping of a ac- area of the dispersion (Schnackenburg). 36 Elev
tion which is in progress. Owig (# 4071) appearance. aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306). nthoete fut. ind. act. s.v. 1.
They should recognize the true nature of the matter. © 37 Eoxatn (# 2274) last. At dawn during the Feast of
@ 25 Edeyov impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Incep. Tabernacles the priests took water from the Pool of Si-
impf. he “began to say...” oby (# 4024) neg. in a ques- loam in a golden vessel and brought it to the temple.
tion expecting a positive answer. €ntovotv pres. ind. As they approached the Water Gate the trumpets
act. s.v. 1. &moKteivot aor. act. inf. s.v. 1. @ 26 ie sounded-—a short blast, a long one, then another short
(# 2623) aor. imp. act. opaw to see. unnote (# 3607) one. At the morning offering the water along w. wine
whether, perhaps. “Can it be possible that...?” (Bar- was poured on the altar from two silver bowls. Per-
rett). €yvwoav aor. ind. act. yivwoxw (# 1182) to know; haps at this time Jesus stood and cried out w. a loud
here in the sense of accept or approve. @ 27 n00ev voice (Edersheim, The Temple, 281f; Morris; SB, 2:799-
(# 4470) where, from where. €pynta pres. mid. (dep.) 805; WZZT, 243-45; Beasley-Murray; M, Sukkah 4:9-
subj. épxopwat (# 2262) to come. Subj. w. otav (# 4020) in 10; BBC). eiotyKer plperf. ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to
an indef. temp. cl. The Jewish idea was that the Messi- stand. €xpagev aor. ind. act. kpatw (# 3189) to cry out
ah would remain in some unknown place until He ap- s.v. 28. dupe pres. subj. act. Suyaw (# 1498) to thirst.
peared to Israel (SB, 2:48-89; Carson; TFG, 283). Subj. w. av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. in which the
® 28 éxpogev aor. ind. act. Kpatw (# 3189) to cry out. cond. is viewed as possible. For more discussion s.
Used by John to introduce solemn pronouncements B.H. Grisby, “’If Any Man Thirsts ...’ Observations on
(Barrett). 5i8ao0Kwv pres. act. part. (temp.) didaoKw the Rabbinic Background of John 7,37-39,” Bib 67
(# 1438) to teach. EANAvOa perf. ind. act. Epyouar s.v. 27. (1986): 101-8. py€o8w pres. mid. (dep.) imp. 3rd. pers.
Perf. emphasizing the present results of the past ac- sing. €pxouat (# 2262) to come. For a convenient sum-
tion. GANOivdc (# 240) true; denotes genuineness. God mary of the options and solutions s. Juan B. Cortes,
is the ultimate reality (Barrett). mewwos aor. act. part. “Yet Another Look at Jn 7, 37-38,” CBQ 29 (1967): 79-
neumw s.v. 18. Subst. part. to describe a characterizing 84. mivétw pres. imp. act. 3rd. sing. mivw (# 4403) to
trait. ® 29 anéotetrev aor. ind. act. anooteAAw (# 690) drink. 38 miotebwv pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409)
to send, to send as an authoritative representative. to believe. Subst. part. describing a necessary charac-
30 ovv (# 4036) therefore. Because of His claim to be ter trait. kaOws (# 2777) just as. For the use and con-
sent from God (Westcott). muaoat aor. act. inf. macw struction s. Morris; Brown. notapot nom. pl. motos
(# 4389) to seize, to arrest. Compl. inf. w. vb. e¢ntovv. (# 4532) river. For the importance of water s. DJG, 869-
enéBaAev aor. ind. act. eniBaAdAw (# 2095) to cast upon, 70. Kota (# 3120) stomach. Denotes the hidden, in-
to lay hands upon. €AnavOet plperf. ind. act. pout nermost recesses of the human body (BAGD). Here
(# 2262) to come, here in the sense of arrive (John 4:5). perhaps referring to the heart or the center of the per-
@ 31 éniotevoav aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to be- son; s., for example, Prov. 4:23. pevovow fut. ind. act.
lieve. €A0n aor. subj. act. épyouat s.v. 27. Subj. w. Otav pew to flow. G@vtog pres. act. part. (adj.) Caw (# 2409) to
(# 4020) whenever. mAgiova comp. noduc (# 4498) live. © 39 nepi tod nvevpatoc concerning the Spirit. In
much, many; comp., more. moinoet fut. ind. act. mo1ew a later rabbinical discussion regarding the playing of
(# 4472) to do. ®v gen. 6¢ (# 4005); gen. of comp. flutes by the ceremony of pouring out the water-if it
émoinoev aor. ind. act. no1éw to do. The variant of the takes precedent over the Sabbath—-Rabbi Jehosua ben
pres. appears to be a scribal correction (TC, 217). Levi connects the expression “House of Drawing Wa-
Const. aor. viewing the total action (s. M. de Jonge, ter” to Isa. 12:3 to indicate the “drawing of the Holy
201 John 8

Spirit” who produces joy (j. Sukkah, 5; WZZT, 245; (dep.) Epxouor (# 2262) to come. Ka@ious aor. act. part.
BBC). €eAAov impf. ind. act. werArw to be about to; s.v. (temp.) ka61Gw (# 2767) to sit down. Aor. indicates an-
35. AopPaverv Pres. act. inf. AouBave (# 3284) to take; tecedent action. edidaoKkev impf. ind. act. diacKw
compl. inf. MOTEVOOVTES aor. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) (# 1438) to teach; incep. impf., “he began to teach.”
to believe. obdénw (# 4031) not yet. e505d00n aor. ind. © 3 poeta (# 3657) adultery. According to Lev. 20:10
pass. SoGacw (# 1519) to glorify. @ 40 aKxovoavtes aor. and Deut. 22:22 adultery was punishable by death (SB,
act. part. akovw (# 201) to hear. 6 npoontns (# 4737) the 2:519; for a discussion s. D. Liihrmann, “Die Geschich-
prophet; s. John 6:14. @ 41 €Aeyov impf. ind. act. s.v. 25. te von einer Siinderin...,” NTS 32 [1990]: 289-316).
Iterat. impt., indicating what various people were say- KOTEATHMEVTV perf. pass. part. KataAopBavw (# 2898)
ing. un (# 3590) neg. used to introduce a question ex- to seize, to take often with hostile intent, catch, detect;
pecting a neg. answer, “He is not... ishe?” @ 42 ovy esp. detection of adultery (BAGD). Perf. indicates
(# 4024) neg. used to introduce a question expecting a “taken w. shame upon her.” It points to her continuing
positive answer. onépya. (# 5065) seed, ancestry. For the character as an adulteress (Morris). It has been sug-
Messiah as a descendant of David and His birth in gested that the husband set a deliberate trap in order
Bethlehem s. Cleon L. Rogers Jr., “The Promises to to divorce her or have her stoned (LNT, 160-64; Mor-
David in Early Judaism,” Bib Sac 150 (1993): 285-302; ris). OTNOavtES aor. act. part. ttn (# 2705) to place, to
Matt. 2:5-6; DJG, 766-69. @ 43 oxiopa (#5388) division, stand. Aor. part. suggests the logically and temporally
split. &yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowor (# 1181) to be- antecedent action to the following vb. @ 4 katetAnntar
come; here, arose. ® 44 7eAov impf. ind. act. s.v. 1. perf. ind. pass. kataAropBavw to seize s.v. 3. adtOPMpw
TMiaoat aor. act. inf. matw s.v. 32; compl. inf. 45 (# 900) (caught) in the act. Used of catching a thief or
Nycyete aor. ind. act. &yw (# 72) to lead; here, to bring. one in adultery (BAGD). powyevopévn pres. mid. part.
@ 46 d&mexptOnouv aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 16. obd&note wovxevouat (# 3658) to commit adultery. Pres. suggests
(# 4030) never, not at any time. €AdAnoev aor. ind. act. contemporaneous action to the main vb. They seized
AaAEW (# 3281) to speak; const. aor. viewing the action her just as adultery was in process. @ 5 éveteiAato aor.
as a whole. @ 47 nendavnode perf. ind. pass. mhavaw ind. mid. (dep.) evtedAopor (# 1948) to command.
(# 4414) to lead astray, to deceive. Perf. emphasizing toiavtas (# 5525) such a one. MOaCeEw pres. act. inf.
the past deception which does not allow the recogni- Aalw (# 3342) to stone. Inf. in indir. discourse. Only
tion of the truth and its continuing results. @ 48 under the cond. of the persistence, after previous
émiotevoev aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. warning and after the actual witness of act by two
@ 49 ywwoKkwv pres. act. part. yiwwoxw (# 1182) to competent witnesses, was one to be stoned for adul-
know; here, in the sense of intimately acquainted, tery (LNT, 160ff). 6 meipdfovtes pres. act. part. met-
trained in. émapatos (# 2063) accursed. For examples of pacw (# 4279) to tempt, to test, here in a neg. sense. He
how the learned rabbis despised those who were not would violate either Roman law forbidding capital
concerned w. the law s. SB, 2:494-519; Barrett; BBC. punishment or Jewish law contradicting Moses.
@ 50 EAOwv aor. act. part. nom. masc. sing. EPXOWOA EYwov pres. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Subj. to ex-
(# 2262) to go. Part. as subst., “the one who.” wv pres. press purp. katnyopetv pres. act. inf., w. the gen. katn-
act. part. eu (# 1639) to be. 51 &kovoT aor. subj. act. yopew (# 2989) to accuse. Inf. as obj. They wanted to
OKOvW (#.201) to hear. Subj. w. av (#1569) to express a know if she could lawfully be stoned, under the cir-
cond. yv@ aor. subj. act. yitwwoxw (# 1182) to know; here cumstances (LNT, 174). kbwas aor. act. part. (circum.)
in the sense, to be informed. @ 52 Epavdvnoov aor. imp. Kontw (# 3252) to stoop. SaxtbvAM dat. SaKtvAOG
act. cpavvaw (# 2236) to search, to examine, to investi- (# 1235) finger. Writing w. the finger was symbolic of
gate completely (BAGD). i8€ aor. imp. act. s.v. 26. divine legislation (LNT, 177). Instr. dat. Katéypahev
@ 53 énopevOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) mopevouar impf. ind. act. kataypadw (# 2863) to write down, to
(# 4513) to go. For a discussion of the text problem of register (MM). Incep. impf., “he began to write down.”
this pericope s. TC, 219; Daniel B. Wallace, “Reconsid- Perhaps he was beginning to register the complaints
ering ‘The Story of Jesus and the Adultress Reconsid- or accusations. It has been suggested that Jesus wrote
ered’” NTS 39 (1993): 290-96, w. bibliography. down Exod. 23:1b about it being wrong to join w. the
wicked; here, meaning the conspiracy against the
woman (LNT, 175-82; BBC). 7 enéyevov impf. ind.
John 8 act. eneévw (# 2152) to remain. Impf., “as they contin-
@ 1 énxopevOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) nopevopar ued to stay.” epwtivteg pres. act. part. (circum.)
(# 4513) to go. Const. aor. viewing the travel as a epwtaw (# 2263) to ask. aveKvwev aor. ind. act. avaKv-
whole. @ 2 opOpoc (# 3986) daybreak, early in the mtw (# 376) to raise oneself up, to stand erect, to look
morning; gen. of time. MOpeYEVETO aor. ind. mid. (dep.) up. avapdptytoc (# 387) without sin. Used generally of
napaytvouat (# 4134) to come to. Tipxeto impf. ind. mid. innocence (Hoskyns). BoAétw aor. imp. 3rd. sing.
John 8 202

BorAwW (# 965) to throw. Jesus insists upon the inno- (# 4839) speech. ev by, denoting nearness (Brown).
cence and therefore the competence of the accuser and yatopvAdKiov (# 1126) treasury. Probably situated in
witness (LNT, 182). In this sense he is asking that the the Court of the Women (Barrett; BBC; Mark 12:41f;
law be followed. @ 8 Kataxbdyas aor. act. part. (cir- Luke 21:1f). 5t8aoKxwv pres. act. part. didaoKw (# 1438)
cum.) katakvmtw (# 2893) to stoop down. Eypapev to teach. Temp. part. w. pres. indicates contemporane-
impf. ind. act. ypadw (# 1211) write. Impf., “He contin- ous action. émtaoev aor. ind. act. m10Cw (# 4389) to seize,
ued writing.” It is suggested that He wrote Exod. to arrest. This comment shows that the time of the cap-
23:7a, a command to keep away from a false matter ture of Christ was divinely ordained and planned.
and leave judgment and retribution to God (LNT, €AnAvGet plperf. ind. act. Epyouct (# 2262) to come, to
138f). 9 dkovouvtEs aor. act. part. (subst.) dKovw go. @ 21 vnayw (# 5632) pres. ind. act. to go away. Fut.
(# 201) to hear. Aor. is logically antecedent to the main pres. referring to His death (Carson). nthoete fut. ind.
vb. €€npxovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) e€epyouc. (# 2002) act. Gntew (# 2426) to seek; here, seek in the sense of
to go out. Incep. or iterat. impf., “they began to go out follow. ano6aveiove fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ano@vjnokw
and continued one by one.” ap&dpevor aor. mid. (dep.) (# 633) to die. €A@etv aor. act. inf. Epyouat s.v. 20. Com-
part. apyouct (# 806) to begin. Kateneipen aor. ind. pl. inf. w. vb. 5bvac8e. The goal of the journey is the
Pass. kataAEeinw (# 2901) to leave alone. ovoa pres. act. Father; the time will be after the ascension. 22 unt
part. ewt (# 1639) to be. @ 10 avaxvyas aor. act. part. (# 3614) Introduces a hesitant question, “You don’t
(circum.) s.v. 7. KaTEKpivev aor. ind. act. KataKpivw suppose ... do you? (M, 170; Matt. 12:23). &moxtevei
(# 2891) to condemn. @ 11 nopevov pres. mid. (dep.) fut. ind. act. anoKxtetvw (# 650) to kill; here, due to the
imp. nopevouct (# 4513) to go. Pres. imp. w. a vb. of reflexive pron., in the sense of “to commit suicide”
motion. pnkét (# 3600) no longer. Gwaptave pres. imp. éavtov himself. Those who commit suicide are exclud-
act. Gpaptave (#279) to sin. She is a typical example ed from eternal life according to Jewish tradition (SB,
of a forgiven sinner. Grace gives the chance to start 1:1027ff). @ 23 Katw (# 3004) below, beneath.
over again (Becker). 12 abtoig them. It can refer to avw (# 539) above. Jewish t.t. for heavenly and earthly
the Pharisees and the crowds in the temple (RWP). (Schnackenburg). Both terms are further explained in
€AGAnoev aor. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. o@¢ the v. @ 24 Ot1 (# 4022) introducing the dir. dis-
(# 5890) light. For the meaning of this and the descrip- course. dno@aveiobe fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 21. Dying
tion of the Jewish ceremony of lighting the huge gold- in one’s sin left no opportunity for repentance (BBC).
en candlesticks at the Feast of the Tabernacles s. M, Muotevonte aor. subj. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe.
Sukkah 5:2-4; Barrett; BBC; Morris; 10S 3:20; 4:8; 1OM Aor. means, “make an act of faith,” “come to believe”
17:6; CD 5:18. &koAov@dv pres. act. part. AkoAovOEW (Morris). Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. in
(# 199) to follow, to follow as a disciple (TDNT). Subst. which the possibility of the cond. is assumed. 611
part. to express a necessary trait as well as a cond. (# 4022) gives the content of the belief or faith.
NEPINATHOT aor. subj. act. mepinatew (# 4344) to walk, @ 25 thy apyny adverbial acc., from the beginning, at
to walk about. Subj. w. double neg. for a strong denial. all. For this difficult construction s. Brown; Schnacken-
é€e. fut. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to have, obtain. burg. @ 26 mewas aor. act. part. (subst.) neunw
@ 13 einov aor. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say. 14 (# 4287) to send. Aor. indicates antecedent action, “the
anexpidn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) anoxpivopar (# 646) to one who has sent.” @ 27 Eyvwoav aor. ind. act. yi-
answer. In his answer Jesus now suggests that His is vwokw (# 1182) to know; here in the sense of fully rec-
not the only testimony. ot5a (# 3857) perf. ind. act. to ognize. €Xeyev impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak, to
know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. 208ev (# 4470) talk about. @ 28 vywonte aor. subj. act. Dyow
where, from where. TA@ov aor. ind. act. épyouci (# 5738) to lift up. A reference both to the cross and to
(# 2262). mod (# 4544) where, where to. @ 15 Kata the exaltation as well as the event of salvation (Barrett;
(# 2848) w. the acc., according to. It gives the norm of TDNT). Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl.
judgment (“after the flesh”) and draws attention to the yvwoeove fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 27. &5idaéev aor. ind.
imperfection of their judgment (Morris). @ 16 GAnN61- act. ddaoKkw (# 1438) to teach, instruct. @ 29 néwwac
voc (# 240) true, verified, here in the sense of accurate aor. act. part. s.v. 16. dfiKev aor. ind. act. &inut (# 918)
(Brown; TLNT). néwas aor. act. part. (subst.) nmeunw to leave. Const. aor. apeota pl. apeatoc (# 744) verbal
(# 4287) to send. 17 yeypanton perf. ind. pass. ypadw adj. of dpeokw to please, “the things pleasing.”
(# 1211) to write. Perf. means “it stands written,” sug- ® 30 AaAOWvtOG pres. act. part. (temp.) Aarew (# 3287)
gesting legal authority (MM). 18 paptupév pres. act. to speak. Gen. abs., giving necessary information to
part. waptupew (# 3455) to witness. Subst. part. as a the cl., without being part of the cl. Pres. indicating
pred. nom. Pres. indicates contemporaneous action. contemporaneous action, “while he was speaking.”
@ 19 TSe1te plperf. ind. act. o1Sa to know (s.v. 14). Pl- Exiotevoay aor. ind. act. s.v. 24. @ 31 nemiotevKdTAG
perf. ind. in a contrary to fact cond. cl. ® 20 pia perf. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 24. Perf. suggests the lasting
203 John 8

effects of the past action. Perhaps referring to those representative (TDNT). If they loved the Father they
who have made an outward profession (Morris; but s. would recognize His messenger. Their rejection of His
also Schnackenburg). peivnte aor. subj. act. pevw revelation through his messenger demonstrates their
(# 3531) to remain. Those who are not fickle but genu- rejection of the Father. 43 Aadid (# 3282) speech.
ine disciples remain in His teaching (Carson). Subj. w. Denotes the form of expression, the outward shape of
éav (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. w. some probability of the discourse (Morris). ywwwoxKete pres. ind. act. yt-
fulfillment. GAn@dc¢ (# 242) adv. truly. 32 yodoeobe vwokw (# 1182) to know; here in the sense of to recog-
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 27. EAev@epwoer fut. ind. act. nize or accept. Aoyog (# 3364) word. Signifies the
edevdepow (# 1802) to free; liberation from sin, a syn- content (Morris). aKovew pres. act. inf. dkovw (# 201)
onym for salvation (Barrett). 33 dmexpiOnoav aor. to hear; here in the sense of obey or understand. Com-
ind. pass. (dep.) amokpivopat s.v. 14. de5ovAebdKapev pl. inf. @ 44 d1aBoAog (# 1333) slanderer, devil (DDD,
perf. ind. act. SovAevw (# 1526) to be enslaved, to serve 463-73; 1369-80). Their father stands in sharp contrast
as a slave. Perf. w. the emphasis on the present results to the Father of Jesus (Becker; TFG, 303). For the con-
of the past action. There is a misunderstanding on struction here s. BD, 140. éx@vpta (# 2123) desire; the
their part or a play on words by Jesus. Jesus is speak- deeds according to his desires; to act in accordance
ing not of their social but of their spiritual cond. They with the desires (BAGD). natpog gen. matnp (# 4252)
have no need of a Savior since they consider them- father gen. of source (“coming from the devil”) or pos-
selves children of Abraham (BBC; Becker). While they sibly gen. of quality (“devilish desires”). &v@pwroxK-
are physically descents of Abraham, their actions are tovoc (# 475) murderer. Because he robbed Adam of
in stark contrast (DJG, 3-4, 6). yevnoeove fut. ind. mid. immortality (Barrett). €otnKev impf. ind. act. otnKw
(dep.) yivouai (# 1181) to become. 34 nowdv pres. (# 5112) to stand, to stand fast. For a discussion of the
act. part. novew (# 4472) to do, to practice. Subst. part. textual problem s. TC, 226. AHA pres. subj. act. AarkEew
describing the trait or class of those doing the action (# 3281) to speak. Subj. w. indef. temp. cl. (“whenev-
(SMT 56). @ 36 EhevOepwor aor. subj. act. s.v. 32. er”). weddoc (# 6022) lie. wevotns (# 6026) liar. @ 45
Ovtws (# 3953) really, actually. €oeoGe fut. ind. mid. eit ey 5€ I on the other hand. Placed first for emphasis
(# 1639) to be. @ 37 o150 (# 3857) perf. ind. act. to (Bernard). motevete pres. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to
know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. G&moxteivat aor. believe. Pres. describes their present state of belief.
act. inf. s.v. 22. Epex. inf. explaining Cnteite. ott They give credence to a lie rather than the truth.
(# 4022) because, giving the reason. ywpet pres. ind. @ 46 Edeyyer pres. ind. act. EXE yyw (# 1794) to convict,
act. ywpew (# 6003) to make room for, to contain. They to prove, to convince w. proof. @ 47 ov pres. act. part.
have never really made room for His word at all euit (# 1639) to be. Pres. describes a contemporaneous
(Tasker). Here fig. in the sense of open-hearted or com- action. Subst. part. to describe a trait. &k tod Beod out of
prehending (BAGD). @ 38 ewpaKka perf. ind. act. God. gen. of source. @ 48 dnexpi@noav aor. ind. pass.
opaw (# 3972) to see. Perf. would seem to imply that (dep.) anoxptvonor (# 646) to answer. KaAdS (# 2822)
Jesus had a preexistent vision which continues into the adv., well. The meaning here is, “Are we not right in
pres. (Brown). NKkovoate aor. ind. act. &Kovw to hear s.v. saying?” (Barrett). Lopapitns (# 4901) Samaritan, as a
9. noveite pres. ind./imp. act. novew s.v. 34 (Westcott). derogatory term of disrespect (s. John 4:4; BBC).
@ 39 Gmexpi@noay aor. ind. pass. (dep.) anoKpivonar @ 49 atyacete pres. ind. act. dtiuaCw (# 869) to dishon-
(# 646) to answer. tote pres. ind. act. eyt (# 1639) to be. or; here in the sense of treat shameful, insult (BAGD).
Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. in which the speaker as- @ 50 Cnt@v pres. act. part. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Part.
sumes the reality of the cond. ® 40 &oxKteivon aor. act. as subst. kat (# 2779) and, also. Kpivwv pres. act. part.
inf. s.v. 22. Compl. inf. &dv@pwnrov in apposition to pE. (subst.) kptvw (# 3212) to judge. @ 51 tnpnon aor. subj.
AEAGANKa perf. ind. act. Aakew (# 3281) to speak. The act. tnpew (# 5498) to guard, to keep, to observe. Subj.
resultative perf. indicates the past speech, but the ef- w. €av in 3rd. class cond. assuming that it is possible to
fects of the speech linger on. 41 nopvetac (# 4518) fulfill the cond. @ewpnon aor. subj. act. Gewpew (# 2555)
fornication, unlawful sexual relation. yeyevvnpedso. perf. to see. Here in the sense of experience death. Subj. w.
ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; pass. to be born. double neg. ob pn (# 4024; 3590) for a strong denial.
Perf. stressing their continued existence based on the @ 52 eyvwKaypev perf. ind. act. s.v. 27. Perf. emphasizes
past act of birth. 42 nyamate impf. ind. act. aya- the present state of knowledge, “now we know for
mow (# 26) to love. Used in a contrary to fact cond. cl., sure.” Gé@avev aor. ind. act. atoOvnoKkw (# 633) to die.
“If God were your Father...” (but he is not). &&fA@ov Const. aor. describing their death. yevontar aor. subj.
aor. ind. act. e€epyouc (# 2002) to go out. Tkw (# 2457) mid. (dep.) yevouor (# 1174) to taste, w. obj. in gen.
pres. ind. act. to come, to be pres. €ANAvGa perf. ind. Here fig. in the sense of come to know (SB, 1:751ff;
act. Epyouo1 to go, to come. Gméotetev aor. ind. act. BAGD; NIDNTT, 2:271). @ 53 peifwv (# 3505) comp.
amooteAAw (# 690) to send, to send as an authoritative WeyaG great; comp., greater. TatpdO<c gen. matnp (# 4252)
John 9 204

father. gen. of comp., “greater than the father.” moveic GMOKPLVOLLOLL (# 646) to answer. gavepw67 aor. subj.
pres. ind. act. moiew (# 4472) to do, here in the sense of pass. pavepow (# 5746) to make clear, to manifest; here
make oneself out to be, to claim to be. @ 54 dnexpi0n in the sense of to bring to the spotlight. Subj. w. tva
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 14. S0&&0w aor. subj. act. (# 2671) to express purp. @ 4 det (# 1256) pres. ind. act.
d0EaCw (# 1519) to glorify (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT). Subj. it is necessary, w. inf. giving a logical necessity. epya-
w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes CeoOa pres. mid. (dep.) inf. epyaCopar (# 2237) to work.
the possibility of the cond. 80&aCwv pres. act. part. Sub- Compl. inf. The acc. Nag functions as the subject of
st. part. @ 55 eyvwKate perf. ind. act. s.v. 27. Perf. indi- the inf. mewavtos aor. act. part. (subst.) neunw (# 4287)
cates the continuing results. eimw aor. subj. act. AEyw to send. Aor. indicates antecedent action. nwéepa
(# 3306) to say. Subj. w. kav (# 2779; 323) in a 3rd. class (# 2465) day; here meaning daylight in contrast to the
cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond. Eoopo1 darkness of the night. épyeto1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
fut. ind. mid. et (# 1639). © 56 NyAAAaoato aor. ind. Epyouat (# 2262) to come. Pres. futuristic or predictive,
mid. (dep.) ayaAA1aw (# 22) to rejoice, to be overjoyed “night will certainly come.” 50vatat pres. ind. pass.
(Morris). This refers to the joy that results from salva- (dep. ) Svvapot (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. Gnomic pres.
tion. Here Abraham anticipated it (EDNT). The basis epyaceo@ar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. epyacopan to work.
for this may be a rabbinic interpretation of Gen. 17:17 Compl. inf. @5@ pres. subj. act. et (# 1639) to be, to
(Philo, De mut. nom., 154ff; TEG, 306-8; Haenchen; SB, be present. Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in indef. temp. cl.,
2:525-26). 18n aor. subj. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Subj. “whenever I am present.” The Light is to give guid-
w. iva f# 2671) to express content of the seeing (IBG, ance through revelation (s. John 1:4). @ 6 €mtvoev aor.
145f). eldev aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. exapn aor. ind. act. ntvw (# 4772) to spit. The curative value of sa-
ind. pass. (dep.) yaipw (# 5897) to be glad, to rejoice. liva was highly esteemed in antiquity (Morris; Bar-
@ 57 EwpaxKac perf. ind. act. opaw s.v. 56. @ 58 yeveodar rett). yoy.at (# 5912) on the ground. An old adv., either
aor. inf. mid. (dep.) yivouai (# 1181) to become; to come dat. or loc. (RWP). exotnoev aor. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472)
into existence (Morris). Note the contrast w. €yo eyst, “I to do, to make. mndog (# 4384) mud, clay. For the for-
am” (D. M. Ball, ‘I Am’ in John’s Gospel: Literary Func- bidding of kneading on the Sabbath, s. M, Shabbath
tion, Background, and Theological Implications [Shef- 7:2. mtvona (# 4770) saliva, spittle. eméyptoev aor. ind.
field: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996]); (s. John 1:1; act. emiyptw (# 2222) to anoint, to smear, spread an eye
also TFG, 308-10). Inf. w. the prep. mpiv (# 4570) to ex- salve on the eyes. Used in a report of healing and also
press time (“before”) (MT, 144). 59 npav aor. ind. to describe the wax that receives the impression of the
act. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to pick up. Perhaps they seal (BAGD; MM). For a discussion of the textual
picked up stones from the ongoing construction of the problem s. TC, 227-28. 7 bnaye pres. imp. act. Dnayw
Temple (BBC). B&Awow aor. subj. act. BaAAw (# 965) to (# 5632) to go. Pres. imp. w. a vb. of motion. viwau aor.
throw. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. expvpn imp. act. vintw (# 3782) to wash, to wash one for my-
aor. ind. pass. kpumtw (# 3221) to hide, to conceal. self, bathe in a pool (BAGD). Aor. usually indicates
that the action should commence. This could be an au-
thoritative imp. (JG, 319.) KoAvpBnOpa (# 3148) pool.
John 9 This pool was located in the Lower City close to the
@ 1 nopaywv pres. act. part. (temp.) nopayw end of Hezekiah’s underground conduit (BBC). épyn-
(# 4135) to go by, to pass by. Pres. expresses contempo- vevetat pres. ind. pass. epunvevw (# 2257) to translate.
raneous action: “while he was passing by.” etdev aor. GANEOTAAPEVOS perf. pass. part. anooteAAW (# 690) to
ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. TugA0g (# 5603) blind. He send. It was from Siloam that the water used in the li-
starts physically and spiritually blind, but ends his bations at the Feast of the Tabernacles was drawn (Bar-
blindness (DJG, 81-82). yevetn (# 1162) birth. Thus rett). ani\AGev aor. ind. act. amcpyouot (# 599) to go
there was no sin he actively participated in. This also away. ovv (# 4036) now, therefore, based on the com-
indicates the severity of the illness (Becker). @ 2 nNpw- mand of Jesus. éviwato aor. ind. mid. vintw. TAGev aor.
tnoav aor. ind. act. Epwtaw (# 2263) to question, to ask. ind. act. Epyowor (# 2262) to come. BAEnwv pres. act.
A€yovtes pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Part. used part. BAenw (# 1063) to see. Part. of manner, he re-
here as quotation marks to introduce the following dir. turned as one who sees. @ 8 yeitoveg pl. yeitwv
discourse. Twaptev aor. ind. act. aquaptavw (# 279) to (# 1150) neighbor. Often used to describe an adjacent
sin. For the rabbis it was possible to sin while in the locality. ®ewpodvtes pres. act. part. (subst.) SewpEew
womb (SB, 2:528-30; J Lightfoot). yovetc (# 1204) par- (# 2555) to see. Pres. indicates contemporaneous and
ents. Thus he would be suffering for his parents’ sin continual action, “those who were seeing.” mpooaitns
(BBC). iva (# 2671) so that, expressing result (RG, (# 4645) beggar. KaOnpevog pres. mid. (dep.) part.
997f). yevvnO7] aor. subj. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; KaOnuat (# 2764) to sit. mpooartev pres. act. part. mpo0-
pass. to be born. ® 3 amexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) aitew (# 4644) to ask from someone, to beg (MH, 324).
205 John 9

Pres. indicates he had his regular place and was a fa- speak. 22 epoBodvto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) doBeopar
miliar figure (RWP). @ 9 eyov impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 5828) to fear. Mid. suggests that they were afraid of
(# 3306) to say. Iterat. impf. indicating the various what would happen to them. yap (# 1142) because.
things the different ones said. @ 10 qvewy@noav aor. This gives the reason for their fear. ovveté8ewro plperf.
ind. pass. cvotyw (# 487) to open. Used here fig. (“to be ind. mid. (dep.) ovvtiOnut (# 5338) to agree. Consum-
able to see”). Const. aor. viewing the total process. mative plperf. emphasizes that the decision had been
@ 11 Gmexpién aor. ind. pass. (dep.) anoKpivouar made at least before the conversation with the parents,
(# 646) to answer. Agyopwevocg pres. pass. part. AEyw more probably at the initiation of their investigation.
(# 3306) to call; pass. to be named. énéypoev aor. ind. OLOAOYNOT aor. subj. act. OuoAoyew (# 3933) to confess.
act. s.v. 6. bmaye pres. imp. act. s.v. 7. viou aor. imp. Subj. w. &av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. where the
mid. (dir. mid. “wash oneself”) s.v. 7. This is a dir. quo- cond. is viewed as possible. dnoovvaywyos (# 697) to
tation of the commands of Jesus. a&meA@@v aor. act. be excommunicated, to be separated from the syna-
part. &népxouat (# 599) to go away. Aor. for both parts. gogue (Brown; SB, 4:293-333). yevnto aor. subj. mid.
describes antecedent action necessary for the action of (dep.) ytvoua1 (# 1181) to become, to be. @ 23 TAtkiav
the main vb. vupdpevog aor. mid. (dir. mid.) part. s.v. 7. éxet to have age; to have (be) the age of legal maturity
avePreya. aor. ind. act. dvoprénw (# 329) to see again. (BAGD). @ 24 80g aor. imp. act. dt6wut (# 1443) to
Ingressive aor. describes the beginning of his sight (“I give. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of ur-
began to see”). The addition of the prep. ava (again) gency. He should confess his guilt of associating with
has the idea of restoration to a proper state; not that he Jesus and accept the Sabbath Law (Becker). @ 25 ane-
had seen before, since he had been blind from birth. Kpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 3. @v pres. act. part. ewt
@ 12 oi5a (# 3857) perf. ind. act. to know. Def. perf. w. (# 1639) to be. Concessive part. Pres. describing a pre-
a pres. meaning. @ 13 &yovow pres. ind. act. &yw (# 72) vious, yet long-lasting state. 26 exoinoev aor. ind.
to lead. Hist. pres. giving a vivid description of the ac- act. s.v. 6. dot dat. ov (to you). Dat. of personal interest.
tion. @ 14 fw impf. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. év @ 27 NKovoate aor. ind. act. akovw (# 201) to hear.
Twépa the day on which. éxoinoev aor. ind. act. no1ew Used here not just of acoustically hearing, but accept-
(# 4472) to do, to make. &vew€ev aor. ind. act. dvoiyw ing as true. pn (# 3590) Used in questions expecting a
(# 487) to open. 15 Npwtwv impf. ind. act. Epwtdw s.v. neg. answer. He recognizes their hostile attitude to
2. Iterat. impf. emphasizes the repeated questioning, Jesus. yevéo8o1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivowor s.v. 22.
“they repeatedly asked.” aveBAewev aor. ind. act. Compl. inf. @ 28 €Ao8opnoav aor. ind. act. AoopEw
avoPrerw s.v. 11. enéOnkev aor. ind. act. éxittOnur (# 3366) to abuse, to revile or harshly criticize, includ-
(# 2202) to place. Eviwopnvy aor. ind. mid. vintw s.v. 7. ing curses and defamation (TDNT; TLNT). po@nth¢
@ 16 GpaptwAds (# 283) sinful. This should be under- (# 3412) disciple (TDNT; EDNT). 29 AeAGAnxev perf.
stood here to mean “mortal.” tovadta pl. tovodtoc ind. act. AaA€w s.v. 21; here in the sense of “reveal.”
(# 5525) such a thing, such as this. oxyiowa (# 5388) divi- noGev (# 4470) from where. 30 Bavpaotos (# 2515)
sion. 17 AEyovov pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say; wonderful, remarkable. tivoiéév aor. ind. act. &votyw
hist. pres. jvéweev aor. ind. act. dvotyw s.v. 10. 18 s.v. 10. @ 31 Oe0ceBng (# 2538) devout, God-fearing.
éxiotevoav aor. ind. act. nmiotevw (# 4409) to believe. pres. subj. act. et (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. eav (# 1569)
épwvnoav aor. ind. act. dwvew (# 5888) to call. expresses cond. movi] pres. subj. act. novew (# 4472) to
avoPAEyavtos aor. act. part. avaPAemw s.v. 11. Subst. do. 32 NKovobn aor. ind. pass. &kovw (# 201) to hear.
part. to emphasize the newly acquired sight which Tvewsev aor. ind. act. avotyw s.v. 10. The fact that there
precipitated the discussion. Gen. of relationship. was a miracle indicates that God answered the prayers
@ 19 Apwrnoay aor. ind. act. _pwtdw s.v. 2. This is to of Jesus; thus he is devout and God-fearing (Becker).
discredit the testimony of the blind man who was yeyevvnpevov perf. pass. part. s.v. 2. Perf. here describes
healed. éyewvn6n aor. ind. pass. yevvow (# 1164) pass. to antecedent action with the emphasis on the resulting
be born. dpti (# 785) now (in contrast to your claims state. @ 33 ndvvato imp. ind. pass. (dep.) dvvopor
that he was born blind). 20 amexpi@noav aor. ind. (# 1538) to be able. Used in a contrary to fact cond. cl.
pass. (dep.) s.v. 3. eyevvnen aor. ind. pass. s.v. 2. @ 21 (RG, 922f, 1014ff). moveiv pres. act. inf. movew s.v. 31.
Tvorgev aor. ind. act. cvotyw s.v. 10. Epwthoate aor. act. Compl. inf. to the main vb. 34 amexpi®noav aor. ind.
imp. €pwtcaw s.v. 2. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act and pass. (dep.) s.v. 3. &yewvnéns aor. ind. pass. yevvaw s.v.
suggests by implication they should stop asking them. 2. ddog (# 3910) totally, pred. nom. (RWP). e&€Padov
It is amazing that in the whole discussion no one con- aor. ind. act. exBaAAw (# 1675) to throw out; here in the
siders the great miracle or the benefits to the man who sense of excommunicated from the synagogue.
was previously blind. nAikia (# 2461) age, full age, to @ 35 e€eBadrov aor. ind. act. ExBaAAw s.v. 34. ebpwv aor.
come to maturity, one who is 13 years and one day old act. part. (temp.) evptoxw (# 2351) to find. 36 Kai
(SB, 2:534). A@ANoEet fut. ind. act. AarAew (# 3281) to (# 2779) Used to introduce the apodosis, which here is
John 10 206

a question and has the force “who then” (under the name. Eastern shepherds commonly give names to
circumstances set forth in the protasis) (BD, 227). their sheep, descriptive of some trait or characteristic
Miotevow aor. subj. act. miotevw s.v. 18. Subj. w. tva of the animal (Bernard). @ 4 €xBaA7 aor. subj. act. ex-
(# 2671) describing the result. 37 ewpaxKac perf. ind. BoArAAW (# 1675) to drive out. The word has an air of
act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Perf. emphasizes the continu- force (Morris). Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in an indef. temp.
ing results. “You have seen and still are seeing.” AWA@v cl. (“whenever”). Eunpoo8ev (# 1869) w. the gen., be-
pres. act. part. AaA€w s.v. 21. Part. describes the ongo- fore, in front of. otSao.w perf. ind. act. oda. (# 3857) to
ing action of speaking. 38 épn impf. ind. act. pnut know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Here in the sense of
(# 5774) to say, to speak. npooexbvnoev impf. ind. act. recognize and follow him. They will find rest and se-
mpooxvvew (# 4686) to worship. Incep. impf., “he curity with him. @ 5 dAdOtpiog (# 259) stranger. od ph
began to worship.” The act of bowing down to wor- (# 4024; 3590) strong neg., certainly not! (GGBB, 468-
ship is used in John 4:20-24 to describe the worship 69). &koAovENoovory fut. ind. act. dKorovdew (# 199) to
due to God (Brown). @ 39 BXemovtes pres. act. part. follow, w. obj. in dat. geb&ovta1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
BAemw (# 1063) to see. Pres. describes contemporane- devyw (# 5771) to flee. The sheep do not recognize his
ous action. Concessive part., “even though they can- voice, nor does he demonstrate concern for the
not see, can see.” BAEmwol pres. subj. act. PAE. sheep. @ 6 napowia (# 4231) proverb, parable (Bar-
yevwvto1 aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivoyar (# 1181) to be- rett). Eyvwoav aor. ind. act. y.wwoxw (# 1182) to know,
come, to be. 40 &kovoav aor. ind. act. &Kobw (# 201) to recognize. Const. aor., describing their lack of un-
to hear. 6vteg pres. act. part. cyt (# 1639) to be. pn derstanding during the whole conversation. EAGA€1
(# 3590) expecting a neg. answer: “We are not blind, impf. ind. act. AadEw (# 3281) to speak. Impf. describes
are we?” @ 41 Tite pres. subj. act. ett (# 1639) to be. the antecedent action. @ 7 @dpa (# 2598) door, gate.
elyete impf. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to have. Used in a Jesus is the door through which the sheep pass and
contrary to fact cond. cl. The addition of av (# 323) the door through which alone men can rightly ap-
produces the effect of italicizing €1 (# 1623) (M, 200). proach the sheep (Hoskyns). tév TpoPatwv gen. pl.
Here there is a play on words. They are blind to their TpoBa.tov (# 4585) sheep. Obj. gen., “for the sheep.”
sin in the belief they can see. Those who are blind and @ 8 7\80v aor. ind. act. Epxouct (# 2262) to come. Kov-
recognize their need see how one truly is before God. oav aor. ind. act. axovw (# 201) to hear. Here in the
sense of obey. For a discussion of the case of the obj. s.
BD, 95. @ 9 €10€A87 aor. subj. act. etoepyouc (# 1656)
John 10 to enter into. Subj. w. &av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond.
@ 1 Eloepyxouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. eloepxouar cl. viewing the cond. as possible (“some may enter”).
(# 1656) to go in. Subst. part. Pres. to describe an ac- owOnoetat fut. ind. pass. owtw (# 5392) to save, to res-
tion that is a characteristic trait. abAN (# 885) court- cue. Here in the sense of being safely within the con-
yard, sheepfold; here seemingly a yard in front of the fines of the shepherd’s protection, not just in the
house, surrounded by a stone wall probably topped w. confines of the shelter. &&eAevoetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
briers (Brown; BBC). &vaBaivwv pres. act. part. (subst.) e€epyouat (# 2002) to go out. von (# 3786) pasture. ev-
avapatvw (# 325) to go up, to climb over. GAAayo8Eev ptoet fut. ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to find. For the re-
(# 249) from another place. He does not use the ac- quirement of sheep’s food and water s. ABD, 6:1127.
ceptable entrance (Becker). KAentng (# 3095) thief, one 10 et un (# 1623; 3590) except. KAEWn aor. subj. act.
who steals. Anotns (# 3334) robber, bandit. The combi- KAentw (# 3096) to steal. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) here
nation may denote a readiness to engage in violence gives the purp. of the coming. It is selfish and self-
as well as dishonesty (Morris). In both cases their in- serving, instead of out of concern for the sheep. 6von
tentions are less than ideal. @ 2 nowny (# 4478) aor. subj. act. @vw (# 2604) to slaughter, to kill for food
shepherd (TDNT; NIDNTT; Ezek. 34). The main re- (Morris). &noA€OT aor. subj. act. dnOAA VLA (# 660) to de-
sponsibility of the shepherd was to keep the flock in- stroy. The word includes injury of a violent nature, de-
tact, to protect and to provide for the sheep. Jesus’ struction, and ruin (NIDNTT). They do not allow the
mission is marked by a caring concern, even willing- sheep to fully develop. This is the commentary of
ness, to die for the sheep (ABD, 5:1187-90; DJG, 751- Christ on the present leaders of Israel. Eywow pres.
53). Though John portrays the shepherd’s devotion to subj. act. €xw (# 2400) to have. meptooov (# 4356) abun-
duty, they were generally despised (NIDNTT; JTJ, 305- dance, superfluous, more than is really necessary
12; PAP, 147-48). 3 @vpwpoc (# 2601) doorkeeper. (Sanders); “have it to the full,” “to have a surplus”
Perhaps an undershepherd or one fold served more (Bernard). @ 11 Kaddg (# 2819) good, beautiful, in
than one flock and had an independent porter (Bar- the sense of ideal or model of perfection (Brown; Bar-
rett). 1810. pl. 110g (# 2625) one’s own. gwvet pres. ind. rett); this in contrast to the previous shepherds. ti€n-
act. dwvew (# 5888) to call. Kat’ Ovopa (# 2848; 3950) by ow pres. ind. act. tOnut (# 5502) to place. vmep (# 5642)
207 John 10

w. gen., on behalf of, for the benefit of. This means to of Kislev (December). This is called by Josephus the
place one’s life at risk on behalf of the sheep (Becker). Feasts of Lights (Jos., Ant., 12:319-326). The great can-
@ 12 w108Wt0¢ (# 3638) a hired man, one paid to do his delabrum was brought into the Temple. Its lamps were
work (Morris). wv pres. act. part. nom. masc. sing. eit lit so that they gave light in the Temple (2 Macc. 1:8;
(# 1639) to be. Pres. part. here used as a subst. to de- 10:3; J. VanderKam, “Hannukah: Its Timing and Sig-
scribe a characterizing trait. AbKog (# 3380) wolf; used nificance According to 1 and 2 Maccabees,” JSP 1
here to connote danger. épyopevov pres. mid. (dep.) [1987]: 23-40; ABD, 2:123-25). 23 nepvenater impf.
part. acc. masc. sing. €pyouo. (# 2262) to come. Part. ind. act. nepimatew (# 4344) to walk about. Progressive
used here to vividly portray the approaching danger. impf. picturing the walking in progress, or iterat.
Ghinow pres. ind. act. cdinu (# 918) to forsake, to impf. picturing the repeated walking with occasional
leave. Hist. pres.: to vividly portray the action. apmacer stops and starts. oto (# 5119) porch w. columns (Ed-
pres. ind. act. cpmatw (# 773) to snatch, to seize, to take ersheim, Temple, 43f; Acts 3:11; 5:12; JPB, 64-68; DJG,
suddenly and vehemently, to drag away. Often used to 812-13; BBC). 24 ékbKAWouv aor. ind. act. KvKAOW
describe violence and speed (TDNT). oxopmifei pres. (# 3240) to encircle. odv (# 4036) then; temp. use of the
ind. act. oxopritw (# 5025) to scatter. 13 pede pres. particle. €w¢ mote how long? aipets pres. ind. act. aipw
ind. act. weddrw (# 3508) w. dat. adt@ (# 899) to be of (# 149) to lift up. s.v. 18. Here “to hold in suspense”;
concern to someone. @ 14 yivwoxovol pres. ind. act. lit., “to take away our life” (Brown). et pres. ind. act.
yiwwoxw (# 1182) to know; here, not just an intellectual eit to be. The cond. is phrased in such a way that the
awareness, but a mutual relationship (Haenchen). This statement is assumed to be true. eimé aor. imp. act.
is a frequent picture of a proper relationship w. God A€eyw (# 3306) to say. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w.
(Hos. 6:6; Jer. 31:34). @ 16 det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it a note of urgency. nappnoia (# 4244) adv., openly,
is necessary, one must (w. the inf.) &yayeiv aor. act. inf. plainly. The answer should be a simple “yes” or “no”
ayw (# 72) to lead. Compl. inf. &kobvoovow fut. ind. act. so that they can understand. @ 25 amexpi@n aor. ind.
aKxovw (# 201) to listen to. yevjoovto1 fut. ind. mid. pass. (dep.) &noxpivoua (# 646) to answer. eimov aor.
(dep.) yivowo. (# 1181) to become, to be. moyvy ind. act. Aeyw s.v. 24. Const. aor. describing his past re-
(# 4479) flock. @ 17 AGBw aor. subj. act. AopBavwy lationship (in word and deed) with them as a revela-
(# 3284) to take, to receive. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to ex- tion of his true identity. @ 27 axoAovGodatv pres.
press purp. (Barrett). 18 aipet pres. ind. act. aipw ind. act. aKodrovbew (# 199) to follow, here in the sense
(# 149) to take away. Despite its early support, the al- of obey. Pres. tenses here are customary or habitual.
ternate reading mpev (aor. from the same vb.) does not This is the expected action of the sheep. 28 an0-
have the widespread distribution as the other reading AwWVTAL aor. subj. mid. anoAAvEL (# 660) to be lost.
(TC, 231). &Eovoia (# 2026) authority (Schnackenburg). apmdoet fut. ind. act. opratw (# 773) to drag away s.v.
@eivan aor. act. inf. tOnUL (# 5502) to lay down. AaPeiv 12. €K thc xEIposg gen. fem. sing. Gen. of separation,
aor. act. inf. AouPave s.v. 17. Compl. inf. to complete “out of the hand.” matpog gen. masc. sing. natnp
the main vb. éAaBov aor. ind. act. Aaupavo. (# 4252) father. Gen. of possession, “of the Father.”
@ 19 oxioua (# 5388) division, split. eyeveto aor. ind. 29 5e5wxev perf. ind. act. 5tSwyt (# 1443) to give. Perf.
mid. (dep.) yivouoi s.v. 16; here, to arise. 20 paive- indicates the resulting state from the past action.
tat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) paivouon (# 3419) to rage, to TAVIWV gen. Tac all; gen. of comparison. pEifov (# 3505)
rave, to be mad. It was Jewish belief that demons comp. pEeyas large, big; comp., greater. Here perhaps
could cause violent, insane behavior (ABD, 2:140-41; “powerful.” apnacetw pres. act. inf. apmacw s.v. 28.
DDD, 452-53). 21 damoviCouevov pres. mid. part. Compl. inf. 30 €v (# 1657) n., one thing. Identity is
gen. masc. sing. Saovitw (# 1227) to be possessed w. not asserted, but essential unity is (Morris).
an evil spirit. For the Jewish view of demons s. SB, @ 31 éBaotaocav aor. ind. act. Bactatw (# 1002) to take
4:501-35. One who has a demon was not to be listened up. RAL (# 4099) again (s. 8:59). ALBdowow aor. subj.
to (TDNT). pn (# 3590) used in hesitant questions ex- act. \160¢w (# 3342) to stone. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) ex-
pecting the answer “no.” Gvoiga aor. act. inf. avoiyw presses purp. They wanted to stone him for blasphe-
(# 487) to open. Compl. inf. 22 éyeveto aor. ind. my. This is the reaction to his open answer as they had
mid. (dep.) yivouat s.v. 16. €yKaivia, (# 1589) renewal, requested in John 10:24. @ 32 éSe1&a aor. ind. act.
rededication. Used here for the Feast of Dedication or deikvuut (# 1259) to show. motoc (# 4481) which kind of.
Hanukkah commemorating the cleansing and dedica- AvWacete pres. ind. act. A180Cw s.v. 31. Pres. is either ten-
tion by the Maccabees (1 Macc. 4:36-59; 2 Macc. 10:1-8; dential (“you want to stone me?”) or conative (“you
Edersheim, Temple, 333-36; Jerry R. Lancaster and R. are attempting to stone me”). 33 anexpi@noav aor.
Larry Overstreet, “Jesus’ Celebration of Hanukkah in ind. pass. (dep.) Groxpivonar s.v. 25. nepi (# 4309) w.
John 10,” Bib Sac 152 [1995]: 318-33; BBC). yewwv win- gen. used with vbs. of charging, censuring, judging to
ter. The eight-day feast began on the 25th of the month express cause, on account of, because of (BAGD). ®v
John 11 208

pres. act. part. s.v. 12. Concessive part., “even though from the event of writing (Haenchen). @ptéiv dat. pl.
you are a man.” © 34 yeypoypeévov perf. pass. part. Opié (# 2582) hair, Instr. dat., “with her hair.” noBever
nom. n. sing. ypadw (# 1211) to write. For a discussion impf. ind. act. do@evew s.v. 1. The type of illness is not
of the quotation from Ps. 82:6 s. A.T. Hanson, “John’s mentioned, but it is clearly fatal (Becker). 3 ané-
Citation of Psalm 82 in John 10:33-36,” NTS 11 otetdav aor. ind. act. GnootéAAw (# 690) to send. 16
(1964/65): 158-62; “John’s Citation of Ps 82 Reconsid- (# 2623) aor. imp. act. Opaw to see. 4 d&kovous aor.
ered,” NTS 13 (1966/67): 363-67; SB, 2:539-41; OTN, act. part. (temp.) akovw (# 201) to hear. Aor. indicates
21-37, esp. 33; HSB, 279-80. If rulers are called gods in antecedent action, “after Jesus had heard.” npog @dva-
the Hebrew Scriptures, how much more does one who tov w. a view to death. This construction is more reas-
authenticates himself by miracles have this right suring, indicating the sickness is not dangerous
(Becker). €ima aor. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to say. (Bernard). 50&a087 aor. subj. pass. d0faGw (# 1519) to
35 AvOTvan aor. pass. inf. vw (# 3395) to break, to set glorify. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses purp. Const.
aside, to nullify (Brown). Comp. inf. to the main vb. aor. shows that through all the following action God is
ypaon (# 1210) Scripture. It means any particular pas- glorified. This could also be a proleptic aor.: “God will
sage of Scripture (Lindars). 36 Tyyiaoev aor. ind. act. certainly be glorified.” Then the reference is not just to
ayiacw (# 39) to set apart, to sanctify, to consecrate. The the illness, but to the future resurrection of Lazarus.
-a¢w ending suggests to make holy. Here to set apart @ 5 nyana. impf. ind. act. wyandw (# 26) to love. This
for a specific task (TDNT; EDNT) ov rel. pron., whom. statement is necessary to heighten the contrast be-
Used in the rel. cl. which is an acc. of reference (Bar- tween his attitude of love and concern and his lack of
rett). Gm€OtEAEV aor. ind. act. GnooteAAW (# 690) to action. 6 NKovoEV aor. ind. act. w@Kovw (# 201) to hear.
send. @ 37 now pres. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do. Euetvev aor. ind. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. @ 7 Enet-
Ind. in a 2nd. class cond. where the cond. is assumed ta. (# 2083) then. &ywpev pres. subj. act. &yw (# 72) to
to be true. 38 miotevnte pres. subj. act. miotevw go. Hortatory subj., “let us go.” ma&Aw (# 4099) again.
(# 4409) to believe, w. obj. in dat. Subj. in a 3rd. class @ 8 ethtovv impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. A18G-
cond. cl. w. Kav (#2779; 323) where the cond. is viewed oat aor. act. inf. A1WaCw (# 3342) to stone. Compl. inf. to
as possible. muotevete pres. imp. act. Imp. here is an in- the main vb. 9 Gmexpi®@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
vitation; pres. is gnomic. yv@te aor. subj. act. yivwoKw amoKpivouat (# 646) to answer. Tepinath pres. subj. act.
(# 1182) to know. Aor. indicates “that ye may come to nepinatew (# 4344) to walk, to walk about. Subj. w. &av
know” (Morris). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) indicates purp. (# 1569) in 3rd. class cond. cl. where the cond. is con-
yivooxknte pres. subj. act. yivwwoKw; and keep on know- sidered possible. mpooxontet pres. ind. act. npooKkontw
ing (Morris). @ 39 e€ntovv impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 4684) to stumble and consequently suffer harm.
(# 2426) to seek. Iterat. impf. to describe their repeated Used of the blind and of the darkness of night (Tob.
attempts to stone him. “They repeatedly sought to 11:10; Prov. 3:23; Jer. 13:16; BAGD). It is tacitly as-
stone him.” mudoat aor. inf. act. m1aCw (# 4389) to seize. sumed that if a man can see he can avoid the obstacles
éEFAGev aor. ind. act. e&epyoua (# 2002) to go out, here and thus avoid falling. This is particularly true given
in the sense of escape. yepog gen. fem. sing. xElp the narrow and stony roads in Palestine (Haenchen).
(# 5931) hand, used here fig. as power. @ 40 anfAOev The point here is that Jesus is aware of the short time
aor. ind. act. anépyouc. (# 599) to go away. népav before his approaching fall. He is clearly aware of the
(# 4305) w. the gen., the other side. Bartiwv pres. act. plans to terminate him (TDNT). Gnomic pres.
part. BantiGw (# 966) to baptize. Pres. part. indicates @ 11 Kexoipnto perf. ind. pass. kowow (# 3121) to
contemporaneous action to the main vb. Here the ac- sleep, to fall asleep. Perf. emphasized the pres. state.
tion is in the past. €wetvev aor. ind. act. pevw (# 3531) to The word is used here as a euphemism for death
remain, to stay. @ 41 T)A8ov aor. ind. act. Epyouae (Brown). &&vnviow aor. subj. act. e&vavitw (# 2030) to
(# 2262) to come, to go. €noinoev aor. ind. act. novew s.v. awake someone out of sleep. Subj. with iva (# 2671)
37. aANOns (# 239) true. Here in the sense of accurate. expresses purp. The disciples do not realize that the
42 txiotevoay aor. ind. act. miotevw s.v. 38. cost of giving life is Jesus’ death (BBC). @ 12 einav
aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Kexotpntar perf. ind.
pass. Kowow (# 3121) to sleep, to fall asleep. Cond. cl.
John 11 assumes that he has died. ow@noetor fut. ind. pass.
@ 1 dodevav pres. act. part. doevew (# 820) to be owtw (# 5392) to rescue, to recover from illness (Bar-
weak, to be sick. Part. used in a periphrastic construc- rett). 13 eipnxet plperf. ind. act. AXeyw s.v. 12. Plperf.
tion. @ 2 dAg€iwaoa aor. act. part. aAreinw (# 230) to expresses antecedent action. é0av aor. ind. act. doxéw
anoint (s. 12:1-8.) wopw dat. wvpov (# 3693) ointment, (# 1506) to suppose. Kownoig (# 3122) sleep. bnvov
perfume. exwd§ooo. aor. act. part. exuaoow (# 1726) to gen. Unvoc (# 5678) sleep; gen. of description or possi-
wipe. Perhaps a proleptic aor. from this event, but past bly obj. gen. (RWP). @ 14 tote (# 5538) then. nappnoia
209 John 11

(# 4244) openly, without a fig. expression, which could nently remaining (Morris). ott (# 4022) gives the con-
be misunderstood (Haenchen). ané@avev aor. ind. act. tent of the faith. epyowevog pres. mid. (dep.) part.
anobvyjoKw (# 633) to die. Const. aor. simply stating Epxopat (# 2262) to come. Subst. use of the part. to give
the fact of his death. 15 motebonte aor. subj. act. a characteristic or trait. @ 28 eixodoa aor. act. part.
motevw (# 4409) to believe. Aor. points to a single act (temp.) A€eyw s.v. 21. Aor. indicates antecedent action.
(“to come to have faith”) (Brown). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) anAGev aor. ind. act. anepyouar (# 599) to go away.
giving the result. This cl. gives the result of Christ not Edwvnoev aor. ind. act. dwvéw (# 5888) to call. AGOpa
being present. Tnv impf. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be (# 3277) secretly. nma&peotiv pres. ind. act. nope
present. d&ywyev pres. subj. act. cyw (#72) to lead. Here (# 4205) to be present. 29 nyép@n aor. ind. pass.
intr. to go (BAGD). Hortatory subj., “let us go.” eyeipw (# 1586) to raise; pass. to rise. tayo (# 5444)
@ 16 Aeyouevoc pres. pass. part. Aeyw s.v. 12. Here “who quickly. Tipyeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) pyouor (# 2262)
is called” or “with the name.” ovppa@ntys (# 5209) to come, to go. 30 €AndvGet plperf. ind. act. s.v. 17.
fellow-disciple. Ind. obj. &ywyev s.v.15. 17 EABdv onVTNOEV aor. ind. act. bravtaw (# 5636) to meet.
aor. act. part. (temp.) Epxou (# 2262) to come, to go. 31 Ovtec pres. act. part. et (# 1639) to be. napopv-
Aor. indicates antecedent action, “when he had come.” Bovpevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) tapopv0Ew s.v.
eDpev aor. ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to find. teooapac 19. Pres. shows contemporaneous action. 10vte¢ aor.
TWEpas acc. of measure, answering the question how act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Aor. shows ante-
long? “For 4 days.” The soul stayed near the body for cedent action. aveotn aor. ind. act. &viotnu (# 482) to
three days (SB, 2:544). Thus there was no hope for Laz- stand up, to get up. e€fA@ev aor. ind. act. e€epxoucr
arus (Haenchen). éyovta pres. act. part. (circum.) éyw (# 2002) to go out. NkoAovEnoay aor. ind. act. AKoAOv-
(# 2400) to have; here act. intr., to be, to be situated Sew (# 199) to follow. 50&avteg aor. act. part. SoKew
(BAGD). Pres. expressing contemporaneous action. (# 1506) to think, to suppose. Aor. indicates antecedent
@ 19 EANAVGELoav plperf. ind. act. Epyoun s.v. 17. Pl- action. Causal part., “because they supposed that.”
perf. expresses antecedent action with an emphasis on KA.avoT aor. subj. act. KAaiw (# 3081) weep, to cry. Subj.
the result. “They had come and were there.” napopv- w. iva. (# 2671) expresses purp. @ 32 nA6ev aor. ind.
@nowvtat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) napapveeouat (# 4170) act. €pyouat s.v. 17. 180d00 aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw
to comfort, to console. Subj. w. tva. (# 2671) expresses s.v. 31. Aor. indicates antecedent action. Emeoev aor.
purp. For the Jewish custom s. SB, 4:592-607; LT, 2:316- ind. act. mintw (# 4406) to fall. Aeyovou aor. act. part.
20. @ 20 bxqvtnoev aor. ind. act. dbnavtéw (# 5636) to Aeyw s.v. 21. hg impf. ind. act. eit s.v. 21. &meSavev aor.
meet. exabéfeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) kabefouar ind. act. s.v. 21. @ 33 eldev aor. ind. act. dpdw s.v. 31.
(# 2757) to sit, to be sitting down. @ 21 eimev aor. ind. KAaiovoay pres. act. part. KAatw s.v. 31. Pres. part. indi-
act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to speak. ovv (# 4036) then. 1¢ cates contemporaneous action; she was crying then.
impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. Used in a contrary to ovverSovtac aor. act. part. ovvepyouat (# 5302) to go to-
fact cond. cl.: “If you had been here, but you were not, gether, to go w. someone. Subst. part. w. art. Aor. indi-
then my brother would not have died, but he did.” cates the antecedent action (“who had come
They believed in the power of Jesus to perform a mira- together”). €veBpysqoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) eufpr-
cle, but they did not contemplate his power to raise copa (# 1839) to snort as an expression of anger, to
the dead. For them his power stopped where a doc- be moved w. the deepest emotions, to express violent
tor’s ability ceases (Becker). dmé@avev aor. ind. act. displeasure (MM). Perhaps the anger was at what was
dno@vnokw (# 633) to die. 22 ota perf. ind. act. looked on as a manifestation of Satan’s kingdom of
(# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. aitnon evil (Brown). etapaéev aor. ind. act. tapdoow (# 5429)
aor. subj. act. oitéw (# 160) to ask. Subj. with av (# 323) to shake, to trouble, to be disturbed, to shudder. His
generalizes (“whatever”). dwo0e1 fut. ind. act. SiSwmpr own emotion and the experience from which it is His
(# 1443) to give. @ 23 dvaothoeta fut. ind. mid. (dep.) purp. to deliver men (J Lightfoot). 34 te@eixate perf.
aviotnu (# 482) to rise. For Jewish references to the ind. act. ti®nut (# 5502) to place, to lay. Consummative
resurrection s. Barrett; DJG, 677-78. 24 dvaotnoetar perf. indicates the completion of the action in the past.
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 23. 25 motebwv pres. act. Epxov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) épyouar (# 2262) to come.
part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Part. used as subst. Imp. is a polite request. Pres. suggests that the action
(“anyone who”). &mo@dvq aor. subj. act. s.v. 21. Subj. w. of Jesus coming should continue. tée (# 2623) aor. imp.
Kav in 3rd. class cond. cl. expressing concession (“al- act. opaw to see. Aor. imp. suggests the beginning of
though he dies”) (RWP). ¢noetar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) the action; he should start looking. 35 eSdxKpvoev
Cow (# 2409) to live. 26 C@v pres. act. part. Caw s.v. aor. ind. act. daxpvw (# 1233) to shed tears. Aor. sug-
25. Motebwv pres. act. part. motevw s.v. 25. &nobdvy gests “he burst into tears” (Morris). @ 36 ie aor. imp.
aor. subj. act. s.v. 21. 27 neniotevka perf. ind. act. act. opdw s.v. 34. Aor. suggests that they should start to
s.v. 25. Perf. indicates a faith once given and perma- see. This is used to call attention to the tears of Christ.
John 11 210

épirer impf. ind. act. piréw (# 5797) to love. 37 €50- This then forms the stark contrast to the vb. Even
vato impf. ind. pass. (dep.) 5vvopar (# 1538) to be able. though he is dead he still walks. Seeyévoc perf. pass.
Here this describes Jesus’ ability to heal and restore. part. dew (# 1313) to bind. Perf. suggests the result of
avoi&as aor. act. part. cvoiyw (# 487) to open. Aor. used the past binding; the circum. use of the part. indicates
to describe antecedent action. Subst. part. to describe his cond. while he walked. For a discussion of this
Jesus’ characteristic of healing. movfoo aor. act. inf. binding s. BBC. tovg n08a¢ Kai tac xeipac acc. of refer-
novew (# 4472) to do. The following cl. expresses their ence with respect to “hand and foot.” Keita (# 3024)
hoped-for action. ovtos (# 4047) this one, referring to bandage, grave clothes. Instr. dat. “with grave
Lazarus. &mo8avq aor. subj. act. dnoOvnoKw (# 633) to clothes.” éwig (# 4071) face. covdaprov (# 5051) (Latin)
die. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. or to give the napkin, a cloth used for wiping off perspiration. There
content of the action. 38 maAw (# 4099) again, a sec- is some reason to think that only the faces of the poor
ond time. euBpyzwpevog pres. mid. part. EuBpycopor were covered in this way (Barrett). nepede6eto plperf.
(# 1539) to snort as an expression of anger s.v. 33. Lvn- ind. pass. mepidew (# 4317) to bind about, to bind
wetov (# 3646) grave. This is the response to the invita- around. Avoate aor. imp. act. Avw (# 3395) to loose.
tion in v. 34. omndatov (# 5068) cave, probably w. a hor- Both imps. suggest a command for the action to begin.
izontal shaft which was used as a grave (Barrett). aoete aor. imp. act. apinut (# 918) to release, to let go;
émexetto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) (# 2130) extkear pass. ie. from the bandages that held him.
to lie upon, to cover (BAGD; MM). 39 apate aor. @ 45 EdGovtes aor. act. part. (adj.) Epxyouar s.v. 17. Aor.
imp. act. olpw (# 149) to take away. Aor. indicates that describes the antecedent aor. Both parts. may express
they should start removing the stone. Imp. here ex- either a temp. or causal relationship. Seaodpevor aor.
presses a positive command. The stone would be ex- mid. (dep.) part. Secouar (# 2517) to see, to behold, to
tremely heavy in order to keep beasts of prey out of view. They had come and were there to be eyewitness-
the tomb (J Lightfoot; BBC). teteAeutnKotos perf. act. es to the miracle. Emoinoev aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472)
part. tehkevtaw (# 5462) to come to an end, to lose one’s to do. exiotevoay aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to be-
life, thus to die (NIDNTT). Subst. part. emphasizing lieve. 46 anfA8ov aor. ind. act. anepyouo (# 599).
the specific, that he has died. Perf. emphasizes the @ 47 ovvnyayov aor. ind. act. ovvayw (# 5251) to sum-
continuing results of the past. Gen. describes the fami- mon together, to call together. ovvedpiov (# 5284) San-
ly relationship. 6{¢1 pres. ind. act. 6fw to smell, to give hedrin, the supreme council made up of the most
off an odor pleasant or unpleasant. “By this time the powerful and influential leaders at a particular time
smell must be offensive” (BAGD). This indicates the (TDNT; ABD, 5:975-80; BBC; DJG, 728-32. For a more
hopelessness of the situation. There is no life, the body technical discussion s. A. Buechler, The Political and So-
already decaying. ® 40 obx (# 4024) neg. in a question cial Leaders of the Jewish Community of Sepphoris in the
expecting the answer “yes.” miotevots aor. subj. act. Second and Third Centuries [London, 1909]; S.B. Hoenig,
miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a The Great Sanhedrin (Philadelphia, 1953]; H. Mantel,
3rd. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is viewed as pos- Studies in the History of the Sanhedrin (Cambridge: Har-
sible. Own aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see; perhaps vard U. Press, 1961]). movodpev pres. ind. act. movew s.v.
here to observe in action. 41 Npav aor. ind. act. aipw 45. “What are we now doing?” It implies the answer
s.v. 39, lit., lifting up the stone. mpev aor. ind. act. Here “nothing” (Barrett). 6t1 (# 4022) because. It is impossi-
lifting up the eyes toward heaven in prayer; cf. Ps. ble to deny the miracle (Haenchen). 48 &p@pev aor.
123:1; Isa. 51:6. HKovoas aor. ind. act. &GKovw (# 201) to subj. act. apinut s.v. 44. Subj. with edv (# 1569) express-
hear. Proleptic aor. The answer to the prayer is still fu- es a cond. motevoovoly fut. ind. act. miotevw s.v. 45.
ture-the resurrection of Lazarus—but the certainty of eAevoovtar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ~pxouo.r (# 2262) to
the outcome is underscored w. the aor. @ 42 TSew pl- come; here in a fig. sense of coming in a hostile man-
perf. ind. act. oda (# 3857) to know. nepteotata perf. ner. Gpodov fut. ind. act. aipw s.v. 39. Here, take away
act. part. meptiotnur (# 4325) perf. to stand about, to in a hostile manner to destroy. 49 ov pres. act. part.
stand around. Perf. part. here is used with a present et (# 1639) to be. eventos (# 1929) year, “that fateful
meaning to describe the presence of the crowd. year” (Morris) i.e., the year of Christ’s death; gen. of
@ 43 gwvt (# 5889) sound, voice. Instr. dat., “with a time (MT, 235). It may be ironic showing the power of
loud voice.” €Kkpavyacev aor. ind. act. Kpavyatw the Romans to depose him (BBC). @ 50 ovppeper pres.
(# 3198) to shout. dedpo (# 1306) adv. of place used as ind. act. ovupepw (# 5237) it is profitable, it is to one’s
an imp.: here! Jesus’ command is wonderfully suc- advantage. &no@dvy aor. subj. act. dxoOvnoKw (# 633) to
cinct: “Here! Outside!” (Morris). @ 44 te@vnKw¢ perf. die. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses the content of his
act. part. Ovnokw (# 2569) to die; perf. to be dead. Sub- hope or prophesy. bmep (# 5642) w. gen., on behalf of,
st. part. to emphasize the fact that he is dead. Perf. in- or for the benefit of is probably what Caiaphas meant.
dicates the results of the death; i.e., that he is dead. Yet the use of this prep. suggests not just benefit, but
pai

substitution. &mOANtaA aor. subj. mid. (dep.) GnoARvUL sue). Plperf. may indicate the permanent nature of the
(# 660) to perish. Subj. can express the result. More order (Morris). Yv@ aor. subj. act. ywwwoKu) to know.
probably it is parallel to the preceding cl., expressing Subj. w. ev (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. where the
the content of the hope. The high priest is attempting Unvow (# 3606) to make known, to report; to give infor-
to maintain his political standing (Haenchen; DJG, mation to the authorities (MM). Subj. w. tva, (# 2671) to
635-36; ABD, 1:803-806). @ 51 ao’ €avtod not on his express the content of the order. 6nmw¢ (# 3968) to ex-
own account; i.e., intentionally. enpopntevoev aor. ind. press purp. (BD, 186f). nuaowow aor. subj. act. macw
act. mpodntevw (# 4736) to prophecy. For unintentional (# 4389) to seize, to arrest. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) to ex-
prophecy among the rabbis s. Hoskyns; SB, 2:546. 6t1 press purp.
(# 4022) gives the content of the prophecy. éyeAAev
impf. ind. act. weAAw (# 3516) to be about to; s. 6:6. &0-
8vfoKetv pres. act. inf. dno8vjoKw s.v. 50. Compl. inf. to John 12
main vb. 52 €8voug gen. n. sing. €6voc (# 1620) na- @ 1 po (# 4574) before. For the use of the prep.
tion. dveoxopmiopeva. perf. pass. part. (adj.) diaoKopmiGw here s. M, 100f. € qepdv tod maoya “six days before
(# 1399) to scatter. Perf. suggests not just the past ac- the Passover.” This may be given to show that there
tion, but the lingering results of this action; they were was over a week of examination of the true Passover
scattered in the past and remain that way even up to lamb, namely, Jesus. For a discussion of the chronolo-
the time of writing. Sin scatters men, but salvation in gy s. DJG, 119-22. NAeev aor. ind. act. épyouo. (# 2262)
Christ brings them together (Morris). ovvayayq aor. to come. Tyetpev aor. ind. act. eyeipw (# 1586) to raise.
subj. act. ovvoyw (# 5251) to gather. Used here of gath- @ 2 enotnoay aor. ind. act. noiew (# 4472) to do, to
ering something that is scattered afar. Used literally of make; here to prepare. deimvov (# 1270) banquet (SB,
the harvest; here, perhaps of the harvest at the end of 4:611-39). 5inkovet impf. ind. act. diaxovew (# 1354) to
the age (NIDNTT). @ 53 ovdv (# 4036) then, now minister, to serve tables. &vaKewevuv pres. mid. (dep.)
(DM, 253). €BovAeboavto aor. mid. (dep.) ind. BovAevo- part. avakewo (# 367) to recline at the table. @ 3 Aa-
ya. (# 1086) to will, to take counsel. Const. aor. por- Bodoa. aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. AouBavw (# 3284)
trays their plans over a period of time as a whole. That to take. Part. of attendant circumstance. Aor. indicates
which had been a desire before now becomes a settled antecedent action, “she had taken.” Attpa (# 3354) a
plan (Westcott). (va (# 2671) introduces the content of (Roman) pound (12 ounces) (BAGD). An extravagant
their plan. Gmoxtetvwow aor. subj. act. GnoKteivw amount (BBC). wopov gen. uvpov (# 3693) nard, oint-
(# 650) to kill. Subj. w. iva to express purp. 54 odv ment of nard (Pliny, NH, 12:42-44). It could cost 100
(# 4036) therefore. Denotes a much stricter sequence of denarii a pound. vapdog (# 3726) spikenard, a fragrant
thought than is common in this Gospel (Morris). oil derived from the root and spike (hair stem) of the
mappnoia (# 4244) openly. Dat. of manner. neprenctet nard plant which grows in the mountains of northern
impf. ind. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to walk about. Incep. India (Brown). miotiK6c (# 4410) fit to be trusted, genu-
impf., “from that day on he could no longer walk ine (MH, 379f). moAbtipsos (# 4501) of great worth, ex-
about openly.” anf)Gev aor. ind. act. anépyouar (# 599) pensive. This was an expression of her great love for
to walk away, to depart. Aeyowevny pres. pass. part. Jesus. HAetwev aor. ind. act. GAetow (# 230) to anoint. &&-
Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to call; pass. to have the name; euaéev aor. ind. act. exucacoow (# 1726) to wipe off, to
Adj. part. connotes, “which is called,” “with the dry off. €nAnpw6n aor. ind. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fill.
name.” 55 maoya (# 4247) Passover s. John 2:13; ooun (# 4011) odor. pdpov gen. of source. 4 péAAWV
Matt. 26:2. &véBnoav aor. ind. act. avapaivw (# 326) to pres. act. part. weéAAw (# 3516) to be about to (s. John
go up. This is in accordance with the Jewish practice of 6:6). Adj. part. to show Judas’ actions in a certain light.
pilgrimage (WZZT). ayviowow aor. subj. act. ayvitw nmopasidsovo1 pres. act. inf. mopadtéwur (# 4140) to be-
(# 49) to sanctify, to purify (Brown). Subj. w. iva tray. Compl. inf. “who was about to betray.”
(# 2671) to express purp. 56 &€ntovv impf. ind. act. @ 5 expan aor. ind. pass. minpaoKkw (# 4405) to sell. &n-
Cntéw (# 2426) to seek. Incep. impf., “they began to vapiov (# 1324) denarius. A Roman silver coin worth
seek Jesus.” Here the people seek Jesus, while the fears normally about 18 cents. A workman’s average daily
of v. 8 become reality in v. 57. €otnKotes perf. act. part. wage (BAGD). Thus an average worker would need
iotnut (# 2705) to stand. Temp. part., “while they were approximately ten months to earn this much. €600n
standing.” Soxei dpiv lit., “what does it seem to you?” aor. ind. pass. didwui (# 1443) to give, to donate.
or “what do you think?” €A@q aor. subj. act. épxopon @ 6 ntwxdv pl. ntwyxoc (# 4777) poor. Pl. to describe a
(# 2262) to come. Subj. w. double neg. od ph (# 4024; class of people. €uedev impf. ind. act. were (# 3508) to
3590) suggests strong doubt (RWP; GGBB, 468-69). have concern for, w. dat. Customary impf. to describe
eopth (# 2038) feast, referring to the Passover. @ 57 8e- his longstanding practice-that is, he never was con-
SuKeroay plperf. ind. act. diswut (# 1443) to give (or is- cerned for the poor. yAwoookopov (# 1186) a small box
John 12 212

or case; originally one for the mouthpiece of a flute describes the ongoing action. The following phrase
(Morris; MM). €xwv pres. act. part. (temp.) €xw (# 2400) “king of Israel” is a further explanation of the one
to have, to hold. Pres. part. used to describe contempo- who is coming. €v ovopati (# 1877; 3950) “in the name
raneous action; that is, while he was holding the bag of” suggests the power and authority as an autho-
he said this. BoAAOueva pres. pass. part. acc. neut. pl. rized representative. 14 evpwv aor. act. part. ev-
BaAAw (# 965) to throw, to put. Subst. use of the part. to pioxw (#2351) to find. It could mean “to find after a
describe the money contributed to the common purse. search” or “to find by agency of others” (Barrett).
ePaotalev impf. ind. act. Baotatw (# 1002) to carry, to ovaptov (# 3942) dimin. donkey. exa@toev aor. ind. act.
take away, to steal (BS, 257). | 7 aes aor. imp. act. Kaditw (# 2767) to sit down. 15 doBod pres. imp.
dXpinyt (# 918) to leave alone. Aor. imp. here describes mid. (dep.) poBeouar (# 5828) to fear. Pres. imp. is to
the beginning of a categorical command for action, stop an action in progress or to forbid an attitude.
which in itself is durative: “Start leaving her alone.” m@A0G (#4798) colt, young animal, young donkey.
Evtapiacnos (# 1947) preparation for burial. thpnon dveg (#3952) donkey. KaOqpevog pres. mid. (dep.)
aor. subj. act. tnpew (# 5498) to keep. Subj. to express part. kaOnuar (# 2764) to sit down. Attendant part.
purp., “that she might keep” (Brown). 9 Eyvw aor. (“He was sitting”) or temp. part. (“while he was sit-
ind. act. ywwwokw (# 1182) to know. NAGov aor. ind. act. ting”). 16 €yvwoay aor. ind. act. ywwwokw (# 1182)
Epxouar (# 2262) to come, to go. iSwow aor. subj. act. to know. €50&d08n aor. ind. pass. 50€atw (# 1519) to
opaw (# 3972) to see. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses the glorify (TLNT). guvno8noay aor. ind. pass. (dep.) pp-
purp. for their coming. @ 10 eBovAevoavto aor. ind. vnoKkopat (# 3630) to remember. yeypappeva. perf. pass.
mid. (dep.) BovAevouar (# 1086) to take counsel. d&no- part. nom. neut. pl. ypa&pw (# 1211) to write. enotnoav
Ktetvwotv aor. subj. ind. anoKtetvw (# 650) to kill. The aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do, to happen. 17 €-
subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses the content of their deci- waptvpet impf. ind. act. paptupew (# 3455) to give tes-
sion. 11 vniyov impf. ind. act. vmayw (# 5634) to timony to, to bear witness. Iterat. impf. pictures the
go. Here it means that many of the Jews left their continual action and they proclaimed what had been
former Jewish allegiance and way of life to become done as testimony to the power of Jesus (Barrett). obv
disciples (Barrett). Emtotevov impf. ind. act. miatevw to (# 4036) then, now, indicating a succession of events
believe. Iterat. impf. pictures the repeated action,
(DM, 253). dv pres. act. part. eiyt (# 1639) to be. Pres.
while the incep. impf. would emphasize the beginning part. denotes a continued action antecedent to that of
of the action. | 12 €A@wv aor. act. part. (temp.) Epxo-
the principal vb. (SMT, 58). éwvnoev aor. ind. act.
pat s.v. 9. Aor. describing the antecedent action, “when
the crowd had come.” The sing. views them as a col- dwvew (# 5888) to call. Tyeipev aor. ind. act. Eyeipw
(# 1586) to raise. Const. aor., viewing all the sur-
lective subject. &kovoavtes aor. act. part. dkovw (# 201)
to hear. The pl. emphasizes the actions of individuals. rounding actions as a whole. 18 vmtvtnoev aor.
Aor. part. also shows antecedent action. Temp. or ind. act. Vravtaw (# 5636) to meet. HKovoav aor. ind.
causal part.: “when they heard” or “because they act. akovw (# 201) to hear. nenounxévon perf act. inf.
heard.” 13 €Aafov aor. ind. act. AouPavw (# 3284) TOUeW S.v. 16. Compl. inf. to the main vb. hKovoav ex-
to take; here in the sense of cut and take into their plaining what they had heard. Perf. emphasizes the
hand. Bata pl. Batov (# 961) palm branch. dowixwv pl. continuing results of the past action. 19 eimav aor.
poivig (# 5836) palm tree; the palm branches of the ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Gewpeite pres. imp. act.
palm tree (RWP). To carry palms was a mark of trium- Bewpew (# 2555) to see. GnfiGev aor. ind. act. amepyouar
phant homage to a victor or a king (Bernard; s. also (# 599) to go out. @ 20 “EAAnv (# 1818) a Greek; Greeks
W.R. Farmer, “The Palm Branches in John 12:13,” JTSt by birth (Schnackenburg), or those of non-Jewish
3 (1952): 62-66; DJG, 857-58. EEFABov aor. ind. act. EtEp- birth (Barrett). &vaBatvovtwv pres. act. part. (adj.) adva-
xouar (# 2002) to go out. dbnavtnots (# 5637) meeting. Baivw (# 326) to go up. Rpookvvjowory aor. subj. act.
The special idea of the word was official welcome of a mpooxvvew (# 4686) to worship. Subj. w. tva (# 2671)
newly arrived dignitary (M, 14). expavyafov impf. ind. expresses the purp. of their travel to Jerusalem. For
act. kpavyatw (# 3198) to shout. Incep. impf., “they the worship of half proselytes s. SB, 2:548-51. @ 21
began to cry out,” or iterat. impf., “they continually MpoonAsov aor. ind. act. npooepyouar (# 4665) to come
cried out.” woavva (# 6057) hosanna (Matt. 21:9). This to, to go to. Npwtwv impf. ind. act. Epwtdw (# 2263) to
is the beginning of the references to Ps. 118 which ap- ask, to make a request. EyOvtEs pres. act. part. Aeyw
pear throughout the last week of Christ’s earthly life. s.v. 19. 5eiv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972) to see. Compl.
EvAOYNEVOG perf. pass. part. nom. masc. sing. evAoyew inf. to the main vb. OEAopeEV. 23 EANAVGEV perf.
(# 2328) to bless, to attribute power to (NIDNTT; ind. act. €pxyoua s.v. 9. Perf. emphasizes the past ac-
TDNT). Part. here is used as an imp., though it is not tion and the continuing present results. 50§a.064| aor.
related to any vb. in the context. Epyouevog pres. mid. subj. pass. s.v. 16. @ 24 KOKKOG (# 3133) seed, grain.
(dep.) part. €pyoua s.v. 9. Subst. use of the part. Pres. mEOWV aor. act. part. (circum.) nintw (#4406) to fall.
ie John 12

dn086vq aor. subj. act. ano®vjoKw (# 633) to die. Subj. life. S. also M. Bampfylde, “More Light on John 12:34,”
w. av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. where the cond. JSNT 17 (1983): 87-89. KatadaBq aor. subj. act. kata-
is viewed as possible. 25 oidv pres. act. part. puUrEw AouBavw (# 2898) to overcome, to overtake (s. 1:5).
(# 5797) to love. w1odiv pres. act. part. uioéw (# 3631) to Subj. w. iva (# 2671) describes purp. or result. mept-
hate. dvddEer fut. ind. act. dvridcow (# 5875) to guard, NOtOV pres. act. part. mepimatew. Subst. part. describes
to preserve. The use of this vb. indicates that the life is a trait. Pres. refers to either a contemporary trait or a
a pres. possession which will extend into eternity continuing characteristic. oiev perf. ind. act. oid
(Schnackenburg). 26 d1aKovi| pres. subj. act. dia- (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Here in
Kovew (# 1354) to serve. &koAovPettw pres. act. imp. 3rd. the sense of recognize the way and direction in which
pers. sing. dkovovdew (# 199) to follow, to follow as a he is walking. 36 motevete pres. imp. act. miotevw
disciple (TDNT). The sense is that a man must follow (# 4409) to believe. vioi dwtdg “sons of light.” This is a
Jesus if he would serve Him (Tasker). eypi (# 1639) common designation in the DSS to express those who
pres. ind. act. to be; pres. of anticipation. He refers to faithfully follow God and live in a right relationship
the state of the celestial glory of Jesus as the promise with Him (1QS 1:9; 2:16; 1OM 1:1-2, etc.) yewno@e aor.
(Godet). €otar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit to be. StaKovy} subj. mid. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become. Subj. w.
pres. subj. act. diaxovew. tyqoer fut. ind. act. td iva. (# 2671) expresses purp. or result. €4dAnoev aor.
(# 5506) to honor. @ 27 tetapaxtat perf. pass. ind. ind. act. Aorew (# 3281) to speak. amed@wv aor. act.
tapacow (# 5429) to trouble (s. John 11:33). Perf. em- part. amepyouct (# 599) to go away. expvBn aor. ind.
phasizes the state or cond. eimw aor. subj. act. A€yw pass. kpumtw (# 3221) to conceal, to hide; pass. to hide
(# 3306) to speak; deliberative subj. This is a rhetorical oneself. 37 tooadta pl. tocodtos (# 5537) so many.
question that reveals the human shrinking from death MEMOUNKOTOG perf. act. part. novew (# 4472) to do; gen.
(Morris). 7A8ov aor. ind. act. EPYOUAL S.v. 9. @ 28 S0Ea- abs. Perf. points to the permanent character (Morris).
oov aor. imp. act. d0&aCw s.v. 16. €80&aou aor. ind. act. Eumpoovev (# 1869) w. the gen., before, in the presence
S0&dow fut. ind. act. 29 eott¢ perf. act. part. (adj.) of. €niotevov impf. ind. act. miotevw s.v. 36. Iterat. impf.
totnut (# 2705) to stand. &kovous aor. act. part. (temp.) emphasizes the repeated unbelief or the continual
a&kovW s.v. 18. Aor. to describe antecedent action, “after stubbornness of the unbelief (Schnackenburg). 38
they had heard.” Bpovtn (# 1103) thunder. yeyovevar TANPwe7 aor. subj. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. Subj.
perf. mid. (dep.) inf. yivowo (# 1181) to be, to become. w. va. (# 2671) expresses purp. émtotevoev aor. ind. act.
Inf. used in indir. discourse. AeAGAnkev perf. ind. act. MLOTEDW S.Vv. 36. AKO] (# 198) report. Bpaxiwv (# 1098)
AarEw (# 3281) to speak. © 30 dnexpt6n aor. ind. pass. arm. &neKOAVOT aor. ind. pass. anoKarvntTw (# 636) to
(dep.) anoxpivouc (# 646) to answer. yeyovev perf. ind. reveal. 39 n&vvavto impf. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvopot
act. yivowa s.v. 29. 31 tod KOopov (#3180) obj. gen. (# 1538) to be able to. miotevetv pres. act. inf. motevw
(judgment for the world). &pxwv pres. act. part. (subst.) s.v. 36. Compl. inf. to the main vb. @ 40 tetboAwKev
apyw (# 806) to rule. €xBAN@joetar fut. ind. pass. éK- perf. ind. act. tupAow (# 5604) to be blind. Perf. empha-
BoAAw (# 1675) to cast out, to throw out. This is a neg. sizes the continuing state. emwpwoev aor. ind. act.
picture of acquiring the title to the world (PJP, 175). mwpow (# 4800) to harden. It describes the formation of
@ 32 dwwOd aor. pass. subj. Dyow (# 5738) to lift up. a callus in a part of the body (Westcott). 18wow aor.
Subj. w. av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. where the subj. act. opaw s.v. 9. For a discussion of the quotation
cond. is viewed as possible. Here this is a clear refer- from Isa. 6:10, s. C.A. Evans, “The Function of Isaiah in
ence to the coming crucifixion and the following exal- 6,9-10 in Mark and John,” Nov T 24 (1992): 124-38. toic
tation (Becker). €Axvow fut. ind. act. eAxvw (# 1816) to OPBaApLOIs dat. pl. opGaAWoc (# 4057) eye. Instr. dat. von-
drag, to draw. @ 33 OTNLALVWV pres. act. part. ONLAIVW owolv aor. subj. act. voew (# 3783) to understand, to
(# 4955) to signify, to indicate. Now to be considered a comprehend. Perhaps ingressive aor., “to come to real-
t.t. for the prophecy of an oracle (TDNT). Circum. ize” (M, 117). otpagd@ov aor. subj. pass. otpedw (# 5138)
part. explaining what he was saying. NwedAev impf. pass. to be converted. It has the sense of a middle
ind. act. weAAw (# 3516) to be about to, w. inf. for the voice, “to turn themselves” (Brown). Subj. w. iva
immediate fut. dmoOvjoKetv pres. act. inf. dnobvnoKw (# 2671) expresses result. @ 41 elev aor. ind. act. Opaw
(# 633) to die. @ 34 dnexpt6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 9. @ 42 duws pevtor (# 3940; 3530) nevertheless
amoKpivouar (# 646) to answer. NkKovoopeV aor. ind. act. even, but yet even (RWP). mpoAoyouv impf. ind. act.
aKxovw (# 201) to hear. Aor. is const. to describe their ouoroyew (# 3933) to confess. Impf. marks the contin-
hearing over a long period. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. ued shrinking from the act of faith (Westcott). dnoovv-
it is necessary, w. inf. giving a logical necessity. aywyog (# 697) excommunicated, expelled from the
bdywefjvar aor. pass. inf. vyow s.v. 32. © 35 mepinateite synagogue. yevwvtat aor. subj. act. ytvowat (# 1181) to
pres. imp. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to walk, to walk become. Subj. w. iva, (# 2671) expresses purp. @ 43
about; fig. here in the sense of live, or conduct one’s nyarnoay aor. ind. act. cyandw (# 26) to love. thy S0Eav
John 13 214

tOV avOpwrwV glory of men. For the term “glory of (#1181) to become. Gen. abs. offers important infor-
men” in DSS s. 10 4:23. Gen. describes the source of mation, unrelated grammatically to the cl. Pres. indi-
the glory. @ 44 éxpagev aor. ind. act. Kpacw (# 3189) to cates contemporaneous action, “while it was supper.”
shout, to cry out. This section is a summary of the pub- The textual variant could originate from Matt. 26:6. Be-
lic appeal of Jesus in John (Becker). miotebwv pres. act. BAnxotos perf. act. part. BoadAw (# 965) to throw, to
part. nom. masc. sing. miotevw s.v. 36. Subst. part. to place or put something into the heart (BAGD). Perf.
describe a character trait. méywavta aor. act. part. acc. part. indicates a preceding action w. the continuing re-
masc. sing. meumw (#4287) to send. Aor. part. describes sults. mapaédoi aor. subj. act. rapadtdwyut (# 4140) to be-
antecedent action. @ 45 @ewpwv pres. act. part. nom. tray, to deliver over. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) gives the
masc. sing. Sewpew (# 2555) to see. mewwavta s.v. 44. purp. of the Satanic influence. @ 3 eiw¢ perf. act. part.
Part. as subst. @ 46 €AnAvOa perf. ind. act. Epxouar (causal) oi5a s.v. 1. Perf. describes antecedent time.
(# 2262) to come. Perf. emphasizes the past action and This then is the basis or motivation for his confidence:
the continuing present results. petvy aor. subj. act. “because he already knew.” €&fA8ev aor. ind. act. e&ep-
wevw (# 3531) to remain. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) to ex- xoucr (# 2002) to go out. 4 eyeipetar pres. ind. pass.
press purp. 47 axovon aor. subj. act. dKovw (# 201) eyeipw (# 1586) to arise; hist. pres. AaPwv aor. act. part.
to hear. Subj. w. av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. (temp.) AauBave (# 3284) to take. Aor. describes an an-
where the cond. is considered to be possible. pvAGE tecedent action. Aévtiov (# 3317) linen, towel; a Lat.
aor. subj. act. pvAdoow (# 5875) to guard, to preserve. loan word (linteum) (BAGD; MM; SB, 2:556f). 5éwoev
Subj. w. iva (# 2671) gives the purp. of the coming, not aor. ind. act. dotwvvout (# 1346) to tie around oneself,
to judge but to save. 48 d@etd@v pres. act. part. a normal preparation for menial service. The Emperor
adetew (# 119) to set aside, to reject. AopPavwv pres. Caligula humiliated high-ranking members of the
act. part. AopBavw (#3284) to accept, to receive. Kpivov- Roman Senate by making them serve him at a
ta pres. act. part. kptvw (# 3212) to judge. Kptvei fut. meal—"standing napkin (Jinteo) in hand either at the
ind. act. kpivw. @ 49 néwwas aor. act. part. (temp.) head of his couch, or at his feet” (Suetonius, “Gaius
meunw s.v. 44. Aor. describes antecedent action. 5€5wKev Caligula,” The Lives of the Caesars, 4:26). 5 vintnp
perf. ind. act. Si8wyut (# 1443) to give. eimw aor. subj. (#3871) basin or jug. Washing was done by pouring *
act. A4€yw (# 3306) to say. AAANoWw aor. subj. act. AaAEW water over the feet from one vessel into another (Mor-
(# 3281) to speak. Subj. used in an indir. question. ris). Np&ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &pxowar (# 806) to be-
@ 50 Kabac ... odtwWS (# 2777; 4048) “just... as.” eipnKev gin. vimtew pres. act. inf. vintw (# 3782) to wash.
perf. ind. act. A€yw s.v. 49. Perf. indicates the past ac- Compl. inf. to the main vb. &xpaooev pres. act. inf. &x-
tion as well as the lasting effects. Lwcoow (# 1726) to wipe off. Aevti@ dat., s.v. 4. Instr. dat.
dieCwopevoc perf. pass. part. diatwvvuyt s.v. 4. Perf. de-
scribes the enduring effect of the past action (“with
John 13 which he had girded himself”). It was the duty of the
@ 1 This begins the second major section of the non-Jewish servant to wash the feet of his master. A
Gospel of John: the Return to the Father (John 13:1- Jewish slave was not required to do this (SB, 2:557;
20:29). eiéu¢ perf. act. part. of the def. perf. oda BBC; DJG, 749-50; ABD, 2:828-29). 6 ov and pov,
(# 3857) w. a pres. meaning, to know. Either concessive both prons. are emphatic, w. special stress on the sec-
or causal part., “even though” or “because he knew.” ond (Bernard). @ 7 dmexpién aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
Ott (# 4022) that gives the content of the knowledge. amoxpivoua (# 646) to answer. yvwor fut. ind. act. yi-
MAGev aor. ind. act. Epxouc (# 2262) to come, to go. Aor. vwoxkw (# 1182) to know. 8 ov un (# 4024; 3590) not in
expresses what has just happened (M, 135). petaBq aor. any wise; used as an emphatic neg. vine aor. subj. act.
subj. act. petoBatvw (#3553) to depart, to transfer (Bar- vintw s.v. 5. Aor. subj. is used to express a prohibition
rett). Subj. w. va (# 2671) expresses the content of the forbidding the occurrence of an action (BD, 184). pépo¢
hour. ayamnoas aor. act. part. cyanaw (# 26) to love (# 3538) part. Jesus’ answer points us to a washing free
(TLNT; TDNT; s. John 3:16; EIW, 138-49). Aor. indi- from sin, which only Christ can give (Morris). @ 9
cates antecedent action. Causal part. describing the A€yet pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Hist. pres.
motivation: “because he had loved them.” Love be- making the narrative very vivid. f...wovov GAAG
comes an important concept in this section of Christ's Kai...Kat “not...only, but both...and....” @ 10
dealing w. His disciples (Dodd, 398ff). t8t0g (# 2625) AeAOvpEVOS perf. pass. part. Aovw (# 3374) to wash, to
own; “those belonging to him.” etc teA0¢g (# 1650; 5465) bathe. The former vb. tends to be used for washing a
to the end or to the utmost. Perhaps both meanings are part of the body; here for the whole body (Brown).
intended (Morris). Nyannoev aor. ind. act. ayanow. Perf. part. indicates a past action w. continuing results;
Const. aor. describes the following actions as part of thus emphasizing the state and character of one who
his love. @ 2 yivopeévov aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivouat has been bathed. viwao@a1 aor. mid. inf. virtw s.v. 5.
7 re

KaBapoc (# 2754) clean. Jesus symbolically declares the Aor. describes an antecedent action which becomes the
complete purification through the humiliation by the basis for the main action. etapa&zOn aor. ind. pass.
death of the Messiah (Hoskyns). 11 jet plperf. ind. tapacow (# 5429) to trouble, to be disturbed; used of
act. 0160. s.v. 1. Plperf. has an impf. meaning for this mental and spiritual agitation (BAGD; John 11:33). The
def. vb. napasdidovta. pres. act. part. nopaétéwr s.v. 2. accompanying dat. gives the sphere in which he was
Subst. part. indicates the trait or characteristic of Ju- troubled. euaptopnoev aor. ind. act. uaptupew (# 3455)
das. 12 éviwev aor. ind. act. vintw s.v. 5. EXaPev aor. to bear witness. Used here in the sense of making an
ind. act. AauPavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. &venecev important and solemn declaration (Barrett). napadwoet
aor. ind. act. avanintw (# 404) to recline, to recline at fut. ind. act. napaé16up1 s.v. 2. Predictive fut., “one will
the table. nemoinxa. perf. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. betray me shortly.” @ 22 €Bdenov impf. ind. act. BAenw
Perf. here describes the completed action in the recent (# 1063) to look at, to see. Incep. impf., “they began to
past w. continuing results in a most vivid manner. look at one another.” Gnopobpevor pres. mid. part.
® 13 Qwveite pres. ind. act. dwvew (# 5888) to call, to ad- amopew (# 679) to be at loss, to be disturbed; to dispute,
dress. Used for addressing one w. his title (RWP). 0 to contest (NIDNTT, 1:454; TDNT; GELTS, 54; MM).
SSaoKxaro0c (# 1437) nom. teacher; the articular nom. 23 avaxKeipevoc pres. mid./pass. (dep.) part. dvoKet-
used in an address (M, 70; BD, 81; JG, 94-95). 14 wat (# 367) to lie at the table, to recline. The custom was
Eviya. aor. ind. act. vintw s.v. 5. oetAete pres. ind. act. to use pillows while on the floor in order to eat. This
OpeiiAw (# 4053) to owe a debt, to be obligated. Used to was to show the rest and freedom enjoyed by Israel
express human and ethical obligations (NIDNTT; through God’s redemption (b. Pesachim 99b; M, Pesa-
TDNT). vintew pres. act. inf. Compl. inf. to the main chim 10:1; J Lightfoot, 3:392; BBC). €v t@ KoAnw (# 3146)
vb. 15 vndderya. (# 5682) example, pattern, illustra- “at his breast,” indicating that he was next to Jesus;
tion (Barrett; MM). €6wxa. aor. ind. act. 616wy1 (#4 1443) thus he naturally would be the one to ask. Nyano. impf.
to give. €noinoa aor. ind. act. movie pres. subj. act. ind. act. wyondw (# 26) to love. 24 vevet pres. ind.
noiew (# 4472) to do. The subj. w. tva. (# 2671) expresses act. veow (# 3748) to nod, to signal by nodding the
purp., “I have given you the illustration, so that you head, to gesture. Hist. pres. to vividly portray the ac-
do it.” 16 peilwy (# 3505) comp. yeyas great; comp., tion. mv@eo8a. aor. mid. (dep.) inf. nvv8avouar (# 4785)
greater. Here in terms of authority and position. Used to inquire. Inf. to show purp., “he nodded in order to
w. the gen. of comparison. &moatonog (# 693) in a non- ask.” This suggests that Peter was across from Jesus in
technical sense, “messenger.” m&wavtos aor. act. part. a u-form shaped seating arrangement. etn aor. subj.
(subst.) neumw (# 4287) to send. Aor. indicating the log- act. et (# 1639), to be. Subj. in an indir. question. @ 25
ically necessary or antecedent action. 17 et (# 1623) avaneowv aor. act. part. avanintw (# 404) to lean back,
if; used w. the ind. introducing a Ist. class cond. It car- to lie down, to recline (BAGD). otn8og (# 5111) chest.
ries the implication that in fact they did know them For the seating arrangement and other customs of a
(Morris). é&v (# 1569) introduces a cond. cl. which has meal s. SB, 4:611-39; LT, 2:493-95. 26 B&ww fut. ind.
less certainty (Morris). 18 e&eAeGapny aor. ind. mid. act. Bantw (# 970) to dip. This may refer to eating the
exreyoua (# 1721) to choose, to select for oneself. mAn- appetizers and sauces in remembrance of Israel's bitter
pw67 aor. pass. subj. nAnpow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill slavery in Egypt (M, Pesachim 10:2-3). ywptov (# 6040)
(Matt. 5:17). tp@ywv pres. act. part. tpwyw (# 5592) to this small piece of bread. Sow fut. ind. act. di8wp1
chew, to eat. Subst. part. to emphasize a certain trait (# 1443) to give. Ba&was aor. act. part. Bantw. This sug-
that is contemporaneous. enfpev aor. ind. act. enaipw gests that Judas was on the other side of Jesus, oppo-
(# 2048) to lift up. ntepva (# 4761) heel. The same word site John. @ 27 peta tO wwpiov “after the bread” is
occurs in the Greek translation of Gen. 3:16. @ 19 elliptical. One should supply the vb. “to dip,” that is,
yeveobai aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivoya (# 1181) to be. Inf. “after dipping the morsel of bread.” etorA8ev aor. ind.
w. prep. mpo (#4574) before, to indicate antecedent act. eicepyouci (# 1656) to go in. moinoov aor. imp. act.
time (“before it happens”). motevonte aor. subj. mid. movew (# 4472) to do. taytov (# 5441) comp. tazews
motevw (# 4409) to believe. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) ex- quickly; comp., more quickly (Morris). @ 28 €yvw aor.
presses result. yevnta1 aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivoyot ind. act. yivwoxw (# 1182) to know. &vaKewévwv pres.
here, to happen. Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) expresses an in- mid. (dep.) part. avaxeyo1 (# 367) to recline. Subst.
def. time period (“whenever”). The prediction of the part. Pres. indicates contemporaneous action. 29
betrayal is proof of his deity. ® 20 AopBavwv pres. act. e60xovv impf. ind. act. 5oxew (# 1506) to suppose. enet
part. AopBavw (#3284) to receive. Subst. part. to de- (# 2075) since, because. YAwoooKopov (# 1186) bag,
scribe a character trait in the sense of a cond. nepww purse (s. John 12:6). @yopasov aor. imp. act. awyopatw
fut. ind. act. neunw (# 4287) to send. newyavte aor. ind. (# 60) to buy. This may suggest that this Passover meal
act. méunw. Subst. part. to describe a defining action. was the day before the actual Passover. 6@ aor. subj.
© 21 eimwy aor. act. part. (temp.) Aeyw (# 3306) to say. act. 6i6wyt s.v. 26. This was perhaps to provide a Pass-
John 14 216

over for the poor (M, Pesachim 10:1). Subj. w. iva about the coming absence of Jesus and that Peter
(# 2671) gives the purp., “that he should give some- would deny him., muotevete pres. imp. act. motevw
thing to the poor.” @ 30 AaBwv aor. act. part. AouBavw (# 4409) to believe. Jesus is urging His followers to
(# 3284) to take. Aor. indicates antecedent action. continue to believe and in this way not to let their
Temp. part., “after he had taken, then...” e&fA8ev aor. hearts be troubled (Morris). @ 2 povai pl. povn
ind. act. e€epxouat (# 2002) to go out. vise(# 3816) night. (# 3665) dwelling place. John may be referring to plac-
The meal was to be eaten between 6 P.M. and 12 A.M. es where the disciples can dwell in peace by remain-
(M, Pesachim 10:1, 9). Perhaps the departure was earli- ing w. the Father (Brown). etoydaoo1 aor. act. inf.
er, indicating that the meal had just started and it was etomoacw (# 2286) to prepare. Inf. to express the purp.
just becoming dark. It was the time when the darkness of his going. 3 édv (# 1569) here, when (Brown;
would attempt to overcome the light (1:5). @ 31 BBC). mopev0d aor. subj. pass. (dep.) mopevouar
eEf)AGev aor. ind. act. e€epyoucr s.v. 30. €50&ao8N aor. (# 4513) to go. Etoydow aor. subj. act. etoacw s.v. 2.
ind. pass. S0€0.Cw (# 1519) to glorify. Used intransitive- Subj. expresses a cond. that will surely be fulfilled.
ly, “to display one’s importance, greatness, or glory.” It TOPOATLWOLAL fut. ind. mid. TOpoAAcpBoven (# 4161) to
indicates that God has made a full display of His glory take w. someone. 7t€ pres. subj. act. ciut (# 1639) to be.
in the person of the Son of man (G.B. Caird, “The Subj. expresses result. The argument is if he goes to
Glory of God in the Fourth Gospel: An Exercise in Bib- prepare a place (and he is), then it is only reasonable
lical Semantics,” NTS 15 [1969]: 265-77). 32 S0Edoe1 to assume that he will return in order to take the disci-
fut. ind. act. S0£6.0w s.v. 31. @ 33 texviov (# 5448) little ples w. him so that they can be where he is as well.
child. Dimin. expressing affection (Morris). ¢ntnoete @ 4 otdate perf. ind. act. oida (# 3857) to know. Def.
fut. ind. act. Gntéw (# 2426) to seek. EAeiv aor. act. inf. perf. w. pres. meaning. 5 eléévau perf. act. inf. 0180
épxoua (# 2262) to go. Compl. inf. to the main vb. s.v. 4. Compl. inf. to the main vb. ® 6 xat (# 2779)
@ 34 dyanGte pres. subj. act. ayanaw (# 26) to love. Epex. use of the particle, giving an additional explana-
Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses result. It gives the con- tion to 080¢ (# 3847): “I am the Way; that is to say, the
tent of the new commandment. Kae (# 2777) just as, Truth and the Life” (s. BD, 228). The repetition of the
giving the standard or manner of love. Nyaxnou aor. definite art. may refer to Christ as the real truth, life,
ind. act. wyamaw. This is the commandment of the New etc., and all other truths and lives are transitory (BG,
Covenant (Brown). @ 35 yvwoovta. fut. ind. mid. 57; MT, 178). €pyetor pres. ind. mid./pass. (dep.) épxo-
(dep.) ywwwokw to know s.v. 7. €ynte pres. subj. act. €yw wat (# 2262) to go. Gnomic pres., “No one ever comes
(# 2400) to have. Subj. w. &av (# 1569) expresses a 3rd. to the Father except through me.” @ 7 EyuxKate
class cond. 36 amexpiOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.), s.v. perf. ind. act. ywwwoxw (# 1182) to know. The cond. cl.
28. bvaou1 pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. Svva- could be a 1st. class cond., where the cond. is assumed
wo (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. dkoAov@T\oo1 aor. act. to be true (VA, 294-95), or a 2nd. class cond. where the
inf. &kodovbew (# 199) to follow, to follow as a disciple. cond. is viewed as contrary to fact (for a discussion s.
Inf. is compl. to the main vb. &KodovOnoets fut. ind. act. Brown). an’ apt (# 608; 785) from now on. EwpaKate
This refers perhaps to his manner of death. botepov perf. ind. act. opaw to see (# 3972). Consummative
(#5731) later. 37 &Ko-A0vO7oa1 aor. act. inf. s.v. 36. perf: emphasizes the completed action in the past, as
bnep ood for you. This is the motive and goal for Jesus. well as the lasting results. In the past three years they
Onow fut. ind. act. t1Onur (# 5502) to lay down. 38 had seen Jesus. @ 8 deiEov aor. imp. act. deikvopt
ONE fut. ind. act. tIOnuI s.v. 37. bwvTOT aor. subj. act. (# 1259) to show. Aor. imp. suggests that the action
dwvew (# 5888) to call, to crow (s. Matt. 26:34, 74-75; should begin: “start showing us the Father.” dpxet
Mark 14:30, 72-73; Luke 22:34, 60-61). Consummative pres. ind. act. apxew (# 758) to be strong, to be enough,
aor. to emphasize the culmination or climax of crow- to be sufficient. This would be enough to stop their
ing. @pvnon aor. subj. mid. (dep.) apveonar (# 766) to anxiety. 9 tocovtw ypovw (#5537; 5989) so great, so
deny. long a time. Eyvwxas perf. ind. act. yiwwoKw s.v. 7.
Ewpaxwe perf. act. part. opaw s.v. 7. Subst. part. empha-
sizes the person doing the action. Perf. stresses the re-
John 14 sult of the action. €wpaxev perf. ind. act. opaw. 10
@ 1 tapacotodw pres. imp. pass. 3rd. pers. sing. wevwv pres. act. part. wevw (# 3531) to remain. Subst.
tapaoow (#5429) to trouble (s. John 11:33). Pres. subj. part. emphasizing the person who carries out the trait
w. neg. LN (# 3590) indicates the stopping of the action or fulfills this cond. Pres. emphasizes a durative as-
in progress (MKG, 272). Pass. imp. indicates permis- pect. 12 motevdwv pres. act. part. miotedw s.v. 1. Sub-
sion, “Do not allow” or “permit your hearts to be trou- st. part. emphasizes the person who carries out the
bled.” This command is necessary based on the trait or fulfills this cond. Pres. emphasizes a durative
downcast mood of the disciples. They had just heard aspect. moinoet fut. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. pet{o-
217 John 15

va. (# 3505) comp. éyac great; comp., greater. Gen. of to emphasize the person who does this. It is similar
comp. ® 13 aitnonte aor. subj. act. oitéw (# 160) to ask. to fulfilling a cond. néuwavtoc aor. act. part. meunw
Subj. w. &v (# 165) adds a more generalized promise. (# 4287) to send. Aor. part. emphasizes the antecedent
Soba007) aor. subj. pass. 50E06w (# 1519) to glorify. Subj. action as the basis for the main vb. @ 25 AeAGAnKa
w. lwo. (# 2671) describes the purp. (why Jesus will an- perf. ind. act. AaA€w (# 3281) to speak. Perf. emphasiz-
swer prayer). @ 14 aithonte aor. subj. act. aitéw s.v. 13. es the completed action. pévwv pres. act. part. wévw s.v.
Subj. w. &&v (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. where the 10. Temp. part. emphasizing the durative aspect of
cond. is viewed as possible. 15 cyanate pres. subj. Jesus’ ministry, “while I was with you.” @ 26 néywet
act. &yamdw (# 26) to love. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl. fut. ind. act. neunw s.v. 24. 8601 fut. ind. act. &idcaoKw
in which the speaker views the cond. as possible. tnpn- (# 1438) to teach. bnopvnoet fut. ind. act. DrowwvjoKW
oete fut. ind. act. tnpew (# 5498) to guard, to keep, in (# 5703) to cause to remember, to bring to remem-
the sense of obey. The variant (aor. imp.) accords less brance. 27 tapacoeodw pres. pass. imp. 3rd. pers.
well w. the following tpwrhow. @ 16 Epwrnow fut. ind. sing. Tapdoow s.v. 1. SevAatw pres. act. imp. 3rd. pers.
act. epwtaw (# 2263) to ask. Generally used of the sing. devArdaw (# 1262) to be afraid, to be cowardly, to be
prayers of Jesus Himself (Bernard). napaKAntos timid. 28 nkovoate aor. ind. act. adcovw (# 201) to
(# 4156) advocate, comforter. For the meaning of this hear. Aor. describes the immediate past. eimov aor. ind.
term s. Brown, 2:1135-44; MNTW; NIDNTT; TDNT; act. AXeyw (# 3306) to speak. Nyanéte impf. ind. act. wya-
D.A. Carson, “The Function of the Paraklese and John maw s.v. 15. Impf. in a 2nd. class cond. cl. (Carson).
16:7-11,” JBL 98 (1979): 547-66; ABD, 5:152-54. 5woet exapnte aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yaipw (# 5897) to rejoice.
fut. ind. act. Siwy (# 1443) to give. This is the content peifwv comp. s.v. 12. Comp. is constructed w. the gen.:
of the request. q pres. subj. act. eipi (# 1639) to be. Subj. “greater than I,” in the sense position not essence
w. iva (# 2671) could be purp. or show result, “so that (HSB, 503-505). @ 29 eipnka perf. ind. act. Aeyw s.v. 28.
he will be with you forever.” 17 GAnOeiag gen. An- Consummative perf. emphasizing the completion of
Oe1a (# 237) truth. Attributive gen., “the spirit charac- the action. Here Christ predicts before it happens. mpiv
terized by truth.” Aafetv aor. act. inf. AauPavw (# 3284) (# 4570) before, used w. the inf. to express time.
to receive. Compl. inf. to the main vb. @ 18 &onow fut. yevéo@a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivouai s.v. 22. Inf. w.
ind. act. adinui (# 918) to leave, to forsake. opdavoc prep. mpi (# 4570) “before” to express antecedent ac-
(# 4003) orphan; used of the children left without a fa- tion. yevnta. aor. subj. mid. (dep.) ytvoyo1. Subj. w.
ther and used of disciples left without the master (Bar- dtav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. (“whenever”).
rett). Used as an acc. apposition, “to leave you as Miotevonte aor. subj. act. miotevw s.v. 1. Aor. may mean
orphans” or “in the position of orphans.” Orphans “come to trust” (Morris). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) express-
were an especially pitiful and needy group in the soci- es purp. Purp. of this prediction of the coming of the
ety (TDNT; EDNT; SB, 2:562). #19 Cnoete fut. ind. act. Spirit is to produce faith and confidence in His word.
Caw (# 2409) to live. 20 yvwoeobe fut. ind. mid. 30 AGATOW fut. ind. act. AWAEW s.v. 25. dpywv (# 807)
(dep.) ywooKw (# 1182) to know. 21 éywv pres. act. pres. act. part. (subst.) dpyw to rule. @ 31 yv@ aor. subj.
part. €yw (# 2400) to have. tnpév pres. act. part. tnpew act. yiwwokw (# 1182) to know. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) ina
s.v. 15. Subst. part. as subject of cl. in a casus pendens purp. cl. éveteiAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) evtéAropon
construction, followed by a resumptive pron. (MH, (# 1948) to command, to give orders. eyeipeobe pres.
423). &yand@v pres. act. part. wyanaw s.v. 15. The art. is imp. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to arise; pass. to rise, to get
used here w. the pred. signifying that the pred. is iden- up; here, of those who had been sitting (BAGD). &yw-
tical w. the subject and the only one of its kind (Harn- ev pres. subj. act. ayw (# 72) to go. Hortatory subj.,
er, 75; John 1:1). In all three pres. parts. there is the “Let us go.” The Passover meal had to be completed
emphasis on the durative aspect. ayannenoetar fut. by midnight.
ind. pass. cyandw. &yannow fut. ind. act. Eudaviow fut.
ind. act. gudavitw (# 1872) to reveal, to manifest, to
make visible. The presentation in a clear, conspicuous John 15
form (Westcott). @ 22 yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivowat © 1 Gymedog (# 306) vine. For the Jewish symbol
(# 1181) to be, to become. peéAAetg pres. ind. act. wérAw of the vine s. Barrett; Hoskyns; DJG, 867-68. gAn@ivoc
(# 3516) to be about to (s. 6:6). upavifetv pres. act. inf. (# 240) true, genuine; cf. Isa. 5:1-2, 7; Hos. 10:1; Jer.
éumaviw s.v. 21. Compl. inf. to the main vb. 23 dne- 2:21; Ezek. 15; Ps. 80:9-12, 15f; Lev Rabba 36: 2; SB,
Kpi@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &noxpivonar (# 646) to an- 2:563. This is one of the most prized of plants and thus
swer. thevoopeda. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Epyouar (# 2262) represents the most privileged among nations and
to go, to come. novnoopesa fut. ind. mid. (dep.) no1éw men. It is also emphasized by being placed after the
s.v. 12. The 1st. pl. includes the Father and the Son. emphatic &y® ey and by the use of the adj. following
© 24 dyandv pres. act. part. wyandw s.v. 15. Subst. part. the noun (Schnackenburg). This refers to the idea of a
John 15 218

fruitful Israel obedient to God. For a description of the éav (# 1569) expresses cond. éBANOn aor. ind. pass.
vine as the temple representing Israel s. Josephus, Borrw (# 965) to throw. &&w (# 2032) out; here, out of
Ant.,15:11:3; JW, 5:5:4; 5:20; Tacitus, Historiae, 5:5. yewp- the vineyard (Morris). e&npaven aor. ind. pass. Enpatvw
yoc (# 1177) farmer, one who tills soil. Refers here in a (# 3830) to dry out; pass. to become dry, to wither. ovv-
specialized way to a vinedresser (Brown). G.S. Haaf, ayovow pres. ind. act. cvvayw (# 5251) to gather to-
“The Physiology of the Vine and the Branches: John gether. The subject (“they”) may refer to the unnamed
15:1-9,” The Lutheran Church Quarterly 11 (1938): 404; servants (Bernard), or it may be the Semitic custom of
George Johnston, “The Allegory of the Vine: An Expo- using the 3rd. pers. pl. as the pass. (Brown). Katetat
sition of John 15:1-17,” Canadian Journal of Theology 3 pres. ind. pass. Kaiw (# 2794) to burn. Gnomic pres.,
(1957): 150-58; R. Borig, Der Wahre Weinstock: Unter- for what generally occurs. @ 7 petvnte aor. subj. act.
suchungen zu Jo 15,1-10 Munich, 1967; P. Albenda, weve s.v. 4. BEANtE pres. subj. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to de-
“Grapevines in Ashurbanipal’s Garden,” BASOR 92 sire. Subj. expresses a more generalized thought. aith-
(1974): 215 / 5-17; Columella, a treatise about agricul- oaove aor. imp. mid. aitew (# 160) to ask; mid., to ask
ture in the Roman world, particularly books 2-4 about for oneself. yevnoetor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouor
the treatment and care of grape vines. @ 2 KATA (# 1181) to do, to happen. @ 8 €v tovtw (# 1877; 4047)
(# 3097) cane, shoot of a vine (Morris). ¢€pov pres. act. in this; the pron. looks back, and at the same time the
part. depw (#5770) to carry, to bear. aipet pres. ind. act. thought already indicated is developed in the words
alpw (# 149) to lift up, to take away. The light pruning that follow (Westcott). €50&&06n aor. ind. pass. dofatw
was done by snapping off the tips by hand so that the (# 1519) to glorify (TDNT; TLNT). Aor. views the glo-
wood would grow longer (Columella, Book 4, 6:4; 7:1; rification as complete (Morris). d€ptte pres. subj. act.
Oded Borowski, Agriculture in Iron Age Israel: The Evi- bepw (# 5770) to carry; here, to bear. yevnode aor. subj.
dence from Archaeology and the Bible, 108-110). xa8aiper mid. (dep.) yivouat s.v. 7. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) express-
pres. ind. act. ka8aipw (# 2748) to cleanse; here in the es result or purp. (yevnoeoGe fut. ind. mid. [dep.], a
sense of “cleanse by pruning” (Bernard). A method of variant reading. If the fut. is adopted it has a kind of
viticulture consisted of training the vines on trellises, independence: “and then you will become” [BD, 186;
poles, or trees (4-6 feet high), which provided a cano- TC, 246].) @ 9 Nyannoev aor. ind. act. cyanaw (# 26) to
py-like form (Columella, Book 4, 18-19). Whether poles love. peivate aor. imp. act. wevw s.v. 4. Aor. imp. sug-
or trees were used, grapes grown this way were easier gests an action that should commence. 10 thpnonte
to harvest since the bunches hung down from the vine aor. subj. act. tnpew (# 5498) to guard, to observe. Subj.
and hence were more accessible (ANEP, fig. 19). To eav (# 1569) in 3rd. class cond. cl. where the cond. is
train the vine for maximum yield the vinedresser had believed possible. wevette fut. ind. act. wevw s.v. 4. teth-
to prune (7/)T) excessive branches (Num. 13:23). The pnxa perf. ind. act. tnpew. @ 11 AeAGANKG perf. ind. act.
time of pruning was after the winter was over, usually Aadew (# 3281) to speak. 7 pres. subj. act. ciut (# 7639)
during the fall before the vines became dormant. It in- to be. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses purp. TANPwWeT
volved cutting into the wood. This needed to be done aor. subj. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill, @ 12 dyanate
in the fall lest there be new vegetative growth at the pres. subj. act. s.v. 9. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses the
cut (Columella, Book 4, 6:5). For the first five years, the content of the command. hyannoa aor. ind. act. cya-
plant needed the fall pruning every year; thereafter Taw. ® 13 peifova (# 3505) comp. ueyas great; comp.,
only every third year (Columella, Book 4, 6:5). mAetova greater. Used w. a gen. of comp. The iva (# 2671) cl. w.
comp. moAvg (# 4498) much; comp., greater, more. d€pT the subj. is explanatory (Barrett). 67 aor. subj. act. T18n-
pres. subj. act. pepw to carry, used fig., to bear. Subj. w. ut (# 5502) to lay, to lay down. For examples of this
iva. (# 2671) to express purp. 3 81a (# 1328) w. acc., type of heroics s. BBC. @ 14 motfite pres. subj. act.
the cause of. AeAGATKa perf. ind. act. Aarew (# 3281) to moiew (# 4472) to do. Subj. expresses cond. @ 15 eipn-
speak. Perf. may suggest that the word may remain w. Ka perf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak, to say. TKovoa
them (Morris). @ 4 peivate aor. imp. act. wevw (# 3531) aor. ind. act. aKkovw (# 201) to hear. €yvwpioa aor. ind.
to remain. Ingressive aor. They should begin to stay in act. yvwpitw (# 1192) to make known. Aor. contem-
Christ. S. Jiirgen Heise, Bleiben: Menein in den Johan- plates the completed work of Christ (Barrett). @ 16 &&-
neischen Schriften. p€pet pres. act. inf. depw s.v. 2. Com- edeEaove aor. ind. mid. exAeyoucn (# 1721) to choose, to
pl. inf. to the main vb. pévq pres. subj. act. weve. WevnTE choose for oneself. e&AeEQunv aor. ind. mid. &6nKa aor.
pres. subj. act. wevw. Subj. w. edv (# 1569) expresses a ind. act. TION (# 5502) to lay, to place. bmcynte pres.
cond. @ 5 pévwv pres. act. part. weve s.v. 4. Subst. part. subj. act. bray (# 5632) to go, to go forth. aitijonte
emphasizes the person who must fulfill a particular aor. subj. act. aitew s.v. 7. Subj. w. av (# 165) here is
trait. ywpic (# 6006) w. the gen., without, apart from. generalizing. 5@ aor. subj. act. didwur (# 1443) to give.
mouetv pres. act. inf. movew (# 4472) to do; here, to ac- Subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses result. @ 17 tadta
complish. 6 pévq aor. subj. act. weve s.v. 4. Subj. w. (# 4047) these. It indicates all that Jesus has command-
ne John 16

ed them is designed to teach them the lesson of mutual worship as well as the more general idea of serving
love (SM; DJG, 135-36). 18 ywwoxete pres. imp. act. God (Morris). mpoopepeiv pres. inf. act. mpoohepw
NOOK (# 1182) to know; here in the sense of “recog- (# 4712) to carry. Compl. inf. to complete the main vb.
nize.” peptonkev perf. ind. act. wicéw (# 3631) to hate. @ 3 moinoovowy fut. ind. act. no1éw s.v. 2. Futuristic
Perf. points to a permanent attitude (Morris). @ 19 rte pres. portraying the certain fut. event as already in
impf. ind. act. ciut (# 1639) to be. &v used in a contrary process. Eyvwoay aor. ind. act. ywwokw (# 1182) to
to fact cond. cl. epider impf. ind. act. pew (# 5797) to know. @ 4 AeAGAnNKG. perf. ind. act. AaAew s.v. 1. EAT
love. chee any aor. ind. mid. exAe7u s.v. 16. ® 20 pvr- aor. subj. act. épyouat s.v. 2. Subj. w. otav (# 4020) gen-
wovevete pres. imp. act. uvnuovevw (# 3648) to remem- eralizes. pvqpovednte pres. subj. act. pvnyovevw
ber, followed by gen. Pres. suggests that they should (# 3648) to remember. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) expresses
continue to remember these words. &6twéav aor. ind. purp. Tnv impf. ind. mid. eit (# 1639) to be. @ 5 nép-
act. duwKw (# 1503) to persecute. SwEovorv fut. ind. act. wavta. aor. act. part. meunw (# 4287) to send. Subst.
ethpnoay aor. ind. act. tnpew (# 5498) to keep, to guard, part. to emphasize the person sending. Aor. shows an-
to obey. TPHOOVOL fut. ind. act. 21 novnoovovy fut. tecedent action. epwt@ pres. ind. act. epwtaw (# 2263)
ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. mewyavte. aor. act. part. to ask. 6 AehGANKa. perf. ind. act. AahEw s.v. 1. Ne-
neumw (# 4287) to send. Subst. part. emphasizing the TANpwkev perf. ind. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. In-
person who is performing the action. @ 22 fAGov tensive perf. focusing on the continuing results: “they
aor. ind. act. pyouo1 (# 2262) to go. €AGAnou. aor. ind. remain sad.” @ 7 ovpdeper pres. ind. act. cvuuoepw
act. A0A€w (# 3281) to speak. etyoouv impf. ind. act. €yw (# 5237) it is expedient, it is of an advantage, it is prof-
(# 2400) to have. Impf. w. this ending is common in the itable. &n€A@w aor. subj. act. anepyouat (# 599) to go
LXX and occurs in the papyri and inscriptions (RWP; away. In this case the subj. w. iva (# 2671) expresses
MH, 194f; GGP, 2:332). mpogdaoig (# 4733) excuse. It is purp. In the following the subj. w. €dav (# 1569) is in a
what is put forth to justify it, whether the real reason 3rd. class cond. where the cond. is viewed as possible.
or a mere excuse (Morris). ® 23 w1o@v pres. act. part. mapaKAntoc comforter (s. 14:16). EAebvoeto1 fut. ind.
u1cew s.v. 18. Subst. part. emphasizing the person per- mid. (dep.) épyouo1 s.v. 2. mopevO@ aor. subj. pass.
forming the act. Durative pres. @ 24 énotnoa aor. ind. (dep.) nopevoucr (# 4513) to go, to go away. neppw fut.
act. mo1ew s.v. 21. etyooav impf. ind. act. éyw s.v. 22. Iter- ind. act. néunw s.v. 5. Just as the Father has sent the
at. impf. emphasizing their repeated sin. ewpdxaot Son, so the Son will send the Spirit. 8 €A@wv aor. act.
perf. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. pewtonKaow perf. part. €pyoua. s.v. 2. Aor. describes an antecedent action
ind. act. u1cew s.v. 18. © 25 mAnpwT aor. subj. pass. necessary for the completion of the main vb. Thus it is
tAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. yeypoypevos perf. pass. part. antecedent to the main vb., even though the coming is
ypaou (# 1211) to write. uionoay aor. ind. act. piceW still future from the speaker’s standpoint. eAeyéet fut.
s.v. 18. dwpecy (# 1562) without cause. 26 €187 aor. ind. act. edeyyw (# 1794) to expose, to convict, to cross-
subj. act. épyouc s.v. 22. napaKAntog comforter (s. examine for the purp. of convincing or refuting an op-
14:16). waptuptoet fut. ind. act. uaptupew (# 3455) to ponent; esp. used of legal proceedings (Morris). 81-
bear witness. @ 27 woptupeite pres. imp. act. uaptupew Katoovvn (# 1466) righteousness. Christ’s own righ-
s.v. 26. It could be understood also as ind. (Brown). teousness as the standard and source (MRP, 143;
TDNT; TLNT; EDNT, 1:1146). kptoewg gen. xpioic
(# 3213) judgment. @ 9 ot1 (# 4022) because or that.
John 16 For the possible construction s. Barrett. motebovoiv
@ 1 AeAGANKa perf. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to pres. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Durative
speak. oxavéaArob7ite aor. subj. pass. ocKxavdoAricw pres., their long-standing refusal to believe. @ 10 obk-
(# 4997) to cause to stumble (TDNT). Subj. w. iva. ett (# 4033) no longer. ewpeite pres. ind. act. Gewpew
(# 2671) expresses purp. or result. @ 2 ANOovVO:ywYOUS (# 2555) to see. Futuristic pres. describes a future event
(# 697) expelled from the synagogue. notnoovoty fut. w. great certainty, “they certainly will not see me.”
ind. act. nmovew (# 4472) to do, to make, to make you @ 11 Kéxpito1 perf. ind. pass. kpivw (# 3212) to judge.
into. &pyetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) épyoucr (# 2262) to Perf. emphasizes the completed act of judging the
come, to go. Pres. is futuristic depicting the certain fut. present ruler of the world. 12 Baotd{ew pres. act.
event as already taking place. &moxtetvac aor. act. part. inf. Baoto.Cw (# 1002) to bear. The basic idea is that they
(temp.) anoxteivw (# 650) to kill. Subst. part. empha- cannot understand now (Brown). Inf. is compl. to the
sizing the person acting. Aor. emphasizes antecedent main vb. @ 13 €A@7 aor. ind. act. épzoua. s.v. 2. Subj. w.
action or action that is necessary for the main vb. The Otav (# 4020) is generalizing, “whenever he comes.”
murder of the disciples will be the necessary action of aAnbeiag gen. arnGera, truth (# 237); attributive or de-
the enemies’ service to God. 60€q aor. subj. act. doxew scriptive, giving the trait of the Spirit. 0&nynoet fut. ind.
(# 1506) to suppose. Natpeta. (# 3301) service. Denotes act. odnyew (# 3842) to show the way; a guide who in-
John 17 220

troduces the traveler into an unknown country (Go- 29 ide (# 2623) aor. imp. act. opdw to see. Used almost
det). AGANoe fut. ind. act. AaAEw s.v. 1. Epyoweva. pres. as a deictic particle to draw attention. ® 30 oiSopev
mid. (dep.) part. (subst.) €pyouor s.v. 2. avaryyedet fut. perf. ind. act. o1da to know. s.v. 18. €€7jA8Es aor. ind. act.
ind. act. avayyédAw (# 334) to proclaim. @ 14 50&doe1 etepyoucs.v.27. 31 anexpiOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
fut. ind. act. S0&aw (# 1519) to glorify. Anwwyetar fut. a&noKpivouc. (# 646) to answer. @ 32 €ANAvGev perf. ind.
ind. mid. (dep.) AauBavw (# 3284) to take. avayyeAet act. Epyoua s.v. 2. oxopmioGfite aor. subj. pass. oxopmid-
fut. ind. act. dvayyedAw s.v. 13. Repetition of this word Cw (# 5025) to scatter. Subj. used w. iva (# 2671) to ex-
puts emphasis on this aspect of the Spirit’ s work (Mor- plain wpa. (# 6052). apfite aor. subj. act. adtnur (# 918) to
ris). @ 16 Oweove fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opdaw (# 3972) to forsake. @ 33 AeAGANKG. perf. ind. act. AaAEw s.v. 1.
see. @ 18 oidapev perf. ind. act. oida (# 3857) to know. Eynte pres. subj. act. yw (# 2400) to have. Subj. w. iva
Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. @ 19 €yvw aor. ind. act. y1- (# 2671) expresses result. Eyete pres. ind. act. exw.
vwoxw (# 1182) to know. Oedov impf. ind. act. 8édw Oapoeite pres. imp. act. Bapoew (# 2510) to have cour-
(# 2527) to desire, to want to. €pwtav pres. act. inf. epw- age, to be courageous. veviknka, perf. ind. act. vikw
tow (# 2263) to ask. Compl. inf. to the main vb. oweo@e (#3771) to conquer. Perf. denotes an abiding victory
fut. ind. mid. Opaw s.v. 16. 20 KAaboete fut. ind. act. (Morris).
KAatw (# 3081) to cry, to weep. Opnvnoete fut. ind. act.
Opnvew (# 2577) to mourn. The reference is to the loud
wailing and lamentation that is the customary reaction John 17
to death in the Near East (Brown). yapfoetar fut. ind. @ 1 EAGANOEV aor. ind. act. AarEw (# 3281) to
mid. (dep.) yatpw (# 5897) to rejoice. AumnOnoeobe fut. speak. endipas aor. act. part. enaipw (# 2048) to lift up.
ind. pass. Avnéw (# 3382) pass. to be sad. yevnoeta fut. Part. is attendant circumstance or temp. Aor. indicates
ind. mid. (dep.) yivowont (# 1181) to become, tobe. @ 21 an antecedent action to the main vb. (€AdAnoevy): “Af-
tikty pres. subj. act. tiktw (# 5503) to give birth. Subj. ter he had lifted up his eyes, he spoke.” eA nAvGev perf.
w. Otav (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. TAGev aor. ind. ind. act. Epyouai (# 2262) to come. Perf. indicates a
act. Epxoua s.v. 2; here, to arrive. yevvjoq aor. subj. act. completed past action and emphasizes the results:
yevvaw (# 1164) to give birth. The previous pres. de- “The hour has come and is here.” 50§a0ov aor. imp.
picts the woman in the act of childbirth; aor. here sees act. 50&aCw (# 1519) to glorify. Aor. imp. calls for a spe-
the process as complete (Morris). wwnuovevet pres. ind. cific act and portrays the action as beginning: “Start to
act. LVnovedw s.v. 4, w. obj. in gen. Gnomic pres. Eyev- glorify.” S0&G07 aor. subj. act. S0&afw. Subj. w. tva
vn@n aor. ind. pass. yevvaw. @ 22 Gyouar fut. ind. act. (# 2671) expresses purp. or result. 2 €5wKac aor. ind.
opaw s.v. 16. yapnoetar fut. ind. pass. yatpw s.v. 20. act. dtu (# 1443) to give. $€5wKac perf. ind. act. Perf.
@ 23 tpwthoete fut. ind. act. Eepwtdw s.v. 19. aithonte denotes the permanence of the gift (Morris). 5won aor.
aor. subj. act. aitew (# 160) to ask. Subj. in an indef. rel subj. act. @ 3 iva (# 2671) that, explanatory use. y1-
cl. w. av tt. Swoer fut. ind. act. Sidwut (# 1443) to give. vwokKWotv pres. subj. act. yiwwokw (# 1182) to know.
@ 24 qrHoute aor. ind. act. aitéw s.v. 23. aiteite pres. Subj. w. tva expresses the content of eternal life. It
imp. act. aitew. Pres. imp. suggests that the petition could also express the result. dméoteWas aor. ind. act.
should continue. Anweode fut. ind. mid. (dep.) o- anooteddw (# 690) to send, to send as a personal au-
Bovey (# 3284) to receive. q pres. subj. act. eyit. memANPw- thoritative representative (TDNT). @ 4 &50&aoa aor.
wévn perf. pass. part. mAnpow s.v. 6; used to form the ind. act. do€aCw s.v. 1. Const. aor. looking at his whole
periphrastic perf. subj. pass. Subj. w. va, (# 2671) ex- past life in which he glorified God. teAewWous aor. act.
presses purp. ® 25 napoyia (# 4231) proverb. In John, part. teAeiow (# 5457) to complete, accomplish, make
“dark sayings,” “figures of speech” (BAGD; MM). Ab- perfect. This completion is the necessary basis for his
bott understands it as a brief, not a dark saying (Ab- coming glorification. It looks back upon the complet-
bott, Johannine Vocabulary, 219ff). AeXGAnKa perf. ind. ed life of Jesus, and probably upon His death too (Bar-
act. AaA€w s.v. 1. Perf. emphasizes the durative action rett). iva (# 2671) expresses either purp. or it is
in the past. €pyeton pres. mid. (dep.) act. Epxoua s.v. 2. explanatory (Brown). momow aor. subj. act. mo1ew
Pres. is fut., but it emphasizes the certainty of the com- (# 4472) todo. @5 S0aoov aor. imp. act. SoEaCw s.v. 1.
ing fact. AaANow fut. ind. act. AaAEw. &nayyed@ fut. ind. ELYOV impf. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. eivar pres.
act. arayyéArw (# 550) to speak, to proclaim. @ 26 ai- act. inf. ey.t (# 1639) to be. Inf. used w. mpo (# 4574) to
thocove fut. ind. mid. aitéw s.v. 23. Epwthow fut. ind. express antecedent action. 6 &avepwoa. aor. ind. act.
act. Epwtaw s.v.19. © 27 nepiAnKate perf. ind. act. davepow (# 5746) to make clear, to reveal. Aor. sums up
grew (# 5797). nemiotedcxate perf. ind. act. motevw the work of the ministry and is parallel to v. 4 (Bar-
(# 4409) to believe. Perf. implies a continuous attitude rett). E5wKac aor. ind. act. SiSwut (# 1443) to give. teth-
of life (Brown). €&7A8ov aor. ind. act. ebepyouc (# 2002) pnkav perf. ind. act. tnpew (# 5498) to keep. For the
to go out. ® 28 €ANAvOa. perf. ind. act. Epyouat s.v. 2. form s. BD, 44. @ 7 €yvwxav perf. ind. act. yiwwoKw
221 John 18

(# 1182) to know. S€5wKag perf. ind. act. Sap s.v. 6. sizing the end of the action, “He has been sent and is
@ 8 EwKasc aor. ind. act. 5iSwur s.v. 6. EAoBov aor. ind. here.” @ 22 S€5wxko. perf. ind. act. Sido Siv bu hett
act. LopBaveo (# 3284) to take, to receive. €yvwoav aor. emphasizes the result of a past action. @owv pres. subj.
ind. act. yivwoKw s.v. 3. EEfABov aor. ind. act. eepyouc act. eit s.v. 11. @ 23 wot pres. subj. act. eyt s.v. 11.
(# 2002) to go out. Gneoteiac aor. ind. act. &mooteddw TETEAELWHEVOL perf. pass. part. tederow s.v. 4, complete,
s.v.3. 9 S&5wKac perf. ind. act. 5{8wpts.v. 6. @ 10 Se- to accomplish, to make perfect (BAGD). Used in a
SoEaouat perf. ind. pass. S0&d¢w s.v. 1. Perf. indicates periphrastic construction to form the perf. pass. Subj.
the state of glorification and may be proleptic, point- w. iva (# 2671) used to express purp. Perf. indicates a
ing forward to the certain glory yet to come (Morris). permanent state as the goal and final result (RWP). yiv-
@ 11 tHpNoov aor. imp. act. tnpew s.v. 6. Ev (# 1877) in, woKT pres. subj. act. ywwwoKkw (# 1182) to know. nyann-
both local and instr. They are to be both marked w. and oa aor. ind. act. Gyandw (# 26) to love. @ 24 S6wKac
protected by the divine name (Brown). Sehwag perf. perf. ind. act. 5t5w1 s.v. 6. Iva. (# 2671) that, used to ex-
ind. act. Si8wyt s.v. 6. Wow pres. subj. act. euit (# 1639) press the content of the desire. Bewpdotv pres. subj. act.
to be. Subj. expresses purp. or result w. iva (# 2671). Bewpew (# 2555) to see. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express
@ 12 tunv impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ewi s.v. 11. éthpovv result. jyannous aor. ind. act. dyandw s.v. 23. 25 Kat
impf. ind. act. tnpew s.v. 6. Customary impf. indicates (# 2779) both; i.e., both the world ... and these (Mor-
that he kept them over a longer period of time. 5é- ris). Eyvw aor. ind. act. yiwwoKkw s.v. 7. 26 Eyvwpioa
dwKac perf. ind. act. d5tSwpt s.v. 6. E>vAGEG aor. ind. act. aor. ind. act. yvwpitw (# 1192) to make known. q pres.
gvAdoow (# 5875) to guard. Aor. sums up the process subj. cyt (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) to express
represented by the impf. etnpovv (Barrett). anwAeto purp. or better result.
aor. ind. mid. &m0AAvuL (# 660) to destroy, to be lost, to
perish. amweva (# 724) destruction, perdition, damna-
tion (Brown). Attributive gen., i.e., “the son deserving John 18
perdition” or “the son characterized by perdition.” 1 eimwv aor. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Aor.
TANPWOT aor. subj. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. Subj. part. expresses antecedent time (“after”). e&f/A@ev aor.
w. iva. (# 2671) expresses result. @ 13 Eywouv pres. subj. ind. act. e&€pxyoua. (# 2002) to go out. xeipappoc
act. yw (# 2400) to have. nenAnpwpevny perf. pass. part. (# 5929) brook. One containing water perhaps only in
(adj.) mAnpow s.v. 12. Perf. indicates that the action is the winter (Barrett). Thus there was no water at this
completed. @ 14 euionoev aor. ind. act. wioew (# 3631) time. Kftocg (# 3057) garden. Refers to a plot of land
to hate. 15 dpqc¢ aor. subj. act. alpw (# 149) to lift up, where vegetables or flowers are planted and some-
to take away. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) indicates the content times trees as well (Brown). These gardens often con-
of the request. tnpthons aor. subj. act. tnpew s.v. 6. Subj. tained palms, fruit trees, flowers, even vegetables
w. iva (# 2671) indicates the content of the request. (MM). Such gardens were forbidden in Jerusalem (SB,
17 cyiaoov aor. imp. act. ayiatw (# 39) to sanctify, to 1:992f). evoTA@ev aor. ind. act. eloepyouar (# 1656) to go
set apart and dedicate a person or thing to the service in. @ 2 fer plperf. ind. act. of the def. perf. o1da
of God and to dedicate as a sacrifice (Hoskyns). Aor. (# 3857) to know. napadidovc pres. act. part. mapadidw-
imp. may suggest that the action begin. Certainly there ut (# 4140) to betray, to deliver over. Subst. part. here
is at least a timeless or gnomic idea here. GANOeta emphasizing the character trait. For a discussion of the
(# 237) truth. For the construction without the article s. traitor Judas s. DJG, 406-8. ovvnx6n aor. ind. pass. ovv-
John 1:1. @ 18 &méote1Aac aor. ind. act. HmootedAw S.v. ayw (# 5251) to gather together; here, to meet. Const.
3. Aor. describes a past action that has been completed. aor. without making a statement concerning the man-
anéoteio. aor. ind. act. amooteddw. Proleptic aor. refer- ner or duration of the action. 3 AaPov aor. act. part.
ring to the commission after the resurrection (Mor- AauBavw (# 3284) to take. Aor. part. indicates anteced-
ris). 19 dow pres. subj. act. cyt s.v. 11. Subj. w. iva ent action necessary for the completion of the action of
(# 2671) is used to express purp. or result. The vb. is the main vb. For a discussion of extrabiblical sources s.
used here to form a periphrastic construction. Tnoo- DJG, 841-43. For a discussion of and bibliography to
wevot perf. pass. part. ayiacw s.v. 17. 20 motevovtwv the passion narratives s. DJG, 842-54; DTM. oneipa
pres. act. part. tiotevw (# 4409) to believe. Pres. ae (# 5061) cohort (Morris). tanpetng (# 5677) minister,
emphasizes a continuing trait. 21 iva (# 2671)s the temple police (Brown; BBC). davav gen. pl. davocg
that, that. The first two cls. express the content of torch (# 5749). Aopnadwv gen. Aounas (# 3286) lantern,
prayer and the third expresses purp. (Brown). wou lamp. Some were certainly necessary in spite of the
pres. subj. act. ei s.v. 11. motebn pres. subj. act. new moon at Passover. OmAov (# 3960) weapon.
Tiotevw s.v. 20. Subj. w. iva (# 2671). ti (# 4022) that, @ 4 eidwe pres. act. part. 0150 s.v. 2. Aor. indicates ante-
introducing the content of the belief. améotetkac aor. cedent action. Jesus knew the answer even before ask-
ind. act. GnooteAAw s.v. 3. Consummative aor. empha- ing. Concessive part., “even though he knew.” @ 5
John 18 222

aneKxpi@noav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &noKpivopar (# 646) waivovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) beppaivouor (# 2548) to
to answer. etotnKet plperf. ind. act. iotni (# 2705) warm oneself. €otw¢ perf. act. part. (temp.) tot s.v.
perf., to stand. napadidov6e pres. act. part. napadidwpr 5; “while he was standing.” BEppaivopEvos pres. mid.
(# 4140) to betray; used as subst. part., “the traitor.” part. Sepucivopat. 19 ovv (# 4036) then, now. Here it
6 ONFA80Vv aor. ind. act. anepxopa (# 599) to go away. indicates a succession of events (DM, 253f). Npwtnoev
Emeoav aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. yopot aor. ind. act. epwtaw (# 2263) to question. Incep. impf.,
(#5912) to the ground. 7 éxnpwtnoev aor. ind. act. “he began to question him,” or iterat. impf., “he ques-
emepwtaw (# 2089) to question, to ask. @ 8 aneKxpiOn tioned him continually.” @ 20 anexpién aor. ind.
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &moxptvouat s.v. 5. &pete aor. imp. pass. (dep.) aroxpivopat s.v. 5. AAGANKG perf. ind. act.
act. &pinut (# 918) to allow. bnayev pres. act. inf. brayw AaAEW (# 3281) to speak. Perf. emphasizes the results of
(# 5632) to go away. Here in the sense of unimpeded, his past teaching. His teaching is public record.
or without being arrested (BAGD). Inf. is compl. to the £5180£o. aor. ind. act. 5iScoKw (# 1438) to teach. EAGAN-
main vb. ® 9 mAnpwéf aor. subj. pass. mANpow (# 4444) oa. aor. ind. act. AoAEW. + © 21 EpwtHoov aor. imp. act.
to fulfill. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express result or purp. epwtaw (# 2263) to ask, to question. Ingressive aor.,
SewKac perf. ind. act. didwyt (# 1443) to give. anwreoa. “begin to ask them” (not me). &knkootas perf. act.
aor. ind. act. «20d vuL (# 660) to perish, to be lost; here, part. akovw (# 201) to hear. Perf. stresses the result of
lose (BAGD). 10 €ywv pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to their hearing. They have heard and thus know. Subst.
have; here, to have in one’s possession. Part. of atten- part. to emphasize a particular trait, “those who have
dant circumstance. Pres. describes that the sword is heard.” 18€ aor. imp. act. 0paw to see. oSaotv perf. ind.
presently in Peter’s possession. etAKvoev aor. ind. act. act. oida (# 3857) to know; a perf. w. pres. meaning.
eXkvw (# 1816) to draw, to drag. Here literally to draw @ 22 einovtos aor. act. part. (temp.) Aeyw (# 3306) to
out a sword (BAGD). Emo.oev aor. ind. act. naiw speak. Aor. stresses the antecedent action as the basis
(#4091) to strike. &méxowev aor. ind. act. aroKontw for the action of the main vb. Gen. abs., “when he had
(# 644) to cut off. wtdprov (# 6064) dimin. ear, the exter- spoken...” mapeotnkws perf. act. part. maptiotnyt
nal part of the ear (Brown). 5e&10g (# 1288) right. @ 11 (# 4225) to stand along side of. Subst. perf. part. Perf.
Bode aor. act. imp. BaAdAw (# 965) to throw, to place. emphasizes the result, that he is present and posi-
Aor. imp. is either ingressive, “begin to put the sword tioned there. €5wxev aor. ind. act. diSwui (# 1443) to
away’; or const., giving a categorical command with- give. partopa (# 4825) slap, a blow on the face w. the
out describing the progress: “put it away.” @hKn flat on the hand (Barrett). Certainly illegal (BBC). # 23
(#2557) scabbard; here, the receptacle into which a amexpt6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) amoxpivoua s.v. 5. wap-
thing is put (Barrett). 5e5wKev perf. ind. act. d15wyt s.v. TOPNOOV aor. imp. act. paptupew (# 3455) to testify
9. Perf. emphasizes the results of a completed act. niw (“produce some evidence of it”) (Brown). Aor. imp.
aor. subj. act. mivw (# 4403) to drink. 12 ovvéAapov may suggest that they should start w. the evidence, if
aor. ind. act. ovAAauBavw (#5197) to seize, to take into they have any. S€petg pres. ind. act. depw (# 1296) to
custody. nov aor. ind. act. dew (# 1313) to bind. @ 13 strike, to flay; here, to strike someone in the face
mevOepoc (# 4290) father-in-law (Jos., Ant., 18:34-35; 26; (BAGD). @ 24 ané€otetrev aor. ind. act. amooteAAw
b. Pesachim 573; BBC). @ 14 ovpépet pres. ind. act. (#690) to send. Se5epevov perf. pass. part. 5ew (# 1313)
ovudepw (# 5237) impersonal use; it is useful, it is ad- to bind. Perf. emphasizes the results of the binding;
vantageous. ano8aveiv aor. act. inf. amoOvnoKw (# 633) i.e., he was bound. 25 eotwe perf. act. part. (temp.)
to die. Inf. is compl. to the main vb. @ 15 jKodovGet otnt s.v. 5. Beppatvopevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. ep-
impf. ind. act. aKxodovbew (# 199) to follow. ywwotoc Loivopat s.v. 18. The repetition of these words brings
(#1196) known. This provided him access to the the scene back to Peter (John 18:18). eimov aor. ind. act.
house. ovveorjAGev aor. ind. act. ovveroepxouct (# 5291) Aeyw s.v. 22. The subject is not named, but presumably
to go in together. aban (# 885) courtyard. @ 16 eiothKet is the servants and police mentioned in v. 18 (Brown).
plperf. ind. act. s.v. 5. €&fA@ev aor. ind. act. ekepxouct €l pres. act. ind. 2nd. sing. et (# 1639) to be. Apvjoato
s.v. 1. Bupwpdg (# 2601) doorkeeper. etonyayev aor. ind. aor. ind. mid. (dep.) d&pvéonar (# 766) to deny. Incep.
act. cloayw (# 1652) to lead into. The subject is uncer- aor., “he began to deny it.” @ 26 ovyyevng (# 5150) rel-
tain; the meaning might be, “he brought Peter in,” or ative. ®v pres. act. part. ewt s.v. 25. Part. of attendant
“she admitted Peter” (Morris). @ 17 natdtoxn (# 4087) circumstance giving the reason for the more intimate
maidservant. @ 18 eiothKetoav s.v. 16. avOpaKia knowledge than that of a mere onlooker. anéxowev aor.
(#471) charcoal fire. menovnxotes perf. act. part. movew ind. act. anoxontw (# 644) to cut off. wtiov (# 6065) ear.
(# 4472) to make. Perf. part. describes antecedent ac- eldov aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. Kt\moc garden
tion emphasizing the result. They had made the fire s.v. 1. © 27 ddeKxtwp (# 232) rooster. Epwvnoev aor. ind.
and it was burning. wbxoc (# 6036) cold. Snow and ice act. pwvew (# 5888) to call, here, to crow. 28 mpwi
were possible during Nisan (JLightfoot, 3:420). e6ep- (# 4745) early. It was common for Romans to start their
223 John 19

day early (BBC). wiavédow aor. subj. pass. piaivw perf. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; pass. to be
(# 3620) to defile. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. born. While John does not develop the concept of
Ironically, they were more concerned about ritual Christ's birth, he clearly develops the purp. of Christ’s
cleanness than social justice. @&ywow aor. subj. act. coming to witness to and reveal the truth. eAndv0o.
E001w (# 2266) to eat. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) in both cls. perf. ind. act. Epyouot (# 2262) to come. paptuprow aor.
expresses the purp. or motive for their actions. néoxo subj. act. waptupéew (# 3455) to witness. Subj. w. tva
(# 4247) Passover, not necessarily referring to the Pass- (#2671) expresses the purp. of his coming. dAn@eta
over season (Tasker). If they become unclean their (# 237) truth, here perhaps the truth about himself, but
Passover will not be counted as valid. Thus their sacri- also about God and man. @ 38 einuv aor. act. part.
fice should be burned (M, Pesachim, 7:8-10; 8:6-8). (temp.) A€yw (# 3306) to say. Aor. describing antecedent
@ 29 e&f)\Gev aor. ind. act. eepyouat s.v. 1 dnotv aor. action to the main vb., “After he said this.” 39 ovvn-
ind. act. dnt (# 5774) to say. katnyopia (# 2990) legal Gera. (# 5311) custom (Blinzler). axoAvow fut. ind. act.
accusation for a lawsuit (MM). 30 d&nexpi@noav aor. anodvw (# 668) to release. Referring to a pardoning of a
ind. pass. (dep.) &noxptvouar s.v. 5. moudv pres. act. condemned man (indulgentia) or an acquittal before
part. movew (# 4472) to do, here, to commit evil deeds. judgment (abolitio) (BBC). @ 40 €xpavyaoav aor. ind.
Subst. part. shows one who does evil; i.e., an evildoer. act. kpavyatw (# 3198) to scream. Anotns (# 3334) rob-
The emphasis is on the personal trait of committing ber, highway bandit; here probably revolutionary, in-
evil. napedmxoyev aor. ind. act. napadiSwur (# 4140) to surrectionist (DJG, 688-98). They chose to release a
deliver over, to hand over; here in a legal sense of to revolutionary rather than a righteous man.
deliver up to prison or for judgment (MM). @ 31 AG-
Bete aor. imp. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to take. Aor. imp. is
a momentary command given for a specific situation. John 19
Kptvate aor. imp. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge. Aor. imp. @ 1 EXaBev aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to take.
here could be ingressive, “start judging him your- ELaotiywoeEV aor. ind. act. LactLyOw (# 3463) to scourge
selves.” é€eotwv pres. ind. act. éCeoti(v) (# 2003) it is (Matt. 27:26) (BBC). @ 2 mAéEavtes aor. act. part. TAEKW
lawful, it is allowed. &noxteivat aoz. act. inf. amoKtetvw (# 4428) to plait. &kavOa (# 180) thorn (Brown). Por-
(# 650) to kill. Inf. is compl. to the main vb. Aor. por- traying him in mockery as a vassal king. emé6qkav aor.
trays here an undefined action without reference to its ind. act. émiti@npt (# 2202) to place upon. moppdpa
beginning, duration, or completion (Morris, 786ff; (# 4526) purple (Morris). meptéBarov aor. ind. act.
Sherwin-White, 35-43). 32 nAnpw67 aor. subj. pass. nepiporrw (# 6314) to cast about, to put around, to
TAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) describes wrap about, to clothe (MM). @ 3 fipxovto impf. ind.
result. omaivwv pres. act. part. onwatvw (# 4955) to sig- mid. (dep.) €pxouor (# 2262) to come. xaipe pres. imp.
nify, to indicate. Part. of attendant circumstance. act. xaipw (# 5897) to greet; here hail! followed by the
TeAXev impf. ind. act. perAw (# 3516) to be about to. nom. of address w. the article: “Hail, you king!” (Bar-
For the construction w. the inf. to express the fut. s. 6:6. rett). €5t500av impf. ind. act. St5wyr (# 1443) to give. It-
anoOvpoxetv pres. act. inf. do8vyjcKw (# 633) to die. Inf. erat. impf. speaks of repeated action. pamiopa slap
is compl. to the main vb. 33 etonAGev aor. ind. act. (18:22). ® 4 e&7\Oev aor. ind. act. EEepyouor (# 2002)
eloepxouat (# 1656) to enter. Pilate conducts an inquiry to go out. ie (# 2623) aor. imp. act. opdw to see. ywate
(cognitio) upon which he makes his decision. Ea@vnoev aor. subj. act. yiwwokw (# 1182) to know. Subj. w. tva
aor. ind. act. dwveéw s.v. 27. Baoldeds tv ‘Tovdaiwv (# 2671) expresses result. @ 5 e&f)Gev aor. ind. act.
(# 995; 2681) “the king of the Jews.” © 34 dmexpidn s.v. 4. dopdv pres. act. part. dopew (# 5841) to wear, to
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &moxpivonat s.v. 5. @ 35 mapedw- carry. Part. of manner, describing how he was when he
Kav aor. ind. act. napadtdwyt s.v. 30. 36 Tywvifovto was brought out. Pres. indicates that the action is con-
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) aywviGouat (# 76) to fight. Impf. temporaneous. G@kavOivog (# 181) thorny, made of
implies they would be fighting now (Morris). If thorns. For the suffix indicating material s. MH, 459.
Christ’s kingdom were earthly his servants would not @ 6 eldov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Expabyacayv
permit the capture or betrayal of the commander. aor. ind. act. kpavyatw (# 3198) to scream. otabpwoov
mapadso0@ aor. subj. pass. napadidwyt s.v. 30. Subj. w. aor. imp. act. otavpow (# 5090) to crucify. Aor. imp.
iva. (# 2671) expresses purp. or result. vbv (# 3814) non- suggests a specific, immediate command or petition.
temp. use following a cl. expressing an unfulfilled AGPete aor. imp. act. AouPavw s.v. 1. This is returning
cond.—"but as it is,” “but as the case now stands” Jesus to the Jewish custody. Because they did not have
(Thrall, 21). Evted@ev (# 1949) from here, giving the the right of capital punishment, they would not be
source or sphere of the kingdom. ® 37 odKotv (# 4034) able to crucify him. Thus Pilate was rejecting the Jew-
an argumentative particle seeking a definite answer: ish request. There was no reason for a Roman court to
“very well; so you are a king?” (Barrett) yeyevvnnor condemn him. @ 7 &mexptOnoav aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
John 19 224

anoKpivopat (# 646) to answer. Opetdet pres. ind. act. aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &noxptvopat s.v. 7. @ 16 mapEe-
opeirAw (# 4053) to be necessary. &moBaveiv aor. act. inf. dwxev aor. ind. act. napadtdwpt (# 4140) to take away, to
anobvnoKw (# 633) to die. Compl. inf. to the main vb. turn over, here, in judgment. otavpw67 aor. subj. pass.
“Tt is necessary for him to die.” énoinoev aor. ind. act. otavpow s.v. 6. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp.
moew (# 4472) to make, to do. Here to make oneself to mopéAaBov aor. ind. act. raparapPavw (# 4161) to take,
be, to claim to be. John uses this word significantly in to take custody of. The vb.’s subject is probably the
light of John 18:30. This is the evil that they claimed soldiers (Morris). 17 Baotafwv pres. act. part.
against him. 8 tTKovoev aor. ind. act. aKovw (# 201) to Baotacw (# 1002) to carry. Part. of manner explaining
hear. pa@AAov (# 3437) more. epoBNnOn aor. ind. pass. in what manner he went out. Pres. indicates contem-
(dep.) doPeouor (# 5828) to fear, to be afraid. @ 9 Eto- poraneous activity. He carried the horizontal cross
Ti\Oev aor. ind. act. etoepxouat (# 1656) to go into. beam (patibulum), usually stripped naked, out to the
€5wKev aor. ind. act. diSwyr (# 1443) to give. #10 stake. These were about 10 feet high and were reused
aroAdoat aor. act. inf. GmoAvw (# 668) to release. Inf. is (BBC). é€fA8ev aor. ind. act. cé€pyouois.v. 4. 18
compl. to the main vb. otavpdout aor. act. inf. ctavpow EOTAVPWOY aor. ind. act. oTAvPOW s.v. 6. @ 19 Eypawev
s.v. 6. Compl. inf. to main vb. — @ 11 dmexpi6n aor. aor. ind. act. ypadw (# 1211) to write. It was common to
ind. pass. (dep.) G&moxpivopat s.v. 7. Se5opévov perf. post the crime (HSB, 505-6). €6nkev aor. ind. act. tiOnuL
pass. part. dim s.v. 9. &vwev (# 540) from above (s. (# 5502) to place. yeypoysevov perf. pass. part. ypaow.
3:3). Mapasove aor. act. part. rapadsidwpt (# 4140) to de- Periphrastic part. ® 20 daveyvwoay aor. ind. act. ava-
liver over, to betray. Subst. part. to emphasize this trait yiwwoKw (# 336) to read. E€otavpwen aor. ind. pass. otav-
of Judas as a traitor. Aor. describes antecedent action. pow s.v. 6. @ 21 ypade pres. imp. act. ypaow s.v. 19.
petfova (# 3505) comp. yeyas great; comp., greater. Pres. imp. indicates that Pilate should stop writing;
@ 12 enter impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Con- that is, he should change the inscription. 22 yeypaha
ative impf. implies a series of attempts which were perf. ind. act. ypadw s.v. 19. Perf. marks the perma-
shouted down (Brown). &moAdoan aor. act. inf. &moAvW nence and abiding character of his act. It was the ex-
s.v. 10. Inf. is compl. to the main vb. éxpavyaoay aor. pression of a legal decision (Bernard). Without the
ind. act. kpavyacw s.v. 6. Iterat. impf., “they shouted threat of disloyalty to Caesar, Pontius Pilate shows
repeatedly,” or incep. impf., “they began to shout.” once again his unyielding character and spiteful con-
GTOADOTS aor. subj. act. GnoAvw. Subj. w. av (# 1569) tempt for the Jews. The sign (tilulus) was designed as
expresses cond. giA0¢ tod Kaioapos a friend of Caesar. an insult and a warning to those who opposed the
The phrase amici Caesaris (friend of Caesar) is a techni- Roman emperor. @ 23 €AaBov aor. ind. act. s.v. 1.
cal term designating the elite in the Roman govern- émotnoav aor. ind. act. novew s.v. 7. yta@va. (# 5945) tu-
ment loyal to the emperor. To lose or forego this nic, shirt, a garment worn next to the skin underneath
designation meant political death. Hoehner, Chrono- the rest of the garments (BAGD; MM). &ipadog (# 731)
logical Aspects of the Life of Christ (Grand Rapids: without a seam. boavtdg (# 5733) woven. @ 24 oxiow-
Zondervan, 1977), 111-12; s. Ernst Bammel, “ptA0c¢ tod wev aor. subj. act. oxiCw (# 5387) to divide, to split; hor-
Katoapos,” Theologische Literaturzeitung 77 (1952): 205- tatory subj, “let us not divide.” Ad&ywpev aor. subj. act.
10; E. Stauffer, Jesus and His Story, 108-10; Withering- Anyyavw (#3275) to obtain by casting lots, to cast lots.
ton, 303-6; BBC; DJG, 615-17. nowv pres. act. part. TANPwO7] aor. subj. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill. This
movew s.v. 7; here, to claim to be. Subst. part. to empha- is interpreted as a fulfillment of Ps. 22:18. For the an-
size this trait. Pres. indicates contemporaneous action. cient Jewish understanding of Ps. 22 s. SB, 2:574-80. &1-
Used w. n&g it means “anyone who.” @ 13 dKovoas evepioavto aor. ind. mid. dayepi~w (# 1374) to divide,
aor. act. part. dKkovw s.v. 8; w. the gen., to listen to, to to distribute; mid. to divide among themselves. €BaAov
obey. This accusation would have been certain death aor. ind. act. BodAw (# 965) to throw, to cast. oDdV
under the suspicious Tiberias. Thus Pilate, to save (# 4036) so then; resumptive (MT, 337). @ 25 eloth-
himself, gave way under this threat. tyoyev aor. ind. Kevoav plperf. ind. act. totnyt (# 2705) perf. to stand.
act. &yw (# 72) to lead. €[email protected] aor. ind. act. KabIfw @ 26 iduv aor. act. part. opaw (# 3972) to see. Temp.
(# 2767) to sit down, to take one’s seat. Bnwa (# 1037) part., “when he saw.” Aor. indicates antecedent action.
judgment seat (Blinzler). AvWootpwtos (# 3346) paved Here Jesus honors his mother by providing for her
w. stone, used of a mosaic or tesselated pavement (BBC). napeotata perf. act. part. napiotnut (# 4225) to
(LS). Aeyopwevov pres. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say; stand alongside. nyana impf. ind. act. cyandw (# 26) to
pass. to have the name. @ 15 Gpov aor. imp. act. aipw love. @ 27 éhaPev aor. ind. act. AouBavw s.v. 1.
(# 149) to take away. otavpwow fut. ind. act. otavpow 28 eidwe perf. act. part. oi5a (# 3857) to know. Def.
s.v. 6. J.A. Fitzmeyer, “Crucifixion in Ancient Pales- perf. w. pres. meaning. tetéAgota1 perf. ind. pass.
tine, Qumran Literature, and the New Testament,” tedew (# 5464) to bring to an end. It has the connota-
CBQ 40 (1978): 493-513; ABD, 1:1206-210. amexpi@noav tion of completion (Brown). tede1w6f aor. subj. pass.
229 John 20

terevow (# 5457) to accomplish. Used here in the sense w. iva, (# 2671) expresses purp. dotodv (# 4014) bone.
of the fulfillment of Scripture (Morris). Subj. used here ovvtpiBnoetat fut. ind. pass. ovvtpipw (# 5341) to shat-
w. iva (# 2671) to express result. @ 29 oxedoc (# 5007) ter, to crush. 37 6wovtai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw
vessel. €xewto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ketwar (# 3023) to s.v. 33; here, to recognize who he is; a quotation from
set. O&0¢ (# 3954) vinegar, a diluted vinegary wine Zech. 12:10. &&exevtnoav aor. ind. act. exxevtéw (# 1708)
drunk by soldiers and laborers (Brown). onOyyoc¢ to pierce, in the sense of kill. 38 peta 5& tadta
(# 5074) sponge. toownos (# 5727) hyssop (BBC; ABD, (# 3552; 1254; 4047) after these things, events. Npwtnoev
2:812). mepiWevtes aor. act. part. nepitiOnur (# 4363) to aor. ind. act. tpwtiw (# 2263) to ask, to petition. dv
put around. mpoonveyckav aor. ind. act. mpoodepw pres. act. part. eiut (# 1639) to be. Kexpuppevoc perf.
(# 4712) to bring to someone. @ 30 éAaBev aor. ind. act. pass. part. kpumtw (# 3221) to hide, to conceal. Adver-
AqpBave s.v. 1. teteAgotat perf. ind. pass. tehéw s.v. 28. bial part. (Barrett). Perf. emphasizes the results of the
KAivas aor. act. part. KAivw (# 3111) to bow. Aor. de- action. He had hidden himself and was anonymous.
scribes an antecedent action. Temp. part., “after bow- apt aor. subj. act. aipw (# 149) to take. Subj. w. iva
ing his head.” napéSwxev aor. ind. act. s.v. 16. It is to (# 2671) indicates the content of the request. EnEtpewev
give up voluntarily (Bernard). 31 peivn aor. subj. aor. ind. act. enitpenw (# 2205) to allow, to)_permit.
act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) ex- TAGev aor. ind. act. épyouo (# 2262) to come. Tjpev aor.
presses purp. Npwtnoav aor. ind. act. tpwtdw (# 2263) ind. act. aipw. 39 EABwv aor. act. part. (subst.) épxo-
to ask. The second iva, w. subj. expresses the content of wat s.v. 38. Aor. indicates an antecedent action. d€pwv
the request. Katewy@ow aor. subj. pass. Katoyvupt pres. act. part. depw (# 5770) to carry. Pres. indicates
(# 2862) to break. The word is used of breaking a reed, contemporaneous action. Part. describes the manner
wood, or causing a wound (BAGD; MM). Often this in which he came carrying a mixture. piywa (# 3623)
was done w. iron clubs (BBC). oKxeAog (# 5003) leg. mixture. owvpvns gen. ouvpva (# 5043) myrrh. Gen. of
apO@oiv aor. subj. pass. aipw (# 149) to take away; material describing what the mixture was made of.
here, in the sense of take down from the cross, to re- aAOon (# 264) aloe. A powdered aromatic sandalwood
move. 32 MAov aor. ind. act. épyouor (# 2262) to used for perfuming bedding or clothes. Its purp. prob-
come, to go. katéa&av aor. ind. act. katayvoyt s.v. 31. ably was to counteract unpleasant odor and slow
OVvotavpwbEvtOG aor. pass. part. (subst.) cvotavpow down corruption (Brown). ditpa (# 3354) a Roman
(# 5365) to co-crucify, to crucify together. Aor. indi- pound (12 ounces) (BAGD). A lavish expression of de-
cates an antecedent action to the main vb. @ 33 €A80v- votion (BBC). 40 éAaBov aor. ind. act. AopBavw s.v. 1.
Teg aor. act. part. (temp. ) Epyouar s.v. 32. Aor. describes €noav aor. ind. act. dew (# 1313) to bind. d0dvi0v
antecedent action, “when they had come.’ ’ elSov aor. (# 3856) linen bandage. The body is wrapped in the
ind. act. opd&w (# 3972) to see. te8vnKOta perf. act. part. bandages, the spices sprinkled between the folds (Bar-
OvjoKw (# 2569) to die. Perf. emphasizes the complet- rett; Blinzler). dpwya (# 808) spices, aromatic oil
ed results of the action. He had already died and thus (Brown). évtapiacew pres. inf. act. evtadiacw (# 1946)
was dead. Katéoéav s.v. 32. @ 34 AON (# 3365) spear- to bury. Epex. inf. to the noun &0¢ (# 1621) custom.
head, lance, a shaft tipped w. an iron point (Morris), @ 41 éotavpwen aor. ind. pass. otavpow s.v. 6. tebEt-
perhaps a pilum (BBC). mAevpa (# 4433) side. Evugev Wevos perf. pass. part. TION (# 5502) to place; here, to
aor. ind. act. vvoow (# 3817) to stab, to pierce. J.R. bury. @ 42 €6nkav aor. ind. act. ti@nt s.v. 41. For the
Michaels, “The Centurion’s Confession and the Spear form s. BD, 47f. Aor. is consummative emphasizing
Thrust (Jn. 19,34ff.),” CBQ 29 (1967): 102-109. e&7)AGev the completion of the action. Possibly a preliminary
aor. ind. act. e6epyouat (# 2002) to come out. A possible burial.
translation is, “and there came out immediately blood,
even fluid (water),” which may be an allusion to the
Passover (J.M. Ford. “Mingled Blood From the Side of John 20
Christ [John 19:34],” NTS 15 [1969]: 337-38). @ 35 éw- 1 ovons pres. act. part. (temp.) gen. fem. sing.
paws perf. act. part. (subst.) opaw s.v. 33. Perf. empha- eit (# 1639) to be. Gen. abs. Pres. is contemporaneous:
sizes the results of the past action. The author circum- “while it was still dark.” For a discussion of the ac-
scribes himself this way. wewaptopnkev perf. ind. act. counts s. HSB, 506-8; DJG, 673-88. Nppévov perf. pass.
waptupew (# 3455) to bear witness. Perf. signifies “he part. aipw (# 149) to take away. This seems to imply
has said it on a permanent record” (Morris). moted- that the stone was lifted out of the groove in which it
onte pres. subj. act. motevw (# 4409) to believe. Subj. w. ran. Perf. may give an air of finality (Morris).
iva. (# 2671) expresses purp. This purp. cl. probably 2 eirer impf. ind. act. mirew (# 5797) to love. Dura-
modifies the whole idea in the v. (Brown). 36 éyé- tive impf. showing an action continuing over a period
veto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouo. (# 1181) to become, to of time. Npav aor. ind. act. aipw s.v. 1. otSapev perf. ind.
happen. mANpweT aor. subj. pass. mANpow s.v. 24. Subj. act. ola (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning.
John 20 226

eOnKav aor. ind. act. tiOnut (# 5502) to place (s. 19:42). right now.” é@nkag aor. ind. act. t@nut s.v. 13. ap@ fut.
@ 3 e&fAGev aor. ind. act. e&epxouor (# 2002) to go out. ind. act. aipw s.v. 1. 16 otpadeioa aor. act. part.
Tpxovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) épyouat (# 2262) to go, to (temp.) nom. fem. sing. otpepopot s.v. 14. Aor. indi-
come, here in the sense of arrive. 4 Etpeyov impf. cates antecedent action. “After she turned, she said.”
ind. act. tpexw (# 5556) to run. owod (# 3938) together. W. her back previously turned she now faces him and
mpoeSpopev aor. ind. act. MPOTPEXW (# 4708) to run be- recognizes who he is. 17 Gxtov pres. imp. mid.
fore, to outrun (Brown). taxuov (# 5441) comp. adv. ta- (dep.) a&mtowat (# 721) w. the gen., to touch, to grasp,
YEG quickly; comp., more quickly. T[Gev aor. ind. act. to cling. Jesus is asking her not to hold onto Him
epyouat s.v. 3, here to arrive. @ 5 napaxbyas aor. act. (Brown). Pres. imp. used as a prohibition suggests that
part. mapaxvmtw (# 4160) to bend over. The vb. con- she should stop touching him. &vaBeBnka perf. ind.
veys the idea of bending over; i.e., to see something act. avoPaivw (#326) to ascend, to go up. mopevov pres.
better—"to peer into,” “to peep into” (Morris). In this mid. (dep.) imp. mopevouc. to go. Perhaps pres. indi-
case the object must be supplied. Aor. indicates an ac- cates that the action should done and continued.
tion necessary and antecedent to the main action. © 18 wyyeAAovoa pres. act. part. wyyedAw (# 33) to re-
Temp. part., “after peering into the grave he saw.” port. Pres. indicates contemporaneous action w. the
Keipeva, pres. mid. (dep.) part. keipor (# 3023) to lie. main vb. éwpaxa perf. ind. act. opaw s.v. 8. Perf. em-
elorjAGev aor. ind. act. eloepyouat (# 1656) to go into. phasizes the result of the action. 19 ovong pres. act.
This disciple hesitated to go into the grave. @ 6 GKo- part. (temp.) eit (# 1639) to be. Gen. abs.; “when it
AovOdv pres. act. part. AKoAoveew (# 199) to follow. was evening.” KeKAelopévwv perf. pass. part. KAatw
Part. of attendant circumstance. Pres. indicates con- (# 3091) to shut. Gen. abs., “with shut or locked
temporaneous action. o80viov (# 3856) grave cloth. doors.” Perf. emphasizes the result of the action-they
These were linen and cloth bandages. This linen cloth were shut. Usually a heavy bolt slid through rings at-
appears to come from Egypt (BAGD; MM). @ 7 oov- tached to the door and the frame. fev aor. ind. act.
daptov (# 5051) handkerchief, a cloth used to wipe off épxouar (# 2262) to come, to go. €otn aor. ind. act. totn-
perspiration, probably the size of a small towel or ut s.v. 11. elptvn (# 1645) peace; a normal greeting but
large napkin (Brown). évtetvAvypevov perf. pass. part. significant in light of their fear. ® 20 eimwv aor. act.
EvtvAtoow (# 1962) to wrap ina neat pile. @ 8 eloTjAOEev part. Aeyw s.v. 15. Aor. indicates antecedent action.
aor. ind. act. eioepyouai s.v. 5. EABWV aor. act. part. Temp. part., “after saying....” Sev aor. ind. act.
(temp.) €pyouc. s.v. 3, here arrived. Aor. indicating an- detkvupt (# 1259) to show. mhevpa (# 4433) side. Exapn-
tecedent action (“who had arrived first’). elev aor. oav aor. ind. pass. xatpw (# 5897) to be glad, to rejoice.
ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. 9 TiSev0av plperf. ind. Wovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 8. Aor. indicates antecedent
act. o160. s.v. 2. 6t1 (# 4022) that, introducing the con- action. Temp. or causal part., “when or because they
tent. &vaothvat aor. act. inf. aviotny (# 482) to rise. saw him.” @ 21 anéotaAKev perf. ind. act. dnootedAw
Compl inf. to the main vb. 10 &nfA@ov aor. ind. act. (# 690) to send. Perf. emphasizes the completion of the
anépyouat (# 599) to go out. @ 11 etothKet plperf. ind. act of sending and the conclusion of the mission. @ 22
act. lotnut (# 2705) perf. to stand. KAatovea pres. act. EvepvonoEv aor. ind. act. Eudvodw (# 1874) to breathe
part. kAatw (# 3081) to cry, to weep. ExAatev aor. ind. upon. This is a preparatory event different ‘ron Pente-
act. KAGIW. MapeKvYev aor. ind. act. rapaKvmtw to bend cost (Hoskyns; Morris). AaPete aor. imp. act AouBavo
over (s.v. 5). @ 12 ka®efouévouc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (# 3284) to receive. 23 adfte aor. subj. act. adinut
KabeCouar (# 2757) to sit down. Part. of manner de- (# 918) to release, to forgive. &p€wvtar pres. ind. pass.
scribing how the angels were when seen. Exeto impf. GAIN. Kpattte pres. subj. act. kpatew (# 3195) to hold,
ind. mid. (dep. ) keivat s.v. 5. @ 13 Npav aor. ind. act. to retain. The church, not the apostles, is now given
aipw s.v. 1. €6nKkav aor. ind. act. TON (# 5502) to place. authority to declare that certain sins are forgiven and
14 einotoa. aor. act. part. (temp.) Aeyw (# 3306) to certain sins are retained (Morris). KEKpaTnVTOL pres.
say. Aor. indicates antecedent action. “After saying ind. pass. Kpotew. @ 24 7\0ev aor. ind. act. EPYOUOL S.V.
this.” Eotpaon aor. ind. pass. otpedowat (# 5138) to turn 3. 25 EWPOKOHEV pert. ind. act. opéw s.v. 8. 18@ aor.
around. tot#ta perf. act. part. totnut s.v. 11. UFG, 227- subj. act. opdw. Subj. w. ev (# 1569) expresses cond.
28. tjSet plperf. ind. act. oid to know. Def. perf. w. TNAos (# 2464) nail. SaKxtvhoc (# 1235) finger. motevow
pres. meaning s.v. 2. Plperf. used as an impf. @ 15 aor. subj. act. motevw (# 4409) to believe. © 26 Ke-
dokodoa pres. act. part. doxew (# 1506) to suppose. Ot KAgtopévwv perf. pass. part. s.v. 19. The doors are
(# 4022) that, giving the content of the belief. ennoupocg locked due to their fear of the Jews. The story is now
(# 3058) gardener. &Bdotaoas aor. ind. act. Baotacw built around the repetition of the key words. €otn aor.
(# 1002) to carry, to carry away. €lné aor. imp. act. Aeyw ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to stand. 27 d€pe pres. act.
(# 3306) to say. Imp. is a polite request. Ingressive aor.: imp. d€pw (# 5770) to bring, to take. Pres. imp. here
“please start to tell me,” or const. aor. “please tell me shows that the action should continue. ie (# 2623) aor.
yaa John 21

imp. act. paw (#3972) to see. BoAE aor. imp. act. Ba- the tunic and allowing a fold to fall over the belt.
AAw (# 965) to throw; here, to put, place, lay (BAGD). @ 8 MA80v aor. ind. act. épyouc (# 2262) to come. wg W.
Aor. imp. suggests that the action should start. yivov numbers, about, approximately. mny@v gen. mhxvs
pres. mid. (dep.) imp. yivouor (# 1181) to become. Pres. (# 4388) cubit, about 18 inches. Here, about a hundred
imp. here is progressive. 28 d&mexpién aor. ind. pass. yards away (BAGD). ovpovtes pres. act. part. (temp.)
(dep.) GRoKpivowon (# 646) to answer. @ 29 Ewpakac ovpw (#5359) to draw, to drag. Pres. suggests contem-
perf. ind. act. opaw s.v. 8. neniotevKac perf. ind. act. poraneous action. While Peter was wading or swim-
Tiotevw s.v. 25. idvtEg aor. act. part. Opaw. MotEev- ming ashore, the others follow in the boat dragging a
OavtES aor. act. part. miotevw. 30 évadmov (# 1967)w. net filled w. fish behind them. 9 d&néBnoav aor. ind.
gen., in the presence of, before. YEYpoypeévar perf. pass. act. anoBaivw (# 609) to get out, to disembark. av-
part. ypc&ow (#1211) to write. © 31 yeypantor perf. ind. Opaxid (# 471) charcoal fire. kewévnv pres. mid. (dep.)
pass. ypadw s.v. 30. Perf. indicates that what he has part. Keio. (# 3023) to lie there (BAGD). owdptov
written stands (Morris). MLOTEVOTNTE pres. subj. act. (# 4066) fish. Normally refers to dried or preserved
Miotevw s.v. 25. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. fish but here used to describe freshly caught fish
TLOTEVOVTEG pres. act. part. Part. of manner, “by believ- (Brown). €mukeipevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. exixeipar
ing.” éynte pres. subj. act. Exw (# 2400) to have, to ob- (# 2130) to lie upon; here used of fish lying on it
tain. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. or result. (BAGD). @ 10 éveyKate aor. imp. act. d€pw (# 5770) to
bring, to carry. Ingressive aor, “start bringing.”
@ 11 avéBn aor. ind. act. dvoBaivw (# 326) to go up.
John 21 Here used of embarking on a ship (Morris). etAkvoev
@ 1 Ebavepwoev aor. ind. act. pavepow (# 5746) to aor. ind. act. €\kvw s.v. 6. Ovtwv pres. act. part. elt
manifest, to make visible, to show oneself, to appear. (# 1639) to be. Gen. abs., concessive part. (“although”).
o3 GArebew pres. act. inf. cAvevw (# 244) to fish. Inf. of Pres. suggests contemporaneous action. tox{o8n aor.
purp., “in order to fish,” taking up their previous pro- ind. pass. oyiGw (# 5387) to tear, to trip, to break; here,
fession. &&fA@ov aor. ind. act. ekepyouar (# 2262) to go to rip under the weight of the fish. ® 12 dpiotnoate
out. éveBnoov aor. ind. act. euBaiv (# 1832) to get in, to aor. imp. act. apiotaw (# 753) to take breakfast, which
embark. éxiaoay aor. ind. act. miatw (# 4389) to catch. was the first meal of the day (Barrett). etoAya impf.
Usually fishing took place at night in order to catch ind. act. tokuaw (# 5528) to dare. e€eta&oa aor. act. inf.
more and sell in the morning (BBC). @ 4 mpwiac eFetacw (# 2004) to inquire, to ask. ei60tes perf. act.
(#4746) early morning. yevopévng pres. mid. (dep.) part. oi8a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. mean-
part. (temp.) yivoua. (# 1181) to become, gen. abs. Pres. ing. ® 14 eavepwOn aor. ind. pass. dbavepow (# 5746) to
indicates contemporaneous action, “while day was al- appear. tyep@eic aor. ind. pass. tyeipw (# 1586) to rise.
ready breaking,” or “when it was early morning” @ 15 Npiotnoay aor. ind. act. Gpiotéw s.v. 12. MAEOV
(BAGD). €otn aor. ind. act. totnui (# 2705) to stand. comp. modus (# 4498) much, comp., more than. Gen. of
ayiardg (# 129) shore, beach. TSetoav plperf. ind. act. comparison (Brown). 91A@ pres. ind. act. piAew (# 5797)
oda. (# 3857) to know. Plup. used as an impf. 5 to love. For a discussion of the this word and its syn-
mpoodaytov (# 4709) relish. Here best understood as onym in the context s. Morris. Booxe pres. imp. act.
some staple article of food of the genus fish. A part of Booxw (# 1081) to feed as a herdsman, to tend. Pres.
an ordinary meal (MM). a&mexpi@noav aor. ind. pass. imp. calls for a habitual feeding. apviov (# 768) lamb.
(dep.) &noxpivonor (# 646) to answer. @ 6 BaAETE aor. 16 noipoive pres. imp. act. mowdvu (# 4477) to shep-
imp. act. Bo.AAw (# 965) to throw. Ingressive aor. (“start herd, to tend to sheep. mpoBdtiov (# 4585) sheep.
throwing”) or const. aor. describing a categorical com- @ 17 EAvnNON aor. ind. pass. AvNEw (# 3382) pass. to be
mand without a reference to its duration (“throw”). sad. 18 vewtepoc comp. véog (# 3742) young; comp.,
dixtvov (# 1473) net, casting net. ebpfoete fut. ind. act. younger. eCwvvvesg impf. ind. act. Gwvvuur (# 2439) to
evptoxw (# 2351) to find. €BadAov aor. ind. act. BaAAw. gird oneself. meprenatet¢ impf. ind. act. nepinatéw
€AKboa aor. act. inf. E4Kdw (# 1816) to draw, haul, drag (# 4344) to go about. nOed\eg impf. ind. act. bw
(BAGD). Inf. to express purp. toxvov impf. ind. act. (# 2527) to desire, to want to. ynpaons aor. subj. act.
ioxvw (# 2710) to be strong, to be able. Obedience to ynpaoxw (# 1180) to become old. exteveig fut. ind. act.
Christ, not luck, is the important thing (Morris). extetvw (# 1753) to stretch out. Cwoet fut. ind. act. Cwv-
@ 7 nyana impf. ind. act. wyandw (# 26) to love. &Kov- vupt. otoet fut. ind. act. depw (# 5770) to carry. 19
os aor. act. part. dkovw (# 201) to hear. exevd0tns onaivwv pres. act. part. onuatvw (# 4955) to signify.
(# 2087) outer garment. Peter was working in a loin- SoEdoe1 fut. ind. act. dofatw (# 1519) to glorify. eimov
cloth, but for the sake of modesty and reverence he aor. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. &koAOvGEL pres. imp.
put on his outer garment (Brown). dveCwoato aor. ind. act. aKoAovGew (# 199) to follow. 20 Emtotpadeis aor.
mid. diafwvvupt (# 1346) to gird oneself by pulling up pass. part. (temp.) exiotpedw (# 2188) to turn about.
John 21 228

Aor. indicates antecedent action, “when he turned (#633) @ 24 paptupdv pres. act. part. waptupew
around, he saw.” nyana impf. ind. act. cyandw (# 26) to (# 3455) to testify, to give witness. ypawas aor. act. part.
love. &koAov8o0tvta pres. act. part. GKoAovdEew s.v. 19. ypaodw (# 1211) to write. @ 25 énxoinoev aor. ind. act.
Gvéereoev aor. ind. act. dvanintw (# 404) to lean, to re- moiew (# 4472) to do. ypadntor pres. subj. pass. ypapw
cline at the table. mapaéid0vc pres. act. part. (subst.) s.v. 24. ywpijoa aor. act. inf. ywpew (# 6003) to have
Topasdstdwpur (# 4140) to betray, to deliver over. @ 21 room for, to hold, to contain. This indicates selectivity.
ev aor. act. part. Opdw (# 3972) to see. @ 22 BEAW pres. (For a defense of the integrity and importance of this
subj. act. s.v. 18. wevet pres. inf. act. uevw (# 3531) to re- chapter to the entire Gospel s. S. S. Smalley, “The Sign
main. Compl. inf. to the main vb. @ 23 e&fAGev aor. in John 2,” NTS 20 [1974]: 275-88.)
ind. act. s.v. 3. &mo@vpjoKet pres. ind. act. anobvjoKw
 Acts

Acts 1 alive. Adj. part. as part of a double acc. construction:

For a bibliographical discussion of Acts s. John C. “he presented Himself as living.” ma@etv aor. act. inf.
Hurd, A Bibliography of NT Bibliographies, (New York: maoxw (# 4248) to suffer. Inf. w. the prep. peta (# 3552)
Seabury Press, 1966) 32-34; A. J. Matill, Jr. A Classified to express time (“after”) (MT, 143). texunptov (# 5447)
Bibliography of Literature on the Acts of the Apostles sign, proof; convincing and decisive proof (BAGD;
(Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966). MM). In logic demonstrative proof (LC); in medical
language demonstrative evidence, a sure symptom
@ 1 pev (# 3525) on the one hand. Normally followed (MLL, 184; LS); in legal language proof from which
by de (“on the other hand”), but not in this case (Mar- there was no getting away, an indication which is irre-
shall; PLG, 143-44). mp@tov (# 4755) first, used for futable and indisputable (Quintilian, 5, ix, 3-4; 3 Macc.
npotepov (“former”). The first of two, not implying a 3:24). 8 NEepwv teooepakovta (# 1328; 2465; 5477) at in-
third (RG, 662; Schneider; Barrett; PLG, 144). Ayo tervals during forty days (RWP). ontavopevog pres.
(# 3364) book, treaty. This was a customary name for a mid. (dep. “appearing to them” [Barrett]) part. ont&vo-
division of the work which covered more than one roll wor (# 3964) to let oneself be seen, to appear to some-
of papyrus (LC; PLG, 144-45). For a discussion of the one. It is not used in the sense of a vision (Haenchen;
relation between the Gospel of Luke and Acts s. I MM). Part. of manner showing how he presented
Howard Marshall, “Acts and the ‘Former Treatise,’” Himself alive. Xeywv pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to
BAFCS, 1:163-82; BASHH, 30-43; Hubert Cancik, say, to speak. Iterat. pres. ta nEepi thi¢ Paoeiag tod
“The History of Culture, Religion, and Institutions in ®e0d the things concerning the Kingdom of God. The
Ancient Historiography: Philological Observations pl. art. w. the prep. expresses generalities (Cleon L.
Concerning Luke’s History,” JBL 116 (1997): 673-95. Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in Acts-Revela-
Enonoany aor. ind. mid. noiew (# 4472) to make. Mid. tion,” Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 71-72). The phrase looks for-
is the usual construction for mental acts (RWP; BG, ward to the question in v. 6 (Barrett). @ 4 ovv-
228). & voc. O (Barrett). @v gen. pl. 6¢ (# 4005) rel. pron. adiouevocg pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) ovvoAicw
Gen. by attraction. fp§ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apyowor (# 5259) lit., to eat w., or possibly to dwell w. (Bruce -
(# 806) to begin, w. inf. The vb. is emphatic and is not a ET). For a discussion of the textual problem s. Barrett;
Semitic auxiliary (as suggested by SA, 125-26). As the TC, 278-79. naptyyetvev aor. ind. act. napayyérrAw
Gospel tells us what Jesus began to do and teach, so (# 4133) to command. ywpiteoba pres. pass. (dep.) inf.
Acts tells what He continued to do and teach by His xwpttouar (# 6004) to depart. Inf. gives the content of
Holy Spirit (Bruce). moveiv pres. act. inf. novew (# 4472) the command. nepyévewv pres. act. inf. mepwevw
to do, to make. &t5aoxevv pres. act. inf. didaoKw (# 1438) (# 4338) to wait for. NKovoate aor. ind. act. aKovw
to teach. A very adequate summary of both the con- (# 201) to hear, w. obj. in gen. @ 5 6t1 (# 4022) because.
tents and the interests of the Third Gospel (Barrett). eBdntioev aor. ind. act. Bartitw (# 966) to baptize. Ban-
For comparisons of this preface to other ancient histor- TioOjoEove fut. ind. pass. 6 pEV obv (# 3525; 4036) so
ical writings s. BAFCS, 1:1-82; PLG, 11-41, 147-67, 213- then. A favorite formula of Acts in opening a new sto-
29; BASHH, 63-100. @ 2 €vtetAapevos aor. mid. (dep.) ry, which is nevertheless connected w. what goes be-
part. (temp.) evtedAopa1 (# 1948) to instruct, to com- fore (LC). ovveA@ovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) “When
mand. 81, nvevpatos ayiov through (by) the Holy Spir- (after) they had gathered together.” ovvepyouat
it; to be taken w. the part. evteAcuevocg (Barrett). (# 5302) to come together. Npwtwv impf. ind. act.
e€edéEato aor. ind. mid. (indir. mid., “for oneself”) epwtaw (# 2263) to question, to ask. Incep. impf., “they
exreyu (# 1721) to select, to choose. &veATLhON aor. ind. began to ask.” et (# 1623) if. It introduces a dir. ques-
pass. avarauBavw (# 377) to take up. Used of the as- tion. G&nmoKaOiotavelg pres. ind. act. GnoKaOlotavw
cension of Christ (Haenchen). For the textual problems (# 634/635) to restore, to restore to a former state. An
Of thisue vasa barrett: wll @e0276-77 6sbe o2 50-61" eschatological term for the restoration of the right
@ 3 napéotnoev aor. ind. act. noptotnu (# 4205) to order through God in the end time (Haenchen; TDNT;
present. C@vta pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live, to be EDNT; RAC, 1:510-16; Schneider; CD, 19:6,9; for the

Bg)
Acts 1 230

Jewish expectations s. Moore, Judaism, 2:323-76; SB, bath day’s journey was 2000 cubits (2000 medium size
4:799-976; TS, 649-90; HJP, 2:488-554). Futuristic pres., steps) or almost 1 mile (SB, 2:509-94; Marshall; Barrett;
“Are you restoring?” (Barrett). @ 7 einev aor. ind. act. BBC). @ 13 eloAGov aor. ind. act. eloepyouar
Aeyw (# 3306) to say. dpav gen. pl. ov (#5148); posses- (# 1656) to go into. bnep@ov (# 5673) an upstairs room,
sive gen. in pred.: “it is not your concern” (BD, 89; RG, an upper story or a room on a flat roof (Barrett; SB,
497). yv@vou aor. act. inf. yiwwoKkw (# 1182) to know. 594). Traditionally the study and the room for prayer
Epex. inf. explaining what does not belong to them. of a rabbi (LC; SB, 2:594). avéBnoay aor. ind. act. ava-
Jesus refuses to answer the question, not in respect of Baivw (# 326) to go up. Katopevovtes pres. act. part.
the matter itself but in of the time inquired after (Mey- Katapevw (#2910) to remain. For part. in a periphrastic
er; John A. McLean, “Did Jesus Correct the Disciples’ construction s.v. 10. The prep. in compound conveys
View of the Kingdom?” Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 215-27). the perfective idea (Kistemaker). ® 14 npooxapte-
ypovoc (# 5989) time, a period of time. Ka1pocg (# 2789) podvtes pres. act. part. mpooxaptepew (# 4674) to be
time, the right moment (s. 1 Thess. 5:1; Rogers, “Da- strong, to be steadfast (like the English “carry on”)
vidic Covenant in Acts-Rev.,” Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 73). (RWP; TLNT; TDNT). For part. in a periphrastic con-
Geto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) tiOnut (# 5502) to place, to struction s.v. 10. ovo@vpadov (# 3924) together w. one
set. @ 8 Anpweoe fut. ind. mid. (dep.) AauBavw mind or purpose. @ 15 avaotas aor. act. part. (temp.)
(# 3284) to receive. EmeABOvtOS aor. act. part. (temp.) aviotnt (# 482) to arise. Eni 0 adTO all together. The
enepxonat (# 2088) to come upon. Gen. abs. €oeobe fut. phrase seems to be a semitechnical term like “in
ind. mid. (dep.) eit (# 1639) to be. pov gen. sing. 1st. church fellowship” (Bruce; TC, 305; Bradley Blue,
pers. pron. eyw (#1609); emphatic by position. Either “Acts and the House Church,” BAFCS, 2:131-35). exa-
poss. gen. (“my witnesses”) or obj. gen. (“of/for me”). Tov Elkool (#1667; 1663) one hundred twenty. In Jew-
waptvpes nom. pl. waptus witness (TDNT; TLNT; DPL, ish law a minimum of 120 Jewish men was required to
974-75). €oyatov gen. sing. Eoxatos (# 2274) last, end (s. establish a community w. its own council (Marshall;
James M. Scott, “Luke’s Geographical Horizon,” SB, 2:594-95; M, Sanh. 1:6). @ 16 et impf. ind. act. dei
BAFCS 2:483-544; also E. Earle Ellis, “’The End of the (# 1256) it is necessary, giving a logical necessity, w.
Earth’ [Acts 1:8],” Bulletin for Biblical Research 1 (1991): inf. TANpweAVaL aor. pass. inf. TANpOw (# 4444) to fulfill.
123-32). 9 emu aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 7. BAe- mpoeinev aor. ind. act. mporeyw (# 4625) to say before-
NOVtWV pres. act. part. (temp.) BAenw (# 1063) to see, to hand. yevopévov aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivowat (# 1181)
watch. Gen. abs. (“while”). emnp@n aor. ind. pass. to become, to be. Gen. abs. o5nyod gen. sing. o5ny0¢
enaipw (# 2048) to lift up. Theol. pass. vehéAn (# 3749) (# 3843) guide. ovAAaBobovw aor. act. part. dat. pl. ovA-
cloud. Symbolic of the Shekinah, the visible manifesta- AauBavw (# 5197) to seize, to arrest. Dat. of interest.
tion of the divine presence and glory (Longenecker, Part. as subst. ® 17 KatnpiOunpeévoc perf. pass. part.
258). bméAaBev aor. ind. act. DroAauPavw (# 5696) to Katapibyew (# 2935) to number, used of the inclusion
take up, to receive (BAGD). @ 10 atevifovtec pres. act. of someone in a list (Barrett). Periphrastic part., “he
part. ateviCw (# 867) to gaze. Used in medical texts to had been numbered among us” (VA, 485). €Aayev aor.
denote a peculiar fixed look (MLL, 76). Periphrastic ind. act. Awyyavw (# 3275) to obtain by lot; here, to ob-
part. indicating continual action and forming a back- tain the rank (LC; for the council of 12 men and 3
drop for a punctual event (VA, 457). Noav impf. ind. priests in DSS s. 1QM 8:1f). 18 éxtnoato aor. ind.
act. s.v. 8. mopevopévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mid. (dep.) ktaouai (# 3227) to acquire, to get for one-
nopevonat (# 4513) to go. Gen. abs. mapevothKketoay pl- self (GGBB, 424). ddixiag gen. sing. adixia (# 94) un-
perf. ind. act. napiotnut (# 4225) perf. to stand. éo6n- righteousness. Obj. gen., “the reward he received for
oeot dat. pl. eo8ng (# 2264) clothing. For the dat. form s. his unrighteousness”; or a Semitic adjectival gen., “his
BAGD; GGP, 47-48. 11 €otnKate perf. ind. act. torn unrighteous reward” (Bruce). mpnvyg (# 4568) head
(# 2705) perf. to stand. dvoAnppGeic aor. pass. part. first, flat on the face (EGT; s. DTM, 2:1405-06). yevo-
(adj.) s.v. 2. €Aevoetor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) épxopar wevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) s.v. 16. pé00¢
(# 2262) to go, to come. He will come as he has gone (# 3545) middle, in the middle (DTM, 2:1405). &A\aKn-
(Barrett). e@ecaoao8e aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Secopar oev aor. ind. act. Aakew (# 3279) to crack, to burst. An
(# 2517) to see, to watch. nopevopevov pres. mid. (dep.) accompanying noise is implied (Bruce). &exv6n aor.
part. (adj.) s.v. 10. 12 bnéotpewav aor. ind. act. ind. pass. exyew (# 1772) to pour out. onmAdyxva. pl.
vmootpedw (# 5715) to return. KaAOvPEVOD pres. pass. onAwyyvov the inward organs, the intestines. # 19 yww-
part. (adj.) kaAew (# 2813) to call; pass., to be called, to otov (# 1196) known. eyeéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v.
be named. "EAaidvoc gen. sing. ehaiwv (# 1779) olive 16. Katoikodow pres. act. part. katoikew (# 2997) to
yard, olivet (DJG, 43-44). Nouns w. this suffix denote a dwell, to live, to be at home. Part. as subst. KAn@fjvar
place where persons or things are found (Bruce). Exov aor. pass. inf. s.v. 12. Inf. w. Wote (# 6063) to express ac-
pres. act. part. (adj.) €yw (# 2400) to have, to be. A Sab- tual results. ‘Axeddopay (# 192) Akeldama, Aramaic
Dot Acts 2

term (Barrett; TRE, 3:603; SA 87-89). @ 20 yeypanton 602; Edersheim, Temple, 206-7; WZZT, 236-38. @ 2 &yé-
perf. ind. pass. ypadw (# 1211) to write. Perf. used for veto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopo (# 1187) to become, to
authoritative documents whose authority abides be, to happen. dove (# 924) suddenly. nyoc (# 2491)
(MM). yevnéntw aor. imp. pass. (dep.) 3rd. pers. sing. sound, noise. Used in Luke 21:25 for the roar of the
s.v. 16. Emavdts (# 2068) homestead, a country house, sea. It was “an echoing sound as of a mighty wind
cottage, cabin, office (RWP; MM; NDIEC 3:71; GELTS, borne vibrantly” (RWP). gepopévng pres. pass. part.
166; Barrett). Eotw pres. imp. act. ei s.v. 8. KATOKaV (adj.) pepw (# 5770) to carry; pass. to be driven. mvot|¢
pres. act. part. s.v. 19. Part. as subst. emioxonn (# 2175) gen. sing. mvon (# 4466) wind. Gen. of description.
office (GELTS, 174; TDNT). AaPétw aor. imp. act. s.v. 8. EnAnpwoev aor. ind. act. mAnpow (# 4444) to fill. oiKoc
® 21 det pres. ind. act. s.v. 16, w. the inf. yevéoOar in v. (# 3910) house. This was probably either a rented
22. ovveAGovtwv aor. act. part. ovvepyonat (# 5302) to house or a house that a believer had let them use
come together, to go together, to accompany. Adj. part. (Blue, “Acts and the House Church,” BAFCS, 2:133-
taken up by tovtév in v. 22 (Barrett). Const. aor. view- 34). kaOnwevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. kaOnwat (# 2764)
ing the action in its entirety (VANT, 415). é€v navti to sit. Periphrastic construction. @ 3 whOnoav aor.
ypovw during the whole time (Schneider). etofA@ev aor. ind. pass. 0paw (# 3972) to see; pass. to appear. Siopept-
ind. act. s.v. 13. €&fAGev aor. ind. act. tépxouar (# 2002) Copevar pres. mid./pass. part. (adj.) SuapepiCw (# 1374)
to go out. The expression “to go in and out among us” to distribute; mid. parting themselves asunder or dis-
is a Semitic idiom for familiar and unhindered associa- tributing themselves (RWP). yA@oou (# 1185) tongue,
tion (Longenecker, 265; Deut. 31; 2 Sam. 3:25; Ps. 121:8; tongue-shaped. woet (# 6059) as. mupog gen. sing. ndp
Schneider). The aor. tenses are const. (RWP). @ 22 ap- (# 4786) fire. Gen. of description. €xa@6oev aor. ind. act.
Edpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) s.v. 1; the nom. re- Ka0iCw (# 2767) to take one’s seat, to sit. Fire was said
fers to Jesus (RWP; Barrett). cveAnoOn aor. ind. pass. to have rested on Rabbis as they studied or disputed
s.v. 2. yeveo@at aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 16. Inf. w. det (SB, 2:603-4). A flame or tongue of fire is depicted on
from v.21. 23 éotnoav aor. ind. act. iotnyt (# 2705) some Roman coins as resting over the head of the per-
to set up; here, to nominate (Alex). The subject is not son and probably indicates the dawn of a new age (Ri-
mentioned, but it is probably all who were present chard Oster, “Numismatic Windows into the Social
(Schneider; LC). kaAovpevov pres. pass. part. (adj.) s.v. World of Early Christianity: A Methodological Inqui-
12. €meKANOn aor. ind. pass. exikaew (# 2126) to give a ry,” JBL 101 [1982]: 212-14). éxaotov (# 1667) acc. sing.
name; pass. to be named. 24 mpooevEdpevor aor. each. Each one present received the Spirit without
mid. part. (temp.) mpooevyouat (# 4667) to pray. Kbpte conditions (Bruner, 163). The coming of the Spirit was
voc. sing. kvpiog (# 3261) lord. Kapdioyvota voc. sing. an historical event, which, along w. the atoning death
Kapdioyvwortns (# 2841) knower of the heart. A favorite of the Messiah (forgiveness of sins), formed the basis
expression of post-apostolic Christianity (Haenchen). for the New Covenant (s. Jer. 31:31-37; Ezek. 11:19;
avadertov aor. imp. act. avadeikvupt (# 344) to show. 36:26-27). 4 ExANoOnoav aor. ind. pass. miunAnut
Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. €€- (# 4398) to fill. Np—avto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) d&pronat
eAdéEw aor. ind. mid. 2nd. pers. s.v.2. 25 AaPetv aor. (# 806) to begin, w. inf. AaAeiv pres. act. inf. AarEw
act. inf. s.v. 8. Epex. inf. or inf. of purpose. mapeBn aor. (# 3281) to speak. etépaig yAWooats (# 2283; 1185) in
ind. act. napoPaivw (# 4124) to go aside, to turn aside. other kinds of tongues; that is, languages (Schneider;
mopevOfva aor. pass. (dep.) inf. s.v. 10. Inf. of purpose. EDNT). €8i80v impf. ind. act. 5181 (# 1443) to give.
@ 26 S5wxKav aor. ind. act. 5t5wyt (# 1443) to give. Emeoev Iterat. impf., indicating the giving one after another.
aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. cvykatewndio6n aor. anopbeyyecda1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. dnopbeyyouct
ind. pass. ovykataynditw (# 5164) mid., to join in a (# 710) to utter, to speak. Used of weighty or oracular
vote of condemnation; pass., to be chosen (by a vote), utterance (Bruce), but not for ecstatic speech
together w.; thus, to be added (BAGD). The method (Haenchen; Schneider). Inf. as dir. obj. The filling w.
employed by the Jews was to put the names written on the Spirit was an experience to be repeated on several
stones into a vessel and shake it until one fell out (LC). occasions, but the Spirit-baptism took place once for
all (Bruce-ET). | 5 Katoikodvtec pres. act. part. ka-
tokew (# 2997) to dwell, to reside in a place (RWP).
Acts 2 Periphrastic part. ebAaPeig nom. pl. evrAaBns (# 2327)
@ 1 ovprAnpodtobar pres. pass. inf. ovumAnpow pious, devout. This could refer to Jewish pilgrims who
(# 5230) to fill completely; of time, to approach, to had come to the Feast (SB, 2:604), or to Jews from the
come. Inf. w. prep. to express time (“when,” “in the Diaspora who had moved to Jerusalem and were now
approaching of”) (Longenecker, 247; MT, 145; Luke permanent residents (Schneider), or to both (RWP).
9:51). nevtnkootts (# 4300) gen. sing. Pentecost. For 6 yevoyévns aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 2. Gen.
the Jewish celebration of Pentecost s. TDNT; SB, 2:597- abs. ovvijAGev aor. ind. act. ovvepyouct (# 5302) to come
Acts 2 Loy

together. ovveyv@n aor. ind. pass. ovyyew (# 5177) to er intends to list s. SA, 90-91. EvwtioaoGe aor. imp. mid.
pour together, to confound, to be perplexed, to cause (dep.) EvwtiCouar (# 1969) to give ear to. For the use of
such astonishment as to bewilder and dismay, to the word in the LXX s. KVS, 157-58; GELTS, 156.
cause consternation (LN, 1:313). It describes the sur- @ 15 dnoAGUPavete pres. ind. act. bnoAauBavw (# 5696)
prising effect of the miracle (Haenchen). fikovov impf. to assume, to be of the opinion that (BAGD). pe8bvovolv
ind. act. @kovw (# 201) to hear. Impf. may be iterat. 51a pres. ind. act. we60w (# 3501) to be drunk. wpa tpity
A€xtw dat. sing. dicAeKtog (# 1365) dialect, manner of THIS NHEpac the third hour of the day, or 9:00 A.M. Al-
speech (Bruce). Luke’s choice of this word indicates though it seems that the early meal was after the
that the speaking in tongues was the use of other lan- morning prayers which ended around the fourth hour
guages (Bruner, 164). Loc. dat. AaAobvtwv pres. act. (10:00 A.M.) (SB, 2:615; LC), it may be that Peter simply
part. s.v. 4. Part. in gen. is either the obj. of the vb., means it is too early to find men drunk (Barrett).
Nkovy, or is gen. abs. (“as they were speaking”). 7 @ 16 eipnuevov perf. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
e€iotavto impf. ind. mid. eEiotnut (# 2014) to be beside Part. as subst. 17 éota fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 14.
oneself, to be astonished. e8avpafov impf. ind. act. exye@ fut. ind. act. exyew (# 1772) to pour out. mpopn-
Bavpdtw (# 2513) to wonder, to marvel. @ 8 EyevvnOn- tevoovolv fut. ind. act. mpodntevw (# 4736) to speak
wev aor. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; pass. to be forth for someone, to prophecy. dyovtat fut. ind. mid.
born. @ 10 eménpotvtes pres. act. part. (adj.) emSnuew (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to see. EvunviaoPnoovtat fut. ind.
(# 2111) to be away from home, to be on a journey. pass. (dep.) evunviaCouwar (# 1965) to dream. @ 19
11 mpoonAvtos (# 4670) proselyte. In the LXX used of dwow fut. ind. act. smut (# 1443) to give. atpida acc.
a sojourner in the land of Israel, later to denote those pl. atic (# 874) vapor. kanvod gen. sing. Kamvoc
Gentiles who undertook the complete observance of (# 2837) smoke. Gen. of description. @ 20 petaotpapn-
the Jewish law and had to be circumcised, baptized, oetat fut. ind. pass. petaotpepw (# 3570) to change, to
and offer sacrifices (Bruce; TDNT; SB, 2:715-23; EDNT; turn into. The prep. compound has the idea of change
ALAG, 30-89; BAFCS, 5:19-49; BC, 5:74-96; for the (MH, 318). eA@eiv aor. act. inf. gpyoucr (# 2262) to
names of the areas mentioned s. BASHH, 222-23; Bar- come. Inf. w. mpiv (# 4570) to express time (“before”).
rett; SB, 2:606-14). AaAobvtwv pres. act. part. s.v. 4. ETUPAVT] acc. sing. Enupavns (# 2212) splendid, glorious.
peyoreia acc. pl. ueyarelog (# 3483) mighty deeds. The word has the idea of effective help and indicates
12 e&iotavto impf. ind. mid. s.v. 7. &unnopovv impf. that the Day of the Lord is awesome (TLNT; NDIEC,
ind. act. dianopew (# 1389) to be at a loss, to be per- 4:148; MM). @ 21 enixadeontar aor. subj. mid. enixa-
plexed, to be very confused (LN, 1:381). For the text Aew (# 2126) to call upon. Subj. w. &v (# 323) in an in-
variant, dinnopovvto (impf. ind. mid.) s. Barrett; TC, def. rel. cl. owOnoetar fut. ind. pass. owtw (# 5392) to
294. elvan pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639) to be. Inf. w. the save, to rescue. @ 22 dKovoate aor. imp. act. akovw
vb. 6€Aw (lit., “what does this wish to be?”) “What (# 201) to hear. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a
does this mean?” (RWP). @ 13 SiaxAevatovtes pres. note of urgency. &modederypevov perf. pass. part. (adj.)
act. part. diayAevatw (# 1430) to mock, to ridicule. The anodeikvupt (# 617) to appoint, to designate (LC), to
prep. compound indicates the flinging of ridicule at authenticate (Haenchen). Perf. indicates the lasting re-
another party (MH, 302). yAebKoug gen. sing. yAedKoG sults. ot¢ dat. pl. 6¢ (# 4005) Dat. by attraction. émoinoev
(# 1183) sweet wine, probably the fresh wine which aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. 23 mpiopevy perf.
has not yet been kept long enough and is still ferment- pass. part. optCw (# 3988) to mark off by boundaries, to
ing (LC). It is suggested that it was wine mixed w. determine. The perf. emphasizes a state of completion.
honey-sometimes honey and spices (SB, 2:614). For God had willed the death of Jesus (RWP). BovAq
the making and preserving of sweet wine by sealing it, (# 1087) dat. sing. purpose, decision, counsel. Instr.
immersing it in cold water, or burying it for 6 to 8 dat. foreknowledge (GGBB, 288). éxSotov (# 1692)
weeks, after which it was good for a year (Get yAev«KOoc, given up, delivered up. For verbal adj. w. this ending
semper mustum) s. Columella, De Re Rustica, 12:27-29; s. M, 221f. mpoonnEavtesg aor. act. part. mpoonnyvvut
Pliny, NH, 14:83-85; DGRA, 1202. Gen. w. the vb. (# 4699) to nail to. Part. of manner showing how they
weotow (# 3551) indicating the thing by which they killed Him. avetiate aor. ind. act. avaipew (# 359) to
were intoxicated. pepeotwpeévor perf. pass. part. ueotow kill. Here human freedom and divine necessity join
to fill; pass. to be full. The perf. emphasizes the state or hands (Haenchen). @ 24 gvéotnoev aor. ind. act.
condition. @ 14 otaeic aor. pass. part. (circum.) totn- aviotnt (# 482) to raise up. Aboas aor. act. part. Aw
ut (# 2705) to stand up, to rise. €fipev aor. ind. act. (# 3395) to release, to loose. Part. of manner. wdivac
enaipw (# 2048) to lift up. admepOEyEato aor. ind. mid. acc. pl. wdtv (# 6047) pain; pl. birth pains. For possible
(dep.) s.v. 4. katoikodvtes pres. act. part. s.v. 5. Eotw views of the meaning s. Barrett. Suvatov (# 1543) ver-
pres. imp. act. eit (# 1639) to be. For the construction, bal adj. “To be able,” w. inf. kpateto8o1 pres. pass. inf.
“Let it be known,” as introducing facts that the speak- Kpatew (# 3195) to hold fast. @ 25 mpoopmpnv impf.
238 Acts 2

ind. mid. (dep., LC) npoopaw (# 4632) to see before- his three texts (EGT). yiwwoketw pres. imp. act. yiwwoKw
hand; “to have before one’s eyes” (Haenchen). Impf. (# 1182) to know, to recognize. é€notnoev aor. ind. act.
indicates that the Lord is continually before him. novew (# 4472) to make, to appoint, to cause actually to
OaAEVOG aor. subj. pass. carevw (# 4888) to shake. become, used of the holder of an official position (Bar-
pass. to be moved. Subj. w. Wa. (#2671) in a purp. cl. rett). Here w. double acc., “God appointed Him both
The quotations follow the midrashic exegetical rules Lord and Messiah.” totavpwoate aor. ind. act. otavpow
of linking passages together which have the same (# 5090) to crucify. 37 &Kovoavtes aor. act. part.
words-here, “at my right hand” (Longenecker, 279; (temp.) GKovw (# 201) to hear. katevbynoay aor. ind.
BE, 32-38). @ 26 nbopaven aor. ind. pass. (dep.) ed- pass. Katavvocopat (# 2920) to pierce, to sting sharply,
dpaivouar (# 2370) to rejoice, to gladden; pass. to be pass. to be pierced, stabbed (BAGD). Used of painful
glad (GELTS, 190; KVS, 257-58). jyaAAvdouto aor. ind. emotion, which penetrates the heart as if stinging
mid. (dep.) &yaAArcouat (# 22) to be glad, to rejoice ex- (Meyer). toinowpev aor. subj. act. s.v. 36. Deliberative
ceedingly (GELTS, 2; KVS, 255-58). €ti 5€ kat (#2285; subj., “What shall we do?” ® 38 petavonoate aor. imp.
1254; 2779) and yet also, besides, moreover. Kataoxn- act. uetavoew (# 3566) to change one’s mind, to repent
vwoet fut. ind. act. Kataoknvow (# 2942) to dwell, to live (s. Matt. 3:2). Aor. imp. calls for specific act w. a note of
in a tent (John 1:14). @ 27 eyxatadreiwers fut. ind. act. urgency. Partio87tw aor. imp. pass. 3rd. pers. sing.
eykatorettw (# 1593) to abandon, to leave behind, to Bartitw (# 966) to baptize. Baptism was the outward
desert, to forsake (GELTS, 126-27; TLNT). daoet¢ fut. sign of repentance (Bruce). Pass. of permission: “let
ind. act. s.v. 19. eiv aor. act. inf. Opdaw (# 3972) to see. each one of you allow himself to be baptized.” etg
Inf. as dir. obj. 5uapO0pa (# 1426) corruption. 28 Eyva- (# 1650) for, or because of (DM, 104; contra GGBB, 369-
ploac aor. ind. act. ywwpitw (# 1192) to make known. nA- 71). The phrase could be connected with the com-
Npwoers fut. ind. act. Anpow (# 4444) to fulfill, to fill, w. mand, “repent.” Anweode fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 33.
gen. = “to fill w.” @ 29 é€0v pres. act. part. eeotiv @ 39 dou acc. pl. do0¢ (# 4012) as many as; w. av
(# 2003) it is lawful, it is allowed, w. inf. The vb. eit is which makes the expression more general: all those
to be supplied forming a periphrastic construction who, whoever (BAGD). mpooxaAéontar aor. subj. mid.
(RWP). evretv aor. act. inf. s.v. 16. Kat (#2779) also. (dep.) mpooxareonor (# 4673) to call to, to call upon.
éteAevtnoev aor. ind. act. tedevtaw (# 5462) to die. Subj. w. an indef. rel. pron. @ 40 meioow dat. pl.
étdpn aor. ind. pass. 6&ntw (# 2507) to bury. @ 30 comp. nodvg (# 4498) much, many; comp., many more
bmapywv pres. act. part. (causal) brapyw (# 5639) to ex- (Barrett). Instr. dat. Seyaptopato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
ist, to be. e180 perf. act. part. oi50 perf. w. pres. mean- diaaptvoar (# 1371) to make a solemn attestation or
ing, to know. wpooev aor. ind. act. ouvow (# 3923) to call to witness. The perfective use of the prep. com-
swear; w. dat., to swear w. an oath. d0gb¢ (# 4019) pound (RWP). napexaAe impf. ind. act. napaKkarew
loins, as the place of the reproductive organs—" fruit of (# 4151) to exhort, to encourage (TDNT). Impf. pic-
his loins”; i.e., one of his descendants (Bruce; BAGD). tures the repeated action. owOnte aor. imp. pass. s.v. 21.
KaOioal aor. act. inf. Ka0i~w (# 2767) to cause to sit, to Pass. suggests, “let yourselves be saved,” “accept sal-
appoint, to install (BAGD). Epex. inf. giving the con- vation” (Barrett). oKoA1sg (# 5021) crooked, twisted. It
tent of that which was sworn (s. 2 Sam. 7:8-18; Ps. 89:3- refers to a generation that is wayward, perverse, rebel-
4; Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The Promises to David in Early lious (TLNT, 1:389). @ 41 &rodeEpevor aor. mid. (dep.)
Judaism,” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 285-302). 31 npotdav part. anodexoua1 (# 622) to receive, to welcome. Adj.
aor. act. part. mpoopaw (# 4632) to see beforehand s.v. part. as subst. eBantio®noav aor. ind. pass. s.v. 38.
25. Circum. or causal part. €\éAnoev aor. ind. act. do- MpooeteOnoav aor. ind. pass. mpoottOnur (# 4707) to add
Aew (# 3281) to speak. EyKateAeipOn aor. ind. pass. s.v. to. Luke does not say anything about the newly bap-
27. @ 32 avéotnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 24. The resurrec- tized ones speaking in tongues, although according to
tion of Jesus is based on the covenant promise that v. 38 they did receive the Holy Spirit (Haenchen). tp1o-
God unconditionally swore to David. An eternal king- yiAva1 three thousand. For a defense of the historical
dom demards an eternal King, not a dead one. pap- reliability of the number against a background of some
tupes witness s. 1:8. 33 bwwOeic aor. pass. part. 100-120,000 inhabitants in Jerusalem at that time s.
(temp.) byow (# 5738) to lift up, to exalt. AoPov aor. act. Wolfgang Reinhardt, “The Population Size of Jerusa-
part. (temp.) AopBdavw (# 3284) to receive. EGexeev aor. lem and the Numerical Growth of the Jerusalem
ind. act. exyéw (# 1772) to pour out. ® 34 dveBr aor. Church,” BAFCS, 4:237-65. 42 jNoav impf. ind. act.
ind. act. dvoBaivw (# 326) to ascend. kaGov pres. imp. eit (# 1639) to be. npooxaptepodvtes pres. act. part.
mid. s.v. 2. @ 35 66 aor. subj. ind. tiOny (# 5502) to Tpookaptepew (# 4674) to be firm, persevere, remain
place, to set, to make. Subj. w. an indef. temp. cl. (s. faithful to a person or task. In regard to prayer, the
RWP). @ 36 codadtis (# 857) assuredly. Used to em- idea is constant diligence, effort that never lets up,
phasize the conclusion which he is about to draw from confident waiting for results (TLNT, 3:193; s. 1:14).
Acts 3 234

Part. in a periphrastic construction stressing the con- as subst. 3 i6wv aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972)
tinual action. ti S8axf] TOV GrooTOAWV in the teaching to see. wéAAovtas pres. act. part. wedkdw (# 3516) to be
of the apostles. Dat. of sphere, indicating the area of about to, w. the inf. elovevar pres. act. inf. eioey
the steadfast devotion. It refers to a body of material (# 1655) to go in. Npwta impf. ind. act. epwtdaw (# 2263)
considered authoritative because it was the message to ask, to request. AoPetv aor. act. inf. AouPave (# 3284)
about Jesus of Nazareth proclaimed by accredited to receive. Inf. in indir. speech as obj. of the vb. @ 4
apostles (Longenecker, 289). KAdoet dat. sing. KAdo1g G@tevious aor. act. part. (circum.) ateviGw (# 867) to
(# 3082) breaking. The breaking of bread refers either gaze, to look upon intently. BA€wov aor. imp. act. BAenw
to an ordinary meal or to the celebration of the Lord’s (# 1063) to see, to look. @ 5 énetyev impf. ind. act. en-
Supper (LC). Dat. of sphere. @ 43 éyiveto impf. ind. exw (# 2091) to hold fast, to aim at, to fix one’s atten-
mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. @ 44 muotevovtes pres. act. part. tion upon, w. dat. mpoodoKev pres. act. part. (circum.)
miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Adj. part. as subst. evyov mpoodoxaw (# 4659) to expect, to wait for. Aapetv aor.
impf. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. Kow« acc. pl. Kowvoc act. inf. s.v. 3. Epex. inf. explaining the expectation.
(# 3123) common. For the DSS group and their com- 6 dnapyer pres. ind. act. s.v. 2. Ev TH OvopaTi (# 1899;
mon goods s. TJ, 88; Barrett; and among the Christians 3950) in the name of; not a magic formula, but gives
s. Schneider, 290-95; BC, 5:140-51; BAFCS, 4:323-56. the authority and power (Barrett). mepimatet pres. imp.
@ 45 «tha (# 3228) possession, personal property. act. mepitatew (# 4344) to walk about. For the use of
eninpaoKxov impf. ind. act. mimpd&oxw (# 4405) to sell. the pres. imp. w. this vb. s. VANT, 343-44. @ 7 mudoas
Customary impf., “they sold from time to time” aor. act. part. niaGw (# 4389) to seize. Circum. part. or
(RWP). Svepépifov impf. ind. act. s.v.3. 46 KA@vtES part. of manner. Tlyewpev aor. ind. act. eyeipw (# 1586) to
pres. act. part. kAaw (# 3089) to break. peteAdpBavov raise up. nopayptia (# 4202) immediately. eotepewOn-
impf. ind. act. petarouBavw (# 3561) to partake of, to oav aor. ind. pass. otepeow (# 5105) to make firm, solid;
share in. dedotytt dat. sing. cerOtNs (# 911) single- ingressive aor., “to become strong.” In medical lan-
ness, generosity (Bruce). @ 47 aivodvteg pres. act. guage applied to the bones in particular (MLL, 35).
part. aivew (# 140) to praise. €yovtes pres. act. part. éyw Baots (# 1000) foot. opvdpov (# 5383) ankle, ankle bone
s.v. 44. The parts. are circum. or are to be taken in a (LC). @ 8 &aAAOpEvoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.)
periphrastic construction. mpooetider impf. ind. act. s.v. e€adAoua (# 1982) to leap out, to leap up. éotm aor.
41. Impf. indicates the repeated action. owfowevous ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to stand. neprencter impf. ind.
pres. pass. part. s.v. 21. Theol. pass., indicating that act. s.v. 6. Incep. impf., “he began walking around.”
God performed the action. elon|Adev aor. ind. act. eioepyoua (# 1656) to go in. mept-
MTV pres. act. part. s.v. 6. GAAOpEvoc pres. mid. (dep.)
part. (circum.) GAAOLOLL (# 256) to leap, to spring |up.
Acts 3 vv pres. act. part. aivew (# 140) to ‘praise. @ 9 Eldev
@ 1 avéBaivov impf. ind. act. avoPaivw (# 326) to aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. atvodvta pres. act.
go up; descriptive impf. They were ascending the ter- part. s.v. 8. Luke adds this to prepare for and under-
races to the temple court (RWP). évatn (# 1888) ninth. line the theological meaning of the miracle (Barrett).
The afternoon prayer in connection w. the evening of- 10 éneyivwoxov impf. ind. act. emiyivwoxw (# 2105) to
fering, was from 12:30 P.M. to 6:00 P.M., w. 3:00 P.M. recognize, to know. Incep. impf. “they began to per-
(the ninth hour) being the average time (SB, 2:696-703, ceive” (RWP). xaOnyevocg pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.)
esp. 698; Jos., Ant., 14:65; BBC). @ 2 bxdpywv pres. act. KaOnLa (# 2764) to sit. EnANoBnoav aor. ind. pass.
part. (adj.) vnepyw (# 5639) to exist, to be. ywho<g TiunArANL (# 4398) to fill, w. gen. indicating that w.
(# 6000) lame, cripple. eBaota&feto impf. ind. pass. which one is filled. @&pBoc (# 2502) amazement, a state
BaoteCw to carry. Impf. denotes the action was simul- of astonishment due to both the suddenness and the
taneous to the going up (Meyer). €ti@ovv impf. ind. unusualness of the phenomenon (LN, 1:311). &k-
act. TIOnut (# 5502) to place. Customary impf. Aeyo- OTHOEWS gen. sing. Exotaoig (# 1749) being besides
WEvTV pres. pass. part. Aeyw (# 2400) to say; pass., to be oneself, confusion, a state of intense amazement, to
called, to be named. ‘Qpaiav acc. sing. wpatoc (# 6053) the point of being beside oneself w. astonishment
beautiful. This is possibly the famous Nicanor Gate, (BAGD; LN, 1:312). ovpBeBnxoti perf. act. part. dat.
which was covered w. Corinthian bronze and located sing. ovpPatvw (#5201) to happen to, w. dat. For an ex-
outside the sanctuary on the east (Barrett; Haenchen; ample of the neg. sense (“the calamity which hap-
Edersheim, Temple, 47; SB, 2:620-25; Jos., JW, 5:201, 204- pened”) s. NDIEC, 1:63. Perf. pictures the continuing
5; BBC; JTJ, 117-18; ABD, 1:631-32; TJ, 30). aiteiv pres. results. © 11 Kpatodvtos pres. act. part. (temp.) Kpatew
act. inf. aitéw to ask, to beg. Inf. of purp. EXennoovvn (# 3195) to hold. Gen. abs. (“while he was holding”)
(# 1797) alms (s. Matt. 6:2). etomopevopeévwv pres. mid. ovvedpapev aor. ind. act. ovvtpeyw (# 5340) to run to-
(dep.) part. etomopevonat (# 1660) to go into. Adj. part. gether. otoa (# 5119) roofed colonnade, portico
235
Acts3

(BAGD). The Portico of Solomon was on the east side @ 18 mpokatnyyetev aor. ind. act. mpoxatayyeaAaw
of the Temple Mount, in double rows supported by (# 4615) to report beforehand, to announce fully be-
high columns of pure white marble, w. the ceiling pan- forehand (RWP). naGetv aor. act. inf. tacxyw (# 4248) to
els of cedar (Jos., JW, 5:184, 190; Jos., Ant., 15:396-401; suffer. Epex. inf. explaining the message of the proph-
20:221-22; SB, 2:625-26). 12 18wv aor. act. par. s.v. 3. ets. EMANPwoeV aor. ind. act. TANpOw (# 4444) to fulfill.
GmeKpivato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &moxptvouat (# 646) to @ 19 petavonoate aor. imp. act. petavoew (# 3566) to
answer. €xi tovtw over this, either the healed man change one’s mind, to repent (s. Matt. 3:2). Aor. imp.
(masc.) or the act of healing (n.) (Haenchen). evoeBeiqa calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. emotpeyate
(# 2354) dat. sing. piety, godliness (TDNT; EDNT; aor. imp. act. emotpepw (# 2188) to turn to. The prep.
RAC, 6:985-1052) Instr. dat. nenounkoow perf. act. part. compound is directive (MH, 312). &&aAeupO7var aor.
dat. pl. novew (# 4472) to do, to perform, to cause, to pass. inf. e&aAreinw (# 1981) to wash over, to wipe out,
bring about; w. inf. which expresses the result of an ac- to obliterate, to cancel a debt (NTW; Col. 2:14). Inf. w.
tion—"as though we had caused him to walk” (BAGD). €l¢ (# 1650) to express purp. @ 20 éXwov aor. subj.
Perf. looks at the abiding results and expresses respon- act. €pyouor (# 2262) to come. Subj. w. Onw¢ av to ex-
sibility in a context of praise (K. L. McKay, “On the press purpose. avawvtews gen. sing. avowveic (# 433)
Perfect and Other Aspects in New Testament Greek,” breathing space, cooling, relaxation, relief. Gen. of de-
Nov T 23 [1981]: 317). nepimateiv pres. act. inf. s.v. 6. scription. The phrase indicates the refreshing relief of
@ 13 eS0Eaoev aor. ind. act. So&Gw (# 1519) to glorify, to the eschatological salvation promised to Israel, “the
honor, to exalt, to magnify, to display one’s greatness restoration of all things” (Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The
(TLNT, 1:376; GELTS, 119). noida acc. sing. mais Davidic Covenant in Acts-Revelation,” Bib Sac 151
(# 4090) child, servant (TDNT). Peter must have Isa. [1994]: 73; TLNT; TDNT; EDNT; Pesch). For the medi-
52:13-15; 53:1-12 in mind when he was speaking of the cal use s. MLL, 166-67; TLNT, 1:120. d&nootetaq aor.
exaltation of the Servant after the suffering (JIU, 86-90; subj. act. amooteddAw (# 690) to send. Subj. used to ex-
Barrett). nmapedwKate aor. ind. act. napadidwur (# 4140) press purp. mpoxexetpiopévov perf. pass. part. (adj.)
to deliver over, a legal and judicial term which became mpoyerpifouar (# 4741) to choose for oneself, to select,
a t.t. for Jesus’ passion (TLNT, 3: 21-23). npvnoaove aor. to appoint, to officially designate (TLNT; NDIEC, 3:82;
ind. mid. (dep.) a&pveouor (# 766) to deny. Kpivavtosg MM; MLL, 202-03). It could have the sense of, “to
aor. act. part. Kptvw (# 3212) to judge. Gen. abs., “when make one ready to act,” “to put one in the state of
he judged” (temp.), or “although he decided to re- readiness,” indicating that Jesus has been put in a state
lease” (concessive). “You wanted your Messiah con- of readiness to act as Messiah (Barrett). It has been in-
demned; Pilate had judged that he should be released” ferred that if the Jewish nation had accepted the gos-
(Barrett). &moAvew pres. act. inf. @noADW (# 668) to re- pel then, the kingdom of God would have been
lease. Inf. as dir. obj. @ 14 {tMoaobe aor. ind. mid. established speedily on earth. The nation as a whole
(indir. mid., “ask for oneself”) aitew (# 160) to ask. declined this offer, and Acts records the progressive
xopiobfiva aor. pass. inf. yapiCouar (# 5919) to do a fa- acceptance of the gospel by the Gentiles (Bruce).
vor, to give over to. In the legal context, to release @ 21 dei (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary; giving
(TDNT; Bruce). @ 15 apynyoc (# 795) originator, au- the logical necessity, w. inf. 8eao801 aor. mid. (dep.)
thor, leader (Haenchen; TDNT; EDNT; Heb. 2:10; Bar- inf. S€youcn (# 1312) to receive. anoKatdotaots (# 640)
rett). It may mean Prince, equivalent to NW), and restoration. The establishment of all that had been
portray Jesus as the fulfillment of the Davidic hope promised in the OT (Williams; s. 1:6). €AaAnoev aor.
(George Johnston, “Christ as Archegos,” NTS 27 ind. act. Aadew (# 3281) to speak. 22 a&vaotnoer fut.
[1980/81]: 381-85). amektetvate aor. ind. act. anoKtetvw ind. act. &viotnpt (# 482) to raise up. S. 4Q Testim 5-9;
(# 650) to kill. hyewpev aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. © 16 Bewpeite 10S 9:11. d&xoboeobe fut. ind. mid. &kovw (# 201) to
pres. ind. act. Sewpew (# 2555) to see, to watch. otdate hear, to listen to, to obey. AGATNOT aor. subj. act. s.v. 21.
perf. ind. act. oida (# 3859) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. Subj. w. &v in an indef. rel. cl. @ 23 E&0AcOpevOnoetar
meaning. éotepewoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. Edwkev aor. fut. ind. pass. eGode@pevw (# 2017) to destroy, to utterly
ind. act. SiSwp1 (# 1443) to give. OAoKAnpia (# 3907) destroy; perfective use of the prep. in compound.
wholeness, completeness, soundness in all parts, to be ® 24 KaGettic (# 2759) in order, in succession. EAGAN-
in good health (MM; NDIEC, 1:132-33; 4:161-62; oav aor. ind. act. s.v. 21. kathyyelAqv aor. ind. act. Kat-
TLNT). In medical use the adj. indicates entire, com- ayyeArw (# 2859) to proclaim. 25 81e8eto aor. ind.
plete soundness of body (MLL, 193). 17 Kata mid. SvatiOnut (# 1416) to take a covenant. [évlev-
cyvoiav (# 2848; 53) according to/in ignorance. This AoynOnoovtar fut. ind. pass. evevAoyew (# 1922) to bless.
allows those wanting to repent the opportunity for The universal blessing to all families of the earth
forgiveness (EDNT; for the word in the LXX, s. GELTS, through the Messiah as Abraham’s seed is empha-
4). émpaéate aor. ind. act. mpacow (# 4556) to do. sized without annulling the other promises of the
Acts 4 236

Covenant (s. Gal.3:8). 26 dpiv dat. pl. ov (#5148) peated action. €nownoate aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to
(“to you”). Dat. of personal interest (“for you”). Al- do, to perform. @ 8 mAnoGeic aor. pass. part. (circum.)
though the universal blessing in the Messiah is for all ripmAnur (# 4398) to fill. 9 dvaKxpivopeba pres. ind.
people, it is first (tp@tov) for those of Israel who will pass. avakpivw (# 373) to examine, to interrogate
accept it by faith. &dvaothnous aor. act. part. (circum.) (GELTS, 29). In Attic Gr. it refers to a preliminary hear-
s.v. 22; here, “to raise from the dead,” or perhaps the ing, but later to any legal inquiry (LC). evepyeoia
idea is God brought him on the stage of history (Bar- (# 2307) dat. sing. good deed, w. obj. gen. o€owtar
rett). G&méoteivev aor. ind. act. amootéddw (# 690) to perf. ind. pass. oww (# 5392) to save, to heal. Perf. in-
send, to send as an official representative. evAoyodvta dicates the continuing results of the completed action.
pres. act. part. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless. Part. express- @ 10 €otw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. et s. 2:14.
ing purp. (RG, 991). anootpépetv pres. act. inf. ano- Eotavpwoate aor. ind. act. otavpow (# 5090) to crucify.
otpedw (# 695) to turn from, to turn someone from myewpev aor. ind. act. éyeipw (# 1586) to raise. napéotn-
something (Barrett). Subst. inf. w. prep. giving the kev perf. ind. act. napiotnut (# 4225) to stand, to stand
content of the blessing (BBC). before someone. @ 11 &ovB_evnbeic aor. pass. part.
(adj.) ef0v8evew (# 2024) to despise, to disdain, to de-
spise someone or something on the basis that it is
Acts 4 worthless or of no value (LN, 1:763; GELTS, 162). yevo-
# 1 AaAodvtIwY pres. act. part. (temp.) AarEew wWevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 4. ywvia. (# 1224) corner,
(# 3281) to speak. Gen. abs., “while they were speak- either the highest cornerstone right under the roof, or
ing.” Eméotnoay aor. ind. act. Eptotnut (# 2392) to come the cornerstone under the building, or the keystone
upon, w. dat. 0 otpatnyos tod iepod captain of the tem- (RWP; TDNT). @ 12 Sedopeévov perf. pass. part. (adj.)
ple. He had the supreme charge of order in and dtdwut (# 1443) to give. Perf. indicates the abiding re-
around the temple (HJP, 2:278; SB, 2:628-31; JTJ, 163; sults. Theol. pass., indicating that God performed the
Edersheim, Temple, 147-48; DTM, 2:1430-31). 2 act. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary, giving the
dtamovovpevoi pres. mid. (dep.) part. (causal) dianoveo- logical necessity, w. inf. ow6f\va1 aor. pass. inf. owlw
ya. (# 1387) to be annoyed, to be worked up, to be in- s.v. 9. Jesus Christ is the only source and ground of sal-
dignant, to be strongly irked or provoked at vation available for mankind (Barrett). @ 13 6e-
somebody (LN, 1:763). Perfective use of the prep. in wpotvtes pres. act. part. (temp.) Sewpew (# 2555) to see.
compound (RWP). &t8d0Kew pres. act. inf. d1ddaoKw mappnoia (# 4244) boldness, freedom of speech, liberty
(# 1438) to teach. Inf. w. prep. 61a (# 1328) expressing of language, the courageous and unhindered freedom
cause. KaTAYYEAAELV pres. act. inf. KatayyedAAw (# 2859) of speech in proclaiming the word about Jesus (TLNT;
to proclaim, to report. Inf. w. prep. expressing cause. EDNT; Stanley B. Morrow, “Parrhesia and the New
év t@ ‘Inood (#1877; 2652) by (instr.) Jesus, or in the Testament,” CBQ 44 [1982]: 431-46; Barrett). Here of
case of Jesus (Barrett). @ 3 énéBadov aor. ind. act. the confidence and forthrightness w. which the apos-
emiBarrw (# 2095) to lay hands upon. €8evto aor. ind. tles spoke under the prompting of the Holy Spirit
mid. (dep.) tiny (# 5502) to place. thpnots (# 5499) (Bruce). KatoAaPopevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.)
keeping, prison; place of custody, probably in one of Kataroupavw (# 2898) to grasp, to perceive; mid. indi-
the chambers of the temple (RWP). 4 a&Kkovodvtwv cates the grasping w. the mind (Bruce). &ypéppotor
aor. act. part. akovw (# 201) to hear. Part. as subst. (# 63) nom. pl. uneducated, unable to write (NDIEC,
éxiotevoav aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. 5:12-13; MM). Here it denotes the lack of rabbinic
eyevnen aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivowo (# 1181) to be- training (Meyer) or lack of rhetorical training (BBC).
come, to be. Used to end an addition sum (MH, 173). Widto1 nom. pl. iwths (# 2626) layman, one who is
ylAiades mevte five thousand (s. Acts 2:41). @ 5 eyéveto not an expert; unskilled, commoner, one who has no
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 4; here used in a Semitic con- training or specialty in contrast to experts and profes-
struction w. prep. and inf. (MH, 425-28; Beyer, 31-33). sionals (Bruce; TLNT). e8abpafov impf. ind. act. 6av-
ovvax0fvar aor. pass. inf. ovvayw (# 5251) to come to- ywacw (# 2513) to be amazed. Incep. impf. Eneyivwoxov
gether, to convene. Inf. as subject of the vb. (“they impf. ind. act. envy.wwoKxw (# 2105) to recognize, to re-
were gathered together”). @ 6 Noav impf. ind. act. eipi alize. @ 14 BAénovtec pres. act. part. (temp.) BrEnw
(# 1639) to be. &k yevoug apyepatixod from the high (# 1063) to see. eotdta perf. act. part. (adj.) totnur
priestly family (s. JIJ, 193-97). For the historical (# 2705) to stand. teBepanevpevov perf. pass. part. (adj.)
knowledge displayed by Luke s. DJG; BASHH, 108, Bepanevw (# 2543) to treat medically, to heal (GLH).
161. 7 otnoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) totmut Perf. indicates the continuing results of a completed
(# 2705) to place, to set, to stand. émvvOdavovto impf. act. elyov impf. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to have, to be able
ind. mid. (dep.) muvOavouor (# 4785) to inquire. Incep. (Barrett). &vtenetv aor. act. inf. avtiAeyw (# 515) to say
impf. stressing the beginning of a continuing or re- something against, to speak against, to contradict.
237 Acts 4
5

Epex. inf. explaining ob6év (“nothing”). @ 15 Kedev- act. alpw to lift up. A€onota voc. sing. dSeonotns
OQvTES aor. act. part. (temp.) Kekevw (# 3027) to com- (# 1305) lord, sovereign lord, one who holds complete
mand. amedeiv aor. act. inf. amepyouar (# 599) to go power or authority over another (LN, 1:479; TDNT;
out, to depart. Inf. as dir. obj. cvvéBaAdov impf. ind. NDIEC, 4:144). A word used in connection w. servants
act. ovpBarAw (# 5202) to confer, to hold a discussion (Bruce). It was used in the LXX to translate 798 7278
(Barrett). © 16 novnowpev aor. subj. act. s.v. 7. Delibera- (Master, Lord) (TDOT; TWOT; DCH; NIDOTTE). no1h-
tive subj.: “What shall we do w. these men?” ywwotov Oa¢ aor. act. part. no1ew (# 4472) to do, to make. Part.
(# 1196) known; publicly known (Barrett). yéyovev as subst. @ 25 watt (# 4672) why? for what reason?
perf. ind. act. s.v. 4. Perf. indicates the abiding results. Used for iva tt yevnton “in order that what might hap-
@ 17 TAgiov comp. mohvg (# 4498) much; comp., more. pen” (BAGD; RG, 739; IBG, 139). egpvagéav aor. ind.
Eni Mheiov any farther (spacial), or any longer (tempo- act. $pvdacow (# 5865) to snort, to neigh like a horse, to
ral) (BAGD). d1avennét) aor. subj. pass. diovenw prance or stamp the ground, to put on lofty airs, to be
(# 1376) to distribute, to divide into portions, to arrogant, haughty, insolent (BAGD; RWP). guedetnoav
spread abroad (EGT; NDIEC, 2:193-94). Subj. w. ‘iva aor. ind. act. perdetaw (# 3509) to devise, to plan.
(# 2671) ina neg. purp. cl. dnevnowpeba. aor. subj. mid. @ 26 nopeotnoay aor. ind. act. maptotnur (# 4225) to
(dep.) ameivew (# 580) to threaten. Hortatory subj.: “let stand, to stand by someone. ovvny@noay aor. ind. pass.
us threaten.” AaAetv pres. act. inf. Aarew s.v. 1. Epex. ovvayw (# 5251) to gather together. @ 27 Expioas aor.
inf. giving the content of the threat. @ 18 kadeoavtes ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. ypiw (# 5987) to anoint, to
aor. act. part. (temp.) kadew (# 2813) to call, to sum- anoint to an office (TDNT; EDNT). @ 28 notfjoor aor.
mon. naphyyetray aor. ind. act. rapayyérAw (# 4133) to act. inf. noiew (# 4472) to do. Inf. of purp. mpowpioev
command, to order, to announce what must be done aor. ind. act. mpoopitw (# 4633) to determine before-
(LN, 1:426). xa®oAov (# 2773) at all. p6€yyeo8a1 pres. hand, to mark out with a boundary before, to predes-
mid. (dep.) inf. p6eyyouo1 (# 5779) lit., to produce a tine, to decide beforehand (TDNT; EDNT; NDNTT,
sound; then, to speak, to utter, to proclaim (BAGD). 1:695-95). yeveo@au aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 4. Epex. inf.
Epex. inf. explaining the command. 818d0xetv pres. explaining the determined decision. 29 €mide aor.
act. inf. 51ScoKw (# 1438) to teach. Epex. inf. @ 19 ano- imp. act. €popaw (# 2078) to look upon. Aor. imp. calls
Kpi8evtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. amoxptvouar (# 646) to for a specific action w. a note of urgency. &meiWag acc.
answer. For the Semitic use of the redundant part. s. pl. anevsn (# 581) threat. 60¢ aor. imp. act. dtdwpr
MH, 453. eimov aor. ind. act. Xeyw (# 3306) to say. &KOv- (# 1443) to give. nappnota s.v. 13. AaAeiv pres. act. inf.
€lv pres. act. inf. axkovw (# 201) to hear, to hear and s.v. 1. Inf. as dir. obj. @ 30 exteivet pres. act. inf. ex-
obey. Obedience to God is of overriding importance tetvw (# 1753) to stretch out. Inf. w. prep. év (# 1877) ex-
(Barrett). Epex. inf. explaining what is right (tkatov). pressing contemporaneous action. The phrase seems
Kptvate aor. imp. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge, to de- to be explanatory of 60¢ (Barrett). yiveo@o1 aor. mid.
cide. Perfective aor., “you reach a decision,” “you (dep.) inf. s.v. 4. Inf. of purp. @ 31 SenBevtwv aor. pass.
make the decision.” 20 Svvdpe8a pres. ind. pass. (dep.) part. (temp.) deoua1 (# 1289) to pray, to make a
(dep.) S0vopa1 (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. etSopev aor. request. Gen. abs. toaAev@n aor. ind. pass. carevw
ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Nkoboopev aor. ind. act. (# 4888) to shake; shook as w. an earthquake, a sign of
s.v. 19. MaAEtv pres. act. inf. s.v. 1. The double neg. rep- divine assent (Bruce). ovvnypevot perf. pass. part. s.v.
resents a strong affirmative: “We must speak at all 26. Periphrastic part. émAno®noav aor. ind. pass.
cost” (Barrett). @ 21 npooane1Anodpevor aor. mid. TipnAnt (# 4398) to fill. EAGAOvV impf. ind. act. s.v. 1.
(dep.) part. (temp.) mpooaneirew (# 4653) to threaten Impf. could be incep. or indicate that they continued
further. The prep. compound indicates “in addition” speaking boldly. 32 miotevodvtwv aor. act. part.
(Bruce; Jos., Ant. 14:170). &méAvoav aor. ind. act. &no- miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Adj. part. as subst. bxap-
Aw (# 668) to release. Evptoxovtes pres. act. part. (cau- xOvtwv pres. act. part. brcpyw (# 5639) to exist, to be.
sal) ebptoxw (# 23517) to find. (M, 230). koAGowvtar aor. Pl. part. as subst. (“possessions”). abt@ dat. sing. a-
subj. mid. (dep.) koAaCopo1 (# 3134) to prune, to curb, toc (# 899) Dat. of possession. 1S10¢ (# 2625) particular,
to correct, to punish (RWP). Subj. in indir. question private, one’s own, often in contrast to Kowgc¢ (“com-
(RWP). €50€aCov impf. ind. act. daw (# 1519) to glo- mon”) (TLNT). elvan pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639) to be.
rify (s. 3:13). Impf. indicates the continual action. ye- Inf. in indir. speech. 33 Svvoper dat. sing. Svvoyts
yovott perf. act. part. s.v. 4. Part. as subst. Perf. (# 1539) power, strength, ability, capability (BAGD). In-
indicates the abiding results. 22 yeyovet plperf. ind. str. dat. aneStSovv impf. ind. act. dnodidwpt to give,
act. s.v. 4. ® 23 anor vbEvtEs aor. pass. part. (temp.) s.v. (# 625) to give back, to render. 34 evdeng (# 1890) in
21. NABov aor. ind. act. Epyouct (# 1181) to come, to go. need, needy. ktytopes nom. pl. ktntwp (# 3230) owner.
onnyyevov aor. ind. act. anayyedAw (# 550) to report. Frequent in papyri for owners of real estate (Bruce;
@ 24 dKoboavtes aor. act. part. s.v. 19. Tpav aor. ind. MM; NDIEC, 2:89). nwAobvtes pres. act. part. (circum.)
Acts 5 238

mwrew (# 4797) to sell. Iterat. pres. indicating repeated part. @Kovw (# 201) to hear. Temp. part. indicating con-
action. €pepov impf. ind. act. depw (# 5770) to bring. It- temporaneous action. meowv aor. act. part. (circum.)
erat. impf. TUNPACKOLEVWV pres. pass. part. mimpaokw mintw (# 4406) to fall. eBéwuEev aor. ind. act. exyoyw
(# 4405) to sell. Part. as subst. @ 35 eti@ovv impf. ind. (# 1775) to breathe out, to expire. A term used by med-
act. s.v. 3. Iterat. impf. 5ve6iSeto impf. ind. pass. d10- ical writers (MLL, 37; Barrett). €yeveto aor. ind. mid.
51S (# 1344) to distribute. Iterat. impf. ka8otT1 in pro- (dep.) yivona. (# 1181) to become, to be. axovovtas aor.
portion as, according as. etyev impf. ind. act. éyw act. part. Part. as subst. © 6 G&vaotavtes aor. act. part.
(# 2400) to have. @ 36 EnixAnGeic aor. pass. part. (adj.) aviotnut (# 482) to arise. For the Semitic construction
emikarew (# 2126) to name, to call by the surname. s. BG, 126f. ovveoteAay aor. ind. act. ovoteAAw (# 5366)
weBepynvevopevov pres. pass. part. we8epunvevw (# 3493) to gather together, to draw together, to wrap up. It
to translate. vidg (# 5626) son; used here in the Semitic could indicate the laying out of a corpse, or covering it
sense of the leading characteristic of the person. w. a shroud, or simply preparing for burial (Barrett;
mopaKAnoig (# 4155) encouragement, exhortation, LC; MLL, 38). e&eveykavteg aor. act. part. exbepw
comfort; here, “son of exhortation”; that is, “preacher” (# 1766) to carry out. Used in the technical sense to
(Barrett). 37 mwAtous aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 34. carry out for burial (Bruce). Circum. or temp. part.
TVEYKEV aor. ind. act. dépw s.v. 34. EOnNKEv aor. ind. act. EBawav aor. ind. act. @antw (# 2507) to bury. @ 7 &16-
s.v. 3. For the common ownership of goods s. 2:44; 10S otnpo. (# 1404) interval (of time, or space) (NDIEC,
1126. 4:86; GELTS, 109). It is to be taken as subject of the vb.
éyeveto (Barrett). el6via perf. act. part. (circum.) nom.
fem. sing. ota. (# 3857) to know. yeyovdg perf. act. part.
Acts 5 s.v. 5. Subst. part., “the thing that had happened.”
@ 1 ‘Avaviac (# 393) Ananias. Transcription of Perf. indicates the lasting results. evof{AGev aor. ind. act.
mam (“Yahweh shows mercy,” “God is gracious”) w. eloepyouat (# 1656) tocome in. @ 8 a&nexpi6n aor. ind.
Greek ending (Schneider; SB, 2:634). Zangipy dat. sing. pass. &moxpivopon (# 646) to answer. eine aor. imp. act.
Lanpipa (# 4912) Sapphira. Greek form of the Aramaic A€yw (# 3306) to say. tooovtov gen. sing. tocodt0¢
name N75 (“The Beautiful”) (Schneider; SB, 2:634; (# 5537) so large, so much. Gen. of price. amedoo8e aor.
for both names w. examples s. BASHH, 224; HAE, ind. mid. anodtdwyt (# 625) to give back; mid., to sell.
2:68; AT, 718). €mwAnoev aor. ind. act. mwAew (# 4797) to vat (# 3721) yes. 9 ovvepwvn6n aor. ind. pass. ovp-
sell. ktha (# 3228) acc. sing. n. possession, landed pwvew (# 5244) to agree together; impersonal use w. the
property (Bruce). @ 2 évoopioato aor. ind. mid. dat., “It was agreed together by you, or for you”
(dep.) vooiGowat (# 3802) to embezzle, to secretly take (RWP). neipdoa. aor. act. inf. neipatw (# 4279) to
a part of a larger quantity which had been given to tempt, to put to the test (TLNT, 3:82-83). 89ayavtwv aor.
one as a trust. It was used in the LXX (Josh 7:1) of act. part. s.v. 6. eGotoovow fut. ind. act. Exoepw s.v. 6.
Achan (LC; TLNT; MM). Indir. mid. “he kept back ... @ 10 éneoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. &€wuEev aor. ind. act.
for himself” (GGBB, 421). ovvevSving perf. act. part. s.v. 5, €loeABOvTES aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 7. ebpov aor.
fem. sing. ovvoda (# 5323) to share knowledge w., to ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. ebeveyKavtes aor. act.
be implicated. évéyKkag aor. act. part. (temp.) depw part. s.v. 6. €8awayv aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. @ 11 éyeveto aor.
(# 5770) to carry, to bring. €@nKev aor. ind. act. tiOnWL ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. &dxobovtas aor. act. part. s.v. 5.
(#5502) to place. 3 énAnpwoev aor. ind. act. tAnpow Part. as subst. Both the believers and those who heard
(# 4444) to fill, to control. yedoaoOat aor. mid. (dep.) had great fear. @ 12 eyiveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v.
inf. yevdouai (# 6017) to lie, to lie to someone, to try to 5. The impf. pictures the repeated occurrence. op06v-
deceive by lying (BAGD; KVS, 105-6; Barrett). Inf. of adov w. one accord. In Hellenistic Gr, “together”
purp. or result. kat (# 2779) epex., “that is, in that you (LC). €v ti ot0G LoAoudvtos in the Portico of Solomon
embezzled” (Pesch). voodioao8ar aor. mid. inf. s.v. 2. (s. 3:11). This seems to be the regular meeting place for
@ 4 ovyi (# 4049) introduces a question expecting a the Christians (Barrett). 13 €toApo impf. ind. act.
positive answer. pévov pres. act. part. (temp.) pevw toAuaw (# 5528) to dare, w. inf. KOAAGoBa1 pres. pass.
(# 3531) to remain; referring to Kthpa in v. 1 inf. KoAAGw (# 3140) to join, to approach. Perhaps w.
(Schneider); “While (so long as) it remained unsold, it the idea of attaching oneself without a regular intro-
remained yours, didn’t it?” ELLEVEV impf. ind. act. pevw. duction (Bruce; Christoph Burchard, “Fussnoten zum
mMpadev aor. pass. part. (temp.) mimpaokw (# 4405) to neutestamentlichen Griechisch,” ZNW 61 [1970]: 159-
sell. “When it was sold, it was still under your author- 60). EueyaAvvev impf. ind. act. peyarvvw (# 3486) to
ity, wasn’t it?” dnfpxev impf. ind. act. bndapyw (# 5639) make large, to magnify, to praise, to glorify (TLNT,
to exist, to be. ti 6tt Why (it is) that...? Elliptical con- 2:459-60). @ 14 wG@Adov (# 3437) even more (Barrett).
struction (Bruce). €60v aor. ind. mid. ti@nut s.v. 2. Eyed- MpooetiGevto impf. ind. pass. mpooti@nur (# 4707) to
ow aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. @ 5 axovwv pres. act. add to. The impf. pictures the repeated action. kupiw
239 Acts 5

dat. sing. kvptog (# 3261) lord. Dat. could be taken ei- wevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mapayivouar
ther w. the main vb., “added to the Lord,” or w. the (# 4134) to come on the scene, to appear. ovvexdAeoav
part., “believers on the Lord” (Pesch). muotevovtes aor. ind. act. ovykarew (# 5157) to call together, to
pres. act. part. Tiotevw (# 4409) to believe. Part. as sub- summons. kai (#2779) that is (epex.) (BG, 154). ané-
st. @ 15 Kai (#2779) even. niateia # 4423) street. Ex- otetkav aor. ind. act. anootéAdAw (# 690) to send.
épetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 6. Inf. w. wote (#6063)t Seouwtnpiov (# 1303) place of confinement, prison.
express result looking back to the general context, but Gx8Fiva aor. pass. inf. Hyw (# 72) to lead. Inf. of purp.
esp. v. 12a. (Bauernfeind). teva pres. act. inf. TIOnLt Some see it as a pass. inf. after a vb. of commanding, as
s.v. 2. Inf. of result. KAwaptov (# 3108) bed, little bed. in Latin (MT, 138; BD, 200). 22 bxnpéetngs (# 5677)
KpaBo.ttog (# 3187) pallet, camp bed (RWP, EGT). ép- helper, assistant, temple guard (Barrett; s. 4:1). edpov
xouévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) Epxouar (# 2262) aor. ind. act. s.v. 10. &vaotpewavteg aor. act. part.
to come, to go. Gen. abs. Kav at least (Barrett). Emiox1id- (temp.) avaotpepw (# 418) to turn again, to return
OT) aor. subj. act. emtoxiacw (# 2173) to overshadow, w. again. annyyevav aor. ind. act. onayyerdrw (# 550) to re-
dat. It is not the effect of Peter’s shadow but of the port. 23 evpopev aor. ind. act. s.v. 10. KeKAeLopevVOV
presence and power of God which Peter represented perf. pass. part. (adj.) kAetw (# 3091) to close, to shut, to
(Barrett). 16 ovvnpyeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ovvep- lock. The perf. emphasizes that it was shut tight
Xonar (# 5302) to come together. Impf. pictures the re- (RWP). coporeia (# 854) dat. sing. safety, security. W.
peated action in the past. mepié (# 4339) adv. the prep. év (#1877) to express manner (“most secure-
surrounding. dépovtes pres. act. part. depw (# 5770) to ly”) (BD, 118; NDIEC, 3:149; 154; TLNT, 1:217). $0-
carry. Circum. part. oxyAovpévous pres. pass. part. oyAEw AaKas acc. pl. pvAGE (# 5874) guard. EotHtas perf. act.
(# 4061) to trouble, to torment. For the medical use s. part. (adj.) s.v. 20. &votEavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v.
MLL, 7-8. e8epanedovto impf. ind. pass. Sepanevw 19. 24 tKovoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 21. otpatnyoc
(# 2543) to heal. Impf. pictures the repeated action. (# 5130) captain of the temple guard (s. 4:1). &unnopovv
17 avaote.s aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 6. ovoa pres. impf. ind. act. danopew (# 1389) to be perplexed (s.
act. part. et (# 1639). Used here in the sense of intro- 2:12). Incep. impf. yévoito aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivoyat
ducing some technical phrase w. the meaning “local,” (# 1181) to become, to be; here “as to what this would
“current,” “existing” (Bruce; MT, 151-52). exAno@noav become.” The conclusion of a cond. cl. w. the cond. (“if
aor. ind. pass. miumAnut (# 4398) to fill. (nAov gen. sing. the thing should be allowed to go on”) not expressed
Cndoc (# 2419) jealousy, envy, a particularly strong (RWP). “What will be the end, or result, of this?” (Bar-
feeling of resentment and jealousy against someone rett). It may refer to the past, “What could have hap-
(LN, 1:760; TDNT; NIDNTT). Gen. of content indicat- pened to them?” (NSV, 110). @ 25 mapayevopevos aor.
ing that with which they were filled. @ 18 enéBadov mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 21. amtyyetrev aor. ind.
aor. ind. act. enBarAw (# 2095) to place upon, to lay act. s.v. 22. €@e00 aor. ind. mid. s.v. 2. totdtEs perf. act.
hands upon someone (s. 4:3). €8evto aor. ind. mid. s.v. part. s.v. 20. Periphrastic part. (“The men are standing
15. Snpoot0g (# 1323) dat. sing. publicly (adv.), or pub- in the Temple”). 5t8aoKovteg pres. act. part. s.v. 21.
lic (adj.). The latter refers to the Custodia publica or Periphrastic part. The first part. gives the author’s
public prison indicating a more severe form of impris- view of the apostles’ condition or state, and the second
onment (Schille; BAGD; SB, 2:635, 1:679). 19 &1& the progress they are making (VA, 456). Parts. may
vuKt0g (# 1328; 3816) at night (BD, 199). avoiEas aor. have a loose attachment to the vb. ewi and be circum.
act. part. (circum.) avoiyw (# 487) to open. eEoyoryaov (NSV, 9). @ 26 anehOadv. aor. act. part. (temp.) anepxo-
aor. act. part. (circum.) e&cyw (# 1974) to lead out. ELMEV pat (# 599) to go away. Nyev aor. ind. act. s.v. 21. They
aor. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say, to speak. 20 nopev- were leading them slowly and no doubt and solemnly
cove pres. imp. mid. (dep.) nopevouor (# 4513) to go. (RWP). peta Bias (# 3552; 1040) w. force, w. violence.
OtaGEVTES aor. pass. part. Lath (# 2705) to stand; pass. epoBodvto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) poBeoua (# 5828) to be
to take a stand (RWP). Circum. part. w. the idea of an afraid, to fear. AWWac@@ow aor. subj. pass. A1Oatw
imp. (s. VANT, 386). AaA€ite pres. imp. act. A0AEW (# 3342) to stone. Subj. in a neg. purp. cl. w. a vb. of
(# 3281) to speak. The idea of the pres. imp. may be fearing (RWP; NSV, 141). 27 ayayovtes aor. act. part.
“Continue the act of speaking,” “Resume speaking s.v. 21. €otnoay aor. ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to place, to
and continue to do so.” @ 21 &kovoavtes aor. act. part. stand. émnpwtnoev aor. ind. act. tmepwtdw (# 2089) to
(circum.) &xovw (# 201) to hear, to obey. etofAGov aor. question, to put a question to, to interrogate.
ind. act. s.v. 7. 6pOpov acc. sing. OpOpoc (# 3986) dawn, 28 nopayyedig (# 4132) dat. sing. Instr. dat. used like
early morning, daybreak. Acc. w. prep. 010 (#5679) as the Heb. inf. abs. (SA, 151; Barret; MH, 443). napny-
acc. of time: “under the dawn,” “about dawn” (RWP; yetAopev aor. ind. act. napmyyedAw (# 4133) to com-
TLNT, 1:51). &5iSaoxov impf. ind. act. SidcoKw (# 1438) mand, to charge. Often used as a legal term indicating
to teach. Incep. impf., “they began to teach.” mapayevo- a summons to court or the complaint against the de-
Acts 6 240

fendant (LC). Ind. w. ov (# 4024) in a question expect- obey, w. dat. (BAGD). 5veAv@noav aor. ind. pass. d10-
ing a positive answer. 518aoxetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 21. Abw (# 1370) to scatter, to destroy. €yevovto aor. ind.
Inf. as dir. obj. of the vb. napnyyetiopev. nenAnpwKate mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. @ 37 aveotn aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. &né-
perf. ind. act. tAnpow (# 4444) to fill. Perf. emphasizes OTNOEV aor. ind. act. &diotnut (# 923) to cause to revolt,
the continuing result. BobAgobe pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to mislead (DJG, 688-98; DPL, 812-19; BBC). &nwAeto
BovAonar (# 1089) to want to, w. inf. Emoyoryeiv aor. act. aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dn0AA v1 (# 660) to destroy, to per-
inf. encyw (# 2042) to bring upon. @ 29 anoKptOets aor. ish. 8Sveoxoprio®noav aor. ind. pass. diacKopmitw
pass. part. s.v. 8. Pleonastic use of the part. (MH, 453). (# 1399) to scatter. @ 38 &noothtE aor. imp. act. &piotn-
nmeWapxetv pres. act. inf. neWapxew (# 4272) to obey one wt (# 923) keep away from. &dete aor. imp. act. aint
in authority, to obey willingly, to let oneself be per- (# 918) to leave, to leave alone. q pres. subj. act. et
suaded, to willingly comply w. a rule; w. dat. (EGT; (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond.
TLNT; MM; NDIEC, 2:105). Epex. inf. w. det (# 1256) cl. which assumes the possibility of the cond. kataAv-
(logical necessity). @ 30 tiyetpev aor. ind. act. éyeipw @njoeta fut. ind. pass. kataAvw (# 2907) to destroy; to
(# 1586) to raise. Stexeipioaoee aor. ind. mid. (dep.) d1a- loosen down like a falling house (RWP). @ 39 &
xeptCouar (# 1429) to take in hand, to do away w. A eu- (# 1623) if. Used in a 1st. class cond. cl. where the cond.
phemism for “kill” (MH, 302). Kpepdoavtes aor. act. is assumed to be true. For the cond. here s. BG, 104-5;
part. Kpewavvuut (# 3203) to hang. Part. of manner, or NSV, 169-70; VA, 310; Barrett. 5vvqoeobe fut. ind. pass.
means (s. 10:39). @ 31 apxnyosg s. 3:15. Double acc., (dep.) Svvapo1 (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. katoAdoar
“God has exalted this One as Prince and Savior.” aor. act. inf. s.v. 38. @eopayog (# 2534) fighting against
bywoev aor. ind. act. Dyow (# 5738) to lift up, to exalt. God, one who strives against God (NIDNTT, 3:962; 3
dobvan aor. act. inf. didwpt (# 1443) to give, to grant. Inf. [Greek] Bar., 2:7). ebpe@fte aor. subj. pass. evpioxw
of purpose. @ 32 Kai...xat (#2779) both ... and. (# 2351) to find. Subj. w. pq (# 3590) in a cl. of appre-
edwxKev aor. ind. act. didwyt s.v. 31. nevWapxodorv pres. hension, where the warding off of anxiety is still de-
act. part. dat. pl. s.v. 29. Part. as subst., dat. as indir. pendent on the will (BD, 188). exeto8noav aor. ind.
obj. @ 33 d&Kxoboavtes aor. act. part. s.v. 5. Part. as sub- pass. s.v. 36. Effective aor. indicating that the persuad-
st. Sempiovto impf. ind. pass. dvanpiw (# 1391) to saw ing was successful. @ 40 npooxaAgocpevor aor. mid.
through; pass. to be cut to the quick, to be infuriated (dep.) part. (temp.) mpookareonat (# 4673) to summons
(BAGD). Incep. impf. €BovAovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) someone. A legal t.t., “to call in” (BAGD). Setpavteg
s.v. 28, w. inf. Impf. indicates the incompleted action. aor. act. part. depw (# 1296) to flog, to beat. The punish-
avenetv aor. act. inf. dvaipew (# 359) to kill. 34 dva- ment was for minor offenses (EGT). Perhaps this was
Ota¢ aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 6. Topoarma (# 1137) Ga- the “forty stripes minus one,” as in 2 Cor. 11:24
maliel. Gamaliel I, the Elder, worked from A.D. 25-50 (Schneider), or the Makkat mardut (“stripes of correc-
and was a highly respected teacher. When he died it tion”) given for rebellion and resistance (s. Sven Gal-
was said that the glory of the Law ceased and purity las, “’Funfmal vierzig weniger eins....’ Die an Paulus
and abstinence died (M, Sotah 6:15; SB 2:636-36; ABD, vollzogenen Synagogalstrafen nach 2 Kor 11, 24,”
2:904-906; BBC; HJP, 2:367-68; Barrett; for the Chief ZNW 81 [1990]: 178-91, esp. 190). napnyyetvay aor. ind.
Priests, Sadducees, Pharisees, and Sanhedrin in Acts s. act. s.v. 28. AaAelv pres. act. inf. Aarew (# 3281) to
BAFCS, 4:115-77). He was also Paul’s teacher (s. 22:3). sound, make sounds. Inf. gives the content of the com-
ekéAevoev aor. ind. act. kexkevw (# 3027) to command. mand. Pres. w. the neg. indicates that they are not to
moijoo. aor. act. inf. moiew (# 4472) to do, to make; continue speaking, or that they are to stop the action in
here, “to put the men outside for a little while.” Inf. progress. améAvoav aor. ind. act. dnorvw (# 668) to re-
gives the content of the command. @ 35 npooéyete lease. 41 Enopevovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.). mopevo-
pres. imp. act. mpooexw (# 4668) to give heed, to pay at- wor (# 4513) to go. yalpovtes pres. act. part. yaipw
tention; “hold your mind (votc, not expressed) for or (# 5897) to rejoice. Part. of manner. katnEw@noav aor.
on yourselves” (RWP). mpdooew pres. act. inf. tpacow ind. pass. Kataéiow (# 2921) to consider worthy. Theol.
(# 4556) to do. Inf. w. péArete (# 3516) to express fut., pass. indicating that God considered them worthy.
“What you are about to do.” 36 dveotn aor. ind. act. ATULAoOFVvar aor. pass. inf. atywaCw (# 869) to dishonor.
s.v. 6. Oevda¢ Theudas. For name and the historical Epex. inf. @ 42 enavovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) navo-
difficulties here, s. NDIEC, 4:183-85; BASHH, 162-63; wa (# 4264) to cease, w. part.
Barrett; Longenecker, 322-23; SB, 2:639-40. eivai pres.
act. inf. eyt (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. speech. mpoo-
exAi@n aor. ind. pass. mpookAtvonat (# 4679) to attach Acts 6
oneself to, to follow, w. dat. &vype@n aor. ind. pass. s.v. @ 1 mAnOvvovtwv pres. act. part. tAnOvvw (# 4437)
33. émet@ovto impf. ind. mid. mei®w (# 4275) to con- to fill; here intr., to increase. Gen. abs. expresses con-
vince, to persuade, to be convinced, persuaded, to temporaneous time, but also gives the cause for the
241 Acts 6

problem to be described (SF, 325). éyéveto aor. ind. mid. etereEavto aor. ind. mid. éxAeyw (# 1721) to select, to
(dep.) yivowar (# 1181) to become, to arise. yoyyvoyoc choose. NixdAaov mpoondrvtov ‘Avtioxea (# 3775; 4670;
(# 1198) murmuring, complaining, discontent. Used in 522) Nicolas, a proselyte (one who has come over from
the LXX of Israel murmuring (Exod. 16:7, 8; GELTS, paganism to Judaism, a convert [BAGD]) from Anti-
92). In the papyri it occurs in a letter from a doctor to och. For a discussion of this person s. SF, 132-44; ABD,
his mother in which he says he has not been able to 4:1107-8.. @ 6 €otnoay aor. ind. act. torn (# 2705) to
send his brother to her because he could not leave the place, to stand. mpooevEdpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part.
patients, “lest there be some murmuring against us” (temp.) mpooevyouc (# 4667) to pray. Ené6nkav aor. ind.
(NDIEC, 4:143-44; s. TDNT). ‘EAAnviotis (# 1821) Hel- act. emitiOnut (# 2202) to place upon. The whole com-
lenist. The word seems to refer to the Greek-speaking pany of believers, not only the apostles, laid their
Jewish believers of the Diaspora in contrast to the He- hands on the seven men, signifying the blessing which
brew, or Aramaic-speaking Jewish Christians (SF, 19- accompanies the committing and undertaking of a
85, 219-34, 309, 329-31; Longenecker, 327-30; Barrett; new kind of ministry (Barrett). It indicates the identifi-
LC; BC, 5:59-74; Martin Hengel, “Zwischen Jesus und cation with and unity of those involved in the act. For
Paulus. Die ‘Hellenisten’, die ‘Sieben’ und ‘Stephanas’ Jewish material s. SB, 2:647-61; NTRJ, 224-46.
[Apg 6, 1-15; 7, 54-8, 3],” ZThK 72 [1975]: 151-206; @ 7 nvEavev impf. ind. act. ad&dvw (# 889) to grow. The
Edvin Larsson, “Die Hellenisten und die Urge- impf. pictures the continual growth. The Word of God,
meinde,” NTS 33 [1987]: 205-25; Schneider, 406-16; for as the apostles continued to preach it, had continually
the composition of the Jerusalem church s. BAFCS, increasing influence and effect (Barrett). énAn@dveto
4:213-36). mapebewpodvto impf. ind. pass. napabewpew impf. ind. pass. s.v. 1. opodpa. (# 5379) very, greatly, ex-
(# 4145) to look beyond, to overlook, to neglect. taKxo- tremely. bmfKovov impf. ind. act. braKovw (# 5634) to
via. (# 1355) dat. sing. ministry. It suggests a daily dis- listen to, to obey, w. dat. 8 yapttog gen. sing. yapic
pensation of alms or of food to the widows (LC; (# 5921) grace. It could indicate God’s favor to
TDNT; SF, 86-102, 234-40, 310). Perhaps it was an ad- Stephen, or the spiritual charm or winsomeness of
aptation of the Jewish system of tamhuy (“poor bowl”), Stephen; that is, the power which flows from God
a daily distribution among the poor travellers who (Longenecker, 334; NIDNTT, 2:119). Gen. of content.
were in Jerusalem that consisted of bread, beans, and emote impf. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do, to perform.
fruit; or the quppah (“poor basket”), a weekly dole for Impf. pictures the repeated action. 9 d&véotnoav
the poor of Jerusalem consisting of food, clothing, and aor. ind. act. aviotnut (# 482) to arise. For a discussion
enough money to buy food for 14 days (JTJ, 131; SB, of the adversaries of Stephen and the places referred to
2:643-47; Haenchen). ka®nwepivoc (# 2766) daily. ynpa s. SE, 158-63, 266-69; Barrett; SB, 2:65. Aeyouevns pres.
(# 5939) widow. Perhaps a reference to the widows of pass. part. (adj.) Aeyw (# 3306) to say; here, “so called.”
those from the Diaspora who had come to Jerusalem ovntobvtes pres. act. part. ov$ntew (# 5184) to dispute,
late in life. Their widows were now left destitute to question together, to express forceful differences of
(Haenchen). @ 2 xpooxaAgodpevor aor. mid. part. opinion without necessarily having a presumed goal
(temp.) mpooxarew (# 4673) to call to oneself, to sum- of seeking a solution (LN, 1:438-39), w. dat.
mon. apeotos (# 744) fitting, pleasing, satisfactory; w. 10 ioxvov impf. ind. act. ioxbw (# 2710) to be strong,
dat. of reference (here, “to us all,” “to us Twelve,” “to to be able to, w. inf. &vtiotivat aor. act. inf. dvOiotnL
God” [Barrett]). kataAeiyavtas aor. act. part. (cond.) (# 468) to stand against, to successfully withstand, w.
Katareinw (# 2901) to leave behind, to abandon. 61aKo- dat. @ dat. sing. 6¢ (# 4005) rel. pron. Instr. dat. (“w.
veiv pres. act. inf. diaKxovew (# 1354) to minister to, to which”). €AaAet impf. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak.
serve. Epex. inf. explaining dpeotov. @ 3 exioxeyaode @ 11 vnéBarov aor. ind. act. vroPaAAW (# 5680) to put
aor. imp. mid. (dep.) émioxentopoar (# 2170) to oversee, up, to prompt. It applies to the secret instigation of
to supervise, here, “seeking w. a view to appointment persons supplied w. suggestions of what they are to
(Barrett). waptvpovpeévous pres. pass. part. (adj.) wap- say, much as in the modern frame-up (LC; BAGD;
tupew (# 3455) to give testimony, to bear witness, to be MM). &xnkoapev perf. ind. act. dKovw (# 201) to hear,
well reported of (BS, 256; LAE, 88). emta (# 2231) sev- w. gen. AaAobvtos pres. act. part. s.v. 10. Part. used to
en. Perhaps this is analogous to the “seven of a city” complete the vb. axknkoopev. 12 ovvexivnoay aor.
which made up the local board of a Jewish community ind. act. ovykivew (# 5167) to throw into a commotion,
(SB, 2:641; SF, 126-32; 249-51). kataothoopev fut. ind. to stir violently, to incite. €miotavtes aor. act. part. (cir-
act. kaOiotnut (# 2770) to appoint. The twelve were to cum.) eptotnut (# 2392) to come upon. Ingressive aor.,
give their approval to the congregation’s selection of “they rushed at him” (RWP). ovvapraoay aor. ind. act.
the seven (Bruce). 4 mpooxaptepnoopev fut. ind. act. ovvapractw (# 5275) to seize. jyayov aor. ind. act. &yw
mpookaptepew (# 4674) to hold fast to, to continue in (s. (# 72) to lead. ® 13 éotnody aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. yevdns
1:14). 5 Tpeoev aor. ind. act. apeokw (# 743) to please. (# 6014) false, lying. For a discussion of the charges
S
Acts 7 242

and whether the witnesses lied or misrepresented the abs., concessive (“although”). 6 édAnoev aor. ind.
words of Stephen s. SF, 172-82, 270-77, 312-13. mavetor act. AaAEW to speak. Eotat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit s.v.
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) mavopai (# 4264) to cease; w. 2. mapoikos (# 259) foreign, alien, sojourner. Transla-
part. ® 14 axnkoopev perf. ind. act. s.v. 11. katoAvoEL tion of the Heb. 712 ger, one who lives in a foreign land
fut. ind. act. katoAvw (# 2907) to destroy (s. Matt. 24:2; but has certain rights (TDOT; TWOT; DCH). &AA0tpto¢
Mark 13:2; Luke 21:6). GAAGEEL fut. ind. act. GAAGCOW foreign. d0vAMoov0lv fut. ind. act. SovAow (# 1530) to
(# 248) to change. €6n acc. pl. €80¢ (# 1621) custom, law. make someone a slave, to be enslaved. kaxwoovovv fut.
It covers both written and oral tradition (Barrett). ind. act. kaxow (# 2808) to treat badly, to harm, to mis-
mopeswkev aor. ind. act. napadidwur (# 4140) to give treat. €tn tetpaKooia 400 years. This is probably a
over, to transmit. Stephen saw clearly the inevitability round figure (Longenecker, 340; for a discussion of
of a break w. Judaism. He may have spoken of the Jewish views of the 400 years s. SB, 2:668-71). 7
transitory character of the Mosaic ceremonies SovAevoovoiv fut. ind. act. S5ovrevw (# 1526) to be a
(Bruce). 15 a&tE-vioavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) ate- slave, to serve as a slave. For the fut. ind. w. é&v
vitw (# 867) to gaze, to look at intently. Ka®efouevor (#1569) s. BD, 192. e€eAevoovtar fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
pres. mid. (dep.) part. ka@eCouar (# 2757) to sit. Part. as s.v. 3. Aatpedoovory fut. ind. act. Aatpevw (# 3302) to
subst. etSov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. worship in service, to perform religious rites as part of
worship, to venerate, to worship (LN, 1:533). 8 £50)-
Kev aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. &:a0nKN (# 1347) treaty, cove-
Acts 7 nant (TDNT; IDB, 1:714-23; DCH; TDOT; TWOT). The
@ 1 €1 (# 1623) introduces a direct question. The sign of the covenant w. Abraham was circumcision
accused is asked to defend himself against the charge (Cleon L.Rogers, Jr., “The Covenant with Abraham
(Haenchen). €yet pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have; to and Its Historical Setting,” Bib Sac 127 [1970]: 241-56;
hold; lit., “Do these things hold thus?” (RWP). The Lawrence H. Schiffman, “The Rabbinic Understanding
question means, “Are the facts stated in the accusation of Covenant,” RevExp 84 [1987]: 289-98). obtwe (# 4048)
true?” “Do you admit the charge?” (Barrett). @ 2 én so, thus. It implies, the covenant having been made, he
impf./aor. ind. act. pnut (# 5774) to say (s. VA, 443-46). begot Isaac (Barrett). eyevvnoev aor. ind. act. yevvaw
aKovoatE aor. imp. act. cKovw (# 201) to hear, to listen (# 1164) to beget. mepvetepev aor. ind. act. nepitewvw
to. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. @@n aor. ind. pass. (# 4362) to circumcise. 9 €nAwoavtes aor. act. part.
opaw (# 3972) to see; pass. to appear. Ovtt pres. act. (causal) Cnrow (# 2420) to boil w. zeal, then w. envy, to
part. (temp.) dat. masc. sing. et (# 1639) to be. For be jealous (RWP; GELTS, 194). &méSovto aor. ind. mid.
extra-biblical Jewish accounts at the time of the Second anodtswut (# 625) to give away; mid., to sell. 10 €&-
Temple s. The Apocalypse of Abraham 1-8; Jub. 11-12. kat- eiAato aor. ind. mid. e&a1pew (# 1975) to take out; mid.
OiK7joa1 aor. act. inf. Kato1Kew (# 2997) to live, to be at to set free, to rescue, to deliver. The prep. in compound
home. Inf. used w. mpiv 7) to express antecedent time is perfective. €5wKev aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. KATEOTHOEV aor.
(“before”) (MT, 140). @ 3 €€€A6e aor. imp. act. e€epyxo- ind. act. ka®totnL (# 2770) to appoint. NyobpeEvov pres.
at (# 2002) to go out. ovyyéeveta (# 5149) kinship, rela- mid. (dep.) part. Nyeowo1 (# 2451) to rule, to govern.
tives. dedpo (# 1306) adv., here. In this case used as Part. as subst. @ 11 nvptoxov impf. ind. act. evptoxw
imp., “come!” “come here!” Set&w aor. subj. act. dekvv- (# 2351) to find. yoptaopa (# 5964) food. Originally of
ut (# 1259) to show. Subj. w. &v (# 323) in an indef. rel. animals, later in the sense of human food as well
cl. @ 4 &€eA8wv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 3. KaTwKTOEV (Bruce). 12 d&kovous aor. act. part. GKovw (# 207) to
aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. &mo@aveiv aor. act. inf. atoOvnoKW hear. Temp. or causal part. 6vto pres. act. part. eit s.v.
(# 633) to die. Inf. w. prep. peta (# 3552) to express sub- 2. Part. in indir. discourse (“heard of corn being in
sequent time: “after he died.” petaKuoev aor. ind. act. Egypt”) (RWP). e&ameoterev aor. ind. act. eanooteArw
uetoiKkiGw (# 3579) to cause to dwell, to settle. The idea (# 1990) to send out. 13 €v t@ Sevtepw (# 1877; 1309)
of transfer or change is indicated by the prep. com- on the second occasion, on the second visit (Barrett).
pound (MH, 318). katoikeite pres. ind. act. s.v. 2. The aveyvwpio@n aor. ind. pass. avayvopicw (# 341) to make
fact that Jews were living in the land given to Abra- known; pass. (w. dat.), “let himself be recognized”
ham indicated God’s faithfulness to His Word. (BD, 103). For the textual variant €yvwpto8n s. TC, 344;
@ 5 éSwxev aor. ind. act. Si5wyt (# 1443) to give. ev abth Barrett. pavepov nom. sing. davepoc (# 5745) manifest,
in it, perhaps referring to Mesopotamia or Haran rath- known, plain, evident. Pred. nom. eyéveto aor.
er than Canaan. Biya acc. sing. step; “stepping of a ind. mid. (dep.) yivouo. (# 1181) to become, to be.
foot” (RWP). exnyyetAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) enayyer- @ 14 dnooteiAacs aor. act. part. (circum.) d&nootéAAw
Aouar (# 2040) to promise. Sobvai aor. act. inf. didswur (# 690) to send. petexaAéouto aor. ind. mid. wetaKxaAreo-
(# 1443) Epex. inf. explaining the promise. Kata&oyEots wor (# 3559) to summon, to call to oneself. @ 15 kateBn
(# 2959) possession. Ovtog pres. act. part. et. Gen. aor. ind. act. katoPatv (# 2849) to go down. étededtn-
243 Acts 7

o€v aor. ind. act. teAevtaw (# 5462) to die. 16 pe- History of Egypt [London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1950],
tetéOnoav aor. ind. pass. wetatiOnut (# 3572) to transfer, 98-102; Adolf Erman & Hermann Ranke, Agypten und
to move from one place to another. The prep. in com- agyptisches Leben im Altertum [Hildesheim: Gerstenberg
pound has the idea of change (MH, 318). &té@noav aor. Verlag, 1981], 374-428). 23 €ndAnpodto impf. ind.
ind. pass. tint (# 5502) to place. wvjoato aor. ind. pass. TAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill, to complete. aveBn aor.
mid. (dep.) wvéouct (# 6050) to buy, w. gen. of price. It ind. act. dvoPatvw (# 326) to go up, to come up. Used
could have been that Abraham had purchased this of things coming up into one’s mind (AS; SA, 63-64).
first, then Jacob repurchased it later (EBD, 379-81). emiokeyaovat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. émioKertowor
@ 17 xa0we when (Barrett). Hyyilev impf. ind. act. &y- (# 2170) to visit, to go to see w. one’s own eyes, to help
yiCw (# 1581) to draw near, to be near. 7¢ gen. sing. 6¢ if possible (RWP). Epex. inf. explaining what came into
(# 4005) rel. pron. Gen. by attraction. ®poAdynoev aor. his mind. @ 24 i8wv aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw
ind. act. ouwoAoyew (# 3933) to agree, to promise. N¥EN- (# 3972) to see. adikobpevov pres. pass. part. (adj.)
o€v aor. ind. act. avgavw (# 889) to grow. EnANnOdven aor. adixew (# 92) to wrong, to act unjustly toward; pass. to
ind. pass. nAnOvvw (# 4437) pass. to multiply, to in- suffer injustice. Nwovato aor. ind. mid. Guovounat (# 310)
crease. © 18 Gvéotn aor. ind. act. dviotnut (# 482) to to avenge oneself, to retaliate, to help, to come to the
arise. Tet plperf. ind. act. oi8a (# 3857) def. perf. w. aid of someone (BAGD). énoinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 19.
pres. meaning, to know. Plperf. = impf. @ 19 Kata- The vb. is used w. the noun expressing the verbal as-
oopioduevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. Kataoopioucr pect of the noun; “to avenge,” “to take vengeance.”
(# 2947) to exploit, to deal wisely. It implies crafty or KQTANOVOVHEVW pres. pass. part. Katamovew (# 2930) to
deceitful ill treatment, to exploit by means of craftiness subdue, to torment, to oppress. Dat. of advantage, “for
and cunning, to take advantage of (LC; LN, 1:758). the one being oppressed.” mataac aor. act. part. na-
Part. of manner. Exa&Kwoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. Noveiv ta.o0w (# 4250) to strike, to hit. Part. of manner explain-
pres. act. inf. novew (# 4472) to do, to make. Epex. inf. ing how he took vengeance. @ 25 evourfev impf. ind.
used to explain content of the ill-treatment, involving act. vouiGw (# 3787) to suppose. ovvievan pres. act. inf.
some idea of purpose: “so that,” “in that he made” ovvinut (# 5317) to comprehend, to understand. Inf. in
(Bruce; BD, 206). Bpebosg (# 1100) infant. Ex8_etog (# 1704) indir. discourse. Si8wow pres. ind. act. s.v. 5. OvviKav
exposed, cast out. Cwoyoveio@a1 pres. pass. inf. aor. ind. act. ovvinut. 26 éxiovog dat. fem. sing.
Cwoyovew (# 2441) to produce life. Here to preserve life emetut (# 2079) on the following day (BAGD). Dat. of
(Haenchen; MM; TLNT). Inf. w. etg (# 1650) expressing time. w@n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 2. Not the idea of a vision,
purp. 20 éyevwvn6n aor. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to but he appeared suddenly and unexpected (RWP).
produce a child, to beget; pass., to be born. dotetog waXOUEVOIG pres. mid. part. (dep.) udyouar (# 3481) to
(# 842) belonging to the city, w. city manners and pol- fight. “As they were fighting” (Barrett). ovvnAAacoev
ish, elegant, fine (RWP). Luke probably means that impf. ind. act. cvvadAaoow (# 5261) to reconcile. Con-
Moses was an entirely satisfactory child, without ative impf., “tried to reconcile.” eimwv aor. act. part.
physical or mental handicap (Barrett). 8€@ dat. sing. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Part. of manner. ddikeite pres. ind.
@e0c¢ (# 2536) God. Ethical dat., “fair to God” (RWP; act. s.v. 24. @ 27 ddikdv pres. act. part. s.v. 24. Part. as
GGBB, 147). &vetpaon aor. ind. pass. avatpepw (# 427) subst. anwoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) anweeona (# 723)
to bring up, to nourish. @ 21 EKTEBEVTOG aor. pass. part. to push away from oneself. Katéotnoev aor. ind. act.
(temp.) éxttOnut (# 1758) to set out, to expose. Gen. s.v. 10; w. double acc. ducaoths (# 1471) judge. @ 28 uh
abs., “after he had been set out.” GvetAato aor. ind. (# 3590) used in a question expecting a neg. answer.
mid. (dep.) cvaipew (# 359) to lift up. Used of acknowl- aveheiv aor. act. inf. cvapew (# 359) to kill. @EXetg pres.
edging or adopting as one’s child (Bruce; MM; NDIEC, ind. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to desire, to wish, to plan to, w.
2:7-10). For the custom of adopting an exposed child s. inf. dveiAEs aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. €x6e¢ (# 2396)
NDIEC, 2:9-10. &ve@péyato aor. ind. mid. (indir. mid., yesterday. 29 épvyev aor. ind. act. bevyw (#5771) to
“for herself”) s.v. 20. €ig viov (# 1650; 5626) acc. w. Eic flee. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 13. m&poiKcos s.v. 6.
used for the predicate acc. is probably due to Semitic €yEvvnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 20. @ 30 nAnpwOEvtwv aor.
influence (BD, 86; GELTS, 131; but s. M, 71-72; KVS, pass. part. (temp.) s.v. 23. Gen. abs. 067 aor. ind. pass.
61). @ 22 énordev6n aor. ind. pass. nadevw (# 4084) to s.v. 2. pAoyi dat. sing. bA0g (# 5825) flame. According to
train a child, to instruct, to educate. Josephus said that Philo, the burning fire described the plight of the na-
he was educated (“brought up” €tpepeto) with the ut- tion at that time (Philo, De Vita Mosis, I, 68-70).
most care (Jos., Ant., 2:236). Philo states that teachers @ 31 18ev aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 24. abpatev impf.
from various parts of the world instructed Moses in ind. act. @avuacw (# 2513) to wonder, to be amazed at.
math, geometry, music, hieroglyphics, Egyptian, dpaya (# 3969) appearance, sight. mpooepyouévov pres.
Greek, and Assyrian Wisdom (Philo, De Vita Mosis, I, mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mpooepyouat (# 4665) to come
21-24; SB, 2:678-79; s. also James Henry Breasted, A to. Gen. abs. katavotjoat aor. act. inf. katavoew (#2917)
Acts 7 244

to take knowledge of, to take notice of; “to master the quired by the syntax (BG, 9; BD, 243; PAPC). &&nyayev
mystery.” The prep. in compound indicates the com- aor. ind. act. s.v. 36. olSapev perf. ind. act. s.v. 18. &yéve-
pletion of a mental process (M, 117). Inf. of purp. to aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 13. Josephus says that the
32 Evtpopoc (# 1958) pertaining to extreme terror or Hebrews were deeply distressed and thought that
fear, often accompanied by trembling; trembling w. Moses had been killed by wild animals or that God
fear (LN, 1:317). yevopevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 13. had taken him, but he does not mention the making of
Causal or circum. part. €toAwa impf. ind. act. toAudaw the golden calf (Jos., Ant., 3:95-98). @ 41 gpoax0-
(# 5528) to dare, w. inf. Katavotjoa aor. act. inf. s.v. 31. moinoav aor. ind. act. yooyono1ew (# 3674) to make a
@ 33 Adoov aor. imp. act. A0w (# 3395) to loose. EotHKAG calf. &vnyayov aor. ind. act. avayw (# 343) to lead up, to
perf. ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to stand. Perf. is intr., “to bring a sacrifice (MM). evopaivovto impf. ind. mid.
stand” (NSV, 23). Whenever the Shekinah appeared (dep.) evopaivouar (# 2370) to rejoice, to cheer, to be
the wearing of sandals is prohibited (SB, 2:681). glad (GELTS, 190; KVS, 257-58). Impf. pictures the con-
@ 34 eldov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. KOKWOLC tinuing action. @ 42 éotpewev aor. ind. act. s.v. 39.
(# 2810) ill treatment. otevaypod gen. sing. otevayLoc TMapeswKev aor. ind. act. rapadsiswur (# 4140) to deliver
(# 5099) sighing, groaning as the result of deep con- over. Aatpevetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 7, w. dat. Inf. of result
cern or sti ss (LN, 1:305). Gen. as dir. obj. Txovoe. aor. or purpose. ti] otpatig tod ovpavod the army (host) of
ind. act. akovw (# 201) to hear, w. obj. in gen. kateBnv heaven, the heavenly bodies worshipped as deities
aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. &€eA€o@01 aor. mid. (indir. mid., (Barrett). yeypamtar perf. ind. pass. ypadw (# 1211) to
“for myself”) inf. eGa1pew (# 1975) to take out, to deliv- write. Perf. indicates the permanence of the authorita-
er. Inf. of purp. 5edpo (# 1306) “come!” d&rootetiw aor. tive record (MM). BiBAw dat. sing. BiBAo¢ (# 1047) book
subj. act. s.v. 14. Hortatory subj., “let me send!” (Matt. 1:1). wn (# 3590) neg. in a question which ex-
35 npvjoavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apveonat (# 766) to pects a neg. answer, “You did not bring your offerings
say no to, to deny; here, not to recognize or acknowl- to the true God, did you?” (Barrett). opd&ytov (# 5376)
edge (Schneider; EDNT). eimovtec aor. act. part. s.v. 26. animal sacrifice. mpoonveyKate aor. ind. act. npoodepw
KQTEOTHOEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 10, w. double acc. Avtpw- (# 4712) to bring to, to sacrifice. @ 43 dveAdBete aor.
t™¢ (# 3392) one who ransoms, one who sets free, re- ind. act. avoAauBdve (#377) to take up, to take. Hotpov
deemer. In Judaism Moses was the human agent of (# 849) acc. sing. star, constellation. Perhaps a reference
God’s redemption, and here Moses could be consid- to the Assyrian and Egyptian worship of the planet
ered as a type of Christ (Barrett; LDC, 134, 221, 271; Saturn as god (Bruce - ET). €nownoate aor. ind. act. s.v.
Longenecker, 339). &méotaAKev perf. ind. act. s.v. 14. 19. mpooKvveiv pres. act. inf. tpookvvEew (# 4686) to wor-
OpGEvtOG aor. pass. part. (adj.) s.v. 2. 36 EEnyayev aor. ship, to prostrate oneself, to do reverence to (NIDNTT,
ind. act. e&ayw (# 1974) to lead out. mownoas aor. act. 2:875). wetouki® fut. ind. act. wetorxitw (# 3579) to re-
part. s.v. 19. Part. of manner explaining how he led move to a new abode, to cause to migrate (s.v. 4). &né-
them out. "Epv@p@ dat. sing. epvOpo0c (# 2261) red. Kewa (# 2084) w. gen., beyond. For the OT quote of
37 einac aor. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 26. dvaothoet fut. Amos 5:26 in DSS s. CD 7:14-21; Barrett. @ 44 dte-
ind. act. &viotnut to raise up, to awaken (s.v. 18; 3:22). taEATO aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Siataoooua (# 1411) to
@ 38 yevopevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 13. Part. as command. AGA pres. act. part. s.v. 38. Part. as subst.
subst. exkAnoig. (# 1711) dat. sing. assembly, a group moijoo. aor. act. inf. s.v. 19. Inf. in indir. discourse.
which is gathered together, congregation of Israelites éwpdxer plperf. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see.
(BAGD). AaAotvtos pres. act. part. (adj.) AaArew (# 3281) @ 45 eionyayov aor. ind. act. elowyw (# 1652) to bring in.
to speak. &5é€ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Sexoua to re- SiaseEGpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. Suadéexouor (# 1342)
ceive, to welcome. G@vta pres. act. part. (adj.) Caw to receive through another, to receive in succession
(# 2409) to live. Sobvon aor. act. inf. s.v. 5. Inf. of purp. (RWP; BAGD). xatd&oxeots (# 2959) possession. e&@oev
@ 39 NOEANOGY aor. ind. act. s.v. 28, w. inf. bxTNKOOG aor. ind. act. ebwbew (# 2034) to drive out. @ 46 edpev
(# 5675) obedient, w. dat. yevéo@ou aor. mid. (dep.) inf. aor. ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. qthoato aor. ind.
s.v. 13. &mwoavto aor. ind. mid. (indir. mid. [RWP]) s.v. mid. aitéw to ask; mid. to ask a favor for oneself. eb-
27. Eotpadnoay aor. ind. pass. otpedw (# 5138) to turn. peiv aor. act. inf. Inf. in indir. discourse. oxhvwpa
40 noinoov aor. imp. act. s.v. 19. mponopevoovta fut. (# 5013) acc. sing. tent, dwelling place. Used by David
ind. mid. (dep.) mponopevonar (# 4638) to go before, to in the humility of his request (Meyer). @ 47 otxod0un-
precede, as Jehovah had gone before them in the pillar oev aor. ind. act. oikodopew (# 3868) to build. adt@ dat.
of cloud and as images were carried by the heathen in sing. avto¢. Dat. of advantage, or personal interest,
their marches (Alex). Fut. w. rel. Pron. ot to express “for Him.” @ 48 byrotoc (# 5736) The most High. In
purpose (RWP). 0 yap Mutortic ovtog For this Moses Hellenistic texts used for Zeus, but in the LXX used to
(nom. sing.). Nom. abs. (nominativus pendens) giving translate yoy ((Elyon) (EDNT; SB, 2:99; TDNT; Barrett).
the logical subj. followed by a pron., in the case re- xEiponointos (#5935) made w. human hands. KatowKei
245 Acts 8

pres. ind. act. s.v. 2. Gnomic pres., indicating that throw out. €d@oPoAovv impf. ind. act. AwoBorEew
which is always true. 49 bnonddi0v (# 5711) foot- (# 3344) to stone. Incep. impf., “they began.” For ston-
stool. notov (# 4481) acc. sing. what kind of? what sort ing as punishment for blasphemy s. SB, 2:685-86;
of? OiKodounoete fut. ind. act. s.v. 47. katamaboews gen. 1:1013; and for the killing of Stephen in the light of
sing. KOTOMOVOIS (# 2923) rest. Gen. of description. Roman law s. DTM, 1:369-71; SE, 186-96. &mé@evto aor.
@ 50 ovyi (# 4049) strengthened form of the neg. ov ind. mid. d&motiOnut (# 700) to put away, to put down.
used in a question expecting a positive answer. KOAOVHEVOD pres. pass. part. (adj.) kakew (# 2813) to
énotnoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 19. @ 51 oKANpotpdynA01 voc. call; pass. to be named. Latiocg (# 4930) Saul. The
pl. oxAnpotpaynaog (# 5019) stiff-necked. When a don- Greek meaning of the word oatidog as an adj. de-
key or horse refuses to go on, it tightens and stiffens its scribed the swinging movement of certain animals;
neck; so the expression means stubborn disobedience, then the loose, wanton walk of a prostitute; then the
hardening or obstinace in rebellion (TLNT, 3:260). idea of sensual pride (LS, 1586; HGS, 2, ii:1385; T.J.
Used in the LXX to describe the rebellious tendency of Leary, “Paul’s Improper Name,” NTS 38 [1992]: 467-
Israel (LC; BBC). Gnepituntoc (# 598) uncircumcised. 69). @ 59 émixaAovpevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.)
They are uncircumcised heathen not in their flesh, but emikarew (# 2126) to call upon, to call to. “As he was
in readiness to hear and accept God’s word (Barrett; calling...” €€o1 aor. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 38. @ 60 Oei¢
SB 2:683-84; Gen. Rab., 26; Jub. 1:23; 1QpHab 11137108 aor. act. part. tiOnut (# 5502) to place; here, to kneel
5:5). avtutintete pres. ind. act. avtinintw (# 528) to fall down. yovata acc. pl. yovu (# 1205) knee. éxpagev aor.
against, to resist. Pres. indicates habitual action. ind. act. s.v. 57. othons aor. subj. act. ton (# 2705) to
@ 52 ovd« (#4024) neg. in a question expecting a posi- lay, to establish. The neg. is equivalent to “forgive”
tive answer. eiw§av aor. ind. act. dwKw (# 1503) to per- (LC). eimav aor. act. part. s.v. 56. Exownen aor. ind.
secute, pursue. QmEktewav aor. ind. act. GnoKteivw pass. (dep.) kotconat (# 3121) to go to sleep; an unex-
(# 650) to kill. mpoxatayyetdavtac aor. act. part. mpoKat- pectedly beautiful word for so brutal a death (Bruce).
ayyedAw (# 4615) to announce beforehand. Part. as sub-
st. EhevOEWS gen. sing. EAevoig (# 1803) coming. A
messianic term denoting Messiah’s advent (Bruce). Acts 8
mpodotai nom. pl. mpodotng (# 6595) traitor, betrayer. @ 1 ovvevdoxdv pres. act. part. ovvevdoxew
Pred. nom. goveig nom. pl. govets (# 5838) murderer. (# 5306) to agree w., to approve of, to have pleasure w.;
eyeveo@e aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 13. Effective aor. used w. dat. Part. in a periphrastic construction de-
@ 53 ottiveg nom. pl. dotic¢ (# 4015) indef. rel. pron. scribing a condition, not a momentary excitement
used here to indicate persons belonging to a certain (Haenchen). &varpéoer dat. sing. avatpeois (# 358) kill-
class (BAGD; BD, 153; RG, 728; NSV, 143-44). eAdPete ing, murder. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopor
aor. ind. act. AopBavw (# 3284) to receive. EpvAdeate (# 1181) to become, to be, to happen, to arise. 5uwypo¢
aor. ind. act. dvAcoow (# 5875) to observe, to keep. (# 1501) persecution. Seonapnoay aor. ind. pass. 810-
They accused Stephen of teaching against the Law; he oneipw (# 1401) to scatter, to disperse. @ 2 ovveKopicav
accuses them of not keeping the Law! @ 54 dxovovtec aor. ind. act. ovykouitw (#5172) to gather up for burial
pres. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 34. dtempiovto impf. ind. (LC; NTNT, 117). The prep. in compound is perfective:
pass. dianpiw (# 1391) to cut to the quick (s. 5:33). In- the burial in completed (Barrett). énoinoav aor. ind. act.
cep. impf. éBpvxov impf. ind. act. Bpvxw (# 1107) to bite movew (# 4472) to make. Used to verbalize the meaning
w. loud noise, to grind or gnash the teeth. Incep. impf., of the subst. xometog (# 3157) beating the breast,
“they began” (RWP). 55 vndpywv aor. act. part. (cir- mourning, lamentation (LN, 1:530). For the burial of
cum.) brapyw (# 5639) to exist, to be. atevions aor. act. one who has been executed s. SB, 2:685-87; M, Sanh.
part. (circum. ) atevitw (# 867) to gaze. evdev aor. ind. 6:5-6; Barrett. ® 3 €Avpaiveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) Av-
act. 0paw (# 3972) to see. €otHta perf. act. part. (adj.) watvonat (# 3381) to devastate, to ruin. Used of physi-
s.v. 33. He is standing as advocate to plead Stephen’s cal injury, particularly of the mangling by wild beast
cause before God and to welcome him into God's pres- (LC). Impf. pictures the continual action. Katé w. acc.
ence (Marshall; SF, 199-207, 313-14; Barrett). @ 56 einev used in the distributive sense: “from house to house.”
aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. @ewpd pres. ind. act. Elomopevouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. elomopevonar
Sewpew (# 2555) to see. Sinvoryevous perf. pass. part. (# 1660) to go into. Part. of manner or means, explain-
diavotyw (# 1380) to open. Perf. indicates the state or ing how he was inflicting injury. obpwv pres. act. part.
condition, “standing open.” @ 57 xpagavtes aor. act. ovpw (# 5359) to drag. napediéov impf. ind. act. napa-
part. (circum.) Kpatw (# 3189) to scream. Ovveoxov aor. 5tdwyt (# 4140) to deliver over, to deliver over to prison
ind. act. ovveyw (# 5309) to hold, to hold together. (TLNT, 3:23). Prisons were places of custody until the
@pyunoay aor. ind. act. opudw (# 3994) to rush. @ 58 ex- person was tried (ABD, 5:468-69; OCD, 879). 4 d10-
Badovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) exBarrw (# 1675) to OMOQPEVTES aor. pass. part. s.v. 1. Part. as subst. 17/A8ov
Acts 8 246

aor. ind. act. depxount (# 1451) to go through. evayyeat- 4. Temp. part., “when he proclaimed the good news.”
Cowevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) evayyeritonar ePartifovto impf. ind. pass. BantiGw (# 966) to baptize.
(# 2294) to proclaim good news. 5 KateA@uv aor. act. They received baptism, but had nevertheless not yet
part. (temp.) katepyouar (# 2982) to go down. exnpvo- received the Holy Spirit (Bruner, 173f). Impf. pictures
oev impf. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim, to the repeated action. @ 13 éntotevoev aor. ind. act. s.v.
preach. Impf. could be incep. and emphasize the re- 12. Bantiobeig aor. pass. part. (temp.) s.v. 12. mpoo-
peated action. 6 mpooeiyov impf. ind. act. mpooexw Kaptep@v pres. act. part. mpooxaptepew (# 4674) to at-
(# 4668) to give heed to, w. dat. Used in the sense of tend constantly, to adhere to. Part. w. qv in a
paying attention and giving a favorable response periphrastic construction. S8ewp@v pres. act. part.
(Bruce). Impf. pictures the repeated action. AeyopevoIG (temp.) SBewpew (# 2555) to see, to watch. yiwopeévac
pres. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to speak. Part. as pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) s.v. 1. €&€totato impf. ind.
subst. &kovetv pres. act. part. @Kovw (201) to hear. Ar- mid. s.v. 9. © 14 axovoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v.
ticular inf. w. subject in acc. and w. tv (# 1877) express- 6. Se5exton perf. ind. mid. (dep.) Seyoua (# 1312) to re-
ing contemporaneous time. BA€new pres. act. inf. ceive, to welcome. Perf. indicates the abiding result.
Brenw (# 1063) to see. Enoter impf. ind. act. s.v. 2. Impf. GnEotE
av aor. ind. act. wnooteAAW (# 690) to send, to
pictures repeated action. @ 7 &xovtwv pres. act. part. send as an official authoritative representative (TDNT;
€yw (# 2400) to have. Part. as subst. Bo@vta pres. act. EDNT). @ 15 xatoPavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) kata-
part. Boaw (# 1066) to call aloud. Part. of manner ex- Baivw (# 2849) to descend, to go down. npoonvEavto
plaining how the unclean spirits came out. &&npxovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mpooevyouat (# 4667) to pray. AG-
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) e&epxouai (# 2002) to come out. Bwotv aor. subj. ind. AauBavw (# 3284) to receive. Subj.
Impf. pictures repeated action. napoAedvpevor perf. w. Onwe (# 3968) to express purp. The reception of the
Pass. part. (adj.) maparvw (# 4168) to be weakened, to Holy Spirit through the apostles from Jerusalem evi-
be disabled. Luke’s use of the vb. instead of the adj. is dently was related to the conflict between the Jews
in strict agreement w. that of the medical writers and Samaritans (Longenecker, 359; for the Samaritans
(MLL, 6). Perf. indicates the state or condition. e6epa- s. HJP, 2:16-20; A.D. Crown [ed.], The Samaritans
mevOnoav aor. ind. pass. Sepanevw (# 2543) to heal. [Tubingen, 1989]; ABD, 5:940-47; Luke 10:33; John 4:9;
@ 8 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. @ 9 npoiintipxev Jurgen Zangenberg, SAMAPEIA Antike Quellen zur Ge-
impf. ind. act. npotnapyw (# 4732) to be before, to exist schichte und Kultur der Samaritaner in deutscher Uberset-
previously. payebwv pres. act. part. uayevw (# 3405) to zung [Tubingen: A. Franke Verlag, 1994)]). @ 16 ovdexw
practice magic. He was a peripatetic practitioner in the (i 4031) not yet. TV impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be.
occult who had illicit dealings w. the supernatural and emimentwKosc perf. act. part. enimintw (# 2158) to fall
made money from it (J.D.M. Derrett, “Simon Magus upon. Part. in a periphrastic construction: “The Holy
[Acts 8:9-24],” ZNW 73 [1982]: 53; Barrett; for the word Spirit never was in a state of having fallen upon any of
s. TDNT; Arthur Darby Nock, “Paul and the Magus,” them” (VA). BeBamtiopévot perf. pass. part. s.v. 12. Part.
BC, 5:164-82; NIDNT, 2:552-62). Part. w. the previous w. Dnipxov in a periphrastic construction. bripyov
vb. to form a periphrastic construction: “he was exist- impf. ind. act. Unapyw (# 5639) to exist, to be present,
ing previously practicing magic” (RWP). &otdvwv to be. @ 17 enetieoav impf. ind. act. exitiOnut (# 2202)
pres. act. part. e&totnt (# 2014) to astonish, to amaze, to lay upon. The iterat. impf. emphasizing the repeti-
to cause one to be beside himself. Aéywv pres. act. part. tion (MT, 67). €AdgpBavov impf. ind. act. s.v. 15. % 18
s.v. 6. ELVOLL pres. act. inf. cyt (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. 16wv aor. act. part. (temp.) Opaw (# 3972) to see. SiSota1
discourse, “saying that he was someone great” (NSV, pres. ind. pass. 51a (# 1443) to give. mpoonveyKev aor.
100). 10 npooeixov impf. ind. act. s.v. 6. KaAOvpEVT ind. act. npoopepw (# 4712) to bring to. ypTwa (# 5975)
pres. pass. part. kaAew (# 2813) to call; pass., to be pl. money. @ 19 S0te aor. imp. act. s.v. 18. Aor. imp.
named. The part. shows that the adj. MeyaAr is a title, calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. €710@ aor.
w. 1) S0vapic tod Be0d as a synonym for God (NDIEC, subj. act. s.v. 17. Subj. w. dv (# 1569) in an indef. rel. cl.
1:107; 3:32; s. Barrett). 11 mpooetyov impf. ind. act. AopPdvy pres. subj. act. s.v. 15. Subj. in a purp. cl.
s.v. 6. iKaV@ ypovw dat. sing., for a long time. Temp. @ 20 ein pres. opt. act. et s.v. 16. Opt. used to express
dat. used for a duration of time (MT, 243). payetatc a wish that can be fulfilled (RG, 939; MKG, 241).
dat. pl. uayeta (# 3404) magic, magical acts. Instr. dat. anwAe1a, (# 724) destruction, ruin, injury, the end of
eteotaKevat perf. act. inf. s.v. 9. Perf. indicates the abid- earthly existence (NIDNTT; TDNT). W. prep. ei¢
ing result, or state (VA, 392). Articular inf. w. 81a (#1650) indicating direction and thus destiny (Bar-
(# 1328) to express cause, “because for a long time rett). 5wpea (# 1567) gift, free gift. EvOu10Ms aor. ind. act.
he had amazed them with his magic” (NSV, 125). vouitw (# 3787) to suppose. Kt&o801 pres. mid. (dep.)
@ 12 Exiotevoay aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to be- inf. Ktaoua (# 3227) to obtain. Inf. as obj. of the vb.
lieve, w. dat. ebayyeACopévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. ® 21 oo1 dat. sing. ov (# 5148) Dat. of advantage or
247 Acts 8

poss. dat. wepic (# 3535) part of a whole, share, portion 3:40-41; LN, 1:482; BAGD). Suvaotngs (# 1541) a man of
(BAGD). KAipos (# 3102) lot, allotment, inheritance. Ei- power, a leading man of authority (Barrett). Kavéaxng
ther he does not have part in the authority to give the (# 2833) gen. sing. Candace; title for the queen of Ethi-
Holy Spirit, or he does not share in the message (the opia, a name that has been passed on through a suc-
Word) of the Lord (Pesch; Barrett). eb@eia fem. sing. cession of queens (Pliny, NH, 26:186; BAGD; BBC;
ev0uc (# 2318) straight, right. Evavti (# 1882) prep. w. ABD, 1:837). €Andvet plperf. ind. act. Epyouor (# 2262)
gen., before, in the presence of. @ 22 yetavonoov aor. to come, to go. TpooKvvT|owv fut. act. part. TPOOKDVEW
imp. act. wetavoew (# 3566) to change one’s mind, to re- (# 4686) to worship. Part. expressing purp. @ 28 bn0-
pent. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of ur- Otpépwv pres. act. part. s.v. 25. Part. in a periphrastic
gency. Senet aor. imp. pass. (dep.) d5eou01 (# 1289) to construction (VA, 461), or simply a descriptive adj.
ask for, to pray. aeOqoetan fut. ind. pass. &pinut (# 978) (Barrett). Ka@nyevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. KaOnwa
to forgive. For the construction w. the part. s. IBG, 158. (# 2764) to sit. &ppa (# 761) wagon, probably an ox
Theol. pass. indicating that God forgives. émivo1o wagon or little more than a flat board on wheels
(# 2154) thought, intent, plot. Used in the bad sense of (Bruce; Barrett). aveyivwoxev impf. ind. act. avayi-
evil or hostile schemes or stratagems (LC). 23 yoan vwokw (# 336) to read. One was to study by reading
(# 5958) gall, bitter anger, bitter poison. mixpta bitter- aloud so one would not forget, and it was considered
ness. ovvdequ0c (# 5278) bond. Perhaps the meaning is, good to contemplate religious things while travelling
“You are full of bitter poison, bound by unrighteous- (SB, 2:687, 273). Impf. pictures continual action.
ness” (Barrett). op@ pres. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see, @ 29 eimev aor. ind. act. X€yw s.v. 6. MpOGEAGE aor. imp.
to perceive. 6vta pres. act. part. eyit s.v. 16. Part. used act. mpooepyouat (# 4665) to go to. KOAANONT aor. imp.
to complete the vb. or in indir. discourse (RWP). pass. KoAAaw (# 3140) to bind close together; pass. to
@ 24 anoxpiGeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. dnoKpivono1 join oneself to, w. dat. (BAGD). 30 mpooSpoyov aor.
(# 646) to answer. Pleonastic part. SenOnte aor. imp. act. part. (circum.) mpootpexw (# 4708) to run to. TKOv-
pass. s.v. 22. eméAOq aor. subj. act. exnepyoua (# 2088) to o€v aor. ind. act., w. gen. s.v. 6. apa (# 727) interrogative
come upon. Subj. w. dmw¢ (# 3968) expressing the con- particle w. the intensive particle ye (#1145) indicate
tent of the prayer. @v gen. pl. 6g (# 4005) rel. pron. Gen. doubt on Philip’s part: “Do you really understand
by attraction to the case of the unexpressed antecedent what you are reading?” (RWP; IBG, 158). @ 31 dv-
tovtov (RWP). eiphxate perf. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to vaiunv pres. opt. mid. (dep.) dvvayo1 (# 1538) to be
say. @ 25 S1a410ptvpapevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. able to. Opt. w. av (# 323) in a dir. question expressing
Siapwaptvowat (# 1371) to testify, to bear witness, to sol- what is merely thought: “Of course I do not (fully) un-
emnly declare (MH, 302). Part. as subst. XaAnoavtes derstand, for how should I be able to do so, unless...?”
aor. act. part. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. DreoTpEpoV impf. (BD, 194; Barrett). o5nynoet fut. ind. act. odnyéw (# 3842)
ind. act. brootpédw (# 5715) to return. ednyyedifovto to show the way, to lead, to instruct. mapex&AEoev aor.
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 4. For the importance of the ind. act. napaKxarew (# 4151) to invite, to call upon for
conversion of the Samaritans s. C.H.H. Scobie, “The help, to request, w. inf. (BAGD). a&vaBdvta aor. act.
Origins and Development of Samaritan Christianity,” part. (circum.) avoPatvw (# 326) to get up, to come up.
NTS 19 (1973): 390-414; R.J. Coggins, “The Samaritans Ka8toa1 aor. act. inf. s.v. 28. @ 32 nepioyn (# 4343) pas-
and Acts,” NTS 28 (1982): 423-34; BHS, 55-72. sage. Equivalent to the Heb. }?39 indicating both con-
@ 26 EAGANOEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 25. avaotNé1 aor. imp. tent and place (SB, 2:687-88). For Isa. 53 s. SB, 1:481;
act. &viotnut (# 482) to arise. mopevov pres. imp. mid. Luke 24:25-27; JIU, 90-93. aveyivwoxev impf. ind. act.
(dep.) nopevouar (# 4513) to go. peonpBpia, (# 3540) s.v. 28. opayn (# 5375) slaughter. Rx8n aor. ind. pass.
midday, noon. Noon was no time to travel over hot ayw (# 72) to lead. Ketpavtog pres. act. part. Keipw
desert country and this unusual action ensured that (# 3025) to shear. Part. as subst. &wvog (# 936) without
Philip would meet the Ethiopian (Barrett). abtn eotiv sound, dumb. avoiyet pres. ind. act. avoiyw (# 487) to
Epos this was a desert. “This” may refer to the road open. @ 33 Tp@n aor. ind. pass. aipw (# 149) to lift up,
(Schneider), or to the uninhabited wilderness on the to take away. Sinynoetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) dinyeonar
way from Jerusalem to Gaza along the Roman route (# 1455) to relate, to narrate. @ 34 &moxptOetc aor. pass.
leading southwest through Eleutheropolis w. Ein Yael (dep.) part. s.v. 24. @ 35 dvotEauc aor. act. part. (cir-
as a stopover (Yehudah Rapuano, “Did Philip Baptize cum.) s.v. 32. &pEdpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.)
the Eunuch at Ein Yael?” BAR 16 [1990]: 44-49). apxouc. (# 806) to begin. ebnyyeAioato aor. ind. mid.
@ 27 dvaoths aor. act. part. s.v. 26. EnopevOn aor. ind. (dep.) s.v. 4. @ 36 Enopevovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v.
pass. (dep.) s.v. 26. Ai8toy (# 134) Ethiopian. Ethiopia 26. NA@ov aor. ind. act. s.v. 27. KwAvEL pres. ind. act.
refers to modern-day Sudan (Barrett). evvodyoc KwAvW (# 3266) to prevent, to forbid. Bantio@fivat aor.
(# 2336) a castrated person, eunuch, chaste, faithful in pass. inf. Bantitw (# 966) to baptize. Epex. inf. giving
marriage, high-ranking official (TDNT; EDNT; NDIEC, what was to be forbidden. 37 For the textual prob-
Acts 9 248

lem of this v. s. TC, 359-60; Barrett. @ 38 ExeéAEvOEV aor. ticular inf. w. prep. ev (# 1877) expressing contempo-
ind. act. KeAevw (# 3027) to command. otfvat aor. act. raneous time. EYEVETO aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyar
inf. totnt (# 2705) to stand. Inf. gives the content of (# 1181) to become, to happen. For the construction w.
the command. xatéBnoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. eBanti- a prep. and inf. s. Beyer, 36; MH, 427; MT, 144-45. ey-
oev aor. ind. act. s.v. 36. © 39 aveBnoay aor. ind. act. s.v. view pres. act. inf. eyyiCw (# 1581) to draw near, to ap-
31. Tpmaoev aor. ind. act. cpracw (# 773). to snatch, to proach, w. dat. Inf. expressing contemporaneous time:
carry off to a different place (Barrett). eldev aor. ind. “as he was approaching....” eGatovng (# 1978) sudden-
act. opaw (# 3972) to see. enopeveto impf. ind. act. s.v. ly. neptqotpawev aor. ind. act. nepiaotpantw (# 4313) to
26. yaipwv pres. act. part. yaipw (# 5897) to rejoice, to flash around. $@¢ (# 5890) light. Perhaps a reference to
be happy. Part. of manner. @ 40 evpé6n aor. ind. pass. the Shekinah, the manifestation of the Presence of the
(dep.) evpiokw (# 2351) to find; idiomatic for “he Lord (s. TS, 37-65). The light was the physical repre-
came” (GI, 158). Svepyouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. sentation or accompaniment of the divine glory of
(circum.) s.v. 4. ebnyyeAiGeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. Christ (Barrett). 4 meowv aor. act. part. (temp.) nimtw
4. Impf. pictures the repeated action. €A8etv aor. act. (# 4406) to fall. TKovoev aor. ind. act. akovw (# 201) to
inf. s.v. 27. Articular inf. w. wo (# 2401) in a temp. cl. hear, w. acc. Paul both perceived a sound and distin-
(“until”). guished the words that were spoken (Barrett). A€you-
Ov pres. act. part. (ad).) acc. fem. sing. Aeyw # 3306) to
say, to speak. @ 5 eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw. El pres. act.
Acts 9 ind. eiut (# 1639) to be. Kvpte voc. sing. kupiog (# 3261)
@ 1 &unvewv pres. act. part. (circum.) eunvew Lord. This is more than just the polite “sir,” for Saul is
(# 1863) to breathe in, to inhale, w. gen. indicating aware that he is confronted by a superhuman being
what was breathed. Threats and murder were the at- (Barrett). For the view that Saul came to consider the
mosphere in which he breathed and by which he lived exalted Christ as the image of God through this expe-
(EGT; BD, 95-94). It could have the meaning of “to rience s. OPG, 193-268. Suwxe1g pres. ind. act. d:wKw
breathe out,” “to fume,” indicating that Saul threat- (# 1503) to persecute. Pres. indicates the continual ac-
ened the disciples w. death (NDIEC, 4:147). Pres. w. €tt tion. For a discussion of the conversion and call s.
(# 2285) expresses the continual action, indicating that DPL, 156-63. 6 GAAG (# 247) but. Introduces the
Saul’s fierce opposition did not abate w. time (Barrett). imp., which adds something new to the context
aren (# 581) threat. This was the legal warning (Lon- (Haenchen). &vaotn@t aor. imp. act. aviotnut (# 482) to
genecker, 368). govog (# 5840) murder, killing. arise. eloeA@e aor. imp. act. eioepxouar (# 1656) to go
MpooeArOwv aor. act. part. (circum.) mpooepxouar (# 4665) into. AAANOjoEta1 fut. ind. pass. AaAEw (# 3281) to tell,
to come to. ® 2 qtNoaTo aor. ind. mid. aitéw (# 160) to to speak. For the construction of an imp. followed by
request, to ask for oneself. emiotoAn (# 2186) letter. Kai (#2779) and the fut., forming a Semitic type of
These were letters of recommendation to commend cond. cl. s. Beyer, 238-55. movetv pres. act. inf. novew
Saul to the Jewish synagogue (SB, 2:689; BBC). Saul (# 4472) to do. Epex. inf. w. det: “what is necessary to
was going as an Official representative (7"2W) of the do.” 7 ovvodevovtes pres. act. part. (adj.) ovvodevw
Sanhedrin (Barrett). AoyaoKxos (# 1242) Damascus. For (# 5321) to accompany, to travel w. someone, w. dat.
Damascus, about 135 miles northwest of Jerusalem, eElothKetoav plperf. ind. act. iotnut (# 2705) to stand.
and its large Jewish population at this time, of which eveos (# 1917) speechless. &kovovtes pres. act. part. s.v.
some 10,500 to 18,000 were massacred just before the 4. The obj. in gen. may indicate that they heard a
revolt against Rome s. ABD, 2:5-8; Jos., JW, 2:559-61; sound, but did not understand the words (RWP; M,
7:368; HJP, 2:127-30; RNE, 310-19; SB, 2:689-90; Barrett. 66; Gert Steuernagel, “AKOYONTEZ MEN TH
evpn aor. subj. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. Subj. w ®QNHE TApg 9.7): Ein Genitiv in der Apostelge-
éav (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. assuming the pos- schichte,” NTS 35 [1989]: 619-24). Circum. or conces-
sibility of the cond. 080¢ (# 3847) way; “The Way,” re- sive part. Bewpodvtes pres. act. part. (circum.) Bewpew
ferring to the mode of life (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT, (# 2555) to see. 8 nyep@n aor. ind. pass. éyeipw
3:935-43; Barrett; for a discussion of the DSS parallels (# 1586) to raise; pass. to rise. dvewyevwv perf. pass.
s. ESB, 281-84). Ovtas pres. act. part. (adj.) eyt (# 1639) part. avoryw (# 437) to open. For the form s. BD, 53.
to be. The separation of the part. from the obj. may in- Part. as gen. abs., either temp. or concessive. EBAETEV
dicate a measure of uncertainty (“any who might impf. ind. act. BAenw (# 1063) to see. yeipaywyodvtEes
be...”) (Barrett). 5e5eyevoug perf. pass. part. (adj.) Sew pres. act. part. yeipaywyew (#5932) to lead by the hand.
(# 1313) to bind. Perf. emphasizes the state or condi- Circum. part. or part. of manner explaining how they
tion. &yayn aor. subj. act. yw (# 72) to lead. Subj. w. led him. etonyayov aor. ind. act. e1oayw (# 1652) to lead
onws (# 3968) to express purp. #3 MOpevEcvat pres. into. @ 9 BArenwv pres. act. part. s.v. 8. Part. as
mid. (dep.) inf. mopevouor (# 4513) to go, to travel. Ar- pred. adj. or in a periphrastic construction. €payev aor.
249 Acts 9

ind. act. eo8iw (# 2266) -to eat. émev aor. ind. act. nivw 18 dnéneouy aor. ind. act. dnonintw (# 674) to fall off.
(# 4403) to drink. @ 10 eimev aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. 6papo Aeric (# 3318) scaly substance, flakes (LC; for the med-
(# 3969) vision. Not necessary a night vision, but a con- ical use of the term s. MLL, 39). &veBAewev aor. ind. act.
dition in which the person’s consciousness is opened s.v. 12. &vaotas aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 6. €Bantio6n
for a heavenly message (Haenchen). @ 11 dvaotac aor. aor. ind. pass. Bantitw (# 966) to baptize. @ 19 AaBav
act. part. s.v. 6. Circum. part. w. the idea of imp. aor. act. part. (temp.) AopuBavw (# 3284) to receive.
TopevOnti aor. imp. pass. (dep.) s.v. 3. pbun (# 4860) Evioxvoev aor. ind. act. Evioyvw (# 1932) to receive
street. KoAovevnv pres. pass. part. (adj.) Karéw strength. éyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. @ 20 €xn-
(# 2813) to call; pass. to be called, to be named. Ev- pvooev impf. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to preach, to
Geiav acc. sing., ev0vc (# 2318) straight. The name of proclaim as a herald. Incep. impf., “he began to
the street which was the main east-west axis of the city preach.” 6m (# 4022) that. It introduces what he
(Barrett). For directions (onwacta) given to find hous- preached about Jesus. @ 21 é&iotavto aor. ind. mid.
es, esp. for the delivery of letters s. BASHH, 226; e€lotnut (# 2014) to be beside oneself, to be amazed.
NDIEC, 7:29-45. €qtnoov aor. imp. act. Cntéw (# 2426) to ovx not. Used in a question expecting a positive an-
seek. Tapoéa acc. sing. Tapoevs (# 5432) Tarsus. For swer. mop@nous aor. act. part. nopbew (# 4514) to de-
this Hellenistic city, w. its university, its famous philos- stroy, to ravage, to destroy or sack a city, to destroy
ophers, its harbor, its control of the famous Cilician any human fellowship (Haenchen; LC). Adj. part. as
Gates in the Tarsus mountains, and the city where Ci- subst.; used as pred. nom. w. the art. indicating that
cero visited, and where Cleopatra met Anthony, s. the subject and pred. are the same. Em1KaAOVPEVOUG
CSP, 85-244; ISBE, 4:734-36; ABD, 6:333-34; DC, “The pres. mid. (dep.) part. enikaArew (# 2126) mid. to call
Thirty-third Discourse, or First Tarsic Discourse”; upon someone for help, to call upon a deity, to invoke
“The Thirty-fourth Discourse or Second Tarsic Dis- (BAGD; Barrett). €AnAvOet plperf. ind. act. s.v. 17. Pl-
course”; Strabo, XIV, 5:11-15. @ 12 eldev aor. ind. act. perf. indicates that the purp. was now a thing of the
opaw (# 3972) to see. eloeAOOvte aor. act. part. (adj.) s.v. past and the state resulting from it was no longer in ef-
6. €mvWevta aor. act. part. (adj.) exitiOnur (# 2202) to fect (BD, 178; VANT, 308). 5e5eyévoug perf. pass. part.
place upon. avofréyy aor. subj. act. dvoBrEnw (# 329) (adj.) s.v. 2. &yayn aor. subj. act. s.v. 2. Subj. w. iva
to see again, to regain sight (LC). Subj. w. 6mw¢ (#2671) ina purp. cl. © 22 paAAov (# 3437) rather; giv-
(# 3968) expressing purpose. 13 anexpi6n aor. ind. ing a contrast w. his previous conduct. évedvvopotto
pass. (dep.) aoxpivouat (# 646) to answer. TiKkovoa. aor. impf. ind. pass. evdvvavow (# 1904) to receive power,
ind. act. s.v. 4. €moinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. @ 14 Sfjo01 to fill w. power. It is used of religious and spiritual
aor. act. inf. s.v. 2. Epex. inf. explaining e€ovoiav. strength (EGT). Impf. pictures the continual increase
émiKaAovpEvovs pres. mid. (dep.) part. exikadeouar of strength. ovveyvwvev impf. ind. act. ovyyovvw (for
(# 2126) to call upon. @ 15 nopevov pres. imp. mid. the form ovyyew (# 5177) s. MH, 195, 214) to pour to-
(dep.) s.v. 3. oxebog (# 5007) vessel, instrument. The gether, to confuse, to confuse by reason, to confound,
word means implements in general (LC). Nom. used to throw into consternation (BAGD; LS). He tied them
as pred. nom. ékdoyfig gen. sing. exdoyn (# 1724) in knots! (Barrett). Katouodvtas pres. act. part. (adj.)
choice, selection. Gen. of quality used in the Hebraic Katoikew (# 2997) to live, to be at home, to dwell. oup-
sense: “instrument of choice”; i.e., “chosen vessel” BiBaGwv pres. act. part. ovuBiPatw (# 5204) to prove,
(Bruce; Kistemaker). Baotd&oat aor. act. inf. Baotatw putting together, to cause something to be known as
(# 1002) to bear, to carry. Epex. inf. giving the use and certain and therefore dependable, to instruct (LN,
purpose of the oxetoc. @ 16 dnodeiEw fut. ind. act. bn0- 1:340; MM). Used here of putting the prophetic Scrip-
deikvuur (# 5683) to show, to make plain. mo®etv aor. tures alongside their fulfillment (Bruce). Part. of man-
act. inf. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer. Inf. w. det giving the ner explaining how Saul confounded them.
necessity. 17 anijAGev aor. ind. act. anepyouen (# 599) 23 Enxdnpodvto impf. ind. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to
to go away, to go forth. etofAGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. fulfill. Impf. w. time (“as time went on”), indicating
EnvWetc aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 12. dnéotaAKev perf. that the Jews felt the situation was daily becoming
ind. act. amootedAw (# 690) to send, to send as an au- more intolerable (LC). ovveBovAevoavto aor. ind. mid.
thoritative representative (TDNT; EDNT). Perf. indi- (dep.) ovvBovAevouar (# 5205) to counsel together, to
cates the abiding effect of the authoritative sending. plot. dvedeiv aor. act. inf. avapew (# 359) to kill. Luke
Op0eig aor. pass. part. opdw (# 3972) to see; pass. to seems to use the word in reference to the Jews killing
been seen, to appear. Tipxov impf. ind. mid. (dep.) épxo- Jesus and Christians (Mark Harding, “On the Historic-
wat (# 2262) to go, to come. Impf. gives a picture of ity of Acts: Comparing Acts 9.23-5 with 2 Corinthians
him moving along. avaPAewns aor. subj. act. s.v. 12. 11.32-2,” NTS 39 [1993]: 524-29). Epex. inf. explaining
Subj. w. onwe (# 3968) gives the purp. of the sending. the content of their planning. 24 eyvwo8n aor. ind.
TANooTS aor. subj. pass. mivmAnur (# 4398) to fill. pass. yivwoxw (# 1182) to know. emPovan (# 2101) plot.
Acts 9 250

Tapetnpodvto impf. ind. mid. napatepew (# 4190) to throughout Judea, Galilee, and Samaria (K.N. Giles,
watch, to observe (s. Luke 6:7). Nepasg ... vuKTOSG “Luke’s Use of. the term ‘EKKAHZIA’ with Special
(# 2465; 3816) by day and by night; gen. of time. avédw- Reference to Acts 20.28 and 9.31,” NTS 31 [1985]: 135-
ow aor. subj. act. cvapew s.v. 23. Subj. w. mug (# 3968) 42). xa’ OAng (#2848; 3910) throughout (BD, 120).
to express purp. For this incident s. 2 Cor. 11:32-33; elev impf. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. oixodopovpévn
BASHH, 163-64; 215. 25 AaBovtes aor. act. part. Aow- pres. pass. part. (adj.) oixodopnew (# 3868) to build, to
Bavw (#3284) to take. Circum. part. or Semitic pleonas- edify, to build up (TDNT; EDNT; BDG). nopevopévn
tic (auxiliary) use (SA, 125; AA, 125; but s. Barrett). pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 3. mapaxKAnots (# 4155) com-
wadnths (# 3412) disciple, convert; (“his converts” s. fort, encouragement, followed by subjective gen. €mAn-
Barrett). vuKt0g gen. sing. vvé (# 3816) night. Gen. of @vveto impf. ind. pass. nAnOvvw (# 4437) to increase, to
time. (“by night”). tetyog (# 5446) wall, city wall multiply. @ 32 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. For
(BAGD). Gen. w. prep. 81a (#1328) (“through”). the Semitic construction s. M, 16f; Beyer 29-62. 5tepxo-
KaOjKav aor. ind. act. kabinui (# 2768) to let down. xa- wevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) dvepxouar (# 1451)
AGouvtEs aor. act. part. yarAdw (# 5899) to slacken, to to pass through. 8a md&vtwv through all; that is,
loosen, to lower (Barrett). Part. of means, explaining through all the areas mentioned in v. 31 (Haenchen).
how they let him down through the city wall. omuptét Kate Getv aor. act. inf. katepyoua (# 2982) to go down;
dat. sing. onvpic (# 5083) basket, a large woven basket that is, to come down from Jerusalem (LC). Inf. w. €yé-
suitable for hay and straw or for bales of wool (LC). VETO. KQTOLKODVTAG pres. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 22.
@ 26 nmapayevouevocg aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) @ 33 evpev aor. ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to find.
rapaytvouar (# 4134) to arrive. meipatev impf. ind. act. KatOKEIpEevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) kataKeyor
neipacw (# 4279) to try, to attempt. Impf. pictures the (# 2879) to be lying down. kpaBattog (# 3187) mattress,
repeated attempts. KoAAGo801 pres. mid. (dir. mid.) inf. mat. In the papyri it refers to a “poor man’s bed”
KohAaw (# 3140) to join up w., w. dat. (s. 5:13). Epex. (NDIEC, 2:15; Mark 2:4). For the spelling s. BD, 24;
inf. explaining what he attempted. edofodvto impf. MH, 102; GGP, 1:65-66, 77. mapaAredvpevos perf. pass.
ind. mid. (dep.) popeowon (# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. part. naparvw (# 4168) pass., to be paralyzed. Perf. in-
TMLOTEVOVTEG pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. dicates the state or condition. Adj. part. as pred. adj.
Causal part. giving the reason why they were afraid. 34 1Gt01 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) iaouar (# 2615) to heal
27 eEntdaBopevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) emt- (GLH). Aoristic pres. (RWP; RG, 864; BD, 166; VANT,
AaBaVvouo (# 2138) to take hold of, to be concerned 202-03; but s. VA, 55). If the accent were tata the form
w., to take an interest in. It occurs in the papyri in the would be perf. (MH, 60; Barrett). &vaotnét aor. imp.
sense of “taking a care or concern upon oneself” act. s.v. 6. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of
(Preisigke, 1:561). Tyoyev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. binynoato urgency. OTp@oov aor. imp. act. otpwvvupnt (# 5143) to
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dinyeouar (# 1455) to narrate, to re- make one’s bed; that is “to pack it up,” since he will no
late, to describe. The subject could be either Paul or longer need it (Barrett), or to get ready to eat (Bruce;
Barnabas, but more likely it is Barnabas (Barrett). E1SEV LC). &véotn aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. @ 35 etdav aor. ind. act.
aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. €AdAnNoEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. opaw (# 3972) to see. KatoiKodvtEs pres. act. part. s.v.
énoppnowdoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mappnovCopar 22: Adj. part. as subst. Lopwv (#4926) (Heb. 717)
(# 4245) to speak freely, openly, boldly (s. 4:13). Sharon, the Plain of Sharon; the coastal plain which at
28 eionopevopevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. elonopevo- that time was thickly populated and famous for its
wot (# 1660) to go in. “Going in and going out” implies fruitfulness, its wine and the poor quality of earth for
the regular conduct of life (Barrett). Part. in a peri- making bricks (Barrett; ABD, 5:1161-63; SB, 2:693-94).
phrastic construction. ® 29 €\dAe1 impf. ind. act. s.v. 6. For the form s. MH, 149. ottweg nom. pl. dotic (# 4015)
ovveCntet impf. ind. act. ountew (# 5184) to dispute, to who (s. 7:53; but s. also MKG, 174; BG, 68). enéotpeyav
argue. Impf. indicates Paul argued often (Haenchen). aor. ind. act. emotpedw (# 2188) to turn to. 36 paen-
enexeipovv impf. ind. act. enryerpew (# 2217) to put the tpia, (# 3473) fem. sing. a (woman) disciple. ToPied
hand to, to try. Impf. indicates the incomplete or un- (# 5412) Tabitha (Aramaic 30 female gazelle, deer
successful action. dvedeiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 24. Epex. inf. [AT, 588, 381; SA, 109; SB, 2:694]). Sepunvevopevn pres.
explaining ovvetnter. 30 emiyvovtes aor. act. part. pass. part. (adj.) diepunveow (# 1450) to translate.
(temp.) extytvwoxw (# 2105) to realize, to know, to rec- Aopxac (# 1520) Dorcas. The name was used both by
ognize. The vb. without any object is perhaps idiomat- Greeks and Jews (NDIEC, 4:177-78; MM; BASHH,
ic (LC). katnyayov aor. ind. act. katayw (# 2864) to lead 226). Josephus refers to an assassin named John, son of
down. é€anéoteiAav aor. ind. act. eEanooteArw (# 1990) Dorcas (Jos., JW, 4:145). @v gen. pl. 6¢ (#4005) rel.
to send away. 31 éxxAnota (# 1711) church, congre- pron., which. Gen. by attraction. émotet impf. ind. act.
gation of Christians. The sing. possibly refers to the moiew (# 4472) to do. Customary impf., “which she
church at Jerusalem, whose members were dispersed continually did.” For good works and alms by the
201 Acts 10

Jews s. SB, 4, i:559-610. 37 éyéveto aor. ind. mid. Acts 10

(dep.) s.v. 3, 32. doPevnoaoay aor. act. part. (circum.) @ 1 Exatovtepyns (# 1672) centurion (s. T.R.S.
acc. fem. sing. co8evew (# 820) to be weak, to be sick. Broughton, “The Roman Army,” BC, 5:427-45; TJ, 101;
anoBaveiv aor. act. inf. dnoOvioKw (# 633) to die. Inf w. HK, 60-69; Brian Dobson, “The Significance of the
vb. in a Semitic construction. A0b-cavtes aor. act. part. Centurion and ‘Primipilaris’ “ the Roman Army and
AovWw (# 3374) to wash. It was a widespread custom to Administration,” ANRW, 2, i, 392-433; CC, 201-4).
wash the body in preparation for burial (Barrett). €6n- oneipa (# 5061) cohort, about 600 men, the tenth part of
kav aor. ind. act. tt@nui (# 5502) to place, to put. a legion (BAGD; NDIEC, 5:159-61). For the cohors II
omepww dat. sing. brepa@ov (# 5673) upper room (s. Acts Italic(a) c(iutum) R(omanorum) s. Broughton, BC, 5:441-
1:13). 38 ovong pres. act. part. (causal) gen. fem. 43; Bruce, BASHH, 164; Barrett). It is suggested that
sing. eit (# 1639) to be. Gen. abs. Lydda was about 10 Cornelius may have been retired and settled in Caesar-
miles from Joppa, or a three-and-one-half-hour jour- ea (BC, 5:443). @ 2 evoeBrs (# 2356) pious. poPodpevoc
ney by foot (Longenecker, 382; Schneider). axobaavtEes pres. mid. (dep.) part. doBeouat (# 5828) to fear. These
aor. act. part. @kovw (# 201) to hear. Temp. or causal two terms denote Gentiles who, though not full prose-
part. &méotethav aor. ind. act. s.v. 17. napaxaArodvtes lytes, attached themselves to the Jewish religion, prac-
pres. act. part. (circum.) mapakxarew (# 4151) to ask, to ticing its monotheistic and imageless worship (Bruce;
beseech, to urge. Oxvnons aor. subj. act. oxvew (# 3890) BAFCS, 5:51-126; ALAG, 98; BBC; TDNT; BC, 5:74-96;
to delay. Ingressive aor.; subj. in a prohibition (RWP). SB, 2:715-23; Barrett; Conrad H. Gempf, “The God-
d1eAGetv aor. act. inf. s.v. 32. Epex. inf. explaining the Fearers,’” BASHH, 444-47; Thomas M. Finn, “The God-
vb. @ 39 avaotas aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 6. fearers Reconsidered,” CBQ 47 [1985]: 75-84; EDNT).
ovvijAgev aor. ind. act. ovvepyoua. (# 5302) to go with, MOWV pres. act. part. (adj.) movew (# 4472) to do; used
to accompany. mopayevouevov aor. mid. (dep.) part. w. the subst. expressing the verbal idea of the subst.,
(temp.) s.v. 26. &vtyayov aor. ind. act. dvayw (# 343) to “to give alms.” &henoovvn (# 1797) alms (s. Matt. 6:2).
lead up. napéotnoay aor. ind. act. naptotnt (# 4225) to deouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) 5eou01 (# 1289) to
come to and stand by. A vivid picture of this group of ask, to pray. 816 TO.VTOG (#1328; 4246) always.
widows as they stood around Peter (RWP). xfpa @ 3 eldev aor. ind. act. Opa @ 3972) to see. davepdic
(# 5939) widow. KAatovoat pres. act. part. (adj.) nom. (# 5747) adv. clearly. nepi wpav évatnvy around the
fem. pl. kAaiw (# 3081) to weep, to cry loudly. ém- ninth hour (s. 3:1). e\oeA@Ovta aor. act. part. (adj.) evoep-
Seixvopevat pres. mid. part. enidetyvvur (# 2109) to xouar (# 1656) to come in. etmovto, aor. act. part. \eyw
show, to display. Perhaps the mid. indicates the exhibi- (# 3306) to say, to speak. @ 4 a&tevious aor. act. part.
tors owned and were wearing Tabitha’s gift (LC). (temp.) atevitw (# 867) to gaze. Yevowevog aor. mid.
énoiet impf. ind. act. s.v. 36. ovo. pres. act. part. (temp.) (dep.) part. yivouat (# 1181) to become, to be. Adj. or
nom. fem. sing. ei, “while she was with them.” circum. part. &veBnoav aor. ind. act. avoPaivw (# 326)
© 40 éxBoAuv aor. act. part. (temp.) EkBaAAw (# 1675) to to ascend, to go up. tvnpoovvov (# 3649) remembrance.
put out. @et¢ aor. act. part. ttn (# 5502) to place, to @ 5 mepwov aor. imp. act. neunw (# 4287) to send. Aor.
put, to bow one’s knees. yovata, acc. pl. yovu (# 1205) imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency.
knee. mpoonv&ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mpooevyouar PETaMEWWo aor. imp. mid. wetameunw (# 3569) to send
(# 4667) to pray. Emiotpewas aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. for. The mid. indicates the sending of another for one’s
35. TaBi0a voc. sing. avaotnél aor. imp. act. s.v. 6. own sake (RWP). énixaAeitat pres. ind. pass. enikarew
tvo1tev aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. oboe aor. act. part. (temp.) (# 2126) to call; pass. to be named. @ 6 Eevietat pres.
nom. fem. sing. 6paw (# 3972) to see. &veKd@1dev aor. ind. pass. Eevifw a 3826) to receive as a guest, to enter-
ind. act. dvaKxabitw (# 361) to sit up. @ 41 B0v¢ aor. act. tain asa stranger. @ dat. sing. 0c (# 4005) rel. pron. Dat.
part. (temp.) dt5wy1 (# 1443) to give. avéotnoev aor. ind. of poss., “whose house is along the sea.” For addresses
act. s.v. 6. pwvnous aor. act. part. (temp.) dwvew (# 5888) or instructions as to how to find places where a mes-
to call. napéotnoev aor. ind. act. maptotnpt (# 4225) to sage is to be delivered s. NDIEC, 7:29-45. @ 7 ant)ABev
present. G@oav pres. act. part. acc. fem. sing. Caw aor. ind. act. anepyoua (# 599) to go away from, to de-
(# 2409) to live. Adj. part. used in a double acc. con- part. @wvtjoac aor. act. part. (temp.) dwvew (# 5888) to
struction. @ 42 ywwotos (# 1196) known. eyeéveto aor. call. otket@v gen. pl. oixetns (# 3860) household ser-
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. €miotevoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 26. vant. otpatiwtyg (# 5132) soldier. The soldier may
Ingressive aor., “many came to believe.” 43 EYEVETO have been retired but remained w. Cornelius (Barrett).
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3; for the Semitic construction evoeBi pious s.v. 2. Tpookaptepovvtwv pres. act. part.
s.v. 32. peivan aor. act. inf. uevw (# 3531) to remain. Inf. mpooxaptepew (# 4674) to attach oneself to, to wait on,
w. vb. Bupoei dat. sing. Bupoevc (# 1114) tanner. The to be faithful to someone, to be true to someone, to re-
work of a tanner was defiling according to Jewish law main faithfully attached to someone, w. dat. (BAGD;
(LC; M, Ketuboth. 7:10; SB, 2:695; JTJ, 301-12; Barrett). TLNT, 3:191). Adj. part. referring to both the soldier
Acts 10 252

and the servants. Habitual pres. indicating their con- 150-51. Kowog (# 3123) common, that which comes
stant character. ® 8 eEnynodpevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. into contact w. anything and everything and is there-
(temp. ) e&nyeouor (# 2007) to relate, to explain. fore ordinary, profane, or ceremonially unclean (DJG,
QNEOTEIAEV aor. ind. act. dnootéAAw (# 690) to send, to 125-28; BAGD; TDNT). &xa@aptov (# 176) unclean, im-
send as personal representative w. authority to carry pure, in ritual or cultic sense (GELTS, 14). @ 15
out a task. ® 9 ti Exadprov (# 2069) on the following éxaOdpioev aor. ind. act. Kadapitw (# 2751) to cleanse,
day. oSo1nopobvtwv pres. act. part. (temp.) ddoitopew to purify. There was a later rabbinic teaching that in
(# 3844) to journey. Gen. abs., “While they were travel- the days of the Messiah the rules regarding unclean
ling.” It was about 30 miles between Joppa and Cae- foods would be lifted (SB, 4, ii:1147; 1163). koivov pres.
sarea; they may have gone by foot, or on horseback imp. act. kowvow (# 3124) to consider common, to count
(Barrett; Bruce; LC). yyovtwv pres. act. part. (temp.) as profane (LC). Pres. imp. w. the neg. wn (# 3590) im-
evyiCw (# 1581) to draw near, to approach, w. dat. aveBn plies that he is not to go on doing what he is already
aor. ind. act. dvoPatve (# 326) to go up. npocevd—acbar doing (Bruce). 16 éyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v.
aor. mid. (dep.) inf. tpocevyopa (# 4667) to pray. Inf. of 10. &veATWPON aor. ind. pass. avarauBavw (# 377) to
purp. mepi wpav Extnv around the sixth hour; i.e., 12 take up. Theol. pass. indicating that God did the ac-
noon. Peter had probably not eaten anything and tion. © 17 Sinope impf. ind. act. Sianopew (# 1389) to
chose this time as an early afternoon or offering be perplexed. The original meaning, intensified by the
prayertime, since one was not to eat immediately be- prep. in compound, is “to be completely at a loss what
fore the prayertime (SB, 2:698-99). For a discussion of road to take” (RWP). ein pres. opt. act. eri (# 1639) to
the number of daily prayers, their time and content s. be. Opt. in a deliberative question (RG, 940; 1044).
SB, 2:696-702; JPB, 196-97; 202-08; 4Q 503. @ 10 eyeveto evdev aor. ind. act. Opdw (# 3972) to see. &meotaApevOL
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouai (# 1181) to become, to be. perf. pass. part. (adj.) s.v. 8. Sepwthoavtes aor. act.
mpooneivog (# 4698) pred. adj. very hungry. OeAev part. (circum.) dvepwtaw (# 1452) to ask. The prep. in
impf. ind. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to will, to want to, w. inf. compound intensifies and gives the meaning, “to ask
Impf. indicates the incomplete action or desire. yev- constantly or continually” (EGT). €méotnoav aor. ind.
oao8a aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yevouot (# 1174) to taste, to act. eptotnu (# 2392) to approach, to stand before.
eat, to eat a meal (Barrett). napaoKkevatovtwv pres. act. TuAwV (# 4784) gate, esp. of the larger gate at the en-
part. (temp.) mapaokevacw (# 4186) to prepare. Gen. trance of large buildings; gateway, entrance, house
abs. Exotaotc (# 1749) ecstasy, trance, a state in which door (BAGD). @ 18 ¢wvjoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
a man stands outside himself (Bruce). @ 11 Sewpet s.v. 7. €mvvOdvovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) muvOavouat
pres. ind. act. Sewpew (# 2555) to see, to watch. Hist. (# 4785) to inquire. Incep. impf. et (# 1623) if, whether.
pres. Gvewyevov perf. pass. part. avoiyw (# 487) to Introduces either a dir. or indir. quotation (LC). evade
open. Perf. part. indicates the state or condition. Kkata- (# 1924) here. 19 d:evOvpovpevov pres. mid. (dep.)
Baivov pres. act. part. (adj.) kataBpatvw (# 2849) to go part. (temp.) dievOvpeonar (# 1445) to think about, to
down, to come down, to descend. oxebog vessel, thing, think through and through, in and out (RWP). Gen.
container (BAGD). 000vn (# 3855) linen cloth, a sheet abs., “as he was contemplating....” €ntobvtés pres. act.
of cloth used for various things: a woman’s dress, sails part. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Circum. or adj. part.
of a ship, or bandages (Barrett). apyaig dat. pl. apyn @ 20 dvaotas aor. act. part. s.v. 13. Katé&BNe1 aor. imp.
(# 794) corner. These two words (apyaicg 080vn) were a act. s.v. 11. mopevov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mopevouar
technical medical phrase (“the ends of a bandage”) to (# 4513) to go. Pres. imp. occurs w. a vb. of motion
describe the sheet (MLL, 218). Instr. dat. Ka@teyevov (VANT, 341-42). 5taxpivopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part.
pres. pass. part. (adj.) KaOinui (# 2768) to let down. diaxpivouat (# 1359) to question, to doubt. Part. of
12 vnijpyev impf. ind. act. brdapyw (# 5639) to exist, manner, telling how he is to go, that is, w. which atti-
to be. tetpamouc (# 5488) four-footed (animals). epme- tude he is to go. GméotaAKa. perf. ind. act. s.v. 8. @ 21
tov (# 2260) creeping animal, reptile (GELTS, 181). Katafdg aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 11. Gnteite pres.
metewvov (# 4374) bird. @ 13 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. ind. act. s.v. 19. mdpeote pres. ind. act. mapeyn (# 4205)
(dep.) s.v. 10. &vaotas aor. act. part. aviotnut (# 482) to to be present. “What is the reason for which you are
arise. Circum. part. w. the idea of an imp. as in the vb. here?” © 22 aptupovpevoc pres. pass. part. (adj.)
@doov aor. imp. act. 80w (# 2604) to slay, to sacrifice, to waptupew (# 3455) to give witness. For the pass., s. 6:3.
kill. Perhaps used in the sense of to sacrifice as a reli- expnpatioén aor. ind. pass. (dep.) ypnpatigonor
gious act (Barrett; SB, 2:703; but s. Bruce). pdye aor. (# 5976) to do business, to consult an oracle, to in-
imp. act. £00iw (# 2266) to eat. Aor. imp. calls for a spe- struct, to give a divine warning, to make known a di-
cific act w. a note of urgency. ® 14 pndapdc (# 3592) vine revelation, to make known God’s message (Bruce;
not at all, by no means. épayov aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. For RWP; MM; NDIEC, 4:176; LN, 1:339; TDNT; GELTS,
the possible Semitic construction w. the neg. s. BG, 519). petanepyoodar aor. mid. (dep.) inf. petanéutw
253 Acts 10

(# 3569) to send after, to send for someone. Inf. gives $Oei¢ aor. pass. part. (temp.) s.v. 22. muvOdvopat pres.
the content of the divine message. &kodoat aor. act. inf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 18. tive AOyw (#5516; 3364) for
aKxovw (# 201) to hear, to hear and obey. @ 23 eloxade- what reason (RWP). peteneuwaove aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
OGwEVOS aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) etoxareopat s.v. 22. © 30 €6n impf./aor. ind. act. s.v. 28. Hunv impf.
(# 1657) to call in, to invite in. &€vioev aor. ind. act. s.v. ind. mid. (dep.) ey.t (# 1639) Used w. the part. in a peri-
6. &VAOTAS aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 13. &EfAOEv aor. phrastic construction. thy evatnv (#1888) the ninth
ind. act. e&€pxoucnr (# 2002) to go out, to depart. (hour); acc. of time, indicating either “all the ninth
ovviAGov aor. ind. act. ovvepyouar (# 5302) to accompa- hour” (RWP) or “at what time?” Or it may be a cog-
ny, to go w. ® 24 npoodoK@v pres. act. part. tpocdoKaw nate acc., meaning “the ninth-hour prayer” (IBG, 34).
(# 4659) to expect, to await, to direct the mind toward Mpooevyouevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 9. €otn aor.
anything (RWP). Part. in a periphrastic construction ind. act. totnut (# 2705) to stand. eo8f\t1 dat. sing. E08N¢
emphasizing the constant expectancy and waiting, as (# 2264) clothing. Aopmpoc (# 3287) shining, bright.
well as building a backdrop for a punctual event (VA, @ 31 etonKovodn aor. ind. pass. cioaxovw (# 1653) to
457-60). ovyKaAEoapevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) hear, to attend to (MH, 304). Theol. pass. indicating
ovyKareouar (# 5157) to call together, to summon. ovy- that God did the action. guvno8noav aor. ind. pass.
yevns (# 5150) relative. This may be a hint that Corne- LvjoKw (# 3630) to remember. 32 m&Wov aor. imp.
lius was retired. &vayKaiog (# 338) intimate, familiar. act. s.v. 5. petTAKaAEOML aor. imp. mid. (dep.) uetTaKaEo-
The most intimate friend, close enough to be like blood uot (# 3559) to call to oneself, to summon. @ 33 &&-
relations; one who is explicitly trusted (TLNT, 1:98-99; avtic (# 1994) at once. Emewwo aor. ind. act. s.v. 5.
Barrett; NDIEC, 1:132-33). @ 25 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. KOADS (# 2822) well. Used w. the aor. mid. part.
(dep.) s.v. 10. For the construction s. 9:3. etoeNGeiv aor. TMapayevowevog as a means of expressing a polite re-
act. inf. s.v. 3. The construction of the inf. w. the gen. of quest: “please do so and so,” “You did well to come,”
the art. is probably a Semitic influence and supposes “You were so kind to come” (Bruce; Barrett; MM).
some futurity: “it happened, when Peter was about to émoinoas aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. MApEopLEV
go in” (BG, 133; RG, 1067). ovvavtnous aor. act. part. pres. ind. act. s.v. 21. akoboa aor. act. inf. s.v. 22. Inf. of
(temp.) ovvavtaw (# 5267) to meet, w. dat. meowv aor. purp. mpootetaypeva perf. pass. part. (adj.) mpootaoow
act. part. mintw (# 4406) to fall. Part. of manner. (# 4705) to command. Perf. indicates the abiding state.
MPOOEKVVNOEV aor. ind. act. mpookvvew to worship. Cornelius is a military man and he employs a military
® 26 Tyewev aor. ind. act. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise up. term (RWP). @ 34 avotEac aor. act. part. s.v. 11. Pleo-
Gvdortnel aor. imp. act.s.v.13. 27 ovvowiddv pres. nastic or temp. part. KataAapBavouat pres. ind. mid.
act. part. (temp.) ovvouirew (# 5326) to talk w. (dep.) katarouBavw (# 2898) to grasp w. the mind, to
ovveATAvGOtAS perf. act. part. ovvepxouat (# 5302) to perceive. npoownoAnntns (# 4720) lit., acceptor of fac-
come together, to gather. @ 28 bn impf./aor. ind. es, or persons; to have favorites, one who shows par-
act. onui (# 5774) to say, to speak (VA, 441-47). tiality (LC; BAGD). 35 epyaCopevog pres. mid. (dep.)
éniotaoee pres. ind. pass. (dep.) emiotopar (# 2179) to part. epyatonar (# 2237) to work, to do. To work righ-
understand, to be acquainted w. (BAGD). we (# 6055) teousness is used in its widest sense but may denote
as, that, used to introduce an obj. cl. &@€uit0g (# 116) almsgiving (Bruce). It is not that righteousness is itself
unlawful, contrary to the divinely constituted order of acceptable, but in the Jewish tradition it is that which
things, breaking a taboo. It denotes profanity (LC). leads to acceptability (MRP, 132; Barrett; Schille). Part.
KOAAGo8a1 pres. mid. inf. KaAAGW (# 3140) to join, to as subst. 5extog (# 1283) acceptable, w. dat. 36 ane-
keep company w. someone. Habitual pres. Epex. inf. otelAev aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. Though the v. is difficult to
explaining what is not lawful. mpooepyeo80u pres. mid. translate the sense is clear; God sent to the children of
(dep.) inf. mpooepyouar (# 4665) to go to. Epex. inf. Israel the good news of peace through Jesus Christ
GAOHVvAOS (# 260) of another tribe; one that is not a (Barrett). evoryyeAtGopevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. ev-
Jew. Not every intercourse w. Gentiles was absolutely ayyedtGw (# 2294) to proclaim good news (TDNT;
prohibited, but what rendered a Jew ceremonially un- TLNT; NIDNNT). Circum. part. or part. of manner ex-
clean was, such as entering a Gentile house or han- plaining how God sent His word. ovtoc (# 4047) nom.
dling articles belonging to Gentiles (Bruce; SB, 4, masc. sing. this one; emphatic, “He, yes He, is Lord of
ii:353-414; Barrett). Kapot = kai euot but to me (emphat- all” (Barrett). @ 37 oiSate perf. ind. act. o15a (# 3857) to
ic).” For the adverbial use of the particle s. BG, 153. know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. ‘yevouevov aor. mid.
éderEev aor. ind. act. deixvup (# 1259) to show. A€yeiv (dep.) part. (adj.) yivouwon (# 1181) to become, to hap-
pres. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to call. Inf. as obj. of pen, to take place. ap&dpevog aor. mid. (dep.) part.
the vb. &eev. @ 29 davavtippntws (# 395) adv. not (adj.) Gpyouor (# 806) to begin. exnpvtev aor. ind. act.
speaking back, without raising any objection. 7A®ov Knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim, to preach. 38 w<¢
aor. ind. act. Epyouai (# 2262) to come, to go. petamep- (# 6055) how; perhaps a translation of the Aramaic rel.
Acts 11 254

pron. 7, or of Heb. Y or WN in a resumptive pron. con- among the believing Jews was evidently because the
struction (SA, 116-18; Barrett). Eypioev aor. ind. act. Jews felt that God’s presence was only in the Land of
ypiw (# 5987) to anoint (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT). Israel or, when outside the Land, only among the Isra-
5A Gev aor. ind. act. diepyouc (# 1451) to pass through, elites (SB, 2:705). ovvfA@av aor. ind. act. s.v. 23. EKKE-
to go about from place to place. Const. aor. summing yvtat perf. ind. pass. exyéw (# 1772) to pour out. Perf.
up the series of acts He did time after time (MT, 72; indicates the continuing results. 46 TKovov impf.
BD, 171). evepyetav pres. act. part. evepyetew (# 2308) to ind. act. s.v. 22., w. obj. in gen. Aadobvtwv pres. act.
do well, to do good or beneficial deeds. Possibly w. part. s.v. 8. Adj. or temp. part: “as they were speak-
reference to the royal title of Hellenistic kings (LC; DC, ing....” PEYAAVVOVTWV pres. act. part. ueyarvvw (# 3486)
I, 34; NDIEC, 1:63-64; 7:233-41). Part. of manner, telling to magnify, to praise. Adj. temp. or part., “As they
how he went about, that is, what he did. twpevog pres. were magnifying....” a&mexpi@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
mid. (dep.) part. taonat (# 2615) to heal. Both pres. amoKkpivouat (# 646) to answer. @ 47 untt (# 3614) used
parts. indicate His habitual action. Kkatadvvactevo- in a question expecting a neg. answer, “no one is able
HEVOUG pres. pass. part. Katadvvactevw (# 2872) to op- to hinder..., are they?” KwAdoai aor. act. inf. KwAvw
press, to exploit, to dominate someone (BAGD). Adj. (# 3266) to hinder, to forbid. Bartio87\van aor. pass. inf.
part. as subst. @ 39 emoinoev aor. ind. act. novew BantiCw (# 966) to baptize. Inf. after a vb. of hindering
(# 4472) to do. avetiav aor. ind. act. wvaipew (# 359) to or forbidding (BD, 206-7). €AaPov aor. ind. act. s.v. 43.
kill. kpepaoavtes aor. act. part. kperavvunr (# 3203) to The Gentiles had received the baptism of the Spirit just
hang. §0Aov (# 3833) wood (J.M. Baumgarten, “Does as the Jews had at Pentecost. @ 48 mpooétagev aor. ind.
TLH in the Temple Scroll Refer to Crucifixion?” JBL 91 act. mpootaoow (# 4705) to give an order, to order. Ban-
[1972]: 472-481). Seneca speaks of “the accursed tree” TLoO7Vvau aor. pass. inf. s.v. 47. Inf. in indir. speech giv-
(Seneca; Epistle 101.14; DTM, 1:947; s. 5:30). Part. of ing the content of the order. tTpwtnoav aor. ind. act.
means explaining by what means they killed Him. epwtaw (# 2263) to ask, to request. €metva aor. act.
40 tovtov acc. sing. tovto (# 4047) this one! emphatic, inf. empevw (# 2152) to remain. Inf. in indir. speech giv-
“this very One!” myepev aor. ind. act. eyeipw (# 1586) to ing the content of the request. Nuépasg acc. pl. nepa
raise. €5wxev aor. ind. act. dt5wyt (# 1443) to give; here, (# 2465) day. Acc. of time (“for some days”).
to make, w. inf. In this sense it seems to be a Semitism
or a type of septuagintalism (LC; SA, 64-65). eupavng
(# 1871) visible. yevéo8or aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 4. Inf. Acts 11
as obj. of the vb. 41 mpoxeyeipotovnpevoig perf. pass. @ 1 jKovoav aor. ind. act. &kovw (# 201) to hear.
part. (adj.) mpoxeipotovew (# 4742) to choose or desig- OvtEs pres. act. part. (adj.) ety (# 1639) to be. €5€Eavto
nate by hand, to choose beforehand (RWP). They were aor. ind. mid. (dep.) 5exouat (# 1312) to receive, to wel-
previously hand-picked. ovvepa&youev aor. ind. act. come. ® 2 aveBn aor. ind. act. avoPaivw (# 326) to go
ovvecbiw (# 5303) to eat w. someone. ovveniopev aor. up. Svexpivovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) diaxKpivoyar
ind. act. ovunivw (# 5228) to drink w. someone. dva- (# 1359) to take issue, to take sides against, to dispute
otfvan aor. act. inf. s.v. 13. Inf. w. prep. peta (# 3552) to w. someone (RWP; Barrett). For the force of the prep.
express time (“after He arose”). @ 42 napnyyelrev aor. compound indicating to and fro, s. MH, 302. Incep.
ind. act. mapayyedAAw (# 4133) to command, to charge. impf., “They began to debate.” ot €x nepitopiic (# 1666;
Knpveat aor. act. inf. s.v. 37. Inf. in indir. speech, giving 4364) The ones of circumcision, evidently referring to
the content of the command. S:opaptbpacban aor. mid. Jewish believers (Longenecker, 397). @ 3 A€yovtEs
(dep.) inf. Siowoptvpopat (# 1371) to witness, to testify pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Pleonastic part. 611
to. (s. 2:40). wpiopevog perf. pass. part. (adj.) opitw (# 4022) = quotation marks, introduces a dir. quota-
(# 3988) to mark out the boundary, to ordain, to desig- tion, or has the meaning “Why?” (Barrett). eloT)AGEs
nate, to appoint. wvtwv pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to aor. ind. act. eioepyouar (# 1656) to go into. Exovtas
live. Part. as subst. 43 AaPetv aor. act. inf. Aoupavw pres. act. part. (adj.) €yw (# 2400) to have, to be. ovv-
(# 3284) to receive. Inf. in indir. speech. muotevovta €bayes aor. ind. act. cvvecdiw (# 5303) to eat w. some-
pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Adj. part. in one, w. dat. 4 adp&dyevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part.
acc. as subject of the inf. @ 44 AaAobvtoc pres. act. (circum.) apyouai (# 806) to begin. Not pleonastic, but
part. (temp.) AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Gen. abs., “as he graphically showing how Peter began at the beginning
was speaking.” This happened before he had finished and gave the full story (RWP). e€eti€eto impf. ind.
what he meant to say (Alex). €mémeoev aor. ind. act. ent- mid. extiOnt (# 1758) to set forth, to explain, to pro-
mintw (#2158) to fall upon. &kovovtas aor. act. part. s.v. vide additional information, a deliberate and detailed
22. Adj. part. as subst. 45 e&otnoav aor. ind. act. narrative (RWP; LN, 1:406). ca®eEns (# 2759) in order,
e€lotnut (# 2014) to be beside oneself, to be out of one’s in succession. 5 Tynv impf. ind. mid., s.v. 1. mpooev-
senses, to be amazed (BAGD). The great amazement xOuevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. npooevyouat (# 4667) to
255 Acts 11

pray. Periphrastic part. eldov aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) TioeV aor. ind. act. Barticw (# 966) to baptize. BantioOn-
to see. Exotcoet dat. sing. Ekaotaotc (# 1749) trance (s. oeode fut. ind. pass. @ 17 tonv acc. sing. toog (# 2698)
10:10). KatoPoivov pres. act. part. (adj.) KatoBatvw same, identical. 5wped (# 1561) free gift. E5wKev aor.
(# 2849) to go down, to come down. d@0vn (# 3855) a ind. act. 5t8w1 (# 1443) to give. motevoaow aor. act.
sheet made of fine linen. apyoi¢g corner s. 10:11. KoOte- part. (adj.) miotevw (# 4409) to believe. The vb. w. the
LEVTV pres. pass. part. (adj.) Kadinut (# 2768) to let prep. ent (# 2093) may indicate the turning away from
down. T)GeV aor. ind. act. épyouar (# 2262) to come. former objects to a new personal object of faith in
@ 6 GtEvious aor. act. part. (temp. ) cteviCw (# 867) to whom one has confidence (NIDNTT, 3:1212). jynv
gaze. “As I was gazing at it...” Katevoovv impf. ind. impf. ind. mid., s.v. 11. Used in a question which is the
act. Katavoew (# 2917) to put the mind down, to un- apodosis of the cond. sentence: “If..., who was I, that I
derstand, to take notice of. eiSov aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. was able to hinder God?” (RWP; Barrett). kwADoa1 aor.
tetapmousg (# 5488) four-footed. Onpiov (# 2563) wild act. inf. kwAvw (# 3266) to forbid. Epex. inf. explaining
animal epnetov (# 2260) reptile. 7 t{kovoe aor. ind. the adj. Suvatog (# 1543). 18 akovoavtes aor. act.
act. s.v. 1. &vaotas aor. act. part. dviotnut (# 482) to part. (temp.) s.v. 1. Novyaoav aor. ind. act. novyacw
rise up, to get up. Circum. part. w. idea of an imp. (# 2483) to be silent. Ingressive aor., “they became si-
8doov aor. imp. act. Ovw (# 2604) to slay (s. 10:13). paye lent.” €50€aoav aor. ind. act. s0é0.6w (# 1519) to glorify,
aor. imp. act. e08tw (# 2266) to eat. 8 pndaydc to cause to have a good opinion of someone, to praise
(# 3592) not at all. eto Gev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. 9 a&me- (TLNT, 1:376-78). Their opposition ceased and their
Kpi@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &noxpivoun (# 646) to an- praise began (Bruce). €5wxev aor. ind. act. s.v. 17.
swer. €xaOdaptioev aor. ind. act. Kadapitw (# 2751) to 19 diaonUpevtes aor. pass. part. d.aoneipw (# 1401) to
cleanse. koivov pres. imp. mid. kotvow (# 3124) to make scatter. Adj. part. as subst. &0 is causal: “on account
common; mid. to consider common (s. 10:15). Pres. of,” “because of” (Gen. 9:11 LXX; GELTS, 48; NIDNTT,
imp. w. neg. un (# 3590) is a call to stop an action in 3:1180). ‘yevouévng aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 10. &uAABov
progress, or it forbids a habitual attitude. @ 10 eyeveto aor. ind. act. dvepyouat (# 1451) to pass through, to go
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouor (# 1181) to become, to be, about. Bowixng (# 5834) Phoenicia; not the provincial
to happen. dveonao@n aor. ind. pass. avaonaw (# 413) name, but denoting the narrow coastal plain between
to pull up. @ 11 enxéotnoav aor. ind. act. edtotnut Lebanon and the Mediterranean (Barrett). "Avtioxetac
(# 2392) to come upon and stand by. Twev impf. ind. (# 522) Antioch on the Orentes. This very rich and
act. et (# 1639) to be. aneotoApevor perf. pass. part. great city, located 15 miles inland on the left bank of
(adj.) anmooteAAw (# 690) to send. @ 12 elmev aor. ind. the Orentes River, ranking third in the Roman Empire
act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. ovveAGeiv aor. act. inf. ovvep- (behind Rome & Alexandria) (Jos., JW, 3:29), was the
youor (# 5302) to go w., to accompany. Inf. in indir. capital of Syria. It had a large Jewish population (Jos.,
speech. Siaxptvavta aor. act. part. dtakptvw (# 1359) to JW, 7:43-45) and was also famous for the suburban re-
make a distinction; here, possibly w. the meaning sort area, Daphne, which was a symbol in the Roman
“without hesitation” (LC). nA®ov aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. Empire for Antioch’s depravity. Herod the Great
elonA@ouev aor. ind. act. s.v 3. @ 13 &anyyetrev aor. ind. paved the main street w. polished marble because of
act. anayyeAkw (# 550) to announce, to report. elev the muddy street and as a protection from the rain,
aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. otaBEvta aor. pass. part. (adj.) lott adorned it with a colonnade (Jos.,
JW 1:425; s. also Bar-
(# 2705) pass. to stand. eimovta aor. act. part. s.v. 12. rett; OCD, 71, 313; BBC; RAC, 1:461-69; TRE, 3:99-103;
G&mOotELAOV aor. imp. act. s.v. 11. pet&mepwou aor. imp. ABD, 1:265-69; KP, 1:386; AAT, 170-80). AaAobvtEs pers.
mid. petanéunw (# 3569) to send for. entkadovpevov act. part. (circum.) s.v. 14. @ 20 €A@ovtes aor. act. part.
pres. pass. part. enixkarew (# 2126) to call; pass. to be (temp.) s.v. 5. €AGAOvv impf. ind. act. s.v. 14. Incep. im-
called, to be named. @ 14 AaANOEL fut. ind. act. AorAEW pf., “they began speaking and continued.” EAAnvioths
(# 3281) to speak. owOnoq fut. ind. pass. owtw (# 5392) (# 1821) a Greek-speaking person. It may refer to
to rescue, to save (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). Greek-speaking persons who had some contact w. the
@ 15 cipEaoGa1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. &dpxowar (# 806) to Jews (Longenecker, 398-400). For the text problem s.
begin, w. inf. Inf. w. prep. €v (# 1877) to express con- TC, 386-89. eboryyedGouevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (cir-
temporaneous time: “When I began to speak.” pe sing. cum.) evayyeAtCouor (# 2294) to tell the good news
acc. Ist. pers. pron. eyo (# 1609)L.Acc. as subject of the (TDNT, EDNT, IDNTT, TLNT). @ 21 tv impf. ind. act.
inf. AaAgiv pres. act. inf. s.v. 14. Emémeoev aor. ind. act. eipt (# 1639). miotevous aor. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 17. éné-
emimintw (# 2158) to fall upon. wonep (# 6061) just as. Otpewev aor. ind. act. emiotpedw (# 2188) to turn to
This indicates that the baptism of the Spirit on the Jew- (TDNT; EDNT). @ 22 qKkovo@n aor. ind. pass. s.v. 1.
ish believers in Jerusalem had its counterpart for be- ovons pres. act. part. (adj.) gen. fem. sing. et s.v. 21.
lieving Gentiles here. ® 16 uvqo@nv aor. ind. pass. e€anéotetray aor. ind. act. cEanooterAAw (# 1990) to send
(dep.) uysvnoxopon (# 3630) to remember, w. gen. épa.r- out, to dispatch, to send out as an authoritative repre-
Acts 12 256

sentative (TDNT). d5veA@etv aor. act. inf. s.v. 19. Epex. plenty; here “according to his financial ability”
inf., explaining the sending. ® 23 napayevouevos aor. (BAGD). @ptoav. aor. ind. act. opitw (# 3988) to fix a
mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mapaytivonat (# 4134) to ar- boundary, to determine, to appoint; “they arranged.”
rive. 18Vv aor. act. part. (temp.) opdaw (# 3972) to see. Perhaps each one set aside a fixed sum out of his prop-
€xapn aor. ind. pass. yaipw (# 5897) to be glad, to re- erty or income as a contribution to the fund (Bruce).
joice. mapexaAer impf. ind. act. napaKxarew (# 4151) to mépwou aor. act. inf. neunw (# 4287) to send. Inf. as dir.
exhort, to encourage. Impf. pictures the continual en- obj. © 30 Exoinoay aor. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do.
couraging. mpoBeorg (# 4606) purpose; w. purpose of GnoOoTEIAavtES aor. act. part. s.v. 11. Part. explaining
heart, that is, w. determination (Bruce; LC). mpoopeévetv TEW Yat.
pres. act. inf. tpoopnevw (# 4693) to remain, to stay w., to
continue (BAGD). 24 npooete6n aor. ind. pass. mpoo-
Ont (# 4707) to add to. Theological pass., indicating Acts 12
that God did the action. 25 &EfAGev aor. ind. act. &&- @ 1 Kav’ Exeivov S& tov Kaipov “And at that time.”
epyouat (# 2002) to go out. avatntioor aor. act. inf. This was probably at the beginning of Herod Agrip-
avatntew (# 349) to search for. The prep. compound pa’s rule, ca. A.D. 41 or early 42 (FAP, 104-8; BBC; ABD
means to seek up and down, back and forth, to make a 1:98-100). éméBoAev aor. ind. act. eniBarrAw (# 2095) to
thorough search till success comes (RWP). Inf. of purp. cast upon, to lay hands on, to seize. ‘Hpwdng Herod,
26 evpwv aor. act. part. (temp.) evptoxw (# 2351) to that is, Herod Agrippa I, (grandson of Herod the
find. tyyayev aor. ind. act. «yw (# 72) to lead, to bring. Great) who had grown up in Rome, was a friend of
eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 10. €viavtov OAov for a Gaius & Claudius, was noted for spending huge sums
whole year; acc. of time. ovvayOva1 aor. pass. inf. ovv- of money, and ruled over Palestine for three years (s.
ayw (# 5251) to gather together, to be taken in as a TJ, 57-63; A; BAFCS, 4:19; s.v. 23). kaKx@oat aor. act. inf.
guest (LC). Inf. as subject the vb. eyevéto (RWP). 515a- KkaKow (# 2808) to afflict, to do harm to. For vbs. w. this
Ear aor. act. inf. 6i8a0xw (# 1438) to teach, to give in- ending having a factitive or instr. meaning s. MH,
struction. Const., or complexive aor. giving a 394f. In addition to political motives for Agrippa’s
summary of the deeds (BD, 171). Inf. as subject. persecution of the church, there may have also been
ypTWAtioor aor. act. inf. ypnuatitw (# 5976) to bear a his own personal aspirations to be recognized as a
name, to be called, to be named, to bear a title (Jos., JW, messianic ruler (FAP, 109-10; A, 119-24). Inf. of purp.
2:488; BAGD; TWNT). Inf. as subject. Xpiotiavog @ 2 aveidev aor. ind. act. avaipew (# 359) to kill.
(# 5985) Christian, adherents of the Anointed One Layaipn dat. sing. payaipa (# 3479) sword. Instr. dat.
(Barrett; EDNT; TDNT; Haenchen; BC, 5:383-86). For execution w. the sword at that time, which may in-
@ 27 KxathAGov aor. ind. act. katepyouar (# 2982) to dicate that the charge was political, s. Barrett;
come down. 28 avaotas aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. Haenchen; SB, 2:706; Acts 7:58. @ 3 150v aor. act.
7. €onpavev impf. ind. act. onuatvw (# 4955) to signify, part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. apeotog (# 744)
to make known. Awov acc. sing. A10¢ (# 3350) famine. pleasing, verbal adj., w. dat. (RWP). mpooe@eto aor. ind.
Famine in the ancient world had to do not only with a mid. (dep.) mpootiOnut (# 4707) to add to, to proceed,
shortage of food, but also w. the inability to transport w. inf. A Semitic construction common in OT (Barrett;
it, as well as appealing to those w. money, like some of Bruce; MH, 445). ovAAaBeiv aor. act. inf. ovAAauBavw
Antioch’s citizens (s. Jos., JW, 7:42-45), to provide help (# 5197) to arrest. at Nwepar tOv aCopwv days of unleav-
(FAP, 112-19; Bruce W. Winter, “Acts and Food Short- ened bread. For the Feast of Unleavened Bread s. IDB,
ages,” BAFCS, 2:72-76). Acc. as subject of the inf. wea- 3:663f; TDNT; M, Pesahim; WZZT, 207-36. 4 nidoac
Aetv pres. act. inf. werAAW (# 3516) to be about to. Inf. as aor. act. part. (temp.) miatw (# 4389) to seize, to catch.
obj. of vb. onpavev. Eoeobar fut. mid. (dep.) inf. cyt Beto aor. ind. mid. tiOnwt (# 5502) to place. Mid. ex-
(# 1639) to be. Used w. p£AAw to express the fut. (MKG, presses the fact that Herod Agrippa I was acting in ac-
308). oikovpévn (# 3876) world, inhabited earth. For cordance w. his own intended purp. (Barrett). The
local and widespread famines in that time s. K.S. imprisonment was very probably in the Fortress Anto-
Gapp, “The Universal Famine under Claudius,” HTR nia, rebuilt by Herod the Great and located at the
28 (1935): 258-65; FAP, 112-21; BASHH, 164-65; Colin J. northwest corner of the Temple (TJ, 24; ANT, 156-61;
Hemer, “Observations on Pauline Chronology,” PSEB, AJA, 160-66; Jos., JW, 1:401, 5:238-46). mapadovc aor.
5-6; B.W. Winter, BAFCS, 2:59-78. &yeéveto aor. ind. mid. act. part. mapadidwut (# 4140) to deliver over. tésoap-
(dep.) s.v. 10. €ni KAavéiov at the time of Claudius. ow dat. pl. tecoapes (# 5475) four (BAGD). tetp&diov
Possibly around A.D. 41/42 (FAP, 121; BC, 5:452-55). (# 5482) quaterion, a company of four soldiers for
For Claudius s. Suetonius, “The Deified Claudius,” each of the four night watches of three hours (LC; Bar-
The Lives of the Caesars, V.; Barrett. @ 29 ednopeito rett; BBC). ¢vAdooetv pres. act. inf. pvAdoow (# 5875) to
impf. ind. mid. evnopew (# 2344) to be well off, to have guard, to watch. Inf. of purpose. Pres. indicates that
257 Acts 12

they were to continually guard Peter. BovAdpevog pres. e€epyoua (# 2002) to go out. Circum. or temp. part.
mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) BovAowon (# 1089) to plan, to HkoAoveet impf. ind. act. s.v. 8. Incep. impf.: “he began
will, w. inf. aveyoryeiv aor. act. inf. cvcyw (# 343) to lead to follow.” nev plperf. ind. act. of def. perf. oda
up. Peter was in the inner prison or lower ward and so (# 3857) to know. Plperf. used here as impf. yivopevov
would be led up (RWP). The idea was to bring him up pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 5. Adj. part. as subst. €50xet
for public execution (Barrett). @ 5 pév ... 5€ affirmative impf. ind. act. Soxéw (# 1506) to suppose, to think. dpa-
particle used correlatively: on the one hand ... on the wa acc. sing. vision. BAémetv pres. act. inf. BrAemw
other hand (BAGD). étnpeito impf. ind. pass. tnpéw (# 1063) to see. Inf. as obj. giving an indir. assertion
(# 5498) to guard, to watch. Impf. pictures the continu- (RWP). 10 5veASovteEs aor. act. part. (temp.) Sepyouat
al action. TW impf. ind. act. ewt (# 1639) used w. the (# 1451) to go through. NAGav aor. ind. act. épyouct
pres. part. to form a periphrastic construction. Extevd< (# 2262) to go, to come. mbAn (# 4783) gate. o1dnpav acc.
(# 1757) adv. earnestly (LC). The word combines the sing. ovdnpods (# 4969) iron. d€povoay pres. act. part.
ideas of perseverance (“without letting up”) and inten- (adj.) acc. fem. sing. p€pw (# 5770) to carry, to lead. a-
sity (“w. fervor, urgently”) and is used of the great topatos (# 897) automatically, of its own accord, often
cries of prayer (s. Luke 22:44) (TLNT, 1:457-61, w. ex- indicating something supernatural (LC; TLNT, 1:231-
amples!). ywwouévn pres. mid. (dep.) (for pass. s. VA, 34; Josh. 6:5; GELTS, 71). qvoiyn aor. ind. pass. &votyw
482) part. yivouat (# 1181) to become, to be, to happen. (# 487) to open. A type of theological pass. (TLNT,
Periphrastic part. 6 Tweddev impf. ind. act. WEArw 1:231). &eAovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 9. npOT|ABov
(# 3516) to be about to. Impf. used w. the inf. to express aor. ind. act. npoepyouo (# 4601) to go forward, to pro-
intention reckoned from a moment in the past (MKG, ceed; here, to go one block farther (BAGD). popny acc.
307). mpomyayetv aor. act. inf. mpoayw (# 4575) to lead sing. pvyn (# 4860) street or alley. They went along the
out. In the language of the law court, to bring before main street until its intersection (LC). Acc. of extent, of
(BAGD). fv impf. ind. act. s.v. 5. Impf. w. the pres. part. space (BD, 88). &méotn aor. ind. act. &diotnyr (# 923) to
to form a periphrastic construction. Koympevog pres. go away, to depart (note v. 7 épiotnut). ® 11 yevouevos
pass. part. koyaw (# 3121) to sleep. peta&d (# 3568) be- aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 5. W. €v €avt@ (# 1877;
tween. SeSeyévoc perf. pass. part. d€w (# 1313) to bind. 1571) (“coming to himself”). eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw
Perf. indicates the state or condition. &Avoeow dat. pl. (# 3306) to say. o18a. (# 3857) perf. ind. act. def. perf. w.
aAvoig (# 268) chain. Instr. dat. eth-povv impf. ind. act. pres. meaning, to know. e&améotethev aor. ind. act. &&-
tpew to watch, to guard. @ 7 €mé€-otn aor. ind. act. OATOOTEAAW (# 1990) to send out. é€etAato aor. ind. mid.
Epiotnut (# 2392) to stand by, to suddenly come on the etaipew (# 1975) to take out of; mid. to rescue, to take
scene (BAGD). €Aoywev aor. ind. act. Adunw (# 3290) to away, to liberate and place the one delivered in the
shine. oixkna (# 3862) room; euphemism for prison hands of the agent of deliverance (TLNT, 2:14-17).
(LC). mata&ag aor. act. part. (temp.) nataoow (# 4250) mpoodoKia (# 4660) expectation. 12 ovvidev aor. act.
to strike, to hit. mAevpa (# 4433) side. Tryewpev aor. ind. part. (temp.) ovvopaw (# 5328) to see together, to see
act. tyeipw (# 1586) to wake up someone. G&vaote., aor. clearly, to be aware of, to perceive, “having realized
imp. act. aviotny (# 482) to rise up, to get up. Aor. the position” (Bruce; NTNT, 120). For the perfective
imp. calls for a specific action w. a note of urgency. ta- force of the prep. compound s. MH, 325. NAGev aor. ind.
ye dat. sing. taxoc (# 5443) hurry, quickness. Used w. act. s.v. 10. €mikaAovpévov pres. pass. part. Em1KOAEW
prep. adverbially: “in a hurry,” “quickly” (IBG, 78). &- (# 2126) to call, to be called, to be named. od (# 4005)
émeoav aor. ind. act. xknintw (# 1738) to fall off. There where. Toav impf. ind. act. s.v. 5. txavdg (# 2653) con-
were magic spells to cause chains to fall off or to open siderable, many. ovvn8poropevot perf. pass. part. ovva-
doors (CIC, 92; GMP, 159-60, 277). @ 8 einev aor. ind. 8pottw (# 5255) to bring together; pass. to be gathered,
act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. G@oai aor. imp. mid. Gavvupt to meet. mpooevxouevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. tpocevyo-
(# 2439) to gird oneself, to bind the tunic w. a wide uct (# 4667) to pray. Part. w. Noav to form the peri-
belt. During the night the long-flowing undergarment phrastic impf. The praying apparently had been going
was loosened, then fastened up by day, so as not to im- on all night (RWP). @ 13 Kpovoavtos aor. act. part.
pede movements (EGT). bm05noo1 aor. imp. mid. (temp.) kpovw (# 3218) to knock. Gen. abs. mvAWv
vnodséw (# 5686) to bind under, to tie on sandals. (# 4784) gateway, entrance. The gate entrance was sep-
émoinoev aor. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do. mepiParod arated from the living quarters by a courtyard
aor. imp. mid. mepiporAw (# 4314) to throw about (one- (Haenchen). mpoot)A@ev aor. ind. act. mpooepyouar
self), to put on. &koAOvGeL pres. imp. act. AKoLovbEew (# 4665) to come to. DxaKODOML aor. act. inf. DraKODW to
(# 199) to follow, w. dat. The aor. imps. call for specific answer the door. Used technically of the doorkeeper,
acts; the pres. here is used w. a vb. of motion describ- whose duty it is to listen for the signals of those who
ing the maze-like journey that followed; “keep behind wish to enter, and to admit them if they are entitled to
me” (Barrett; VANT, 345-46). @ 9 &€e\@odv aor. act. part. do so (BAGD). Inf. of purp. @ 14 énvyvotoa. aor. act.
Acts 12 258

part. (temp.) nom. fem. sing. exiywwwokw (# 2105) to Koitwv (# 3131) bedroom; lit., “the one over the bed-
recognize. Tvoltev aor. ind. act. s.v. 10. etoSpapodoa. aor. room of the king.” Used as a title for a highly respect-
act. part. (circum.) eiotpeyw (# 1661) to run in. anny- ed person w. considerable responsibility, who was in
yeldev aor. ind. act. amayyeAAw (# 550) to report. charge of the king’s bedroom and personal affairs (LC;
€otavat perf. act. inf. iotnt (# 2705) to stand. Inf. in in- LN, 1:86); A, 113; Epicitetus 4, vii, 1, 19-20). jtodvto
direct discourse (IBG, 153). @ 15 paivg pres. ind. mid. impf. ind. mid. witew (# 160) to ask. Incep. impf., “they
(dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. patvouar (# 3419) to be mad, to began to ask for peace.” Mid. “to ask for one’s self.”
be crazy. For the medical use of the vb. and noun, s. Tpepeobat pres. pass. inf. tpepw (# 5555) to feed, to sup-
DMTG, 230; MLL, 267; MHW, 145-48. dtioxupiCeto port, to provide w. food. The Phoenician cities de-
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) dttoxvpionar (# 1462) to insist. pended largely on the grain fields of Galilee for their
An old word of vigorous and confident assertion, orig- food, and Herod had cut off their supply (Rackham).
inally “to lean upon” (RWP). Used in a papyrus text of Inf. w. 8a (# 1328) is causal. BaodiKos (# 997) royal,
a dispute between two parties, one of which affirms a belonging to a king. For adj. ending w. this suffix s.
matter confidently (NDIEC, 2:81). éyew pres. act. inf. MH, 378. 21 taxtf dat. sing. taxt0¢ (# 5414) set, ap-
éyw (# 2400) to have, to hold; here, it is, the situation is pointed. Dat. of time. According to Josephus, it was a
so (BAGD). Inf. in indirect discourse. 16 EnépevEev festival in honor of the emperor (Jos., Ant., 19:343),
impf. ind. act. enmévw (# 2152) to remain, to continue. possibly on the first of August, his birthday (Bruce), or
Kpovwv pres. act. part. s.v. 13. Supplementary part. in October 43 at the Caesarean games to honor the em-
used to indicate the action that was continued (BD, peror (A, 145-46; 109-11). €v8vodpevoc aor. mid. part.
213). dvoiavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 10. el8av aor (temp.) evdvw (# 1907) to put on, to dress. eo67¢
ind. act. s.v. 3. &€otnoav aor. ind. act. céiotnu (# 2014) (# 2264) clothing, raiment. According to Josephus, it
to be amazed, to be beside oneself. @ 17 katacEeious
was an impressive robe made of silver which glittered
aor. act. part. (temp.) katacetw (# 2939) to signal or
in the sun as he entered the theater at daybreak (Bruce,
motion to w. the hand. ovy@v pres. act. inf. ovyaw ET; BBC; TJ, 61-62; Jos., Ant., 19:344). Kka@toasc aor. act.
(# 4967) to be silent. Epex. inf. explaining what his mo-
part. (temp.) KaOttw (# 2767) to sit down; ingressive
tioning w. the hand meant. dinynjoato aor. ind. mid. aor. to take one’s seat. €5nunyopet impf. ind. act. dnun-
(dep.) dinyeonat (# 1455) to relate, to narrate. e€nyayev
yopew (# 1319) to make a speech. Incep. impf., “he
aor. ind. act. eEayw (# 1974) to lead out. dnayyeiAate
began to make a speech.” @ 22 enepwvet impf. ind. act.
aor. imp. act. s.v. 14. €&€A@wv aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v.
emupwvew (# 2215) to cry out loudly, to cheer (LC). 6€0¢
9. mopevOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) nopevowat (# 4513) to
go. 18 yevouévng aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 5.
God; here, “a god.” Emphatic by its position. Josephus
Gen. abs. tapayosg (# 5431) commotion. dpa (# 726) says the people went on to flatter him by saying, “May
therefore, then; inferential particle. eyéveto aor. ind. you be propitious to us, and if we have hitherto feared
mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. @ 19 énifqthoas aor. act. part. you as a man, yet henceforth we agree that you are
emiCntew (# 2118) to look for. Concessive part. evpwv more than mortal in your being,” and, Josephus adds,
aor. act. part. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. Part. w. kai giv- “the king did not rebuke them nor did he reject
ing a contrast, “and yet did not find” (BD, 227). their flattery as impious” (Jos., Ant., 19:345-46).
Gvakpivas aor. act. part. dvaxptvw (# 373) to examine, 23 Enatoeev aor. ind. act. tatdoow (# 4250) to strike,
to question thoroughly. €xéAevoev aor. ind. act. kedevw to hit. dv’ wv (#505; 4005) because. éSwxev aor. ind.
(# 3027) to command. a&naxOfjvan aor. pass. inf. anayw act. did5wut (# 1443) to give. yevopevoc aor. mid. (dep.)
(# 552) to lead away. Perhaps used in the sense of “to part. (circum.) s.v. 5. ocwAnKoBpwtos (# 5037) eaten by
arrest,” “to lead off to prison”; but the stronger sense, worms. The word is used of diseased grain (MM). €&-
“to lead off to execution,” is called for here (Barrett). ewvéev aor. ind. act. exwoyw (# 1775) to die, to breathe
According to Justinian’s Code (Codex Justinianus out. A term used by medical writers (MLL, 37). For the
9.4.4) a guard who allowed a prisoner to escape be- life and death of Herod Agrippa I s. Jos., Ant., 18:126-
came liable to the same penalty as had awaited the 309; 19:1-227, 292-366; HJP 1:442-54; TJ, 57-62; ABD,
prisoner (Bruce; Barrett). Inf. in indir. discourse. 1:98-100. 24 ndEavev impf. ind. act. ad&avw (# 889)
KOTEABWV aor. act. part. (circum.) KatEpyoua (# 2982) to to grow. Impf., “continued to grow.” émAn@bveto impf.
go down. detpifev impf. ind. act. diatpipw (# 1417) to ind. pass. nAnOvvw (# 4437) to increase. Luke means
remain. @ 20 @vpopaydv pres. act. part. Pvpopayew that the Word of God increased in effectiveness (Bar-
(# 2595) to fight desperately; here “to be furious,” “to rett). @ 25 bnéotpewav aor. ind. act. dnootpEedw (# 5715)
be exasperated” (Bruce). Part. w. fw as periphrastic. to return. NANpwoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) TANpow
ouoOvpadov (# 3924) together, w. one accord. napfioav (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. Perhaps this refers to them tak-
impf. ind. act. nape (# 4205) to be present. metoavtes ing financial help from the church in Antioch to Jerus-
aor. act. part. (circum.) me1@w (# 4275) to persuade. alem. ovpnopoArapovtes aor. act. part. (circum.)
259 Acts 13

ovuTaparaupavw (# 5221) to take someone along w. ed about five miles up the Orontes from the Mediter-
ENUKANGEVTE aor. pass. part. (adj.) s.v. 12. ranean, and perhaps even at that time a Roman naval
station s. AAT, 179-80; ZPEB, 5:331-34; ABD, 5:1075-6;
RNE, 87-88; 103-4; 257-58; KP, 5:85. amendevoay aor.
Acts 13 ind. act. amondew (# 676) to sail away. For travel in the
1 KOTO, (# 2848) w. acc., distributed throughout ancient world, both overland and by ship s. Brian M.
(RWP). odoav pres. act. part. (adj.) ace. fem. sing. et Rapske, “Acts, Travel and Shipwreck,” BAFCS, 2:1-47.
(# 1639) to be. “The existing church,” “the local For the island of Cyprus s. AAT, 181-86; ABD, 1:1228-
church” (Barrett, M, 228). kaAovpEvos pres. pass. part. 30; Alaana Nobbs, Cyprus,” BAFCS, 2:279-89; Thomas
Korew (# 2813) to call; pass. to be named. Niyep W. Davis, “A History of American Archaeology in Cy-
(# 3769) Lat. black, dark-complexioned (BAGD). Aov- prus,” BA 52 (1989): 163-69; Stuart Swiny, “Prehistoric
Kto¢ 0 Kupnvaios Lucius the Cyrenian. Cyrene was the Cyprus: A Current Perspective,” BA 52 (1989): 178-91;
capital city of the North African district of Cyrenaica, Demetrios Michaelides, “The Early Christian Mosaics
which was combined w. Crete in 27 BC as a senatorial of Cyprus,” BA 52 (1989): 192-202. 5 yevopevot aor.
province and ruled by a proconsul (BAGD; HIP, 3:61- mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) yivono (# 1181) to become;
62, 94; BC, 5:498-95). obvtpodoc (# 5343) nourished to- here in the sense, “to arrive.” KatnyyeAdov impf. ind.
gether, brought up together, foster brother, a compan- act. Korroryyed Aw (# 2859) to report, to proclaim. Incep.
ion in education, playmate, intimate friend (BS, 310- impf., “they began to proclaim.” eiyov impf. ind. act.
12; BBC; MM; NDICE, 3:37-39; BAGD; Josephus and exw (# 2400) to have. banpetng (# 5677) assistant, atten-
Aseneth 10:4; 18:8; Jos. JW, 1:215). Manean was a close dant, a helper who willingly submits himself to carry-
friend of Herod Antipas and was probably brought up ing out the will of the one over him (TDNT; TLNT).
w. him in the court of Jerusalem (JTJ, 88; HA, 14; 305- Double acc., “they had John as an assistant.” 6 61-
06). @ 2 Aettovpyovvtwv pres. act. part. (temp.) Aevtovp- EABOVTES aor. act. part. (temp.) Siepxouon (# 1451) to
yew (# 3310) to serve. Used in classical Gr. to describe pass through. edpov aor. ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to
the service voluntarily rendered to the state; then it in- find. wayog (# 3407) magician (BC, 5:164-88; for the
dicated the performing of services which the state re- widespread use of magic and magic incantations s. 8:9;
quired from citizens who were specially qualified by Pliny, NH, 30:1-28; GMP). wevdonpopntneg (# 6021) false
their wisdom or wealth. Later it was used to describe prophet. @ 7 avOvratos (# 478) proconsul, one who is
any kind of service. In NT times it was the word for head of the government in a senatorial province, that
the service that a priest or servant rendered in a tem- is, the provinces of the Roman people (BAGD; RNE,
ple. Perhaps the service rendered here was that of 31-32). For a discussion of Sergius Paulus and the in-
prayer (NIW, 74-76; TLNT; TDNT). Gen. abs., “while scriptions s. BRD, 150-72; AAT, 185-86; Barrett;
they were continuing to serve.” vnotevovtwv pres. act. BASHH, 166-67; esp. FAP, 121-26 and Nobbs, BAFCS,
part. (temp.) vnotevw (# 3764) to fast. Gen. abs. Elmev 2:282-89; Bastian Van Elderen, “Some Observations on
aor. ind. act. Xeyw (# 3306) to say. &poptoate aor. imp. Paul’s First Missionary Journey,” AHG, 151-56; BBC;
act. &popiCw (# 928) to mark off w. boundary, to sepa- ABD, 5:205-206; for a more neg. view, s. BC, 5:455-59.
rate. 5n (# 1314) particle, used here to emphasize the ovvetog (# 5305) intelligent, being able to understand
imp. (Bruce). pot dat. sing. eyw (# 1609); “for me.” Dat. and evaluate, insightful (LN, 1:384). mpookaAeodpevoc
of personal interest, or advantage. mpooKeKAnwat perf. aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) mpooxaAeonar (# 4673)
ind. mid. npooxaAew (# 4673) to call, to call to one’s to call to oneself, to summon. éneCntnoev aor. ind. act.
service (Bruce). Perf. emphasizes that the divine deci- enitntew (# 2118) to seek, to look for. &koDoa aor. act.
sion was already made before it was revealed inf. dkovw (# 201) to hear. Epex. inf. explaining what
(Haenchen). For the omission of the prep. w. the rel. he sought. @ 8 av@iotato impf. ind. mid. d&veiotnyL
pron. s. NSV, 149. @ 3 vnoteboavtes aor. act. part. (# 468) to stand against, to withstand. Impf. pictures
(temp.) s.v. 2. mpooev&dpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. the continual action and may be conative: “he tried to
(temp. ) mpooevyoua (# 4667) to pray. EmBEvtes aor. act. oppose.” "EAvpas (# 1829) Elymas. For the rare and
part. emitt@nut (# 2202) to place upon. The laying on of obscure Semitic name s. BASHH, 227-28; Barrett.
hands here expressed the fellowship w. the two and peOepunvevetat pres. ind. pass. pe8epunvevw (# 3493) to
the recognition of the divine call (Bruce; SB, 2:647-61; translate. Cntwv pres. act. part. Crtew (# 2426) to seek.
s. 6:6). &méAVOQY aor. ind. act. anoAvDW (# 668) to re- Part. of manner explaining how he tried to oppose
lease, to let go, to send off. 4 abtot (# 899) they. The them. Siaotpéwa aor. act. inf. diaotpédw (# 1406) to
pron. is used here unemphatic (Haenchen,; IBG, 121). pervert, to distort, to divert. For the force of the prep.
EKMEULPOEVTES aor. pass. part. (circum.) éeKTELMW (# 1734) compound, s. MH, 302. Epex. inf. explaining what he
to send out. KatiAGov aor. ind. act. katepyouct (# 2982) sought to do. 9 0 Kat (#2779) who is also. For this
to go down. For the seaport of Antioch, Seleucia, locat- phrase and the use of double names s. BS, 313-17;
Acts 13 260

Haenchen; SB, 2:711-13; NDIEC, 1:89-96; TLNT, 2:41- took the paved Roman road, Via Sebaste (David
43. For the names Saul and Paul s. 7:58; FAP, 126-29; French, “Acts and the Roman Roads of Asia Minor,”
Colin J. Hemer, “The Name of Paul,” TB 36 (1985): 179- BAFCS, 2:51-53; David French, “The Roman Road-
83; NDIEC, 1:94; SB, 2:711-13; DPL, 679-91. It may be System of Asia Minor” ANRW 2, 7, 2:698-729; GAM,
that Paul (an upperclass name in the Roman onomasti- 47). mapeyevovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) napayivouor
con) had both names from birth (NDIEC, 1:94). nAno- (# 4134) to arrive. "Avtioyerav thy ITioidiav Pisidian
@eic aor. pass. part. (adj.) niumAnut (# 4398) to fill, w. Antioch, that is Antioch in Phrygia near Pisidia (Lon-
gen. of content. &tevious aor. act. part. (adj.) ateviw genecker, 422; Barrett; CSP, 247-314). This was the
(# 867) to gaze at someone or something. This is not home of one of the wealthiest business families in Pi-
the evil eye used by the rabbis to inflict punishment sidian Antioch, the family of Sergius Paullus and he
(Haenchen; SB, 2:713-15). ® 10 50A0v gen. sing. 50A0¢ may have suggested that Paul visit his city (G. Walter
(# 1515) deceit, treachery, craft. Properly bait for fish, Hansen, “Galatia,” BAFCS, 2:386-87; Nobbs, “Cy-
then any cunning contrivance for deceiving or catch- prus,” BAFCS, 2:287). &xa@voav aor. ind. act. Kaditw
ing (LS). Gen. of content. pgdiovpyia (# 4816) ease in (# 2767) to take one’s seat. @ 15 Gvayvwo1c (# 342)
doing, recklessness, wickedness, unscrupulousness reading. The service consisted of the Shema, prayer by
(LN, 1:775). Used in the papyri in the general sense of the leader, reading of the law and prophets, and a ser-
false pretenses (MM), and in a list of criminal charges mon by a member of the congregation (Bruce; Moore,
w. the meaning “fraud” (NDIEC, 1:59-61). vié voc. Judaism 1:281-307; TDNT; SB, 4:153-88; HJP, 2:447-54;
sing. vi0¢ (#5626) son. ExOpE voc. sing. Exbpdg (# 2398) JPE, 2:914-37; DJGE, 107-331). &néoteAav aor. ind. act.
hostile, hated, enemy, one engaged in open and active GMooTEAAW (# 690) to send. apyiovvaywyoc (# 801) head
hostility arising out of hate. navoq fut. ind. mid. of the synagogue. One of his duties was to select the
(dep.), navouor (# 4264) to cease, w. part. Volitive fut. readers and the speakers for the service (RWP; s.
slightly imp. w. an implied reproach (Bruce; RG, 847). NDIEC, 4:213-20; HJP, 2:433-36). Aoyog mapaKAnoews
Siac tpEpwv pres. act. part. s.v. 8. Pres. may be conative, word of encouragement, exhortation, that is, a sermon
“Will you not cease trying to pervert?” He was mak- (Barrett; s. also David A. deSilva, “Paul’s Sermon in
ing straight roads crooked (Barrett). @ 11 €oq fut. ind. Antioch of Pisidia,” Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 32-49). Aeyete
mid. 2nd. pers. sing. et (# 1639) to be. BAénwv pres. pres. imp. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak. @ 16 dvaotasg
act. part. (adj.) BAenw (# 1063) to see. Emeoev aor. ind. aor. act. part. wviotnut (# 482) to stand up. Temp. or cir-
act. tintw (# 4406) to fall. axAvg (# 944) cloud. Used by cum. part. Katacetoas aor. act. part. Kataceiw (# 2939)
medical writers of an inflammation which brings a to shake down, to shake or wave as a signal (AS).
cloudy appearance into the eye (LC; MLL, 44). mepi- poBovpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. doBeouor (# 5828) to
aywv pres. act. part. (circum.) nepiayw (# 4310) to go fear. Paul may be addressing Jews and proselytes or
about. e¢hter impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to just Jews who fear God (Barrett; SB, 2:715-23; s. 10:2).
look for. yeipaywyog (# 5933) one who leads another by akovoute aor. imp. act. &Kovw (# 201) to hear, to listen.
the hand (s. 9:8; 22:11). 12 16wv aor. act. part. (temp.) For an analysis of Paul’s sermon according to the
opaw (# 3972) to see. yeyovog perf. act. part. yivouar method of rabbinical preaching s. J. W. Bowker,
(# 1181) to become, to happen. Part. as subst., “that “Speeches in Acts: A Study in Proem and Yel-
which happened.” éiotevoev aor. ind. act. nmiotevw lammedenu Form,” NTS, 14 (1967): 96-111; DJGE, 194-
(# 4409) to believe. xnAnooopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) 98. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgen-
part. (circum.) exmAnoooua (# 1742) to be astonished. cy. @ 17 e&A€Eato aor. ind. mid. exreyw (# 1721) to
@ 13 dvayGevtes aor. pass. part. (temp.) avayw (# 343) choose, to elect. Mid. indicates a selection for oneself.
to lead up; in mid./pass. a nautical t.t., to set sail tywoev aor. ind. act. byow (# 5738) to exalt. napoicia
(BAGD). 1 8ov aor. ind. act. épyouc (# 2262) to come. dat. sing. sojourn, living in a place as a stranger or for-
etc Tepynv tig Mopgvdtacs unto Perga of Pamphylia; eigner (s. 7:6, TDNT; TDOT). Bpayiovog gen. sing. Bpa-
that is, “They proceeded to Pamphylia, to the special xiwv (# 1098) arm. The uplifted arm was a symbol of
point Perga” (PTR, 89. For a description of this area God’s power at work for Israel (BAGD; SB, 2:723-24).
and the small province of Pamphylia s. LC; Barrett; e€nyayev aor. ind. act. &ayw to lead out. 18 we
CH, 124-29; Anthony D. Macro, “The Cities of Asia (# 6055) approximately (w. numbers). tecoepaxovta-
Minor Under the Roman Imperium,” ANRW, 2, 7, etng (# 5478) forty years. Etponodopnoev aor. ind. act.
2:663-67; G. Walter Hansen, “Galatia,” BAFCS, 2:377- tporopopew (# 5574) to bear or put up w. someone, to
95). anoxwpnoaus aor. act. part. (circum.) GnoywpEew endure, implying extensive patience (LC; LN, 1:308).
(# 713) to depart, to leave, to desert. bm€otpewev aor. For the variant reading etpopopopnoev aor. ind. act. tpo-
ind. act. bnootpepw (# 5715) to return. For suggestions hopopew (# 5578) “he cared for them” s. TC, 405-6; Bar-
as to the reason John Mark left, s. Barrett. ® 14 61- rett; LC. @ 19 kaGeAwv aor. act. part. (temp.) Kabaipew
eA@Ovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 6. They probably (# 2747) to destroy. KatexAnpovounoev aor. act. ind.
261 Acts 13

KatakAnpovonew (# 2883) to divide according to lot, to s.v. 21. dvarpebfivar aor. pass. inf. &votpew (# 359) to
distribute an inheritance, to take for a Possession, to put to death. Inf. in indir. discourse. @ 29 eteAeoay aor.
give for a possession (Bruce). @ 20 we¢ ETEOLV TETPOKO- ind. act. tedew (# 5464) to complete. yeypoappeva perf.
otoig Kai TEvtHKOvta about 450 years. S. Eugene H. pass. part. ypaow (# 1211) to write. Part. as subst.
Merrill, “Paul’s Use of ‘About 450 Years’ in Acts KaGEedOvtes aor. act. part. (temp.) kaba1pew (# 2747) to
13:20,” Bib Sac 138 (1981): 246-57. é5wKev aor. ind. act. take down. A t.t. for removal after crucifixion (AS).
dtdwyt (# 1443) to give. 21 KdKei@ev (# 2796) from €OnKav aor. ind. act. t1Onut (# 5502) to place. @ 30 Tyet-
that time, after that (Barrett). qtjoavto aor. ind. mid. pev aor. ind. act. s.v. 22. 31 @67 aor. ind. pass. opaw
aitew (# 160) to ask; mid. to ask for oneself, to avail (# 3972) to see. mAEtovg acc. pl. comp. morvG (# 4498)
oneself of one’s right to ask (BG, 76). €5wxev aor. ind. much, many. Used here w. no sense of comparison
act. s.v. 20. @ 22 wetaotnous aor. act. part. (temp.) p1e- (LC), or w. the idea, “more than a few days” (RWP).
Btotnt @ 3496) to remove, to depose. TIYEWEV aor. ind. ovvavapaorv aor. act. part. covovavoPatvw (# 5262) to ac-
act. eyeipw (# 1586) to raise up. adtoig dat. pl. adto¢ company, to go up w. someone. Adj. part. as subst.
(#899). Dat. of personal interest. Eig Bawden (# 1650; @ 32 yevouevnv aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) s.v. 5.
993) as king. The prep. w. the acc. replaces the predi- © 33 exnenANpwxev perf. ind. act. ExmANpow (# 1740) to
cate (M, 71; s. also BD, 86; KVS, 51-65). eimev aor. ind. fulfill. Perf. emphasizes the completed action w. con-
act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. WaptUpTOUs aor. act. part. Lap- tinuing results. texvoig dat. pl. texvov (# 5451) child.
tupew (# 3455) to bear witness, to testify. Part. used to Dat. of advantage or interest. &@vaothOUs aor. act. part.
explain the vb. evpov aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. mounoer fut. aviotnut (# 482) to raise up. Part. of means explaining
ind. act. novgw (# 4472) to do. OEANWA (# 2525) will. how God fulfilled the promise. yeypanto. perf. ind.
David will do all the several things willed by God pass. s.v. 29. Perf. was used for important documents
(Barrett). 23 tovtov gen. sing. ovtog (# 4047); “from which had continual binding authority (MM). yeyewn-
the seed of this one.” Placed first for emphasis. Nyayev ka perf. ind. act. yevvaw (# 1164) to beget, to bring forth
aor. ind. act. yw (#72) to lead. Here “God fulfilled His (GELTS, 88). The day of the king’s anointing was ideal-
promise to Israel” (Barrett). ® 24 mpoxnpv&avtoc aor. ly the day in which he was born into a new relation of
act. part. mpoxnpvoow (# 4619) to proclaim beforehand. sonship toward Jehovah (Bruce). For the connecting of
Gen. abs. etoodog (# 1658) entrance, coming. It refers to two passages, 2 Sam. 7 and Psalm 2, s. Longenecker,
the entry of Jesus upon his public ministry (Barrett). 426; 4Q174 (4QFlor). @ 34 dveotnoev aor. ind. act.
@ 25 emAnpov impf. ind. act. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill, s.v. 33. WEAAOvtM pres. act. part. WeAdw (# 3516) to be
to complete. Impf. indicates that John had not finished about to. Used w. inf. to express the fut. (MKG, 307).
his course at the time referred to (LC). bovoeite pres. Part. could express purp. or result. bnootpédetv pres.
ind. act. vmovoew (# 5706) to suppose, to suspect. The act. inf. brootpepw (#5715) to return. eipnkev perf. ind.
prep. compound conveys the idea of thoughts making act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. 6t1 (# 4022) recitative, equiva-
their way up into the mind (MH, 327). eivar pres. act. lent to quotation marks. wow fut. ind. act. s.v. 20. da10g
inf. ey (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. discourse. ob gen. (# 4008) pious, divine decrees, in contrast to human
sing. 0¢ (#4005) rel. pron. used w. the adj. c&10c. statutes (BAGD; EDNT). The word is used to translate
brodqua (# 5687) sandal. Adoar aor. act. inf. AWW to the Heb. hesed (10M), which means conduct in accor-
(# 3395) loose. Epex. inf. explaining the adj. @ 26 ye- dance w. the covenant and refers here to the inviolable
vous gen. sing. yevoc (# 1169) race, stock, descendants. covenant w. David (Nelson Glueck, Hesed in the Bible,
“Descendants of Abraham” was a title of honor for [Cincinnati: The Hebrew Union College Press, 1967],
those who were Jews by birth (Schneider). Gen. of de- 78; Katharine Doob Sackenfeld, The Meaning of Hesed
scription. goBobpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 16. in the Hebrew Bible [Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press,
Part. as subst. w. the art. indicates another group of lis- 1978]; Gordon R. Clark, The Word Hesed in the Hebrew
teners besides the Jews. &€aneotaAn aor. ind. pass. &&- Bible, [Sheffeld: Sheffeld Academic Press, 1993];
amootéeAAw (# 1990) to send out. Theol. pass. TDOT). 35 Swoet¢ aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing, s.v.
27 xatoiKkotvtes pres. act. part. katoiKew (# 2997) to 20. 16eiv aor. act. inf. Opaw (# 3972) to see. Jesus was
live, to dwell. Part. as subst. wyvonoavtes aor. act. part. raised from the dead so that He as the Son of David
(causal) ayvoew (# 51) to be ignorant, to not recognize. can in the future rule over Israel (Marshall; Cleon Rog-
GVAYLVWOKOLEVaAS pres. pass. part. dvayivwoKw (# 336) ers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in Acts-Revelation,”
to read. Customary or iterat. pres. Kpivavte¢ aor. Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 75). 36 bxnpetnous aor. act. part.
act. part. (temp.) kptvw (# 3212) to judge, to condemn. (temp.) vmnpetew (# 5676) to serve (TDNT). Bovay dat.
énAnpwoay aor. ind. act. s.v. 25. @ 28 aitio. (# 162) rea- sing. Instr. dat. Probably both datives should be taken
son, charge; w. gen. giving the reason for a capital pun- w. the part., “After David had served in his generation
ishment (BAGD). ebpovteg aor. act. part. s.v. 6. by the will of God...” (Barrett). €xownén aor. ind. pass.
Concessive part. (“although”). Ytoavto aor. ind. mid. Kowaw (# 3121) pass. to sleep, to fall asleep, to die (s.
Acts 13 262

7:60). Mpooetéon aor. ind. pass. mpootiO@nut (# 4707) to loose; here to break up the synagogue meeting (Bar-
add. An expression arising from the practice of rett). Gen. abs. TKOAOvOTNOAV aor. ind. act. aKoAoveEW
burying families together (Alford; also “Gather,” (# 199) to follow; w. dat. oeBopévwv pres. mid. (dep.)
NIDOTTE). elev aor. ind. act. opow s.v. 35. @ 37 Tye part. (adj.) ceBouor (# 4936) to be devout, to worship
pev aor. ind. act. s.v. 22. ® 38 Eotw pres. act. imp. et (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT, 2:90-95). npoonAvtos (# 4670)
(# 1639) to be. KkatayyeAAetat pres. ind. pass. Katay- proselyte; Gentiles who had adopted Judaism and
yedkw (# 2859) to proclaim, to announce. Pres. indi- been circumcised, baptized and offered a sacrifice
cates here the action in progress. névvnente aor. ind. (TDNT; SB, 2:715-23; BC, 5:74-96; EDNT; JTJ, 320-34;
pass. (dep.) S0vapor (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. dixa1- Barrett; Acts 2:11). mpooAaAotvtes pres. act. part. (cir-
wO7vat aor. pass. inf. dika1ow (# 1467) to justify, to de- cum.) mpooAarew (# 4688) to talk w., to talk to. EmevBov
clare righteous; a legal term indicating the impf. ind. act. met@w (# 4275) to persuade; conative
pronouncement of a judge that a person is in the right impf. “they were trying to persuade” (RWP); “urged”
(TDNT; APC; TLNT; EDNT). The law could never jus- (Bruce). 44 Epyouévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. epxouat
tify anyone from anything. Complete justification is (# 2262) to come; “on the following Sabbath”
afforded by Christ to every believer (Bruce). @ 39 (Schneider; Haenchen). oxe50v (# 5385) almost. ovvnx-
MLOTEVWV pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. @n aor. ind. pass. ovvayw (# 5251) to gather together.
Part. as subst. duKo10dta1 pres. ind. pass. s.v. 38. Iterat. a@Kovdoai aor. act. inf. akovw (# 201) to hear. Inf. of
or customary pres.; every time someone believes he is purp. @ 45 80vtec aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 12. EmAno-
justified. Theol. pass. indicating that God is the one @noav aor. ind. pass. s.v. 9. CrAog (# 2419) jealousy,
who justifies. 40 obv (# 4036) therefore. Draws a envy, a particularly strong feeling of resentment and
conclusion from the previous. pn (# 3590) lest. Neg. jealously against someone (LN, 1:760; NIDNTT,
particle used to express neg. purp. (RG, 987). enérOq 3:1166-68). &vtédeyov impf. ind. act. avtrEyw (# 515) to
aor. subj. act. emepyou (# 2088) to come upon, to hap- speak against, to contradict. Conative impf., “they
pen to. Used of what time brings and generally un- tried to contradict.” AwAovpEVOIC pres. pass. part. (adj.)
pleasant (BAGD; KVS, 84-85; 279). eipnyeévov perf. pass. s.v. 42. BAaopnLodvtes pres. act. part. Braopnuew
part. s.v. 34. Part. as subst. @ 41 tete aor. imp. act. (# 1059) to blaspheme, to slander, to defame. Circum.
opaw s.v. 35. Katappovntns (# 2970) one who despises, part., or part. of means explaining how they tried to
despiser, one who “thinks down” on another, scoffer, contradict. 46 nappnoiaodpevor aor. mid. (dep.)
indicating a lack of respect or consideration; as trans- part. (circum.) mappnoragopar (# 4245) to be bold; also
lation of bagad (723 to betray, to be disloyal [DCH]); in suggests abnormal eloquence and emotion (LC; Acts
the OT it means “arrogant traitor” (TLNT). @avpdoate 9:27). hv impf. act. ind. et (# 1639). dvayKaiog (# 338)
aor. imp. act. G@avpatgw (# 2513) to wonder, to be urgently necessary, compelling, pressing need
amazed. dbavio8nte aor. imp. pass. ahaviGw (# 906) to (TLNT). A@ANOTvor aor. pass. inf. s.v. 42. Epex. inf. ex-
vanish away; pass. to be made to vanish, to destroy ut- plaining the necessity. emedn (# 2076) since, because.
terly so as to be invisible (LC). The aor. imps. call for a anwOeiobe pres. ind. mid. (dep.) anwbew (# 723) to
specific act w. a note of urgency. miotevonte aor. subj. push away from oneself, to reject, to repudiate. otpe-
act. s.v. 39. Subj. w. double neg. od pn (# 4024; 3590) for goue8a pres. ind. pass. (dep.) otpepopat (# 5138) to
a strong negation used as the apodosis in a 3rd. class turn oneself. Pres. indicates an action in progress.
cond. cl. exdinyftat pres. subj. mid. (dep.) exdinyeonat @ 47 évtetoAtor perf. ind. mid. (dep.) evtérAAopor
(# 1687) to declare, to relate or tell in detail. The dou- (# 1948) to command. teBetxa perf. ind. act. TiOnLI
ble prep. in compound indicates “to declare right (# 5502) to place. eivat pres. act. inf. et to be (# 1639).
through to the end” (MH, 311). Subj. w. e&v (# 1569) in Inf. of purp. €w¢ Eoxatov Tig yfi¢ unto the end of the
a 3rd. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is considered earth (s. 1:8). @ 48 axovovta, pres. act. part. (temp.) s.v.
to be possible. 42 &€0vtwv pres. act. part. ee 44. Exapov impf. ind. act. yaipw (# 5897) to be glad, to
(# 1996) to go out. Gen. abs., temp. expressing contem- rejoice. Incep. impf., “they began to rejoice.” E50EaLov
poraneous time. mapexaAovv impf. ind. act. mapakarew impf. ind. act. d0&atw (# 1519) to glorify, to praise
(# 4151) to ask, to urge, to beseech. Incep. impf., “they (TLNT). Emtotevoay aor. ind. act. s.v. 12. hoav impf. act.
began to beseech.” petaéd (# 3568) between; common- ind. cyt s.v. 47. tetaypévor perf. pass. part. taoow
ly used to mean “next” (Bruce). AGANOTvar aor. pass. (# 5435) to put in place, to appoint; perhaps here in the
inf. Aadew (# 3281) to speak. Inf. in indir. discourse. sense “enrolled,” “inscribed” (Bruce; MM). For pas-
Although there was midweek meetings in the syna- sages w. the idea of enrollment in God’s book of the
gogue on Monday and Thursday, the majority would saved (Exod. 32:33; Ps. 69:28; Dan. 12:1; 1 Enoch 47:3;
be occupied during the week and would not be able to Jubilees, 30:20) s. Barrett; SB, 2:726). Part. in a peri-
attend until the next Sabbath (Barrett). 43 AvOEions phrastic construction, “those who were in a state of
aor. pass. part. (temp.) fem. gen. sing. Avw (# 3395) to appointment to eternal life believed” (VA, 466), or
263 Acts 14

part. forming the plperf. pass. (NSV, 9). 49 d5iedépeto insult and outrageous treatment which is calculated
impf. ind. pass. dvahepw (# 1422) to carry through. The publicly to insult and humiliate the person who suf-
Word was carried through the whole region (Barrett). fers from it (MNTW, 83; TDNT). Epex. inf. explaining
@ 50 napwtpvav aor. ind. act. napotpyvw (# 42417) to the impulsive decision. AvGoBPoAtjoa1 aor. act. inf.
incite, to stir up. eboynwwv (# 2363) prominent, of high AWoBorEw (# 3344) to stone. 6 ovvidOvTES aor. act.
standing; here, perhaps “rich” (LC; TDNT; for wealthy part. (temp.) ovvopaw (# 5328) to see together, to be-
women in the ancient world s. David WJ. Gill, “Acts come conscious of, to perceive; “to get wind of it”
and the Urban Elites,” BAFCS, 2:114--17). Ennyeipav (Bruce). Katépvyov aor. ind. act. Katabevyw (# 2966) to
aor. ind. act. éneyeipw (# 2074) to rouse up, to excite, to flee, to take refuge. Used in the Koine as a kind of tech-
stir up. e€€BaAov aor. ind. act. exBarrw (# 1675) to cast nical expression for suppliants fleeing or resorting to
out. @ 51 extivoEdpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. extivao- anyone for help (MM). Avotpa. (# 3388) Lystra. For the
oonar (# 1759) to shake off. kovioptoc (# 3155) dust. city s. AAT, 197-99; CH, 147-59; SBRP, 180-83; CSP, 407-
The shaking off of dust might mean the missionaries 19; ABD, 4:426-27. AepBn (# 1292) Derbe. For the city, s.
clear themselves of all further responsibilities (BC, AAT, 199-200; Bastiaan Van Elderen, “Some Archaeo-
5:271). NA@ov aor. ind. act. s.v. 44. €1¢ ‘Ikoviov to Iconi- logical Observations on Paul’s First Missionary Jour-
um. They evidently took the paved Roman highway, ney,” AHG, 156-61; CSP, 383-404; ABD, 2:144-45.
Via Sebaste (French, BAFCS, 2:53; s.v. 14. For the city of 7 evayyeArCopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. evoryyerigo-
Iconium s. CSP, 317-82; CH, 145-49; ABD, 3:357-58; uot (# 2294) to proclaim good news. Part. used w. TIOaVv
AAT, 194-97. 52 exdnpodvto impf. ind. pass. nANpOw in a periphrastic construction emphasizing the contin-
(# 4444) to fill, w. gen. of content. ual action. 8 Gdvvatoc (# 105) without strength,
weak, impotent. For the medical use of this term s.
MLL, 46. €xa&@nto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) KaOnuat
Acts 14 (# 2764) to sit. Customary use of the impf., “he used to
@ 1 €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopo. (# 1181) to sit” (DM, 188). KowAta (# 3120) womb. neprenatnoev
become, to happen, to take place. For the construction aor. ind. act. mepitatew (# 4344) to walk, to walk about.
of this vb. w. the inf. s. Luke 2:1. kata 10 adt0 together; @ 9 TiKovoev aor. ind. act. Kkovw (#201) to hear, w. gen.
or perhaps “in the same way” or “at one time” (LC). A variant reading has the impf. nkovev, which would
eltoeGetv aor. act. inf. evoepyoua (# 1656) to go into. Aa- picture the continual action of listening. AaAobvtos
Afjoat aor. act. inf. Aarew (# 3281) to speak. motedoar pres. act. part. s.v. 1. Part. as subst. &tevioas aor. act.
aor. act. inf. muotevw (# 4409) to believe. Inf. w. wote part. (circum.) atevitw (# 867) to gaze. 18wv aor. act.
(#6063) to express actual result (RG, 1000). part. opaw (# 3972) to see. Temp. or circum. part.
@ 2 GnevOnoavteEs aor. act. part. aneWew (# 578) to dis- ow@fva1 aor. pass. inf. owlw (#5392) to save, to rescue,
obey, used here as the opposite of believe. Unbelief to heal. Inf. combines here both purpose and result
and disobedience are both involved in the rejection of (RWP). @ 10 eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
the gospel (Bruce). Part. as subst. émnyeipav aor. ind. GvaotnOr aor. imp. act. aviotnur (# 482) to stand up.
act. eneyeipw (# 2074) to excite, to stir up. EkaKwoav Mato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) GAAowat (# 256) to leap, to
aor. ind. act. kaKxow (# 2808) to make evil, to injure, to jump up. mepvemater impf. ind. act., s.v. 8. Incep. impf.,
irritate (LC). @ 3 dv€etpiyay aor. ind. act. d.atpipw “he began to walk.” Note the use of the previous aor.
(# 1417) to stay, to remain. nappnovacopevor pres. mid. w. the impf. here. @ 11 10vteg aor. act. part. (temp.)
(dep.) part. (circum.) mappnoiagouor (# 4245) to speak s.v. 9. Emoinoev aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do.
freely, to be bold (s. 9:27). ent (# 2093) w. dat., upon the ennpav aor. ind. act. enatpw (# 2048) to lift up. AvKa-
basis of, in reliance upon (IBG, 50). waptupodvtt pres. oviott (# 3378) adv., in the Lycaonian language
act. part. (adj.) waptupew (# 3455) to testify, to bear wit- (BAGD; for the language s. BASHH, 110-11). opot-
ness. Iterat. pres. indicating the repeated action. 510v- wOEvtES aor. pass. part. (circum.) O“oiw (# 3929) to
Ti pres. act. part. dt6up1 (# 1443) to give. The part. make like, to become like. KatéBrnoav aor. ind. act.
indicates how the witness was carried out (Haenchen). KatoBpatvw (#2849) to come down. Ovid (Metamorpho-
yiveo@a1 pres. mid. (dep. ) inf. s.v. 1. Inf. as obj. of what ses 8:626-742) relates a legend of Zeus and Hermes vis-
was given. @4 éoxtobn aor. ind. pass. oxen (# 5387) to iting the Phrygian hill country disguised as ordinary
split, to divide. Noav impf. act. ind. eit (# 1639) to be. men. They were rejected by all except an elderly cou-
@ 5 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. opyt (# 3995)iim- ple who welcomed them. The couple was rewarded
pulse, inclination, attempt. W. the vb. yivowat (lit.,’ and the others punished (Hansen, “Galatia,” BAFCS,
impulse happens”) to make a decision, to carry see 2:394). 12 exadovv impf. ind. act. karew (# 2813) to
some action, but w. emphasis upon the impulse in- call, to name. Ata (# 2416) Zeus. He was the most
volved (TDNT; LN, 1:360). SBpioat aor. act. inf. bBpitw widely worshiped god in Galatia and is often linked
(# 5614) to mistreat, to treat shamefully. It expresses w. Hermes (Hansen, “Galatia,” BAFCS, 2:393; BASHH,
Acts 14 264

111; David W.J. Gill & Bruce Winter, “Acts and Roman (“Rainy,” “Rainbringer,” LS, 1846) and “OuBptocg
Religion,” BAFCS, 2:81-85; for information concerning (“Thunder-storm,” LS, 1221) (DDD, 1768-70; GGR,
Zeus and Hermes s. GGR, 1:385-427, 501-10; F. Graf, 1:391-401). &1600¢ pres. act. part. Stdwyt (# 1443) to
“Zeus,” DDD, 1758-71; L.H. Martin, “Hermes,” DDD, give. Kapnopopos (# 2845) fruitbearing, fruitful. Zeus
771-83; Cilliers Breytenbach, “Zeus und der lebendige was also considered to be a fertility god (GGR, 1:401-
Gott: Anmerkungen zu Apostelgeschichte 14.11-17,” 2). ELMIMAGV pres. act. part. EumiumAnut (# 1855) to fill,
NTS 39 [1993]: 396-413; BBC; ABD, 5:811-12). ened w. gen. of content. The pres. parts. indicate habitual
(# 2076) since, because. Nryobpevog pres. mid. (dep.) action. Paul contrasts the true God with the false gods.
part. Tyyeoo (# 2451) to lead. Part. as a noun, “the tpopn (# 5575) enjoyment, joy, delight (BAGD). evppo-
leader of the talk.” 13 Ovtog pres. act. part. elt s.v. ovvn (# 2372) gladness, cheerfulness. @ 18 pOA1¢
4. tadpos (# 5436) bull, ox. Bulls were used in several (# 3660) scarcely, barely, w. effort. katemavoay aor. ind.
cults and were an expensive animal to kill (Gill & Win- act. katanavw (# 2924) to restrain, to cause to cease.
ter, “Acts and Roman Religion,” BAFCS, 2:83). oteypo The prep. compound is perfective. The articular inf. in
(# 5098) garland, wreath, either made of flowers or the gen. case, used w. a neg. un (# 3590) following this
wool used to adorn the victim (BAGD; Williams). mv- vb., is a common Gr. idiom (RG, 1171). 6vetv pres. act.
Awv (# 4784) gate. The great gateway which led into inf. s.v. 13. Epex. inf. @ 19 éxfjAGav aor. ind. act. enep-
the temple area (Rackham). éveyKas aor. act. part. (cir- zona (# 2088) to come upon, to come to. NetoavtEs aor.
cum.) gepw (# 5770) to bring. NOeAev impf. ind. act. act. part. (temp.) mei@w (# 4275) to persuade, to get
8edw (# 2527) to wish, to want to, w. inf. Desiderative someone on one’s side (Barrett). AWW&ouvtES aor. act.
impf. used in expressing a wish (IBG, 9). @vel pres. part. (temp.) A18dCw (# 3342) to stone. Eovpov impf.
act. inf. 60w (# 2604) to sacrifice. @ 14 dKoboavtes aor. ind. act. ovpw (# 5359) to drag. vopifovtes pres. act.
act. part. (temp.) s.v. 9. Stappngavtes aor. act. part. part. (causal) vouitw (# 3787) to suppose. te@vnkévan
diappnyvuut (# 1396) to rip in two. This was to indicate perf. act. inf. @vnokw (# 2569) to die; perf. to be dead.
that they had heard blasphemy (Barrett; M, Sanh. 7:5). The perf. emphasizes the state or condition. Inf. as obj.
Temp. or circum. part. e&enndnoav aor. ind. act. exnn- in indir. discourse. 20 KvKAwodvtwv aor. act. part.
daw (# 1737) to leap out, to rush out. The prep. com- (temp.) kvKAOw (# 3240) to encircle. Gen. abs. dvaotag
pound retains its local force (Haenchen). xpdfovtec aor. act. part. (temp.) aviotnut (# 482) to arise, to get
pres. act. part. (circum.) kpatgw (# 3189) to scream. up. elorAGev aor. ind. act. elogpyouai s.v. 1. Emadpiov
@ 15 novette pres. ind. act. s.v. 11. Pres. describes action (# 2069) tomorrow, the next day. e&fAGev aor. ind. act.
in progress. Opoionaéys (# 3926) w. the same nature. e€epxonar (# 2002) to go out of. @ 21 ebayyeAtocpevor
Used of similar feelings, circumstances, and experi- aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) evayyedtCouat s.v. 7. wadn-
ences (BAGD). patatog (# 3469) vain, empty, futile, tevoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) padntevw (# 3411) to
lacking in content, emphasizing the aimlessness, the make a disciple (s. Matt. 28:19). bxeotpewav aor. ind.
leading to no object or end (LN, 1:625; Trench, Syn- act. bmootpepw (#5715) to return. 22 EmrotnpiCovtec
onyms, 180f; TDNT). The word was used of false gods pres. act. part. (circum.) emiotnpitw (# 2185) to
in contrast to the true God (EDNT). emotpée pres. strengthen. Pres. indicates the repeated action. rapa-
act. inf. emotpepw (# 2188) to turn fr. something to KOAODVTES pres. act. part. (circum.) tapakarew (# 4151)
something or someone. Epex. inf. explaining the good to exhort, to encourage. The word is used of exhorting
news they were proclaiming. (@vta pres. act. part. troops who are about to go into battle (MNTW, 134;
(adj.) Caw (# 2409) to live. Enoinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 11. TDNT). eupeévetv pres. act. inf. guuevw (# 1844) to re-
@ 16 napwynyevats perf. mid. (dep.) part. napotyouat main in, to continue in. Inf. as obj. miotet dat. sing.
(# 4233) to go by. Adj. part., “bygone generations.” miotic (# 4411) faith. W. the art. it may indicate the
elaoev aor. ind. act. €d&w (# 1572) to permit, to allow, w. body of Christian doctrine. 51% nmoAA@V OAiWewv
inf. topeveo@ar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. nopevopar (# 4513) through many tribulations, stresses, pressures. This is
to go. 17 Kattot (# 2792) and yet. cyaptupoc (# 282) not the means of getting into the kingdom of God, but
without a witness. For the prefix used to negate the indicates the circumstances along the way. det (# 1256)
meaning of the word s. Moorhouse, 61ff. avtov (# 899) pres. ind. act. it is necessary; expressing a logical ne-
himself (Barrett). &p7Kev aor. ind. act. cpinut (# 918) to cessity determined by the circumstances, w. acc. and
leave. ayaBovpyav pres. act. part. wyaboupyew (# 14) to inf. evoeAGetv aor. act. inf. s.v. 20. 23 yeipotovncavtes
do good. The parts. here are either causal (RWP) or ex- aor. act. part. yeipotovew (# 5936) to elect by show of
planatory: “in that He did good” (EGT; Barrett). obpa- hands, to appoint. Here the selection was made by
vodev (# 4040) from heaven. For the ending of the adv. Paul and Barnabas (Haenchen). Kat’ ékKAnoiav
w. the ablative quality of indicating source, s. MH, (# 2848; 1711) from church to church. The prep. is used
164. betdg rain, heavy shower (LS). Zeus was consid- here distributively. npeoBbtepos (# 4565) an older per-
ered to be a weather god and had the names ‘Yetwog son, elder. These were the spiritual leaders of the
265 Acts 15

churches (TDNT; EDNT, NIDNTT, 1:192-200). Mpooev- tion, controversial question, issue (BAGD). @ 3
Equevor aor. mid. (dep. ) part. (temp.) TPOCEVYOLAL MponEwpOEvtes aor. pass. part. nponeunw (# 4636) to ac-
(# 4667) to pray. vnoteiv gen. pl. vnoteta (# 3763) fast- company, to help on one’s journey w. food, money by
ing. mapéSevto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) napatiOnur (# 4192) arranging for companions, means of travel, etc., to
to place before, mid. to deposit w. another, to com- send on one’s way (BAGD). &inpxovto impf. ind. mid.
mend a person to the care of another (MM). merioted- (dep.) diepyouot (# 1451) to pass through. Impf. pic-
ketoay plperf. ind. act., s.v. 1. @ 24 &eAGOvtEs aor. act. tures the action of the past as it was in progress. €x6in-
part. (temp.) diepyouc (# 1451) to pass through. TA@ov yooevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) exdinyeouat
aor. ind. act. €pyoua (# 2262) to come. 25 AGAT- (# 1687) to narrate, to tell in detail (s. 13:41). Emiotpoon
OavtES aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 1. KateBrowv aor. ind. (# 2189) turning to, conversion. énotovv impf. ind. act.
act. s.v. 11. @ 26 amemdevoav aor. ind. act. adnomrEw TOLEW (# 4472) to do, to make; here used in fhe sense
(#676) to sail, to sail from. foav impf. ind. act. eit “to cause”, “to bring about,” w. the dat. of advantage
(#1639). nmapadedouevor perf. pass. part. napadidat (BAGD). ® 4 napayevouevor aor. mid. (dep.) part.
(# 4140) to deliver over to, to commit. The part. is used (temp.) mapayivouor (# 4134) to arrive. napedexOnoav
in a perf. pass. periphrastic construction. yapiti dat. aor. ind. pass. napadexouat (# 4138) to receive, to wel-
sing. xapic¢ (# 5921) grace. Here w. special reference to come. avnyyetAay aor. ind. act. dvayyérAw (# 334) to re-
the protective care of God who watches over His peo- port. €moinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. @ 5 eEaveotnoavy aor.
ple and esp. over His missionaries (Barrett). exAn- ind. act. eGaviotnyt (# 1985) to arise. The prep. in com-
pwoayv aor. ind. act. manpow (# 4444) to fulfill, to pound is perfective (MH, 308f). aipeoig (# 146) group,
complete. 27 napayevoyevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. party. It does not refer to a heresy or sect in the modern
(temp.) mapayivouat (# 4134) to arrive. ovvayayovtes sense (LC). memtotevkotes perf. act. part. miotevw
aor. act. part. (temp.) cvvayw (# 5251) to gather togeth- (# 4409) to believe. Adj. part. as subst. Perf. indicates
er. GvnyyeAAov impf. ind. act. avayyéArw (# 334) to re- the lasting state or condition. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act.
port, to carry back good tidings, to inform, to provide it is necessary, w. inf. nepitéuvew pres. act. inf. s.v. 1.
information, w. the implication of considerable detail avtove acc. pl. adt0c (# 899) they; acc. used w. inf. It re-
(EGT; LN, 1:411; s. NDIEC, 4:10-17; GELTS, 26-27). fers to Gentile believers or perhaps those like Titus,
Impf. pictures the repeated action. €noincev aor. ind. among Paul’s companions, who were not circumcised
act. s.v. 11. fvotgev aor. ind. act. avotyw (# 487) to open. (Williams). mopayyédrewv pres. act. inf. nmapayyerArAw
28 detpiBov impf. ind. act. diatpipw (# 1417) to stay, (# 4133) to command, to charge. Used esp. of the trans-
to remain. mitted orders of a military commander (AS). tnpetv
pres. act. inf. tnpew (# 5498) to guard, to keep, to ob-
serve. Inf. in indir. discourse. @ 6 ovvnyOnoay aor. ind.
Acts 15 pass. ovvayw (# 5251) to gather together, to assemble.
@ 1 KateABOvtEs aor. act. part. (temp.) KatEpyoLar etiv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972) to see, to examine and
(# 2982) to come down. &6iSaoxov impf. ind. act. &5ao- evaluate (Schille). Inf. of purpose. ® 7 yevoyeévne aor.
Kw (# 1438) to teach. Incep. impf., “They began to teach mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 2. “After much discus-
and kept it up” (RWP). nepitunOijte aor. subj. pass. sion...” G@vaotas aor. act. part. (circum.) aviotnL
mepiteuvw (# 4362) to circumcise. Subj. w. av (# 1569) (# 482) to arise. evmev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say,
in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes that the cond. is to speak. byeicg nom. pl. pers. pron. ob (# 5148) you;
possible. €8e1 dat. sing. €80¢ (# 1621) habit, custom, law emphatic. emiotao8e pres. ind. mid. (dep.) extotapor
(TLNT). Instr. or causal dat. (MT, 242). 50vao8e pres. (#2179) to understand, to possess information about,
ind. mid./pass. (dep.) Svvapo1 (# 1538) to be able, w w. the implication of an understanding of the signifi-
inf. owfjvar aor. pass. inf. owCw (# 5392) to rescue, to cance of such information (LN, 1:335). é€eA€Eato aor.
save. Theol. pass. indicating that God saves. ® 2 yevo- ind. mid. (“to chose for oneself”) exA€youon (# 1721) to
evn aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) yivopar (# 1181) to select, to make a choice. &kodoat aor. act. inf. dKovw
become, to be, to come about, to arise. Gen. abs. otao1¢ (#201) to hear. Inf. either to define the choice or to ex-
(# 5087) uprising, standing up in opposition to or dis- press result. miotedoa aor. act. inf. s.v. 5. ® 8 kapd.oyv-
agreement w. someone, faction, discord, heated quar- wotnsg (# 2841) one who knows the heart (s. 1:24).
rel (LN, 1:439; TLNT, 1:287). Gntnoig (# 2428) Ewaptopnoev aor. ind. act. paptupew (# 3455) to bear
questioning, dispute, discussion. éta§av aor. ind. act. witness. Used in the sense of confirmation or approval
taoow (# 5435) to arrange. The subject of the vb. im- (TDNT). d50v¢ aor. act. part. Siwy (# 1443) to give, to
plies that the brethren at Antioch appointed Paul and grant. Part. indicates how the approval was expressed
Barnabas as their delegates (LC). avoPatvew aor. act. (Haenchen). @ 9 8StéKoivev aor. ind. act. diakpivw
inf. dvaBatvw (# 326) to go up. Inf. as obj., or epex. inf. (#1359) to make a difference, distinction. petaéd
explaining what was arranged. Cntnpa (# 2427) ques- (# 3568) between. miotet dat. sing. miotic (# 4411) faith.
Acts 15 266

Instr. dat. (“through”); emphatic by position. The perf. part. emphasizes the condition “the ruined
Kadapious aor. act. part. kabapttw (# 2751) to clean, to portions of it” (RWP). d&vop8dow fut. ind. act. avopbow
cleanse. Part. is either causal or explanatory. #10 (# 494) to erect again, to rebuild, to restore. @ 17
meipacete pres. ind. act. neipdatw (# 4279) to try, to éxCntrhowovv aor. act. subj. exCntew (# 1699) to seek out.
tempt. It recalls Israel tempting God in the wilderness Subj. w. Onw¢ (#3968) to express purp. (MT, 105).
(TLNT, 3:84-85). Pres. may be conative (s. James 1:13). KataAouos (# 2905) rest, remaining. emKeKAntar perf.
eémOeiva aor. act. inf. emitiOnut (# 2202) to place upon. ind. pass. emicaAew (# 2126) to call upon, to call aname
Epex. inf. explaining their tempting God (Bruce). Gvyog over someone, to designate the latter as the property
(# 2433) yoke. Used in Jewish writers in the sense of of the former (BAGD). én’ abtobvg over them. The use
obligation, but here the figure suggests a burden rath- of a pron. repeating the relative is due to Semitic influ-
er than a religious duty (LC; SB, 1:608-10; 2:728). toxv- ence (BD, 65; PAPC, 33-42; for the use of the OT quote
oopev aor. ind. act. oyvw (# 2710) to be strong, to be in DSS s. CD 7:15; 4QFlor. 1:12). @ 18 yvwoods (# 1196)
able, to have the ability to, w. inf. (BAGD). Baotéoar known. This may be a comment James added to mean,
aor. act. inf. Baotacw (# 1002) to carry a load, to bear a “we cannot be in opposition to the expressed will of
burden. @ 11 ow@fvai aor. pass. inf. ww s.v. 1. Inf. in God ... but only God knows for certain how every-
indir. discourse: “We believe that we are saved thing fits together and is to be fully understood” (Lon-
through grace ...” (RWP). xa6’ Ov tponov (# 2848; 4005; genecker, 447). @ 19 xpivw (# 3212) pres. ind. act. to
5573) in like manner. @ 12 Eotynoev aor. ind. act. o1yaw judge, to decree. It is the definite sentence of a judge,
(# 4967) to be quiet. Ingressive aor., “to become silent.” and implies that he is acting by personal authority
Tkovov impf. ind. act. @Kovw (# 201) to hear, to listen to, (LC). mapevoxAeiv pres. act. inf. mapevoxrew (# 4214) to
w. gen. Impf. pictures the past action in progress. e€n- trouble, to annoy, to cause extra difficulty and hard-
youpévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. e€nyeouat (# 2007) to ship by continual annoyance, w. dat. (LN, 1:245; MM;
explain, to go through or lead out a narrative of NDIEC, 4:166-67). Pres. means “stop annoying” (LC).
events, to recount; to provide detailed information in a Inf. in indir. discourse. EmiotpEpovotv pres. act. part.
systematic way, to relate in full (RWP; TLNT; LN, (adj.) ex.otpepw (# 2188) to turn to. Pres. part. is an ac-
1:411; GELTS, 160). Temp. part, “as they told at knowledgment of a work actually in progress (EGT).
length.” €xotnoev aor. ind. act. noiew (# 4472) to do. 20 emoteiAai aor. act. inf. emioteAAw (# 2182) to send,
@ 13 ovyfjoai aor. act. inf. s.v. 12. Inf. w. prep. peta ex- to send to, to instruct. In the papyri the general use re-
pressing time (“after”). &mexpi@n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) lated to sending a letter or other written communica-
amokpivouat (# 646) to answer. &kovoute aor. imp. act. tions, but in official documents it had the meaning
s.v. 12. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. @ 14 &€nynoato “instruct,” “enjoin” (MM). Inf. in indir. discourse de-
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 12. €neoxéato aor. ind. mid. pendent on the vb. kptvw in v. 19. &méyeo@a1 pres. mid.
(dep.) extoxertouat (# 2170) to look upon, to visit, to (dep.) inf. anexw (# 600) mid. to keep away from, to ab-
make provision for (BAGD; NDIEC, 2:69). Here it stain from, w. gen. (BAGD). Inf. in indir. discourse giv-
means that God made provision for the call of the ing the content of the instruction. aAtoynwa (# 246)
Gentiles (LC). AaPeiv aor. act. inf. Aoupavw (# 3284) to pollution, contamination. Jeremiah is said to have
receive. Epex. inf. or inf. of purpose. T@ ovopatt avtod taught the people to keep away from the pollutions of
(# 3950; 899) for His Name. Dat. of personal interest. the Gentiles of Babylon (Paraleipomena Jeremiou 7:32 [4
@ 15 ovpgwvotow pres. ind. act. ovpgwvew (# 5244) to Baruch 7:37]; OTP, 2:423). It implies ritual rather that
agree, to be in agreement w., to be in harmony w. (Cle- moral pollution (LC). nopveia (# 4518) illicit sexual re-
on Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in Acts-Revela- lation. Perhaps used here to refer to the breaking of the
tion,” Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 76; TLNT). yeypanto. perf. Jewish marriage law prohibiting those of close kin to
ind. pass. ypaw (# 1211) to write. Perf. (“it stands writ- marry (Bruce; TDNT; SB, 2:729-30). mvuxtog (# 4465)
ten”) used of important documents whose authority strangled, choked to death. Used in Jewish writings of
abides (MM). 16 avaotpeww fut. ind. act. avaotpedw animals which died a natural death or were killed
(# 418) to turn again. dvotkodounqow fut. ind. act. without having the blood drained from them, so that
avoixodsouew (# 488) to build again, to rebuild. oxnvn the “life in the blood” was considered strangled
(# 5008) tent, booth. Translation of the Heb. N30 (suc- (BAGD; SB, 2:730-34; Exod. 22:31; Lev. 17:15; Deut.
coth), which was a flimsy booth made of branches in- 14:21). aia (# 135) blood. For the Jewish regulation
tertwined together and laid over a frame, also seems against eating blood, s. SB, 2:734-39; CD, 4:6; 11QT,
to refer to the Davidic dynasty (Rogers, Jr., “Davidic 53:6; DCH, 2:443. @ 21 xat& now from city to city;
Cov. in Acts and Rev.,” Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 77-78). distributive use of the prep. Knpvooovtas pres. act.
nentwKviav perf. act. part. (adj.) acc. fem. sing. mintw part. Knpvoow (# 3062) to preach, to proclaim. Iterat.
(# 4406) to fall, to collapse. kateokoppeéva perf. pass. pres. Part. as subst. GVOYIVWOKOLEVOG pres. pass. part.
part. (adj.) kataokantw (# 2940) to turn down, to ruin. avaywooKw (# 336) to read. For the reading of the OT
267 Acts 15

and the preaching in the synagogue service s. 13:15; fut. ind. act. mpacow (# 4556) to do, indicating the ac-
SB, 4:154-88. @ 22 &S0t€ aor. ind. act. doxew (# 1506) to tion of a moral and responsible being (MM); w. ed
seem to be; it seems good, w. dat. and inf. It is the t.t. in (adv.), to do right, or to prosper (LC; MM). éppwode
Gr. of all periods for voting or passing a measure in a perf. pass. imp. pwvvuyt (# 4874) to make strong, to be
assembly (LC). exAeEapévovs aor. mid. (indir. mid., made strong, to keep well, farewell. Common at the
chose for oneself”) part. (temp.) exreyw (# 1721) a close of letters (RWP; MM; NDIEC, 7:26-27; VA, 362).
choose. méwou aor. act. inf. neumw (# 4287) to send. @ 30 anodvbévtes aor. pass. part. (temp.) anorAvW
Epex. inf. explaining what they thought was Seay (# 668) to release, to dismiss. KatnAGBov aor. ind. act.
KOQAOVHEVOV pres. pass. part. (adj.) Kkarew (# 2813)to Katepyonat (# 2982) to go down. ovvayayovtes aor. act.
call; pass. to be named. Nyoupévoug pres. mid. ee part. (temp.) s.v. 6. €medwKav aor. ind. act. exdtdwpt
part. nNyeouo1 (# 2457) to lead. Part. as subst., leaders. (# 2113) to give over, to deliver. In later Gr. a t.t. for
23 ypawavtes aor. act. part. ypadw (# 1211) to write. sending in a report or handing over a letter (Bruce;
Nom. abs. (RG, 459). yaipew pres. act. inf. yaipw NDIEC, 7:35). 31 avoryvovtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
(# 5897) to greet. Abs. (independent) inf. as epistolary s.v. 21. €xapnoav aor. ind. pass. s.v. 23. Ingressive aor.,
inf. common in letters (RG, 1093; RWP; VA, 377; “they burst into exultant joy” (RWP). mapaKAnotc
BAGD; NDIEC, 7:35-36, 8:127-28; NSV, 82). @ 24 (#4155) encouragement (TDNT; EDNT). @ 32 dvtec
enevdt (# 2076) since, seeing that. hkoboopev aor. ind. pres. act. part. (adj.) et (# 1639) to be, mapexaAccayv
act. s.v. 7. €&A@ovtEes aor. act. part. (adj.) eepyxouor aor. ind. act. napaKxarew (# 4151) to exhort, to encour-
(#2002) to go out. etapagav aor. ind. act. tapaoow age, to comfort (MNTW, 134; TDNT; EDNT). éneotn-
(# 5429) to disturb, to throw into confusion, to agitate, piéav aor. ind. act. emiotnpitw (# 2185) to strengthen, to
used for mental uncertainty and confusion; to cause cause someone to become stronger in the sense of
acute emotional distress or turbulence (Haenchen; more firm and unchanging in attitude or belief (LN,
TLNT; LN, 1:315). d&vaoxevatovtes pres. act. part. 1:678; GELTS, 175). 33 noinoavtes aor. act. part.
avackevatw (#412) to destroy, to pervert. It means re- (temp.) movew (# 4472) to do; here, to spend time. ame-
versing what has been done, tearing down what has AVONowv aor. ind. pass. s.v. 30. dnootEthavtas aor. act.
been built, or cancelling what has been agreed upon part. s.v. 27. Adj. part. as subst. @ 35 SétpiBov impf.
(LC). Also, a military metaphor, for plundering a town ind. act. dvatpiBw (# 1417) to remain, to spend time. &1-
(Bruce). Conative pres., “they tried to....” Part. of man- daoKovtEs pres. act. part. (circum.) d1daoKw (# 1438) to
ner, explaining how they disturbed. dveotetAdpe8a. aor. teach. evayyeACopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.)
ind. mid. (dep.) SiacteAAowat (# 1403) to order, to give evayyerttouar (# 2294) to proclaim the good news, to
strict commands. 25 yevopévotc aor. mid. (dep.) part. evangelize. @ 36 eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to
(adj.) yivowo1 (# 1181) to become, to be. Opodvpasov say. ENLOTPEWavtES aor. act. part. s.v. 19. Circum. part.
(# 3924) to be of one soul, together, unanimously, in w. idea of the imp. in the main vb. (VANT, 386). ent-
unity, brotherly harmony. Used of the unanimity of a oKxewwpe8a aor. mid. (dep.) subj. s.v. 14. Hortatory
synod, of creditors, of husband and wife, of brothers subj., “let us visit.” KatnyyetAopev aor. ind. act. katay-
(TLNT; MM). 26 &v@pwroc (# 476) man. Used in ap- yedrw (# 2859) to proclaim. This vb. w. prep. in com-
position to describe the character of those chosen. pound often emphasizes the solemn style of the
nmapadeswKoor perf. act. part. (adj.) mapadtdwpt (# 4140) proclamation (CBB). €xovotv pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400)
to deliver over, to turn over, to entrust (BAGD; TLNT). to have; here, “how they have it,” “how their state is,”
Perf. indicates the state or condition of their character. their internal and external Christian condition (Mey-
@ 27 dmeotaAKapev perf. ind. act. dmooteAdw (# 690) to er). @ 37 eBovdAeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) BovAowar
send, to send as an official representative. amayyedAov- (# 1089) to will, to want, to wish, w. inf. Impf. indicates
TAG pres. act. part. amayyéAAw (# 550) to report. Part. Barnabas stuck to his decision (RWP). ovpraparapetv
may be used to express purp. (LC). ® 28 éd0€€v aor. aor. act. inf. ovppnaparapBavw (# 5221) to take along to-
ind. act. s.v. 22. mk€ov comp. nodvc (# 4498) much; gether w., to take someone along as a helper (MM).
comp., more, greater. €miti@eo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. The pres. inf. in v. 38 compared to the aor. inf. here in-
éenitiOnur (# 2202) to place upon, to add to. Inf. in indir. dicates to have someone w. them day by day (M, 130).
discourse. éEmavayKes (# 2055) adv. by compulsion, KQAODPEVOV pres. pass. part. s.v. 22. ® 38 nElov impf.
bound by necessity, necessarily; here, “the necessary ind. act. a&1ow (# 546) to consider worthy, to consider
things” (BAGD; Jos., Ant., 16:365; for a discussion of suitable, w. inf. He did not think Mark fit or worthy to
the difficulties w. the word, s. LC). @ 29 aneyeobor be taken w. them (Alex.). For a milder view of the situ-
pres. mid. (dep.) inf. w. gen., s.v. 20. Inf. in indir. dis- ation w. the idea that the impf. indicates that Paul
course. e18wAodvtov (# 1628) that which is offered to an merely requested, and not even pressingly s. GI, 95.
idol. Statnpotvteg pres. act. part. (cond.) dvatnpew GQNOOTAVTM aor. act. part. (adj.) aptotnu (# 923) to de-
(# 1413) to keep carefully, to observe carefully. mpagete part, to desert, to give up. ovved@Ovta aor. act. part.
Acts 16 268

ovvepxouat (# 5302) to go w. someone, to accompany. pressing purp. (IBG, 139). Soyo. (# 1504) decree, deci-
OvETApaAQ"Bavetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 37. @ 39 Eyeveto sion. The noun is derived from the vb. 0xew which is
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. mapoEvopog (# 4237) irrita- used in 15:22, 28. Kexpywéva perf. pass. part. Kpivw
tion, provocation, quarrel, severe argument based on (# 3212) to decide. Perf. emphasizes the permanence
intense difference of opinion, sharp argument (TDNT; of the conclusion (RWP). @ 5 éotepeotvto impf. ind.
LN, 1:440; LS, 1343). dnoywpio6fjvor aor. pass. inf. pass. otepeow (# 5105) to make firm, to strengthen (s.
anoywpitw (# 714) to separate, to depart. Inf. to express 3:7). Enepiooevov impf. ind. act. nepiooevw (# 4355) to
result (RG, 999). napoAaPovta aor. act. part. (adj.) increase. Impf. indicates the continual increase. @ 6
noparaupavw (# 4161) to take w. exxAedoa aor. act. inf. 5:A8ov aor. ind. act. dvepyouon (# 1451) to go through.
exthew (# 1739) to sail away. Inf. expressing result. The This part of the journey was certainly carried out on
quarrel had at least one good result, that two mission- unpaved tracks or paths (French, BAFCS, 2:56). For
ary expeditions set out instead of one (Bruce). @ 40 the areas of Phyrygia and Galatia and the problems in-
emiAeEGpevos aor. mid. (indir. mid., to chose for one- volved s. G. Walter Hansen, “Galatia,” BAFCS, 2:377-
self) part. (circum.) emvseyw (# 2141) to choose, to se- 95; FAP, 251-54; BASHH, 112. xwAv@évteg aor. pass.
lect. €€f)A8ev aor. ind. act. e€epyouat (# 2002) to go out. part. kwavw (# 3266) to hinder, to prevent, to cause
mapadsobeic aor. pass. part.s.v. 26. @ 41 dinpyeto impf. something not to happen (LN, 1:165. Part. could be
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. This time Paul went by foot. causal and the action is simultaneous or antecedent w.
Though the exact route is not mentioned, he may have the main vb., not a subsequent action (RWP). For a
passed through the Cilian Gates or a more westerly discussion of the aor. part. possibly expressing subse-
road, between Seleuia to Laranda to Derbe. (David quent action s. BG, 87f; G.M. Lee, “The Past Participle
French, “Acts and the Roman Roads of Asia Minor,” of Subsequent Action,” Nov T 17 (1975): 199. AaAToo1
BAFCS, 2:53-54; 54; Schneider). Paul left probably in aor. act. inf. Aadew (# 3281) to speak. Epex. inf. ex-
the spring of A.D. 49 on the second mission trip plaining what the Holy Spirit prevented. 7 EA@ovtEec
(BASHH, 269; BAFCS, 2:398-99; FAP, 286). émotnpitwv aor. act. part. €pyoua (# 2262) to come, to go. eneipatov
pres. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 32. impf. ind. act. neipatw (# 4279) to try, to attempt. Impf.
indicating incomplete action. mopev@fvai aor. pass.
(dep.) inf. mopevouonr (# 4513) to travel, to go. Epex. inf.
Acts 16 explaining what they attempted. eiaoev aor. ind. act.
@ 1 Kathvtnoev aor. ind. act. Katavtaw (# 2918) to ecw (# 1572) to allow. ® 8 mapeAOovtes aor. act. part.
come down to, to arrive at. qv impf. act. ind. ewi (temp.) mapepxouar (# 4216) to pass by. kateBnoav aor.
(# 1639) to be. moto (# 4412) faithful, believing (in ind. act. kataBaivw (# 2849) to go down. The way
Christ) (BAGD). That Timothy’s mother was Jewish from Mysia to Troas is uncertain (W. P. Bowers,
and married to a Greek was illegal according to Jewish “Paul’s Route through Mysia: A Note on Acts XVI.8,”
law, but children from such a marriage were consid- JTS n.s. 30 [1979]: 507-11; BASHH, 112-13; FAP, 260-
ered Jewish because of the mother (SB, 2:741). @ 2 61). Tpwac¢ (# 5590) Troas. For the city s. Colin J. Hem-
eyaptupeito impf. ind. pass. paptupew (# 3455) to bear er, “Alexandria Troas,” TB 26 (1975): 79-112; KP, 5:977-
witness; pass. to be well spoken of, to be approved 83; Paul Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:357-59; Thomas
(EDNT; BAGD; MM; BS, 265). @ 3 n@éAnoev aor. ind. Pekary, “Kleinasien unter rdémischer Herrschaft,”
act. 0€Aw (# 2527) to wish, to want to, w. inf. E&eAGEiv ANRW 2, 7, 2:613-17. A grave marker just outside the
aor. act. inf. e&epyouat (# 2002) to go out. A person gen- city, reads, “Resta, viator, et lege” (“Stand still, oh trav-
erally did not travel alone, but w. several companions. eller, and read”) (H. Geist & G. Pfohl, Rémische Grabin-
AaBwv aor. act. part. (circum.) AapPavw (# 3284) to schriften [Miinchen: Ernst Heimeran Verlag, 1969], 25)
take. TEPETELEV aor. ind. act. mepiteuvw (# 4362) to cir- @ 9 bpapya (# 3969) vision. HOT) aor. ind. pass. opdw
cumcise. OVTAG pres. act. part. (adj.) ewt s.v. 1. Tevoav (# 3972) to see; pass., to appear. fv impf. act. ind. ivi
plpert. ind. act. oS (# 3857) def. perf. w. pres. mean- s.v. 1. €0tW¢ perf. act. part. {otnur (# 2705) perf. to
ing, to know. W. def. perf. the plperf. is equivalent to stand. Part. in a periphrastic construction. Perf. part.
the impf. (MH, 221). bafipyev impf. ind. act. vrdpyw indicating the man in a state of standing contrasts w.
(# 5639) to be, to exist. The impf. probably indicates the pres. part. (“beseeching”) which indicates the ac-
that his father was dead (Bruce). @ 4 51enopevovto tivity which he is in progress of performing (VA, 482).
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) d:anopevopor (# 1388) to travel TNOPAKAAWV pres. act. part. Napakarew (# 4151) to en-
through. mapedidooav impf. ind. act. napadidwyr courage, to beseech, to entreat (s. 15:32). Part. in a peri-
(# 4140) to deliver over, to pass on authoritative teach- phrastic construction. StaPa¢ aor. act. part. doPaivw
ing (TLNT; TDNT). Impf. indicates they kept on deliv- (# 1329) to pass through, to come over. Circum. part.
ering them in city after city (RWP). @vAdooetv pres. expressing a command (Matt. 28:19; BG, 129; VANT,
act. inf. pvAdoow (# 5875) to guard, to observe. Inf. ex- 386). Bon@noov aor. imp. act. Bondew (# 1070) to help, to
269 Acts 16

assist in supplying what may be needed (LN, 1:458). 13 EENAGOpEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. moto (# 4532) riv-
Aor. imp. calls for a specific action w. a note of urgen- er. The river would be the Gangites (Angites) which
cy. For the view that the man of Macedonia was Luke flows into the Strymon (Williams). The omission of the
s. PTR, 202; P, 153-59. For the area of Macedonia s. art. is one of the touches of familiarity which shows
David W,J. Gill, “Macedonia,” BAFCS, 2:397-417; LGG, the hand of one who knew Philippi well (PTR, 213; s.
199-21; KP, 3:910-19. #10 ns (# 6055) when, after (BD, RG, 792). ob where. For a discussion of the geographi-
237.38). elSev aor. ind. act. Opaw s.v. 9. E€nthoapeEv aor. cal location s. P, 165-174; Valerie A. Abrahamsen,
ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Ist. pers. pl. subject is Women and Worship at Philippi: Diana/ Artemis and
the beginning of the first long “we passage,” continu- Other Cults in the Early Christian Era (Portland, Me.: As-
ing to the arrest of Paul and Silas in Philippi (LC; tarte Shell, 1995). Evowiouev impf. ind. act. vouttw (#
BASHH, 312-34; Colin J. Hemer, “First Person Narra- 3787) to suppose, to be the custom. For the textual
tive in Acts 27-28,” TB 36 [1985]: 79-110; Stanley E. Por- problem here s. TC, 447. Mpooevxn (# 4666) prayer, a
ter, “The ‘We’ Passages,” BAFCS, 2:545-74), e&eA8eiv place of prayer (BS, 222). eivar pres. act. inf. ey s.v. 1.
aor. act. inf. s.v. 3. Epex. inf. explaining what they Inf. in indir. discourse. Ka@ioavteg aor. act. part.
sought to do. ovpPiBacovtes pres. act. part. ovuBipacw (temp.) ka0tGw (# 2767) to take one’s seat, to sit down.
(# 5204) to put together, to conclude, to infer. Causal or eAaAodpev impf. ind. act. A«rEw (# 3281) to speak. In-
circum. part. mpooKeKAntar perf. ind. mid. mpooKorew cep. impf., “we began to speak.” ovveABovoatc aor. act.
(# 4673) to call, to call to a special task (BAGD). Perf. part. dat. fem. pl. ovvepyouat (# 5302) to come togeth-
refers to the continuation of the narrative (VA, 262). ev- er, to gather. Part. as subst. To form a synagogue there
ayyeAiono8a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. evayyertCoucr had to be ten male heads of households; since this was
(# 2294) to proclaim the good news (TDNT; TLNT). Inf. evidently not the case, they met by the river to pray
of purp. @ 11 dvayGevtes aor. pass. part. (temp.) dvayw (Longenecker, 460). @ 14 Avédia (# 3376) Lydia. For the
(# 343) to lead up; pass.; to set sail. ebOvdpopnoopev aor. name s. BASHH, 231. nopovponwaAts (# 4527) one who
ind. act. evOvdpopew (# 2312) to run a straight course; sells purple. The purple dye could come from three
that is, they found a favorable wind, probably from the sources: the shellfish murex (the most expensive), the
northeast, enabling them to make Samothrace (LC). kermes oak, and the madder root (NDIEC, 2:25-26;
Samothrace, an island in the northeast part of the Ae- 3:54; s. esp. P, 174-82) Thyatira was famous for its dye-
gean Sea, was a conspicuous landmark, dominated by ing (PTR, 214). There was a great demand for this fab-
a 5000-foot-high mountain; it was also called Posei- ric as it was used for the official Roman toga (RWP;
don’s Island, the Greek god of the waters, earth- Pliny, NH, 9:124-41). For the cloth industry under the
quakes, and horses (BASHH, 113; Longenecker, 459). Roman Empire s. RE, 350-64. Since Lydia was a busi-
enxiovon (# 2079) on the following (day); dat. of time, w. ness woman w. a household, it has been suggested
the word “day” to be supplied. Neav ToAtv acc. sing. that she was a freedwoman, a widow, or divorcee w. at
Nea Polis, a seaport about 10-12 miles from Philippi least three children so that she came under the Ius
(BASHH, 113; BAFCS, 2:410). @ 12 npwtn (# 4755) first. liberorum, which allowed a woman of her status to
Perhaps here a leading city of the district of Mace- conduct business without her husband (NDIEC, 25-32;
donia; or the conjectured gen. (mpwtn¢) may indicate a 3:53-55; 4:93; David W.J. Gill, “Acts and the Urban
city of the first district of Macedonia (Macedonia was Elite,” BAFCS, 2:114-18). oeBowévn pres. mid. (dep.)
divided into four districts; Gill, “Macedonia,” BAFCS, part. ceBowar (# 4936) to worship, to fear, to be devout
2:401; TC, 444-46; BASHH, 113-14; Sherwin-White, 93- (s. 13:43). Tikovev impf. ind. act. akobw (# 201) to hear,
95; P, 159-65). KoAwvia. colony. A Roman colony was to listen to. Impf. pictures the attentive listening. 51n-
like a piece of Rome or Italy transplanted abroad and voigev aor. ind. act. dvavotyw (# 1380) to open. Prep. in
settled by army veterans. It enjoyed special privileges compound suggests, “to open up wide or completely,”
such as libertas (self-government w. two magistrates like a folding door (RWP). “To open the heart” indi-
[duoviri]); immunitas (freedom from tribute and taxes); cates that the Lord caused her to understand (BAGD;
jus Italicum (under the laws of Rome) (Bruce; LC, 1:657; EDNT) or that He caused her to have an open mind w.
CC, 175; DGRA, 315-20; CH, 223-26). For the city of a willingness to learn and evaluate fairly (LN, 1:332).
Philippi, s. BAFCS, 2:411-13; AAT, 216-19; CH, 222-23; MPOOEXELW pres. act. inf. mpoceyw (# 4668) to hold to, to
NW, 2:11:653-54; P, 1-113; PSCZP, 11-84). It was just out- give heed to, to pay attention to (BAGD). Inf. express-
side Philippi that Octavius and Mark Anthony defeat- ing result. Aaovpévois pres. pass. part. s.v. 6. Part.
ed Cassius and Brutus, the assassins of Julius Caesar used as subst. @ 15 epantiobn aor. ind. pass. Bantitw
(CAH, 10:22-25). tev impf. act. ind. eit s.v. 1. 610- (# 966) to baptize. 0 oikocg abtic (#3875; 899) her
tpiBovtes pres. act. part. diatpibw (# 1417) to remain. house. Her household probably included servants and
Part. in a periphrastic construction. Népag acc. pl. other dependents, perhaps some of the women of v. 13
Tépa (# 2465) day. Acc. of time, “for certain days.” (Bruce). Perhaps the church began to meet in her
Acts 16 270

house. For the house church s. Bradley Blue, “Acts and dianovew (# 1387) to be worked up, to be indignant (s.
the House Church,” BAFCS, 2:119-222. xexpixate perf. 4:2). Ingressive aor., “he became irritated.” exrotpeyas
ind. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge, to decide. Perf. indi- aor. act. part. (temp.) emiotpepw (# 2188) to turn to.
cates the lasting result. Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. in elmev aor. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say. NapayyéAAw
which the speaker assumes the reality of the cond. (# 4133) pres. act. ind. to command, w. dat. and inf.
elvat pres. act. inf. ewi s.v. 1. Inf. used as obj. The word is esp. used of the transmitted orders of a
eloedOovtes aor. act. part. eloepxouat (# 1656) to go in. military commander (AS). e&€A@eiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 3.
Circum. part. w. force of the imp. (s.v. 9). wévete pres. Inf. as obj. in indir discourse. &€fjA@ev aor. ind. act.
imp. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. nopeBidoato aor. 19 W0vtes aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see.
ind. mid. (dep.) napoPiafouar (# 4128) to urge strong- Kvpior nom. pl. Kvpioc (# 3261) lord, owner. The own-
ly, to insist. @ 16 éyeveto aor. ind. mid. yivopor ers of the girl were probably Roman veterans, them-
(# 1181) to become, to happen. For the construction s. selves Roman citizens, retired from military service
Beyer, 45f. nopevopévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) and well known in Philippi, who were property own-
s.v. 7. Gen. abs. ma1dtoxn (# 4087) slave girl. Exovoav ers with material wealth and a good family heritage
pres. act. part. acc. sing. fem. éyw (# 2400) to have. mv- (BAFCS, 3:119-20). &&7AGev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. EmAaBo-
Owv (# 4780) python, divination, prophecy. The word wevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) exrapBavowor
was used for the serpent that guarded the Delphic ora- (# 2138) to take hold of, to seize, to catch. etAkvoav aor.
cle and later was slain by Apollo. The word came to ind. act. €X\xvw (# 1816) to drag. &yopa (# 59) market-
designate a spirit of divination, then also a ventrilo- place. Here it indicates the courthouse (LC). Every
quist believed to have such a spirit dwelling in his eighth day for the Romans was a market day called
belly (BAGD; LC; TDNT; EDNT; DPL, 210-11; KP, Nundinae (“ninth-day affairs”), during which court
4:1280; GGR, 1:550). The word is in apposition to was held (LLAR, 58-65; 79-81; FCRR, 42-50). Business
“spirit.” dnavtijoat aor. act. inf. bnavtaw (# 5636) to was conducted from early morning till midday, with
meet. Inf. w. eyeveto (“It happened ... she met us”). courts beginning around 9:00 A.M. (LLAR, 24). apxov-
mapetyev impf. ind. act. napexw (# 4218) to bring in, to tas acc. pl. apywv (# 807) ruler, magistrate. A general
provide, to supply. Impf. pictures a steady source of Greek name for the magistrates of a city (Gill, “Mace-
income (RWP). pavtevoyévn pres. mid. (dep.) part. donia,” BAFCS, 2:412). For their function in a Roman
pwavtevonat (# 3446) to soothsay, to give an oracle. It re- colony s. LC; Sherwin-White, 74f. @ 20 mpoomyayovtes
fers to the tumult of the mind, the fury, the temporary aor. act. part. (temp.) mpooayw (# 4642) to lead to.
madness of these who were supposed to be possessed otpatnyos (#5130) leader of an army, general, city offi-
by the god during the time they delivered their oracles cial. The author uses the most common Hellenistic
(Trench, Synonyms, 22). In the LXX it always is em- title to render the untranslatable term duoviri (Sher-
ployed of lying prophets (EGT). Instr. part., explaining win-White, 93; Gill, “Macedonia,” BAFCS, 2:412).
how they made their gain. ® 17 kataKoAovGotoa. pres. After the pattern of the consuls at Rome, the chief
act. part. kataKoAovbEew (# 2887) to follow after, w. dat. magistrates of a Roman colony were two in number
Prep. in compound indicates the following after some- and their official title was duoviri (“the two men”).
one over an intervening space (MH, 316). Causal or They were attended by two lictores (s.v. 35) who car-
temp. part. xpaev impf. ind. act. kpdatw (# 3189) to ried bundles of rods called virgae which were symbols
scream. Impf., because she did it many days (Bruce). of their right to use physical coercion or corporal pun-
So0A01 tod Geod tod byiotov servants of the highest ishment (Rackham; BAFCS, 3:123-24; P, 193-99). evnav
God. Though this may have been a Jewish designation aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Extapaooovov pres.
for the true God, it might have also been understood ind. act. €ktapacow (# 1752) to trouble, to agitate, to
as a pagan designation for Zeus or another deity throw into confusion. The prep. compound is perfec-
(BAFCS, 3:117; BBC; P.R. Trebilco, “Paul and Silas — tive, “to cause utter confusion” (MH, 309). Pres. indi-
‘Servants of the Most High God,’” JSNT 36 [1989]: 51- cates a continual action. tmdpyovtes pres. act. part.
73; NDIEC, 1:25-29; P, 182-88; for worship at Philippi s. (adj.) s.v. 3. @ 21 KatayyedAovov pres. ind. act. s.v. 17.
Valerie A. Abrahamsen, Women and Worship at Philippi: €6n acc. pl. €80¢ (# 1621) custom. e&eotiv (# 2003) pres.
Diana/ Artemis and Other Cults in the Early Christian ind. act. it is lawful; impersonal use, it is allowed, w.
Era, [Portland, Me.: Astarte Shell, 1995]). KatayyeA- inf. mapadsexeo@a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. napadséexouar
Aovovy pres. ind. act. katayyeAAw (# 2859) to proclaim. (# 4138) to receive, to adopt. notetv pres. act. inf. s.v.
080v Owtnpias a way of salvation. The implication is 18. The two charges were causing riots and the intro-
that the girl was denying an exclusive way of salva- duction of an alien religion. (Sherwin-White, 78-83; P,
tion (BAFCS, 3:117). @ 18 énote impf. ind. act. novew 189-93). Since Paul was a Jew, the charges may reflect
(# 4472) to do. Impf. indicates continual action, “she an awareness of Claudius’ recent edict and the Roman
kept on doing it.” SvanovnOeic aor. pass. part. (temp.) soldiers refusal to observe Jewish rituals (BAFCS,
it Acts 16

3:117-18). obow pres. act. part. (adj.) ci s.v. 1. @ 22 Roman instrument of torture w. more than two holes
ovveréotn aor. ind. act. ovvedtotnut (# 5308) to rise up for the legs so that they could be forced widely apart
together, to join in an attack (BAGD). The crowd seems into a position which soon became intolerably painful.
to be orderly, and it was not uncommon for watching It was probably used as a security precaution in this
and participating assemblies to gather for informal or case (LC; RAC 8:112-41, esp. 118; BAFCS, 3:126-27).
legal proceedings (BAFCS, 3:122-23). nepipntavtes aor. @ 25 Kata tO pecovoKtiov (# 2848; 3543) about mid-
act. part. (temp.) mepipnyvupt (# 4351) to strip off all night. One of the abiding hallmarks of life in prison
around. The magistrates had the clothes of the apostles was darkness. Nightfall robbed the prisoner of what
torn off (Bruce). exéAevov impf. ind. act. Kedevw little light there was and at midnight there was total
(#3027) to command. The official order generally darkness (BAFCS, 3:199-200). Since business was con-
given was, “Go, lictors; strip off their garments; let cluded generally by noon, Paul and Silas had been
them be scourged” (CH, 234). poBdifew pres. act. inf. beaten in the morning and held in the inner prison in
papdiCw (# 4810) to beat w. rods or sticks. The beating stocks, unable to move their legs, for about 12 hours.
w. rods (Latin verberatio), a means of police coercion, TMpooevxopvevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) mpocev-
was done by the lictors (s.v. 35) and could be a cruel, your (# 4667) to pray. bpvovv impf. ind. act. buvew
bloody process w. lethal results (TDNT; KP, 5:1186; s. (# 5630) to sing a hymn of praise addressed directly to
H. Last, “Coercitio,” RAC, 3:235-43; BAFCS, 3:124-25). God (Trench, Synonyms, 297; TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT,
The punishment was considered appropriate for those 3:668-70). The joyful hymns were for praise, not re-
causing civic disturbance (BAFCS, 3:125). The Lex Por- lease, and their stark contrast to the distress, com-
ciae de Tergo Civium prohibited the scourging of Roman plaint and/or anxious petition which might be
citizens without appeal (OCD, 604; BAFCS, 3:47-56). expected was a witness to those in the prison (BAFCS,
Perhaps Paul did not claim his rights as a Roman citi- 3:339). Impf. pictures continual singing. emnxpodvto
zen at this time because he feared delay in checking impf. ind. mid. (dep.) emakpocopat (# 2053) to listen to,
his claim and, most of all, because it would have com- w. the probable implication of one’s own interest (LN,
promised his Jewishness, his Gospel message, and the 1:283), w. gen. Employed in medical language for the
young church at Philippi (BAFCS, 3:129-34). @ 23 ent- placing of the ear to the human body in order to detect
@EvtE aor. act. part. (temp.) EmitOnur (# 2202) to lay the nature of internal disease by the sound (MLL, 234).
on. €BaAov aor. ind. act. BuAAWw (# 965) to throw. gvAaKh The prep. compound is directive indicating the closest
(# 5871) place of guarding, prison. A person was attention (BAFCS, 3:202). Impf. indicates that the mis-
placed in a prison until he could be tried before the sionaries held their attention throughout (Williams).
proconsul, either at the capital of the province, or the ® 26 chvw (# 924) suddenly. cevopdg (# 4939) shaking,
nearest assize city (Sherwin-White, 82-83). mapay- earthquake. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 16. oaAEev-
yethavtes aor. act. part. rapayyerAw (# 4133) to give or- @f\var aor. pass. inf. carevw (# 4888) to shake. Inf. w.
ders, to command, to instruct (BAGD). SeopopbAaKt wote (# 6063) to express result. @eyeédov (# 2528) foun-
dat. sing. SeopopvAag (# 1302) jailer, keeper of a prison dation, base. Seonwtnprov (# 1303) prison. hvewxOnoav
who had the sole responsibility for running the prison aor. ind. pass. avoiyw (# 487) to open. napaypTpa
and its security. He may have been a military officer, a (# 4202) immediately. Seon0 nom. pl. Seon0¢ (# 1301)
retired soldier, or a public slave (BAFCS, 3:261-63; for bond, shackle. N. pl. is collective (GGP, 2:96-97). a&vé6n
prison personnel s. BAFCS, 3:244-61; CIC, 86-89; Pliny, aor. ind. pass. avinut (# 479) to loosen, to release.
the Younger, Letter 10). Indir. obj. dopardms (# 857) @ 27 éumvos (# 2031) out of sleep, awake, aroused.
safely. tnpeiv pres. act. inf. tnpew (# 5498) to watch, to yevouevocg aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 16. Temp. or cir-
guard, to keep. Inf. in indir. discourse. ® 24 napayye- cum. part. 18@v aor. act. part. (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to
Aia (# 4132) command, instruction. AaPwv aor. act. see. GvEewyyevas perf. pass. part. s.v. 26. Perf. indicates
part. (temp.) AouPave (# 3284) to receive. EoWTEPOG the state (“standing open”). omacdpevog aor. mid.
(# 2278) inner. The comp. has perhaps superl. force (dep.) part. (temp.) onaw (# 5060) to draw. payoipa
(“innermost”) (Bruce). The first part of a Roman pris- (# 3479) sword. TwedAev impf. ind. act. weAAw (# 3516)
on (communiora) had light and fresh air; the second to be about to. W. inf. expressing futurity or intention
part (interiora) was shut off by iron gates; the third part reckoned from a moment in the past (MKG, 307).
(tullianum) was a dungeon where those who had com- Gvaipeiv pres. act. inf. cvoipew (# 359) to kill. vopitwv
mitted the most serious crimes and those of the lowest pres. act. part. (causal) vowitw (# 3787) to suppose, to
level of society were kept awaiting execution (CH, presume, w. inf. exnepevyevor perf. act. inf. exdevyw
234; DGRA, 240-41; BAFCS, 3:20-22, 126). nopadicato (# 1767) to flee, to escape. The prep. is perfective, indi-
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) aopadtw (# 856) to make safe, to cating a successful escape (MH, 310). Perf. indicates
secure, to guard someone so that he cannot escape the continuing result. It was evidently dark and he
(BAGD). EvAov (# 3833) acc. sing. wood, stock. A could not see. He was accountable for how he kept the
Acts 17 272

prisoners and laxness in the method of constraint, es- subj. pass. s.v. 35. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp.
pecially if the prisoners escaped, was punishable eed Oovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 3. Circum. part. w. force of
(BAFCS, 3:390-91). 28 épwvnoev aor. ind. act. bwvew the imp. (s.v. 9). topeveoGe pres. mid. (dep.) imp. s.v. 7.
(# 5888) to call. mpagn¢ aor. subj. act. tpacow (# 4556) to © 37 épn impf./aor. ind. act. s.v. 30. Seipavtes aor. act.
do. The aor. subj. w. the neg. is used in a specific com- part. (temp.) 5¢pw (# 1296) to flay, to skin, to strike. 5n-
mand to prohibit the beginning of an action (MKG, pooia (# 1323) publicly. akataxpitog (# 185) uncon-
273; VANT, 337-38). Eowev pres. act. ind. ewt s.v. 1. demned, or possibly untried, without a trial (LC). Paul
29 aithous aor. act. part. (circum.) aitew (# 160) to seems to be accusing the Philippian magistrates of
ask. pic (# 5890) light. evoennSnoev aor. ind. act. etonn- being guilty of serious procedural irregularities owing
daw (# 1659) to leap in, to rush in, to burst in (MM). to their faulty assumptions, the result being that
yevouevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) s.v. 16. Roman citizens had been unjustly punished (BBC;
mMpooenecev aor. ind. act. npoonintw (# 4700) to fall BAFCS, 3:302). bxapyovtac pres. act. part. s.v. 20. Con-
down before someone, w. dat. @ 30 mpoayayov aor. cessive part., “although we are Romans.” éBaAav aor.
act. part. (temp.) mpowyw (# 4575) to lead forth, to ind. act. s.v. 23. AdOpa (# 3277) secretly. ExBaAAOVOIV
bring out. €on aor. ind. act. dnt (# 5774) to say. KbptoL pres. ind. act. exBoAAw (# 1675) to throw out. ov
voc. pl. kuptog (# 3261) sir. Polite form of address. det (# 4024) no! €A®ovtes aor. act. part. s.v. 7. Circum. part.
(# 1256) pres. inf. act. it is necessary, indicating a logi- w. force of the imp., “let them come themselves (av-
cal necessity, w. inf. toveiv pres. act. inf. s.v. 18. ow60 Tot). EEayayetwoay aor. imp. act. e&ayw (# 1974) to lead
aor. subj. pass. oww (# 5392) to rescue, to save. Subj. out, to conduct. A Roman citizen could travel any-
w. tva. (# 2671) to express purpose. The cry indicates where within Roman territory under the protection of
that he had not simply kept the apostles but had in Rome (Longenecker, 466). 38 époBnOnoav aor. ind.
fact abused them (BAFCS, 3:264). @ 31 elmav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) poBeouar (# 5828) to be afraid. Ingressive
act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. miotevoov aor. imp. act. aor., “they became afraid.” &kovouvtes aor. act. part.
miotevw (# 4409) to believe, to put one’s faith and con- (temp.) axkovw (# 201) to hear. @ 39 €ABOvtES aor. act.
fidence in. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of part. (temp.) s.v. 7. TapexdAeoay aor. ind. act. tapaKa-
urgency. ow@noq fut. ind. pass. s.v. 30. For the use of New (# 4151) to call, to summon. e&wyayovtes aor. act.
the imp. followed by xat (# 2779) and the fut. to form part. (temp.) s.v 37. Npwtwv impf. ind. act. Epwraw
a type of Hebraic cond. cl. s. Beyer, 238-55; also GGBB, (# 2263) to ask. Incep. impf., or it stresses the repeated
402. @ 32 éAdAnoav aor. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to request. &medGetv aor. act. inf. anepyouar (# 599) to go
speak. 33 mapoAaBwv aor. act. part. noporcuBavey forth, to go out. Inf. in indir. discourse. @ 40 &&-
(# 4161) to take w. EAovoev aor. ind. act. Aovw (# 3374) eXOOvtEs aor. act. part. s.v. 3. ElofAGov aor. ind. act.
to wash. For the use of this word w. the prep. s. BS, eroepxouc (# 1656) to go into. ovteEs aor. act. part. s.v.
227; NDIEC, 3:20. @ 34 dvayaywv aor. act. part. 19. mapexaAeoay aor. ind. act. napaKarew (# 4151) to
(temp.) avayw (# 343) to bring up. napeOnkev aor. ind. encourage, to comfort.
act. mopatiOnur (# 4192) to set before. An individual
table was placed beside each guest (Bruce). The jailor
was taking a great risk in helping the prisoners, espe- Acts 17
cially in providing a meal; it could have cost him his 1 Sdevoavtes aor. act. part. 5ioSevw (# 1476) to
life (BAFCS, 3:392). NyaAA1doato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) take the road through. The road was the Via Egnatia
ayarAcopat (# 22) to rejoice, to be full of joy. mavorKet (Gill, “Macedonia,” BAFCS, 2:409-10; FAP, 297-99; P,
(# 4109) w. one’s whole household. An expression 199-205). This vb. probably was chosen to emphasize
common in the closing greetings of private letters the way (Bruce). Temp. part., or perhaps part. of
(MM). nemiotevKwe perf. act. part. s.v. 31. Causal (VA, means, “By taking the road.” 7AGov aor. ind. act. épxo-
399) or supplementary part. w. a vb. of emotion: “He wor (# 2262) to go, to come. The city of Thessalonica,
was filled w. joy at having a firm faith in God” (NSV, located on the Via Egnatia, was 267 miles from the
66). Perf. indicates the state of having believed. Adriatic coast, about halfway along the road (Gill,
@ 35 yevoueévns aor. mid. (dep.) part (temp.) s.v. 16. BAFCS, 2:409-10; for a Roman milestone found close
Gen. abs. a&méoteiAav aor. ind. act. wnooteAAw (# 690) to to the city s. NDIEC, 1:81; ABD, 4:831-32). It had be-
send. papdodyoc (# 4812) lictor, rod-bearer. They were come a “free city” in 42 B.C. and with its warm
attendants serving the magistrate who prepared his springs (Thermae) and public buildings around a mar-
way and carried out punishments and summons ket place (Agora), linked to a stoa, it was one of the
(OCD, 609; s.v. 20). A€yovtes pres. act. part. s.v. 18. an0- most heavily populated cites of the area, having some
Avoov aor. act. imp. anodvw (# 668) to release. 100,000 inhabitants including the settlements outside
@ 36 annyyelrev aor. ind. act. anayyerAAw (# 550) to re- the city wall (Gill, BAFCS, 2:414-15; FAP, 296-301;
port. &méotaAKav perf. ind. act. s.v. 35. &modve7tE aor. ABD, 6:523-27; NW, 2:i1:767-68). For the religion of the
273 Acts 17

city s. Charles Edson, “State Cults of Thessalonica where one could buy the necessities of life, it corre-
(Macedonia II),” Harvard Studies in Classical Philogy 51 sponded to the Latin Forum. Business was usually car-
(1940): 127-36; C. Edson, “Cults of Thessalonica (Mace- ried from 9:00 A.M. to 12 noon on the market days
donia IIl),” HTR 41 (1948): 153-204; Karl P. Donfried, (Nundinae) (DGRA, 32-36; TAA; LLAR, 59-61). oxAo-
“The Cults of Thessalonia and the Thessalonian Corre- MomoavteEs aor. act. part. (temp.) oyAono1ew (# 4062) to
spondence,” NTS 31 (1985): 336-56. 2 e1w0dc (# 1665) gather a crowd, to collect a mob. e8opvBovv impf. ind.
pref. act. part. acc. n. sing. €0w to be accustomed. Part. act. SopuBew (# 2572) to cause an uproar, to trouble, to
as subst.: custom, habit, “as Paul’s custom was” throw into confusion. Incep. impf., “they began to
(BAGD). evonAGev aor. ind. act. eicepyouon (# 1656) to trouble....” EmvotavtEes aor. act. part. (temp.) Eptotnpt
go into. emi odPBata tpia three Sabbath days, but not (# 2392) to stand before, to approach, to appear. éCn-
necessarily three weeks (LC, 202-03). 51eAéEato aor. tovv impf. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to try. mpo-
ind. mid. (dep.) duaAe your (# 1363) to reason, to argue, ayayetv aor. act. inf. tpocyw (# 4575) to lead before, to
to dispute, to revolve in the mind, to teach w. the bring out before. Epex. inf. explaining what they at-
method of question and answer, to give a discourse, tempted. dtwog (# 1322) people, crowd gathered for
but always w. the idea of intellectual stimulus (RWP; any purp. (BAGD). @ 6 evpovtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
LN, 1:439). ypaodv gen. pl. ypadn (# 1210) writing, evptoxw (# 2351) to find. Eovpov impf. ind. act. ovpw
Scriptures. The OT was the source of authority for (# 5359) to drag. moArtapyns (# 4485) ruler of the city.
Paul and the Jews. @ 3 Stavoiywv pres. act. part. 51- Used mainly of the Macedonian title for the non-
avotyw (# 1380) to open. Part. of means explaining how Roman magistrates of a city (generally five in num-
Paul argued. mapati@euevoc pres. mid. part. rapatiOnit ber), whose duties were, among other things, to con-
(# 4192) to place alongside, to allege, to present evi- firm decisions made by the Demos, and to maintain
dence, to establish evidence to show that something is peace and order in their city. The title is found in nu-
true (LN, 1:673; MM; Preisigke, 2:258). Here it is the merous inscriptions, the majority of which come from
bringing forward of proof passages of Scripture (EGT). northern Greece and some 40% from the city of Thes-
Pres. part. emphasizes the continuing action and de- salonica (LC; G.H.R. Horsley, “The Politarchs,”
scribes the means or methods of Paul’s reasoning and BAFCS, 2:419-31; ADB, 6:386-89; NDIEC, 2:34-35; FAP,
argumentation. et impf. ind. act. det (# 1256) it is nec- 314-15; Bruce). Bo@vteg pres. act. part. (circum.) Boow
essary, w. inf. giving a logical necessity. ma@etv aor. act. (# 1066) to shout. &vaotatwoavtEs aor. act. part. ava-
inf. maoyw (# 4248) to suffer. avaotivar aor. act. inf. otatow (# 415) to stir up sedition, to upset. Used in a
Gviotnut (# 482) to rise. KatHyyeAAW (# 2859) pres. ind. letter of a bad little boy whose mother said, “He drives
act. to proclaim. The word often emphasizes the ele- me mad” (LAE, 202). mapevow pres. ind. act. nape
vated and solemn style of the proclamation (NIDNTT, (# 4205) to be present. Perfective pres. indicating an
3:45; TDNT). @ 4 eéneio@noav aor. ind. pass. netOw action as well as a condition or state (VANT, 230-40).
(# 4275) to persuade; pass. to be persuaded. npooeKAn- @ 7 bnode5exto1 perf. ind. mid. (dep.) dnodexoucr
pwOnoav aor. ind. pass. tpookAnpow (# 4677) to allot, to (#5685) to receive, to entertain. d&mévavtt (# 595)
assign; pass. to be attached, to join w., w. dat. (BAGD). against, opposed to. mpdooovor pres. ind. act. mpdacow
oeBopévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) ceBowar (# 4936) (# 4556) to do, to practice. Meyovtes pres. act. part. AEyw
to be devout, pious, to be God-fearing (s. 10:2). moAd (# 3306) to say. Part. explaining how they are doing
yovaik@v te TOV Tpwtwv “and many of the leading things against the Caesar. €ivo1 pres. act. inf. eit
women.” The Gr. worshipers and the women were (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. discourse. The accusation
perhaps of the social elite (BAFSC, 2:113). 5 ¢nw- was not only political in nature, but also religious be-
OavteEs aor. act. part. (causal) Cndow (# 2420) to be jeal- cause of the imperial cult (Gill & Winter, BAFCS, 2:93-
ous, to feel strong envy and resentment against 103; S.R.F. Price, “Gods and Emperors: The Greek Lan-
someone (LN, 1:760). mpooAaPoyevor aor. mid. (dep.) guage of The Roman Imperial Cult,” JHS 104 [1984]:
part. mpooAaupave (# 4689) to take to oneself, to accept 79-95). @ 8 Etapagéav aor. ind. act. tapdoow (# 5429) to
in the circle of acquaintances, to take along w. oneself stir up, to confuse, to trouble. dxovovtac pres. act. part.
as companion or helper (BAGD). eyopotiog (# 61) mar- (temp.) &kovw (# 201) to hear, to listen to. @ 9 AaPovtes
ket people, one who hangs out at the marketplace, aor. act. part. (temp). AapBdavw (# 3284) to take. 1Kavov
loafer, gangster, or country people who brought their (# 2653) acc. sing. security, bail. It is equivalent to the
goods to the agora to have them sold (Bruce; BAGD; Latin satis accipere which is used in connection w. the
LS; DGRA, 35-36). The agora was originally an open offering and giving of security in civil and criminal
place where the king met the people; it later became procedures (Sherwin-White, 95; MM; Preisigke, 1:693-
the open place where the citizens gathered; then it in- 94). &neAvOaV aor. ind. act. dnoADW (# 668) to release.
dicated the open place around which important gov- For the relation of these events to things mentioned in
ernment buildings were located, as well as stores, 1 and 2 Thess. s. Bruce; FAP, 325-26. 10 51 vuKt0c
Acts 17 274

(# 1328; 3816) in the night, during or in the course of Bavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. EvtoAn (# 1953) in-
the night (IBG, 56). e€enewwov aor. ind. act. exneunw struction. Wg tayiota (#6055; 5441) as quickly as
(# 1734) to sent out, to send away. For the city of Berea possible. EX8wotv aor. subj. act. s.v. 1. Subj. w. vo
s. Gill, “Macedonia,” BAFCS, 2:415-16; CH, 261-62. (# 2671) used as obj. in an indir. command (RG, 1046).
oitivec nom. pl. dotic (# 4015) who. napayevouevot aor. e&neoav impf. ind. act. é€ewr (# 1996) to go out.
mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mapayivouat (# 4134) to arrive. 16 Exdexoueévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) exdexo-
amfeoav impf. ind. act. Grew (#583) to go away, to go; wo (# 1683) to expect, to wait for. Gen. abs. For the
“they went their way to the synagogue” (LC). city of Athens s. David WJ. Gill, “Achaia,” BAFCS,
11 Toav impf. ind. act. ewt s.v. 7. EbYEVEOTEpOL comp. 2:441-48; TAA; Daniel J. Geagan, “Roman Athens:
evyevnc (# 2302) noble birth, well-born, noble-minded Some Aspects of Life and Culture,” ANRW 2.7.1, 371-
(BAGD); comp., more noble. The word is used not 437; CH, 266-96; AAT, 232-42; BBC; ABD, 1:513-18;
only for noble birth but also for noble sentiments, Pausanias, “Attica,” Description of Greece, 1. i-xliv.
character, morals; thus the Jews of Berea were more mapwédveto impf. ind. pass. tapoEvvw (# 4236) to stim-
noble in character than those of Thessalonica in their ulate, to provoke to wrath, to irritate; pass. to be angry
welcome and cordial treatment of the apostles (s. 15:39). Bewpodvtos pres. act. part. Bewpew (# 2555) to
(TLNT). oitiveg nom. pl. dotig s.v. 10. Those belonging see, to observe. Paul probably could distinguish the
to the same class; used to emphasize a characteristic statues of the gods from those of ordinary men be-
quality, by which a preceding statement is to be con- cause the former had no inscriptions (DCNT, 125).
firmed (BAGD; IBG, 124). eeEavto aor. ind. mid. Temp. or causal part. katetSwog (# 2977) full of imag-
(dep.) Sexouai (# 1312) to receive, to welcome. mpo- es. For the prep. compound and the coining of this
Ovuia (# 4608) willingness, eagerness. It indicates a word s. MH, 317. The prep. may mean “thick with,”
positive disposition, goodwill in the heightened sense “Juxuriant with” as used of vegetation (R.E. Wycherly,
of eagerness and ardor and is a compliment that hon- “St. Paul at Athens,” JTS, n.s. 19 [1968]: 619, 620). Per-
ors its subject (TLNT; TDNT, EDNT). xa’ tyepav haps Paul was standing in the Stoa Poikile and saw the
(# 2848; 2465) day by day, daily. &vaxpivovtes pres. act. various temples housing the imperial cult as well as
part. avakptvw (# 373) to examine, to sift up and other temples and altars (Gill, “Achaia,” BAFCS,
down, to make careful and exact research as in legal 2:443-45). odoav pres. act. (adj.) part. emt s.v. 7.
processes; to try to learn the nature or truth of some- @ 17 SedAeyeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 2. Impf. pic-
thing by the process of careful study, evaluation, and tures the repeated action. oeBopévoig pres. mid. (dep.)
judgment (RWP; GELTS, 29; LN, 1:331). €xou pres. opt. part. s.v. 4. Part. as subst. wyop@ (# 59) dat. sing. agora,
act. €yw. (# 2400) to have. Opt. in indir. question, “if forum, marketplace as the economic, political, and
these things have it so” (MT, 130; RG, 1043). @ 12 cultural center of the city (s.v. 5; Gill, “Achaia,”
Extotevoay aor. ind. act. niotevw (# 4409) to believe, to BAFCS, 2:445-56). mapatuyyavovtasg pres. act. part.
trust in. eboynwv (# 2363) respectable, noble, used of napatvyxavw (#4193) to happen to be near or present.
appearance, outward bearing, of correct moral con- The idea of chance is not necessarily implied (MM).
duct, or of high social class; that is, a special class of Part. as subst. ® 18 ovveBadAov impf. ind. act. ovu-
citizens who were the most well-thought-of and well- Barrw (# 5202) to throw together, to discuss, to meet,
to-do in a town or city (TLNT; NDIEC, 2:86; MM; Gill, to quarrel. For the Epicureans and Stoics s. Bruce. €A€-
“Acts and the Urban Elite,” BAFCS, 2:117). @ 13 yov impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. 8€A01 pres. opt.
Eyvwoav aor. ind. act. TWaoKW (# 1182) to know. Ingres- act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to wish, to want to, w. inf. Potential
sive aor., “to come to know.” KatnyyeAn aor. ind. pass. opt. used in an incomplete cond. cl. w. the protasis im-
s.v. 3. MA@ov aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. caAEbovtes pres. act. plied. “What would he wish to say, if he could say
part. oorevw (# 4888) to shake, to cause to waver, to anything?” “What might he be trying to say?” (M, 174;
agitate, to incite. Shaking the crowd like an earth- IBG, 151). oneppodoyoc (# 5066) seed picker. A slang
quake (RWP). Part. expressing purp. tapdooovtes term first used of birds that pick up grain, then of men
pres. act. part. s.v. 8. Part. expressing purpose. who pick up odds and ends in the market, and then
@ 14 e€aneotetrav aor. ind. act. eEanootedAw (# 1990) applied to men who were zealous seekers of the sec-
to send out. mopevecdo pres. mid. (dep.) inf. mopevouat ond rate at second hand, and finally to generally
(# 4513) to go, to travel. Epex. inf. explaining e&ane- worthless persons—"this character” (LC; MM; PTR,
OTELAGY. DMEWELVaY aor. ind. act. Drowevw (# 5702) to re- 242-43; TLNT, 3:268-69). Eévog (# 3828) strange, for-
main, to remain behind. The prep. in compound eign. S5ayoviwv gen. pl. dapoviov (# 1228) deity, divini-
means, “to tarry behind” (MH, 327). @ 15 xa@iotavov- ty (BAGD). Obj. gen. KOTOLyyYEAEvG (# 2858) announcer,
TEC pres. act. part. (temp.) ka@totnt (# 2770) to bring proclaimer, preacher (BAGD). eivan pres. act. inf. et
down to a place. fyayov aor. ind. act. ayw (# 72) to s.v. 7. Inf. in indir. discourse. ebnyyediteto impf. ind.
lead, to conduct. AaPovtEs aor. act. part. (circum.) Agp- mid. (dep.) evayyeriConor (# 2294) to proclaim good
Piss Acts 17

news (TDNT; TLNT). @ 19 éxtAaPopevor aor. mid. part. (# 4934) object of worship or religious reverence
(circum. ) EmtLapBavw (# 2138) to take hold of. “Apeoc (NIDNTT, 2:91-92). ebpov aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. Bwyos
mayog (# 740) the Areopagus or Hill of Ares (Mars (# 1117) altar. eneyeypanto plperf. ind. pass. exrypaow
Hill). The word is to be understood either as the geo- (# 2108) to inscribe. "Ayvootw 8e@ (# 58; 2536) to (the)
graphic place or a governmental council in the city of an unknown God. For examples and evidences of al-
Athens. Among the many functions of this council was tars to unknown gods in and around Athens s. BC,
supervising education, particularly controlling the 5:240-46; Haenchen; Gill, “Achaia,” BAFCS, 2:446-47;
many visiting lecturers, and checking on the introduc- BASHH, 117; BBC. ayvootvtes pres. act. part. awyvoew
tion of new or unauthorized religions (BAGD; PTR, (# 51) not to know, to be ignorant. Concessive part,
245; LC; BBC; DPL, 51-54; DGRA, 126-29). For the sug- “although you do not know him...” evoePeite pres.
gestion that the whole incident took place near the ind. act. evoeBew (# 2355) to reverence, to respect, to
northwest angle of the Agora in or near the Stoa worship. Customary pres. KkatayyeAAw (# 2859) pres.
Basileios s. C.J. Hemer, “Paul at Athens: A Topograph- ind. act. s.v. 3. Pres. points to an action in progress.
ical Note,” NTS 20 (1974): 341-50; BASHH, 117. It @ 24 moinous aor. act. part. (adj.) novwew (# 4472) to
could have been that the council met on the geograph- make. bmapyYwv pres. act. part. (causal) Dnopyw (# 5639)
ical location of the Hill of Ares (Gill, “Achaia,” BAFCS, to exist, to be. yeiponotntos (# 5935) made w. human
2:448). Tryayov aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. dvvépe0a. pres. ind. hands. Perhaps Paul alludes to the many temples
pass. (dep.) d5vvoyo1 (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. there which were made w. human hands. Katotket
y@vo aor. act. inf. s.v. 13. AaAOvpEVT pres. pass. part. pres. ind. act. katoikew (# 2997) to dwell, to be at
(adj.) Aarew (# 3281) to speak. 20 Eevifovta pres. home. Pres. refers to a truth that is always true.
act. part. EeviGw (# 3826) to receive as a guest, to enter- @ 25 avOpwrivoc (# 474) human. Adj. w. this ending
tain, to surprise or astonish w. something new or signifies material, origin, or kind (MH, 359). Oepaned-
strange. Part. as subst., “surprising things” (BAGD). etal pres. ind. pass. Sepanevw (# 2543) to care for, to at-
eLopeperc pres. ind. act. eLopEepw (# 1662) to bring into. tend, to serve. mpooSedpuevocg pres. mid. (dep.) part.
y@vou aor. act. inf. s.v. 13. etvar pres. act. inf. s.v. 7. mpoodeouat (# 4656) to want, to need in addition.
© 21 emdquodvtes pres. act. part. emidnuew (# 2111) to Cond. part, “as if He needed anything” (RWP). adt0¢
reside as a foreigner. Part. as subst. nbxaipovv impf. (# 899) he. Emphatic, “He Himself.” 8t80v¢ pres. act.
ind. act. edka1pew (# 2320) to have time, to have leisure part. (causal) d15wyt (# 1443) to give. (Schneider). @ 26
or opportunity. Accompanied by the prep. it means emoinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 24. KatoiKeiv pres. act. inf.
“to devote one’s leisure to” (AS). Customary impf. s.v. 24. Inf. as obj. optoas aor. act. part. opttw (# 3988) to
obdev Etepov ... 1) (# 4029; 2283; 2445) “nothing else mark out boundaries, to determine. The aor. part. is
than” (BAGD). déyew pres. act. inf., s.v. 18. Epex. inf. not later in time than the main vb. The determination
explaining the vb. nvKaipovv. &kovel pres. act. inf. s.v. of man’s home preceded his creation in the divine
8. KOLVOTEPOV comp. Kaivoc (# 2785) new; comp., new- plan (M, 133). mpootetmypevous perf. pass. part. mpoo-
er. The comparison can often have the force of a su- tacow (# 4705) to appoint, to assign, to prescribe, to
perl. (D, 127). The true comparison would mean, fix. Perf. indicates the abiding results. kaipog (# 2787)
“something newer than what they had heard” (RG, time, season. It could refer to the seasons or to the his-
665). @ 22 otadeic aor. pass. part. totnut (# 2705) to torical epoch (Polhill). opo@eota (# 3999) boundary. It
stand. Circum. or temp. part. €v péow (# 1877; 3545) in could refer to the inhabitable areas of the planet, or to
the midst of. Perhaps indicating “in the midst of the the boundaries between nations (Polhill). 27 ¢ntetv
council” rather than “in the middle of the hill.” éon pres. act. inf. Cytew (# 2426) to seek. Inf. of purp.
aor. ind. act. ont (# 5774) to say, to speak. dero1daipo- (RWP). ynradnoetav aor. opt. act. ynrabew (# 6027) to
veotepous comp. derodaiuwv (# 1273) God-fearing, reli- touch, to feel. The vb. gives the idea of groping after
gious, superstitious; comp., very religious. It expresses God in the darkness when the light of His full revela-
respect for or fear of the supernatural which according tion is not available (Bruce). Opt. in a type of incom-
to its nature can be either piety or superstition (Will- plete cond. sentence expressing aim or purp. (MT, 127;
iams; LC; TLNT). Here the comp. means “more reli- RG, 1021; VA, 311-12). evpovev aor. opt. act. evptoxw
gious than usual” (RWP). The Athenians were often (# 2351) to find. Kot ye (#2779; 1145) and yet, al-
praised for their piety (TLNT, 1:308; s. also the refer- though, a concessive expression (Bruce; Thrall, 37f).
ences given here). Oewp@ pres. ind. act. s.v. 16. @ 28 Capev pres. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) to live. Kivov-
23 Siepyopuevos pres. mid. (dep. ) part. (temp. ) d1€pxo- je8a pres. ind. mid./pass. kivew (# 3075) to move. Si-
wot (# 1451) to pass through. yap for, giving an expla- multaneously the vb. might mean “we are moved by
nation of the previous statement. avabEewpav pres. Him” and “we move in Him” (DCNT, 127). nowntns
part. (temp.) avaGewpew (# 355) to look at, to observe. (# 4475) poet. eipnkaovv perf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to
The prep. compound is perfective (MH, 296). oéBaopo. say. For the quotations from the Gr. poet Aratus and
Acts 18 276

also possibly from Epimenides s. BC, 5:246-51; Polhill; Acts 18

Longenecker, 476. tod gen. sing. 0 (# 3836) the. Gen. of @ 1 ywpiobeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. (temp.)
source or origin: “from the one,” “from him.” ‘yevocg yoptGouar (# 6004) to depart. HAGev aor. ind. act. Epyo-
(#1169) descendant of common ancestor (BAGD). wo (# 2262) to go, to come. For the city of Corinth s.
@ 29 wnapyovtes pres. act. part. s.v. 24; Causal part., James Wiseman, “Corinth and Rome I: 228 B.C.-A.D.
“since we are....” OpetAopev pres. ind. act. opetdw 267,” ANRW, 2.7.1:438-548, esp. 509-21; SPC; David
(# 4053) to be obligated, ought to, w. inf. vowifew pres. WJ. Gill, “Achaia,” BAFCS, 2:448-53; Victor Paul Fur-
act. inf. vonitw (# 3787) to suppose, to think. ypvoiov nish, “Corinth in Paul’s Time—What Can Archaeology
(#5992) gold. d&pyupos (# 738) silver. yapaya (# 5916) Tell Us?” BAR 15 (1988): 14-27; NW, 2:ii:235-37. @ 2
an engraved work, an inscription engraved. Dat. w. evpwv aor. act. part. (temp.) evptokw (# 2351) to find.
adj. dpowov. texvng (# 5492) gen. sing. art, skill, trade ovouatt dat. sing. Ovoua (# 3950) name. Instr. dat. (RG,
(BAGD). Gen. of description. evébpnoig (# 1927) 487), or dat. of respect (BD, 105): “named,” “by name.”
thought, reflection, design, the content of thinking and For the names s. BASHH, 132-33; for a discussion of
reasoning (LN, 1:351). @etog divine; as subst., divine Priscilla and Aquila s. CIE, 87-89. yévet dat. sing. yevoc
being, divinity (BAGD). Subject of inf. evan pres. act. (# 1169) race, stock. Dat. of respect, “by birth” (BD,
inf. et s.v. 7. Inf. in indir. discourse as obj. of the inf. 105). mpoopatws (# 4711) recently. EAnAvOOTH perf. act.
vouitewv. Dio Chrysostom considered sculpture to be part. (adj.) masc. acc. sing. €pyouat s.v. 1. Statetaxevon
one source of man’s conception of the divine (DCNT, perf. act. inf. datd&cow (# 1411) to decree, to order. Inf.
128; DC XII, 44, 80). If they had genuinely accepted w. 51a (#1328) to express cause. ywpifec8a1 pres.
Paul’s major premise that God is Creator, they would mid./pass. inf. ywpitw (# 6004) to separate; pass. to be
have had to acknowledge their own self-idolatry and separated, to take one’s departure, to go away
need for repentance (Polhill). 30 &yvoiac gen. sing. (BAGD). Epex. inf. giving the content of the order. The
ayvoia (# 53) ignorance. Gen. of description. brepidav edict was given in A.D. 49, probably due to the unrest
aor. act. part. bmepopaw (# 5666) to overlook. A fre- in the Jewish quarters of Rome, which may have aris-
quent vb. in the LXX applied to a thing which is not at- en because Christians preached that Jesus was the
tended to, but left without favorable help or without Messiah (for this and the decree of Claudius to expel
severe punishment (Bengel). Concessive part. (“al- the Jews from Rome s. SPC, 130-40 [texts and discus-
though”). mapayyéAAer pres. ind. act. mapayyeArw sion]; FAP, 139-80; SC; 4-8; BASHH, 167-68; Andrew D.
(# 4133) to command, to order, to instruct. Tavtayod Clarke, “Rome and Italy,” BAFCS, 2:469-71; BC, 5:295f,
(# 4116) everywhere. petavoetv pres. act. inf. wetavoew 495f; JPF, 1:180-83). mpootjAGev aor. ind. act. npocEpyxo-
(# 3566) to change one’s thinking, to repent; a com- ua (# 4665) to come to. @ 3 ouOtExvos (# 3937) the
plete turnabout from their false worship and a turning same trade. Aquila and Priscilla probably had a small
to God (Polhill). Inf. in indir. discourse. @ 31 Ka@ot1 private |business making tents or awnings (SC, 158-64;
(# 2776) in view of the fact that. €otnoev aor. ind. act. BBC). etvon pres. act. inf. ew (# 1639) to be. Inf. w. 1a
tot (# 2705) to set, to appoint. Kpivety pres. act. inf. (# 1328) to express cause. éwevev impf. ind. act. wevw
Kptvw (# 3212) to judge. Used w. péAde1 to express the (# 3531) to remain. Tpyaceto impf. ind. mid. (dep. )
fut. €v avdpt by a man. For the use of the prep. express- epyacopon (# 2237) to work. foav impf. ind. act. eit.
ing agency, s. the examples quoted by Haenchen. @ oxnvorois (# 5010) tentmaker, leather worker, tent-
dat. sing. 6g (# 4005) rel. pron. Dat. by attraction. wpt- cloth worker (BAGD; LC; DPL, 925-27). Tents were
oev aor. ind. act. s.v. 26. mapaoywv aor. act. part. (cir- used for soldiers, for those attending the Isthmian
cum.) napeyw (# 4218) to furnish, to show, to provide; Games, for passengers of ships w. a stopover; awnings
w. tiotw, to bring forward evidence, proof, guarantee were used to cover the Forum in Rome, to cover walk-
(RWP; BAGD; TLNT, 3:112). &vaotnoas aor. act. part. ways, as protection from the sun in private houses or
aviotnut (# 482) to raise. Temp. part. or part. of means. at the beach and in the theater; leather was used for
32 axovoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 8. EyAebatov coats, curtains, and tents; linen was used for sails and
impf. ind. act. yAevatw (# 5949) to mock, to sneer, to for awnings (Peter Lampe, “Paulus—Zeltmacher,” Bib-
scoff. Incep. impf., “they began to scoff.” d&xovoopeba lische Zeitschrift 31 [1987]: 256-61; SC, 156-58; SB, 2:746-
fut. ind. mid. s.v. 8, w. gen. as obj. 33 e&f/A8ev aor. 47; Pliny, NH, 19:23-25). Perhaps Paul and Aquila used
ind. act. e€€pyouct (# 2002) to go out. 34 KoAANBEVTES one of the small shops which have been excavated in
aor. pass. part. koAAGgouat (# 3140) to join (s. 5:13; 9:26; Corinth and thereby were able to contact people w. the
10:28). Eniotevoay aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to be- gospel (SPC, 167-70; Lampe, “Paulus—Zeltmacher,”
lieve. ‘Apeonayitng (# 741) member of the Areopagus. Biblische Zeitschrift 31 [1987]: 260-61; also Ronald F
It is the correct title for a member of the court Hock, “Paul’s Tentmaking and the Problem of His So-
(BASHH, 119). Acpapig (# 1240) Damaris. For the cial Class,” JBL 97 [1979]: 555-64; R.F. Hock, “The
name s. BASHH, 232. Workshop as a Social Setting for Paul’s Missionary
277 Acts 18

Preaching,” CBQ 41 [1979]: 438-50). The rabbis empha- afraid. Pres. imp. w. the neg. un (# 3590) may indicate
size the necessity of learning a trade: “Excellent is the the discontinuing of an action in progress (MKG, 272),
study of the law together w. worldly occupation, for or it may be used in prohibitory general precepts
toil in them both puts sin out of mind” (M, Aboth 2,2; (VANT, 335-40). AdA€t pres. imp. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to
SB, 2:745-46). At Tarsus there was a large group of speak. Pres. imp. may be, “continue to speak,” “keep
linen workers (DC, 34:21). The church at Corinth met on speaking.” owwnnons aor. subj. act. owndw (# 4995)
in Aquila and Priscilla’s house, and when they went to to be silent. Aor. subj. w. aneg. wn (#3590) to prevent
Ephesus, the church there also used their house as a the beginning of an action which is not in progress
meeting place (Brad Blue, “Acts and the House (MKG, 273; VANT, 335). @ 10 ém1Oqoeta1 fut. ind. mid.
Church,” BAFCS, 2:173; Rom. 16:3-5; 1 Cor. 16:19). The (dep.) emiti@nut (# 2202) to place upon; mid. to set
church probably also met in the houses of Titus Justus, upon, to attack, w. dat. (BAGD). kax@oa aor. act. inf.
Gaius (Rom. 16:23), Stephanus, and Crispus. Before KaKxow (# 2808) to do harm, to injure. Inf. expresses ei-
Paul left it numbered around 100 people (Blue, “Acts ther purp. or result. @ 11 €xa@t0ev aor. ind. act. kabitw
and the House Church,” BAFCS, 2:174-77). @ 4 (# 2767) to sit, to remain. Eviavtov Kai UTivac EE acc. of
diereyeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) diaAe youn (# 1363) to time, for a year and six months. This indicates the total
discuss, to dispute, to argue (s. 17:2). Iterat. impf. indi- time of Paul’s ministry here (FAP, 186). 58&0Kwv pres.
cating the repeated action. émevev impf. ind. act. metOw act. part. (circum.) 8co0Kw (# 1438) to teach. @ 12 av-
(# 4275) to persuade. Iterat. impf. or conative, “he tried 8bnat0¢ (# 478) proconsul. Roman head of the govern-
to persuade.” @ 5 xath\ov aor. ind. act. Katepyouct ment in a senatorial province, but the emperor still
(# 2982) to go down. ovveixyeto impf. ind. mid. ovveyw had influence on the office (RNE,31-32). Claudius in
(#5309) to hold together, to grip, to compel; mid. to de- A.D. 44 returned Achaia to a senatorial province (Gill,
vote oneself to, to be occupied w. or absorbed in some- “Acahia,” BAFCS, 2:436; BBC; Seutonius, Claudius,
thing, to be wrapped up. “Paul was wholly absorbed 25:3). OvtOG pres. act. part. (temp.) emt s.v. 7. Gen. abs.,
in preaching” (BAGD); “He was completely wrapped “while Gallio was proconsul.” Annaeus Novatus,
up in this ministry” (TLNT, 3:338). Incep. impf., “He known as Gallio, was the brother of Seneca, the philos-
began to devote himself...” When Silas and Timothy opher and tutor of Nero. He was, according to an in-
came down to Corinth, Paul was able to give all his scription at Delphi, proconsul in Corinth between
time to preaching (LC). dvapaptvpopevoc pres. mid. A.D. 51 and 52; however he may have broken off his
(dep.) part. dvapaptv-pouo1r (# 1371) to testify, to sol- term because of alleged health problems. Paul proba-
emnly declare. The prep. in compound is intensive bly appeared before him sometime between July and
(IBG, 88). Part. of manner, explaining how Paul devot- October in A.D. 51 (SPC, 141-52, 173-76; FAP, 180-89;
ed himself. 6 d&vtitaccoLEvwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. BASHH, 119, 168-69, 214; Colin J. Hemer, “Observa-
(temp.) avtitaccopat (# 530) to oppose, to resist. Gen. tions on Pauline Chronology,” PSEB, 6-9, 16-18; KP,
abs. BAaopnLovvtwy pres. act. part. (temp.) BAaopnuew 2:686; BC, 5:460-64; IDB, 2:351; ABD, 2:901-03; Gill,
(# 1059) to slander, to blaspheme. extivakdpevog aor. “Acahia,” BAFCS 2:436-37, 449-40). katenéotnoav aor.
mid. part. extivaoow (# 1759) to shake off, to shake out ind. act. kateptotnut (# 2987) to rise up against some-
(BC, 5:269-75; Mark 6:11). eimev aor. ind. act. heyw one. opodvpadsov (# 3924) w. one mind, together. tryayov
(# 3306) to say. nopevoopar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) nopevo- aor. ind. act. &yw (# 72) to lead. Bhwa (# 1037) acc. sing.
wat (# 4513) to go. @ 7 petaPac aor. act. part. (temp.) speaker’s platform, from which official proclamations
uetaBaivw (# 3553) to go away, to leave. elonAsev aor. might be read, or an important magistrate might give
ind. act. eloepyouat (# 1656) to go into. Paul moved his an address. This was equivalent to the Roman Rostra
place of teaching from the synagogue, but he did not (DGRA, 995-96). In Corinth it was a marble structure
move from Aquila’s house (BASHH, 197, 208). oeBo- located in the middle of the South Stoa, on the upper
weévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) oeBoo (# 4936) to level of the Agora, flanked by stairways leading up
fear, to reverence, to worship (s. 10:2). qv impf. ind. act. from the lower level of the Agora. On the lower level
et (# 1639) to be. ovvopopotoa pres. act. part. (adj.) before the Bema was a square stone platform where
ovvouopew (# 5327) to be right next to, to adjoin, w. dat. those appearing before the Bema stood (Wiseman,
@ 8 dpyiovvaywyos (# 801) leader of the synagogue (s. “Corinth,” ANRW, 2, 7:515-16; SPC, 28-29; FAP, 185; E.
13:15). émiotevoev aor. ind. act. motevw (# 4409) to be- Dinkler, “Das Bema zu Korinth: Archdologische, lex-
lieve, to believe in, w. dat. (M, 67). &kovovteEs pres. act. ikographische, rechtsgeschichtliche und __ ikono-
part. (temp. )c&Kovw (# 201) to hear. Pres. indicates a re- graphische Bemerkungen zu Apg 18,12-17,” Signum
peated act. Emiotevov impf, ind. act. Impf. pictures the Crucis [Tiibingen: J.C.B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck], 1967).
repeated action. eBanticovto impf. ind. pass. Bantitw @ 13 Aeyovtes pres. act. part. s.v. 6. Mapa TOV vOLOV
(# 966) to baptize. @ 9 eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw s.v. 6. (# 4123; 3795) against (contrary to) the law. It could
good pres. imp. mid. (dep.) poBeouor (# 5828) to be refer to either the Roman or Jewish law and may mean
Acts 18 278

contrary to the allowed religions, or contrary to the de- Edpevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) anotacoopor
crees of Claudius, which allowed the Jews to worship (# 698) to say farewell. e&emAet impf. ind. act. exmrEw
according to their customs, or contrary to the Mosaic (# 1739) to sail out. Sailing was less expensive, easier,
Law (Sherwin-White, 101-4; FAP, 187; Polhill). and faster than land travel (BBC). Incep. impf., “they
avanetder pres. ind. act. avaneiow (# 400) to persuade; began to sail.” kewpopevog aor. mid. part. KEIpOLOr
in a neg. sense to seduce, to mislead (MM). The prep. (# 3025) to shear; mid., to have one’s hair cut. elyev
compound is perfective and suggests success (MH, impf. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to have. evyn (# 2376) vow.
296). Pres. indicates a continual action. o€Beo@a1 pres. A temporary Nazarite vow of thirty days could be
mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 7. Inf. as obj. of the vb. @ 14 péA- taken to seek divine blessing in an undertaking, to ex-
Aovtos pres. act. part. (temp.) weAAw (# 3516) to be press thanksgiving, or to seek deliverance from ill-
about to. Used w. inf. to express fut. Gen. abs. &voiyetv ness. During this time abstinence from wine was
pres. act. inf. avoryw (# 487) to open. TV impf. ind. act. practiced and the hair was not cut. The cutting of the
eu s.v. 7. Ind. in a 2nd. class cond. cl. where the hair marked the termination of the vow (Bruce; LC;
speaker considers the cond. as contrary to fact. ddtKn- SB, 2:747-51; Polhill; M, Nazir). @ 19 katnvtnoav aor.
wo. (# 93) nom. sing. unrighteous deed, wrong, crime ind. act. katavtaw (# 2918) to arrive. eig “Edeoov
(BAGD). pgdiovpynua. (# 4875) a prank, crime; particu- (# 1650; 2387) in Ephesus. For the great city of Ephe-
larly implies fraud and deception, swindle (LC; MM; sus s. Paul Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:302-59; AAT,
TLNT, 219-20; s. 13:10). Kata Aoyov (# 2848; 3364) ac- 248-63; Merrill M. Parvis, “Ephesus in the Early Chris-
cording to reason. It may be used w. the vb. in the legal tian Era,” BA 3 (1945): 61-73; Floyd V. Filson, “Ephesus
sense: “to accept in accordance w. a charge,” “to accept and the New Testament,” BA 3 (1945): 73-80; CH, 419-
a complaint on court,” “to admit a complaint to judg- 33; Bean, 128-150; LSC, 210-36; LSCA, 35-56; Dieter
ment” (LN, 553). aveoxounvy aor. ind. mid. (dep.) avexo- Knibbe & Wilhelm Alzinger, “Ephesos vom Beginn
wo (# 462) to bear w., to tolerate. Used of listening der romischen Herrschaft in Kleinasien bis zum Ende
patiently while others are allowed to speak (Bruce). der Principatzeit,” ANRW, 2, 7:748-830; ANTC, 79-114.
@ 15 Oweove fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to see. KOtEALNEV aor. ind. act. KataAEtnw (# 2901) to leave be-
Volitive fut. w. the force of theiimp. (RG, 874; VA, 420). hind. adtod (# 899) there. etoeA@wv aor. act. part. s.v. 7.
KPITNS EYW TOUTWV OD BovAopa ear “A judge of these S5iereEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) diareyouar (# 1363) to
things I do not desire to be.” These are the exact words reason, to dispute, to argue, w. dat. (s. 17:2). @ 20 Epw-
of a Roman magistrate refusing to exercise his arbitri- TWVTWY pres. act. part. epwtdw (# 2263) to ask, to re-
um iudicatis within a matter extra ordinem (Sherwin- quest. Gen. abs. (concessive), “although they asked
White, 102). It is within the competence of the judge to him....” WAgiova acc. sing. TA€lwv comp. moAvs (# 4498)
decide whether to accept a novel charge or not (Sher- many, comp., more. wétvat aor. act. inf. wevw (# 3531) to
win-White, 100). It may be that Gallio shared the anti- remain. Inf. in indir. discourse giving the content of
Semitic feelings of his brother Seneca, who dedicated the request. €mévevoev aor. ind. act. enivedw (# 2153) to
to him such writings as De Ira (“Concerning Anger”) approve by a nod, to consent. 21 amota&dpevos aor.
or De Vita Beata (“Concerning the Happy Life”) (FAP, mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 18. eimwv aor. act. part.
186-87; GLAJJ, 1:429-34). © 16 arnAaoev aor. ind. act. (temp.) AEyw s.v. 6. avakdwyw fut. ind. act. dvakaurtw
anekavvw (# 590) to drive away. A stronger term than (# 366) to turn back, to return again. Volative fut. ex-
just “to send away” (Haenchen). @ 17 émtdoPopevor pressing a decision of the will (RG, 874). 8€Aovtos pres.
aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) Perhaps by the force of act. part. @€Aw (# 2527) to will, to purpose, w. inf. Gen.
his lictors’ rods (BBC). emAapBavoua (# 2138) to take, abs., cond. &vnx6n aor. ind. pass. avayw (# 343) to lead
to lay hold of. Sosthenes, the ruler of the synagogue (s. or bring up; as nautical t.t., to put a ship to sea; mid. or
1 Cor. 1:1), may have been beaten because he was a be- pass., to put to sea, to set sail (BAGD). 22 KkateAOuv
liever or because the indifference of Gallio led to an aor. act. part. (temp.) katepxouar (# 2982) to go down,
anti-Semitic attack (Polhill). €tumtov impf. ind. act. to come down. Konodpeta (# 2791) Caesarea on the
tontw (# 5597) to beat; incep. impf., “they began to Sea. This was the larger harbor city built by Herod the
beat.” €yeAev impf. ind. act. weAw used impersonally Great and as headquarters of the governor of Judea.
(were # 3508) or personally w. dat., to be concerned GvaBac aor. act. part. (temp.) avaBaivw (# 326) to go
about something, to pay attention to (BAGD). For up, to disembark. Gonacdyevos aor. mid. (dep.) part.
Paul’s experience before Gallio in the light of Roman (temp.) aonafouor (# 832) to greet. “After he had
law and for a defense of its integrity s. Sherwin-White, greeted the church....” KatéBn aor. ind. act. KatoBatvw
99-107. 18 mpoopeivac aor. act. part. (temp.) mpoo- (# 2849) to go down. @ 23 moinoac aor. act. part.
evo (# 4693) to remain. Népas ixavac acc. pl. Acc. of (temp. ) novew (# 4472) to do; here, to spend time.
time, “for a considerable number of days.” Exactly eEAGev aor. ind. act. eE€pyouor (# 2002) to go out.
how long this was is not certain (FAP, 185-86). &nota- 5iepyouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) diepyouwar
279 Acts 19

(# 1451) to
pass through. Kadeétis (# 2759) in order, suc- emdetkvupt (# 2109) to set forth, to point out, to prove.
cessively. ETMLOTHPICWV pres. act. part. (circum.) Part. of manner, explaining how Apollos successfully
emrotnpicw (# 2185) to strengthen (TLNT, 3:291-95). refuted the Jews. elvan pres. act. inf. ei s.v. 7. Epex.
@ 24 yevetrace s.v. 2. AOyio¢ (# 3360) learned, eloquent, inf. indicating what he proved.
master of the art of oratory, learned, scholarly, well-
read, as a title of honor; eminent or quite distin-
guished man, a man of culture (MM; TLNT). cathvtn- Acts 19
OEV aor. ind. act. s.v. 19. Suvato< (# 1543) powerful, @ 1 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyai (# 1181) to
strong. @v pres. act. part. adj. eit s.v. 7. For a discus- become, to happen, w. prep. and inf. for time. For this
sion of Apollos s. CIE, 43-60; DPL, 37-39; ABD, 1:301; Semitic construction s. Luke 2:1. eivai pres. act. inf.
ED. Hurst, “Apollos, Hebrews and Corinth,” SJT 38 et (# 1639) to be. Inf. w. év (#1877) to express con-
(1985): 503-13. 25 hv impf. act. ind. ewt s.v. 7. Kath- temporaneous time. SveA@Ovta aor. act. part. (temp.) &1-
xNEVvOG perf. pass. part. Katnyéw (# 2994) to inform, to epxouct (# 1451) to pass through. ta a&vwtepika yépn
instruct, to teach by repeating, dinning into the ears, to higher, upper regions. It may refer to the upper coun-
teach orally by word of mouth (RWP; TLNT; TDNT; try, the region above and behind Ephesus (Williams).
NIDNTT, 3:771-72; EDNT). Part. in a periphrastic con- It may, however, refer to the higher-lying and more di-
struction, “he had been taught.” Gewv pres. act. part. rect route from Antioch to Ephesus (PTR, 265; HGAM,
Céw (# 2417) to boil. Lit., “boiling over in his spirit,” 164f.). [kat]eA8etv aor. act. inf. Katepyouas (# 2982) to
that is, full of enthusiasm (Bruce). Part. in a periphras- go or come down. Inf. w. év (#1877) for time. ebpeiv
tic construction. &\éA€u impf. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) aor. act. inf. evpioKw (# 2351) to find. Inf. w. prep. ex-
to speak. Impf. indicates customary action. &5t5aoKev presses time. @ 2 elnev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to
impf. ind. act. &i8aoxw (# 1438) to teach. axpiBic say. €l (# 1623) if, whether. Particle used to introduce a
(# 209) accurately. miotapevos pres. pass. (dep.) part. direct question may be due to the translation of the
emiotaai (# 2179) to know, to understand, to be ac- Heb. interrogative particle (RG, 916; BD, 226). eAaPete
quainted w. (BAGD). Concessive part., “although he aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to receive. niotEvOaVTES
knew only...” @ 26 TipEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apxo- aor. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Temp. part.
war (# 806) to begin, w. inf. nappnoiceo8a1 pres. mid. expressing contemporaneous action: “on believing,”
(dep.) inf. mappnoragouar (# 4245) to speak freely, to that is, “when you became Christians” (LC). The coin-
speak openly, to be bold (BAGD; TLNT, 3:60; s. 2:29; cident aor. part. is doctrinally important (M, 131).
13:46; 14:3). axoboavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) aKovw NKOvOOPEV aor. ind. act. aKovw (# 201) to hear. @ 3 El¢
(# 201) to hear, w. gen. mpooeAGBovto aor. ind. mid. (# 1650) into. Used w. the baptismal formula (“into the
(dep.) mpoorouBavouar (# 4689) to take to oneself. name of”). For a discussion of the meaning and the
axpipeatepov comp. (s.v. 25); more accurately. &&€8evto suggestion that it characterized the rite in a funda-
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) exti®nui (# 1758) to set forth, to mental way-that is, a “Jesus baptism” or a “John bap-
explain. @ 27 BovAopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. tism”—s. Lars Hartman, “Into the Name of Jesus,” NTS
(temp.) BovAoyor (# 1089) to want to, to desire, to de- 20 (1974): 432-440. eBatio®nte aor. ind. pass. Banticw
cide, w. inf. Gen. abs. 5veAGetv aor. act. inf. s.v. 23. npo- (# 966) to baptize. 4 eBantioev aor. ind. act. s.v. 3.
Tpewopevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. npotpemouor (# 4730) WeETAVOIAS gen. sing. uEetTavora (# 3567) change of mind,
to urge forward, to push on, to encourage, to exhort. repentance (s. Matt. 3:2). Descriptive gen. A€ywv pres.
The Corinthians were probably urged to write Apollos act. part. (temp.) s.v. 2. “When he spoke to the people.”
a letter of recommendation (TLNT, 3:202). €ypayov epxouevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. épyoua (# 2262) to
aor. ind. act. yp&ow (# 1211) to write. dnode—no8a1 aor. come. Adj. part. as subst. Part. w. the prep. is placed
mid. (dep.) inf. amodexou01 (# 622) to welcome, to re- first in the clause to give prominence, thus stressing
ceive, to accept gladly. Inf. in indir. discourse. napaye- the preparatory nature of John’s ministry (Bruce). pet’
voyevocg aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mapoyivouar abtov (# 3552; 899) after him; that is, after John. muotet-
(# 4134) to arrive. ovveBaAet0 aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ovp- owolv aor. subj. act. s.v. 2. Subj. w. tva. (# 2671) gives
BaAAw (#5202) to throw together, to help, to be helpful. both a content and the purp. (Alford). These disciples’
METLOTEVKOOLV perf. act. part. motevw (# 4409) to be- real deficiency was not their baptism; they failed to
lieve. Part. as subst. Perf. emphasizes the state of be- recognize Jesus as the one whom John had pro-
lief. @ 28 ebtovwe (# 2364) vigorously. Staxatmreyxeto claimed, as the promised Messiah (Polhill). @ 5 dxov-
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) diaxatedeyyouor (# 1352) to re- OGVTES aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 2. €Bartio®noav aor.
fute, to confute w. rivalry in a contest (RWP). The two ind. pass. s.v. 3. 6 EMLBEVTOG aor. act. part. EMiTONLL
preps. in compound may be a double perfective indi- (# 2202) to place upon. TAGe aor. ind. act. Epyoua s.v. 4.
cating success in confuting and convicting (MH, 301- eAGAovv impf. ind. act. Xadew (# 3281) to speak. Incep.
2). Snnwooig (# 1323) publicly. emderxvoc pres. act. part. impf., “they began to speak.” Enpopntevov impf. ind.
Acts 19 280

act. mpopntevw (# 4736) to speak for someone, to medical writers s. MLL, 47). Inf. expressing result. &x-
prophesy. Incep. impf. For an explanation of this event mopevec@a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. exnopevouar (# 1744)
in the light of the transitional period s. Roy L. Aldrich, to go out. Inf. expressing result. @ 13 éneyeipnoay aor.
“The Transition Problem in Acts,” Bib Sac 114 (1957): ind. act. eniyetpew (# 2217) to lay hands on, to attempt,
235-242; also BHS, 83-89. @ 7 hoav impf. ind. act. eiut to undertake. mepiepyouevwv pres. mid. (dep.) part.
s.v. 1. @ 8 eloedOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) eroepyopat (adj.) nepepyouor (# 4320) to go about. e&opKioths
(# 1656) to go in. €nappnoiateto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) (# 2020) exorcist. For Jewish views on demonism and
Toppnordcopa (# 4245) to speak freely, to speak boldly exorcism s. SB, 4:501-35; DPL, 209-11; DJG, 165; Jos.,
(s. 18:26). Impf. pictures the repeated action. pny Ant. 8:45-49; MHW, 136; TJ, 97. ovowate pres. act. inf.
(# 3604) month. 8aAeyouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. ovonatw (# 3951) to name, to pronounce a name over
diareyouat (# 1363) to discuss, to dispute, to argue (s. someone (BAGD). A€yovteg pres. act. part. AEyw
17:2). Part. of manner explaining how he was speak- (# 3306) to say. Part. of manner indicating how they
ing boldly. net@wv pres. act. part. me1Ow (# 4275) to per- pronounced the name of Jesus over the possessed per-
suade. 9 éoxAnpdvovto impf. ind. pass. oKAnpovw son. opxiCw (# 3991) pres. ind. act. to cause to swear, to
(# 5020) to‘harden; pass. to be or become hardened, to adjure, to charge. For such forms of exorcism s. F.V.
be obstinate (Bruce; TLNT). jei®ovv impf. ind. act. Filson, “Ephesus and the New Testament,” BA 8
ame dew (# 578) to be disobedient, to refuse to believe. (1945): 73-80; LC; GMP; MM; BS, 274-300. xnpbooer
KaKoAoyovvtes pres. act. part. kaxodoyew (# 2800) to pres. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to preach, to proclaim.
speak evil about. Part. of manner explaining how they Pres. ,indicates the continual or repeated action.
were obstinate and disobedient. a&mootae aor. act. part. @ 14 joav impf. ind. act. ewi s.v. 1. Impf. w. part. ina
(temp. ) aptotnut (# 923) to depart, to withdraw. periphrastic construction. Lkeva (# 5005) Sceva. His
Gouproev aor. ind. act. apopttw (# 928) to separate. ka’ name may mean “left-handed” (BASHH, 234; MM;
Népav (# 2465) daily. SiaAeyopevog pres. mid. (dep.) ABD, 5:1004). apyiepeds (# 797) high priest. He may
part. (circum.) s.v. 8. oxoAT (# 5391) dat. sing. lecture have been from one of the priestly families from
hall. It has been suggested that it refers to a guild hall, which a high priest came (the Western reading of
or not to a hall at all but to a group of people, perhaps “priest” may thus be correct [Polhill]); or he may have
students of Tyrannos (Paul Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, tried to impress others by this title (BASHH, 121).
2:311-12; NDIEC, 1:129-30; CIE, 91-92). For the name MOLODVTES pres. act. part. s.v. 11. @ 15 dnoxpiOev aor.
of Tyrannos as found in Ephesus s. NDIEC, 5:113; pass. (dep.) part. dnoKpivopat (# 646) to answer. Semit-
6:196-98; BASHH, 120-21, 134; Trebilco, “Asia,” ic use of the pleonastic part. eimev aor. ind. act. AEyw
BAFCS, 2:312). The day’s work activity ended at 11:00 s.v. 13. entotoyiar (# 2179) pres. ind. pass. (dep.) to
A.M. Paul worked manually from daybreak until 11:00 know, to possess information about, w. the implication
A.M., then devoted the next five hours to the still more of an understanding of the significance of such infor-
exhausting business of Christian dialectic (Bruce; LC; mation (LN, 1:335). 16 &paAopevoc aor. mid. (dep.)
LLAR, 21-29). @ 10 €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. part. (circum.) epcAAopnar (# 2383) to leap, to jump, to
Katoixodvtas pres. act. part. katoiwkew (# 2997) to live, spring upon like a panther (RWP). xataxvpievoas aor.
to dwell. Part. as subst. &xodoa1 aor. act. inf. s.v. 2. Inf. act. part. (circum.) kataxvpievw (# 2894) to become
w. wote (# 6063) to express actual result (RG, 999). master of, to subdue. The prep. compound is perfec-
11 tTvxovou<s aor. act. part. (adj.) tuyxavw (# 5593) to tive and indicates an action unfavorable to its object
hit upon, to happen. Here it means “not common,” (MH, 316). cupotepor (# 317) both, all (Haenchen;
“extraordinary” (AS). It indicates that which is unusu- MM). toxvoev aor. ind. act. 1x0 (# 2710) to be strong,
al or extraordinary (Bruce). émoiet impf. ind. act. novew to overcome. Yuuvog (# 1218) naked. tetpavpatio-
(# 4472) to do, to perform. Impf. pictures the continual weévouc perf. pass. part. (adj.) tpavpatitw (# 5547) to
action. @ 12 doB_evodvtag pres. act. part. dob_evew wound. Perf. emphasizes the state or condition.
(# 820) to be weak, to be sick. anopéepeoba pres. pass. exvyeiv aor. act. inf. exdevyw (# 1767) to flee, to es-
inf. cnobepw (# 708) to carry away. Inf. w. wote (# 6063) cape. Inf. w. Wote (# 6063) to express actual result (s.v.
to express result, s.v. 10. ypw¢ (# 5999) skin. covédapiov 10). 17 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. ywwortds
(# 5051) sweat rag, cloths worn around the head and (# 1196) known, w. dat. Pred. adj. katouxotow pres.
used to wipe the sweat off (LC; BS, 223). oysikivé.ov act. part. s.v. 10. Part. as subst. The population of the
(# 4980) apron. These were worn by the working men city at that time is generally estimated at between
(Rackham). Perhaps the word means “belt” (Trebilco, 200,000-250,000, making Ephesus the third largest city
“Asia,” BAFCS, 2:313-14). &madAdooec8a1 pres. pass. in the empire after Rome and Alexandria (Trebilco,
inf. dnaAAGoow to free, to release; pass. to be released, “Asia,” BAFCS 2:307). eméneoev aor. ind. act. exutintw
to be cured, to leave, to depart, to be rid of (NDIEC, (# 2158) to fall upon. eueyaddveto impf. ind. pass.
4:155; for the frequent occurrence of this word in the weyarvvw (# 3486) to make large, to magnify. Theol.
281 Acts 19

pass., indicating that God did the action. @ 18 ne- meinde,” ZNW 65 [1974]: 237-46; D.W.J. Gill, “Erastus
MiotEvKOTWwV perf. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 2. Part. as subst. the Aedile,” TB 40 [1989]: 293-301; Gill, “Acts and the
Perf. indicates the state of belief. fipyovto impf. ind. Urban Elite,” BAFCS, 2:112; A.D. Clark, “Another
mid. (dep.) s.v. 6. Impf. pictures the repeated action, Corinthian Erastus Inscription,” TB 42 [1991]: 146-51;
“they kept coming, one after another” (RWP). &on0A0- Rom. 16:23). eméoyev aor. ind. act. enéyw (# 2091) to
yoouevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) eouohoyew stay, to wait. 23 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1,
(# 2018) to confess, to make public confession, to ac- Luke 8:1. tapayog (# 5431) trouble, uproar, distur-
knowledge a fact publicly, often in reference to previ- bance. For a description of such disturbances in the
ous bad behavior (LN, 1:420). avayyeAAovtes pres. act. ancient world s. Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:338-42.
part. avayyédiw (# 334) to make known. mpéGétc @ 24 apyupoKonos (# 737) silversmith. For an inscrip-
(# 4552) deed. A t.t. for a specific magical spell (BS, tion of a silversmith at Ephesus, a sacred official
323). @ 19 mepiepyoc (# 4319) things belonging to mag- whose duties were also civic s. NDJEC, 4:5-10; 127-29;
ic. Also a t.t. for a magical spell (BS, 323; BAGD; DPL, BASHH, 235-36; Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:336; CIE,
580-83; BBC; MM; NDIEC, 1:47-49; 6:109-96; GMP; for 100-108). movdv pres. act. part. s.v. 11. vadg (# 3724)
the well-known “Ephesian Letters” [Epeovn Tpdppa- temple, shrine. Although shrines of terra cotta and
ta], which were six magical terms thought to be words marble have been found during excavations, no silver
of power s. Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:314; CIE, 95f). shrines have come to light thus far. However, theft,
Mpo&avtwv aor. act. part. (adj.) mpdcow (# 4556) to do, war, and plunder would decrease the number of
to practice; here, to practice magic. Part. as subst. shrines that survived, and any object of precious metal
OVVEVEYKAVTES aor. act. part. (temp.) ovudepw (# 5237) might be destroyed or melted down for other uses (F.
to bring together. xatéxo1ov impf. ind. act. katakaiw Filson, “Ephesus and the New Testament,” BA 8
to burn up. Prep. in compound is perfective, “to com- [1945]: 73-80). A small terra cotta shrine representing
pletely burn up.” Books were burned in public in the goddess Artemis sitting in a niche w. her lions be-
order to repudiate the contents of the books, so the side her has been found, as well as depictions of her
new believers were openly repudiating their own pre- wearing a miniature of the temple on her head. In the
vious involvement in magic (Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, seventh century silver pins carrying a bee, the sacred
2:315). Impf. indicates the repeated action. ovveyn- animal of Artemis Ephesia, were found; these may
dioay aor. ind. act. ounynoico (# 5248) to reckon to- have been in vogue in the Roman period. They were
gether, to calculate. evpov aor. ind. act. evptokw used in the homes and in public processions (PTR,
(# 2351) to find. apyupiov gen. sing. apyvpiov (# 736) 278; Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:336-38; DDD, 174).
silver, silver pieces. Gen. of price, “worth fifty thou- mapeixeto impf. ind. mid. napeyw (# 4218) to furnish, to
sand pieces of silver,” which, if it was the drachma supply. Mid. accents the part that Demetrius played as
(one drachma was the average daily wage), was about the leader of the guild of silversmiths (RWP). texvitatc
$35,000 (Polhill). @ 20 ndEavev impf. ind. act. adgivw dat. pl. teyvitn¢g (# 5493) craftsman, artisan. Dat. of
(# 889) to grow. Impf. pictures the continual growth. personal interest. épyacia (# 2238) work, gain, profit.
ioxvev impf. ind. act. ioxvw s.v. 16. @ 21 ExAnpwen aor. @ 25 ovvabpoioaus aor. act. part. (temp.) ovvadpoitw
ind. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill, to complete. €@eto (# 5255) to assemble, to gather together. He was orga-
aor. ind. mid. ti@nut (# 5502) to place, to purpose. 5t- nizing the whole trade in a protest (Bruce). ElMeV aor.
€AOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 1. “After passing ind. act. X€yw s.v. 21. entotaobe pres. ind. pass. s.v. 15.
through.” mopeveobar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. TOPEVOHLO evnopia (# 2345) wealth, affluence. For the wealth of
(# 4513) to go, to travel. Inf. as obj. of the vb. &eto. the Temple of Artemis, which was a bank as well as a
eimwv aor. act. part. (circum.) A€yw (# 3306) to say. place of asylum s. Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:324-26;
yevéo@a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 1. Inf. is used w. peta DC, 31:54. @ 26 Gewpeite pres. ind. act. Bewpew (# 2555)
(#3552) to express time (“after”) (MT, 143). dei to see. 'Epéoov gen. Epeoos (# 2387). Gen. of place, at
(# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary, w. inf. Kat Ephesus (RWP; RG, 494; M, 73). oxed0v (# 5385) al-
(# 2779) also. Veiv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972) to see. most. ovtoc (#4047) this. Used here to express con-
@ 22 dnooteiAag aor. act. part. (temp.) amooteAAw tempt (RG, 697; MT, 44). netoug aor. act. part. (temp.)
(# 690) to send, to send as an official representative. Te10w s.v. 8. peETEOTNOEV aor. ind. act. pebiotnuL (# 3496)
diaKovobvtwv pres. act. part. diaxovew (# 1354) to min- to change, to pervert. The prep. compound has the
ister, to serve as an assistant (EDNT; TDNT; NIDNTT, idea of change (MH, 318). yiwopevor pres. mid. (dep.)
3:544-49). Part. as subst. “Epaotog (# 2235) Erastus. part. (adj.) s.v. 1. @ 27 kwv6uvevet pres. ind. act. kivdv-
This may have been the city official whose name was vevw (# 3073) to be in danger. Nyiv dat. pl. yw (# 1609).
found on an inscription in Corinth (Blue, “Act and the Dat. of disadvantage: “danger for us.” wepog (# 3538)
House Church,” BAFCS, 2:177; SPC, 37; Gerd Thies- acc. sing. part, trade. Acc. as subject of the inf. ameAey-
en, “Soziale Schichtung in der korinthischen Ge- 0c (# 591) exposure, rejection after examination, dis-
Acts 19 282

repute (RWP). Possibly a Latinism (in redargutionem mately 24,500 persons (Merrill M. Parvis, “Ephesus in
venire: “to fall into contempt,” “to be mocked at” LD, the Early Christian Era,” BA 8 [1945]: 61-73; Trebilco,
1538; EDNT). €A@eiv aor. act. inf. s.v. 4. Epex. inf. ex- “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:348-50). ovvapma&oavteg aor. act.
plaining the danger. 6d (# 2516) goddess. Those who part. (circum.) ovvapnatw (# 5275) to seize, to take w.
worshipped Artemis of Ephesus called her the Lady force. The prep. compound is perfective (MH, 325).
(Kupia), Saviour (2wteipa), heavenly goddess ovvexdnuos (# 5292) traveling companion. ® 30
(ovpaviog Be0¢ “Aptentc Edeota), Queen of the Cosmos BovAopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. BovAouat (# 1089) to
(BaciAnic Koowov) and looked to her for safety, health, will, to plan to, w. inf. eoed@etv aor. act. inf. s.v. 8.
protection, deliverance, answers to their prayers, and d5tw0¢ (# 1322) crowd, popular assembly. etwv impf.
general benevolence. In mythology she was the twin ind. act. €&w (# 1572) to allow. @ 31’Aovapyng (# 825)
sister of Apollo and as Mistress of the Animals, Arte- Asiarch, title of a civic administrative official who
mis the Huntress, she ruled over fertility, esp. of wom- served for a fixed term. They proposed motions in the
en, protected hunted animals, sent wild animals city councils and gave undertakings to council and as-
against her enemies, or killed women in childbirth. sembly (R.A. Kearsley, “The Asiarchs,” BAFCS, 2:363-
Her worship consisted of sacrifice, prayer, religious 76; NDIEC, 4:46-55; ABD, 1:495-97; DPL, 547; ANTC,
processions to feasts, games, and festivals. In Ephesus 109-10; for an older discussion s. BC, 5:256-262). OvtEg
the month of Artemisison (March-April) was sacred to pres. act. part. iyi (# 1639) to be. Adj. or maybe causal
her and all its days were holy days in which celebra- part. oidog (# 5813) friend. For the concept of friend-
tions were held and all judicial activity ceased (KP, ship in the ancient world, s. TLNT; TDNT; RAC, 8:418-
1:618-25; BC, 5:251-56; Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:316- 34; EC, 1-34; 130-64; John T. Fitzgerald (ed.), Greco-
57; RAC, 1:714-18; GGR, 1:481-500; 2:342-43, 368-69; Roman Perspectives on Friendship (Atlanta: Scholars
DDD, 167-80; DNP, 2:53-60; NDIEC, 4:74-82; 6:196- Press, 1997). méuwovtes aor. act. part. (circum.) néunw
206). AoyloB7iva aor. pass. inf. Aoyifouar (# 3357) to (# 4287) to send. napexadovv impf. ind. act. napaKxa-
reckon, to judge, to consider. Epex. inf. explaining the Aew (# 4151) to ask, to beseech, to plead. S0bva1 aor.
danger. WéAAew pres. act. inf. ueddw (# 3516) to be act. inf. d15wut (# 1443) to give. Inf. in indir. discourse.
about to, used w. inf. to express fut. Epex. inf. explain- @ 32 tv impf. ind. act. cipi s.v. 31, used w. perf. part. in
ing the danger. xaSa1peio8at pres. pass. inf. kabaipew a periphrastic construction. éxxAnoia (# 1711) assem-
(# 2747) to tear down, to destroy, to dispose of. w. gen. bly, gathering of a group of people; here, a mob
Inf. w. péAAw to express fut. peyarerotnes (# 3484) great- (RWP). ovykexupeévn perf. pass. part. ovyxew (# 5177) to
ness, majesty. The famous temple, which was consid- pour together, to confuse. Perf. emphasizes the state
ered one of the seven wonders of the world, was or condition in a periphrastic construction. mAetoug
about four times as large as the Parthenon in Athens comp. modug (# 4498) many; comp. as superl., most of,
and was richly adorned w. the works of the greatest the majority. 7evoav plperf. ind. act. of def. perf. ola
painters and sculptors of the age. It was used as a (# 3857) to know. ovveAnddGe.oav plperf. ind. act.
bank as well as a place of asylum (BC, 5:252-53; Trebil- ovvepxonat (# 5302) to come together. @ 33 ovve-
co, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:322-24; Strabo XIV. 1. 22-23; Bipacav aor. ind. act. cvpPiPatw (# 5204) to bring to-
Anton Bammer, Das Heiligtum der Artemis von Ephesos gether, to prove, to instruct (Haenchen). npopaArovtwv
[Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, aor. act. part. npoBaArAw (# 4582) to put forward. Gen.
1984]; ABD, 2:545; ANTC, 102-8). oéBeta. pres. ind. abs. Kataoetoas aor. act. part. Kataocetw (# 2939) to
mid. (dep.) ceBouar (# 4936) to worship. She had sanc- motion w. the hand, to shake down; here it indicates
tuaries all over the world, even in Spain (DDD, 175-76; the rapid waving of the hand up and down to get a
Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:332-36). @ 28 aKovoavtes hearing (RWP). NOeAev impf. ind. act. 6&Aw (# 2527) to
aor. act. part. (temp.) &kovw (# 201) to hear. yevoyevor will, to want to, w. inf. amoAoyetoBo1 pres. mid. inf.
aor. mid. (dep.) part. (causal) s.v. 1. @vpod gen. sing. anoroyeouo (# 664) to defend oneself. Perhaps Alex-
Ovo (# 2596) anger, violent anger. Gen. of content. ander was defending the Jewish rights granted them
Expatov impf. ind. act. kpatw (# 3189) to scream. Incep. by the Romans (Robert F. Stoops, Jr., “Riot and Assem-
impf., “they began screaming.” @ 29 €nAno@n aor. ind. bly: The Social Context of Acts 19:23-41,” JBL 108
pass. miumAnut (# 4398) to fill. ovyyboews gen. sing. [1989]: 73-91). 34 Emvyvovtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
ovyyvaic (# 5180) confusion. Gen. of content. m@pynoav emryivwoKxw (# 2105) to know, to recognize. &yeveto aor.
aor. ind. act. dpuaw (# 3994) to rush. dpo@vpasdsov ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. kpagovtwv pres. act. part. s.v. 28.
(# 3924) together, w. one mind, w. one accord. 6€atpov weyaAn (# 3489) great. The word was used in connec-
(# 2519) acc. sing. theater. The great theater of Ephesus tion w. Artemis as well as other pagan deities (Trebil-
was the regular meeting place of the assembly (Sher- co, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:318). @ 35 kataotetdas aor. act.
win-White, 87). The large theater was approximately part. (temp.) KataotedAw (# 2948) to calm down, to
495 ft. in diameter and would accommodate approxi- quiet down. ypoyyatevs (# 1208) town clerk. This was
283 Acts 20

one of the highest local Ephesian officials in the city the accuracy of this terminology and of Luke’s de-
government of that day (Sherwin-White, 86-87; Trebil- scription of the entire event s. Sherwin-White, 84-92.
co, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:351). vewxopog (# 3753) temple emiAvOnoetat fut. ind. pass. emAvw (# 2147) to explain,
guardian, temple warden, protector of the temple, to decide, to settle. ® 40 kivdvvevopev pres. ind. act.
used of those responsible for the administration of the s.v. 27. &yKaAeiobat pres. pass. inf. s.v. 38, w. gen. giv-
temple and its sacrifices and festivals (Sherwin-White, ing the charge. Epex. inf. explaining the danger. bnap-
88-89; NDIEC, 6:203-6; Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:329- YOvtos pres. act. part. s.v. 36. Gen. abs. Svvnoopeba fut.
31; Richard Oster, “Numismatic Windows into the So- ind. pass. (dep.) 50vapya1 (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf.
cial World of Early Christianity: A\ Methodological In- axodobvat aor. act. inf. amodidwyut (# 625) to give ac-
quiry,” JBL 101 [1982]: 214-18). oboav pres. act. part. count. ovotpopn (# 5371) disorderly gathering, com-
(adj.) fem. sing. acc. eli s.v. 31. Stomeths (# 1479) fallen motion. eimmv aor. act. part. (temp.) Aeyw s.v. 21.
from Zeus, fallen from heaven, an image fallen from GmEAVOEV aor. ind. act. cnorAVW (# 668) to dismiss.
heaven. Used also of objects like meteorites which fell
from the sky. This was probably the answer to Paul's
claim that gods made w. hands are not gods (Trebilco, Acts 20
“Asia,” BAFCS, 2:351-53; DDD, 178-79). 36 dvav- @ 1 navoacba aor. mid. (dep.) inf. mavopor
tippntos (# 394) incontestable, not to be contradicted, (# 4264) to cease. Inf. w. prep. peta (#3552) to express
undeniable (BAGD). The prefix has the force of a nega- time (s. 19:21), “after the tumult had ceased.” petanep-
tive (Moorhouse, 47-68). Ovtwv pres. act. part. (causal) wopevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) petanéunw
eit s.v. 31. Gen abs. d€ov pres. act. part. Sei (# 1256) it (# 3569) to send after, to send for, to summon. tapaKka-
is necessary. Part. in a periphrastic construction, “it is Nous aor. act. part. mapaKxarew (# 4151) to encourage,
binding for you to be prepared” (VA, 479). Kate- to exhort (TDNT; EDNT). Gonacdyevocg aor. mid.
otaAuevous perf. pass. part. s.v. 35. bmapyxetv pres. act. (dep.) part. conaCouai (# 832) to greet, to draw to one-
inf. vnapxw (# 5639) to exist, to be. Epex. inf. explain- self in embrace, either in greeting or farewell. Here it is
ing what is necessary. mponetis (# 4637) rash, reckless, farewell (RWP). e&fAGev aor. ind. act. etepyouar
thoughtless. mpdooetv pres. act. inf. mpacow (# 4556) to (# 2002) to go out. mopeveobar pres. mid. (dep.) inf.
do. Epex. inf. © 37 nyayete aor. ind. act. &yw (# 72) to mopevouar (# 4513) to go, to travel. Inf. expressing
lead. vepoodAog (# 2645) temple robber, one who purp. Paul had sent Titus to Corinth to find out their
commits sacrilege (Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:354). reaction to his “painful letter of tears,” but when Titus
BAaopnpodvtas pres. act. part. BAaopnwew (# 1059) to did not meet him in Troas, he left for Macedonia (2
slander, to blaspheme. thy 8e0v (# 2536) goddess. The Cor. 2:3-4, 12-13), where he met Titus (probably at Phil-
fem. art. w. the masc. noun was the regular term for ippi), wrote 2 Cor., and then finally went to Corinth,
the great goddess of the city. The town clerk uses the where he wrote Romans, and w. the collection for the
t.t. (Bruce). 38 €xovot pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to saints in Jerusalem set out for Jerusalem (Polhill; CH,
have. Ind. ina 1st. class cond. cl. where the speaker as- 434-73). For the collection s. DPL, 143-47. @ 2 SeA®av
sumes the reality of the cond. Aoyog (# 3364) matter, aor. act. part. (temp.) d1€pyouar (# 1451) to go through.
case. &yopaiog (# 61) market day. In Rome every eighth TOPAKAAEGAG aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 1. This evident-
day was a market day and when the people came to ly was Paul’s ministry in Troas (2 Cor. 2:12). Xoyw dat.
town, the courts were open for business (FCRR, 43). sing. Aoyos (# 3364) word. Instr. dat. T)AGev aor. ind. act.
The Jewish market days or court days were on Mon- Epxouat (# 2262) to go, to come. @ 3 noinoaus aor. act.
day (2nd. day of the week) and Thursday (5th day of part. novew (# 4472) to make; w. time, to spend time.
the week) (SB, 2:751-53). The word was then a render- Ufivac acc. pl. unv (# 3604) month. Acc. to express the
ing of the Latin term conventus, which in the provinces extent of time answering the question, “How long?”
was a time the proconsul set in which the people could (BD, 88; RG, 469f). yevowevng aor. mid. (dep.) part.
convene for court (DGRA, 357-58). G@YOVTOL pres. ind. (temp.) yivouo1 (# 1181) to become, to be, to develop.
pass. &yw (# 72) to hold court; “the courts are in ses- Gen. abs. emBovan (# 2101) plot. Perhaps the plot was
sion” (BAGD, 13). dvObrato¢ (# 478) proconsul. Gener- to kill Paul as he took a pilgrim ship carrying Jews to
alizing pl.: “There are such people as proconsuls” the Passover (PTR, 287; Haenchen). abt@ dat. sing. ab-
(Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:356). €ykaAeitwoav pres. tog (# 899). Dat. of disadvantage, “against him.” péA-
imp. act. 3rd. pers. pl. éykaAew (# 1592) to accuse, to Aovtt pres. act. part. (temp.) weAAw (# 3516) to be about
call one in, to bring a charge against (RWP). @ 39 to. Used w. inf. to express fut. avd&yeo8a1 pres. mid.
Tepoitépw (# 4304) comp. népa further, beyond (dep.) part. avayw (# 343) to set sail, to put out to sea
(BAGD). ém{nteite pres. ind. act. emCntéw (# 2118) to (BAGD). eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoua. youn
look for, to seek after. Evvowoc (# 1937) lawful. The t.t. (# 1191) opinion, decision; “to be of the opinion,” “he
for the regularly appointed meeting of the people. For decided.” tnootpedetv pres. act. inf. brootpedw (#5715)
Acts 20 284

to return. Epex. inf. used to explain the decision (IBG, (# 2849) to go down. énéneoev aor. ind. act. eninintw
127). @ 4 ovveineto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) ovvemopar (# 2158) to fall upon, w. dat. ovupreproPeov aor. act.
(#5299) to accompany, w. dat. For the names of the part. (circum.) ovumepiAapBavw (# 5227) to embrace, to
ones mentioned s. BASHH, 236-37; NDIEC, 3:91-93. take hold, to gather around. €lmev aor. ind. act. Aeyw
@ 5 mpoedOovtec aor. act. part. (circum.) mpoepyouor (# 3306) to say. SopuPetoBe pres. imp. mid. (dep.)
(# 4601) to go before, to go ahead. Eyevov impf. ind. act. SopvBeoua (# 2572) to throw into disorder, to be trou-
eva (# 3531) to remain, to wait for. The 1st. pers. pl. bled, to be distressed. Pres. imp. w. the neg. nq
(“we”) begins again. @ 6 &endevoapev aor. ind. act. (# 3590) indicates the stopping of an action in progress
Ist. pers. pl. exmAew (# 1739) to set sail, to sail away. (MKG, 272). 11 dvafac aor. act. part. (temp.) ava-
HETH TOG TEpAS THV GCoLWV after the days of the Feast Baivw (# 326) to go up. KAdous aor. act. part. (temp.)
of Unleavened Bread. This perhaps indicates that Paul s.v. 7. Yevoopevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) yevouar
celebrated Easter w. the church at Philippi (Marshall). (# 1174) to taste, to eat. OwiANous aor. act. part. ontAew
TAGouev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. Svetpiwoyev aor. ind. act. (# 3917) to be in company w., to converse w. This sec-
diatpipw (# 1417) to spend, to stay. ® 7 ovvnypevwv ond discourse, which lasted from midnight till dawn,
perf. pass. part. (temp.) ovvayw (# 5251) to gather to- was probably more informal and conversational
gether; pass. to assemble. Gen. abs. xAdoa1 aor. act. inf. (RWP). avyn (# 879) daylight, dawn. e&Aev aor. ind.
KAaw (# 3089) to break. Inf. expressing purp. The act. s.v. 1. @ 12 tyayov aor. ind. act. wyw (# 72) to lead.
Lord’s Supper was accompanied by a larger fellow- Cavta pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Adj. part.
ship meal (1 Cor. 11:20). This incident probably took without the art. emphasizes the character or quality.
place on Sunday night (according to Roman reckon- TopeKAnO@noav aor. ind. pass. s.v. 1. pwetpiwg (# 3585)
ing), w. Paul’s departure on Monday morning (Pol- adv. moderately. Used w. neg., ob (#4024) “no small
hill). SveAéyeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) d1aAreyouar measure,” “exceedingly,” “greatly” (MM). @ 13 mpoed-
(# 1363) to instruct, to teach (s. 17:2). Impf. pictures the @ovtes aor. pass. part. (circum.) s.v. 5. &vyyxOnpev aor.
continual action in the past. wéddwv pres. act. part. ind. pass. s.v. 3. The first pers. pl. includes Luke and
(causal) s.v. 3. Used w. inf to express fut. &éva pres. the others, but not Paul. “Aoooc (# 840) Assos. Located
act. inf. Eeys (# 1996) to go out. Th Emadprov (# 2069) on the southern coast of the Troad, about 20 miles
on the next day, tomorrow. napetetvev impf. ind. act. from Troas, opposite the northern end of the island of
mapatetvw (# 4189) to stretch beside, to prolong. Lesbos was on the coast road from Adramyttiun to
pecoviKtiov (# 3543) midnight. @ 8 qoav impf. act. ind. Troas (Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:359; ABD 4:878-79;
eit (# 1639) to be. Aopmas (# 3286) torch, lamp, w. a Polhill; ANTC, 21-29). péAAovtes pres. act. part. (cir-
wick and space for oil (BAGD; EDNT). brepww dat. cum.) s.v. 3., w. inf. to express fut. dvaAopBdavetv pres.
sing. bnep@ov (# 5673) upstairs. ob (# 4023) where. act. inf. avaropBavw (# 377) to take up, to take along
ovvnyevot perf. pass. part. s.v. 7. Adj. part. as pred. as a traveling companion, to take on board (BAGD).
adj. or part. in a periphrastic construction. ® 9 Ka@eto- diatetayévoc perf. mid. (dep.) part. diatdacoorar
pevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) kabECowar (# 2757) to (# 1411) to give orders, to give instruction. Periphras-
sit. Bvpibog gen. sing. Pupic (# 2600) window. Katop_epo- tic part. péAwv pres. act. part. s.v. 3. Causal part, “be-
WeVOS pres. pass. part. (temp.) Katapepw (# 2965) to cause he was about to go by foot”; or possibly a
bear down; to drop off to sleep. Pres. tense describes second periphrastic (VA, 461). meCevew pres. act. inf.
the progressive action. The hot, oily atmosphere neCevw (# 4269) to go by foot, to travel by land (LC).
caused by the crowd and the torches made it difficult @ 14 we (# 6055) when, as. ovveBaAAev impf. ind. act.
for one who had probably put in a hard day’s work to ovpBordw (# 5202) to bring together, to meet. Impf.
keep awake. As a medical doctor, Luke would be in- may imply that Paul was seen and taken in by boat as
terested in the cause of the deep sleep (Bruce; MLL, he was nearing Assos (Bruce). Some manuscripts have
47-50). Umvw dat. sing. Unvoc (# 5678) sleep. Instr. dat. the aor. instead of the impf. (BC, 3:194). dvaAaPovtes
Baddc (# 960) deep. SiaAeyouevov pres. mid. (dep.) aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 13. “After we took him on
part. (temp.) s.v. 7. Gen. abs., “while Paul was instruct- board.” AGopev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. @ 15 c&nonded-
ing.” mAetov comp. noAvc (# 4498) much; comp., more; OavtES aor. act. part. (temp.) amonAEw (# 676) to sail
w. prep. for time, at length, too long (BAGD). katevey- away. Emovoy (# 2079) on the following day (the word
Oeicg aor. pass. part. (temp.) Kkatahepw (# 2965). The “day” is to be supplied). Dat. of time. Kkatnvthoapev
perfective aor. in contrast to the pres. part. indicates aor. ind. act. katavtaw (# 2918) to arrive, to reach a
that sleep finally overtook him and he fell fast asleep destination. &vtiKpug (# 513) opposite, face to face w.
(Alford; RWP). €meoev aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to (RWP). nopeBdAopev aor. ind. act. napaporAw (# 4125)
fall. tptoteyog (# 5566) third story. katw (# 3004) down. to throw alongside, to approach, to come near. As a tt.
T1p9n aor. ind. pass. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to pick up. in seamen’s speech, “to come near by ship,” “to cross
@ 10 KatoPas aor. act. part. (circum.) KatoBaivw over” (BAGD). It might mean they stopped here
285 Acts 20

(Schneider) or that they just passed by (Polhill). €xo- paopos (# 4280) test, trial (TLNT). ovpBdvtwv aor. act.
pévy pres. mid. part. €yw (# 2400) to have; used in the part. (adj.) ovpBaivw (# 5201) to come together, to hap-
idiom, “on the following (day).” The trip from Mity- pen to, w. dat. emBovan (# 2101) plot, a plan for treach-
lene to Miletus was three days; because of the danger- erous activity against someone (LN, 1:359; GELTS,
ous coastal waters they only sailed during the day 168). @ 20 bdneotedunv aor. ind. mid. (dep.) vz0-
(Pesch). jAGopev aor. ind. act. s.v. 2. The city was locat- otéAAw (# 5713) to draw back in fear, to shrink from, w.
ed on the southwest coast of Asia Minor near the gen. of separation. The opposite of speaking boldly.
mouth of the Maeander River thirty miles south of Ovppepovtwv pres. act. part. ovupepw (# 5237) to be
Ephesus (Trebilco, “Asia,” BAFCS, 2:360-62; KP, profitable, to be of an advantage. Part. as subst.
3:1295-98; D. Boyd, “Miletus,” IBD Suppl., 597-98; avoyyetAa aor. act. inf. cvayyerAw (# 334) to announce,
ANTC, 115-27). 16 xexpixet plperf. ind. act. kpivw to proclaim. Epex. inf. explaining the vb. bmeoteayny.
(# 3212) to decide. Plperf. indicates that Paul had S18cE01 aor. act. inf. didaokw (# 1438) to teach. Epex.
reached a decision and remained w. it (s. VA, 278, 287- inf. 5nwooig. (# 1323) publicly. kat’ oixovg (# 2848; 3875)
90). naparredoo aor. act. inf. tapanrew (# 4179) to sail from house to house. Perhaps a reference to the vari-
by, to bypass. Inf. in indir. discourse explaining Paul’s ous houses where the believers met (Bradley Blue,
decision. ‘yevntor aor. mid. (dep.) subj. s.v. 3. W. dat., “Acts and the House Church,” BAFCS, 2:119-222).
“that it might not happen to him” (RWP). Subj w. 6nw¢ © 21 5:opaptvpopevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. drapaptv-
(# 3968) to express purp. ypovotptBijoa aor. act. inf. pouat (# 1371) to testify (s. 2:40). Part. of manner, ex-
xpovotpipew (# 5990) to spend time, to lose or waste plaining how he served the Lord or how he did nor
time (BAGD). Epex. inf. explaining what Paul did not shrink back. "Iovdatoig te Kai “EAAnow to both Jews
want to happen. gonevéev impf. ind. act. onevdw and Greeks. Dat. as indir. obj. @ 22 dSedepeévoc perf.
(# 5067) to hurry. ein pres. opt. act. cyt s.v. 8. Opt. ina pass. part. dew (# 1313) to bind. Perf. emphasizes the
4th. class cond. cl. where the possibility is remote and state or condition. Part. of manner explaining in what
it expresses an uncertain expectation associated w. an condition he is going, or the part. may be causal. nvev-
effort to attain something (RWP; BG, 138; VA, 311). pati dat. sing. tvevwa (# 4460) spirit; Holy Spirit. Dat.
yeveo@a aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 3. Epex. inf. explain- of agency., “bound by the Spirit.” nopevopor (# 4513)
ing the possibility. @ 17 mepwas aor. act. part. (circum.) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to go. Futuristic pres., describing
neéunw (# 4287) to send. petexaAéoato aor. ind. mid. a process going on in the present w. its termination to
(dep.) petaxarew (# 3559) to call to oneself, to sum- be reached only in the fut. (VANT, 221-22). €v abrtf in
mon. The prep. compound has the idea of change; that it; that is, in Jerusalem. ovvavtnoovta fut. act. part.
is, to call from one place to another (MH, 318; RWP). (adj.) cvvavtaw (# 5267) to meet w., to happen to, w.
mpeopvtepoc (# 4565) older person, elder as a church of- dat. ei8¢ perf. act. part. (circum.) oda (# 3857) to
fice, leader in the church (TDNT; NJDNTT, 1:192-201). know. 23 mAtv (# 4440) except that, only; conjunc-
@ 18 napeyevovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) napayivouar tion w. a limitive force (Thrall, 20). kata moAtv (# 2848;
(# 4134) to arrive. elmev aor. ind. act. ew (# 3306) to 4484) from city to city. Meyov pres. act. part. n. nom.
say. miotaove pres. ind. pass. (dep.) exiotapar (# 2179) sing. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Semitic use of the pleonastic
to know, to understand, primarily expressing the part. pévovovy pres. ind. act. s.v. 5. Pres. indicates a con-
knowledge obtained by proximity to the thing known; tinual condition. @ 24 ovdevog AGyou nolodpo1 THV
then knowledge viewed as a result of a prolonged WoynV tyiav Eyvavtd I reckon my life of no account
practice (T). eeBnv aor. ind. act. emipov (# 2094) to (Bruce; RWP). we (# 6055) used w. inf. to express purp.:
step on, to set foot on. tov navta ypovov (# 4246; 5989) “in order that” (RG, 987). teAev@oo1 aor. act. inf.
for the whole time; acc. of time. It refers to calendar tererow (# 5457) to complete, to finish, to reach a goal.
time, not opportune time (Kistemaker). &yevoyny aor. S5popog (# 1536) run, course. The description of his min-
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 3. @ 19 d0vAebwv pres. act. part. istry as a footrace is also common in his letters (Polhill;
dovAevw (# 1526) to carry out the duties of a slave, to PAM; 2 Tim. 4:7). €AaBov aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284)
serve as a slave (TDNT; NIDNTT, 3:592-98; EDNT; to receive. S:opaptopacbat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v. 21.
TLNT, 1:380-86). Part. of manner describing Paul’s Epex. inf. explaining his ministry. yépitog gen. sing.
manner among them. tanewvoppoovvn (# 5425) humili- xapis (# 5921) grace. Gen. of content giving the content
ty, the quality of unpretentious behavior, the recogni- of the good news. @ 25 o1d0 pert. ind. act. to know.
tion of one’s own weakness as well as the recognition Def. perf. w. pres. meaning s.v. 22. dyeode fut. ind. mid.
of God’s power (LN, 1:748; Trench, Synonyms, 148-153; (dep.) 2nd. pers. pl. opaw (# 3972) to see. 51hAGov aor.
TDNT; TLNT, 3:369-71; EDNT; NIDNTT, 2:259-64; R. ind. act. s.v. 2. Knpvoowv pres. act. part. Knpvoow
Leivestad, “Taneivoc-tanewobpwv,” Nov T 8 [1966]: 36- (# 3062) to proclaim as a herald, to preach (TDNT;
47). Saxpvov (# 1232) tear. Jeremiah was known as the EDNT). Part. of manner explaining his action as he
weeping prophet of the OT (Jer. 9:1 [LXX 8.23]). ne1- was among them. @ 26 paptbpopat (# 3458) pres. ind.
Acts 21 286

mid. (dep.) to testify to, to assert. oa. (# 135) blood. In was an asylum and bank for depositing valuables.
this connection Paul means, “I am free of blame in ref- Svvapyévw pres. pass. (dep.) part. (adj.) 5vvayor (# 1538)
erence of each one, if he (on account of unbelief) falls a to be able to, w. inf. olxodopufjoat aor. act. inf. oxodSopnew
prey to death” (Meyer). 27 bneotet-AGuny aor. ind. (# 3868) to build, to build up. S0bvan aor. act. inf. di5wpt
mid. (dep.) s.v. 20. avayyeiAa aor. act. inf. s.v. 20. @ 28 (# 1443) to give, to grant. Nyiaopevoic perf. pass. part.
MPOOEXETE pres. imp. act. mpoceyw (# 4668) to take heed, ayacw (#39) to set apart, to sanctify. Perf. indicates the
to pay attention to. Pres. imp. calls for an habitual ac- condition. Part. as subst. @ 33 apybptov (# 736) silver.
tion. €8eto aor. ind. mid. tint (# 5502) to place, to ap- ypvo0g (# 5996) gold. patiowog (# 2669) clothing.
point. émioxonog (# 2176) overseer, guardian, bishop, éxeOounoe. aor. ind. act. emOvpew (# 2121) to desire, to
one who has the responsibility of caring for the spiri- covet, w. gen. @ 34 adtoi (# 899) you yourselves. In-
tual concerns (LN, 1:463; TDNT; EDNT). It is signifi- tensive pers. pron. yiwwoxete pres. ind. act. yiwwoKw
cant that the pl. is used for the one church at Ephesus (# 1182) to know. ovoww pres. act. part. eunt (# 1639) to
(s. Phil. 1:1). toysortvetv pres. act. inf. momaivw (# 4477) be. Part. as subst., “the ones with me.” brnpétnoay aor.
to shepherd, to tend or feed the flock. Inf. of purp. ind. act. nnperéw (# 5676) to serve, to minister (TDNT;
NEplenoinoato aor. ind. mid. (indir., “for oneself”) nept- EDNT). @ 35 bméSevea aor. ind. act. vrodeikvupt
movew (# 4347) to secure, to acquire (TLNT; TDNT; (# 5683) to show under one’s eyes, to give an object
EDNT). tog (# 2625) own, personal (s. Bruce; Polhill). lesson, to show (RWP). komi@vtac pres. act. part. Ko-
@ 29 eloededoovtar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eioepyouar maw (# 3159) to work, to toil. The vb. emphasizes the
(# 1656) to go into, to come into. dpiétg (# 922) depar- hardness of the work and the weariness it brings (LC).
ture. AvKoG (# 3380) wolf. The ferocious wolf terrorized Part. of means, indicating how the help was provided.
the shepherds, attacking above all the ewes. Meta- det (# 1256) pres. ind. act., it is necessary, giving a logi-
phorically, the wolf symbolized the wicked exploiter cal necessity, w. inf. aviAopBaveoba1 pres. mid. (dep.)
of the weak, who ruin, extort, and reduce their sub- inf. avtAapPpavw (# 514) to help, to take another’s
jects to servitude and was often used to describe false part, to succour, w. gen. (EGT; MM). do8evobvtwv pres.
teachers or active enemies of the faith (TLNT; Polhill; 4 act. part. wo8evew (# 820) to be sick, to be weak. Part.
Ezra; 1 Enoch 89:13-27; T. Gad 1:3). Bapts (# 987) as subst. Lvnjovever pres. act. inf. s.v. 31. Inf. explain-
heavy, difficult to bear, savage, fierce, cruel (TLNT, ing the necessity. avtoc (# 899) He, himself. Emphatic.
2:416). be1S0uevo1 pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) petSouar pron. eimev aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. 6160va1
(# 5767) to spare, w. gen. 30 a&vaothoovtat fut. ind. pres. act. inf. s.v. 32. Epex. inf. explaining what is more
mid. (dep.) aviotnut (# 482) to arise, to rise up. avtdv blessed. AopPavet pres. act. inf. AauBavw (# 3284) to
your own selves. AoAodvtES pres. act. part. Aarew receive. Epex. inf. @ 36 eimwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v.
(# 3281) to speak. Adj. or circum. part. 5veotpoyyeva 35. “After he said....” @eig aor. act. part. (temp.) tiOnLL
perf. pass. part. diaotpepw (# 1406) to turn aside, to (# 5502) to place, to put. yovata acc. pl. yovu (# 1205)
twist, to pervert, to distort. Part. as subst., “things hav- knee; “to place the knee,” “to kneel.” npoonbEato aor
ing been distorted.” Perf. stresses the continuing state ind. mid. (dep.) mpoocevyouar (# 4667) to pray.
or condition. &noonGy pres. act. inf. dmoondw (# 685) to @ 37 KAavOuoc (# 3088) crying, weeping. EYEvEtO aor.
draw out, to tear away, to attract (BAGD). Inf. of purp. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouo1 (# 1181) to become, to be, to
31 ypnyopeite pres. imp. act. ypnyopew (# 1213) to stay happen. émumeoovtes aor. act. part. (circum.) exinintw
awake, to watch, be alert. Pres. imp. indicates a contin- (# 2158) to fall upon. tpayndog (# 5549) neck.
ual watchfulness. pwnpovebovtes pres. act. part. (cir- Kateptrovv impf. ind. act. katapirew (# 2968) to kiss (s.
cum.) uvnovevw (# 3648) to remember. tptetia (# 5562) Mark 14:45). Incep. impf., “they began to kiss.”
three years. voKta acc. sing. vvé (# 3816) night. Acc. of © 38 ddvvwpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.)
time. €mavoduny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mavoyar (# 4264) odvvaonar (# 3849) to be distressed, to be moved by
to cease, to stop. vovOet@v pres. act. part. vovdetew pain, to sorrow. padota (# 3436) especially. @ dat.
(# 3805) to put something in someone’s mind, to in- sing. rel. pron. 0¢ (# 4005). Dat. by attraction. eipnKer
struct, to provide instruction as to correct behavior plperf. ind. act. Aeyw s.v. 35. WEAAOvOL pres. ind. act.
and belief, to warn, to admonish, to instruct one who WéAAw (# 3516) to be about to. W. inf. to express fut.
has gone astray by warning him of the danger, admon- Oewpeiv pres. act. inf. Bewpew (# 2555) to see. mpoemep-
ishing him to return (TDNT; TLNT; LN, 1:415; nov impf. ind. act. mponeunw (# 4636) to send forward,
NIDNTT, 1:567-69). Supplementary part. describing to accompany, to escort (BAGD).
what Paul did not stop doing. @ 32 napatiBepat pres.
ind. mid. (dep.) napatiOnut (# 4192) to commit to, to
entrust someone to the care or protection of someone, Acts 21
to deposit for safekeeping, w. acc. and dat. (TLNT, @ 1 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoua (# 1181) to
3:24-27; BAGD). The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus become, to be, to happen. For the Semitic construction
287 Acts 21

s. Luke 2:1. dvay@fjvan aor. pass. inf. cvdyw (# 343) mid. Gen. abs. 6€vtec aor. act. part. tiOnut (# 5502) to place,
or pass. to put out to sea, to set sail. Temp. use of the to kneel down. yovu (# 1205) knee. aiywarog (# 129)
inf. w. WG (# 6055). GnoonaobEvtasg aor. pass. part. beach. mpooevEdpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.)
(temp.) anoonaw (# 685) to tear away, to part. It speaks Mpooevyou.at (# 4667) to pray. 6 arnonacdpeda aor.
of the painful parting of friends. evOvdpoynoavtes aor. ind. mid. (dep.) anaonafonor (# 571) to give parting
act. part. (temp.) evO0vdpouew (# 2312) to run a straight greetings, to say farewell. &veBnyev aor. ind. act. dava-
course. The prevailing wind was northeast (Bruce). Batvw (# 326) to embark, to get on board. bxéotpeyav
TAGopev aor. ind. act. Epyouon (# 2262) to come. The is- aor. ind. act. dnootpéow (# 5715) to return. 7 d1av0-
land of Cos, famous for its temple to Asclepius, the oavtes aor. act. part. diavow (# 1382) to accomplish, to
god of healing, was a major shipping port exporting complete, to arrive (GELTS, 107; 2 Macc. 12:17); here
excellent wine, costly ointments, purple dye, and fab- perhaps w. the meaning, “to continue the voyage”
rics of a transparent texture. It was also the birthplace (NTNT, 134-35; BAGD; NDIEC, 1:77; LC). The prep.
of Hippocrates, the father of medicine (Scott T. Carroll, has the idea of carrying an action through to a definite
“Cos,” ABD, 1:1161-62; CH, 556). th e&fi¢ (#1971) on result (MH, 301). katnvtjoopev aor. ind. act. Katavtaw
the next day (w. the word “day” supplied). ‘Podo¢g (# 2918) to arrive. Ptolemais was also called Acco
(# 4852) Rhodes (CH, 557-59; AAT, 291). It was proba- (Moshe Dothan, “Acco,” ABD, 1:51-53). g@omaodyevor
ble that they left Miletus on Sunday, May, 1, reached aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) comdCouar s.v. 6. eyetva-
Cos on the same day; then reached Rhodes on Mon- ev aor. ind. act. uévw (# 3531) to remain. Nepav acc.
day, May 2; Patara on Tuesday, May 3; Myra on sing. Nwepa (# 2465) day. Acc. of time, “for one day.”
Wednesday, May 4; and Tyre on May 7 (PRT, 294). 8 tH Exadvprov (# 2069) on the next day. The distance
@ 2 evpovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) edptoxw (# 2351) to of 40 miles suggests the travel was by boat (BBC). &-
find. d1anepdv pres. act. part. (adj.) duamepaw (# 1385) eASovtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 5. NA®opev aor. ind.
to cross over. émPdavtec aor. act. part. (temp.) empaivw act. s.v. 1. This was Caesarea on the Sea (s. 18:22).
(# 2094) to embark, to go aboard. a&vniyOnpev aor. ind. eloeABovteEs aor. act. part. eoepyouat (# 1656) to go into.
pass. s.v.1. 3 Gvahavavtes aor. act. part. dvahatw evayyeAtotns (# 2296) evangelist, one who brings the
(# 428) to cause to appear, probably a nautical t.t., “to good news. A possible secular use of the word de-
sight” (BAGD). The word lit. means “to make visible scribes one as the proclaimer of the oracle announce-
to oneself,” that is, by drawing near (BD, 163). katoAr- ments (MM). Words ending w. this suffix indicate the
MOVtEG aor. act. part. (circum.) katareinw (# 2901) to agent who performs the action (MH, 360). Ovto¢ pres.
leave behind. ebwvupos (# 2381) left, on the left side. act. part. (adj.) et (# 1639) to be. epeivopev aor. ind.
émdeopev impf. ind. act. nr€w (# 4434) to sail. Impf., “we act. sv. 7. © 9 Noav impf. ind. act. eyit s.v. 8. tov-
continued to sail.” KatnASouev aor. ind. act. KatEpYoUaL tw...n0av there was to this one; that is, “this one
(# 2982) to come down. éxetoe (# 1698) there. anopopti- had....” @vyatnp (# 2588) daughter. napBevoc (# 4221)
Couevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. anopoptifowat (# 711) to virgin (TLNT, TDNT; EDNT). xpopntevovoar pres. act.
make light, to unload. Impf. periphrastic construction part. (adj.) fem. nom. pl. npopntevw (# 4736) to prophe-
used as the customary or progressive impf., “the ship sy. © 10 €nwevovtwv pres. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 4. Gen.
had the characteristic of” (BD, 175; RG, 884). youos abs. mhetovg comp. moAvg (# 4498) much, many; comp.,
(# 1203) freight, cargo. 4 dvevpovtes aor. act. part. more. “More days than we expected” (RWP). kathASev
(temp.) Gvevpioxw (# 461) to seek out, to find by aor. ind. act. s.v. 3. @ 11 €A@dv aor. act. part. (temp.)
searching. The prep. compound is perfective (MH, s.v. 1. dpa aor. act. part. aipw (# 149) to lift up, to take.
296). émepetvopev aor. ind. act. enmévw (# 2152) to re- Covn (# 2438) belt. Sroac aor. act. part. (temp.) 5€w
main. éAeyov impf. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say, to tell. (# 1313) to bind, to tie. eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306)
Perhaps in the sense of conative, “they tried to tell.” to say. ov gen. sing. rel. pron. 0¢ (# 4005). Gen. of pos-
eniPaiverv pres. act. inf. eniBatvw s.v. 2. Inf. in indir. session. 5noovotv fut. ind. act. Sew. napadwoovorv fut.
discourse. @ 5 éyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. &ap- ind. act. mapadtéwut (# 4140) to deliver over to. The ac-
tioat aor. act. inf. e&apticw (# 199) to fulfill, to com- tions of the Jews caused Paul’s Roman imprisonment
plete. Here in the sense of accomplishing the days; (GGBB, 412). 12 nKovoapev aor. ind. act. aKovw
that is, finishing the time, the seven days, during (# 201) to hear. napexadodpev impf. ind. act. napaKa-
which we had to remain for the cargo to be unloaded Aew (# 4151) to urge, to exhort. Conative impf., “we
and for other business (EGT). Temp. use of the inf. &&- tried to persuade him from going up” (RWP). €vtomtog
eEABOvTES aor. act. part. (temp.) e&epxouar (# 2002) to go (# 1954) one belonging to the place, resident. dva-
out. émopevoyeda impf. ind. mid. (dep.) nopevouar Baivew pres. act. inf. dvoPaivw (# 326) to go up (s.v. 6).
(# 4513) to go, to travel. Impf. indicates the continuing Inf. expressing purp. or inf. in indir. discourse. The
of the journey. mponeynovtwy pres. act. part. (temp.) pres. inf. indicates “to stop going up” (Bruce). @ 13
mponeunw (# 4636) to accompany, to escort (s. 20:38). anexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) anoKpivopat (# 646) to
Acts 21 288

answer. moveite pres. ind. act. movew (# 4472) to do. ind. act. A€yw s.v. 11. Gewpei¢ pres. ind. act. Gewpew
Used w. the part. to express the action of the part. (# 2555) to see, to.come to understand as a result of
KA.atovtes pres. act. part. KAatw (# 3081) to weep, to cry. perception (LN, 1:381). pupias (# 3689) myriad, tens of
ovvOpvntovtes pres. act. part. ovvOpvmtw (# 5316) to thousands. Gr. idiom for a great number (LC). me-
crush together, to break up, to pound to bits, to pound, MLOTEVKOTWV perf. act. part. (adj.) miotevbw (# 4409) to
to break one’s heart (LC; BAGD; Polhill). The word believe. Perf. emphasizes the lasting state or condition.
was used by Josephus to describe the stone in Neb- Cndwtns (# 2421) zealous. The word here does not indi-
uchadnezzar’s dream which broke the image into cate the political party of the Zealots (Bruce). For a de-
pieces (Jos., Ant., 10:207). The idea may be “to exert scription of the political party s. H.P. Kingdon, “Who
pressure on someone because of a decision” (EDNT). Were the Zealots and Their Leaders in A.D. 66?” NTS
For the medical use of 6pvmtw as a t.t for the crushing 17 (1970): 68-72; ABD, 6:1043-54; DJG, 696-97; TJ, 159.
of a calculus s. MLL, 249; LS, 807. de@7\va aor. pass. inf. bmapyovotv pres. ind. act. brdpyw (# 5639) to exist, to
s.v. 11. Epex. inf. explaining the readiness of Paul. kai be. Pres. indicates the existing situation. @ 21 Katnyn-
(#2779) also, even. &noOaveiv aor. act. inf. dnoOvnoKw @noav aor. ind. pass. katnyéw (# 2994) to instruct, to in-
(# 633) to die. Epex. inf. etoipws Exw (# 2290; 2400) to form. For Jewish attacks against Paul found in
have readiness; here, to be ready (BAGD). 14 ne180- extrabiblical Jewish writings s. SB, 2:753-55. dnootacia
[évov pres. pass. part. me1Ow (# 4275) to persuade. Gen. (# 686) apostasy, falling away. 5i8aoxKerg pres. ind. act.
abs., temp. or causal. Novydoopev aor. ind. act. nov- 515coKw (# 1438) to teach. Customary pres. indicating a
xatw (# 2483) to be still, to be quiet. Ingressive aor., continual, habitual action. mepitéuvetv pres. act. inf.
“we became silent.” eimovtec aor. act. part. (circum.) mepiteuvw (# 4362) to circumcise. Inf. in indir. dis-
A€yw s.v. 11. Kupiov gen. sing. Kvpiog (# 3261) Lord. course. mepimatetv pres. act. inf. mepitatew (# 4344) to
Possessive gen. placed first for emphasis. yivéo8w pres. walk, to conduct one’s life. 22 mavtwe (# 4122) cer-
imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. @ 15 Extoxevasdpevot aor. mid. tainly, of course; originally a word of assurance (“by
(dep.) part. (temp.) €mioxevatouor (# 2171) to prepare, all means”), it has been weakened and could be uncer-
to pack up (LC). &veBatvoyev impf. ind. act. s.v. 6. In- tain in force (“probably”) (LC; G.M. Lee, ‘Tlavtwe Per-
cep. impf., “we started to go up.” 16 ovviA8ov aor. haps?” ZNW 64 [1973]: 152). &koboovtai fut. ind. mid.
ind. act. ovvepyouat (# 5302) to go w. someone, to ac- (dep.) s.v. 12. €nAvOac perf. ind. act. Epyouar (# 2262)
company. @yovtes pres. act. part. wyw (# 72) to lead, to to come. @ 23 notnoov aor. act. imp. no1éw (# 4472) to
bring. adj. part., nom. pl agreeing w. tlveg understood do; here, to take a vow. Aor. imp. calls for a specific
(RWP), “who brought us to Mnason.” Eevio@dpev aor. act. ebyn (# 2376) vow (SB, 2:755-61; s. 18:18). Exovtes
subj. pass. EeviGw (# 3826) to entertain guests, to show pres. act. part. (adj.) €yw (# 2400) to have. 24 napa-
hospitality. The subj. used here in the rel. cl. to express AaPwv aor. act. part. TaparauBavw (# 4161) to take, to
purp. (BD, 191; RG, 955, 989). apxyaiw dat. sing. take w. someone. Circum. part. w. force of an imp.
apyatoc (# 792) old, early. It may mean that he was a (VANT, 386). &yvio@nt1 aor. imp. pass. ayvitw (# 49) to
disciple from Pentecost, the beginning of the church purify. The pass. is used here as a refl. pass.: “purify
(EGT; BASHH, 170). 17 yevopévwv aor. mid. (dep.) yourself” (RG, 819). Perhaps the four had become im-
part. (temp.) s.v. 1. Gen. abs. dopeévws (# 830) w. joy, pure during their vow and needed to undergo a puri-
gladly. aneéeEavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) anodexyouar fication lasting seven days. Paul was perhaps
(# 622) to welcome, to receive. @ 18 ti émovon considered impure because he had been travelling in
(# 2157) on the next (day). evonet impf. ind. act. eioeyt Gentile countries (SB, 2:757-59; Polhill). Sanavnoov
(# 1655) to go into. mapeyevovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) aor. imp. act. danavaw (# 1251) to spend money on
nropayivonat (# 4134) to arrive. © 19 domModpEVOS aor. someone, to pay the expenses. It was necessary for
mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 6, 7. &6nyeito impf. ind. one with a Nazirite vow to bring three offerings (a sin-
mid. (dep.) e&nyeouar (# 2007) to narrate, to explain in offering, a whole-offering, and a peace-offering) at the
detail (TLNT). For the prep. compound s. MH, 310. In- end of his vow (M, Nazir, 5:7). When Agrippa I came
cep. impf., “he began to explain.” Ka’ Ev Exaotov to power in Palestine, he paid for the offerings of a
(# 1667) one by one. He explained the events of his considerable number of poor Nazirites (Jos., Ant.,
second and third missionary journeys (Schneider). Ov 19:294). A certain Simeon ben Shetah was to have di-
gen. pl. rel. pron. 0¢ (# 4005) Gen. by attraction to the vided equally the cost for three hundred Nazirites w.
unexpressed antecedent tovtdv instead of the normal King Alexander Jannai, but freed 150 of them (TS, 572;
acc. (RWP). énoinoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. Complexive SB, 2:755-56). Evpnoovtar fut. ind. mid. Evpdw (# 3834)
aor. summarizing all of the things God had done to shave; mid. to shave oneself, to let oneself be
among the Gentiles through Paul’s ministry. 20 shaved. Fut. ind. used w. tva (# 2671) to express purp.
a@Kovoavtes aor. act. part. s.v. 12. e50&aCov impf. ind. (MT, 100; RG, 984). At the end of the vow the person
act. 50&6Cw (# 1519) to glorify. Incep. impf. eimov aor. had his head shaved (M, Nazir, 3; SB, 2:755-56). ‘yvw-
289 Acts 21

oovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ywwwoKxw (# 1182) to know, aor. ind. act. elowyw (# 1652) to lead into, to bring into.
to recognize, to realize. Fut. may be dependent on iva Kexoivwkev perf. ind. act. Koivow (# 3124) to make com-
to express purp. Ov gen. pl. rel. pron. 0¢ (# 4005). Gen. mon, to defile. Perf. pictures the abiding condition.
by attraction to an unexpressed antecedent tovtv The temple was holy and was to be kept holy and
(RWP). Kasthynvto perf. ind. pass. S.v. 21. otorxeic pres. pure. It was a capital offense for a Gentile to be found
ind. act. otovyew (# 5123) to be in line w., to follow in within the barrier (for the inscription w. text and trans-
someone’s footsteps, to walk, to conduct one’s life, to lation s. LAE, 80-81; Jos., JW, 5:193-96) which divided
live in conformity w. some presumed standard or set the court of the Gentiles from the court of Israel (JPB,
of customs (BAGD; LN, 1: 505). Pres. refers to a con- 70-76; LC; Longenecker, 521-22; M, Kelim 1:8; M, Mid-
stant, habitual action. adtog (# 899) emphasis, you doth, 2:3). 29 Toav impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) w.
yourself. ¢vAdoowv pres. act. part. PvAdoow (# 5875) to part. to form a periphrastic construction. yap (# 1142)
guard, to observe. Part. of manner. Pres. points to a for, gives the explanation for their action. mpoewpaKo-
customary or habitual action. @ 25 nemiotevKOtwv tes perf. act. part. mpoopaw (# 4632) to see previously, to
perf. act. part. s.v. 20. eneotetAopev aor. ind. act. ém- see before. Evopitov impf. ind. act. vonitw (# 3787) to
otéddw (# 2182) to send to, to send a message by letter, suppose. elonyayev aor. ind. act. s.v. 28. 30 exivndn
to write. From the usage of the word in official docu- aor. ind. pass. kivew (# 3075) to move. eyeveto aor. ind.
ments, the meaning readily passed over into “in- mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. ovvdpopn (# 5282) running together,
struct,” “enjoin” (MM). xpivavteg aor. act. part. kpivw forming of a mob (BAGD). emtvaBopevor aor. mid.
(# 3212) to decide, to determine, to judge. Part. gives (dep.) part. emtAapBavopnar (# 2138) to seize. ELAKOV
the content of the writing. ¢vAGooeoba: pres. mid. (dir. impf. ind. act. €AKw (# 1816) to drag. éxAeto@noay aor.
mid., “to guard oneself”) inf. s.v. 24. Inf. in indir. dis- ind. pass. KAeiw (# 3091) to shut. The Levitical temple
course. el5wA0Ovtov (# 1628) acc. sing. meat offered to police closed the doors separating the temple from the
an idol. It refers to sacrificial meat, part of which was court of the Gentiles (Haenchen; JPB, 81-82). @ 31
burned on the altar, part of which was eaten at a sol- Cntovvtwy pres. act. part. (circum.) Gntéw (# 2426) to
emn meal in the temple, and part of which was sold in seek, to try to, w. inf. &dmoxteivan aor. act. inf. dmoKteivw
the market for home use (BAGD). mvixtog (# 4465) (# 650) to kill. &véBn aor. ind. act. dvoPaivw (# 326) to
strangled. For the instructions s. 15:29. 26 Ex0- go up. The Roman soldiers were stationed in the For-
HEVT NEPA (# 2400; 2465) on the following day; dat. of tress of Antonia, at the northwest corner of the Temple
time. G&yvioGeig aor. pass. part. (temp.) s.v. 24. elonet area, and were responsible to quiet any trouble that
impf. ind. act. s.v. 18. 5uyyeAAwv pres. act. part. d5iay- might arise in and around the temple area (TJ, 25;
yéAAw (# 1334) to announce, to declare. Circum. part. or BAFCS, 3:137-38). ¢a01¢ (# 5762) information, report,
part. expressing purp. exnAnpwots (# 1741) fulfillment. news (MM). yAtapyosg (# 5941) the leader of a thou-
Ewes ob until; w. aor. pass. ind. it contemplates the final sand soldiers, the military tribune, the commander of
result (RWP). mpoonvéx6n aor. ind. pass. mpoodepw a cohort, about six hundred men (BAGD). These usu-
(# 4712) to bring an offering, to offer. bnép (# 5642) on ally were young men doing military service at the be-
behalf of, instead of (IBG, 64). npoopopa (# 4714) offer- ginning of their official career (BC, 5:428; KP, 5:947-48;
ing. @ 27 Eueddov impf. ind. act. yerAw (# 3516) to be OCD, 1091-92; DGRA, 502-4; Schneider; s. 22:24). ovy-
about to. W. inf. to express futurity or intention reck- yovvetot pres. ind. pass. s.v. 27. @ 32 etavtiic
oned from a moment in the past: “the days were going (# 1994) immediately. napaAaBwav aor. act. part. (cir-
to be completed” (MKG, 307). ovvteAeio8a pres. pass. cum.) s.v. 24. &katovtapyns (# 1672) leader of a hun-
inf. ovvtedew (# 5334) to complete. The completion of dred men, centurion (s. 10:1). katéSpoyev aor. ind. act.
the seven days evidently refers to the completion of Katatpexw (# 2963) to run down. Wovtes aor. act. part.
the time required for the purification (s.v. 24; SB, 2:757- (temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Emaboavto aor. ind. mid.
61). Seaodpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) Gecouar (dep.) mavouoar (# 4264) to stop, to cease, w. supple-
(# 2517) to see, to observe. ovvexeov impf. ind. act. ovy- mentary part. Tomtovtes pres. act. part. tontw (# 5597)
yew (# 5177) to pour together, to cause confusion, to to beat. 33 eyyious aor. act. part. (temp.) éyyitw
stir up. Incep. impf. pictures the beginning of a contin- (# 1581) to draw near, to be near. €meAGPeto aor. ind.
ual action. éméBaAov aor. ind. act. exiBoAAW (# 2095) to mid. (dep.) s.v. 30. €xéAevoev aor. ind. act. Kedevw
place upon, to place hands upon, to seize. 28 xpa- (# 3027) to command. de6Fjvan aor. pass. inf. s.v. 11. Inf.
Covteg pres. act. part. (circum.) KpdCw (# 3189) to in indir. discourse. aAvoeor dat. pl. GAvoig (# 268)
scream. BonOeite pres. imp. act. Bondew (# 1070) to help. chain. Instr. dat. &vot dat. pl. S00 (# 1545) two. éxuv-
Pres. imp. here emphasizes the process or the various Oaveto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) muvedvouat (# 4785) to in-
details of the help (VANT, 365). navtayn (# 4114) ev- vestigate, to inquire. Incep. impf. “he began to
erywhere. d518c0Kwv pres. act. part. (adj.) s.v. 21. Pres. inquire.” etn pres. opt. act. et (# 1639) to be. Opt. in
stresses the continual and habitual action. etonyayev indir. discourse (RG, 1044). memoinxwg perf. act. part.
Acts 22 290

s.v. 13. Part. in periphrastic construction. @ 34 (# 4489) citizen. At this point Paul appeals to being a
enepwvovv impf. ind. act. Exipwvew (# 2215) to call to. citizen of Tarsus, rather than of Rome so as not to
Impf. pictures the continual action, “they kept on alienate the Jews (BAFCS, 3:140-43). For the city of
shouting.” Svvopévov pres. pass. (dep.) part. (causal) Tarsus and Paul’s citizenship there s. Strabo, 6:311,
dvvanar (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Gen. abs. yw@var 341-353; DC 33-34; BAFCS, 3:72-83; PVT, 21-27; s. 9:30;
aor. act. inf. s.v. 24. dopaAns (# 855) not slipping, not 11:25. enitpewov aor. imp. act. enitpenw (# 2205) to per-
falling, certainty; here, certain, precise, or exact knowl- mit, to allow, w. inf. AaAToo1 aor. act. inf. AAEw
edge (TLNT, 1:217). €xeAevoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 33. (# 3281) to speak. @ 40 emitpewavtos aor. act. part.
G@yeo8a1 pres. pass. inf. wyw s.v. 16. Inf. in indir. dis- (temp.) s.v. 39. Gen. abs. €ot&¢ perf. act. part. (adj.)
course. mapey porn (# 4213) camp, barracks, headquar- totnut (# 2705) to stand. Katéoeiwev aor. ind. act.
ters (BAGD). These were the barracks of the Roman Katacetw (# 2939) to wave w. the hand (s. 19:33). yerpi
garrison called Antonia, located northwest of the tem- dat. sing. xeip (# 5931) hand. Instr. dat. yevoueévng aor.
ple and connected to the temple by two flights of mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 1. Gen. abs. mpooepavnoev
stairs (BC, 5: 478f; Jos., JW, 238-47; s.v. 31). @ 35 Eyeve- aor. ind. act. mpoopwvew (# 4715) to speak to, to deliver
to aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 1. &vaPa6pdc (# 325) step. a speech. For the speeches in Acts s. BASHH, 415-27;
These were the steps leading from the temple area up Conrad Gempf, “Public Speaking and Published Ac-
to the fortress (s.v. 34). cuvéBn aor. ind. act. ovpPaivw counts,” BAFCS, 1:259-303; W. Ward Gasque, “The
(# 5201) to happen. PaotafeoPa1 pres. pass. inf. Speeches of Acts: Dibelius Reconsidered,” ND, 232-50.
Baotatw (# 1002) to carry. Epex. inf. explaining what "Eppaidt SiarAextw (# 1579; 1365) in the Hebrew dialect.
happened. Bia (# 1040) force, violence. Acc. w. prep. Although it is generally accepted that Aramaic was
51a. (# 1328) to mean, “because of the violence of the used by the Jews at this time, Hebrew may have also
crowd.” 36 jKoAovGet impf. ind. act. dKorovbew been spoken (J.M. Grintz, “Hebrew as the Spoken and
(# 199) to follow. Impf. pictures the action in progress. Written Language in the Last Days of the Second Tem-
Kpaovtes pres. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 28. ape pres. ple,” JBL 79 [1960]: 32-47; Robert H. Gundry, “The
imp. act. s.v. 11. For a discussion of the pres. imp. here Language Milieu of First-Century Palestine: Its Bear-
s. VANT, 350-51. @ 37 y£AAwv pres. act. part. s.v. 27 w. ing on the Authenticity of the Gospel Tradition,” JBL
inf. to express the immediate fut., “As he was about to 83 [1964]: 409-18).
be taken into the headquarters.” etocyeo@a pres. pass.
inf. s.v. 28. €eotw pres. ind. act. €€eot1(v) (# 2003) it is
allowed, w. inf. Here in a question, “Am I allowed.” Acts 22
einetv aor. act. inf. Aéyw (# 3306). Eon aor. ind. act. dn @ 1 natépes voc. pl. natnp (# 4252) father. The
(# 5774) to say, to speak. ‘EAAnvioti (# 1822) adv. in the term may indicate that members of the Sanhedrin
Greek language (BAGD). yivwoxetg pres. ind. act. s.v. were present (Schneider). @xoboate aor. imp. act.
24; “Do you understand in the Greek language?” aKovw (# 201) to hear, to listen to, w. gen. amoAoyia
38 ovk (# 4024) neg. in a question expecting a posi- (#665) defense. The personal pron. is to be taken w.
tive answer: “You are..., aren’t you?” Gvaotatwous the noun, “hear my defense” (Bruce). @ 2 &kovoavtes
aor. act. part. (adj.) avactatow (# 415) to cause a revolt, aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 1. npooepwvet impf. ind. act.
to instigate an uprising. &ayaywv aor. act. part. (adj.) npoopwvew (# 4715) to speak to, to address. Impf. indi-
eEayw (# 1974) to lead out. oiKapios (# 4974) sicarius, cates the action in progress. wa@AAov (# 3437) more,
assassin. Radical assassins opposing the Romans were rather. mapéoxov aor. ind. act. napexw (# 4218) to offer,
armed w. short daggers (sica) under their cloaks, min- to provide, to give. Novyta (# 2484) quietness. A vivid
gled w. the crowd, struck down their opponents, then picture of the sudden hush that swept over the vast
pretended to call for help. One could not even trust a mob (RWP). @ 3 eyw (# 1609) I, emphatic. ‘lovdaiog
friend (Jos., JW, 2:254-57; TJ, 157-58; DJG, 695-96; BBC; (# 2681) Jewish. The anarthrous pred. stresses the char-
Schneider). The Egyptian mentioned was a Jew who acter. yeyewvnuévoc perf. pass. part. (adj.) yevvaw
proclaimed himself a prophet. He gathered a large fol- (# 1164) to bear; pass. to be born. For Paul’s birth in
lowing w. the intent to lead them to the Mount of Ol- Tarsus s. Simon Légasse, “Paul’s Pre-Christian Career
ives, where, at his command, the walls of Jerusalem according to Acts,” BAFCS, 4:366-72; s. 21:39. dvate-
would collapse. His force was attacked by Felix; the Opoppévoc perf. pass. part. (adj.) avatpéow (# 427) to
Egyptian himself escaped (Jos., JW, 2:261-63; Ant., nourish, to nurse up, to bring up. €v th moAer tadTy
20:167-72; BBC; HJP, 1:464). For revolutionary move- (# 1877; 4047; 4484) in this city. This could refer to Tar-
ments s. DPL, 812-19. 39 eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw s.v. sus (GI, 83-85), or more likely, to Jerusalem (E.F. Harri-
37. wonnos (# 817) insignificant, unimportant, obscure son, “Acts 22:3-A Test Case for Luke’s Reliability,”
(BAGD; MM). As a medical term it indicated a disease ND, 251-53; Légasse, “Paul's Pre-christian Career ac-
without well-marked symptoms (MLL, 249). moditns cording to Acts,” BAFCS, 4:373-79; PVT, 27-33). Toua-
291 Acts 22

And Gamaliel (s. 5:34; for a defense of the historical (# 3281) to speak. Adj. part. as subst. ot (# 1609) to me.
accuracy of the statement s. Harrison, ND, 251-60). ne- Indir. obj. @ 10 eimov aor. ind. act. Ist. pers. sing, s.v. 8.
Tadevpevos perf. pass. part. (adj.) matsevw (# 4084) to Nonow aor. subj. act. roiew (# 4472) to do. Deliberative
instruct, to train. For Jewish education s. CC, 154; JL, subj. in a question. Gvaotas aor. act. part. aviotnpt
98-245. axpiBera (# 205) strictness, exactness (Luke 1:3). (# 482) to stand up, to arise. Circum. part. w. force of
Cmwrtns (# 2421) zealot, zealous (s. 21:20). tmapywv an imp. mopevov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. Pres. imp.
pres. act. part. (adj.) vnapyw (# 5639) to exist, to be. tod of a vb. of motion. AoANONoEtaAI fut. ind. pass. s.v. 9.
0d (# 2536) of God. Obj. gen. would be “zealous for tetaxKtat perf. ind. pass. tacow (# 5435) to command.
God.” Paul’s former life had been marked by a zeal for Perf. stresses the completed state w. lasting results.
the Law that matched or exceeded that of his accusers moifjoa. aor. act. inf. Inf. in indir. discourse. @ 11
(Polhill). @ 4 €5twEa aor. ind. act. S@Kkw (# 1503) to éveBAerov impf. ind. act. eubAenw (# 1838) to look at, to
pursue, to hunt an animal, to persecute. deopevdwv pres. see, to have sight. Impf. pictures the continuing condi-
act. part. deopevw (# 1297) to bind, to put in chains. tion in the past. 60&N¢ (# 1518) gen. sing. glory, splen-
Part. of manner explaining how he persecuted. Pres. dor, brilliance, dazzling, luminous, brightness (TLNT;
indicates a repeated action. mapadidove pres. act. part. TDNT; GELTS, 119). yevporywyovpevoc pres. pass. part.
mapadidwut (# 4140) to deliver over (TLNT). Part. of (circum.) yeipaywyew (# 5932) to lead by the hand.
manner. @ 5 yaptupei pres. ind. act. paptupew (# 3455) OVVvoOVvtwV pres. part. act. obveyit (# 5289) to be present,
to testify to, to bear witness to. npeoPutepiov (# 4564) to accompany, to be with someone. Part. as subst.
the elderhood, the Sanhedrin (Schneider; JPF, 1:379- TNAGov aor. ind. act. Epyounr (# 2262) to come. @ 12 ed-
400). SeEGpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) Séxouar AaPns (# 2327) pious, godly, pertaining to being rever-
(#1312) to receive. Enopevoynv impf. mid. (dep.) ent toward God (LN, 1:533; GELTS, 187; NIDNTT,
nopevouat (# 4513) to travel, to go. Impf. pictures the 2:90-91; TDNT). paptupovpevoc pres.-pass. part. s.v. 5.
action in progress. d&wv fut. act. part. &yw (# 72) to KOTOLKODVTWY pres. act. part. KatoIKEw (# 2997) to live,
lead. Fut. part. expressing purp. (BD, 178). exeioe to dwell, to inhabit. Part. as subst. 13 EXOwv aor. act.
(# 1698) there, to that place. If the original force (“to part. (temp.) s.v. 11. &miota&g aor. act. part. (temp.)
that place”) be pressed, it refers to those Christians eptotnut (# 2392) to come to, to stand before. eimev aor.
who had gone to Damascus to escape the persecution ind. act. s.v. 8. Gee voc. sing. a5eAb0¢ (# 81) brother.
in Jerusalem (Bruce). Ovtas pres. act. part. ewt (# 1639) A term used to designate members of the Christian
to be. Part. as subst. 5eeyévoug perf. pass. part. (adj.) community (BS, 87-88; LAE, 107; for the Jewish usage
Sew (# 1313) to bind. tywwpnO@ov aor. subj. pass. tyww- s. SB, 2:765-66). avaBAewov aor. imp. act. avoprenw
p€w (# 5512) to punish. Subj. w. iva (# 2761) expressing (# 329) to see again, to look up. The vb. has both mean-
purp. @ 6 €yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivonat (# 1181) ings (MH, 295). aveBAewa. aor. ind. act. @ 14 cinev
to become, to be, to happen. For the Semitic construc- aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. mpoexeipioato aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
tion s. Luke 8:1; NSV, 57. nopevopévw pres. mid. (dep.) mpoxerpiConar (# 4741) to take into one’s hands before-
part. (temp.) s.v. 5; “while going.” (Dat. agrees w. 01: hand, to plan, to purpose, to determine (RWP). yv@vat
“it happened to me...” [RWP]). éyyGovtt pres. act. part. aor. act. inf. yiwwokw (# 1182) to know, to know by ex-
(temp.) éyyiGw (# 1581) to draw near, to come near. epi perience. Epex. inf. explaining what was purposed.
weonpBpiav around midday, noon. taipvns (# 1978) iSeiv aor. act. inf. opdw (# 3972) to see. Epex. inf. tov
suddenly. mepiaotpayot aor. act. inf. mepiaotpantw dikatov (# 1465) acc. sing. the righteous one. A messi-
(# 4313) to shine all around (s. 9:3). Inf. w. €yéveto (RG, anic title (s. 3:14; 7:52; Polhill; TLNT, 1:323-24). dxodoar
1042-43). @ 7 éxeoa aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. aor. act. inf. s.v. 1. Epex. inf. 15 €op fut. ind. mid. cyt
&5apo0g (# 1611) acc. sing. ground. Tkovou aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. abt@ dat. sing. adtog (# 899). Dat. of personal ad-
&Kovw (# 201) to hear, w. gen. W. the gen. it may mean, vantage, a witness (“for Him”). dv gen pl. rel. pron. 6¢
“to hear, but not necessarily understand,” w. the em- (# 4005). Gen. by attraction to the unexpressed obj.
phasis on the physical perception (M, 64; RG, 506; BG, gen. tovtwv (of the things, which...”) (RWP). EwpaKkag
24-25; NSV, 105-06; buts.GI, 87-90; IBG, 36-37). SuwKercg perf. ind. act. opdw (# 3972). Perf. denotes the continu-
pres. ind. act. s.v. 4. Pres. indicates either a customary ing effect on Paul of having seen the Lord, what estab-
action or an action in progress (VANT, 207). ® 8 ane- lishes him permanently as an apostle (BD, 176).
KpiOnv aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &noxptvoyo (# 646) to an- Tkovous aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. 16 wéAAetg pres. ind. act.
swer. elmév aor. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306) to say. eyo I! wedAAw (# 3516) to be about to, denoting an intended ac-
(emphatic). ob (#5148) you! (emphatic). @ 9 OvtEc tion: “to intend,” “to propose,” “to have in mind”
pres. act. part. s.v. 5. Part. as subst. €@ed&oavto aor. ind. (BAGD). &vaotas aor. act. part. s.v. 10. Circum. part. w.
mid. (dep.) Secopno1 (# 2517) to see, to view. RKkovoav force of imp. Bartioan aor. imp. mid. BantiCw (# 966) to
aor. ind. act. s.v. 7. Here w. acc., “to hear and under- baptize. Causative mid., “get yourself baptized” (RG,
stand” (cf. v. 7). AaAODVtOg pres. act. part. AarEew 808; GGBB, 426). a&xoAovom1 aor. act. inf. aroAOvW
Acts 22

(# 666) to wash away. EmikaAeodevos aor. mid. (dep.) proper or fitting; usually impersonal, “it comes to
part. enixarew (# 2126) to call upon. Part. of means or someone,” “it is proper,” “it is fitting” w. the implica-
manner; the calling upon the Lord effects the washing tion of moral judgement involved, w. inf. explaining
away of sin. @ 17 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 6. what is fitting (BAGD; LN, 1:627). Vbs. expressing ob-
brootpeyavtt aor. act. part. (temp.) brootpepw (#5715) ligation or necessity are used in the impf. when the
to return. Dat. of time (NSV, 57; IBG, 43). mpooevxo- obligation is not lived up to, or has not been met (RG,
wévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mpooevxouar 886). Civ pres. act. inf. Caw (# 2409) to live. Pres. means
(#4667) to pray. Gen. abs., “while I was praying.” to go on living, to continue to live. @ 23 kpavyatovtwv
yevéobar aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivonor; w. subject in acc. pres. act. part. (temp.) kpavyatw (# 3198) to scream, to
Inf. in a Semitic construction w. Eyéveto (s.v. 6). Exota- cry out. Gen. abs., “as they were screaming.” purtobv-
oug (# 1749) trance, a vision accompanied by an ecstatic Twv pres. act. part. pimtew (# 4849) to throw off. Per-
psychological state (LN, 1:489; NIDNTT, 1:527-28; haps here it means to shake, to wave (LC). Gen. abs.
TDNT). @ 18 1eiv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972) to see. Koviopto< (# 3155) dust. BaAAOvtwv pres. act. part. Bar-
Inf. w. vb. A€yovta pres. act. part. (adj.) Aeyw (#3306) to Aw (# 965) to throw. Gen. abs. aépa acc. sing. anp
say. onedoov aor. imp. act. onevdw (# 5067) to hurry, (# 113) air. @ 24 ExeAevoev aor. ind. act. KeAevw (# 3027)
hurry up. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of to command. yWtapyosg (# 5941) leader of a thousand
urgency. E&AGe aor. imp. act. eEepxouar (# 2002) to go men, tribune (s. 21:31). He appears as the commander-
out. €v tayet (# 1877; 5444) quickly. mapade—ovtar fut. in-chief in Jerusalem. Probably commander of a Cohors
ind. mid. (dep.) napadexouar (# 4138) to receive, to Italica, which had tribunes as officers (HJP, 1:366; Sher-
welcome. @ 19 einov aor. ind. act. X€yw s.v. 18. Kbpte win-White, 155; BAFCS, 3:144). etodyeo®at pres. pass.
voc. sing. kvpiog (# 3261) Lord. éniotavtat pres. ind. inf. etoayw (# 1652) to lead in, to bring in. Inf. in indir.
pass. emtotoapat (# 2179) to understand. juny impf. ind. discourse. €imas aor. act. part. (temp.) A€yw s.v. 18. For
mid. eit used w. part. to form a periphrastic construc- the form of the aor. s. BD, 43. waonét dat. pl. paont
tion emphasizing continual action in the past. ovAa- (# 3465) whip, lash, mostly pl. lashing or lashes w. a
xi{wv pres. act. part. dvdakitw (# 5872) to put into whip of knotted cords or knucklebones and lead pel-
prison. Periphrastic part. S€pwv pres. act. part. Sepw lets (BAGD; BAFCS, 3:139, 447). Instr. dat. avetateo8ar
(#1296) to flay, to skin, to beat, to flog. Periphrastic aor. pass. inf. avetatw (# 458) to examine. The word
part. miotevovtas pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to be- was used of government clerks whose business it was
lieve. Part. as subst. @ 20 e€eybvveto impf. ind. pass. to examine documents and glue them into books
exyvvvw (# 1772) to pour out, to shed. Impf. pictures (MM). Scourging was not only a punishment, but also
the action in progress. abt0c (# 899) emphatic, I, my- the simplest method of getting the truth or a confes-
self! Epeotws perf. act. part. eptotnur (# 2392) to stand sion. It was the legal method of examining a slave or
by. Part. w. impf. jnv to form a periphrastic construc- alien (LC; BBC). émtyv@ aor. subj. act. emyivworw
tion. ovvevdoKev pres. act. part. ovvevdoxew (# 5306) to (# 2105) to recognize, to know. The prep. compound is
consent, to be pleased w. Periphrastic part. pvAdoowv directive (MH, 312). Subj. w. iva (#2671) for purp.
pres. act. part. dvAdoow (# 5875) to guard, to watch. emepwvovv impf. ind. act. Exipwvew (# 2215) to call to, to
Periphrastic part. &vaipodvtwv pres. act. part. avaipew shout at. @ 25 mpo€teivav aor. ind. act. mpotetvw
(# 359) to do away w. someone, to destroy, to kill (#4727) to stretch forward; probably the t.t. for tying
(BAGD). Part. as subst. Pres. pictures the act in up a person for a whipping (Bruce). yGow dat. pl.
progress, “of the ones who were doing away w. him.” wag (# 2666) strap, thong. Instr. dat. (“tied w. straps”),
@ 21 einev aor. ind. act. 4€yw s.v. 18. nopevov pres. imp. or dat. of purp. (“for the whip”) (BAGD; LC). eurev
mid. (dep.) s.v. 5. &anooteAr@ fut. ind. act. anootedArw aor. ind. act. s.v. 18. tot@ta (# 2705) perf. act. part.
(# 1990) to send out, to send as an official representa- (adj.) totnut perf. to stand. et (# 1623) if. It introduces a
tive w. the authority of the one sending (TDNT; hypothetical question designed for clarification on a
EDNT). @ 22 tKovov impf. ind. act. s.v. 1, w. obj. point of Roman trial procedure (BAFCS, 3:143). adxata-
in gen. (s.v. 7). Impf., “they continued listening....” Kpitoc (# 185) uncondemned. é€eotw (# 2003) pres. ind.
énfipav aor. ind. act. exaipw (# 2048) to lift up. Aeyovtes act. (impersonal) it is lawful, w. inf. waotifew pres. act.
pres. act. part. A€yw s.v. 18. Pleonastic use of the part. inf. paoticw (# 3464) to whip, to scourge. The oblique
aipe pres. imp. act. aipw (# 149) to take away. For the way Paul insinuates his Roman citizenship highlights
use of the pres. imp. of this vb. s. VANT, 350-51. his desire not to undercut his religious commitment to
tovovtos (# 5525) of such a kind, such as this, such a Judaism as well as his readiness to suffer without com-
person. Used either in such a way that a definite indi- plaint if his question is disregarded (BAFCS, 3:143).
vidual w. his special characteristics is thought of, or ® 26 axovous aor. act. part. s.v. 1. mpooeABwv aor. act.
that any bearer of certain definite qualities is meant part. mpooepxouon (# 4665) to come to, to go to. Circum.
(BAGD). xa6txev impf. ind. act. Kadnkw (# 2763) to be or temp. part. Gmnyyeldev aor. ind. act. dnayyedAAw
293 Acts 23

(# 550) to report. péAAetc pres. ind. act. s.v. 16. W. inf. todial arrangements for Paul (BAFCS, 3:146). exédev-
for the immediate fut. noveiv pres. act. inf. movew oev aor. ind. act. s.v. 24. ovved@eiv aor. act. inf.
(# 4472) to do. yap (# 1142) for, giving the reason for his ouvepyouat (# 5302) to come together, to convene. Inf.
excited question. 27 mpooeA@wy aor. act. part. (cir- in indir. discourse. Katoryaywv aor. act. part. (temp.)
cum.) s.v. 26. eye pres. imp. act. Aeyw s.v. 18. For the Kkatay (# 22864) to lead down. éotnoev aor. ind. act.
pres. imp. s. VANT, 351. ov (# 5148) you, emphatic po- totnut (# 2705) (trans.) to place, to stand.
sition, a question of surprise (Meyer). el pres. ind. act.
et (# 1639). pn aor. ind. act. onu (# 5774) to say.
® 28 Gnexpien aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 8. Kepadatov Acts 23
gen. sing. kepaAciov (# 3049) capital, sum. Gen. of @ 1 atevious aor. act. part. (temp.) atevitw (# 867)
price (BD, 97). Claudius’ wife and members of her to gaze, to look at intently. “As Paul intently looked at
court would sell (for a bribe!) citizenship rights for the Sanhedrin...” eimev aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to
their own personal gain (Polhill; Dio Cassius, Roman say, to speak. ovvetirjatc conscience (TLNT; TDNT;
History, 60:17, 5; Sherwin-White, 164-65). noArteia EDNT; Rom. 2:15). nenoAttevpat perf. ind. mid. (dep.)
(# 4486) citizenship. The tribune is seeking more per- moditevowat (# 4488) to live as a citizen, w. all of the
sonal information for the purpose of comparing his rights and obligations; to live, in the religious sense
status w. that of Paul’s (BAFCS, 3:144). For a discus- (Haenchen). Perf. indicates the continuing results. 8e@
sion of Roman citizenship and Acts s. Sherwin-White, dat. sing. 6e0¢ (# 2536) God. Dat. of personal interest,
144-85; A.N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship “for God” (RWP). @ 2 0 apziepeds ‘Avaviag (# 797;
(Oxford: Clarendon Press); Sherwin-White, “The 393) the high priest Ananias. He was the son of Nebe-
Roman Citizenship: A Survey of its Development into deus and as a Sadducee held the office from c. A.D. 47-
a World franchise,” ANRW, 1, 2:23; Endre Ferenczy, 58, but then was removed from office. He was known
“Rechtshistorische Bemerkungen zur Ausdehnung des for his greed, wealth, and brutality and was murdered
romischen Burgerrechts und zum tus Italicum unter in A.D. 66 by the Zealots because of his friendliness w.
dem Prinzipat,” ANRW, 2, 14:1018-58; FAP, 129-39; the Romans (SB, 2:766; ABD, 1:225; BASHH, 170-71;
BAFCS, 3:83-90; CC, 176; DPL, 140-41; ABD, 5:804-5. BBC; HIP, 2:231; Longenecker, 530; Jos., JW, 2:243, 409,
extnoopny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ktdoua1 (# 3227) to ob- 426, 429, 441-42; Ant., 20:103, 131, 205-6, 208-10, 213).
tain. yeyevyna perf. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; enetagev aor. ind. act. exitacow (# 2199) to command,
pass. to be born. Not to be taken in the sense of “to be- to charge. moapeot@oiv perf. act. part. masc. dat. pl.
come”; rather, it indicates Paul’s father was a Roman Tapiotnit (# 4225) to stand near or by someone, w. dat.
citizen and Paul was born w. this right (Sherwin- Part. as subst. tomtet pres. act. inf. TORT (# 5597) to
White, 151). Within 30 days after birth a Roman citizen strike, to hit. Inf. in indir. discourse. @ 3 eimev aor. ind.
was registered in the public record office (BAFCS, act. s.v. 1. péAAe pres. ind. act. peAAw (# 3516) to be
3:130-31). Citizenship may have been proven by certif- about to, w. inf. for the immediate fut.; here in a type of
icates on small wooden blocks (testatio) or metal certif- predictive curse (LC). toiye voc. sing. totyog (# 5526)
icates (diploma militaris) as carried by the soldiers wall. kexoviopeéve perf. pass. part. voc. koviaw (# 3154)
(Sherwin-White, 148-51; BAFCS, 3:131-33). This gave to whitewash. The whitewashed wall contrasted the
Paul a higher status than the tribune, thus making the decent exterior w. the unclean contents (Bruce). Paul
tribune’s position very precarious (BAFCS, 3:144- may be referring to Ezek. 13:10-12, where the white-
45) 29 anéotnoay aor. ind. act. adiotnur (# 923) to washed wall is about to collapse because of God’s
stand away, to depart. WEAOVtES pres. act. part. s.v. 16, coming judgment (Polhill); or it may be a reference to
w. inf. for fut. dvetaew pres. act. inf. s.v. 24. e>oBrEn Lev. 14:33-53. For the figure in the DSS s. CD 8:12;
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) doBeowa (# 5828) to be afraid. em- 19:25. kai ov “and you!” Emphatic expressing indigna-
yvovs aor. act. part. (temp.) S.V. 24. Sebexwe perf. act. tion (RWP). «aq pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing.
part. 5€u s.v. 5. Part. used w. nv (# 2069) in
i a periphras- KaOnwat (# 2764) to sit. For the form s. BD, 50. xpivwv
tic construction. ® 30 th Exavptov “on the next (day). pres. act. part. (circum.) kpivw) (# 3212) to judge. napa-
BovAdpevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) PovAouar vou@v pres. act. part. (circum.) napavouew (# 4174) to
(# 1089) to will, to wish, w. inf. yv@voa. aor. act. inf. s.v. act contrary to the law. Kedevetg pres. ind. act. Kerevw
14. dobares (# 855) certainty (s. 21:34). 10 tl Katnyo- to command. tunteo@a: pres. pass. inf. s.v. 2. Inf. in in-
peitat of what he was being accused. This is an expla- dir. discourse. @ 4 napeotitec perf. act. part. s.v. 2.
nation of the preceding word dogakées (RWP). The art. Part. as subst. Aoopeig pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing.
used w. the indir. interrogative makes the cl. substanti- Aovdopew (# 3366) to abuse, to reproach, to heap abuse
val, but it does not change the meaning (MT, 182). upon, to insult, to speak in a highly insulting manner
éAvoev aor. ind. act. Avw (# 3395) to loose, to release. (LN, 1:433; TLNT; TDNT). 5 7 impf./aor. ind. act.
The term indicates at least a further slackening of cus- oni (# 5774) to speak, to sa tee plperf. ind. act. o1da.
Acts 23 294

(# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning; w. pl- an impending danger (BD, 188). &xéevoev aor. ind.
perf. forming the past (VA, 281-87). Perhaps Paul did act. s.v. 3. KataPdv aor. act. part. (circum.) KataBaivw
not recognize the high priest because of weak eye- (# 22849) to go down. apnacou aor. act. inf. apracw
sight; or he spoke w. irony (Bruce). yeypartou perf. ind. (# 773) to seize, to snatch, to take by force. Inf. in indir.
pass. ypc&pw (# 1211) to write. Perf. used of binding discourse giving the content of the command. 11 Tf
documents whose authority remains (MM). épeic fut. de Exiovoy vucti (# 1254; 2157; 3816) in the following
ind. act. Xeyw s.v. 1. Fut. in a Semitic command (BG, 94- night. Dat. of time. E€miotas aor. act. part. (circum.)
95). kaxdc (# 2809) (adv.) evil, in an evil manner. @ 6 Epiotnut (# 2392) to come upon, to stand by, w. dat. A
yvovc aor. act. part. (temp.) yiwwoKw (# 1182) to know, t.t. for a revelatory experience (“The Prisoner Paul’s
to recognize. xpaev impf. ind. act. kpatw (# 3189) to Divine Helper in Acts,” BAFCS, 3:419). eimev aor. ind.
scream. Incep. impf., “he began to cry out.” viog Papt- act. s.v. 1. @dpoet pres. imp. act. Papoew (# 2510) to be
oaiwv (#5626; 5757) the son of a Pharisee. That Paul’s brave, to be courageous, to have confidence, be un-
father was a Pharisee implies that he had lived in Pal- afraid. It can refer to courage displayed in the midst of
estine until adulthood (Légasse, “Paul’s Pre-Christian danger (TLNT; GELTS, 202). (For the idiomatic pres.
Career According to Acts,” BAFCS, 4:376-77; for the imp., almost like an exclamation s. VANT, 349-50). dte-
teaching of the Pharisees s. TJ, 70-76; Steve Mason, Fla- paptopw aor. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. sing. Sianaptopopar
vius Josephus on the Pharisees [Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991)). (# 1371) to testify, to give witness, to solemnly declare
Kai (# 2779) that is; used to explain the hope: “that is, (MH 302). Set pres. ind. act. it is necessary, giving a
the resurrection from the dead.” Kpivopo. pres. ind. logical necessity, w. inf. Here it could indicate a divine
pass. s.v. 3. Pres. indicates an action that is in progress. necessity (BAFCS, 3:420). paptuptioat aor. act. inf. wap-
For the various legal terms used in Paul’s triads s. A.A. topew (# 3455) to be a witness. @ 12 yevoyevns aor.
Trites, “The Importance of Legal Scenes and Language mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 7. movmoavtes aor. act.
in the Book of Acts.” Nov T (1974), 278-84. @ 7 einovtoc part. (circum.) moiw (# 4472) to make. ovotpogn
aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 1. Gen. abs. éyéveto aor. ind. (# 5371) conspiracy, plot, a plan devised by a number
mid. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become, to happen, to of persons who agree to act against someone (LC; LN,
arise. otaotc (# 5087) sedition, revolution, riot. Eoxio®n 1:359). aveBepatioay aor. ind. act. dvadenati~w (# 354)
aor. ind. pass. oxtGw (# 5387) to split, to divide. @ 8 yap to place oneself under a curse, to invoke divine harm if
(# 1142) for, giving the explanation for the division. Aé- what is said is not true or if one does not carry out
yovovv pres. ind. act. s.v. 1. Pres. indicates the habitual what has been promised, to take a vow, w. refl. pron.
action or standard teaching. evar pres. act. inf. cyst (LN, 1:442-43; NIDNTT, 1:413-15; TDNT). For the Jew-
(# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. assertion (RWP). For the ish teaching on vows s. M, Nedarim. dayetv aor. act.
teaching of the Sadducees s. TJ, 76-81, esp. 78-79; Bene- inf. €o81w (# 2266) to eat. Epex. inf. explaining the vow.
dict T. Viviano & Justin Taylor, “Sadducees, Angels, mew aor. act. inf. nivw (# 4403) to drink. Epex. inf.
and the Resurrection,” JBL 111 (1992): 496-98; ABD, G@moKteivwow aor. subj. act. aroxtetvw (# 650) to kill.
5:892-93; David Daube, “On Acts 23: Sadducees and Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. @ 13 joav impf. ind. act.
Angels,” JBL 109 (1990): 492-97; SB, 4, i:339-52; J. Le eit s.v. 8. WAelovg comp. noAvc (# 4498) much; comp.,
Mayne, Les Sadducées (Paris: Gabalda, 1972); Mark more than. ovvw@pooia (# 5350) conspiracy, plot, a
12:18-27. opodoyodow pres. ind. act. owoAoyew (# 3933) swearing together (RWP). movnodpevot aor. mid. part.
to confess, to agree, to acknowledge. @ 9 €yéveto aor. s.v. 12. Adj. part. as subst. @ 14 mpooeASovtes aor. act.
ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 7. Kpavyn (# 3199) scream, cry, part. (circum.) npooepyonuat (# 4665) to come to. elmav
clamor. Gvaotavtes aor. act. part. aviotnut (# 482) to aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. dvaGepa. (# 353) curse, that which is
rise up. Circum. or temp. part. 6eydyovto impf. ind. set aside for destruction (TDNT; GELTS, 28; Lev. 27:28;
mid. (dep.) Siapaxopnar (# 1372) to fight, to fight it out. Deut. 13:16 LXX) yebvouo@a1 aor. mid. inf. yevouct
The prep. compound indicates a fierce fighting be- (# 1174) to taste, to eat, w. gen. &moKteivwpev aor. subj.
tween, back and forth (RWP; s. GELTS, 106). edpioxo- act. s.v. 12. @ 15 &avioate aor. imp. act. Euoavitw
pev pres. ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. EAGAnoeV (# 1872) to give information, to lay information before.
aor. ind. act. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Part of the sen- Here used in a semi-technical sense (LC). katayayq
tence is suppressed under the influence of a strong aor. subj. act. katayw (# 2864) to lead down. Subj. w.
emotion: “What if a spirit or an angel has spoken to onws (#3968) to express purp. WEAAOVTAS pres. act.
him?” (RG, 1203). 10 yivopevng pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 3. Part. w. wg (#6055) giving the alleged rea-
part. (temp.) s.v. 7. Gen. abs. poBnGeic aor. pass. (dep.) son: “as if,” “as though” (RWP). dtayiwwoxetv pres. act.
part. (causal) doBeowoa (# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. 510- inf. dayivwoxw (# 1336) to decide, to determine. A
onaoe{ aor. subj. pass. d5iacmaw (# 1400) to tear into. legal t.t.; here, to determine his case by thorough in-
For the force of the prep., s. MH, 302. Subj. w. pn vestigation (BAGD; NDIEC, 1:49). axpiBeotepov adv.
(# 3590) in an expression of apprehension to ward off comp. axptpdc (# 209) exactly, accurately; comp., more
2a0 Acts 23

accurate. éyyioan aor. act. inf. tyyiGw (# 1581) to be near, ed, to consent, to obey. Aor. subj. w. neg. wn (# 3590)
to draw near. Inf. w. mpo (# 4574) to express time (“be- indicates forbidding the starting of an action not in
fore he comes near”). Eopev pres. ind. act. cit s.v. 8. progress. Permissive pass., “do not let yourself be per-
aveAeiv aor. act. inf. dvorpew (# 359) to kill. Epex. inf. suaded.” évedpevovovw pres. ind. act. evedpevw (# 1910)
explaining their readiness. On the way between Anto- to lie in ambush, to lie in wait for. Fut. pres., “they are
nia and the council chambers, they would ambush and going to ambush him.” a&ve8epatioay aor. ind. act. s.v.
kill Paul (Polhill). This was common especially in 12. dayetv aor. act. inf. s.v. 12. Epex. inf. muetv aor. act.
these years (BBC). @ 16 &kovous aor. act. part. (temp.) inf. s.v. 12. Epex. inf. avéAwow aor. subj. act. s.v. 15.
akovw (# 201) to hear. 6 vidg tic GdEAo7AS MadAov Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. mpoodexouevor pres. mid.
(# 5626; 80) the son of Paul’s sister. The visit of Paul’s (dep.) part. (adj.) mpoodeyouai (# 4657) to wait for, ex-
nephew is unusual and because he was young the sol- pect. emayyeAta (# 2039) command, announcement,
diers deemed him harmless (BAFCS, 3:149). évédpa consent (LS). The word often means promise, but its
(# 1909) ambush, treacherous ambush (MM). napaye- original sense is a favorable message (LC). 22 ame-
vopevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mapaytvopat AvoE aor. ind. act. anoAvW (# 668) to release. Napay-
(# 4134) to come, to arrive. Here either in the sense of yeidas aor. act. part. (circum.) napayyéArw (# 4133) to
having been present or having arrived (at the bar- command, to charge. EKAGAT|OaL aor. act. inf. EKADAEW
racks) (Bruce). etoedOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) elogpyxo- (# 1718) to speak out, to divulge. Inf. in an indirect
war (# 1656) to go in. Gmnyyelvev aor. ind. act. command. For this construction and also the change to
anayyerrAw (# 550) to report. 17 npooKxadecdpevos direct quotation s. RG, 1046-47. éveddavioas aor. ind.
aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mpooxarew (# 4673) to call act. 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. 15. @ 23 npookaAEodpevoc aor.
to oneself, to summon. éxatovtapy@v gen. pl. eKxa- mid. part. s.v. 17. eimev aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. Etoycoute
tovapyns (# 1672) centurion. Partitive gen.: “one of the aor. imp. act. etoctw (# 2286) to make ready, to pre-
centurions” (BD, 90-91). &n aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. an- pare. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of ur-
ayaye aor. imp. act. anayw (# 522) to lead out, to lead gency. mopevOdovv aor. subj. pass. nopevoua (# 4513) to
away. (Some mss. [N, B, etc.] have anaye pres. imp. go, to travel. W. Onwe (# 3968) to express purp. Se&1o-
act.) €yei impf. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have, to possess. AaBovs acc. pl. deEwAGPog (# 1287). The spearman,
GnayyetAat aor. act. inf. s.v. 16. Epex. inf. explaining the bowman, slinger, or perhaps bodyguard (BAGD);
content of what the young man has. @ 18 napadopwv “taking (a spear) in the right hand.” In military
aor. act. part. (circum.) taparopBavw (# 4161) to take phraseology the spear was always connected w. the
along. tyyayev aor. ind. act. wyw (# 72) to lead, to bring. right, as the shield w. the left (MH, 273). a&xo tpitns
nov pres. ind. act. s.v. 5. Hist. pres. mpooKaAEcdpevoc Wpas¢ THs vuKtOc at the third hour of the night; that is,
aor. mid. part. (circum.) s.v. 17. npwtnoev aor. ind. act. about 9:00 P.M. (RWP). In the light of the general un-
epwtaw (# 2263) to ask, to request. &yayeiv aor. act. inf. rest in Judea (David W,J. Gill, “Acts and Roman Policy
ayw. Inf. in indir. discourse giving the content of the re- in Judaea,” BAFCS, 4:15-25; JURR, 256-92; HJP, 1:455-
quest. €yovta. pers. act. part. s.v. 17. Adj. or causal part. 83; JPF, 1:359-72; Jos., JW, 2:223-341; Ant., 20:104-255),
AGATOaL aor. act. inf. AwAew (# 3281) to say. Epex. the sending of some 470 troops was an adequate prep-
inf. @ 19 éxtAaPopevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. (cir- aration which wisely avoided the very real perils of
cum.) émiAauBavw (# 2138) to take, to take hold of, w. travel (BAFCS, 3:154). Since this force consisted of one-
gen. He took hold of his hand so as to give confidence third of the garrison in Jerusalem, they needed to re- —
to the youth (Bengel). avaywpnoag aor. act. part. turn immediately. @ 24 xthvn acc. pl. Kthvoc
(temp.) avaywpew (# 432) to withdraw. For the prep. (# 3229) animal, domesticated animal, animal used for
compound, s. MH, 295. exvv@aveto impf. ind. mid. riding; mostly in pl. as collective, horses or mules
(dep.) muvOavonat (# 4785) to inquire. Incep. impf., “he (BAGD; LC). napaotijoo aor. act. inf. naptotnut
began to inquire.” €yeig pres. ind. act. s.v. 17. (# 4225) to stand by, to provide. Inf. in indir. discourse
Gmoryyeii.a aor. act. inf.s.v.16. @ 20 elnev aor. ind. (RG, 1046-47). eniBiBaoavtes aor. act. part. (circum.)
act. s.v. 1. ovveBevto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ovvtiOnyt entBipacw (# 2097) to cause to sit upon, to mount. d1a-
(# 5338) to place together, to arrange, to agree. epw- owowor aor. subj. act. diacwtw (# 1407) to rescue, to
Thom aor. act. inf. s.v. 18. Epex. inf. explaining what bring through safely. The prep. compound describes
they had arranged. onwe (# 3968) that (w. subj. giving carrying action through to a definite result (MH, 301).
the content of their request). abpiov (# 892) tomorrow. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. NyeLOva. acc. sing.
KaTAYaYTS aor. subj. act., s.v. 15. WeAAOv pres. act. part. Tyewov (# 2450) governor. Felix, a freedman and the
s.v. 3. axpiBéotepov s.v. 15. mvvOaveo@ar pres. mid. brother of Pallas, most influential w. the Emperor
(dep.) inf. muvOavopo.1 (# 4785) to ask, to examine. Inf. Claudius, was appointed governor of Judaea by him.
w. éAA0ov for the immediate fut. ® 21 mevo@f[¢ aor. subj. Tacitus said of him, “Antonius Felix indulged in every
pass. met0w (# 4275) to persuade; pass. to be persuad- kind of cruelty and immorality, wielding a king’s au-
Acts 24 290

thority with all the instincts of a slave” (Tacitus, The (# 1411) to command. dvadaPovtes aor. act. part. (cir-
Histories, 5:9). He also said of Felix, “He believed him- cum.) avarouBpayw (# 377) to take up, to conduct.
self free to commit any crime” (Tacitus, Annals, 12:54). hyayov aor. ind. act. s.v. 18. ’Avtinatpic (# 526) Antipa-
For his person and rule s. HJP, 1:460-66; JURR, 269-70; tris. The ancient city of Aphek about 26 miles south of
JPF, 1:365-68; BAFCS, 4:21-25; BBC; Jos. JW, 2:247-70; Caesarea was renamed by Herod the Great and was an
Ant., 20:137-47; 20:173-81. @ 25 ypawas aor. act. part. important crossroad town in the Roman period
(circum.) ypapw (# 1211) to write. Exyovoav pres. act. (Moshe Kochavi, “Antipatris,” ABD, 1:272-74; Martin
part. (adj.) €yw (# 2400) to have. tomog (# 5596) type, Hengel, “The Geography of Palestine in Acts,” BAFCS,
copy, replication. The value of copies of letters would 4:64-67). © 32 tf Se Enavprov (# 1254; 2069) And on the
lie precisely in their being made verbatim (NDIEC, following (day). €&oavtes aor. act. part. (circum.) aw
1:77-78). The contents of the speech may have been (# 1572) to allow, w. inf. anépyeo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.)
read in court before Felix (BASHH, 347-48; s.v. 34). For inf. cnepyouar (# 599) to go out, to depart. bréotpeyav
the use of these words to introduce the contents of a aor. ind. act. vxootpedw (# 5715) to return. @ 33
letter s. 1 Macc. 11:29; 3 Macc. 3:30; Jos., Ant., 11:215; EloeABOvteEs aor. act. part. (circum.) eioepyoucr (# 1656)
NDIEC, 1:72-76; 4:41. 26 Kpatiotos (# 3196) most to go into. &vadovtes aor. act. part. (circum.) avadidwut
excellent, excellency, a polite term of address. Indir. (# 347) to give up, to hand over. napéotnoav aor. ind.
obj. yatpetv (# 5897) pres. act. inf. yaipw to greet. Inf. act. taptotnut (# 4225) to present, as a legal t.t., to bring
was common in the intro. of a letter expressing greet- before a judge (BAGD). @ 34 avayvode aor. act. part.
ings (VA, 377). © 27 ovAANLHEVTG. aor. pass. part. (temp.) avayiwwwokw (# 336) to read. émepwthoas aor.
(adj.) ovAAapBavw (# 5197) to arrest, to seize. weAAOVTA act. part. (circum.) enepwtaw (# 2089) to question, to
pres. act. part. s.v. 3. Adj. part. w. inf. to express the im- ask. notog (# 4481) what kind of, what sort of. Enapyeia
mediate fut. dvorpeto@a pres. pass. inf. s.v. 15. émotdc (# 2065) province. mvOouEvoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v.
aor. act. ep (temp. ) dtotnyt s.v. 11. “When I came on 19. Felix probably was trying to avoid trying the case,
the scene....” €€tAdynv aor. ind. mid. (dep.) e€aipew but Cilcia was at that time under the authority of the
(# 1975) to rescue, to take out. wa@wv aor. act. part. Legate of Syria, to whom Felix was responsible; so
(temp.) pavwavw (# 3443) to learn. @ 28 BovAduEvos Felix was forced into handling the case (BAFCS,
pres. mid. (dep.) part. (causal) BovAopor (# 1089) to 3:355). @ 35 d:aKxovoopo1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) SiaKxovw
will, to wish, w. inf. e€mvyv@van aor. act. inf. emiyiwwoKw (# 1358) to listen through; a legal term for holding a
(# 2105) to know. The prep. in compound is directive; hearing (LC). €67 aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. mapayevwvtar aor.
that is, knowledge directed toward a particular obj. subj. mid. (dep.) mapayivouar (# 4134) to arrive, to be
évexaAovv impf. ind. act. eykarew (# 1592) to accuse; present. Subj. w. 6tav (#4020) in an indef. temp. cl.
“to call in” perjoratively; that is, calling a man in to ac- KeAevous aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 3. mpaitwpiov
cuse him, to bring charges against, w. dat. (MH, 305). (# 4550) praetorium, originally the headquarters of the
KacTTyOLyOV aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. @ 29 edpov aor. ind. act. praetor or military commander; then the official resi-
evptoxw (# 2351) to find. €ykaAovpevov pres. pass. part. dence of the Roman provincial governor. The word is
s.v. 28. Supplementary part. denoting the state of used here of the palace in Caesarea, built by Herod the
being or the action in which someone is involved Great, which served as a residence for the procurator
(BAGD, 325; BD, 215-15). €ytnya. (# 2427) question, dis- and had numerous rooms (Bruce; BAFCS, 3:155-58; B.
pute. dEvov (# 545) acc. sing. worthy, w. gen. €xovta Burrell, K. Gleason, and E. Netzer, “Uncovering
pres. act. part. s.v. 25. Supplementary part. €yKAna Herod’s Seaside Palace,” BAR 19 [1993]: 50-57, 76;
(# 1598) accusation, legal charge. 30 pnvvdeions aor. Robert L. Hohlfelder, “Caesarea,” ADB, 1:789-803). @v-
pass. part. unvow (# 3606) to disclose, to inform, to re- Adooeoba1 pres. pass. inf. pvAcoow (# 5875) to guard.
port. Gen. abs. €oeo@a1 fut. mid. (dep.) inf. et s.v. 8. Inf. in indir. discourse. Paul was placed under strict re-
Inf. in indir. discourse (RG, 877). &auti¢ (# 1994) at straint, perhaps even in bonds in a cell (BAFCS, 3:157).
once. Enewwo. aor. ind. act. nen (# 4287) to send. Epis-
tolary aor. (Bruce). mapayyeiAac aor. act. part. (circum.)
s.v. 22. katnyopots dat. pl. katnyopog (# 2991) accuser. Acts 24
Dat. as indir. obj. Aeyetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 1. Inf. in indir. @ 1 KatéBy aor. ind. act. KataPaivw (# 2849) to go
discourse. The tribune’s letter is designed to put him- down. Paul’s accusers had imposing political, social,
self in a good light as protector of a Roman citizen, ex- and economic Jewish status which was superior to
plaining that there is actually no charge against Paul Paul’s status; however, Paul was a Roman citizen
worthy of death and ordering the accusers to appear (BAFCS, 3:158-59). ptytwp (# 4842) public speaker, ora-
in person before Felix to press their charges. Paul’s sit- tor, a speaker in court, attorney, a lawyer acquainted
uation is also helped by the letter (BAFCS, 3:152-53). w. Roman and Jewish law (Haenchen; MM; SGP, 48-
@ 31 diatetaypévov perf. pass. part. (adj.) diatacow 51; Preisigke, 2:442; BAFCS, 3:159). évedavioav aor.
297 Acts 24

ind. act. Eudavicw (# 1872) to reveal, to inform, to bring tial, diseased; used of birds of prey or people who are
an accusation, to indict, to bring formal charges dangerous to the public; a public menace (BAGD;
against someone (BAGD; NDIEC, 2:104; MM). fyewov DMTG, 225). The point is to create the right atmo-
(# 2450) governor. For the legal aspects and accuracy of sphere—Paul was a political, not a theological, offender
this section s. Sherwin-White, 48-70; BC, 5:306-38; (LC; Sherwin-White, 50; BAFCS, 3:160-61). Double acc.
BAFCS, 3:158-72. 2 KAn@evtoc aor. pass. part. (temp.) giving the quality found in the person. Kivobvta pres.
Kaew (# 2813) to call, to summons. Gen. abs. TpEato act. part. (adj.) kvew (# 3075) to stir up, to incite. Pres.
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dpyouai (# 806) to begin, w. inf. indicates an habitual action. otdotg (# 5087) uprising,
Katnyopetv pres. act. inf. katnyopew (# 2989) to accuse, revolt, sedition. This charge was very serious (BAFCS,
to bring a legal accusation against someone (BAGD; 3:160). oixovpévn (# 3876) world, the inhabited earth.
TDNT). The speeches could be analyzed according to For a similar charge found in a letter of Claudius to the
the rhetorical arrangement of that time as follows: for Alexandrines s. Sherwin-White, 51. mpwtootatns
Tertullus: vv. 2b-3 exordium (the introduction); v. 5 nar- (# 4756) ringleader, used of a man in the front rank
ratio (the statement of facts); vv. 6-8 confirmatio (proba- (Bruce; s. NDIEC, 4:244). By calling Paul a ringleader,
tio) (the proof), w. peroratio (the conclusion) at v. 8; for Tertullus ascribes to him full responsibility for the
Paul: v. 10b exordium; v. 11 narratio; vv. 12-13 probatio or troubles (BAFCS, 3:161). aipeoig (# 146) party, sect.
confirmatio; vv. 14-18 refutatio (the refutation); vv. 19-21 @ 6 éneipaoev aor. ind. act. neipatw (# 4279) to attempt,
peroratio (Bruce Winter, “The Importance of the Capta- to try, w. inf. In 21:28 Paul was accused of actually pro-
tio Benevolentia in the Speeches of Tertullus and Paul in faning the temple, here the charge is weakened to the
Acts 24:1-21,” JTS 42 [1991]: 505-31; BAFCS, 3:159; attempt (BAFCS, 3:162). BeBnAdoar aor. act. inf. BeBn-
Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, 3:9; Aristotle, “The Art of Aow (# 1014) to make accessible to everybody, to pro-
Rhetoric,” 3:13-19; Cicero, De Oratore, 2). tuyyd.vovtes fane, to desecrate, to pollute, to defile (TLNT; TDNT;
pres. act. part. (circum.) tuyyavw (# 5593) to happen to, GELTS, 79). The Roman general Titus accuses the
to happen, to come about, w. gen. The Romans prided Jerusalem rebels under John of themselves defiling the
themselves in preserving the peace and such a com- temple even after the Romans permitted them to kill
ment was sure to win favor (Polhill). 5vop6wpo. (# 1480) any Gentile, even Roman citizens, who crossed the
reform, improvements in internal administration barrier to the temple (Jos, JW, 6:124-26). éxpatnoapev
(BAGD). ywvopévwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. (causal) yivo- aor. ind. act. kpatew (# 3195) to seize, to arrest. A slight
wat (# 1181) to become, to come about, to happen. Gen. euphemism for mob lynching! (Williams). 8 5vvnoq
abs. €6vei dat. sing. €8vog (# 1620) nation. Dat. of ad- fut. ind. pass. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. 5vvapo1 (# 1538)
vantage or personal interest. mpovoia (# 4630) fore- to be able, w. inf. dvaxpivac aor. act. part. dvakpivw
thought, foresight. @ 3 na&vty (# 4118) in every way (# 373) to examine. The word often is used of the inter-
(adv. of manner). navtaxod (# 4116) in every place, ev- rogation of a prisoner (LC). Part. of means indicating
erywhere (adv. of place). The two words used together how he was to get the information. €nvyv@van aor. act.
are rhetorical alliteration (Bruce). &nodexoue8a pres. inf. envyiwwoKkw (# 2105) to recognize, to know, to get at
ind. mid. (dep.) anodexoua1 (# 622) to welcome, to ac- the facts (Bruce). The prep. in compound is directive,
knowledge, to praise. Kpatiote voc. sing. Kpatiotoc that is, the knowing is concentrated on one thing. dv
(#3196) most excellent. Honorary form of address gen. pl. rel. pron. 6¢ (# 4005). Gen. by attraction, or a
used to persons who hold a higher official or social po- double gen. after the vb. avaxpivag (BAGD, 423).
sition (BAGD). @ 4 mAetov comp. morvg (# 4498) much; KatHyopobpev pres. ind. act. s.v. 2. Pres. pictures the ac-
comp., any more, any longer. €ykontw (# 1601) pres. tion in progress. adtod gen. sing. adt0g (# 899). Gen.
subj. act. to cut in, to hinder or perhaps here to make after the vb. of accusing. 9 ovvene8evto aor. ind.
weary, to delay (LC; TDNT). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to ex- mid. ovvemitiOnut (# 5298) to join in the attack, to at-
press purp. topaxadk@ pres. ind. act. napaxarew tack together. @aoKovtes pres. act. part. daoKxw (# 5763)
(# 4151) to urge, to beg, beseech. &kobdoat aor. act. inf. to say, to speak, to insist. The vb. often seems to mean
aKovw (# 201) to hear, to listen to. Inf. giving the con- an assertion against a challenge (LC). Part. of means
tent of the request. o€ acc. sing. ov (#5148) Subj. of the explaining how they joined the attack. yet pres. act.
inf. Nwav gen. pl. Eyw (#1609). Obj. of the vb. ovvtoLw¢ inf. €yw (# 2400) to have, here; “to be,” “the things are
(# 5339) briefly. exetkeig (# 2116) dat. sing. mildness, so.” Inf. in indir. discourse. 10 anexpi@n aor. ind.
moderation, clemency, the quality of justice which pass. (dep.) anoxpivopnat (# 646) to answer. For a sum-
treats people w. mercy; the quality of gracious forbear- mary of the elements of a defense speech s. BBC. vev-
ing (LN, 1:749; TDNT; TLNT; NTW, 38; EDNT; Phil. OAVtOG aor. act. part. (temp.) vevw (# 3748) to wave, to
4:5). Instr. dat. or dat. of cause. @ 5 evpovtes aor. act. motion w. the hand to someone, w. dat. Gen. abs.
part. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. Circum. or causal part. A€yewv pres. act. inf. Xeyw (# 3306) to speak. Inf. of
Aoylos (# 3369) pest, plague, pestilence, adj., pestilen- purp. Ovta pres. act. part. (causal) ewt (# 1639) to be.
Acts 24 298

“Because you have been a judge for many years.” The The word has a note of moral strictness about it, with-
period that Paul had in mind could have been as long out the later sense of asceticism (Bruce). The pres.
as nine years, since Felix had occupied a subordinate could be conative, “I try to do my best,” or customary
office in Samaria from A.D. 48, before he became proc- pres. (VANT, 205-08). ampooxonog (# 718) without of-
urator (BAFCS, 3:162; BASHH, 129). émotapevos pres. fense, unharmed, uninjured, blameless. In the papyri
mid. (dep.) part. emiotapat (# 2179) to know, to under- it is used to refer to the maintenance of an unspoiled
stand. ev0vpwcs (# 2315) w. good courage, cheerfully. record in one’s self-judgment, or of one who has been
anorAoyotpat pres. ind. mid. (dir. mid.) d&moAoyeonar protected from harm (LC; NDIEC, 1:54-56). ovvet&noig
(# 664) to defend oneself, to speak in one’s own de- (# 5287) conscience (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT,
fense (BAGD). @ 11 Svvapévov pres. pass. (dep.) 348-51). Eyew pres. act. inf. s.v. 9. 5a mavtosg (# 1328;
part. (causal) w. inf. s.v. 8. Gen. abs. €mvyv@vat aor. act. 4246) always. 17 nmrevovwv (# 4498) gen. pl. comp.;
inf. s.v. 8. tAEtovg nom. pl. comp. morv¢ (# 4498) many here, eAenpoovvac acc. pl. EXenoovvn (# 1797) kind.
(BD, 16); comp., more; here, more than. (RG, 666). The deed, alms, charitable giving (BAGD; GELTS, 144).
twelve days probably refer to the time between his ar- movnowv fut. act. part. s.v. 12. Fut. part. to express purp.
rival in Jerusalem and his arrest; twelve days was MOpeyevouny aor. ind. mid. (dep. ) napaytvonar (# 4134)
hardly enough time to start a rebellion (Polhill). to come, to arrive. mpoopopa (# 4714) offering. 18 Ev
aveBrv aor. ind. act. avoPaivw (# 326) to go up. npoo- aig (# 1877, 4005) with which, referring to the offering
Kvvfjowv fut. act. part. tpookvvew (# 4686) to worship. of v. 17. ebpov aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. Tyviopévov perf. pass.
Fut. part. to express purp. |@ 12 edpov aor. ind. act. part. (adj.) ayvitw (# 49) to sanctify, to dedicate, to pu-
s.v. 5. 5iaAeyopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) 510- rify. Perf. indicates the state or condition. 19 tives
A€eyouar (# 1363) to discuss, to teach, to dispute (s. 5& a0 THs ‘Actas Iovdaio1 but some of the Jews from
17:2). émtotaoig (# 2180) attack, onset (BAGD). Asia. No vb. appears for these words. Paul stops to
MOV pres. act. part. movew (# 4472) to do, to cause; note their absence, a Pauline anacoluthon (RWP). €5et
used to express the verbal idea of the noun. ovte ... impf. ind. act. det (# 1256) it is necessary, w. inf. givin
ovte (# 4046) neither ... nor. 13 napaotijoat aor. a logical necessity. Impf. indicates the unfulfilled obli-
act. inf. naptotnut (# 4225) to place alongside to prove, gation (RWP). napeivat pres. act. inf. nape (# 4205)
to provide proof, to substantiate; to put evidence to be present. Katnyopetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 2. The
alongside of argument (LC). 5dvavtai pres. ind. pass. Roman law was very strong against accusers who
(dep.) s.v. 8. Katnyopodovv pres. ind. act.s.v.2. 14 abandoned their charges. The Jews from Asia are the
OL0A0Y pres. ind. act. oVoAOYEw (# 3933) to agree with, ones to bring the charges; the present accusers are dis-
to confess, to admit. Aatpevw (# 3302) pres. ind. act. to qualified (Sherwin-White, 52; BAFCS, 3:163). €xouev
serve, to worship, to worship through service, w. dat. pres. opt. act. s.v. 9. Opt. is used to express the cond. of
(NIDNTT, 3:549-51; TDNT; EDNT). Pres. indicates ha- a 4th. class cond. cl. indicating the remoteness of the
bitual action: “continually worship by service.” hypothesis (RG, 1020f). The cond. cl. is mixed w. the
matp@oc (# 4262) ancestral. Paul insisted that he had apodosis of the 2nd. class; that is contrary to fact (RG,
not forsaken the faith of his fathers (Bruce). miotedwv 1022). 20 avtoi odtor these themselves. einatwoav
pres. act. part. (circum.) miotevw (# 4409) to believe; aor, imp. act. Aeyw (# 3306). Aor. imp. calls for a specif-
here w. dat. yeypappévoic perf. pass. part. ypdw ic act. evpov aor. ind. act. s.v. 5. &dSixnyo. (#93) acc. sing.
(# 1211) to write. Perf. emphasizes the permanent wrong, crime. Otavtog aor. act. part. (temp.) totnt
state of authority of that which was written (MM). (# 2705) to stand. Gen. abs. @ 21 7 (# 2445) than, what
@ 15 EAnic (# 1828) hope (s. Klaus Haacker, “Das Be- else than, except (RWP). fg gen. sing. rel. pron. 6c
kenntnis des Paulus zur Hoffnung Israels nach der (# 4005) Gen. by attraction instead of acc. as dir. obj.
Apostelgeschichte des Lukas,” NTS 31 [1985]: 437-51). éxexpoka. aor. ind. act. kpatw (# 3189) to scream out.
Eywv pres. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 9. mpooSexovta pres. €otws perf. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 20. Kpivopoat pres. ind.
ind. mid. (dep.) mpoodeyouo (# 4657) to welcome, to pass. kpivw (#3212) to judge. 22 aveBaAeto aor. ind.
wait for. dvaotaots (# 414) resurrection. Acc. as sub- mid. (dep.) avaPorAoua1 (# 327) to postpone. A legal
ject of the inf. wéAXew pres. act. inf. weAAw (# 3516) to t.t. to adjourn a trial (BAGD). Felix was within his
be about to. Epex. inf. explaining the hope, or inf. in rights to postpone the trial without a verdict (BAFCS,
an indir. assertion (RWP). €oeo8a1 fut. mid. (dep.) inf. 3:164). axpiBeotepov adv. comp. axpipdc (# 209) accu-
et s.v. 10. For the construction w. the fut. inf. as being rately, carefully (BAGD); s. 23:15. The comp. is used in
closer to classical Gr. s. MT, 79; MKG, 308. @ 16 év the sense of elative superl., ~knowing for certain” (BG,
tovtw (# 1877; 4047) therefore; the causal or instr. use 49). e18m¢ perf. act. part. oi8a (# 3857) to know. Def.
of the prep. (BG, 40). aoxd@ pres. ind. act. doxew (# 828) perf. w. pres. meaning. Circum. part. or perhaps caus-
to practice, to exercise, to take pains, to drill; here w. al. He could have gotten his information from his wife
inf., “I do my best” (BAGD; NDIEC, 2:58-60; 3:153). Drusilla (EGT; s.v. 24). etmag aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v.
299 Acts 25

20. katoBf aor. subj. act. s.v. 1. Subj. in an indef. temp. HeEtTaAGPev aor. act. part. (temp.) wetaAOpPavw (# 3561)
cl. Siayvdoowo1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) d1ayiwwoKxw to receive, to have. An idiom meaning “to have spare
(# 1336) to examine, to determine, to decide. Lysias time.” The prep. in compound implies a different or
was the only independent witness as to the fact of any subsequent occasion (LC). petakaAgoopor fut. ind.
civil disturbance (Sherwin-White, 53). @ 23 dSiataédG- mid. (dep.) wetaxarew (# 3559) to send for. @ 26 apa
Hevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. Siataoow (# 1411) to com- (# 275) at the same time. kat (# 2779) also. eAniGwv pres.
mand. tnpeio@ar pres. pass. inf. tnpew (# 5498) to act. part. (causal) edniGw (# 1827) to hope. Pres. indi-
ard. Inf. in indir. discourse. €xetv pres. act. inf. s.v. 9. cates his continual hope. ypt\wa (# 5975) pl. money. Al-
aveots (# 457) relaxing, indulgence, privilege, free cus- though bribes were legally forbidden, the practice was
tody. He was still bound w. a light chain, but the indul- widespread, extending even to Caesar himself
gence involved food, visits from friends, and the (BAFCS, 3:62-67, 166-67; Polhill). 50@qoeta1 fut. ind.
remission from the severe form of custody; he was pass. St5wut (# 1443) to give. muxvotepov adv. comp.
probably kept in the palace that Herod had built (EGT; muxvoc (# 4781) frequent, numerous; either in the
BAFCS, 3:167-72). kwAvewv pres. act. inf. kwAvw (#3266) comp. sense, “the more often” (because of his financial
to forbid, to hinder, to prevent. Inf. in indir. discourse. expectations), or used as an elative superl., “very of-
bmnpeteiv pres. act. inf. bnnpetew (# 5676) to minister ten” (Bruce). petaneumopevog pres. mid. (dep.) part.
to, w. dat. Epex. inf. explaining what was not to be for- (circum.) s.v. 24. apidet impf. ind. act. ontrew (# 3917)
bidden. @ 24 napayevopevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. to converse w., to talk to, w. dat. Impf. pictures the re-
(temp.) s.v. 17. yovaict dat. sing. yovn (# 1222) wife. peated action. For a discussion of the reasons why
ovon pres. act. part. (adj.) ei (# 1639). Felix was mar- Felix did not render a verdict s. BAFCS, 3:164-67. @ 27
ried three times, once to the granddaughter of Cleo- Suetia. (# 1454) two years. mAnpwOetons aor. pass. part.
patra and Anthony; then to Drusilla, the daughter of (temp.) mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill, to complete. Gen.
Agrippa I, who was six years old when her father died abs. €AaBev aor. ind. act. AauBavw (# 3284) to take. &1a-
(s. 12:23; Jos. Ant., 19:354) and fourteen when Felix as- d0xoc (# 1345) successor. Used in the idiom “to take a
sumed office. Shortly thereafter, she was married to successor,” “to be succeeded by someone.” There was
Azizus king of Emensa, but Felix, enchanted by her evidently widespread dissatisfaction from political
beauty, got a magician from Cyprus to persuade her to and religious unrest, esp. when Felix attacked the Jews
leave her husband and marry him, even though it was in Caesarea in their fight w. the Syrians over equal citi-
against her ancestral (Jewish) laws. She was probably zenship (Jos., Ant., 20:173-78; JW, 2:266-70; for a sum-
about sixteen years old. Their son, Agrippa, and his mary of the events during the rule of Felix and the
wife died in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (Jos., events leading to the appointment of Festus s. JPF,
Ant., 20:141-44; ABD, 2:783; HJP, 1:461-62; JURR, 270; 1:462-70; JURR, 269-70, 286-88; BC, 5:464-67). @&Awv
BBC; Richard D. Sullivan, “The Dynasty of Judaea in pres. act. part. 8¢dw (# 2527) to wish, to want, w. inf.
the First Century,” ANRW, 2, 8:329-31). petenéyato Yapita acc. sing. yapic (#5921) gift, favor. For the form
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) petaneumouar (# 3569) to send for, of the acc. s. BD, 27; MH, 132; GGP, 2:52-53. katadéobat
to summons. fkovoev aor. ind. act. s.v. 4. Here w. gen. aor. mid. (dep.) inf. katati@nt (# 2960) to lay down, to
as obj. @ 25 StaAeyopévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 12. grant or do someone a favor. katéAime aor. ind. act.
Gen. abs. 5ixa1oobvn (# 1466) righteousness, justice in Katarettw (# 2901) to leave behind, to leave. Se5eyEvov
the widest sense, the rendering to everyone his due. perf. pass. part. (adj.) dew (# 1313) to bind. Perf. stress-
(Alex.; TLNT, 1:331; TDNT; EDNT, 1:784-96, 1146; es the condition. Paul was evidently kept in the palace
NDIEC, 4:144-45). éyxpateva (# 1602) self-control; the that Herod had built, where the procurator lived. He
control of the passions and desires, often used regard- was probably in lightened custody, which, however,
ing the control of sexual desires; here it may include did not keep him from being chained (BAFCS, 3:167-
Felix’s bribe-taking tendencies (Polhill; TDNT; TLNT; 72).
EDNT; H. Chadwick, “Enkratia,” RAC, 5:343-65; Gal.
5:23). kpiwa (# 3210) judgment. peAdovtosg pres. act.
part. (adj.) s.v. 15. EupoBoc (# 1873) afraid, terrified, Acts 25
frightened (BAGD; GELTS, 148). Truth makes Felix @ 1 @iotoc (# 5776) Porcius Festus. He was ap-
fear even a prisoner in bonds (Bengel). ‘yevopevoc aor. pointed by Nero to succeed Felix. After trying to put
mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) s.v. 2. Ingressive aor., “he down some of the unrest in the land caused by the
became afraid” (RWP), or simply, “he was afraid” bandits, or sicarti, he died in office in A.D. 62. Before
(NTNT, 139). &nexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 10. Exov Albinus, his successor, took office in Oct. 62, Ananus,
pres. act. part. s.v. 9. Part. in the idiom, “as for the the Jewish priest, had James, the half-brother of Jesus
present” or “holding the now”; acc. of time (RWP). and leader in the church at Jerusalem, killed (Jos., JW,
0
mopevov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) nopevouar (# 4513) to go. 2:271; Ant., 20:182-203; HJP, 1:467-68; ABD, 2:794-95;
Acts 25 300

JURR, 271; KP, 4:1059; JPFC, 1:368-70; BC, 5:464-67). sense of blame (MM; SGP, 65-68; Preisigke, 1:39).
emia aor. act. part. (temp.) EmPaiv (# 2094) to enter, KATOPEpOVTES pres. act. part. (circum.) KatapEepw
to come into, to set foot upon, w. dat. enapyeig (# 2065) (# 2965) to bring against, to bring down upon. Pres.
dat. sing. province, the district governed by a prefect could be incep. and picture the repeated bringing of
(LC). aveBn aor. ind. act. advofatvw (# 326) to go up. the charges. toxvov impf. ind. act. loxvw (# 2710) to be
2 évepavioay aor. ind. act. Eudavitw (# 1872) to make strong, to be able, w. inf. Impf. pictures the repetition
known, to bring charges against (s. 24:1). mapexoAovv and reiteration that took the place of proof (RWP).
impf. ind. act. tapaxarew (# 4151) to encourage, to be- arods_eitat aor. act. inf. dnodetkvout (# 617) to prove, to
seech, to urge. 3 aitovpevot pres. mid. (indir. mid., demonstrate. @ 8 Gmodoyoupevov pres. mid. part.
“to ask for oneself”) part. aitew (# 160) to ask, to re- a&roroyeouat (# 664) to defend oneself. Gen. abs. Nap-
quest. Supplementary part. explaining the urging of tov aor. ind. act. Guaptivw (# 279) to sin, to offend, to
the Jewish leaders. petamewwntar aor. subj. mid. (dep.) do wrong. @ 9 6€Awv pres. act. part. b€Aw (# 2527) to
wetaneunouat (# 3569) to summon; subj. used w. 6nw¢ want to, to desire to, w. inf. toig lovéaioic (# 2681) dat.
(# 3968) to express purp. or to give the content of the pl. for the Jews. Dat. of advantage or personal interest.
request. évé5pa (# 1909) ambush, plot (s. 23:16). yapic (# 5921) favor. katabéo8a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf.
MOVVTES pres. act. part. (causal) movew (# 4472) to do, KatatiOnut (# 2960) to grant (s. 24:27). a&moKxpweic aor.
to make. aveAeiv aor. act. inf. avaipew (# 359) to kill. pass. (dep.) part. s.v. 4. For the Semitic use of the pleo-
Epex. inf. explaining the plot. kata& thy o60v along the nastic part. s. MH, 453-54. elmev aor. ind. act. Aeyw
way. 4 damexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) anoxpivopar (# 3306) to say. &vaBas aor. act. part. (circum.) s.v. 1.
(# 646) to answer. tnpetoBo1 pres. pass. inf. tnpew Kpdfivan aor. pass. inf. kpivw (# 3212) to judge.
(# 5498) to guard, to watch over. Inf. in indirect dis- @ 10 einev aor. ind. act. s.v. 9. EoTws perf. act. part.
course. Pres. indicates the action in progress, €1¢ totnpt (# 2705) to stand. Part. Ww. eit in a periphrastic
(# 1650) in, at. The prep. is used in a local sense with- construction (VA, 483-84). ob (# 4023) where. Sei
out expressing motion (BD, 110-12; BG, 33-34). péAAetv (# 1256) pres. ind. act. w. inf., “it is necessary to,” giv-
pres. act. inf. wedAw (# 3516) to be about to. Inf. in indir. ing a logical necessity. pe acc. sing. eyw; (# 1609) sub-
discourse. €v tayer (#1877; 5443) quickly, soon. &x- ject of inf. xpiveo8a pres. pass. inf. s.v. 9. NStknoa. perf.
mopeveo@ar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. exmopevouor (# 1744) ind. act. ddiKxew (#92) to do that which is not right, to
to go out, to depart. Inf. w. p£AAw to express the imme- commit a crime. Perf. emphasizes the completes ac-
diate fut. @ 5 Ot év bpiv Svvatoi the men of power or tion w. the resulting condition. Kat (# 2779) also. KaA-
influence among you. A phrase used frequently for the Avov adv. comp. Kadw< (# 2822) good. Comp. used as
Jewish notables. The word dvvatot may include the an elative superl., very well. ® 11 &51x@ pres. ind. act.
ability to speak as well as the prestige of position (LC). s.v. 10. Here, “I am guilty” is an Attic use (Bruce). The
gnotv pres. ind. act. pnt (# 5774) to say. Hist. pres. ovy- perf. (mempaya) is used for individual trespasses, the
KataPavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) ovykatapaivw pres. only for the general result (BD, 186). Another
(# 5160) to come down together, to go down together. view is that the pres. refers to his being involved in
&tonog (# 876) not in place, improper. KatHyopeitwoav wrongdoing and the perf. captures the state of affairs
pres. imp. act. katnyopew (# 2989) to accuse, to bring a of one who has done such things (VA, 303; VANT,
charge against. ® 6 Siatpiwac aor. act. part. (temp.) 296). nenpaxa. perf. ind. act. tpaoow (# 4556) to do, to
diatpiBw (# 1417) to spend, to stay. mdeiovg comp. commit. napaitodpar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) mapattéo-
mous (# 4498) many; here, not more than eight or ten jor (# 4148) to ask, to excuse oneself (BAGD). “I beg
days. KataPd¢ aor. act. part. (circum.) KatoPotvw myself off,” an idiomatic use of Hellenistic Gr. (LC).
(# 2849) to go down. tf Exavprov (# 2069) on the next Found on an inscription where it indicates that a wres-
day. Dat. of time. ka@ioug aor. act. part. (temp.) KabiCw tler declined, or threw in the towel (NDIEC, 3:78).
(# 2767) to sit down, to take one’s seat. This was a nec- Conative pres., “I am not trying to beg myself off”
essary formality in order that his decision might have (SMT, 8). amo8aveiv aor. act. inf. dno®vnoKw (# 633) to
legal effect (Bruce). Bia (# 1037) judicial bench. éxé- die. Inf. w. the art. as the object of the vb. (MT, 140;
AEvoEV aor. ind. act. Kedkevw (# 3027) to command. IBG, 127). ott pres. ind. act. esi (# 1639) to be. Here
axO7va aor. pass. inf. cyw (# 72) to lead, to bring. Inf. it means “exists” and is used in a 1st. class cond. as-
in indir. discourse giving the content of the command. suming the reality of the cond. (RWP). @v gen. pl. rel.
® 7 nopayevovevov aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mapa- pron. 0¢ (# 4005) Gen. by attraction to the case of the
yivouat (# 4134) to arrive, to come, to be present. Gen. unexpressed antecedent tovtév (RWP). Kkatnyopodoiv
abs. meptéotnoay aor. ind. act. neptiotnut (# 4325) to pres. ind. act. s.v. 5. Pres. indicates a continual action,
stand around. xatoPeBnKotes perf. act. part. (adj.) s.v. “they keep accusing me.” yopioao8a1 aor. mid. (dep.)
6. Bapéa, acc. pl. apc (# 987) heavy, weighty, serious. inf. xapiGouat (# 5919) to give freely or graciously as a
aitiwua (# 166) charges. Used in the papyri in the favor, to pardon. Here (and v. 16) it is the giving of a
301 Acts 25

man to those who wish to harm him (BAGD). leave behind. Part. in a periphrastic construction (VA,
€xiKaAODpa1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) enikarew (# 2126) to 484). 15 yevopévov aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) yivo-
call upon, to appeal. According to the Roman right of wat (# 1181) to become, to be. Gen. abs. éveoaivioay aor.
provocatio a Roman citizen had the right to be tried be- ind. act. s.v. 2. aitobpevot pres. mid. (indir. mid., “for
fore Caesar. For a discussion of this right and its rela- oneself”) part. s.v. 3. katadixn (# 2869) sentence, con-
tion to Acts and Luke’s historical accuracy s. Sherwin- demnation (MM; Preisigke, 1:749). @ 16 dmexpi@nv
White, 57-70; NDIEC, 4:8-385; BBC; TLNT, 2:43, and aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v. 4. yapi{eo8a1 pres. pass. inf.
the excellent discussion, along w. a description of a s.v. 11. Epex. inf. explaining the custom of the Romans.
Roman coin depicting the process, BAFCS, 3:48-56. Tpiv 7 before. katnyopovpevos pres. pass. part. s.v. 5.
@ 12 ovAAOANoas aor. act. part. ovAdarew (# 5196) to Exo pres. opt. act. yw (# 2400) to have. Opt. is used in
talk w., to discuss w. &nexpi@n aor. ind. pass. S.v. 4. a temp. cl., but is due to indir. discourse (RG, 970).
énikexAnjoat perf. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. s.v. tong (# 5536) place, opportunity. dnodoyias gen. sing.
11. Perf. indicates the settled state. nopevoq fut. ind. anoroyia (# 665) defense, legal defense. Obj. gen., “op-
mid. (dep.) mopevouor (# 4513) to go. 13 Siayevope- portunity for a defense” (RWP). AGPot aor. opt. act.
vv aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp. ) Siayivouar (# 1335) to AUBavw (# 3284) to receive. EyKAnLa (# 1598) charge,
pass by, to intervene. Gen. abs. “After certain days had accusation (s. 23:29). @ 17 ovveAsovtwv aor. act. part.
passed.” ‘Aypinnac (# 68) King Agrippa II, the son of (temp.) ovvepyoua (# 5302) to come together. Gen. abs.
Agrippa I (s. Acts 12:1), was brought up in Rome. evOdde (# 1924) here. dvaPoAnv (# 332) delay, post-
When his father died, he was only a youth of seven- ponement. noinoapevos aor. mid. part. (circum.) novew
teen, and for this reason Claudius did not give him the (# 4472) to do, to make, gives a verbal idea to the
territory of Agrippa I. A few years later, however, he noun: “I did not delay.” tf €€7j¢ on the next (day). Dat.
was given the kingdom of his recently deceased uncle of time. ka@tous aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 6. EKEAevoa,
Herod of Chalis in northern Palestine. He also re- aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. &x@fiva aor. pass. inf. s.v. 6. Inf. in
ceived the right to appoint the high priest. Later he ex- indir. discourse. @ 18 otaevtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
changes Chalis for the territory of Bathanaea, totnut (# 2705) to stand. Epepov impf. ind. act. depw
Trachonitis, and Gaulanitis. In addition, Nero gave (# 5770) to bring. Impf. indicates the repeated charges
him northern Galilee. He remained a friend of Rome (RWP). av gen. pl. rel. pron. 0¢ (# 4005). The anteced-
until his death under Domitian in A.D. 92/93, and ent (movnp@v) is incorporated into the rel. cl. and the
during his life, he enjoyed the friendship of Josephus, acc. of the rel. is attracted to the case (gen. pl.) of the
Vespasian, and Titus. His sister, Bernice, was his mis- antecedent (RG, 718). bxevoovv impf. ind. act. bnovoew
tress, which caused a scandal even in Rome. He antag- (# 5706) to suppose, to suspect, to have an opinion
onized the Jews when he enlarged his palace in based on scant evidence, often w. the implication of re-
Jerusalem so he could watch what was going on in the garding a false opinion as true (LN, 1:370; MM).
temple (HJP, 1:471-83; JURR; R.D. Sullivan, “The Dy- @ 19 de1ndawovia. (# 1272) fear of or reverence for the
nasty of Judaea in the First Century,” ANRW, 2, 8:329- divinity, superstition, religion (BAGD; TLNT; EDNT).
45; JPF, 1:300-304, 367-72; Jos., JW, 2:220-632; 3:29-68, ELyov impf. ind. act. s.v. 16. teBvnKotos perf. act. part.
443-540; Ant., 19:360-62; 20:9-12, 104-214; Life, 362-67; (adj.) 8vnoxw (# 2569) to die; perf. to be dead. EpaoxKev
AA, 1:51; HJC, 113-33; BBC; JCST, 81-87, 141-53; Pol- impf. ind. act. paoKxw (#5763) to say, to affirm, to insist
hill). Bepvixn (# 1022) Bernice. As daughter of Agrippa (s. 24:9). Impf. pictures the repeated avowal. Civ pres.
I, she was Agrippa’s and Drusilla’s sister. Upon the act. inf. Caw (# 2409) to live. Pres. indicates the contin-
death of her husband (and uncle!), Herod of Chalis, ual living; to be alive. Inf. in indir. discourse.
she lived w. her brother, Agrippa IJ. When this incestu- 20 anopobuevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (causal) ano-
ous love affair caused much unrest in Rome, Agrippa peowat (# 679) to be perplexed, to be in doubt which
sent her away. She became the mistress of the Roman way to turn, w. the implication of serious anxiety
general (and later emperor), Titus, who also finally (RWP; LN, 1:381). €Xeyov impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306)
ditched her (HJP, 1:471-83; BBC; ABD, 1:677-78; to say. BobAolto pres. opt. mid. (dep.) BovAdpat (# 1089)
BASHH, 173; Polhill). kathvtnoay aor. ind. act. katav- to wish, to will, w. inf. Opt. in indir. discourse.
ta (# 2918) to come down, to arrive. KonaOgpEVOL aor. Kpiveo@a pres. pass. inf. s.v. 9. @ 21 emixoAscopevov
mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) GondCono1 (# 832) to greet. aor. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 11. Gen. abs., temp. or causal.
The greeting and arrival coincided (Haenchen). tHPNET var aor. pass. inf. s.v. 4. Inf. in indir. discourse as
@ 14 mreiovg comp. nodvc¢ (# 4498) many; comp., obj. of the vb. emixaAeoapevov. LeBaotdg (# 4935) re-
many more. 6étpiBov impf. ind. act. s.v. 6. &véBEeto aor. vered, worthy of reverence, august. A translation of
ind. mid. (dep.) avati®nut (# 423) to lay before, to Lat. “August” and designation of the Roman emperor
communicate w. a view to consultation (MM). (BAGD). 8ayvworg (# 1338) decision. A legal term;
KatoAEeypévos perf. pass. part. katareinw (# 2901) to here, to be kept in custody for the emperor’s decision
Acts 26 302

(cognitio) (BAGD; MM; NDIEC, 1:47-49; 4:86; Jos., JW, (RG, 1044). 27 a&Aoyos (# 263) unreasonable, without
2:17). €x€evoa. aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. THpeioBa pres. pass. reason, senseless: (MM). Soxei pres. ind. act. doKxew
inf. s.v. 4. Inf. in indir. discourse. &vanéwyw fut. ind. or (# 1506) to seem, to appear; impersonal w. dat., “it
aor. subj. act. dvangutw (# 402) to send up, to send to a seems to me.” nésMovta pres. act part. s.v. 25. aitia
superior. It indicates the sending of a prisoner to a su- (# 162) charge. onuavon aor. act. inf. onwatvw (# 4955)
perior tribunal (LC). Subj. or fut. in an indef. temp. cl. to signify, to indicate. Epex. inf. explaining what
22 eBovAopunv impf. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 20. “I should seems to be unreasonable.
like,” w. inf. (Bruce). abtog (# 899) myself. axodoa1
aor. act. inf. @Kovw (# 201) to hear, w. obj. in gen. gnoiv
pres. ind. act. s.v. 5. akovoy fut. ind. act. 2nd. pers. Acts 26
sing., w. obj. in gen. ® 23 tf Enadprov (# 2069) on the 1 €o7 impf./aor. ind. act. pnt (# 5774) to speak.
next day. €A@Ovtog aor. act. part. (temp.) epxouor For material regarding Agrippa II s. 25:13. enutpenetou
(# 2262) to come. Gen. abs. gavtacia (# 5752) pomp, pres. ind. pass. enitpenw (# 2205) to allow; impersonal
pageantry. eloeAPovtwv aor. act. part. (temp.) eloEepyxo- pass. w. inf. (sometimes w. part. VA, 390), “it is al-
wor (# 1656) to go into. Gen. abs., temp. axpoatnptov lowed for you to speak” (BD, 164). Aoristic or instan-
audience chamber, doubtless in Herod’s praetorium taneous pres. used of an action coincident in time w.
(Bruce). kat’ e€oxnv (# 2848; 2029) prominence par ex- the act of speaking, and conceived of as a simple event
cellence. KeAevoavtos aor. act. part. s.v. 6. Gen. abs. done in a moment (SMT, 9; VANT, 202-3). éxteivac aor.
Tx8n aor. ind. pass. ayw s.v. 6. © 24 pow pres. ind. act. act. part. extetvw (# 1753) to stretch out. Temp. or cir-
s.v. 5. Hist. pres. Baowded voc. sing. Baowevs (# 995) cum. part. This was not a gesture for silence, but rath-
king, one who exercises the office of a king. ovpra- er the out-stretched hand of an orator (Polhill; for the
povtes pres. act. part. nom. (as voc.) pl. ovunopet use of hand gestures as prescribed for ancient Rhetoric
(# 5223) to be present together. Adj. part. as subst. s. Quintilian, 11, 3:85-124). dnedoyeito impf. ind. mid.
Gewpeite pres. ind. act. Gewpew (# 2555) to see, to view. anokoyeonat (# 664) to defend oneself. Incep. impf.,
Pres. indicates the action in progress, “you are looking “he began to make his defense.” 2 av gen. pl. rel.
at this one.” évetvyov aor. ind. act. Evtvyyavw (# 1961) pron. 0c (# 4005). €ykaAodpan pres. ind. pass. eyAaKew
to meet, to approach, to appeal, to petition, w. dat. (# 1592) to accuse, to bring legal charges against some-
Bo@vtec pres. act. part. Boaw (# 1066) to scream, to yell. one (BAGD). Pres. indicates the action in progress or
Part. of manner explaining how they petitioned him. the repeated continual action. tynwo. perf. ind.
deiv pres. act. inf. dei (# 1256) it is necessary, giving a mid./pass. (dep.) nyeouor (# 2451) to consider, to re-
logical necessity based on the circumstances at hand, gard. The perf. here carries the sense of the pres., “I
w. inf. Inf. in indir. discourse. Gfjv pres. act. inf. Gaw consider” (BD, 176). paxapiocg (# 3421) happy, fortu-
(# 2409) to live. @ 25 eyw (# 1609) I. Emphatic and nate (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). péAdwv pres. act. part.
contrastive: “I, in contrast to them.” KateAaPounv aor. ueAAw (# 3516) to be about to. Used w. the inf. to ex-
ind. mid. (dep.) kataAapBpavw (# 2989) to seize; mid. to press the impending fut. Causal part. giving the rea-
grasp, to understand. nempayévan perf. act. inf. s.v. 11. son for Paul’s feeling. &moAoyeioBat pres. mid. inf. s.v.
Inf. in indir. discourse as obj. of the vb. Perf. indicates 1. This v. gives Paul’s brief capitatio benevolentiae (Pol-
the abiding results or condition. The perf. inf. is used hill; s. 24:2). @ 3 paArota (# 3436) especially. This may
by Luke to emphasize one of his major themes—Paul go w. the whole following phrase, giving a special rea-
was never found guilty of violating the law in his son for Paul’s pleasure, or only w. the following word
preaching (VA, 393). abtod (# 899) himself. emxaAeoa- “because you are specially expert” (Bruce). ywwotns
wévov aor. mid. (dep.) part. (causal) s.v. 11. Gen. abs. (# 1195) one who knows, expert (LAE, 367; MM). 6vta
€xpiva. aor. ind. act. s.v. 9. Effective aor., “I judged,” “I pres. act. part. (causal) ei (# 1639) to be. Sonor
decided,” “I have reached a decision.” néunew pres. (# 1289) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to ask, to beg. waxpo6d-
act. inf. neunw (# 4287) to send. Inf. in indir. discourse. pws (# 3430) adv. patiently. axodoat aor. act. inf. dxovw
@ 26 cooarns (# 855) certain, sure, definite. ypowyor (# 201) to hear, to listen to, w. gen. Inf. in indir. dis-
aor. act. inf. ypadw (# 1211) to write. Inf. as obj., or course. @ 4 pév obv (# 3525; 4036) well, then (Bruce).
epex. inf. explaining dopadéc. mponyayov aor. ind. act. Biworc (# 1052) manner of life, way of life, daily life
Ist. pers. sing. mpoc&yw (# 4575) to lead before. wdA10To. (LN, 1:506). veotng (# 3744) youth. apyn (# 794) begin-
(# 3436) especially. avaxpioig (# 374) investigation, ning; explains what precedes-the commencement of
hearing, esp. preliminary hearing (BAGD). yevouévng his training, which was not only among his own na-
aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 15. Gen. abs., “after tion, but also esp. in Jerusalem (EGT; Simon Légasse,
the hearing has taken place.” ox@ aor. subj. act. s.v. 16. “Paul’s Pre-Christian Career According to Acts,”
Subj. w. 6mw¢ (# 3968) to express purp. ypaw aor. BAFCS, 4:373-89). Yevouévnv aor. mid. (dep.) part.
subj. act., or fut. ind. act. Subj. or fut. in indir. speech (adj.) yivowo (# 1181) to become, to be. toaor perf. ind.
303 Acts 26

act. 3rd. per. pl. 0180 (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. troduces a reference to his past way of life (Schneider;
pres. meaning. For the use of the old form instead of s.v. 4). €60&0 aor. ind. act. doxéw (# 1506) to seem, to
the vernacular Hellenistic s. MH, 221. @ 5 mpoy- think, w. inf. guavtd (# 1831) myself. The use of the
V@OKOVTEG pres. act. part. mpoy.vwoKw (# 4589) to know refl. pron. strengthens the subject of the sentence
before, to know previously. &vw6ev (# 540) from the be- (Haenchen; MT, 42). detv pres. act. inf. det (# 1256) im-
ginning, for a long time. The word deals w. a condition personal w. inf, it is necessary. Inf. in indir. discourse.
now existent and long standing (LC); from the begin- That Paul considered his persecuting zeal within
ning of his public education in Jerusalem (EGT). 6€\w- God’s will is perhaps implied by his use of the divine
Ol pres. subj. act. @€Aw (# 2527) to want to, w. inf. Subj. “must” (Polhill). evavtiog (# 1885) in opposition to.
w. &av (#1569) in a 3rd. class cond. where the speaker mpG—ar aor. act. inf. mpcoow (# 4556) to do.
assumes the possibility of the cond. waptupeiv pres. 10 éxoinoa aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. Aor.
act. inf. waptupew (# 3455) to testify, to bear witness to. sums up his activity. KatéKAeioa aor. ind. act. Kata-
axpiBeotatny superl. axpiByco (# 207) accurate, strict. kAetw (# 2881) to shut up, to shut down like a trap door
The true superl. force, “strictest” (Bruce). aipeoig (RWP). AaPodv aor. act. part. (circum.) AopPavw (# 3284)
(# 146) party, school of thought, religious party to receive. Gvalpovpévwv pres. pass. part. (temp.)
(TDNT; EDNT). @pnoxeia (# 2579) religion, rite, wor- avaipew (# 359) to kill. Gen. abs. kathveyKa aor. ind.
ship. It indicates the practical side of religion, its cus- act. katadepw (# 2965) to bring down, to cast down.
toms (LC; MM; TLNT). é€noa aor. ind. act. Caw Used w. the following word “to cast down my pebble
(# 2409) to live, to conduct one’s life. Constantive aor. (wndoc)” (a black one). The ancient Greeks used white
summing up his previous life (VANT, 257-59, 262). pebbles for acquittal, black ones for condemnation
®@aprioaios (# 5757) nom. sing. Nom. modifying the vb. (RWP; BAGD; EDNT; LS; DGRA, 971). For Paul as per-
éCnoa “I lived as a Pharisee” (BAGD). For the life of secutor s. Légasse, BAFCS, 4:379-89; PVT, 34-40.
the Pharisees s. TJ, 70-76. @ 6 éAnig (# 1828) hope. @ 11 Kata TdoAs Tag CvVayWyac from synagogue to
EmayyeArias gen. sing. enayyedta (# 2039) promise. De- synagogue. Distributive used of the prep. For syna-
scriptive gen. explaining the hope. yevouévng aor. mid. gogues in Jerusalem and Palestine s. Rainer Riesner,
(dep.) part. (adj.) s.v. 4. For the connection between the “Synagogues in Jerusalem,” BAFCS, 4:179-211. t1-
eschatological hope of Israel and the resurrection of wpdv pres. act. part. (temp.) tywpew (# 5512) to pun-
the dead s. Klaus Haacker, “Das Bekenntnis Paulus ish, w. the implication of causing people to suffer what
zur Hoffnung Israels nach der Apostelgeschichte des they deserve (LN, 1:490). The synagogue punishment
Lukas,” NTS 31 (1985): 437-51. €otnka. perf. ind. act. of scourging is probably intended (Haenchen). The
totnut (# 2705) perf. to stand. Kpivopevoc pres. pass. noun is used in the papyri w. the possible idea of capi-
part. (circum.) Kpivw (# 3212) to judge. @ 7 5wdexagv- tal punishment (NDIEC, 1:47-49). “As I punished
Aov (# 1559) twelve tribes. It indicates that Israel saw them.” Pres. indicates the repeated action. NvayKatov
itself as composed of twelve tribes (Polhill). exteveiq impf. ind. act. avayKatw (# 337) to force, to compel, w.
(# 1755) dat. sing. fervor, unfailing intensity (TLNT; inf. Conative impf., “I tried to compel them.” He does
TDNT). Used in the papyri w. the meaning “effort” not say that he succeeded in making them blaspheme
(MM). Used w. prep. tv (# 1877) adverbially, “earnest- (Bruce). mepioowc¢ (# 4360) exceedingly, beyond mea-
ly,” “intently.” voxta Kai Nwepav (# 3816; 2779; 2465) sure, extremely. €upovopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. éu-
night and day; acc. sing. Acc. of time. Aatpedov pres. watvonat (# 1841) to be enraged, to be so furiously
act. part. (circum.) Aatpevw (# 3302) to worship, to angry w. someone as to be almost out of one’s mind, to
serve, to perform religious rites as a part of worship be insanely angry, to be furiously enraged (LN, 1:762;
(LN, 1:533). Pres. indicates a continual and habitual BAGD). Circum. or causal part. €5iwkov impf. ind. act.
action. éAnifer pres. ind. act. eAnitw (# 1827) to hope. diwKkw (# 1503) to hunt, to pursue, to persecute. Impf.
Pres. indicates the continual attitude. katavtijoat aor. indicates the repeated action. 12 &év otg in which
act. inf. katavtaw (# 2918) to go down, to arrive, to at- things, under these circumstances (Bruce). topevd-
tain. Used in the papyri as a t.t for the inheritance that wevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) mopevouat (# 4513)
comes to an heir (BAGD; MM; TLNT; TDNT; NIDNTT, to go, to travel. emitpontig (# 2207) gen. sing. permis-
1:324-25). Inf. as obj. of the vb. éykaAobpar pres. ind. sion; “w. the order, commission.” Paul was a commis-
pass. s.v. 2. @ 8 amotog (# 603) unbelievable, incredi- sary (Bengel). tig art. used as a rel. pron. apxepéwv
ble. Double acc. after a vb. of considering (BD, 85-87; gen. pl. apyiepvs (# 797) high priest. Gen. of source,
RG, 479-84). xpivetou pres. ind. pass. kpivw s.v. 6. el “from the chief priests.” 13 Népag peons (# 2465;
(# 1623) if, that. Introduces a 1st. class cond. assuming 3545) midday. Gen. of time. Kata thy o60v along the
the reality of the cond. (RWP); or it is the same as 61 way. e1dov aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. Bactred
(“that”) (BG, 138). eyetpel pres. ind. act. eyeipw (# 1586) voc. sing. Baoirevs (# 995), O king! obpavobev (# 4040)
to raise. ® 9 yw pev ovv (# 2670; 3525; 4036) I then. In- from heaven. brép thy Aaprpotnta brighter. Prep. used
Acts 26 304

in a comp. tod MAtov (# 2463) than the sun. Gen. of (#579) disobedient, w. dat. ontaoig. (# 3965) dat. sing.
comp. Perhaps the light was the Shekinah presence of vision. 20 ywpav acc. sing. ywpa (# 6001) district,
the risen Christ (TS, 37-65). neptAdwav aor. act. part. place, region. Acc. of extent of space (RG, 469; for the
(adj.) neprrounw (# 4334) to shine around. nopevo- text problem s. TC, 495-96). amnyyeAAov impf. ind. act.
wévouc pres. mid. (dep.) part. s.v. 12. Adj. part. as subst. anayyeddw (# 550) to proclaim. Impf. pictures the re-
@ 14 Kataneoovtwv aor. act. part. Katanintw (#2928) to peated action of proclamation in the various locations
fall down. A common reaction to revelation. Gen. abs. mentioned. petavoeiv pres. act. inf. petavoew (# 3566)
TKovom aor. ind. act. c&Kovw (# 201) to hear, w. acc. Aé- to change one’s thinking, to repent. Inf. in indir. dis-
youvoav pres. act. part. (adj.) Aeyw (# 3306) to speak. The course giving the content of the proclamation. ém-
voice was directed to Paul. tf ‘Eppaidi diarextw otpeetv pres. act. inf. emiotpedw (# 2188) to turn to. Inf.
(# 1579; 1365) in the Hebrew language. Dat. of means. in indir. discourse. mp&ooovtas pres. act. part. (cir-
SwwKerg pres. ind. act. s.v. 11. oKAnpdc (# 5017) difficult. cum.) mpcoow (# 4556) to do, to practice. 21 Evexa
oo. for you. Kévtpa acc. pl. kevtpov (# 3034) goad. A (# 1915) because of, on account of, w. gen. ovAAaBo-
sharp-pointed stick used to prod an ox at the plow wevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) ovAdAapPavw
(LC). Aaxtifew pres. act. inf. Aaxtitw (# 3280) to kick. (#5197) to seize. Ovta pres. act. part. (temp.) ei
Epex. inf., explaining what was difficult. Pres. indi- (# 1639) to be. Action contemporary w. the part. ovA-
cates a repeated action. Perhaps this was a common AaPopevor: “while I was in the temple.” eneipdvto
proverb of the time (Polhill). @ 15 eine aor. ind. impf. ind. mid. (dep.) meipaouor (# 4281) to try, to at-
act. s.v. 14. €y ... o0 I ... you! The personal prons. are tempt, w. inf. Conative impf. emphasizing the unsuc-
emphatic. The emphasis of this account is on Paul’s cessful attempt. diayzepioac@a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf.
commissioning (Charles W. Hedrick, “Paul’s Conver- diaxerpiCouar (# 1429) to take in hand, to lay hands on,
sion/Call: A Comparative Analysis of the Three Re- to kill. 22 enixovpia. (#2135) aid, help, w. the possi-
ports in Acts,” JBL 100 [1981]: 415-32). @ 16 ava- ble implication of assistance provided by an ally (LN,
otnét aor. imp. act. aviotnyt (# 482) to rise up, to arise. 1:459; MM; BBKA; NDIEC, 3:67-68). tuxy@v aor. act.
Aor. imp. calls for a specific act. oth@t aor. imp. act. part. (causal) tuyyavw (# 5593) to obtain, w. gen. T7¢
totnut (# 2705) to stand. wp@nv aor. ind. pass. opaw (# 3836) def. art. as rel. pron. (“which”). €otnKa perf.
(#3972) to see; pass. to appear to, w. dat. mpo- ind. act. totnt (# 2705) to stand. It emphasizes Paul’s
yeipioacdat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. mpoyerpiGowar (# 4741) stability and fidelity (RWP). paptupopevos pres. mid.
to determine, to appoint (s. 22:14). Epex. inf. explain- (dep.) part. (circum.) waptvpopat (# 3458) to witness, to
ing todto. dxnpetngs (# 5677) servant, helper, assistant testify. extog (# 1760) except. Prep. w. gen. Aéywv pres.
(BAGD; TLNT). It was used of a doctor’s assistant act. part. (circum.) Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to speak. &Aa-
(MLL, 88). €18e¢ aor. ind. act. s.v. 13. op@joopon fut. ind. Anoay aor. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. perAdovtwv
pass. Opaw. @ 17 &a1pobpevoc pres. mid. (indir. mid., pres. act. part. (adj.) weAAw (# 3516) to be about to, w.
“for oneself”) part. (circum.) &&a1pew (# 1975) to rescue, inf. to express the immediate fut. yiveo®a1 pres. mid.
to take out, to choose. &mooteAAw (# 690) pres. ind act. (dep.) inf. s.v. 4. The demonstration from Scripture
to send or commission as an authoritative representa- that the Messiah must suffer and arise from the dead is
tive (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). Instantaneous pres. indi- a familiar pattern in Acts (Polhill). @ 23 €1 (# 1623) if,
cating an action done at the moment of speaking that, whether (s.v. 8; RWP; Haenchen). It gives the con-
(VANT, 202-3). # 18 &voieat aor. act. inf. dvotyw (# 487) tent of the OT message. maOntog (# 4078) suffer, subject
to open. Inf. of purp., or epex. inf. explaining the com- to suffering, capable of suffering (BD, 36; RG, 157).
mission. émiotpewa aor. act. inf. exiotpedw (# 2188) to éAAet pres. ind. act. s.v. 22. KatayyeAdet pres. act. inf.
turn. Inf. of purp., but subordinate to and explanatory Katayyeddw (# 2859) to proclaim. Inf. w. péAXEt to ex-
of the previous inf. (EGT). AoPetv aor. act. inf. AopBpavw press fut. @ 24 axoAoyoupévov pres. mid. (dep.) part.
(# 3284) to take, to receive. Again, subordinate to the (temp.) s.v. 1. Gen. abs. ¢wvf dat. sing. dwvn (# 5889)
previous inf., expressing the final result aimed at voice. Instr. dat. gnoww pres. ind. act. pnpi s.v. 1. Hist.
(EGT). a&eotg (# 912) settlement, forgiveness, release pres. paivy pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. .atvo-
(TDNT; TLNT). KAfpos (# 3102) share, part, portion, in- wa (# 3419) to be mad, to be out of one’s mind, to be
heritance. N1ylaopevotc perf. pass. part. ayia (# 39) to insane. Those people are called crazy whose words or
sanctify. Adj. part. as subst. Perf. emphasizes the state actions fly in the face of common sense, whose reason-
or condition. miotet dat. sing. mtotic (# 4411) faith. In- ing or conduct is not understood, who do not observe
str. dat., “through/by faith.” ti which. Art. as rel. propriety and decorum (TLNT, 2:430; TDNT; MM; LN,
pron. @ 19 d6ev (# 3854) therefore. This rel. adv. gath- 1:353; NIDNTT, 1:528-29; for the medical metaphor in
ers up all that Paul had said (RWP). Baowed voc. sing. Josephus s. MHW, 145-48; for references in Dio Chry-
s.v. 13. €yevouny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 4. Aor. sum- sostom s. DCNT, 132-34). Mati voc. sing. Mabaog
marizes Paul's life after this to the present. anevOng (# 4263) Paul. ypoypo. (# 1207) the body of information
305 Acts 27

acquired in school or from the study of writing, learn- Obj. in gen. Adj. part. as subst. yevéo@o1 aor. mid.
ing, education, elementary: knowledge and _higher (dep.) inf. s.v. 4. Inf. as obj. of the vb. eb&aipnv. napex-
learning (LN, 1:328; BAGD; MM). paviav (# 3444) acc. tog (# 4211) except. For the chains of a prisoner s.
sing. insane, crazy, mad. nepitpénet pres. ind. act. mept- BAFCS, 3:206-9. @ 30 avéotn aor. ind. act. aviotnpt
tpenw (# 4365) to turn, to turn around, to turn from one (#482) to stand up. ovyka@npevor pres. mid. (dep.)
state to (€i¢) its opposite (BAGD). Pres. indicates the part. ovykaOnya (# 5153) to sit together, to sit w. Adj.
process as taking place. 25 xpatiote voc. sing. part. as subst. 31 avaxywptoavtes aor. act. part.
Kpatiotog (# 3196) most excellent. (s. 24:3). dAnBEtac (temp.) cvaywpew (# 432) to retire, to depart. EAdAOvV
gen. sing. GAn@eva (# 2317) truth. Gen. of description, impf. ind. act. s.v. 22. Impf. continues the action and
without the art. indicating the character. owppoodvn describes the eager conversation of the dignitaries
(#5408) sobriety, soundness of mind, rational, good about Paul’s wonderful speech (RWP). d&ioc (# 545)
sense, sensible, the opposite of madness. It indicates worthy, w. gen. mpaooet pres. ind. act. s.v. 9. Custom-
the condition of an entire command over the passion ary pres., referring to his customary conduct, not just
and desires (Trench, Synonyms, 69f; TLNT; TDNT; GPT, his behavior at the hearing (VANT, 208). @ 32 épn im-
179-80; BAGD; LN, 1:384; EDNT; NIDNTT, 501-2). pf./aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. amoAeAdo8o1 perf. pass. inf.
Paul says he is speaking words which are understand- anorvw (# 668) to release, to free. &50vato impf. ind.
able and capable of being proven, which do not have pass. (dep.) 5vvapat (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. Impf. in
to do w. ecstasy (TDNT). d&nopGeyyouar (# 710) pres. the conclusion of a 2nd. class cond. cl., where the con-
ind. mid. (dep.) to speak. Pres. indicates the action in dition is contrary to fact (RG, 1014) or gives an asser-
progress. @ 26 éniotatat pres. ind. pass. (dep.) éxtota- tion for the sake of argument (VA, 294-96). ENEKEKATITO
wa (# 2179) to know, to understand, to be acquainted plperf. ind. mid. (dep.) emixaAew (# 2126) to appeal, to
w., to possess information about, w. the implication of call upon. Plperf. expresses more than the aor. would
understanding the significance of such information have; Paul’s appeal to Caesar was not a mere act in the
(BAGD; LN, 1:335). nappnovalop_evoc pres. mid. (dep.) past, but had put him in a definite position in the eyes
part. (circum.) mappnordgopnat (# 4245) to speak openly, of the law (Bruce).
to speak boldly, to speak freely. X@A@ pres. ind. act. s.v.
22. AavOdvet pres. act. inf. AavOdvw (# 3291) to be hid-
den, to escape notice. Pres. indicates that Paul regards Acts 27
the whole course of events as still unfinished, w. 1 éxpi6n aor. ind. pass. Kpivw (# 3212) to judge,
Agrippa watching it (LC). Inf. in indir. discourse after to decide, to determine. anonAeiv pres. act. inf. amodew
the vb. mei@oucr. ywvia (# 1224) corner. menpoypévov (# 676) to sail out, to sail. Articular inf. w. kpivw proba-
perf. pass. part. mpacow, s.v. 9. Part. in a periphrastic bly translates the Heb. inf. abs. (RWP; RG, 1067). Nas
construction. Perf. indicates the abiding result. The ex- we; acc. pl. eyw (# 1609). Acc. as subject of the inf. S.
pression “not in a corner” occurs often in Greek philo- Colin J. Hemer, “First Person Narration in Acts 27-28,”
sophical writings where the philosophers are accused TB 36 (1985): 75-109. napediéovv impf. ind. act. napa-
of withdrawing into their ivory towers and avoiding d5tSwpt (# 4140) to deliver over. Seopwtng (# 1304) pris-
the people in the markets and streets (Polhill). 27 oner. Prisoners were kept below deck, or were allowed
MOTEVEIG pres. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe, w. to camp on deck in the open or under tiny temporary
dat., to give assent to. Ind. used in a question. o1d0. shelters (BAFCS, 3:295), but they were expected to pay
(#3857) perf. ind. act. to know. Def. perf. w. pres. for their own food (BAFCS, 3:224). exatovtapyns
meaning. 28 év OAiyw in a short time, rapidly (LC). (# 1672) centurion. onmeipng gen. sing. oneipa (# 5061)
meiderg pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. net@w (# 4275) to cohort. Descriptive gen., “belonging to the cohort.” Ze-
persuade. Conative pres., “you are trying to....” Xpto- Baotdc (# 4935) worthy of reverence, Augusta, emper-
tiavoc (# 5985) Christian (s. 11:26). Double acc., “to or. An honorary title frequently given to auxiliary
make me a Christian.” novfjoo aor. act. inf. moew troops (BAGD; BC, 5:443f; HJP 1:364). For references to
(# 4472) to make, to do, “in short, you are trying to per- this cohort s. BASHH, 132-33; NDIEC, 6:159-60. For
suade me to act the Christian” (Bruce). @ 29 ev&aipnv sea travel s. Brian M. Rapske, “Acts, Travel and Ship-
aor. opt. mid. (dep.) evxoua (# 2377) to wish, to pray. wreck,” BAFCS, 2:22-46; FAP, 280-82; VSSP.
Potential opt. used in the conclusion of an unex- @ 2 emiBavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) exBatvw (# 2094)
pressed 4th. class cond. cl. expressing what would to embark, to go aboard, w. dat. ‘Adpaputtnvoc
happen on the fulfillment of some supposed condition Adramyttium, a city located along the NW coast of the
(MT, 121f; RG, 1021; VA, 172-74). Kai ... Kat (#2779) Roman province of Asia. The ship was probably a
both ... and. The phrase here may mean “w. few or small privately-owned trading vessel (oraria navis), not
many words” (Williams) or “concerning both small a government ship, and was homeward bound from
and great” (BD, 41). &kovovtac pres. act. part. s.v. 3. Caesarea; it would be natural for Julius to find a ship
Acts 27 306

bound for Rome in one of the Lycian ports (ABD, 1:80; is a fair estimate (Marshall). © 6 Kdxei (# 2795) and
BASHH, 133; BAFCS, 3:375). weAAovtt pres. act. part. there. evpwv aon act. part. evptoxw (# 2351) to find.
(adj.) weAAw (# 3516) to be about to, w. inf. to express Mdoiov (# 4450) acc. sing. ship. For ancient ships like
the immediate fut. wAetv pres. act. inf. tAew (# 4434) to this one s. VSSP, 181-244; B.M. Rapske, “Acts, Travel
sail. avnyOnpev aor. ind. pass. avayw (# 343) to put out and Shipwreck,” BAFCS, 2:29-35; N. Hirschfeld, “Part
to sea. Ovtog pres. act. part. cit (# 1639) to be. Gen. abs. I: The Ship of Saint Paul — Historical Background;” M.
Aristarchus, a Macedonian of Thessalonica, is called a A. Fitzgerald, “Part II: The Ship of Saint Paul-Com-
fellow prisoner by Paul in his letter to the Colossians parative Archaeology,” BA 53 [1990]; Elisha Linder,
(VSSP, 64; s. 19:29; 20:4; Col. 4:10). @ 3 th te ETEpG “Excavating an Ancient Merchantman,” BAR 18
(# 5445; 2283) and on another (the next) (day). Dat. of [1992]: 24-35; SSAW, 157-200). mAéov pres. act. part.
time. KathxOnpev aor. ind. pass. kat&yw (# 2864) to lead (adj.) acc. n. sing. s.v. 2. éveBiBaoev aor. ind. act. eu-
down; pass., used of ships and seafarers, to put in at a BiBa.Cw (# 1837) to cause to enter, to put on board. The
harbor (BAGD). From Caesarea to Sidon was approxi- ship they got on seems to have been a grain ship.
mately 67 miles, so they must have had a fair or at Egypt was the chief granary of Rome and the grain
least a leading wind, probably westerly (VSSP, 64). trade between Rome and Egypt was of the greatest im-
The stop was probably to load or unload cargo (Pol- portance (Bruce; for the important grain traffic s.
hill; VSSP, 64). oiavOpwrws (# 5793) adv. humanely, Rapske, “Acts, Travel and Shipwreck,” BAFCS, 2:25-
kindly. ypnodpevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. ypcouar 29; NDIEC, 7:112-29; BBC). @ 7 ixavog (# 2653) many.
(# 5968) to use, to deal w., to show to, to conduct one- BpadvrAcotvtes pres. act. part. (temp.) Bpadumr0Ew
self in a particular manner w. regards to some person, (# 1095) to sail slowly. wodArg (# 3660) w. difficulty. yevo-
w. dat.(LN, 1:505). Causal or circum. part. emetpewev wevot aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivouo (# 1181) to be, to be-
aor. ind. act. exitpenw (# 2225) to allow, w. inf. mopev- come. Temp. or circum. part. The words express the
@évtt aor. pass. (dep.) part. dat. sing. mopevowar (# 4513) delays which a ship experiences in working windward
to go. Adj. part. as instr. dat. (“by coming to his (VSSP, 75). kata thy Kvidov (# 2848; 3118) down along
friends”), or circum. part. Paul was permitted to see Cndius. Cndius was a seaport on the western tip of a
his friends, but probably under the watchful eye of a peninsula jutting into the Mediterranean between the
soldier (BAFCS, 3:270). émpéAeia, (# 2149) attention, islands of Cos and Rhodes (ABD, 1:1066-67).
care. Although the word appears in medical writers MPOoEVtOG pres. act. part. (causal) mpocedaw (# 4667) to
for the care and attention for the sick (MLL, 269-70), it permit to go farther. Gen. abs. With northwest winds
had a wider range of usages, including providing the and a westerly current, the ship was able to slowly
material assistance for sustaining life (TLNT; BAFCS, make its way from Myra to Cndius; when unfavorable
3:223-24). Here it may indicate that Paul obtained wind did not allow them to continue sailing west-
from them the things necessary for the voyage (Al- ward, they had to turn south and sail under Crete in
ford). tuyetv aor. act. inf. tuyyavw (# 5593) to obtain, to the direction of Salmone (Strabo, Geography, 3:17;
receive, w. gen. Inf. w. vb. @ 4 Kdxeidev (# 2796) and BASHH, 135-36; VSSP, 76-77). brenAeboopev aor. ind.
from there. &vay@evtEs aor. pass. part. s.v. 2. Dmemhed- act. s.v. 4. 8 napadeyouevor pres. mid. (dep.) part.
oopev aor. ind. act. bmonA€w (# 5709) to sail by the side (circum.) mapaAreyouor (# 4162) a nautical t.t., to sail
of an island in such a way that the island protects the past, to coast along (BAGD). This was doubtless by
ship from the wind (BAGD). dvepoug acc. pl. cveLoc hugging the shore and using every breach of land
(# 449) wind. The prevailing wind through the sum- breeze that they managed to creep slowly along (LC).
mer months was west or northwest so the ship sailed MGouev aor. ind. act. Epyouci (# 2262) to come. Kadov-
east and north of the island (Bruce; for the various HEvoVv pres. pass. part. (adj.) kaA€w (# 2813) to call; pass;
winds s. BC, 5:338-44; Colin J. Hemer, “Euraquilo and to be named. Awévac acc. pl. Amnv (# 3348) harbor,
Melita,” JTS 26 [1975]: 100-111; SSAW, 270-73; Pliny, port; here, “Fair Havens.” The farthest point which an
NH, 2:117-31). eivor pres. act. inf. et s.v. 2. Inf. w. ancient ship, navigating under the lee of Crete, could
prep. 51a (# 1328) to express cause. évavtiog (# 1885) reach w. northwest winds. It was a small bay protected
contrary, against. ® 5 nédayoc (# 4283) open sea. d10- by islands, but was not a very good winter harbor
MAEVOGVTES aor. act. part. (temp.) diamAew (# 1386) to (VSSP, 81-84; Bruce; BASHH, 136; ABD, 2:744). #9
sail across. KatnASopev aor. ind. act. Katepyouat 5.ayevowévov aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) diayivouor
(# 2982) to come down. Mdpa Myra. This was a princi- (# 1335) to come in between, to intervene, to pass. Gen.
pal port for the Alexandrian grain-ships, and was pre- abs. Ovto¢ pres. act. part. (causal) esi s.v. 2. Gen. abs.
cisely the place where Julius would expect to find a Emropadns (# 2195) dangerous. ndode (# 4453) voyage,
ship sailing to Italy in the imperial service (BASHH, navigation. The period from May 27 to September 14
134; SSAW, 297). The Western text says that it took 15 was safe for sea travel; from March 10 to May 26 and
days (5v’ Nuepwv Sexamevte) (TC, 497; BC, 3:241), which from September 14 to November 11, when weather
307 Acts 27

and sea conditions were quite changeable, it was con- @fjvo1 aor. pass. inf. s.v. 2. Epex. inf. explaining the
sidered risky. The period from November 11 to March counsel. Svvaivto pres. opt. pass. (dep.) dvvapor
10 was extremely dangerous. The danger was not only (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Opt. in a 4th class cond. cl.
storms, but also the reduced visibility of the sun and w. the idea of purp. implied (RWP; VA, 311-12). katav-
stars (which was essential for navigation) caused by ThoavteEs aor. act. part. katavtaw (# 2918) to come, to
persistent cloud cover in these months (Rapske, “Acts, arrive. Part. of means (“by arriving”), or temp. (“after
Travel and Shipwreck,” BAFCS, 2:24; Williams; arriving”). Botwé (# 5837) Phoenix. For the location of
NDIEC, 4:115-16). kat (#2779) even. vnoteta (# 3763) the harbor as being Phineka, on the coast of Crete a
fast. The Fast was the Day of Atonement. In A.D. 59 few miles farther west s. R. M. Ogilvie, “Phoenix,” JTS
the Fast was on October 5th and Luke indicates travel n.s. 9 (1958): 308-14; BASHH, 139-40; Polhill; NDIEC,
was more dangerous than ever (Bruce; LC). This was 4:115; Raspke, “Acts, Travel and Shipwreck,” BAFCS,
probably just before the Feast of Tabernacles (5 days 2:37. napayeyaoa aor. act. inf. napayewacw (# 4199) to
after the Fast), which the Jews considered to be the be- spend the winter. BA€movta. pres. act. part. (adj.) BAenw
ginning of the dangerous time for sea travel (SB, 2:771- (# 1063) to see, to look. kata AiBa (# 2848; 3355) south-
72; BASHH, 137-38). mapeAndv@evor perf. act. inf. west. Kata x@pov (#2848; 6008) northwest (BASHH,
Tapepxouat (# 4216) to pass by. Inf. w. ue (# 1328) to 139-40; Polhill). 13 bnonvedoavtog aor. act. part.
express cause. TOpTvet impf. ind. act. mapoivew to (temp.) bronvew (#5710) to blow under, to blow softly,
warn, to offer advice, to indicate strongly to someone gently. Gen. abs. votog (# 3803) south wind. 50&avtec
what he should plan to do, to advise strongly, to urge aor. act. part. (circum.) doxew (# 1506) to suppose, to
(LN, 1:422). Impf. pictures the repeated action. @ 10 seem, to appear to, w. inf. mpoBeorg (# 4606) plan, pur-
A£ywV pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Part. intro- pose. KexpatnKevon perf. act. inf. kpatew (# 3195) to
duces the content of the advice. av6pe¢ voc. pl. avnp seize, to obtain. The south wind was ideal for reaching
(# 467) man. 8ewpa pres. ind. act. Bewpew (# 2555) to Phoenix, enabling them to cling to the coast around
see, to perceive, to come to understand as a result of Cape Matala, about 4 miles west, and then bear west-
perception (LN, 1:381). 0Bpig (# 5615) injury, disaster, northwest across the bay of Mesara, some 34 miles to
damage caused by the elements (BAGD; TDNT). The Phoenix (BASHH, 141; VSSP, 97-98). &pavtes aor. act.
word could be used of a loss at sea (Williams). For part. (circum.) aipw (# 149) to lift up, to take up, to
shipping contracts limiting liability in the case of loss weigh anchor. dooov (# 839) comp. &yyt until; comp.,
by an act of God s. NDIEC, 6:83-86. nuta (# 2422) loss. nearer, closer (BAGD). nopedeyovto impf. ind. mid.
goptiov (# 5845) gen. sing. freight, cargo. Obj. gen., (dep.) s.v. 8. @ 14 pet’ ob m0A¥ after not much time.
“loss of cargo.” Kat (#2779) also. pé\Aew pres. act. inf. EBaAev aor. ind. act. B&AAw (# 965) to throw, to dash, to
ueAAW (# 3516) to be about to; w. inf to express immedi- rush. Here in this context, “there rushed down from it
ate fut. Inf. in indir. discourse after the vb. bewpd. (Crete)” (Bruce; for the use of the prep. w. gen. mean-
€oeoba1 fut. mid. (dep.) inf. eyt s.v. 2. “The voyage is ing “down from,” s. RG, 606). tugwvixdg (# 5607) tem-
going to be...” (VA, 489; MKG, 308). @ 11 KvBepvqtn pestuous. The word refers to the whirling motion of
dat. sing. kuBepvntng (# 3237) pilot, a professional nav- the clouds and sea caused by the meeting of opposite
igator, the officer responsible for its safe navigation currents of air like a typhoon (Bruce; VSSP, 102-3). For
and for the discipline of the crew (LC; TLNT, 2:543; adjs. w. this suffix meaning “pertaining to,” “w. the
SSAW, 300-302, 316). Dat. as obj. of the vb. vavKAnpos characteristic of,” s. MH, 378. Perhaps as the ship
(# 3729) captain, owner, one leasing a ship, transport rounded Cape Matala a violent wind rushed down,
official; here, he could have been a merchant ship own- striking the ship broadside (Polhill). EvpaxviAwv
er, who usually acted as captain of his own ship, or (# 2350) northeast wind, Euraquilo, “Northeaster,” the
one who is chartering to transport grain for Rome deadly winter storm known by the sailors as the gre-
(Bruce; PTR, 324f; TLNT; BASHH, 138-39; NDIEC, gale (BASHH, 141-42; Colin J. Hemer, “Euraquilo and
4:116-17; SSAW, 314-21). €net@eto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) Melita,” JTS 26 [1975]: 100-11; BC, 5:344; Polhill; Rasp-
mei0w (# 4275) to yield, to persuade; mid. to be per- ke, “Acts, Travel and Shipwreck,” BAFCS, 2:38-39).
suaded, to obey, w. dat. pa&AAov ... 1 (# 3437; 2445) rath- @ 15 ovvapnaoEevtos aor. pass. part. (circum.) ovvap-
er than. Aeyopeévoic pres. pass. part. s.v. 10. Adj. part. as macw (# 5275) to seize violently. It was as if the ship
subst.: “that which was spoken by Paul.” @ 12 avev6e- was seized by a great monster (RWP). Gen. abs.
toc (# 460) unsuitable. bmapxovtos pres. act. part. (caus- Svvopévov pres. mid./pass. (dep.) part. w. inf. s.v. 12.
al) bnapyw (# 5639) to exist, to be. Gen. abs. avtopbaApetv pres. act. inf. avtopOarpew (# 535) to face
mapaxeyooia (# 4200) wintering. mAetoves comp. 10X0¢ into; lit. “facing the eye.” Perhaps the origin of the
(# 4498) much; comp., the majority, most (BAGD, 689). phrase lay in the custom of putting an eye on each side
Gevto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) tiOnut (# 5502) to place, to of the bow of the ship (VSSP, 98; Williams). emSovtec
put; here “to take counsel,” “to give counsel.” dvay- aor. act. part. (circum.) emdidwyt (# 2113) to give way
Acts 27 308

to, w. dat. &pepoue8a impf. ind. pass. depw (# 5770) to strikes terror,” Jos., JW, 2:381; BASHH, 144; Polhill;
carry; here, “we were being carried,” “we were being Pliny, NH, 5:26-28). xnéowowy aor. subj. act. exnintw
driven.” Impf. pictures the continual action. 16 (# 1738) nautical t.t., to drift off course, to run aground
vnoiov (# 3761) little island. For the possibility that (BAGD; Schneider). Subj. after a vb. of fearing. yoAa-
some nouns w. this ending do not have a dimin. mean- oavtes aor. act. part. (circum.) xoAGw (# 5899) to lower,
ing s. MH, 340ff. bnoSpayovtes aor. act. part. drotpEXW to let down. oxedoc (# 5007) acc. sing. gear. The phrase
(# 5720) to run under (for protection against the wind). “lowering the gear” could mean either lowering the
The sailors knew that their only hope was in the sail, dropping the sea anchor, or lowering such gear as
smooth waters behind Cauda; thus they kept the ship sail, rigging, anchors, cables, etc.; that is, removing all
w. its head in the wind and let it drift w. the right side superfluous sail and rigging (Bruce; VSSP, 111-12;
towards the wind (PTR, 328). kaAovpevov pres. pass. BASHH, 143). epépovto impf. ind. pass. s.v. 15. Impf.
part. s.v. 8. Katdéa (# 3007) Cauda. A small island 23 pictures the continual action. 18 opodpic (# 5380)
miles south of Crete. As the ship passed by the island, adv. very, exceedingly. yewofopuévwv pres. pass. part.
it gave the crew time to make some preparations for xeyaCopar (# 5928) to expose to bad weather, to toss in
the storm (ABD, 1:878; VSSP, 95-96). ‘oyvoopev aor. a storm. Gen. abs. tf e&fi¢ (#2009) on the following
ind. act. ioxvw (# 2710) to have the strength to, to be (day). exBodn (# 1678) throwing out, jettisoning.
able to, w. inf. woAtg s.v. 7. nepikpatns (# 4331) having énoiodvto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) novew (# 4472) to do,
power, bringing in command. Used here w. the inf., to make. w. the subst.; as a t.t. for throwing the cargo
“to get the boat under control” (BAGD). yevéo®an aor. overboard in order to save the ship (LC; Schneider).
mid. inf. s.v. 7. oxagng gen. sing. oxadn (# 5002) din- Incep. impf., “they began to throw things overboard.”
ghy, a small boat which was sometimes towed or 19 tH tpity (#5569) on the third (day) (dat. of time).
sometimes kept on deck, used for landing or for pull- adtoxerpes (# 901) with their own hands. This emphat-
ing the ship’s head around or for unloading cargo (LC; ic word marks a climax of precautionary operations
SSAW, 330; 335-36). The Latin t.t. was scapha. The diffi- (Bruce). oxevn (# 5006) gear, presumably spare sails
culty of bringing in the boat was no doubt due to its and tackle (LC; Bruce; Schneider). éppryav aor. ind.
being waterlogged (BASHH, 143). Gen. w. the adj., act. pintw (# 4849) to throw, to hurl. @ 20 A106
“control over.” 17 dpavtes aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. (# 2463) sun. dotpwv (# 843) star. The sun and stars
13. BonOetarg dat. pl. Bondera (# 1069) help; pl. helps, were used in navigation. éxupaivovtwv pres. act. part.
tackle. It means either ropes, sails, or perhaps the ma- enipaivw (#2210) to appear. Gen. abs., temp. or causal.
neuvers dictated by the professional skill of the sailors yeywwv (# 5930) storm. dAtyou (# 3900) little, small.
(LC). Here it probably refers to the cables used to se- Used in the sense of degree: ovk OAtyog “not a small,”
cure the ship (BASHH, 143). eyp@vto impf. ind. mid. that is, “great,” “severe” (BAGD). émixewevov pres.
(dep.) xpc&ouo1 (# 5968) to use, w. dat. vmoGwvvovtes mid. (dep.) part. exikeyor (# 2130) to lie upon. Used
pres. act. part. bmoCwvvupr (# 5690) to undergird, to to describe the pressure of a violent tempest (T); gen.
brace. A nautical t.t. used of securing the ship. This abs. Aownov (# 3370) finally. mepippeito impf. ind. pass.
could be done in a number of ways: (1) by placing ex- nepiaipew (# 4311) to take away, to remove. The force
terior cables transversely around the bottom of the of the prep. compound could be local, but is perhaps
hull, called “frapping,” probably the best solution; (2) better as intensive (MH, 321). Impf. implies that the
by exterior cables longitudinally around the hull from situation was continually getting worse (Bruce).
bow to stern on either side; (3) transverse interior brac- owteo@a pres. pass. inf. owtw (# 5392) to save, to res-
es across the hold; (4) interior braces lengthwise across cue, to deliver. Epex. inf. explaining the hope.
the hold (Henry J. Cadbury, “YnoCwpata,” BC, 5:345- @ 21 dovtia (# 826) without food. They had no appe-
54; VSSP, 108-9; BASHH, 143; Polhill; SSAW, 91-92). tite. For the medical use of this word, s. MLL, 276;
Part. of purp. or explaining the use of the helps. One DMTG, 82. bnapyovong pres. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 12.
possible reason for securing the ship in this manner is Gen. abs. ota®eig aor. pass. part. (circum.) fotnpr
that the wet grain could expand and split the ship (# 2705) to put; aor. pass., to stand, to step up or to
(Raspke, “Acts, Travel and Shipwreck,” BAFCS, 2:35). stand to say something or make a speech (BAGD).
goBovpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) doBeopar eimev aor. ind. act. yw (# 3306) to say. €Ber impf. ind.
(# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. un (# 3590) lest, used after act. dei (# 1256) it is necessary, w. inf. giving a logical
a vb. of fear expressing apprehension (BD, 188). thy necessity. Impf. gives a condition which should have
Luptiv (# 5358) the Syrtis. This extensive zone of sand- been, but is not (Schneider). neWapynoavtas aor. act.
bars and quicksands of the coast of North Africa, some part. (circum.) mewWapyew (# 4272) to listen to, to obey,
400 miles south of Cauda, was notorious as a naviga- w. dat. &va&yeo8ar pres. pass. inf. s.v. 2. KepSfjoat aor.
tional hazard and often mentioned in first-century lit- act. inf. kepdaivw (# 3045) to gain. The word may have
erature in this regards (“Syrtey, whose very name the sense of “gain by avoiding what would be detri-
309 Acts 27

mental,” or “to incur,” “to obtain” (LC). @ 22 napaivd near, to approach. They began to suspect that land was
pres. ind. act. s.v. 9. evOupeiv pres. act. inf. evdvuéw near (approaching) them (BAGD). Inf. in indir. dis-
(# 2313) to be of good cheer, to reassure, to comfort, to course. ® 28 Bodioavtes aor. act. part. BoAttw (# 1075)
regain composure. In medicine, it refers to the sick to throw down the lead into the sea, to take soundings
keeping up their spirits. The noun evOvuta means a (RWP). A sounding lead was hollow on the underside,
good interior disposition, courageous good humor, an which was filled w. tallow or grease to bring up sam-
optimistic outlook that causes the heart to swell and ples of the sea bottom (BASHH, 147; SSAW, 246). evpov
preserves or favors the appearance of that internal aor. ind. act. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. opyuia (# 3976)
equilibrium that constitutes good health (MLL, 270-80; fathom, about six feet; as a nautical t.t. used to mea-
TLNT; NDIEC, 1:132-33; MM). Inf. in indir. discourse sure the depth of water (BAGD). etxoon (# 1633) twen-
(NSV, 81). c&oBoAn (# 613) loss. yap (# 1142) for, giving ty. The depth would have been about 120 feet. Bpayo
a causal explanation. éoto1 fut. mid. ind. eit Bez: (# 1099) little, short. S\aothoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
TAN (# 1142) except(s. Luke 22:21). @ 23 napéotn aor. Stiotnut (# 1460) to go away, to pass; here, either after a
ind. act. Toptotnut (# 4225) to stand beside, to appear short interval, perhaps about half an hour (Bruce;
before. vuxtt dat. sing. vv& night. Dat. of time. @e0d VSSP, 131), or after they had sailed a short distance far-
gen. sing. @e0c (# 2536) God. Emphatic by its position. ther (BAGD). Sexanévte (# 1278) fifteen. This would
Gen. of possession or gen. ofsource: “a messenger (an- have been a depth of about 90 feet. © 29 goPodpevor
gel) from the God of...” ob gen. sing. rel. pron. 3¢ pres. mid. (dep.) part. (causal) s.v. 17. un lest (s.v. 17).
(# 4005) Gen. of possession, “whose I am,” “to whom I tpayvg (# 5550) rough, rocky. exnéowpev aor. subj. act.,
belong.” @ dat. sing. rel. pron. 6¢. Dat. as obj. of the vb. s.v. 17. npouva (# 4744) stern. piyavtes aor. act. part.
Aatpevw (# 3302) pres. ind. act. to worship, to serve, w. (circum.) s.v. 19. &yKvpa (# 46) anchor. Cast from the
dat. Pres. indicates the continual, habitual service. stern, the anchors were to act as a brake keeping the
@ 24 dofod pres. imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 17. Pres. imp. prow of the ship pointing to the shore (Bruce; for an-
used w. neg. 1 (# 3590) to stop an action in progress. cient anchors s. N. Hirschfeld, “The Ship of St. Paul—Pt
Tlatie voc. sing. Tabaog (#4263). Kaioap (# 2790) 1,” BA 53 [1990]: 25-30; SSAW, 250-58). noxovto impf.
Caesar. 6€ acc. sing. personal pron. ov (# 5248) Acc. as ind. mid. (dep.) evyouor (# 2377) to pray, to wish for.
subject of the inf. det pres. ind. act., w. inf. s.v. 21. It Impf. pictures the continual action. yevéo@a1 aor. mid.
speaks of the divine necessity (s. C.H. Cogsgrove, (dep.) inf. s.v. 7. Inf. in indir. discourse giving the con-
“The Divine AEI in Luke-Acts,” Nov T 26 [1984]: 178). tent of their prayers. 30 Cntovvtwv pres. act. part.
Nopactiivar aor. act. inf. s.v. 23. Kkeyapiotar perf. ind. (temp.) Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to attempt to, w. inf.
mid. (dep.) xapiGouar (# 5919) to give, to grant, to gra- Gen. abs. ovyetv aor. act. inf. devyw (# 5771) to flee.
ciously give. “God has given as a present....” (Bruce). YaAaoavtwv aor. act. part. (temp.) s.v. 17. Gen. abs. s.v.
Perf. emphasizes the lasting effects of God’s giving. 16. mpopacer dat. sing. mpopacic (# 4733) pretext, pre-
@ 25 evOupeite pres. imp. act. s.v. 22. Pres. imp. calls tense. Instr. dat. mpapa (# 4749) bow, prow. HeAAOvTWV
for a continual attitude. xa@’ ov tponov according to the pres. act. part. s.v. 2, w. inf. to express immediate fut.
manner, in the same way as (BAGD). AeAGANTaL perf. EKTEVELV pres. act. inf. extetvw (# 1753) to stretch out, to
ind. pass. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Perf. emphasizes let out. @ 31 elnev aor. ind. act. s.v. 21. peivwow aor.
the abiding result of what was spoken. @ 26 exneceiv subj. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. Subj. in a 3rd. class
aor. act. inf. s.v. 17. Inf. w. Set expressing necessity. cond. cl. which assumes the possibility of the cond.
@ 27 tecoupeokarsexatn (# 5476) fourteen. The time is owéf\va1 aor. pass. inf. s.v. 20. &bvaoe pres. ind. pass.
probably reckoned from Cauda to Malta, some 475 s.v.12. @32 anéKxowav aor. ind. act. amoKxontw (# 644) to
miles (VSSP, 126-27; BASHH, 145). éyeveto aor. ind. cut off. oyowtov (# 5389) rope. elacav aor. ind. act. Edw
mid. (dep.) s.v. 7. Siapepowevwv pres. pass. part. 510- (# 1572) to let, to allow, to permit, w. inf. EKNEOELV pres.
depw (# 1422) to carry through, to drive about. The idea act. inf. s.v. 17; here, to fall off. @ 33 aypi ob until; here,
here is “drifting across” (LC). Gen. abs. "Aépiag (# 102) w. the impf., “until it was about to become day”; that
Adria. Not the modern Adriatic Sea, but according to , “before daybreak” (Haenchen; BD, 193). TyweAAEv
the ancient writers it referred to the sea between Crete ae ind. act. s.v. 2. yiveo@a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. s.v.
and Malta, that is, the lonaian Sea and the north-cen- 7. TapeKarer impf. ind. act. napaxarew (# 4151) to en-
tral Mediterranean between Greece and Italy (BASHH, courage, to exhort. Impf. pictures the repeated action.
145-46; Polhill). kata péoov tig vuKtog “along about Vbs. of asking and commanding have the idea of an
the middle of the night.” bxevoovv impf. ind. act. vr0- incomplete action in the past, since they await a fulfill-
voew (#5706) to think, to suspect. The prep. compound ment in a further action by another agent (MT, 164).
conveys the idea of thoughts making their way up into petaraPetv aor. act. inf. vetoAauBavw (# 3561) to take,
the mind (MH, 327). Incep. impf., “they began to sup- to partake of food, w. gen. tecoaupeokatdexatny (# 5476)
pose.” mpoowyetv pres. act. inf. tpowyw (# 4642) to come fourteenth. Acc. of duration of time (RWP). mpoo-
Acts 27 310

doK@vtes pres. act. part. mpoodoxaw (# 4659) to wait. (RWP). &0vaivto pres. opt. pass. s.v. 12. Opt. in a 4th.
Circum. or supplementary part. dvatedeite pres. ind. class cond. cl. viewing the cond. as less probable.
act. dra.teAew (# 1412) to accomplish, to continue. npoo- &E@oar aor. act. inf. eEwtw (# 2034) to drive out; as a
AaPopevot aor. mid. part. mpoohapPavw (# 4689) to take; seaman’s t.t., to beach, to run ashore (BAGD). @ 40
mid. to take to oneself. Probably Paul means that they MEPEAOVTES aor. act. part. (circum.) nepraipew (# 4311)
had taken no regular meals, only bits of food now and to take away, to cast off. The prep. compound is inten-
then (RWP). @ 34 npdc (# 4639) w. gen., in the interest sive (MH, 321). They cut off the anchors and let them
of (BD, 125). owtnpia (# 5401) deliverance. Paul’s ad- fall into the sea (VSSP, 141; BASHH, 151). etwv impf.
vice was meant to restore calm as well as to strengthen ind. act. taw (# 1572) to allow. dvévtesg aor. act. part.
the crew for the tasks ahead (BASHH, 149). bxapyer (circum.) &vint (# 479) to loosen, to release. CeuKtnpia
pres. ind. act. s.v. 12. Opi (# 2582) hair. dmoAeitor fut. (# 2415) band, lashing, strap. The word is used in the
ind. mid. (dep.) &noAA vt (# 660) to perish, to be lost. papyri in connection w. the mechanism of a water
The expression is proverbial in the OT, meaning the wheel (MM). On the ship these served to lift the steer-
saving of life (LC). 35 einag aor. act. part. (temp.) ing oars when the ship was at anchor to prevent them
s.v. 21. AaPedv aor. act. part. AapBavw (# 3284) to take. from banging around (BASHH, 151; SSAW, 228). Dur-
Circum. or temp. part. ebyapiotnoev aor. ind. act. ev- ing the storm the rudders, large paddles on each side
yapiotew (# 2373) to thank, to give thanks, w. dat. Giv- of the ship, had been lifted and tied down; now they
ing thanks for one’s food was a normal Jewish custom were untied and let down into the water for guidance
(Bruce). Evwriov nmavtwv in the presence of all, before (Polhill; VSSP, 141). mndaArov (# 4382) rudder (SSAW,
all. Paul was not ashamed to express his thanksgiving 224-28). €mapavtes aor. act. part. (circum.) enaipw
openly. KAGous aor. act. part. (temp.) KAdw (# 3089) to (# 2048) to set, to hoist. a&ptéywwv foresail, the forward
break. In a Jewish household the father broke the mast or the sail on it (LC). It refers to the small bow-
bread as a signal to begin the meal (BAGD). fip—ato sprit sail, slanting low over the bows in order to be
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &pxw (# 806) to begin, w. inf. é0- hoisted rapidly (BASHH, 151; VSSP, 141; SSAW, 242-
@iew pres. act. inf. Eo8iw (# 2266) to eat. @ 36 evOvpor 43). mveovor pres. act. part. tvew (# 4463) to blow. Dat.
(# 2314) nom. pl. cheerful, assured, confident (s.v. 22). of direction, “to the blowing (wind).” The cutting
Pred. adj. ‘yevopevoi aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) s.v. away of the anchors, the loosing of the bands of the
7. RAVTES KAI adTOL all of them also. mpooeAaPovto aor. rudder and the hoisting of the sail, performed simul-
ind. mid. s.v. 33. tpogis (# 5575) gen. sing. food, nour- taneously, put the ship immediately under control
ishment. Partitive gen., “to take from,” “to eat of” (BASHH, 151). xatetyov impf. ind. act. kateyw (# 2988)
(RWP; RG, 519; BD, 93). @ 37 Twe8o. impf. ind. mid. to hold down. Incep. impf., “they began to hold the
eit s.v. 2. For this Hellenistic form s. BD, 49; GGP, 404. ship steadily for the beach” (RWP). @ 41 nepimecovtes
woyxat nom. pl. yuxn (#6034) soul, life, person (BAGD). aor. act. part. nepinintw (# 4346) to fall around, to en-
Siaxooia1 EPSounKovta EE 276. The ship was probably counter, to fall into; here, to strike a reef (BAGD). Cir-
large enough to accommodate more (BASHH; Jose- cum. or temp. part. 518dAao00¢ (# 1458) w. the sea on
phus claims that 600 were aboard the ship he was en- both sides. Perhaps they ran onto a sand bank, a reef
route to Rome that suffered shipwreck, Jos., Life, (BAGD), or a mud bank (BASHH, 151). éméxevAav aor.
15). 38 KopeobEvtes aor. pass. part. (temp.) Kopev- ind. act. enixeAAw (# 2131) to run ashore (BASHH,
vou (# 3170) to satisfy. exovpiGov impf. ind. act. 151). vad (#3570) ship. np@pa (# 4749) the forepart,
Kovoitw (# 3185) to lighten. Incep. impf., “they began bow or prow of a ship s.v. 30. epeioaoa aor. act. part.
to make the ship lighter.” &xBoAXOpevor pres. mid. (circum.) nom. fem. sing. epetdw (# 2242) to jam fast, to
(dep.) part. exBarAw (# 1675) to throw out. The grain become firmly fixed. €wetvev aor. ind. act. wévw (# 3531)
may have been loaded in sacks, thus making it easier to remain. doaAevtoc (# 810) unmovable, unshakable.
to throw overboard (Raspke, “Acts, Travel and Ship- mpvuva (# 4744) back part of the ship, stern. EAv_eto
wreck,” BAFCS, 2:31-32; SSAW, 199-200). @ 39 EVE- impf. ind. pass. Avw (# 3395) to loosen, to break up. In-
veto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 7. meyivwoxov impf. ind. cep. impf., “the stern began to break up.” Bia (# 1040)
act. envyivwoKw (# 2105) to know, to recognize. KOAOG force, violence. ® 42 BovAn (# 1087) plan, intent, deci-
(# 3146) bay. Katevoovv impf. ind. act. Katavoew sion. €yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 7. dnoxtetvwowv
(# 2917) to perceive. Impf. may indicate that one after aor. act. subj. anoxtetvw (# 650) to kill. Subj. w. iva
another of them noticed (Bruce). €yovta pres. act. part. (# 2671) giving the content of the plan. ph (# 3590) lest.
(adj.) Eyw (# 2400) to have. atyiadog (# 129) beach, a EKKOAVUBNOUS aor. act. part. ExKoAvUBaw (# 1713) to
sandy beach, in contradistinction to a rocky coast swim away. Part. of means, “by swimming away.” 610-
(VSSP, 140). €BovAevbovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) BovAev- gvyn aor. subj. act. diadevyw (# 1423) to escape. The
ona (# 1086) to take counsel, to decide, to plan, w. inf. pres. in compound is perfective, “to escape successful-
Impf. shows the process of deliberation and doubt ly.” Subj. in a neg. result cl. @ 43 BovAdpEvos pres. mid.
311 Acts 28

(dep.) part. BovAouat (# 1089) to wish, to want to, w. part. (temp.) dntw (# 721) to light (a fire). yop (# 1142)
inf. Suao@o0on aor. act. inf. Siaowlw (# 1407) to save, to for: particle explaining their generosity. mupa (# 4787)
rescue. The prep. compound describes the carrying of fire, bonfire, a fire of brush wood in the open (LC).
action through to a definite result, “to bring safely mMpooEAGPoveto aor. ind. mid. (indir. RWP) npooAapBavw
through” (MH, 301). The centurion was apparently im- (# 4689) to receive, to take to; “they brought us all to
pressed w. Paul’s continued pronouncements and it” (Bruce). bet0g (# 5624) rain. Epeotmta perf. act. part.
warnings, the conviction and authority w. which he ediotnut (# 2392) to set upon, to be present, “the rain
delivered them, and their prescient character as re- that stood upon them”; that is, “the pouring rain”
vealed in the unfolding events (B. Raspke, BAFCS, (RWP). woxog (# 6036) acc. sing. cold. @ 3 ovotpewav-
3:271). &kWAVOEV aor. ind. act. KwADW (# 3266) to hinder. TOG aor. act. part. (temp.) ovotpepw (# 5370) to twist to-
BovAnpa (# 1088) plan, intention. Gen. w. a vb. of hin- gether, to roll together in a bundle. Gen. abs., “as he
dering. €xéAevoev aor. ind. act. keAebw (# 3027) to com- was....” @pvyavov (# 5866) brush, dry wood, brush
mand. dvvopevous pres. pass. part. w. inf. s.v. 12. Part. wood. emiWevtog aor. act. part. (temp.) enitiOnur
as subst. koAvpBa&v pres. act. inf. koAvuBaw (# 3147) to (# 2202) to place upon. Gen. abs. éytiva. (# 2399) snake,
swim. a&mopiwavtas aor. act. part. (circum.) dnopintw viper; usually a poisonous snake (BAGD; Pliny, NH,
(# 681) to leap off. e€vevan pres. act. inf. Eey (# 1996) 8:85-86). The snake as an agent of vengeance was a
to go out; here, to go on land. Inf. in indir. discourse common idea (BASHH, 153). 6épun (# 2546) heat. &&-
giving the content of the command. @ 44 ov¢ pév ... eAobou aor. act. part. (circum.) e&€pyouai (# 2002) to
vc S€ some ... others. caviow dat. pl. cavic (# 4909) come out. Ka@fjwev aor. ind. act. kabantw (# 2750) to
board, plank. Instr. dat. €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. fasten on to, to bite, w. gen. (LC). For the medical use
7. SiaowOfvor aor. pass. inf. s.v. 43. Inf. w. eyeveto (s. of the term indicating the introduction of poison mat-
Luke 2:1). “It happened that all were rescued.” ter into the body s. MLL, 288. @ 4 etdov aor. ind. act.
Opaw (# 3972) to see. Kpepdpevov pres. mid. (dep.) part.
(adj.) kpeuavvupt (# 3203) to hang. @npiov (# 2563) ani-
Acts 28 mal, beast, wild beast. Term used by medical writers
@ 1 d5ia0wbevtes aor. pass. part. (temp.) draowlw of venomous serpents (MLL, 51). €Aeyov impf. ind. act.
(# 1407) to rescue completely (s. 27:43). emeyvwpev aor. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Incep. impf., “they began to say.”
ind. act. exiyiwwokw (# 2105) to know, to recognize. nmaviwe (# 4122) adv., perhaps (s. 21:22). povevds
MeAitn (# 3514) Melita. The island is to be identified as (# 5838) murderer. Pred. nom. without the art. stresses
Malta. (ABD, 4:489-90). For this and other suggestions the character. Ssacw@evta aor. pass. part. s.v. 1. Adj.
s. BASHH, 152; Polhill; B. Rapske, “Acts, Travel and part. or concessive part., “although he was rescued.”
Shipwreck,” BAFCS, 2:41-43; O.RA. Meinardus, “St. 5ixn (# 1472) justice; perhaps a reference to justice as
Paul Shipwrecked in Dalmatia,” BA 39 (1976): 145-47; the goddess Dike, who was to report all the unrigh-
Alfred Suhl, “Gestrandet! Bermerkungen zur Streit teous deeds of mankind to Zeus immediately so that
uber die Romfahrt des Paulus,” ZThK 88 (1991): 1-28; people would have to pay for their crimes (DDD, 467-
Jurgen Wehnert, “’... und da erfuhren wir, daf die 80; Rackham; TDNT; TLNT). Gfiv pres. act. inf. Caw
Insel Kephallenia heift.’ Zur Auslegung von Apg 27- (# 2409) to live. elaoev aor. ind. act. Edw (# 1572) to al-
28 und ihrer Methode,” ZThK 88 (1991): 169-80. low, to let, w. inf. 5 amotiva&ac aor. act. part. ano-
KaAeitat pres. ind. pass. kaAew (# 2813) to call; pass., to tivaco0w (# 701) to shake off. €ma@ev aor. ind. act.
be named. @ 2 BapBapos (# 975) one who does not naoxw (# 4248) to suffer. KaKOc (# 2805) harm, evil, bad
speak Greek, foreigner. The Maltese were Phoenicians effect. 6 npooedoKwv impf. ind. act. mpoodsoKaw
speaking some dialect of Punic or Phoenician (LC; for (# 4659) to await, to expect. Impf. pictures the continu-
text from Malta s. BASHH, 152; KAI, 1:14; 2:76-79; ing action: they stood watching him for some time
TSSI. 3:72-77). mapeiyov impf. ind. act. nopexw (# 4218) (Bruce). péAAew pres. act. inf. weddw (# 3516) to be
to offer, to provide, to show. Impf. may indicate their about to, w. inf. to express the immediate fut. Inf. as
habit (RWP). tuxodoav aor. act. part. (adj.) tuyyavw obj. of the vb. mpoced0xwv. nipnpao@ar pres. pass. inf.
(# 5593) to hit, to meet w. Part. used w. the neg. ov miumpnur (# 4399) to swell. It was the usual medical
(# 4024) means not common, not ordinary, extraordi- word for inflammation (MLL, 50). xatanintewv pres.
nary (BAGD). ¢UavOpwria (# 5792) love for human- act. inf. katanintw (# 2928) to fall down. For the medi-
kind, kindness toward people, hospitality. This noble cal use of the term, s. MLL, 50f. &vw (# 924) suddenly.
virtue, a key word in the Hellenistic period, is ex- vexpov (# 3738) acc. sing. dead. Acc. of manner. €ni
pressed especially as solicitude, a willingness to serve, mov for a long (time). npooSoxwvtwv pres. act. part.
and in effective liberalities; it is a form of generosity mpoodoxaw (# 4659) Gen. abs. Pres. indicates the con-
(TLNT; TDNT; EDNT). The word was also applied to tinual waiting. 8ewpovdvtwy pres. act. part. Sewpew
the medical profession (MLL, 296-97). GwavteEs aor. act. (# 2555) to see, to watch. Gen. abs. &tonos (# 876) out of
Acts 28 312

place, harm. The word was used in medical language @ 11 peta 5é tpEic pjvac and after three months. This
to denote anything unusual in the symptoms of a dis- was very probably in early February and the crew
ease or something that was deadly or fatal (MLL, 289). wanted to leave at the earliest moment they could ex-
yivoyevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) yivouat (# 1181) pect favorable spring winds so they could get to Ostia
to become, to be, to happen. petaPaAopevor pres. mid. and reload the cargo for the return journey to Alexan-
(dep.) part. (circum.) petaParrAw (# 3554) to change dria (BASHH, 154). avnxOnpev aor. ind. pass. (dep.) s.v.
one’s mind. €Aeyov impf. ind. act. s.v. 4. Incep. impf., 10. mopaxeyeyoKot perf. act. part. (adj.) napayewatw
“they began to say.” €lvar pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639). (# 4199) to spend the winter. They found another giant
Inf. in indir. discourse. 680¢ (# 2536) god. Pred. acc. w. grain carrier of Alexandrian registry (Polhill). napaon-
inf.; without the art. the character is stressed. @ 7 oc (# 4185) figurehead, sign. These were both fore and
onfipxev impf. ind. act. brc&pyw (# 5639) to exist, to be. aft and ships were sometimes named after the guard-
xwpic (# 6005) land, property. mpwtw dat. sing. mpwtoc ian deity (SSAW, 344-60). Avooxovpor (# 1483) the
(# 4755) first. The term may be a title or it may be a Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, twin sons of Zeus and
designation of honor (SPT, 343; BASHH, 153; Polhill). Leda, who were protectors of those in need and popu-
Dat. of ownership or possession. Ovoya. (# 3950) name. lar in Egypt (BAGD; DDD, 490-93; GGR, 1:406-11;
avadeEdpevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) CVASEXYOLOA RAC, 3:1122-38; KP, 2:92-94; Haenchen; SSAW, 357,
(# 346) to receive, to welcome. tpei¢g MNepas for three 367). In an inscription from around 500 B.c. the follow-
days; acc. pl., acc. of time. piAoppovwe (# 5819) friendly, ing occurs: “For Castor and Pollux, the sons of Jupi-
courteously, hospitably. e€vioev aor. ind. act. Eevitw ter.” They were considered to be gods who were to
(# 3826) to entertain as guest, to receive and give lodg- help in time of need (RI, 109 Text #25). @ 12 Katay-
ing to a guest. Hospitality is a virtue practiced marvel- @évteg aor. pass. (dep.) part. katayw (# 2864) to go
ously by the pagans from the time of Homer (TLNT, down, to land. Zupaxovoan (# 5352) Syracuse. A Greek
2:559; EDNT). @ 8 €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 6. city on the southeast coast of Sicily (ABD, 6:270-71).
For the Semitic construction s. Luke 2:1. mupetotg dat. émepeivowev aor. ind. act. emmevw (# 2152) to remain
pl. mupetoc (# 4790) fever. Instr. dat. Svoevtepiw dat. there. The prep. compound is directive (MH, 312).
sing. Svoevteptov (# 1548) dysentery. For the medical Tpepas acc. pl. nuepa (# 2465) day. Acc. of duration of
use of these terms s. MLL, 52-53; DMTG, 135, 280; time. The delay of three days may have been due to
MHW, 32, 39, 41, 116, 154-55. Instr. dat. ovveydyevov weather or to loading or unloading cargo (Haenchen;
pres. pass. part. (adj.) ovvexyw (# 5309) to be sick; to be BASHH, 154). @ 13 mepiedovtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
afflicted w. attacks (LC). kataKxeio@a1 pres. mid. (dep.) nepiaipew (# 4311) to take away, to weigh anchor (TC,
inf. KataKera (# 2879) to lie down, to be lying down; 501). An alternate reading is mepieA80vtec aor. act. part.
used of sick people (BAGD). Inf. used w. the vb. &yeve- meprepyouar (# 4320) to go around (TC, 500-501).
to, “It happened that he was lying down sick.” The KOTHVTNOApEV aor. ind. act. Katavtaw (# 2918) to arrive.
sickness may have been the Malta fever, caused by in- ‘Phyvov (# 4836) Rhegium. It was an important harbor
fected milk of the Maltese goats (BASHH, 153-54). at the toe of Italy (Longenecker, 566) They were wait-
eloeAOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) elogpyoua (# 1656) to ing for a southerly wind to carry them through the
come into. npocevEdpevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) straits for a rapid passage to Puteoli (BASHH, 154).
mpooevyouai (# 4667) to pray. emvOeig aor. act. part. ENLyevopeévov aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) Entyivouat
(temp.) emitiOnur (# 2202) to place upon. iéoato aor. (# 2104) to arise, to come on. Gen. abs. votog (# 3803)
ind. mid. (dep.) coor (# 2615) to heal. @ 9 yevouévov south wind. devtepatocg (# 1308) on the 2nd. day. To-
aor. mid. (dep.) part. (temp.) s.v. 6. Gen. abs. Eyovte¢ tiovo1 (# 4541) Puteoli. This was the port where the
pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have; w. doBeveiac to passengers were set ashore, but the cargo of grain was
have sicknesses, to be sick. Adj. part. as subst. mpoonp- taken to Portus, the new harbor built by Claudia at
yovto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) mpoocepxonat (# 4665) to Ostia (BASHH, 154-55; SSAW, 283-85). @ 14 od
come to. Iterat. impf. pictures the repeated action. (# 4023) where. evpovteg aor. act. part. (circum.)
eSepanevovto impf. ind. pass. bepanevw (# 2543) to treat evpioxw (# 2351) to find. napexAn@npev aor. ind. pass.
medically, to heal. Iterat. impf. @ 10 tyaic dat. pl. tun nopaKkarew (# 4151) to ask, to urge; “we were invited”
(# 5507) price, value, honor, respect. Instr. dat. etiyn- (LC). It may be that Luke found the Christians and the
oav aor. ind. act. tiwaw (# 5506) to honor, to show re- centurion may have been glad to have such accommo-
spect. The context opposes the possible Tendering, dations, rather than having to billet the party, as was
“paid us large fees” (LC; Polhill). &vayopévotc pres. the government practice (BAFCS, 3:272-75; NDIEC
mid. (dep.) part. avayw (# 343) to sail. Temp. part. as 1:36-45; 7:58-92; for Christians at Puteoli s. BASHH,
dat. of time: “When we were sailing,” “at the time we 155). émetvar aor. act. inf. s.v. 12. Inf. in indir. dis-
were going to sail.” €né@evto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) em- course as obj. of the vb. thy ‘Pony (# 4873) Rome. The
TON (# 2202) to place upon, (s.v. 8), to put on board. art. would denote Rome as the goal of the entire jour-
313 Acts 28

ney (BD, 137). 15 xaxeiev (# 2796) and from there. after part. where the rel. pron. could be confused w.
aKxovoavtEc aor. act. part. (temp.) akovw (# 201) to hear. the art. (BD, 153). &vaxpivavtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
NA@av aor. ind. act. Epyouat (# 2262) to come. &ma&vtnors avaKkpivw (# 373) to legally examine, to try (s. 24:8).
(# 561) meeting. ‘Anniov ®opov (# 716; 5842) Appi Fo- €BobdAovto impf. ind. mid. BovAopa (# 1089) to will, to
rum. A stopping place on the Appian Way about 43 want to, w. inf. Impf. indicates the desire was not real-
miles from Rome (BASHH, 156). Tpidv ToBepvev Tres ized. &noADoaL aor. act. inf. dnoADW (# 668) to release.
Tabernae, a roadside house 33 miles from Rome on the onmapyelv pres. act. inf. s.v. 7. Inf. w. 6d (#1328) ex-
Appian Way (LC; BBC). iv aor. act. part. (temp.) pressing cause. 19 dvtieyovtwv pres. act. part. dvtt-
opaw (# 3972) to see. ebyapiotnoas aor. act. part. (cir- Aeyw (# 515) to speak against, to object. Gen. abs.,
cum.) evyapiotew (# 2373) to give thanks. EAaBe aor. temp. or causal. Pres. indicates the repeated action.
ind. act. AouPavw (# 3284) to take. @dpooc (# 2511) acc. TvayKaoOny aor. ind. pass. avaykacw (# 337) to compel,
sing. courage, confidence in the midst of trial (TLNT). to force, w. inf. It refers to a logical compelling brought
@ 16 eLon/Bopev aor. ind. act. s.v. 8. €metpann aor. ind. about by the circumstances (EDNT). émixoAeoaobar
pass. emitpenw (# 2205) to allow, to permit, w. inf. aor. mid. inf. emixaArew (# 2126) to appeal to (s. 25:11,
peévew pres. act. inf. wevw (# 3531) to remain. Kad’ Eav- 12). €ywv pres. act. part. tyw (# 2400) to have. we
tov (#2848; 1571) by himself, privately, in his own (# 6055) w. the part. giving the alleged reason is com-
quarters. (s.v. 30). ¢vAd&ooovTt pres. act. part. bvAdcow mon in Gr. (RWP). katnyopeiv pres. act. inf. Katnyopew
(# 5875) to guard. Paul was not in prison but in the (# 2989) to accuse, to bring an accusation against some-
custody of a soldier detailed to guard him (LC). He one, w. gen. Epex. inf. explaining 11. @ 20 mapexdAeoa,
was still bound to a soldier by a light chain so that he aor. ind. act. s.v. 14. 18etv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972) to
could not go in and out as he pleased (EGT; s. esp. see. Inf. in indir. discourse. MpooAGAT|oa1 aor. act. inf.
BAFCS, 3:206-9). For conditions of a prisoner s. mpoorarew (# 4688) to talk to. Evexev (# 1915) because
BAFCS, 3:195-225. Paul was probably allowed to live of. GAvots (# 268) chain. nepixeyon (# 4329) pres. ind.
in rented quarters, which could have been a small mid. (dep.) to lie around, to wear. Security against es-
room in an upper story of a house not far from the Cas- cape in light custody conditions usually called for a
tra Praetoria. He would have been required to provide chain which would bind the prisoner by the wrist to
his own food; else he received a grain ration (BAFCS, his soldier guard, and this would probably have been
3:227-42). The guards were taken from the Praetorian a light chain rather than a heavy one (BAFCS,
Guard, commanded at this time by Afranius Burrus. 3:181). 21 eimav aor. ind. act. A€yw s.v. 4. ypoypo
He died later in A.D. 62 during the purges by Nero (# 1207) letter. &6e&dpe8a aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Sexouar
(BBC). @ 17 €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 6, 8. ovy- (# 1312) to receive. Perhaps the ship Paul was on was
KaAEoaoOaL aor. mid. inf. cvyKaAew (# 5157) to call to- one of the first to arrive in Italy after the winter, thus
gether; mid., to call to one’s side, to summon (BAGD). explaining why there had been no communication
Under certain circumstances, Roman practice allowed from the Jews in Jerusalem (Munck). mapayevouevos
free access to the prisoner during the day, but enforced aor. mid. (dep.) part. (circum.) napayivopar (# 4134) to
solitude through the night (BAFCS, 3:384, 180-81). come. Gmnyyelvev aor. ind. act. anayyerArAw (# 550) to re-
dvtag pres. act. part. (adj.) ewt (# 1639) to be. mpwtoc port. €AdAnoev aor. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak.
(# 4755) first, leading, leaders. Josephus says that 8,000 22 céobpev pres. ind. act. &&10w (# 546) to consider
Jews appeared against Archelaus in Rome (Jos., JW, worthy, to think right or proper, w. inf. &kotoa aor.
2:80). Modern estimates of the number of Jews at act. inf. s.v. 15. ppoveic pres. ind. act. ppovew (# 5858) to
Rome in the first century range between 10,000 to think. yvwotos (# 1196) known. navtayxod (# 4116) ev-
50,000 (BAFCS, 3:330-31; Schneider). cvveABovtwv aor. erywhere. QVTIAEYETAL pres. ind. pass. avteyw (# 515)
act. part. (temp.) ovvépyowa. (# 5302) to come together, to speak against, to oppose. © 23 TaEGpEVvOL aor. mid.
to assemble. Gen. abs. €Aeyev impf. ind. act. s.v. 4. In- (indir. mid.) part. tacow (# 5435) to arrange, to ap-
cep. impf. évavtiog (# 1885) contrary, hostile. novnoac point. RA®ov aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. Eevia (# 3825) lodging.
aor. act. part. movew (# 4472) to do. Concessive part. The living quarters that Paul had rented (Haenchen;
(“although...”). Aa@ dat. sing. Aaog (# 3295) people. s.v. 16). mhetloves comp. modvG (# 4498) much; comp.,
Dat. of disadvantage. W. the art. it refers to his people, even more, in greater numbers (BAGD). t&eti®eto
that is, the Jews. €8ea dat. pl. €80¢ (# 1621) custom, impf. ind. mid. exttOnut (# 1758) to lay out, to set forth.
common usage, legal rule (TLNT). Dat. of disadvan- Perhaps the mid. indicates that the apostle vindicates
tage. 5eon10¢ (# 1300) nom. sing. prisoner. Nom. w. his own conduct (EGT). Svopaptvpoyevog pres. mid.
pass. vb. but no art. stresses the character: “I was de- (dep.) part. d1oyoptvpopnar (# 1371) to testify, to bear
livered over as a prisoner.” maped08nv aor. ind. Pass. witness. Circum. part. explaining how he set forth his
rapadtSup (# 4140) to deliver over. @ 18 ottivec message. mei@wv pres. act. part. (circum.) metOw (# 4275)
(# 4015) nom. pl. who, used for the normal rel., esp. to persuade. Pres. may be conative, “he was trying to
Acts 28 314

persuade.” npwi (# 4745) early. éonépa (# 2270) even- cl. &kovowotv aor. subj. act. s.v. 15. Subj. in neg. purp.
ing. @ 24 €netBovto impf. ind. pass. s.v. 23. Impf. either cl. ovv@ow aor. subj. act., s.v. 26. EmLotpEywolv aor.
pictures the repeated action or is incep., “some began subj. act. emrotpepw (# 2188) to turn, to turn back. Subj.
to be persuaded” (RWP). Aeyopeévoig pres. pass. part. in a neg. purp. cl. iaoopo1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 8.
s.v. 4. Adj. part. as subst. Instr. dat. qriotovv impf. ind. © 28 éotw pres. act. imp. act. eit s.v. 25. dneotaAn aor.
act. amiotew (# 601) to disbelieve. For the alpha as a ind. pass. 3rd. pers. sing. anooteAAw (# 690) to send
neg. prefix s. Moorhouse 41-68. 25 dovpdwvoc (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT, 1:186-94). adtot (# 899) they, in
(# 851) out of harmony, without agreement. OVTES pres. contrast to the unbelieving Jews (RWP). d&xovoovta1
act. part. (causal) ew (# 1639). aneAvovto impf. ind. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 15. @ 30 évépetvev aor. ind.
mid. amoAvw (# 668) to dismiss; mid. to loose oneself, act. eupevw (# 1844) to remain. Stetiav OANV two whole
to depart. einovtog aor. act. part. s.v. 4. Gen. abs. €AGAnN- years. Acc. of time. Maybe the two years indicate that
oev aor. ind. act. s.v. 21. ® 26 nopevOnt aor. imp. pass. the time period for Paul’s accusers to appear had
(dep.) nopevouat (# 4513) to go. eimov aor. imp. act. s.v. elapsed (BC, 5:330; BBC). It is better, however, to as-
4. axof| (# 198) dat. sing. hearing. Dat. of manner as sume that Paul stood before Nero, but was acquitted
translation of the Heb. inf. abs. to emphatically rein- and released (BASHH, 157-58, 390-404; BAFCS, 3:191).
force the idea of the vb. (BG, 21). &kovoete fut. ind. act. p1obw@patt dat. pl. utc@wye. (# 3637) contract price, rent,
s.v. 15. ovviite aor. subj. act. cuvinut (# 5317) to compre- rented lodging (BAGD; BAFCS, 3:327). amedexeto impf.
hend, to understand. Subj. w. double neg. ov pq ind. mid. (dep.) anodexouai (# 622) to receive, to wel-
(# 4024; 3590) as emphatic denial. BAénovtes pres. act. come. Impf. pictures the repeated action. etomopevo-
part. BAemw (# 1063) to see. Part. as translation of Heb. WEvous pres. mid. (dep.) part. etonopevouar (# 1660) to
inf. abs. (BG, 21). BAewete fut. ind. act. inte aor. subj. go into, to come to. Adj. part. as subst. 31 knpboowv
act. opaw (# 3972) to see. 27 enayvvern aor. ind. pass. pres. act. part. (circum.) knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim,
mayovw (# 4266) to make fat, to become fat, to make to preach. §18coKwv pres. act. part. (circum.) 85aoKw (#
dull, pass. to become dull (TDNT). wotiv dat. pl. ov 1438) to teach. Pres. indicates the repeated action.
(#4044) ear. Instr. dat. Baptwo (# 977) adv. heavy, axwAvtws (# 219) adv. without hindrance. The adv. is
heavily, w. difficulty; w. vb. fikovoav, “to be hard of of constant occurrence in legal documents in the papy-
hearing” (BAGD). fkovoav aor. ind. act. s.v. 15. exdp- ri (MM). For the ending of the book of Acts s. BASHH,
vow aor. ind. act. KapLLvW (# 2826) to shut, to close the 383-87.
eyes. t6wotv aor. subj. act. s.v. 26. Subj. in a neg. purp.
 Romans

Romans 1 was a descendant of David and will ultimately fulfill

@ 1 Tato (#4263) Paul. Nom. used in the ad- the covenant promises which were made to David
dress of a letter. For the form and sending of letters in (Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in Acts-
the ancient world s. NDIEC, 7:1-57; DPL, 550-53; LAE, Revelation,” Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 78-79; Byrne).
146-215; RAC, 2:564-84; KP, 2:324-27; John Lee White, @ 4 OpioBévtog aor. pass. part. adj. opiGw (#3988) to
The Form and Function of the Body of the Greek Letter (Mis- mark out the boundary, to decree, to appoint, to desig-
soula, Mont.: Scholar’s Press, 1972); White, The Form nate (Dunn; S. Lewis Johnson, Jr., “The Jesus that Paul
and Structure of the Official Petitions: A Study in Greek Preached,” Bib Sac 128 [1971]: 129f; L. C. Allen, “The
Epistolography (Missoula, Mont.: Scholar’s Press, 1972); Old Testament Background of [mpo] opt€w in the New
Chan-Hie Kim, Form and Structure of the Familiar Greek Testament,” NTS 17 [1970]: 104-108; TDNT). &ywwobvns
Letter of Recommendation (Missoula, Mont.: Scholar’s (# 43) holiness. Here it indicates a spirit or disposition
Press, 1972); Stanley K. Stowers, Letter Writing in Greco- of holiness which characterized Christ spiritually
Roman Antiquity; vol. 5, Library of Early Christianity, (Johnson, 132; EDNT). 5 &AcGBopev aor. ind. act.
Wayne A. Meeks (ed.) (Philadelphia: Westminster AauBavu (# 3284) to take, to receive. The pl. refers only
Press, 1986); Franz Schneider und Werner Stenger, Stu- to Paul. It is his stylistic method of avoiding the em-
dien zum neutestamentlichen Briefformular (Leiden: E.J. phasize on “I” (Kuss). a&nootoAn (# 2779) apostleship,
Brill, 1978); Joseph A. Fitzmyer, “Some Notes on Ara- the office of the apostle. tbmaxon (#5633) obedience.
maic Epistolography,” JBL 93 (1974): 201-25; ABD, @ 7 ovow pres. act. part. eit (# 1639) to be. Pres. de-
4:290-93. d0dA0¢ (# 1528) slave, bondservant. The term scribes their present location in Rome. For a study of
emphasizes the bondage and the belonging to another the early Christians in Rome s. Peter Lampe, Die
(TDNT; Dunn; SCS, 27-46; Philemon 21). The following stadtromischen Christen in den ersten beiden Jahrhunderten
gens. show possession: as a slave he belonged to Christ [Tiibingen, 1987]; DPL, 850-55). ayanntoig (#28) be-
Jesus. KAnNtOg (# 3105) called. Verbal adj. w. this ending loved. For verbal adjs. w. this ending s.v. 1. @ 8 katay-
usually has pass. sense (BG, 47; N, 221). &noatodo¢ YEAAETOL pres. ind. pass. KatayyeAAw (#2859) to pro-
(#693) apostle, one commissioned by another, who claim, to report, to publicly report (Barrett). Pres. sug-
bears the authority of the one who commissions him gests continuing activity. 9 Aatpedbw (#3302) to
(TLNT; TDNT; EDNT; Fitzmyer, 231-32). Pred. nom., serve, to serve for pay; then to do service for a deity
“called to be an apostle.” &pwpiopevoc perf. part. pass. (TDNT). Plutarch: “The god whom the priestess serves
adopiw (# 928) to mark off, to separate by a boundary. understands and hears” [Moralia, 512e], and others use
Perf. suggests the continuing result of the past action. the term in this way (NW, 2, i:1-2). €v t@ mvevpoti
Adj. part. in apposition to &mootoAog (Cranfield). The (#1877; 4460) with (in) my spirit. It is by using spirit
absence of the article w. the words in v. 1 indicates the that Paul renders God service (Barrett). Ev 1 ebayyeAiw
nature or quality (BG, 55). ebayyeAtov (# 2295) acc. sing. (# 1877; 2295) “in the gospel.” Prep. here denotes the
good news, gospel (TLNT; TDNT; Stuhlmacher; Wilck- external sphere (Lightfoot, Notes). gdvaAsintws (# 90)
ens, 74-75). @2npoennyyetAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) adv., without ceasing, constantly (TLNT). The word
mMpoenayyerArdw (# 4600 ) to promise before, to promise was used for a continuous cough (MM) and Josephus
previously or in advance. ypagaic dat. pl. ypaon used it for the incessant attacks of the Romans against
(#1210) writing, Scripture. The absence of the article Jotapatha (TJ, 127; Jos., JW, 3:155-57) or for the continu-
throws the stress on aylatg (SH). @ 3 mepi tod viod ad- al hammering of a battering ram against the walls of
tov. The phrase “concerning his Son” is to be connected Jerusalem (TJ, 181; Jos., JW, 5:298-302; CCF], 1:24). pveto
closely w. the word evayyédtov (Lightfoot, Notes). ‘yevo- (# 3644) remembrance, mention. @ 10 Sedpevog pres.
weévov aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) yivopo (# 1181) to be- mid. part. (dep.) deou01 (1289) to pray, to make a re-
come. The vb. indicates a change in existence and quest. Epex. part. or part of manner explaining how or
focuses on the Son of God coming into human exist- what Paul prayed. Often Jews prayed several hours a
ence (Moo). onéppatos gen. sing. omepuo. (# 5065) seed, day (BBC). ei nwe (# 1623; 4803) if perhaps. By omitting
descendant. According to his humanity the Messiah the apodosis of the cond. cl. the first cl. may be taken as

315
Romans 1 316

a wish (MT, 91). evodwOjoopor fut. ind. pass. evdow readiness” (BD, 120). npo@vpog (# 4609) ready, willing,
(# 2338) to be led along a good road, to cause one to eager. evayyeAioaodat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. evayyeAifo-
journey prosperously, to make one succeed (Dunn; Go- wo (# 2294) to evangelize, to proclaim the good news.
det). Ev TH BeEATLATL TOD GE0d (# 2525; 2536) in the will of Epex. inf. to explain what he is willing to do. 16
God. The expression occurs often in private letters (BS, énaioxovona1 (#2049) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to be
252). A Jewish prayer for travel says, “May it be your ashamed. motevovtt pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to
will, Oh Lord our God, that you lead us in peace, and believe. Pres. expresses continuous action.” EAAnv dat.
that you sustain us in peace that you save me from the sing. EAAnv (# 1818) Greek. Here it refers to anyone
hand of every enemy...” (b. Berakoth, 29b). €A@eiv aor. who is not a Jew (Gifford). 17 &ixa1ocbvn be0d
inf. act. Epxyowar (# 2262) to come. Inf. expressing purp. (# 1466; 2536) righteousness of God. The phrase could
or result. @ 11 €n17000 pres. ind. act. Emimobew (# 2160) mean “the righteous standing which God gives” or
to long for. Prep. in compound marks the direction of “the righteous character which God is” or “the righ-
the desire (SH). 18eiv aor. inf. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. teous activity which comes from God.” For a review of
Epex. inf. explaining the desire. petad@ aor. subj. act. these meaning s. MRP, 9-14; Cranfield; Dunn; Moo;
wetadstdwpr (# 3566) to share w. someone. Subj. w. iva Fitzmyer, 257-63; VGG, 87-116; Wilckens, 202-33; GG,
(# 2671) expresses the purp. of his coming. yapiopa 78-84; DPL, 827-37. ev avt@ (# 1877; 899) in it; that is, in
(#5922) a gift freely and graciously given, a favor be- the gospel. &moxoADntETAX1 pres. ind. pass. anoKadvntTw
stowed (BAGD; TLNT). nvevpatixov (# 4461) spiritual- (# 636) to reveal. x miotews (# 1666; 4411) out of faith.
ly, pertaining to the spirit. The suffix indicates a The prep. here may indicate the source of the righ-
dynamic relation to the idea involved in the root (MH, teousness. For the various interpretations of his source
378). otnprxOfivar aor. inf. pass. otnpitw (#5114) to of the righteousness s. S. Lewis Johnson, Jr., “The Gos-
strengthen. Pass. indicates it is God who will strength- pel that Paul Preached,” Bib Sac 128 (1971): 336f; Moo;
en (Godet). Articular inf. w. prep. et¢ (# 1650) to ex- Dunn. yeypanto1 perf. ind. pass. ypadw (#1211) to
press purp. (MT, 143). It should be understood as write. Perf. emphasizes the permanent and authorita-
modifying the impartation of the gift. Const. aor. view- tive character of that which was written (MM). Cnoetar
ing the action as a whole, not in its individual aspects. fut. ind. mid. Caw (# 2409) to live. @ 18 &noxaAdnteTAL
@ 12 ovpnopaKkAnefver aor. inf. pass. ovpnapaKahew pres. ind. pass. dnoxadkuntw (# 636) to reveal. The word
(# 5220) to encourage together, to encourage mutually. need not be totally eschatological, but has the sense of
Here it signifies “I w. you, Christians at Rome” (Go- God’s displeasure at sin, the sense that God will not
det). Inf. to express purp. 13 dyvoeiv pres. inf. act. overlook sin (Lightfoot, Notes). Theol. pass. indicating
ayvoew (# 51) to be ignorant. Compl. inf. to the main vb. God as the agent revealing his wrath. opyn (#3973)
GdeAot voc. pl. adedbog (# 81) “brothers.” The word wrath. The word indicates the deep-seated anger of
was used of those who belonged to the same religious God against sin. This anger arises from His holiness
group and here makes the appeal more personal and and righteousness (TDNT; NIDNTT, 1:106-08; EDNT;
affective (Dunn; Fitzmyer, 246; BS, 87-88; MM; NDIEC, Trench, Synonyms, 130-34; Cranfield). doeBe1a (# 813)
2:29, 50, 63; 4:56; 5:73). mpoeOeuny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ungodliness. adixia, (#94) unrighteousness. The first
mpotiOnut (#4729) to place before, to purpose, to in- represents impiety toward God and the second injus-
tend. éAeiv aor. inf. act. Epyoua (# 2262) to come. Com- tice toward men (Hodge). GAnGea (# 237) truth. The
pl. inf. to the main vb. €xwAv6nv aor. ind. pass. KwAvw knowledge of God as communicated to the human
(# 3266) to hinder. d5etpo (# 1306) adv., here, until now. conscience (Godet). adixig (#94) dat. sing. unrigh-
Kapnoc (# 2843) fruit. oy@ aor. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to teousness. Dat. of sphere or possibly instr. kateyovtwv
have, to get. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) to express purp. The pres. act. part. gen. masc. pl. katexw (#2988) to hold
idea expressed is that of gathering fruit (Murray). down, to suppress, to hold fast or firmly. Adj. part. to
@ 14 BapBaposg (#975) one who does not speak Gr. emphasize a trait. Conative pres., “trying to hold
properly, one who speaks an unintelligible language; down.” 19 510t1 (# 1484) because. It gives the reason
then applied to people who did not familiarly use Gr. of that which precedes (Godet). ywwotoc (#1196)
and so were regarded as uncultured (Dodd; Fitzmyer, known or knowable. épavepwoev aor. ind. act. davepow
250-51; NW, 2, i:3-6; BBC; 1 Cor. 14:11). aopog (# 5055) (# 5745) to make clear, to manifest. Gnomic aor. It is al-
wise. avontog (#485) ignorant, not understanding. ways manifest or observable. 20 aopatog (# 548) un-
oetdetng (# 4050) one who owes a debt. For the bind- seen, invisible. For the use of the prefix as a neg. s.
ing obligation placed upon debtors in the ancient Moorhouse, 41-66. xtioews gen. sing. ktioig (#3232)
world s. SEH, 1:382f. @ 15 to Kat’ Eye either to be taken creation. KOopov gen. sing. Koonoc (# 3180) world. Obj.
as the subject w. the next word as the predicate, “for gen., “at the creation of the world.” novnaow dat. pl.
my part, I am all readiness” (EGT), or else the prep. is noinua (#4473) that which is made. It refers to the
to be taken as a circumlocution for the poss. gen, “my source from which our perception of the invisible
aL7 Romans 1

things is derived, to gain an insight into (TDNT). Instr. likeness, implies a resemblance which may be acciden-
dat. (Moo). voovpeva. pres. pass. part. nom. n. pl. VOEW tal. euxovog gen. eikwv (# 1635) image; this presupposes
(# 3783) to perceive, to gain an insight into (TDNT). an archetype of which it is a copy (Lightfoot, Notes;
Ka8opGta1 pres. ind. pass. kabopaw (# 2775) to see, to Dunn). Gen. of apposition or explanation. ¢@apto¢
see clearly or plainly, distinctly (LS). The force of the (#5778) corruptible. netewa (#4374) (pl.) birds. te-
prep. compound is intensive, or it may relate to the di- tpanosog (#5488) four-footed. épmeta (#2260) (pl.)
rection of sight: “contemplated” (SH). te (#5445) and, creeping things, snakes. For examples from the ancient
both. It joins words closely which have between them- world s. NW, 2, i:26-30; Fitzmyer, 284-85. @ 24 610
selves a close or logical affinity (MT, 339). d18t0g (# 132) (# 1475) therefore. napéSwxev aor. ind. act. napadtsmpt
eternal. @e1otns (# 2522) divinity, divine nature, a sum- (# 4140) to deliver over, to hand over, often w. a judicial
mary term for the attributes which constitute deity aspect (Gifford; SB, 3:62f; TLNT). em@vpia (#2123)
(SH; for this term and its contrast w. the word “deity” lust, desire. kapdiWv gen. kapdia (# 2840) heart. Gen. of
as used in Col. 2:9 s. TDNT; Cranfield; Trench, Syn- source, “the desires coming from their heart.” axabap-
onyms, 7-10). Elva pres. inf. act. ett (# 1639) to be. That ola, (#174) uncleanness. It refers to sexual aberration
gods existed was denied by no one (BBC). Articular inf. (Murray). &tycfeo8a1 pres. inf. pass.atydcw (# 869) to
used w. prep. e€t¢ (#1650) to express purp. or result dishonor. Inf. is epex. (Barrett) or result (Cranfield).
(MT, 143). The purpose of natural revelation is to leave @ 25 petnAAaEav aor. ind. act. petarkaoow (#3563) to
man without a justifiable excuse before God (Moo, 121- change w., to exchange. The word suggests a volitional
24; for examples from the ancient world s. NW, 2. i:13- choice. éoeBaoOnoav aor. ind. pass. oeBaCopar (# 4933)
22). a&vanoroyntos (#406) without excuse, without to worship, to show reference to. EAGtpevoay aor. ind.
legal defense (Lightfoot, Notes; EDNT; BAGD). Jose- act. Aatpevw (#3302) to serve (s.v. 9). mapa (# 4123) w.
phus uses the word in the sense of “unanswered,” acc., more than. Used to express the comp. and here
“without defense” (CCFJ, 1:107). Dio Chrysostom sets means virtually “instead of” (BD, 123f). ktioavta, aor.
his oration in the form of a discussion between Philip act. part. acc. masc. sing. ktiGw (#3231) to create. Part.
of Macedonia and his son Alexander and in their dis- as a subst. to emphasize this action as characteristic. ev-
cussion concerning Homer the young Alexander says AoyNtOs (# 2329) blessed. 26 51a todto (# 1328; 4047)
he will not let Homer go undefended (avanoroyntov) for this reason, giving the justification for the ensuing
(DC, “The Second Discourse on Kingship,” 2:39). judgment. napéduxev aor. ind. act. napastwyr (# 4140)
@ 21 yvovtes aor. act. part. nom. masc. pl. yiwwoKw to turn over to (s.v. 24). m&6og (# 4079) passion or a pas-
(# 1182) to know. For the Jewish teaching regarding the sionate desire. It represents the passive, ungoverned
Gentiles knowing God’s demands s. SB, 3:36-46. Con- aspect of evil desire as opposed to em@vpia, which is
cessive part., “although they recognized” (Moo). Aor. the active and also the more comprehensive term (AS).
suggests an antecedent action forming the basis of the atta (#871) dishonor, disgrace. For the prefix as a
main vb. &50&aoav aor. ind. act. 50&6.Cw (# 1519) to form neg. s.v. 20. Here, gen. of description or quality, “de-
an opinion about, to glorify. Const. aor. viewing the sires characterized by disgrace,” or “disgraceful de-
total action. nbyapiotnoav aor. ind. act. evyapitw sires,” “passions which bring dishonor (Byrne). @NA€tat
(# 2273) to give thanks, to be thankful. guatowénoav pl. @MAvc (#2559) female. petnAAaEav aor. ind. act.
aor. ind. pass. pata1ow (# 3471) to render futile, worth- WeTardAGoow (# 3563) to exchange. gvoiKkds (# 5879) nat-
less; pass. to be given over to worthlessness, think ural, that which pertains to nature (for the meaning of
about worthless things, to be foolish (BAGD). é1aA0y10- the suffix s. MH, 378). yptjoig (#5979) use, function,
0g (# 1369) reason; here, inward questions (Lightfoot, esp. of sexual intercourse (BAGD). Lesbian love (Trib-
Notes). éoxotio@n aor. ind. pass. oKxotitw (#5029) to adism) was common in the ancient world (NW, 2, i:39-
darken. Ingressive aor. “to become darkened.” 40; SG, 224-34; KP, 4:1546-48; Fitzmyer, 285-86; DPL,
GovvetoG (# 852) unintelligent, without _ insight. 413-15; BBC). 27 duoiws (# 3931) likewise. dpoevec
@ 22 bdoKovtec pres. act. part. circum. paoKw (# 5763) pl. d&ponv (#781) male. a&bevteg aor. act. part. nom.
to affirm, to assert. elvan pres. inf. act. eipi (# 1639) to be. masc. pl. adinut (# 918) to leave, to forsake. Part. ex-
Inf. in indir. discourse. EuwpavOnoay aor. ind. pass. [1W- pressing manner. Aor. expresses antecedent action as
paivw (#3701) to make foolish; pass. to become foolish. the basis for the main vb. e&exabOnoav aor. ind. pass.
@ 23 NAAaEaV aor. ind. act. GAAdoow (#248) to ex- exkalw (# 1706) to set on fire; pass. to be consumed, to
change. They exchanged one thing for another be inflamed. dpetig (# 3979) desire, passionate desire
(Hodge). 80&« (# 1518) glory, splendor, majesty (TDNT; (TLNT). It is always the reaching out after and toward
TLNT; EDNT). It refers to the manifest majesty of God an object, w. the purpose of drawing that after which it
(Cranfield). &pOaptov gen. sing. &pOaptos (# 915) incor- reaches to itself, and making it its own (Trench, Syn-
ruptible, not subject to corruption, immortal, imperish- onyms, 326). &oxnLoobvn (# 859) shameless or disgrace-
able (Fitzmyer, 283). Gen. of quality. opnowwpa (# 3930) ful act, obscenity (Barrett). katepyo{oyevor pres. mid.
Romans 2 318

(dep.) part. katepyatouat (# 2981) to work, to accom- makes empty boasts and false promises, often for the
plish. For the perfectivizing force of the prep. com- purpose of gain (Trench, Synonyms, 98-101; MNTW, 38-
pound s. M, 112f. dvtyio8ia (#521) reward, penalty. 42; TDNT). édevpetis (#2388) inventor. yovedotv dat.
Prep. in compound emphasizes the reciprocal nature yoveic (#1204) parents. amevOnc (#579) disobedient.
of the transaction (BAGD). &5e1 impf. ind. act. dei 31 dovvetos (# 852) senseless. GovvOEtOs (# 853) cov-
(#1256) it is necessary. mAdvn (#4415) error. For the enant-breaker, faithless to an agreement. Gotopyoc
Jewish view of sexual perversion of the heathen s. SB, (# 845) unloving, without tenderness. It refers to the
3:64-74. For homosexuality in the ancient world s. lack of the feelings of natural tenderness, as seen in a
David E. Malick, “The Condemnation of Homosexual- mother who expouses or kills her child, a father who
ity in Romans 1:26-27,” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 327-40; NW, abandons his family, or children who neglect their
2, i:32-50; KP, 4:1583-84; SG, 286-344. &noAapBavovtes aged parents (Godet). avedennwv (#446) unmerciful,
pres. act. part. nom. masc. pl. amodopBavw (# 655) to re- without pity. @ 32 dixaiwpa, (# 1468) that which is de-
ceive, to receive back, to receive one’s due (SH). clared right, judgment, ordinance (TDNT; MRP, 209).
@ 28 Kade (# 2777) just as; drawing a comparison be- EmyvovtEs aor. act. part. EmyiwwoKw (# 2105) to know.
tween man and God’s actions. &60kiaoav aor. ind. act. Aor. suggests antecedent time. It is the basis for the ac-
dox10Cw (#1507) to test, to put to the test, to make a tion of the main vb. Concessive part., “even though
decision after a trial. They tested God at first and they fully knew, they approved of evil.” mpacoovtec
turned aside from Him (RWP). exiyvworg (# 2106) cog- pres. act. part. mpdicoow (# 4556) to do, to carry out, to
nizance, knowledge. €yev pres. inf. act. €xw (# 2400) to practice. ouvevdoxotow Pres. ind. act. ovvevdoxew
have. Inf. is exepeg. to the main vb. napéSwxev aor. ind. (# 5306) to heartily approve (SH). Iterat. pres., “They
act. mapadidwut (# 4140) to turn over, to give up to. approved time and again.” For a list of vices s. DPL,
ad0xyioc (# 99) rejected, rejected after a trial, failing the 962-63; ABD, 6:857-59.
test, disqualified, useless (Cranfield). vod¢ (3808) mind,
the reasoning faculty, esp. as concerns moral action Romans 2
(SH). mouetv pres. inf. act. movew (#4472) to do. Inf. ex- @ 1610 (#1475) therefore. It refers either to the
presses result. ka®fKovta. pres. act. part. acc. masc. pl. preceding section (1:18-32)-this assumes that the per-
KaOnKkw (# 2763) that which is proper, or fitting, moral, son addressed in 2:1 admits to the sin of all men (Cran-
according to one’s duty (BAGD). The word was a t.t. of field)-or only to v. 32, or to that which follows in
Stoic philosophy (TDNT; Barrett; Dunn; NW, 2, i:52- Chapter 2 (Murray). et pres. ind. act. 2nd. sing. eut
54). 29 nemAnpwyevovs pres. pass. part. mANpow (# 1639) to be. The 2nd. pers. is a vivid address (Rom.
(# 4444) to fill. mAeoveEig. (# 4432) greediness, consum- 2:17; 8:2; 9:19; 11:17; 13:3; 14:4, 10, 15, 20-22; Cranfield).
ing ambition, greed, the insatiable desire to have more avOpwre voc. sing. GvOpwrog man (#476). “O man,”
even at the expense of harming others (Lightfoot, “sir.” This may be a diatribe in which the speaker puts
Notes; NTW, 97ff; TDNT; TLNT). peotog (#3550) full. the words in the mouth of his opponent. Then he pro-
o00voc (# 5784) envy. dOvoc (# 5840) murder. Epid0c gen. ceeds to answer the objection. (S.K. Stowers, The Dia-
epic (#2251) strife, wrangling. 50A0¢ (# 1515) deceit, tribe in Paul's Letter to the Romans, SBLDS 57 [Chico, Ca.::
cunning, treachery. kaxon@eva. (#2799) malice, the ten- Scholars Press, 1981]; Mounce.) avanoAoyntos (# 406)
dency to put the worst construction upon everything without excuse, without defense. The pref. av- means
(SH; Trench, Synonyms, 38-40). wiOupiotns (# 6031) “without.” The related word a&moAoyeoua is used in a
whisperer, the man who pours his poison against his judicial sense to describe a legal petition or defense
neighbor by whispering in the ear (Godet). (MM). xpivwv pres. act. part. kpivw (# 3212) to judge.
30 KatoAados (# 2897) speaking evil against others, Subst. part. used to emphasize an ongoing trait. Iterat.
slanderous, slanderer. The prep. compound indicates pres., “judging repeatedly” or habitual “judging all the
the action of the word is unfavorable to its object (MH, time.” The use of mig (# 4246) w. the part. means “ev-
316). Beootvyng (# 2539) “hated of God” (pass.) or “hat- ery one who ....” This could be referring to the Jew or
ers of God” (active) (Gifford; Kuss). bBpiotng (# 5616) a the morally superior Gentile (Cranfield). ev (# 1877)
man arrogant and insolent. The word contains a mix- dat. of rule or standard, “in accordance to the stan-
ture of cruelty and pride. The proud insolence and con- dard.” kataxpivets pres. ind. act. kataKxpivw (# 3212) to
tempt for others who suffer (Trench, Synonyms, 202-5; judge against, to condemn. mpaooetg pres. ind. act.
Cranfield; MNTW, 77-85; TDNT). brepnoavos (# 5662) mpdoow (#4556) to do, to practice. Gnomic pres. de-
proud, arrogant, one who shows himself above others. scribing the habit of the one who judges. 26t
It is the proud, insolent, self-sufficient person who in (# 4022) that, giving the content of knowledge. xpiya
his heart sets himself upon a pedestal above all others, (# 3210) judgment, decision, either good or bad (RWP).
even above God (Trench, Synonyms, 101f; MNTW, 85- Geod gen. sing. O20¢ (#2536) God. Subjective gen.,
89; TDNT). aAaCwv (# 225) boastful, bragger, one who “judgment by God.” toratta (# 5525) such as this, of
319 Romans 2

such a kind. mpd&ooovtas pres. act. part. mpd.cow (# 4556) @ 8 EpiWeia (#2249) selfish ambition (BAGD; Barrett;
to do, to practice. Subst. part. used to emphasis a trait Dunn; Fitzmyer, 302; Phil. 2:3). This perhaps gives their
or characteristic. 3 Aoyiy pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. motivation. Geode pres. act. part. (adj.) ameiew
pers. sing. AoyiCw (#3357) to reckon, to consider, to (#578) to be disobedient. mevBopeévoic pres. mid. part.
suppose. 6tt (#4022) that, giving the content of the mevOw (#4275) to obey, to be obedient, w. dat. Part. as
hope. ov (#5148) you, emphatic used to strengthen the subst. adikia (#94) unrighteousness. Opyh Kai Bvpd0¢
contrast between the one who judges and the judged. (# 3973; 2779; 2596) anger, rage. Perhaps a hendiadys,
exgevéq fut. ind. mid. (dep.) txpevyw (# 1767) to flee, to “burning anger.” (For this and the following word s.
escape, to seek safety in flight (BAGD). 4 xdovdtov Trench, Synonyms, 130-34; TDNT.) @ 9 OAiwig (# 2568)
gen. sing. thoutoc (# 4458) richness. Gen. due to the vb. pressure, tribulation. otevoywpia, (# 5103) anguish, tor-
APNOTOTHtOs gen. xpnototn¢ (# 5983) kindness in gener- turing confinement, hemmed in w. no way out (SH;
al, as expressed in giving favors (Hodge; TDNT; EDNT; Dunn). katepyaCouévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. katepya-
TLNT). Gen. of description, “rich kindness.” d&voyn Couar (#2981) to do, to accomplish (s. Rom. 1:27).
(#496) patience. It is that forbearance or suspense of @ 10 Epyatoyevw pres. mid. (dep.) part. epyafonor
wrath, that truce w. the sinner, which by no means im- (# 2237) to work, to do. Pres. indicates a complete con-
plies that the wrath will not be executed at last (Trench, tinual action, but no one is able to do this perfectly
Synonyms, 200). poxpo®vpia. (# 3429) longsuffering; a (Moo). 11 npoownoAnpyia (#4721) respective per-
long holding out of the mind before it gives room to ac- sons, the accepting of the appearance of a pers. A He-
tion or passion, a state of emotional calm in the face of braic term for partiality. The oriental custom of
provocation or misfortune and without complaint or greeting was to bow one’s face to the ground. If the one
irritation (Trench, Synonyms, 196; LN, 1:307; TDNT; greeted accepted the person, he was allowed to lift his
Moo; EDNT). Katadpoveis pres. ind. act. Kkatappovew head again (TDNT; SB, 3: 79-83). 12 do001 (# 4012)
(# 2969) to look down on, to despise, to think lightly, to as many as; those belonging to the same class or group.
have the wrong idea about someone, “to entertain dvouws (# 492) adv. without the law, lawless. jwaptov
wrong ideas about God’s goodness” (BAGD). &yvodv (#279) aor. ind. act. apuatavw to sin. Timeless aor.
pres. act. part. wyvoew (#51) to be ignorant, to ignore (RWP). GnoAodvto1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) G&noAAvEL
(Barrett). Part. of manner, describing how they have (#660) to perish. Kpi@qjoovtot fut. ind. pass. Kpivw
the wrong idea about God’s goodness. &yet pres. ind. (# 3212) to judge (s.v. 1). 13 d&xpoatns (#212) one
act. a&yw (#72) to lead; conative pres. “to try to lead” who hears. mountns (# 4475) one who does. For the end-
(Kasemann). 5 oKAnpotns (#5018) hardness, stub- ing of these two nouns indicating the agent who per-
bornness (Morris). Gpetavontoc (#295) unrepentant. forms the action s. MH, 364f. Sukawé6joovtar fut. ind.
Onowupiters pres. ind. act. Onoavpitw (# 2564) to store pass. 51ka10w (# 1467) to justify, to declare righteous, to
up, to treasure up. The idea is gradual accumulation declare in the right. Some vbs. w. -ow endings are caus-
(Lightfoot, Notes). Ironically they do not store some- ative (“to make ...), but others are “delocutive” indicat-
thing valuable or beneficial, but something that will ing a pronouncement, or declaration (TDNT; EDNT;
justly destroy them. ceavt@ (#4932) dat. sing., your- APC, 224-80; GW, 82-162; MRP; DPL, 517-23; Delbert
self. Dat. of disadvantage. opyf¢ gen. sing. opyn Hillers, “Delocutive Verbs in Biblical Hebrew,” JBL 86
(# 3973) wrath (s. 1:18). Gen. of description telling [1967]: 320-24; Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “A Study of the
what kind of day is intended. anoxadbyews gen. sing. Greek Words for Righteousness” [unpublished disser-
anokarunois (# 637) unveiling, revelation. Gen. of de- tation; Dallas Theological Seminary: Dallas, Texas,
scription. SuKko1oKpioia (# 1464) just judgment, judg- 1962]). 14 dtav (#4020) w. subj., whenever. Exovta
ment according to that which is right. It denotes God’s pres. act. part. (adj.) €yw (#2400) to have. pbvoer dat.
justice in the narrow, even distributive sense (MRP, sing. pvotg (#5882) nature. Instr. dat. movolv pres.
189). Be0d (# 2536) s.v. 2. God. Subjective gen., justice subj. act. movew (# 4472) to do, to conduct oneself. Subj.
meted out by God. The words refer to the final judg- in an indef. temp. cl. €yovtec pres. act. part. €xw (# 2400)
ment of God (Dunn; Morris). 6 amodwoet fut. ind. to have. vowog (# 3795) law. All men show by their acts
act. anodidwui (#625) to give back, to recompense. that they have a knowledge of right and wrong
Used in the papyri for the paying of debt or restoring (Hodge; Morris; Moo; BBC; for examples from the an-
of a due of any kind (MM). €pya pl. Epyov (# 2240) work, cient world s. NW, 2, i:71-86). @ 15 évdeixvuvtat pres.
deed. Perhaps Paul is quoting from the OT (Dunn; By- ind. mid. (dep.) évdetkvuyt (# 1892) to demonstrate, to
rne; s. LXX Ps. 61:13). 7 bropovn (#5705) patience, show. The word implies an appeal to facts (SH). ypan-
endurance, bearing up under (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT). tog (#1209) written. ovppaptupovons pres. act. part.
a0apoia (#914) incorruptible, immortality. ¢qytodow gen. fem. sing. ovuwpaptupeopar (# 5210) to testify w., to
pres. act. part. dat. pl. Cntew (#2426) to seek. Subst. confirm, to testify in support of someone or something
part. to emphasize a defining trait. Dat. of advantage. (BAGD). ovveidnotg (# 5287) conscience. Paul regarded
Romans 3 320

conscience as performing in the gentile world roughly (BAGD). &tysdters pres. ind. act. at yaw (# 869) to dis-
the same function as was the Law performed among honor. Pres. is either customary or iterat. In this case
the Jews. (Margaret E. Thrall, “The Pauline Use of Zuv- the emphasis is on the repeated action of dishonoring
evdnoic,” NTS 14 [1967]: 124; TDNT; TLNT; EDNT; Fitz- God. Pres. could also be progressive with the emphasis
myer, 311; Dunn; Byrne). petaEd (#3568) between. being on the action of dishonoring God in progress.
KQTHYOpOvVtwV pres. act. part. Katnyopew (#2989) to 24 BAaopnpeitar pres. ind. pass. PAaopnew (# 1059)
speak against, to accuse, to bring a legal accusation to blaspheme. yeypantar perf. ind. pass. ypapw (# 1211)
against someone. Gen. abs. &moAoyoupévwv pres. mid. to write; here used to introduce an authoritative quota-
(dep.) part. anodoyeouar (# 664) to excuse, to defend, to tion (MM). @ 25 nepitoyn (# 4364) circumcision weret
offer a legal defence. Adj. part. or perhaps gen abs., pres. ind. act. whedew (# 6067) to help, to be of benefit,
temp. part., “while their conscience either accuses or to be of use (BAGD). Gnomic pres. Used to express cus-
excuses them.” @ 16 xpivet pres. ind. act. Kpivw tomary action and general truths (SMT, 8). mpaoons
(# 3212) to judge. Pres. indicates the certainty of the pres. subj. act. tpacow (# 4556) to do, to practice. Pres.
fut. event. Kpumtocg (#3220) hidden. 17 Exovouaty emphasizes the continual doing of the law. napaBatns
pres. ind. pass. 2nd. sing. emovouatw (#2226) to put a (#4127) transgressor, one who steps across a line
name upon; pass., to have a name imposed, to bear the (RWP). vopov gen. sing. vouoc (# 3795) law. Obj. gen.,
name (SH). €navanavy pres. ind. mid. 2nd. sing. €nava- “against the law.” q\¢ pres. subj. act. ciut (# 1639) to be.
Tavw (# 2058) to rest upon, to rely upon (Michel). kavv- axpoBvotia (# 213) uncircumcision. For the importance
yxaoua1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. sing. kavopar (# 3016) of circumcision in Judaism s. Moore, Judaism, 2:16-21;
to boast, to pride oneself in. @ 18 S0xyaletc pres. ind. TDNT; SB, 4:23-40; JPB, 213-14; Gal. 2:3. yeyovev perf.
act. Soxiwacw (# 1507) to test, to examine, to approve ind. act. yivopat (# 1181) to become. Perf. emphasizes
after testing. diapepovta pres. act. part. diadepw the continuing state of results. @ 26 dixaiwpa (# 1468)
(# 1422) to carry through, to differ, to excel, to be worth ordinance, righteous to man (s. 1:32). ¢vAdooT pres.
more than (BAGD). The part. could mean either “the subj. act. pvAdoow (#5875) to guard, to observe. \o-
things which excel” or “the things which differ.” Here yloOjoetar fut. ind. pass. AoyiGouar (# 3357) to regard
it refers to the most delicate shades of the moral life al- (s.v. 3). @ 27 xpuet fut. ind. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge
luding to the legal casuistry in which the Jewish (s.v. 1). teXoDoa pres. act. part. teAew (# 5464) to bring
schools excelled (Godet). katnxovpevos pres. pass. part. to an end, to complete, to fulfill. 51a (# 1328) w. gen.,
Katnyew (#2994) to instruct. © 19 n€novWac perf. ind. with. Used to describe the attendant circumstances;
act. nme10w (# 4275) to persuade, to be persuaded, to put that is, w. all your advantages of circumcision and the
one’s trust in. 08nyOc (# 3843) guide, one who leads the possession of written law (SH). @ 28 avec (#5745)
way (RWP). @ 20 naidevtis (# 4083) educator, teacher, visible, open to sight, manifest. # 29 od gen. sing. 6¢
schoolmaster. The word has the idea of discipline, cor- (# 4005) rel. pron.; the antecedent is lovdaiog. Enaivoc
rection, as well as teaching (SH). a&povwv gen. pl. (# 2047) praise. & (#1666) from. Prep. w. gen. de-
appwv (#933) unthinking, foolish, ignorant, obj. gen. scribes the source.
vyniog (#3758) infant. popdwoig (#3673) form, the
rough sketch, penciling of the form, the outline of the Romans 3
framework without the substance (Lightfoot, Notes). @ 1 mepioodc (# 4356) advantage, that which encir-
21 515doxKwv pres. act. part. 515c0Kw (# 1438) to teach. cles a thing, that which is in excess, over and above
Knpvoowv pres. act. part. knpvoow (#3062) to preach. (SH). wheAe1a (# 6066) benefit, usefulness. For the use
KAentetv pres. inf. act. KAentw (# 3096) to steal. Inf. in of the rhetorical question to express clarity s. BD, 262.
indir. discourse, or perhaps the translation of a Heb. nepitopn (# 4364) circumcision. Gen. of source, “benefit
inf. absolute following a part. @ 22 A€ywv pres. act. derived from circumcision.” The article and the pl. vb.
part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. porgevetv pres. inf. act. woryevw in v. 2 show that it refers to the nation. Fig. use of cir-
(# 3658) to commit adultery. Inf. in indir. discourse. cumcision (metonymy); here circumcision the sign is
BSeAvooopEVOG pres. mid. (dep.) part. BdeAvooonar used to describe the covenant and its ensuing benefits.
(# 1009) to abhor, to detest. etSwAov (# 1631) idol. tepo- Paul is thinking of the promises of the Abrahamic Cov-
ovnéis pres. ind. act. epoovAew (# 2644) to rob a temple. enant as the superiority that Israel had (S. Lewis
Perhaps a reference to the robbing of heathen temples Johnson, Jr., “Studies in Romans: The Jews and the Or-
(Kuss; SB, 3:113). For the Jewish opposition to heathen acles of God,” Bib Sac 130 [1973]: 239). 2 xpdtov
idolatry s. Moore, Judaism, 1:362f; SB, 3:111f. @ 23 kav- (# 4754) first, in the first place. €miotev@noav aor. ind.
yGoa1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Kavycona (#3016) to pass. miotevw (# 4409) to entrust; pass. to be entrusted
boast. Pres. emphasizing the simple statement of fact w. Aoytov (# 3359) saying, oracle. Here the reference is
that they boast. napaPacews (#4126) overstepping, to the OT promises. (Johnson, “The Jews and the Ora-
transgression, breaking. w. a following obj. gen. cles of God,” 240-46; Byrne). Acc. is used after a pass.
321 Romans 3

vb. @ 3 qxtotnoav aor. ind. act. dmotevw (# 601) to dis- (# 2262) to come. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp.
believe, to refuse to believe; or w. meaning to be un- wv gen. pl. 6¢ (# 4005) rel. pron., whose. It refers to all
faithful (SH). For the prefix as a neg. s. Rom. 1:20. who draw these antinomian inferences (Lightfoot,
amiotia (#602) unbelief, unfaithfulness. katapynoet Notes; Dunn). kpipa. (# 3210) judgment. EvbuKoc (# 1899)
fut. ind. act. katapyew (# 2934) to render inactive, to just. For this passage s. S. Lewis Johnson, Jr., “Studies in
render invalid (SH). @ 4 yévoito aor. opt. mid. (dep.) Romans: Divine Faithfulness, Divine Judgment, and
yivonat (# 1181) to be, to become. In this phrase, “let it the Problem of Antinomianism,” Bib Sac 130 (1973):
not be.” It expresses the abhorrence of an inference 329-37; Cranfield; Moo; C.H. Cosgrove, “What if Some
which may be falsely drawn from the argument (SMT, Have Not Believed? The Occasion and Thrust of Ro-
79; Dunn). Opt. expresses a wish, here a negative one mans 3:1-8,” ZNW 78 (1987): 90-105. 9 npoeyoueda,
or abhorrence (GGBB, 482). ywweo8w pres. imp. mid. pres. ind. mid./pass. npoexw (# 4604) to excel, to be first;
(dep.) yivouor (# 1181). Here, be found; that is, become, mid., to have an advantage or to hold something before
relatively to our apprehension (Lightfoot, Notes). 5€ oneself for protection; pass., to be excelled, to be in a
(# 1254) but. The contrast suggests “though every man worse position (BAGD; SH; Kasemann; Moo; Fitzmyer,
be found a liar” (RWP). GAnOns (# 239) true. KaOW> 330-31; Byrne). navtwe (# 4122) not all together, only in
(#2777) just as. yeypanta. perf. ind. pass. ypayw a limited sense, not at all (Barrett; S. Lewis Johnson, Jr.,
(#1211) to write. Perf. emphasizing the completed “Studies in Romans: The Universality of Sin,” Bib Sac
state and the continual authority of that which is writ- 131 [1974]: 166; Fitzmyer, 331). npoqtiaodpeda. aor. ind.
ten. dika1wéij¢ aor. subj. pass. dikatow (# 1467) to de- mid. (dep.) mpoaitiaopno.r (# 4577) to make a previous
clare right, to justify; pass. to be declared to be in the accusation, to accuse previously, to incriminate previ-
right (s. 2:13). viknoets fut. ind. act. vikew (# 3771) to be ously. It belongs to the language of the bar (Godet).
victorious, to conquer. kpiveo@a1 pres. inf. mid./pass. Elva pres. inf. act. ett (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. dis-
Kpivw (#3212) to judge. For the use of the inf. w. the course. 10 yeypam-tat perf. ind. pass. ypapw (# 1211)
prep. to express contemporary action s. MT, 144f. #5 to write. Perf. indicates the permanent and authorita-
adixia. (# 94) unrighteousness. ovviotnov pres. ind. act. tive character of that which was written (MM). dtka1og
ovviotnut (#5319) to bring together, to commend, to (# 1465) righteous, meeting God’s standard. Pred. nom.
demonstrate, to bring out something (BAGD). The without the article stresses the character. et¢ (# 1651)
word developed from meaning to appoint as a techni- one. For the composite character of the following quo-
cal legal term to meaning establish, prove (MM). Used tation s. Fitzmyer, Essays, 66f; Dunn; Cranfield.
in a lst. class cond. cl. where the cond. is assumed for @ 11 ovviwv pres. act. part. ovviw (#5317) to under-
the sake of argument to be true (BG, 103). épotpev fut. stand. Part. as subst. éx¢ntév pres. act. part. exCntew
ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. EXtpEpwV pres. act. part. (# 1699) to seek out. Part. as subst. Pres. indicates an ha-
emnipepw (#2214) to inflict. The cl. expects the answer bitual action. @ 12 &€xAiwav aor. ind. act. ExKAivw
no” (Barrett) @ 6 yévowto aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivowat (#1712) to turn away from, to turn aside from. Gpa
(# 1181) (s.v. 4). Emet (# 2075) since, if that were so; that (#275) together. NypewOnoav aor. ind. pass. axpeouar
is, “if the inflicting of punishment necessarily implied (# 946) to be worthless, to be useless. The idea of the
injustice” (SH). «ptvet fut. ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to Heb. word (nds, DCH, 1:289) is to go bad or sour like
judge (s.v. 4). @ 7 €v (# 1877) by, through. For the instr. milk (Lightfoot, Notes; Dunn). Ingressive aor., “to be-
use of the prep. s. MT, 252f. wevoua (#6025) lie. come worthless.” movv pres. act. part. noiew (# 4472)
émepiooevoev aor. ind. act. mepio-cevw (# 4355) to be in (s.v. 8). xpnototnta acc. pl. ypnototns (# 5983) goodness
abundance, to increase. kayw (# 2743) = Kai eyw. The in the widest sense, w. the idea of utility (SH).
word kat (# 2779) then, is used to introduce the main cl. @ 13 tapos (#5439) grave. avewypevos perf. pass. part.
of a cond. cl. and connotes a previously expressed cir- avotyw (#487) to open. AdpuyE (#3296) throat. &60-
cumstance (BG, 155). Gpap-twAdcg (# 283) sinful, sinner. Modoav impf. ind. act. SoA10w (# 1514) to deceive, to
Kpivopat pres. ind. pass. kpivw (# 3212) to judge s.v. 4. practice or use deceit. For impf. of contract vbs. w. the
@8un (#3590) used in a rhetorical question aor. ending s. MH, 195. 10g (#2675) poison. domicg
expecting the answer “no” (RWP; Cranfield; Kuss; (# 835) asp, the Egyptian cobra (RWP). The emphasis
Byrne). PAaoPnLovpe8a, pres. ind. pass. Bracdnew here is not just on evil, but the quick, fatal poison
(# 1059) to slander, to blaspheme (TLNT; TDNT). ott (ZPEB, 5:366; DDD, 1407-10). yetAog (#5667) lip.
(# 4022) recitative, equivalent to quotation marks (RG, 14 apd. (# 725) curse (TDNT). muxpta (# 4394) bitter-
951f). daotv pres. ind. act. pnut (#5774) to say. EVEL ness. yevet pres. ind. act. yeyew (# 1154) to be full.
pres. inf. act. eyo (# 3306) to say, to speak. Inf. in indir. @15 ofeic pl. o&0¢ (#3955) swift, fast. exyear aor. inf.
discourse. movmjowpev aor. subj. act. movew (# 4472) to do, act. exyéw (# 1772) to pour, to shed. oa (# 135) blood.
to commit. Hortatory subj. “let us do,” or deliberative Used here as an expression of violence or murder. Per-
subj., “shall we commit.” €A6q aor. subj. act. Epxouct haps Prov. 1:16 is alluded to. @ 16 obvtpyipa (# 5342)
Romans 3 322

destruction, ruin, fracture (MM). taAaimwpta (# 5416) EDNT; BBC; NIDNTT, 3:577-83). Aor. may be constan-
misery. @ 17 080¢ (#3847) way, path. eipnvn (# 1645) tive, summarizing the sins of people throughout the
peace. Gen. to characterize the path. €yvwoav aor. ind. past in a single moment, or it may refer to the sinning
act. ywwwoKxw (# 1182) to know. Const. aor. emphasizing of all people in Adam (s. 5:12; Moo; Dunn; VA, 222;
the action without ref. to time. 18 dnévavtt (#595) VANT, 258-59; GGBB, 503). botepobvtai pres. ind. mid.
before, in the presence of. @ 19 otopev perf. ind. act. votepew (#5728) to come too late, to miss, to fail to
oid (#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning reach, to be lacking, to come short of, w. gen. (BAGD;
(VA, 281-87). 60a acc. pl. d00¢ (# 4012) as much; here, TDNT; TLNT). Pres. indicates a continual action. There
whatever things. A€yet pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to is a continuous failing. 0&0 (# 1518) glory, the manifes-
speak. AaAet pres. ind. act. AaA€w (# 3281) to speak. The tation of God’s perfection (s. Rom. 1:23). The following
first vb. calls attention to the substance of what is spo- gen., Bod (# 2536), could be objective, failing to give
ken, the second to the outward utterance (SH). iva God glory; or subjective, failing to receive the glory
(# 2671) w. subj. to express purp. or result (BD, 198; God gives; or poss., either failing to receive the glory
Fitzmyer, 337). ppayf aor. subj. pass. dpacow (# 5852) to God gives, or failing to conform to His image (Mur-
shut, to stop, to close or stop the mouth, so that the ray). 24 S1xa1ovpevor pres. pass. part. dika10w
man must remain silent (BAGD). It gives the imagery (# 1467) to justify. Pres. is iterat. and emphasizes the re-
of a courtroom connoting the situation of the defen- peated action in each case (RWP). For the grammatical
dant who has no more to say in response to the charges connection and use of the part. s. SH; Murray; Cran-
brought against him (Moo). bn06tKog (# 5688) liable to field. 5wpedv (# 1562) freely, as a gift without payment,
judgment or to punishment; a legal term meaning “to gratis, for nothing (Fitzmyer, 347). Adv. acc. yapitt dat.
answer to,” “to bring under the cognizance of.” It indi- sing. xapic (# 1562) grace, free help to one who is un-
cates someone who is guilty in the sense of having of- deserving (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). Instr. dat. amoAv-
fended against the law and so made himself liable to tpwoic (#667) redemption, release, or deliverance of
prosecution and punishment (Cranfield). It was used the payment of a price (APC, 37-48; GW, 71f; TDNT;
in the papyri of officials who were held answerable LDC; TLNT; I. Howard Marshall, “The Development of
(MM). yevnta aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivowat (# 1181) to the Concept of Redemption in the New Testament,”
become. Subj. w. the previous tva (# 2671) to express RH, 153-69). @ 25 mpoe8eto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mpo-
purp. or result. t@ @e@ (# 2536) before God. Dat. shows tiOnt (# 4729) to place before; mid. to purpose, to de-
that God is the judicial authority concerned and that sign or to set forth publicly (SH). Waotnpiov (# 2663)
He is the injured party (Cranfield). @ 20 &10t1 (# 1484) that which expiates or propitiates, the means of expia-
because. && Epywv vowov (# 1666; 2240; 3795) from the tion or the place of propitiation (for example, the OT
works of the law. (s. the discussion of this by Dunn; By- mercy seat) (BBC; DPL, 784-86; APC, 167-74; GW, 38-47;
re, w. bibliography). dixo1w@noetar fut. ind. pass. TDNT; Dunn; VGG, 120-31; Wilckens, 233-43). atpott
duxkaiow (# 1467) to declare righteous, to justify. Fut. dat. sing. aia (# 135) blood. It indicates a life given up
may indicate that this will never be the case. The whole in death and refers to the sacrificial death of Christ
context has reference to a judicial trial and verdict (SH; (Moo; APC, 108-24). The phrase could be taken w.
Moo, 212-18; s. 2:13). Theol. pass. indicating God is the miotews (Hodge), or better w. UWaothpiov (Morris).
agent of the action. émiyvwoig (#2106) recognition, EvbeEig (#1893) demonstration, sign, proof. 51&
knowledge. The prep. w. the gen. indicates “through,” (# 1328) w. acc., because of. mépeoig (# 4217) passing
“by means of” (IBG). 21 nepavepwtou perf. ind. pass. over; Christ died and thereby manifested God’s righ-
pavepow (# 5746) to make manifest, to make clear. Perf. teousness because in the past God had merely over-
emphasizes the state or condition (K.L. McKay, “The looked man’s sins (Barrett; MRP, 210). mpoyeyovotwv
Use of the Ancient Greek Perfect Down to the Second perf. act. part. mpoyivoyo (# 4588) to happen before, to
Century A.D.,” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies happen previously. Perf. views the continuing condi-
of the University of London 12 (1965): 1-21). paptupovpévn tion. The prep. compound is temp. @ 26 avoyi (# 496)
pres. pass. part. (adj.) waptupew (# 3455) to testify, to patience, forbearing (s. 2:4). eivou pres. inf. act. eyit
bear witness. @ 22 610 niotews ‘Inood Xpiotod (# 1639) to be. Articular inf. w. et¢ (# 1650) to express
“through faith in Jesus Christ.” Gen. is best understood purp. or result. dika10dvta pres. act. part. acc. masc.
as obj. gen., rather than subjective gen., “the faithful- sing. duca1ow (# 1467) to justify (s.v. 24). Part. as subst.
ness of Jesus Christ” (Moo; Dunn; GGBB, 114-15). e1¢ @ 27 xavynots (#3018) boasting. E&exAeio6n aor. ind.
navtas (# 1650; 4246) unto all, for all. motebovtas pres. pass. exkAetw (# 1710) to shut out, to exclude. Theol.
act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Adj. part. to de- pass. indicating that God is the agent (Dunn). noiog
scribe a necessary characteristic. 5uaotoAN (# 1405) dif- (# 4481) what sort of? what kind of? vowoc (# 3795) law.
ference, distinction. 23 jpaptov aor. ind. act. Justification through keeping of the law would lead to
Guaptavw (#279) to sin, to miss the mark (TDNT; boasting. 28 AoyiCoue8a pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Aoyito-
323 Romans 4

wat (#3357) to reckon. dika10do0801 pres. inf. pass. word used in two passages s. Barrett; Cranfield.
dikaiow (# 1467) to justify (s.v. 24). Inf. in indir. dis- waKapropos (# 3422) declaration of blessedness (T). The
course. @ 29 ovyt (# 4049) introduces a rhetorical ques- ending of the word indicates a state or cond. (MH, 355).
tion expecting a positive answer. @ 30 etnep (# 1642) if, @ 7 paKapiog (#3421) blessed, happy (TLNT; Matt.
if on the whole. Used of a thing which is assumed to be 5:3). &heOnoav aor. ind. pass. apinut (# 918) to forgive.
(T). Stxa1wo0er fut. ind. act. dixa1ow (# 1467) to justify Gvopia (#490) lawlessness. EmeKaADPOnoav aor. ind.
(s.v. 24). &kpoBvotia uncircumcision. @ 31 Katapyodpev pass. enikadontw (#2128) to cover over. 800 pn
pres. ind. act. katapyew (# 2934) to render inactive (s.v. (# 4024; 3590) not ever. For this emphatic neg. use s. M,
3). yevoito aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivowor (# 1181) to be 188f; BG, 149f. Xoyiontoan aor. subj. mid. (dep.) AoyiCopar
(s.v. 4). totd&vopev pres. ind. act. totnut or iotévw (# 3357) to reckon. Subj. w. emphatic neg. @ 9 mepitopy
(# 2705) to establish. (# 4364) circumcision. a&kpoBvotia (# 213) uncircumci-
sion. The prep. here w. acc. primarily designates move-
Romans 4 ment toward, in this sense “for” (IBG, 49). #10 Ovtt
© 1 Epotpev fut. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to say. edpn- pres. act. part. (temp.) et (# 1639) to be. Pres. express-
Kévat perf. inf. act. ebpioxw (#2351) to find. The domi-. ing contemporaneous time, “when he was....” @ 11 on-
nant thought in this usage is that of being granted a wetov (#4956) sign; distinguishing mark by which
favored standing before someone who has the power something is known (BAGD). €Aaev aor. ind. act. Aop-
to withhold or bestow the favor he chooses (Dunn). Inf. Bavw (#3284) to take. oppayida acc. sing. odpayic
in indir. discourse (BD, 203-204). nponatwp (#2848) (# 5382) seal. That which clearly attests or validates the
forefather, ancestor. 2 &1ka1w6n aor. ind. pass. 61- authority of a claim or status to the outside world
kaw (# 1467) to justify, to declare righteous (s. 2:13). (Dunn). Stka1oovvng gen. sing. dikaioovvn (# 1466)
Theol. pass. indicating that God is the agent. Ind. w. et righteousness. That sign of circumcision simply con-
(# 1623) ina 1st. class cond. cl. which assumes the real- firms righteousness through faith that was already
ity of the cond. for the sake of argument. Kabvynia pres. (BAGD; BBC; TDNT). Aoyo@Fvan aor. inf. pass. o-
(# 3017) boasting, ground of boasting (SH). For the yiCowar (# 3357) to reckon (s.v. 3). Inf. to express purp.
righteousness of Abraham in Jewish thinking s. SB, (contemplated result) or actual result (RWP). 12
3:186-201; Jub., 23:10; Roy A. Harrisville, III, The Figure otorxodvorv pres. act. part. otovyéw (# 5123) to walk, to
of Abraham in the Epistles of St. Paul: In the Footsteps of follow in the footsteps. A well-known military term
Abraham (San Francisco: Mellen Research University meaning “to march in file” (SH; Moo). tyveow dat. tyvoc
Press, 1992), 47-135; 185-204; BBC; CPP, 164-68; DPL, 1- (#2717) footstep, track. 13 vonov (#3795) the con-
9. @3 yap (# 1142) for. To be taken as an argumentative text of law. The prep. w. gen. indicates attendant cir-
particle showing why Abraham has no ground of cumstances (Barrett) or is instr. (Moo). The word law
boasting (Barrett). eAoyio®n aor. ind. pass. Aoyifowor without the article refers to law which falls into this
(# 3357) to reckon to one’s account. In the language of category (Murray). emayyeAta (# 2039) promise. KAnpo-
an accountant the word means “to enter in the account vows (# 3101) heir. For the Jewish view of Abraham as
book” (Ramsay, LP, 286f; Fitzmyer, 373). The use of the heir of the world and that this was achieved through
Heb. construction in Gen. 15:6 (? 3WM) shows that the his law Tighteousness s. SB, 3:204-209. eivan pres. inf.
meaning is not that faith is considered the equivalent of act. eit (#1639) to be. Epex. inf. in apposition to
righteousness, but rather that God reckoned to him a emayyedta (Moo). @ 14 kexévwtat perf. ind. pass. kevow
status of righteousness that Abraham did not have (# 3033) to empty. Perf. emphasizes a state or condition
(Moo; UM in TDOT). 4 epyafoyévw pres. mid. (dep.) brought about by a previous condition. Kathpyntar
part. epya.Conat (# 2237) to work. Part. as subst. Dat. of perf. ind. pass. katapyew (# 2934) to annul, to render
advantage or personal interest. 11080 (#3635) pay, inoperative. Perf. indicates the abiding condition. The
wage, salary (MM). Aoyitetat pres. ind. pass. AoyiGopar cond. cl. of this v. could be classified as a 2nd. class
(# 3357) (s.v. 3). ObeiAnpa (# 4052) debt, that which is cond. cl. where the cond. is not true (IBG, 148).
owed, moral obligation (s. 1:14). 5 épyatopeévw pres. @ 15 opyn (#3973) wrath (s. 1:18). Katepydatetar pres.
mid. (dep.) part. epycouor (# 2237) (s.v. 4). Part. as sub- ind. mid. (dep.) katepyc.Coar (# 2981) to work, to pro-
st. MIOTEVOVTL pres. act. part. dat. masc. sing. motebw duce. ob (# 4024) where. napéiBacis (# 4126) transgres-
(# 4409) to believe. Part. as subst. used to emphasize a sion, stepping over the mark. 16 BéBatog (# 1010)
trait. duka1odvta pres. act. part. acc. masc. sing. dika10W solid, durable, valid, a legally guaranteed security, reli-
(# 1467) to justify (s.v. 2). Part. as subst. doeBng (# 815) able, dependable, certain, sure (Lightfoot, Notes; MM;
ungodly. A very strong word used to place the gratuity Dunn; TLNT). onepya (#5065) seed. 17 yeypantor
of the gift in the strongest light (Lightfoot, Notes). perf. ind. pass. ypd&w (# 1211) to write. ott (# 4022) rec-
@ 6 Kadcanep (# 2749) even as. For Paul’s use of the rab- itative, equal to quotation marks. TEVEIKGL perf. ind. act.
binical exegetical principle of comparing the same tO (# 5502) to place, to appoint. This was part of the
Romans 5 324

covenant promise given to Abraham. Perf. indicates (Murray), or the first could be retrospective (“because
the abiding result. katevavti (#2978) opposite to, in of”) and the second prospective (“for the sake of”)
the presence of. For this prep. s. MH, 129. eniotevoev (Moo). nopantwyo, (#4183) transgression, a falling
aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Gwonovodvt0¢ along-side, a false step, transgression (TDNT; Cremer,
pres. act. part. (adj.) gen. masc. sing. Gwomoiow (# 2443) 498f). Tryep@n aor. ind. pass. eyetpw (#1586) to raise.
to make alive. Refers to God’s ability to give a child to dikaiworg (# 1470) justification, the judicial vindication
Abraham and Sarah in their old age (Godet). The des- and justification (TDNT; MRP, 196).
ignation of God as “lifegiver” corresponds to the sec-
ond of the Jewish Eighteen Benedictions (Byrne). Romans 5
Kadodvtos pres. act. part. kadew (#2813) to call. 6vta @ 1 SikawGevtes aor. pass. part. dikai0w (# 1467)
pres. act. part. et (# 1639) to be. Part. as subst. @ 18 to justify, to declare to be in the right (s. 2:13). Aor. part.
eAniba acc. EAnic¢ (# 1828) hope. Here lit. “against (or expressing antecedent time before the main vb. It
beyond) hope,” “in hope”; that is, “hoping against could be either temp. or casual. Aor. points to a com-
hope” (Barrett; EH, 501-6). yeveo@a aor. mid. (dep.) inf. pleted action. Theol. pass. indicating that God has
yivowor (#1181) to become. Articular inf. w. prep. ei¢ done the action upon the subject. eipnvn (# 1645) peace.
(#1650) to express purp. elpnpévov perf. pass. part. It denotes the outward situation of being in a relation-
Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Subst. use of part. Perf. emphasiz- ship of peace with God as shown by the prep. mpd¢
es the past result w. lingering effects: “that which has (Moo; Dunn; Fitzmyer, 395; Cranfield). Eyouev pres.
been spoken.” gota fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have, to possess. For the variant
be. @ 19 doB_evious aor. act. part. cobevew (# 820) to be reading éxwuev (pres. subj. act.; hortatory subj. “let us
weak; ingressive aor. w. neg. un (# 3590), “without be- enjoy the possession of peace” s. TC, 511; M, 35, 110,
coming weak” (SH). Causal or circum. part. katevonoev 247, 249; Stanley E. Porter, “The Argument of Romans
aor. ind. act. katavoew (# 2917) to see clearly, to discern. 5: Can a Rhetorical Question Make a Difference?” JBL
For the prep. compound s. M, 117. vevexpwpeévov perf. 110 [1991]: 662-65; GGBB, 464). mpog (#4639) with. It
pass. part. (adj.) vexpow (#3739) to kill; pass., to die. denotes a friendly relationship (BD, 124; NIDNTT,
Perf. emphasizes the completed state or cond. (s. Rom. 3:1204). @2Kat (#2779) also (Godet). mpocaywyn
3:21). Exatovtaetns (#1670) a hundred years. nov (# 4643) access, introduction (SH; Moo; MM; EDNT).
(# 4543) about. bnapywv pres. act. part. brapyw (# 5639) toxnkapev perf. ind. act. éxw (# 2400) to have. Perf. em-
to exist, to be. vexpwoig (# 3740) death, deadness. For phasizes the completed state: “to have received and
nouns w. this suffix s. MH, 373. @ 20 Svexpi6n aor. ind. still possess” (M, 238). €otnkapev perf. ind. act. iotnut
pass. Siaxptvw (# 1359) to separate, to divide into, to be (# 2705) perf. to stand. kavywpeba pres. ind./subj. mid.
divided in one’s own mind, to waiver (RWP). éve- (dep.) kavxzaouat (# 3016) to boast. It here means a tri-
SvvoywOn aor. ind. pass. evdvvayow (#1904) to umphant, rejoicing confidence in God (Barrett). Ind.,
strengthen; pass., to be strengthened, to be empow- “we are boasting;” or hortatory subj, “let us continue to
ered. 500¢ aor. act. part. 515w1 to give (# 1443) to give. boast.” #3 Kat (#2779) also. Ev taic OAtweow (# 1877;
Circum. part., “and gave glory to God.” 21 nAnpo- 3836; 2568) in the tribulations. The word refers to pres-
popndeic aor. pass. part. mAnpopopew (# 4442) to fill com- sures, hardships, and sufferings, the distress brought
pletely, to convince fully; pass., to be fully convinced, about by outward circumstances (SH; TDNT; Trench,
assured (BAGD; TDNT). Causal. part. or circum. emny- Synonyms, 202f; Dunn). et80te¢ perf. act. part. (causal)
yeAtat perf. ind. pass. enayyédAw (# 2040) to promise. of the def. vb. o18a (#3857) to know; “because we
movfoat aor. inf. act. tovew (# 4472) to do. Compl. inf. w. know.” Ot (# 4022) that, introducing the content of the
Svvatoc (# 1543), “he was able to do.” 22 Edoyiobn knowledge. tmopovn (#5705) patient endurance, pa-
aor. ind. pass. AoytCoo (# 3357) to reckon to one’s ac- tiently waiting in hope (TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). cat-
count. (s.v. 3). 23 Eypagn aor. ind. pass. ypadw epyatetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) katepyaconar (# 2981)
(# 1211) to write. @ 24 yéAAe1 pres. ind. act. pehrAw to produce. The prep. compound is perfective, carry-
(# 3516) to be about to. Used w. inf. to express fut. ing the action of the main vb. to its conclusion (M,
(MKG, 307). Aoyiteo8a1 pres. inf. act. (s.v. 22). Compl. 112f). 4 8oxwn (#1509) approved character, the
inf. to the main vb. motevovov pres. act. part. miotevw quality of being approved as a result of tests and trials
(#4409) to believe. tyeipavta aor. act. part. eyeipw (BAGD; SH). @ 5 Aig (# 1828) hope. This is the faith-
(# 1586) to raise. Part. as subst. @ 25 maped0o@n aor. ind. ful trust in God’s promises for the future in the midst
pass. mapadidwyt (#4140) to deliver up. Perhaps a ref- of trials (EH, 510). kataroybvet pres. ind. act. kataioxv-
erence to Isa. 53:12 (Lightfoot, Notes). Theol. pass. vw (# 2875) to put to shame. Pres. indicates a continu-
(Dunn). 51a (# 1328) w. acc., because of. The first prep. ing action, “will never put us to shame.” 6tt (# 4022)
here could be causal, the second final (MRP, 196; because, giving the reason hope will not cause shame
Dunn). Both preps. could have a prospective reference or disappointment. 1 ayann tod Be0d (# 27; 2536) the
o20 Romans 5

love of God. Subjective gen., “the love which God has Question Make a Difference?” JBL 110 (1991): 668.
for us” (Moo; Dunn; EH, 511; GGBB, 121). éxxéyvtor dixawEevtec aor. pass. part. (causal) 6uka10w (# 1467) to
perf. ind. pass. éxyew (#1772) to pour out. The word justify. Aor. points to the completed action. Theol. pass.
denotes both abundance and diffusion (Lightfoot, ev T aipatt (# 1877; 3836; 135) in the blood (s. 3:25). In-
Notes). The idea of spiritual refreshment and encour- str. use of the prep., giving the means of the justifica-
agement is conveyed through the metaphor of water- tion. owOnoopeba fut. ind. pass. owlw (#5392) to save,
ing. Perf. indicates a completed state or continuing to rescue, to deliver. Here it means the consummation
results (s. 3:21 for the perf.). 50@€vt0¢ aor. pass. part. of that work of which justification is the commence-
didwyt (# 1443) to give. Adj. part. to emphasize this as a ment. It is a preservation from all causes of destruction
trait. Aor. indicates a logically antecedent action. Theol. and points to the final salvation (Hodge; Cranfield;
pass., indicating that God is the giver. ®6€&t yap TDNT). Theol. pass. indicating that God is the one who
(# 2285; 1142) if indeed. Thrall discusses the textual saves. 10 €y0p0c (#2398) enemy. Ovtec pres. act.
problem and concludes that the combination is used to part. elt (# 1639) to be. Concessive or temp. part. Pres.
introduce a fact of which one was absolutely certain indicates contemporaneous action, “while we were en-
(Thrall, 89f). Some opt for the reading etg ti yap and emies” or “even though we were still enemies at that
translate, “For to what purpose did Christ, while we time.” KOTNAAGynueV aor. ind. pass. KaTaAAGCOW
were helpless, die at the right time for the ungodly” (# 2904) to exchange, to exchange enmity for friend-
(Porter, “The Argument of Romans 5: Can a Rhetorical ship, to reconcile (ACP, 187; TDNT; MNTW, 102-06; V;
Question Make a Difference?” JBL 110 [1991]: 666). Cilliers Breytenbach, “Versodhung, Stellvertretung und
Ovtwv pres. act. part. (temp.) eiut (# 1639) to be. Gen. Suhne: Semantische und traditionsgeschichtliche Be-
abs. Pres. expressing contemporaneous action merkungen am Beispiel der paulinischen Briefe,” NTS
(“while”). do8evng (#820) weak, helpless (Moo). He 39 [1993]: 59-79; I. Howard Marshall, “The Meaning of
did not wait for us to start helping ourselves, but died ‘Reconciliation’,” Unity and Diversity in New Testament
for us when we were altogether helpless (Cranfield). Theology: Essays in Honor of George E. Ladd, Robert A.
Kata Katpov (# 2848; 2789) at the appropriate time, at Guelich, ed, [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978], 153-69).
the very time (Moo; Dunn). brep doeBav (# 5642; 815) The prep. compound is perfective and means “to effect
for ungodly ones. The prep. has the idea of substitution a thorough change back, reconciled” (MH, 298). Aor.
as well as benefit (Moo; Porter, “The Argument of Ro- points to the completed action (V, 154). Theol. pass.
mans 5: Can a Rhetorical Question Make a Difference?” ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. which assumes the reality of
JBL 110 [1991]: 668; NIDNTT, 3:1196-97). d&me8avev aor. the cond. MoAA@ GaAAov (# 4498; 3437) by how much
ind. act. ano8vnoKw (# 633) to die. Aor. views the act of more (s.v. 9). KaTOAAQYEVTES aor. pass. part. (causal)
dying as a finished deed. 7 poAtg (# 3660) w. difficul- Aor. indicates antecedent action and points to a com-
ty, scarcely, hardly. vmep dixaiov (# 5642; 1465) for a pleted action. Theol. pass. ow@noope8a fut. ind. pass.
righteous (man). For a discussion of the structure of owtw (# 5392) to save (s.v. 9). @ 11 ob povov 56 GAAG Kat
this v. s. Frederik Wisse, “The Righteous Man and the (# 4024; 3667; 1254; 247; 2779) not only, but also. It indi-
Good Man in Romans 5:7,” NTS 19 (1972): 91-93. &mo- cates that for all that he has already said, he has some-
Gaveitor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) dnobvijoKkw (# 633) to die. thing more to say (Dunn; Moo). kavywpevor pres. mid.
Gnomic fut. (GGBB, 571). taxa (#5440) perhaps, possi- part. (circum.) Kavyaopnat to boast (#3016) (s.v. 2).
bly, probably. toAWG pres. ind. act. toAwaw (# 5528) to KaTOAAMYN (#2903) reconciliation (s.v. 10). EAcBopev
dare. &no0aveiv aor. inf. act. ano8vnoKw (# 633) to die. aor. ind. act. AauPavu (# 3284) to take. ® 12 For a study
Compl. inf. w. the vb. toAUG. ® 8 ovviotnoty pres. ind. of this section s. Marty L. Reid, Augustinian and Pauline
act. ovviotnut (#5319) to bring together, to demon- Rhetoric in Romans Five: A Study in Early Christian Rhet-
strate. Ovtwv pres. act. part. (temp.) gen. n. pl. ei oric (Lewiston, N.Y.: Mellen Biblical Press, 1996). 51a
(# 1639) to be. Gen. abs. Pres. expressing contempora- tovto (# 1328; 4047) because of this. (For a discussion of
neous time. &méOavev aor. ind. act. cnoOvnoKw (# 633) to the phrase as being retrospective, prospective, or illa-
die. @ 9 paAdov (# 3437) more; here, “much more,” an tive, introducing an inference from the preceding s.
argument from the greater to the less (RWP). The point Moo, 363-64; S. Lewis Johnson, Jr., “Romans 5:12: An
is, since God has already done the really difficult thing, Exercise in Exegesis and Theology,” ND, 301). etofjA8ev
justified the impious sinner, we may be absolutely con- aor. ind. act. eiloepyouat (# 1656) to come into. 517/AGev
fident that He will do what is by comparison very easy, aor. ind. act. diepxoua.t (# 1451) to pass through. It con-
namely, save from His wrath at the last those who are tains the force of distribution: “made its way to each in-
already righteous in His sight (Cranfield). For exam- dividual member of the race” (SH). &6’ @ (# 2093; 4005)
les of this method of argument among the rabbis s. perhaps best understood as causal (“because”) (F.W.
SB, 3:223-26; EJH, 11-12; for this in the Greek diatribe s. Danker, “Romans 5:12: Sin Under Law,” NTS 14 [1968]:
Porter, “The Argument of Romans 5: Can a Rhetorical 424-39; but s. also GI, 116f; for various ways of under-
Romans 6 326

standing the phrase s. Fitzmyer, 413-17; Cranfield; (#2770) to set down, to constitute, to establish.
Johnson, ND, 303-5; GGBB, 342-43). The reason why @ 20 noperonAGev aor. ind. act. napepyouc. (# 4216) to
death has come to all men is that death is universal in come in alongside, to enter a state of things already ex-
that sin is universal (Johnson, ND, 305). Tywaptov aor. isting (SH). mAeovaoy aor. subj. act. mreovatw (# 4429)
ind. act. Guaptavw (#279) to sin. For the relation be- to be, or to become more, to be pres. in abundance.
tween Adam sinning and the sin of mankind s. Here it is probably intr. (Lightfoot, Notes). Subj. w. iva
Johnson, ND, 298-316, esp. 305-316; Moo. 13 aypt (# 2671) to express purp. émAgovaoev aor. ind. act. me-
(# 948) until w. gen. €AAoyeitat pres. ind. pass. EdA0yEW ovatw (#4429). bnepenepiooevoev aor. ind. act. vnEp-
(# 1824) to charge to one’s account (MM). 6vtog pres. mepiocevw (#5668) to abound more exceedingly. The
act. part. gen. n. sing. elt (# 1639) to be. 14 eBaot- prep. compound magnifies (MH, 326). @ 21 Bacievon
Aevoev aor. ind. act. Baothevw (# 996) to rule as king, to aor. subj. act. Boovtevw (# 996) (s.v. 17). Subj. w. Iva
be a king, here in the sense of control or determine the (#2671) used to express purp. aiwviog (# 173) eternal.
destiny of. Gpapthoavtasg aor. act. part. opaptavw Eternal life is not only related to the fut., but is organi-
(# 279) to sin. owotwya (# 3930) likeness. It denotes a re- cally related to the actual life lived and is a pres. pos-
semblance which may be purely accidental (AS). session of the believer (GW, 189f).
napdapacic (# 4126) transgression. tung (# 5596) type.
The word means a visible mark left by some object. Romans 6
(TDNT). péAAovtos pres. act. part. weAAw (#3516) to be @ 1 Epodpev fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Used
about to. Subst. part., “the one who is coming.” 15 here in a rhetorical question. empévwpev pres. subj. act.
oby (# 4024) the neg. here and in v. 16 can be under- empevw (# 2152) to stay, to remain, to reside in. Pres. in-
stood as introducing a rhetorical question expecting dicates practice of sin as a habit. Deliberate subj. in a
the answer “yes” (C.C. Caragounis, “Romans 5.15-16 rhetorical question (RWP). mAeovaon aor. subj. act. mrE-
in the Context of 5.12-21: Contrast or Comparison?” ovacw (# 4429) to be in abundance, to abound, to cause
NTS 31 [1985]: 142-48). nopantwpa (# 4183) transgres- to increase. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp.
sion (s. 4:25; Trench, Synonyms, 239f). yapropa. (# 5922) @ 2 yévoito aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivopat (# 1181) to be, to
grace gift, an act of grace (Godet; TDNT; NIDNTT, happen (s. 3:4). Opt. in an expression rejecting a false
2:115-24; EDNT). &né8avov aor. ind. act. dr0OvjoKw to conclusion. &me8dvopev aor. ind. act. ato8vjoKw (# 633)
die (# 633) (s.v. 6). MOAA@ paAAov (# 4498; 3437) how to die. Death was “in God’s sight, w. God's seal and
much more (s.v. 9; s. also John T. Kirby, “The Syntax of pledge of the fact in baptism, providing freedom from
Romans 5.12: a Rhetorical Approach,” NTS 33 [1987]: sin and with the assurance of final victory” (Cranfield).
283-86). Swpec (# 1561) gift, the act of giving (Godet). Tf Gpoptia (# 281) w. respect to sin; dat. of reference or
éNEpiooevo_ aor. ind. act. nepiooevw (# 4355) to be more respect (BD, 105f), or dat. of disadvantage w. the vb.
than enough, to abound. 16 Gyapthoavtos aor. act. ano8vnoKw, indicating that one has changed one’s state
part. (adj.) gen. masc. sing. opaptave (# 279) to sin (s.v. to the detriment of sin (Moo). €t1 (# 2285) still. Cnoopev
12). Swpnya (#1564) gift. It denotes the concrete gift, fut. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) to live; that is, at any fut. time
the blessing bestowed (Godet). xpipa (#3210) judg- after our death (Meyer). A deliberative future express-
ment, decision. Kataxpya (#2890) condemnation, ing “oughtness” (GGBB, 570). @ 3 ayvoette pres. ind.
judgment against someone. For the force of the prep. act. &yvoew (# 51) not to know, to be ignorant. Paul does
compounds s. MH, 316. dtxaiwpa. (# 1468) justification, not use the mystery religions of the day as the base of
acquittal, the righteous status that results from God’s his teaching in this section (DRP; Dunn). 6001 nom. pl.
justifying action (MRP, 198f; Moo). 17 eBaotdevoev d00¢ (# 4012) as many as, those belonging to a class or
aor. ind. act. Baodevw (# 996) to rule. Constative view- group, “all of us who” (BAGD; Moo). €Bantio®nyev aor.
ing the action over a period of time. nepiooeta, (# 4353) ind. pass. BantiGw (#966) to baptize (s. 1 Cor. 10:2;
more than enough, abundance. AopPdvovtes pres. act. 12:13). W. the prep. it indicates “movement into in
part. AouBavw (# 3284) to receive. It is the gift which order to become involved with or part of,” no longer
man receives, imputed not infused (SH). Subst. part. referring directly to the ritual act; the pass. is a theol.
Baorevoovory fut. ind. act. Baotrevw (# 996) to be king, pass. (Dunn). @ 4 ovvetagnuev aor. ind. pass. ovveantw
to rule as a king. @ 18 dpa (# 726) therefore. It gives a (# 5313) to bury together. The words w. ovv indicate the
summation of the doctrine set forth in the whole pas- communality of believers rooted in a dependence upon
sage, from v. 12 onward (Murray). dixaiworg (# 1468) their communality with Christ (Dunn). 81a tod par-
justification. Cwfic gen. sing. (wn (# 2437) life. Gen. may tiowatog (#967) through baptism. €l¢ tov Odvatov
be epex. (MT, 214; BG, 16-17); or, perhaps better, gen. of (# 2505) into the death. The prep. conveys the notation
result (“justification which leads to life”) (BD, 92; Cran- of incorporation into (Lightfoot, Notes). donep (# 6061)
field; Moo; Byrne). #19 napaxon (#4157) disobedi- just as, even so. Nyep@n aor. subj. pass. eyeipw (# 1586)
ence (Dunn). kataota@noovtat fut. ind. pass. kabiotnt pass. to be raised, to rise. Subj. w. (va (# 2671) to express
B27 Romans 6

purp. or result. kawvotnt dat. sing. Kavotns (# 2786) pres. imp. act. Baotdevw (# 996) to be king, to rule as
freshness, newness. The idea of the word is “strange- king. Pres. imp. w. neg. pn (#3590) means either “do
ness,” and therefore a change (Lightfoot, Notes). Gwii¢ not always,” or “do not continue,” or else gives a pro-
(# 2437) life. Gen. of apposition, “newness, that is, life” hibition of a general command, “do not make it your
(DPL, 553-55). mepimatnowpev aor. subj. act. mepinatéw habit” (MKG, 272; VANT, 335-40). @vnt0g (# 2570) mor-
(# 4344) to walk, to walk about, to conduct one’s life tal, subject to death. braxovew pres. inf. act. braKovw
(TDNT). Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp. (# 5634) to listen to, to obey. Articular inf. w. prep. €tg
5 ovpputoc (# 5242) grown together w. The process of (#1650) expresses either purp. or result (MT, 143).
grafting may be in mind (Barrett). yeyovapev perf. ind. exvOvpto. (# 2123) desire. The prep. compound is direc-
act. yivouat (# 1181) to become. Perf. indicates the abid- tive. The basic meaning, “drive,” “passion,” is directed
ing state or condition. Ind. w. et (# 1623) in a Ist. class to an object (TDNT; Godet). 13 na-piotavete pres.
cond. cl. assuming the reality of the cond. opoiwya imp. act. naptotnyt (#4225) to place beside, to put at
(# 3930) likeness, copy, form (Moo; s. Rom. 5:14). The one’s disposal, to present, to make something available
following fut. shows that the word does not refer to to someone (Kasemann; LN, 1:567; BBC). For the mean-
baptism (DRP, 293-94). Associative dat. w. obpoutor ing of the pres. imp. w. neg. s.v. 12. wéAn acc. pl. weAog
(Moo). &vaota&oEews gen. sing. cvdotnois (#386) resur- (# 3517) member. A synecdoche (part for the whole)
rection. Descriptive gen. w. Owowwpatt. Eoove8a. fut. ind. meaning “your body.” OmAov (# 3960) tool, weapon. Sin
mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to be. 6 ywwwoKovtes pres. is regarded as a sovereign (v. 12) who demands the mil-
act. part. ywwwokw (# 1182) to know. Pres. indicates con- itary service of its subjects, levies their quota of arms
temporaneous action. Causal part., “because we (v.13), and gives them their soldier’s pay of death (v. 23)
know.” modr.ard¢ (# 4094) old. The “old man” could refer (Lightfoot, Notes). a&5uxia (#94) unrighteousness. At-
to the evil inclination of Jewish teaching (s. Gal. 5:17; tributive gen., “unrighteous tools.” napaothnoate aor.
SB, 4, i:466-83; TS, 471-82; PRJ, 25-27), or to what we imp. act. The previous pres. imp. calls for the discontin-
were in Adam (Moo; Cranfield; DPL, 9-14). ovv- uation of an action. Aor. imp. here calls for an immedi-
eotavpwen aor. ind. pass. cvotavpow (# 5365) to crucify ate decisive new action as a break from the past
together. katapynéq aor. subj. pass. katapyew (# 2934) to (Johnson; Bakker, 65). G@vtag pres. act. part. Caw
render inoperative, to make inactive. wnkétt (# 3600) no (# 2409) to live; “alive, after being dead,” a common
longer. 5ovAevew pres. inf. act. dovdevw (# 1526) to be a classical expression (Lightfoot, Notes). 14 Kvptevoet
slave, to serve as a slave. Articular inf. to express purp. fut. ind. act. kvpievw (#3259) to be lord over (s.v. 9).
@ 7 ano8avuv aor. act. part. ano8vjoKw (# 633) to die. 15 cpapthowpev aor. subj. act. Gpaptavw (#279) to
Aor. describes antecedent action. Part. is substantive, sin. Deliberative subj., “shall we sin?” Rhetorical ques-
expressing a characteristic. Se5ixkatwtat perf. ind. pass. tion expecting the answer “no.” yévotto aor. opt. mid.
dixa10w (# 1467) to justify, to declare to be in the right. (dep.) ytvowo. (#1181) to be, to become (s.v. 2).
Here the word means either to be declared to be free @ 16 napiotavete pres. ind. act. maptotnui (#4225) to
from sin or to be acquitted from sin (MRP, 200f). place beside (s.v. 13). It is used either as a term describ-
@ 8 aneOavopev aor. ind. act. dn0OvnoKw (# 633) to die ing sacrifice or as a judicial term (BAGD). j{to1 (# 2486)
(s.v. 7). cu¢noopev fut. ind. act. cvCaw (# 2409) to live to- either. It has the notion of restriction (RG, 1154).
gether. @ 9 eldotes perf. act. part. otSa (# 3857) to know. @ 17 tte impf. ind. act. ciut (# 1639) to be. bnnKoboate
Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. &yep@et¢ aor. pass. part. aor. ind. act. braKkovw (#5634) to be obedient. nape-
(causal) éyeipw (# 1586) to raise. Kuptevet pres. ind. act. S0Onte aor. ind. pass. napadtdwpt (# 4140) to deliver
Kuptevw (# 3259) to be lord over, to rule over, w. gen. over to, to pass on a teaching (TLNT). tomog (# 5596)
The idea of master and slave is pres., (SH). Durative type, mark, copy, image, compendium, terse presenta-
pres. “continue to rule.” 106 yap stands for tov yap tion (Fitzmyer, 449; Moo). Incorporation of the anteced-
@avatov, Ov (Cranfield; RWP). &méOavev aor. ind. act. ent into the real cl., “to which form of doctrine you
anobvnokw (# 633) to die (s.v. 7). Epamak (# 2384) once were delivered” (RWP). d8ax7I¢ gen. sing. (#1439)
for all. 6 5€ stands for thy S€ Cwnv, qv (Cranfield). Cf teaching. Gen. of description or content. @ 18 édev-
pres. ind. act. Cow (# 2409) to live. @ 11 Aoyiteobe pres. OepwOEvtEs aor. pass. part. EkevOepow (# 1802) to free, to
imp. mid. (dep.) AoyiGouan (# 3357) to consider, to reck- make free. Aor. expresses logically antecedent action.
on. Pres. imp. could mean “do this continuously” or Temp. part. (“after”) or possibly causal. e60vAwénte aor.
“continue doing this” (MKG, 272). €iat pres. inf. act. ind. pass. 5ovA0w (#1530) to serve. 19 dvOpwrivoc
et (# 2462) to be. Compl. to the main vb. “Continually (# 474) human; here, “in human terms” (BAGD). do6€-
consider yourselves to be dead to sin.” (@vtac pres. act. veto (# 819) weakness; here, “because of the difficulties
part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Part. used as a substantive. of apprehension” (SH). napeothoate aor. ind. act.
The dat. w. part. could be dat. of respect or dat. of per- raptotnut (#4225) to place beside. péAn (# 3517) s.v. 13.
sonal interest or advantage (DM, 84). @ 12 Baotrevetw d0dA0¢ (# 1528) servant. Acc. pl. pred. acc. in a double
Romans 7 328

acc. construction: “as servants” (MT, 246; RG, 408f). cond. &vépi dat. sing. cvnp (# 467) male, husband. Dat.
axabapoia dat. sing. (# 174) uncleanness. Dat. as indir. of possession (Fitzmyer, 458). &mo8avq aor. ind. act.
obj. avopig (# 490) lawlessness. napaotnoate aor. ind. ano8vjoKw (# 633) to die. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl.
act. mapiotnut (s.v. 16). wyaopoc (# 40) sanctification, assuming the probability of the cond. éivan pres. inf.
holiness, consecration. It refers to the process or state act. et (# 1639) to be. Articular inf. used to express re-
(Murray) of being set apart for God’s service and the sult. yevouévnv aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) yivoyar
development and display of His characteristics (Crem- (# 1181) to become. 4 date (# 6063) therefore, conse-
er; TDNT; EDNT). 20 nte impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) quently. It draws an inference or conclusion rather
to be. EAebOEpoc (# 1801) free. 21 elyete impf. ind. act. than a comparison from the preceding and introduces
€xw (# 2400) to have. enaroyvveove pres. ind. mid. (dep.) the actual relation w. respect to Christians who are ina
Enoroxvvonar (# 2049) to be ashamed. @ 22 EdevOep- position corresponding w. that of the wife (Meyer;
wOEvtEs aor. pass. part. EXevbepow (# 1802) to be free. Cranfield). e8avatwOnte aor. ind. pass. S8avatow
Temp. or causal part. Aor. indicating logically anteced- (# 2506) to put to death. vow (# 3795) law s.v. 2. Dat. of
ent action. d5ovAwGevtes aor. pass. part. dovAow (# 1530) respect or reference (BD, 105). yevéo@a1 aor. mid. (dep.)
to be a slave. Theol. pass. indicating God as the active inf. yivouc (# 1181) to become. Inf. w. prep. etg (# 1650)
subject. 23 owwviov (#4072) provisions, wages of a to express purp. tyepOévtl aor. pass. part. eyeipw
soldier (C.C. Caragounis, “’ Oywviov: A Reconsidera- (# 1586) to rise; pass., to be raised. kapnopopnowpev aor.
tion of its Meaning,” NovT 16 [1974]: 35-37; TDNT). For subj. act. kapnopopew (# 2844) to bear fruit. Subj. w. iva
a description of soldier’s pay s. Lightfoot, Notes; CC, (# 2671) to express purp. t@ 8e@ dat. sing. (# 2436). Dat.
206-209; BC 5:428. yapiopa (# 5922) free gift, grace gift of personal interest, “for God.” @ 5 jpev impf. ind. act.
(s. 5:15). €v (# 1877) in. Dat. is local, or better instr. eit (#1639) to be. Impf. pictures the past life. capKt
(“through”). dat. sing. oap§ (#4922) flesh, human nature as con-
trolled and directed by sin as illustrated by the Jewish
Romans 7 evil inclination (Murray; TDNT; NIDNTT; Kuss; DPL,
@ 1 Gyvoeite pres. ind. act. cyvoew (#51) to be ig- 303-6; s. Rom. 6:6; Gal. 5:16). Some see the word as de-
norant. YivwoKovoL pres. act. part. yiwwoKw (# 1182) to picting a power sphere in which a person lives (Moo,
know. He speaks to those who have a knowledge of a 442f, 498-99). na@npa. (# 4077) passion, strong physical
general principle of all law, or Roman law, or Jewish desires (LN, 1:292; TDNT; EDNT). apaptidv gen. pl.
law (SH; Moo; Cranfield; Fitzmyer, 455-57; Dunn). In- Guaptia (#281) sin. Evnpyeito impf. ind. mid. (dep.)
dir. obj. kupievet pres. ind. act. kupievw (# 3259) to be evepyew (# 1919) to work within, to be at work, to effect
lord over, to rule, w. gen. Gnomic pres. fj pres. ind. act. (BAGD). The pricks and stings of passion were active
Caw (# 2409) to live, to be alive. Gnomic. pres. @ 2 b1- in our members (SH). Impf. pictures the continual ac-
avdpoc (#5635) under (subjected to) a husband, mar- tion. KapmopopTjoat aor. inf. act. kapnopopew (# 2844) to
ried. The word may itself include the idea of subordi- bear fruit. Articular inf. w. etg (# 1650) to express purp.
nation (Barrett). C@vt1 pres. act. part. (adj.) Gaw (# 2409) (Dunn) (s.v. 4). @avatw dat. sing. Odvatog (# 2505)
“living husband” (Lightfoot, Notes). 5€eta1 perf. ind. death. Dat. of purp. or dat. of advantage (Moo). #6
pass. 5ew (# 1313) to bind. Perf. emphasizes the state or KatNpynOnpev aor. ind. pass. katapyew (# 2934) to ren-
cond. (s. Rom. 3:21). voww dat. sing. vojoc (# 3795) Instr. der inoperative (s.v. 2). The meaning w. the prep. is
dat., “by law” (LIF, 84ff). &no8avy aor. subj. act. ano- “separated from,” “discharged from” (Moo). ano-
OvnoKw (# 633) to die. Subj. used in a 3rd. class cond. cl. Bavovtes aor. act. part. dmoOvjoKw (#633) to die. Temp.
where the cond. is viewed as probable. katnpyntor or causal part. Katevyoue8a impf. ind. pass. Katéyw
perf. ind. pass. katapyew (#2934) to render inopera- (# 2988) to hold down, to suppress, to hold fast, to con-
tive, to nullify, to annul. Perf. emphasizes she is com- fine, to restrain (Dunn). Impf. pictures the continual
pletely absolved or discharged (SH). 3 dpa (#726) state or action in the past. wote (# 6063) so that, w. the
then. G@vtoc pres. act. part. (temp.) Caw (# 2409) to live. pres. inf. act. dovAeverv (# 1526) indicating contemplat-
Gen. abs., “while he is living.” wouyadic (# 3655) adul- ed result (Moo). Kaivotnt. (# 2786) newness (s. 6:4).
teress. ypnuatioer fut. ind. act. ypnuaticw (#5976) to TOAMLOTHTL dat. maraotac (#4095) obsoleteness, old-
bear a name, to be called or named. The basic meaning ness. Gen. following these two words are gen. of appo-
is to do business, to negotiate. Then, to be called, to sition denoting that in which the newness or oldness
bear the name or title of. It also had a special sense of consists (SH). ypappatos gen. sing. ypoywa (# 14) letter
giving answer or communications as an oracle (SH). of the alphabet, writing, legal code, written code; here
Gnomic fut. used to state what will customarily hap- referring to the OT as the legislation of the old cove-
pen on the occasion (SMT, 36; GGBB, 571). yevnta aor. nant (Fitzmyer, 460). 7 épobpev fut. ind. act. AEyw
subj. mid. (dep.) yivoua1 (# 1181) to become. Subj. in a (# 3306) to say. Yevoito aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivouor
3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes the probability of the (# 1181) used in a construction rejecting a false conclu-
329 Romans 8

sion (s. Rom. 3:4). €yvwv aor. ind. act. ywwwokw (# 1182) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 8. mpaoow (#4556) pres. ind.
to know. et un (# 502; 3590) except; used to introduce a act. to do, to practice. The classification of the pres.
contrary to fact cond. cl.: “if it were not through the tenses have to do with the question whether Paul is
Law.” te yap (# 5445; 1142) and in fact; denotes a second speaking as a believer or not. A mediating position is
fact of the same kind as the preceding (te also). The sec- that they are gnomic, referring to either (GGBB, 391-92,
ond fact serves as a proof or explanation to the first 531-32). p10@ pres. ind. act. pow (# 3631) to hate. now
(yap for) (Godet). émOvpia. (# 2123) desire, lust. Some pres. ind. act. noiew (#4472) to do. 16 ovponpt
see this as having strong sexual overtones (Robert H. (# 5238) pres. ind. act. to speak w., to agree, to consent.
Gundry, “The Moral Frustration of Paul Before His @ 17 odxeti (# 4033) no longer. oixodoa. pres. act. part.
Conversion: Sexual Lust in Romans 7:1-25,” PSEB, 228- oixew (#3861) to indwell. @ 18 o150. (# 3857) perf. ind.
45). dew plperf. ind. act. oi5a (# 3857) to know. Def. act. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning, to know. @€Aetv pres.
perf. w. pres. meaning and the plperf. expressing the inf. act. 8€4w (# 2577) to desire. Inf. as subst. and subject
impf., denoting the beginning of a continuing experi- of the vb. napaKettor pres. ind. mid. nopaKemor
ence (Dunn). emOvpnoets fut. ind. act. emOvuew (# 2123) (# 4154) to lie alongside, to lie at hand, to be within
to desire, to long for, to covet. It includes every kind of reach (SH). katepyaCeo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. Katep-
illicit desire (SH). ® 8 aopyn (# 929) occasion, pretext, yaCouar (#2981) (s.v. 8). Articular inf. used as a noun.
opportunity for something. Lit., the starting point or © 20 oixotoa pres. act. part. oiKkéw (# 3861) to live (s.v.
base of operations for an expedition, then generally the 17). @ 21 6€dovTI pres. act. part. 6€A.w (# 2527) to desire.
resources needed to carry through an undertaking Part. describes an ongoing characteristic. movetv pres.
(BAGD; GELTS, 74; TDNT). AaBotoa aor. act. part. Aap- inf. act. novew (# 4472) to do. Compl. inf. to the main vb.
Bavw (# 3284) to take. Temp. part. or part. of means. év- 22 ovvndopo. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) (#5310) to rejoice
TOAN (#1953) commandment. Katepycouto aor. ind. w. someone, to joyfully agree. éow (#2276) inner.
mid. (dep.) katepyatouat (# 2981) to achieve, to work © 23 dvtiotpatevoyevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.)
out, to bring about (s. Rom. 5:3). 9 wv impf. ind. avtiotpatevouat (#529) to make a military expedition
act. Caw (# 2409) to live. He had no dread of punish- or take the field against anyone, to oppose, to war
ment, no painful conscientiousness of sin (Hodge). against (T). For the struggle between the good and evil
€ABovoeT|s aor. act. part. (temp.) épxouar (#2262) to inclination in Judaism, s. 6:6. voO¢ gen. sing. vovc
come. Gen. abs. Aor. denotes antecedent action. avetn- (# 3795) mind, the reflective intelligence (RWP). aty-
oev aor. ind. act. avataw (#2409) to revive, to live WaAwtiCovta pres. act. part. aiyrarwticw (#170) lit., to
again, to regain life. 10 ané@avov aor. ind. act. ano- capture w. a spear, to take a prison of war, to subdue
OvnoKw (#633) to die. ebpe6n aor. ind. pass. evptokw (LS). Ovtt pres. act. part. (adj.) elut (#1639) to be.
(# 2351) to find; here in the sense of resulting in: “prove @ 24 torAainwpog (#5417) miserable, wretched, dis-
to be a cause for death to me” (BAGD). 11 AaBotoa tressed, unhappy. It is an expression of despair or con-
aor. act. part. AopBavw (# 3284) to take (s.v. 8). &ennatn- demnation and can also describe the state of being
oev aor. ind. act. e&anataw (# 1987) to deceive complete- pulled in two directions (TLNT; Dunn; CCF, 4:155). pv-
ly, to make someone lose the way (RWP). The prep. oetoan fut. ind. mid. (dep.) pvouor (# 4861) to rescue. The
compound may be intensive (“completely”) or perfec- word is used to denote the act of the soldier who runs
tive (“successfully”) (MH, 309f). a&mextetev aor. ind. at his comrade’s cry to rescue him from the hands of the
act. &nokteitvw (#650) to kill. 12 pév (#3525) un- enemy (Godet). @ 25 adtog yu (# 899; 1609) I, myself.
doubtedly. This is intended to guard beforehand the T@ ... voi dat. sing. vod (# 3808) mind; dat. of reference
unassailable character of the law (Godet). @ 13 €yeveto (BD, 105).
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivou (# 1181) to become. yevowto
aor. opt. mid. (dep.) s.v. 7. avi aor. subj. pass. daivw Romans 8
(#5743) to appear. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express 1 dpa. (# 726) so, therefore, consequently, an in-
purp. katepyaCovevn pres. mid. (dep.) part. (# 2981) ference drawn from that which preceded (Murray).
Katepyacouat s.v. 8. Circum. part. or part. of means. yé- KataKpya (#2890) punishment following the sen-
vntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivoyar (#1181). drepporn tence, a judgment against someone (BAGD; BS, 264-65;
(#5661) beyond measure, exceedingly. dpaptwAdg Preisigke, 1:752-53; Moo). For the textual problem s.
(# 283) sinful. 14 odpxKivog (# 4921) fleshly. It denotes TC,515. 2 wn (# 2437) life. The gen. expresses the
the material of which human nature is composed (SH). effect wrought. The Spirit is the author and giver of life
For adj. w. this suffix indicating the material of which (Gifford). For various views on the meaning and con-
something is made s. MH, 359, 378. nenpopeévoc perf. nection of the words s. Cranfield. nAev8epwoev aor. ind.
pass. part. mpacow (# 4556) to sell. Perf. emphasizes the act. €AevOepow (#1802) to liberate, to make free
state or cond. (“sold”) and therefore its bondslave (TDNT). #3 ddbvatog (#105) impossible. tv @
(Lightfoot, Notes). Part. as pred. adj. @ 15 katepyaCopar (# 1877; 4005) in which, wherein; defining the point of
Romans 8 330

the law’s powerlessness. m€uwwas aor. ind. act. néunw rights, privileges, and responsibilities. For the custom
(# 4287) to send. Part. of manner. Aor. indicates logical- of adoption s. TDNT; OCD, 8f; Fransic Lyall, “Roman
ly antecedent action. owoiwpa (# 3930) likeness (Moo). Law in the Writings of Paul - Adoption,” JBL 88 (1969)
TEpi auaptiac (# 4309; 281) concerning sin. It could 458-66; DNP, 1:122-24; RAC, 1:99-112; KP, 1:71-72;
mean “as a sin offering” (Moo; Fitzmyer, 486; Dunn). DGRA, 14-16; Buckland, 121-28; DPL, 15-18. xpafopev
KOQTEKpIVEV pres. ind. act. KataKpivw (# 3212) to judge, pres. ind. act. kpatw (#3189) to cry out. It was used in
to condemn. @ 4 Sikaiwpa (# 1468) righteous demand, the LXX for urgent prayer and here denotes an urgent
ordinance (s. 1:32). mAnpw@ aor. subj. pass. mAnpow and sincere crying to God (Cranfield). Iterat. pres., “to
(# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. mepinatodow pres. act. part. cry again and again.” ‘ABBa (#5) voc. sing. ‘abba (Ara-
nmepinatew (# 4344) to walk about, to conduct one’s life maic) father. An Aramaic expression used in prayers
(TDNT). Dat. of advantage. Pres. indicates a habit of and in the family circle (BAGD; NIDNTT, 1:614-15;
life. 5 Ovtéec pres. act. part. et (# 1639) to be. Part. Fitzmyer, 501; lit. on “abba,” 502-4; Dunn; AT, 503).
as subst. ppovodotv pres. ind. act. dpovew (#5858) to 16 avt0 (# 899) himself. For this use of the pron. s.
think, to set one’s mind or heart upon something, to MT, 40f. ovppoptupei pres. ind. act. ovpupaptupew
employ one’s faculty for thoughtful planning, w. the (# 5210) to bear witness w. someone, to confirm, to tes-
emphasis upon the underlying disposition or attitude tify in support of someone. Used in the papyri where
(LN, 1:325). It denotes the whole action of the affec- the signature of each attesting witness is accompanied
tions and will as well as of the reason (SH). @ 6 p0- by the words, “I bear witness w. and I seal w.” (MM).
wna (#5859) way of thinking, mindset, aim, aspira- teKvov (#5451) child. It expresses the relation of nature
tion, striving (BAGD). tij¢ oapKos (# 4922) of the flesh; and indicates community of life (Godet). @ 17 kAnpovo-
for this concept s. BBC; DPL, 303-6; gen. of description, Log (# 3101) heir. Paul is still concerned to demonstrate
the attitude characterized by and determined by the certainty of fut. salvation and argues that if we are
(Moo). 7 &0t1 (# 1484) because. éxOpa (# 2397) ha- heirs of God our inheritance is secure (Barrett). ovy-
tred, hostility, enmity, active hostility. bxotdéooeta1 KAnpovoyos (# 5169) fellow heir, co-heir. etnep (# 1642) if
pres. ind. pass. vnotaoow (#5718) pass., to be in subjec- indeed, seeing that (Cranfield; s. Rom. 3:30). ovp-
tion, to place oneself under. @ 8 Ovteg pres. act. part. TMAOXOLEV pres. ind. act. ovppncoyw (# 5224) to suffer to-
ew (# 1639) to be. Part. as subst. expressing a charac- gether (BAGD). It indicates the daily anxieties, tensions
teristic. Pres. expresses a durative idea. &péoa aor. inf. and persecutions (Moo). ovvéoEac8@pev aor. subj. pass.
act. apeokw (#743) to please. Compl. inf. to the main ovvboEatw (#5280) to glorify together. Subj. w. iva
vb. 9 €v nveduatt (# 4922) to be under the domina- (# 2671) to express purp. or the goal in view (Cranfield;
tion of the Spirit (SH). etmep (# 1642) if indeed. This Moo; Dunn). Theol. pass. indicating that God is the
strengthens the ascensive force (GGBB, 694). ouxei pres. agent. ® 18 AoyiGopar (# 3357) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to
ind. act. o.wxew (# 3811) to dwell. Pres. indicates a con- consider, to reckon. &&u0g (#545) that which balances
tinual action. 10 €t (#1623) if, used is a 1st. class the scales, comparable, worthy (TDNT). na&@nya
cond. cl. which assumes the reality of the cond. (# 4077) suffering. mpog (# 4639) the basic meaning w.
o@pa. (#5293) body, the physical body (Meyer). acc., is “near,” “toward,” “against.” Here, “in compari-
@ 11 eyeipavtos aor. act. part. eyeipw (# 1586) to raise, to son w.” (RG, 622f; BD, 124f). weAdovoay pres. act. part.
resurrect. €yeipas aor. act. part. Cwonornoe fut. ind. act. (adj.) acc. fem. sing. weAAw (#3516) to be about to.
Cwororew (# 4472) to make alive. 6vntog (# 2570) mortal, “Coming,” “about to be,” w. inf. to express fut.
subject to death. évoixobdvtog pres. act. part. (adj.) anoKadvpefivar aor. inf. pass.anoKaArvntw (# 636) to re-
evoikew (# 1940) to dwell in. Pres. indicates a continual veal. #19 dnoxapasdoxia, (# 638) watching eagerly w.
indwelling. 12 opevretng (# 4050) one who owes a outstretched head, eagerly waiting, eager expectation,
moral debt, debtor (s. 1:14). katé (# 2848) in accordance confident hope and positive expectation (BAGD; D.R.
with. Civ pres. inf. act. Gaw (# 2409) to live. Epex. inf. Denton, “Anoxapadokta,” ZNW 73 [1982]: 138-40). The
used to explain the debt. Pres. stresses the continual sense is strengthened by the prep. in compound which
living. 13 ano@vpjoKetv pres. inf. act. ano8vnoKw denotes diversion from all other things and concentra-
(# 633) to die. Compl. inf. to the main vb. mpG@E1¢ tion on a single object and indicates a patience waiting
(#4552) deed, act. Bavatodte pres. ind. act. Pavatow (EH, 528; SH). xtloews gen. sing. xtioig (# 3232) cre-
(# 2506) to put to death. Cnoeove fut. ind. mid. ([dep.] s. ation. &moKaAvic (# 637) uncovering, unveiling, reve-
BD, 42) Cow (# 2409) to live. @ 14 d00¢ (# 4012) as many lation. &mexdSeyetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) dmexdéxouar
as. Gyovta. pres. ind. pass. ayw (#72) to lead. (# 587) to await expectantly, but patiently. Prep. in com-
@ 15 EAGBete aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to take, to pound is perfective w. the idea of readiness and pre-
receive. S0vAeia (#1525) servitude, slavery. vio8ecta paredness. Pres. indicates the going on of the act until
(# 5625) adoption. The word indicates a total break w. he comes (MH, 310). The word occurs in the apocry-
the old family and a new family relation with all its phal work Acts of Paul to describe Onesiphorus on the
331 Romans 8

outskirts of Lystra waiting for Paul's arrival from Iconi- abto to tvedpua. the Spirit himself (s.v. 16). brepevtvyxa-
um (MM). It is also used in Test. of Abraham, 16:3 where vel pres. ind. act. bmepevtvyxavw (# 5659) to plead or in-
Death is called before God to be commissioned w. the tercede on behalf of someone. It is a picturesque word
task of going to Abraham, and Death trembles and of rescue by one who happens on or happens upon an-
waits (ameKxdSexouevoc) for the command of God. other in trouble and in his behalf pleads w. “unuttered
© 20 patarotns (# 3470) vanity, aimlessness, the inabil- groanings” or w. “sighs that baffle words” (RWP). For
ity to reach a goal or achieve results (Trench, Synonyms, intercession in the OT, Judaism, and in Jesus’ teaching
180-84; TDNT; EH, 526; GELTS, 291). Dat. used here, s. E.A. Obeng, “The Origins of the Spirit Intercession
possibly as dat. of association (GGBB, 160). bmet&yn aor. Motif in Romans 8:26,” NTS 32 (1986): 621-32. Iterat.
ind. pass. brotaoow (#5718) to submit (s.v. 7). Exodoa pres. GAGANtOS (#227) unable to be spoken, sighs too
nom. fem. exwv (# 1776) willing, unconstrained, gladly. deep for words; but not a reference to tongues (Dunn;
It usually stands opposed to violence or compulsion Moo). Instr. dat. 27 épavvdiv pres. act. part. Epavvaw
(Cremer, 246). bnotaéavta aor. act. part. dnot&Koow (# 2236) to search, to examine. Part. as subst. emphasiz-
(# 5718) to submit. Part. as subst. Aor. points to the spe- ing a particular trait. Pres. indicates an ongoing action.
cific act. The reference is to God rather than to Adam or oldev perf. ind. act. 0180 (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w.
Satan (Dunn; Moo). @ 21 éAevOepwOnoetar fut. ind. pres. meaning. kata Oeov (# 2848; 2536) according to
pass. €AevGepow (#1802) to liberate (s.v. 2). o@0pa God. The prep. denotes the standard (Godet). evtvyya-
(#5785) corruption, deterioration. 22 ovotevater vel pres. ind. act. evtvyyavw (#1961) to intercede, to
pres. ind. act. cvotevatw (# 5367) to groan together, per- plead for. 28 otSopev perf. ind. act. 0180 (# 3857) s.v.
haps as an unintended prayer (BBC). ovvwétvet pres. 27. The knowledge is the common assumption of faith
ind. act. ovvwdivw (# 5349) to suffer birth pains togeth- (Dunn). &yand@ow pres. act. part. dat. masc. pl. cyanow
er, perhaps as an unintended prayer (BBC). The prep. in (# 26) to love. Part. as subst. Dat. of advantage. mavta
these two words indicates all the parts of which cre- nom. or acc. pl. mac (# 4246) all things, everything. The
ation is made up (SH). Pres. indicates the continual ac- word could be the subject (“all things work together”),
tion. © 23 anapyn (# 569) firstfruit. The first portion of or the obj. (“God works all things”), or an acc. of respect
the harvest, regarded both as a first installment and as (“God works in respect to all things” [Moo; Dunn]; for
a pledge of the final delivery of the whole (Barrett). a discussion s. GGBB, 180-81). ovvepyet pres. ind. act.
Gen. of apposition. The Holy Spirit is regarded as an ovvepyew (#5300) to cooperate, to work together, to
anticipation of final salvation, and a pledge that we work w. one another, to assist (Gifford; CCF], 4:118). Jo-
who have the Spirit shall in the end be saved (Barrett). sephus uses the noun in connection w. the Romans suf-
ExovtEs pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. otevaCopev fering a temporary setback at Gamala (TJ, 150-56),
pres. ind. act. otevé.6w (#5100) to sigh, to groan. vio8e- saying that the Jews viewed this as an “interposition of
ota (# 5625) adoption (s.v. 15). &mexdexouevor pres. mid. divine providence” (ovvepytav 8e0b) (Jos., JW, 4:26).
(dep.) part. (temp.) anexdexouo1 (# 587) (s.v. 19). Pres. Gnomic pres. describing a general truth. The variant
expressing contemporary action, “while eagerly await- reading 0 6€0¢ indicates that God is the one who works
ing.” &noADTPWOIc (# 667) redemption, release, a deliv- (s. TC, 518; Cranfield), which would be in accord to the
erance from the “ills that the flesh is heir to” (SH; s. teaching of the Pharisees (TJ, 73-74; Jos., JW, 2:162-63).
Rom. 3:24). It refers to the final and complete deliver- Kata mpobEoLv (# 2848; 4606) acc. sing. mpoBEdtg setting
ance of our earthly bodies. @ 24 éAnté dat. sing. eAnic forth, plan, purpose, resolve, will (BAGD; TDNT;
(# 1828) hope; “in hope.” Dat. is not instr. but modal, re- EDNT). W. the prep. (“according to His purpose”), it re-
ferring to the fact that salvation bestowed in the past is fers to God’s purpose (Cranfield; Moo). KAntoig dat. pl.
characterized by hope (Murray; EH, 532-33). ow@nyev KAntos (# 3105) called; dat. of advantage. Used to des-
aor. ind. pass. owGw (#5392) to save, to rescue. BAemo- ignate the person whose interest is affected (BD, 101)
pévn pres. pass. part. (adj.) BAemw (#1063) to see. ovovy pres. act. part. (adj.) et (# 1639) to be. Part. as
@ 25 bnopovn (#5705) patience, patient endurance subst. 29 6t1 (#4022) because. ov acc. pl. masc. 6¢
(TDNT; TLNT). anexdexoue80. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) (#4005) rel. pron. whom. Acc. as direct obj. It is not
anekdexouat (# 587) (s.v. 19). @ 26 ovvavtTiAapBavetar what He knew beforehand, but whom. God’s choice
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) ovvavtiAcp Pave (# 5269) to lend a was no surprise to Him. mpoéyvw aor. ind. act. 3rd. pers.
hand together w., at the same time w. one (RWP), to sing. Tpoyivwokw (# 4589) to know before, to take note
help, to come to the aid of someone, to take an interest of, to fix the regard upon (SH). mpowptoev aor. ind. act.
in someone (BAGD; MM; NDIEC, 3:84-85; LAE, 87; mpoopiGw (#4633) to mark out w. a boundary before-
TDNT; EDNT; Luke 10:40). co8eveig (# 819) weakness. hand, to predestine. Aor. views the completed act. ovp-
Mpooevewpeda. aor. subj. mid. (dep.) mpooevyouor wophoc (# 5215) conformed, having the same form w. It
(#4667) to pray. Deliberative subj. Set pres. ind. act. denotes an inward and not merely superficial confor-
(# 1256); it is necessary, w. inf. giving a logical necessity. mity (RWP; TDNT). eixovog gen. sing. eikwv (#1635)
Romans 9 332

image (TDNT; NIDNTT, 2:286-88). eivan pres. inf. act. being put to death. oAnv thy Neépav (# 3910; 3836; 2465)
ewt (# 1639) to be. Articular inf. used with etc (# 1650) the whole day long. Dat. of time indicating the temp.
to express purp. mpwtotoKos (# 4758) firstborn. In Juda- extent. EXoyio@npev aor. ind. pass. AoyiwGowat (# 3357) to
ism the firstborn was the most beloved, the most cher- number, to count as. mpopata opayiis (#4585; 5375)
ished, the most honored, the one w. the most ability sheep destined for slaughter, gen. of purp. (GGBB,
(SB, 3:256-58). The term reflects on the priority and the 101). 37 bnepvix@yev pres. ind. act. vmepvikaw
supremacy of Christ (Murray; s. Col. 1:15). 30 (# 5664) to conquer, to win a victory. The prep. com-
mpowproev aor. ind. act. mpoopitw (# 4633) s.v. 29. ExaAE- pound intensifies the vb., “we are winning a most glo-
oev aor. ind. act. KaAéw (# 2813) to call. &Sixatwoev aor. rious victory,” “supervictor” (BAGD; Fitzmyer, 534). It
ind. act. dixka.10w (# 1467) to declare to be in the right, to suggests a lopsided victory in which the enemy or op-
justify (s. Rom. 2:13). e80&aoev aor. ind. act. dofatw ponent is completely routed. &yamnoavtoc aor. act.
(# 1519) to glory. Aor. speaks of God who sees the end part. cyanaw (# 26) to love. Subst. part. to emphasize a
from the beginning and in whose decree and purpose particular trait. Aor. emphasizes the logically neces-
all fut. events are comprehended and fixed (Hodge). sary, antecedent action. 38 néneopuat perf. ind. pass.
@ 31 obv (# 4036) now, therefore, drawing an inference mel6w (# 4275) to persuade; pass. to be persuaded. Perf.
from the preceding. epotpev fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) suggests a past action with continuing result. eveotdta0
to say. Used in a rhetorical question expecting a neg. perf. pass. part. evtotnut (# 1931) to place in, perf. to be
answer. b1ép (# 5642) for; here in the sense of “on our at hand, to be present. Part. as subst. It signifies pres.
side.” xa6’ (# 2848) against; here in the sense of “be suc- events and circumstances (Cranfield). peéAXovta pres.
cessful in standing against us.” 32 ye (# 1145) an in- act. part. acc. n. pl. pedAw (#3516) about to be; here,
tensive, here magnifying the deed (RWP). &getoato aor. “things in the future.” 8d0vopyi¢ (#1539) potentate.
ind. mid. (dep.) detSouo1 (#5767) to spare. napedwxKev 39 vywLa (#5739) height, exaltation. BaGog (#958)
aor. ind. act. nopadtéwur (#4140) to deliver over. depth. Perhaps a merism or a ref. to the Greek concept
yopioetar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) yaptCowar (#5919) to of fate determining destiny (BBC). Svvqoetan fut. ind.
give graciously, to give out of grace, to give help to mid. (dep.) S0vapar (# 1538) to be able to. ywpioat aor.
those who do not deserve it (s. 5:15; EDNT). inf. act. ywpiCw (# 6004) to separate. Compl. inf. to the
@ 33 éyKaAéoet fut. ind. act. eyKkaAew (# 1592) to call in, main vb. Aor. looks at the total action. €v (# 1877) in,
to bring a legal charge against someone (MM). In a rhe- describing the sphere of the love.
torical question expecting a neg. answer. 5ikadv pres.
act. part. dixa.10w (# 1467) to justify (s. Rom. 2:13). Part. Romans 9
used as a noun to emphasize a defining trait. Pres. em- @ 1 For the structure of Rom. 9-11, based on the
phasizes a contemporaneous action. @ 34 KataKpiv@v quotations from the OT. s. James W. Aageson, “Scrip-
pres. act. part. kataxpivw (#3212) to condemn. Part. ture and Structure in the Development of the Argu-
used as a noun to emphasize a defining trait. Pres. em- ment of Romans 9-11,” CBQ 48 (1986): 265-89.
phasizes a contemporaneous action. &no08avwv aor. OvpLAPTLpOvOTNS pres. act. part. ovppaptupew (# 5210)
pass. part. ano8vnokw (#633) to die. Part. used as a to witness together, to testify w., to testify to, to assure
noun to emphasize a defining trait. Aor. indicates logi- (Cranfield; s. Rom. 8:16). Gen. abs. Causal or temp.
cally antecedent action. tyep8etc¢ aor. pass. part. eyeipw part., “while, or “because my conscience bears wit-
(# 1586) to raise up. 5e&1q dat. sing. devo (# 1288) right ness.” p01 dat. sing. tyw (# 1609) I, indicating the recip-
hand; dat. of location, “at the right hand.” This is a po- ient of the testimony (Dunn). ovveténoig (#5287)
sition of great honor. evtvyyavet pres. ind. act. évtvy- conscience (s. 2:15). @ 2 AdnN (# 3383) sorrow, grief as
yavw (#1961) to intercede (s.v. 27). 35 ywpioer fut. a state of mind (SH). pot dat. sing. (#1609) to me. Dat.
ind. act. ywptCw (# 6004) to separate. This is a rhetorical of possession, “my sorrow.” &diaAEuntos (# 89) contin-
question expecting a neg. answer. Gm0 Tic ayYanNS TOD ually, increasing, unceasing (s. 1:9). d30vn (#3850)
Xptotod from the love of Christ. Subjective gen. indi- pain. It implies the anguish or smart of the heart which
cating the love Christ had in offering Himself (GGBB, is the result of sorrow (SH). 3 nbyounv impf. ind.
114). @Aiwig (# 2568) pressure, tribulation. otevoywpia. mid. (dep.) ev you. (# 2377) to pray, to wish; idiomatic
(#5103) narrowness, distress. For these two words s. impf., “I was on the point of wishing” (RWP; for the
2:9. Suwypog (# 1501) persecution. Apog (#3350) hun- desiderative impf. s. IBG, 9). dvaGepa (# 353) a thing or
ger. yupvotns (#1219) nakedness. xivivvoc (# 3074) person devoted to destruction, accursed (Barrett;
danger. payaipa (# 3479) sword. 36 yeypantar perf. TDNT; SB, 3:260-61). ovyyevns (# 2848) relative, kins-
ind. pass. ypapw (#1211) to write. Bavatovpeba pres. man. @ 4 dv gen. pl. 6¢ (#4005) who, rel. pron.
ind. pass. ®avatow (#2506) to kill, to die, to put to “to whom belong.” vio8eota. (# 5625) adoption (s. 8:15).
death. Pres. indicating continual action, “this happens diaOnKn (# 1347) agreement, covenant, treaty (TDNT).
all the time.” It indicates being in constant danger of Paul probably has in mind the covenant w. Abraham,
333 Romans 9

w. Israel through Moses, and w. David (Cranfield). may again have taken the word literally (Barrett; Cran-
vonwob_oia, (# 3792) giving of the law. Aatpeta. (# 3301) re- field; Dunn; SB, 3:267). @ 14 épodpev fut. ind. act. AEyw
ligious service. The sum total of the levitical services (# 3306) to say. un (# 3590) used in questions expecting
instituted by the law (Godet) and the worship of the the answer “no.” yévowto aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivouar
temple (Dunn; Cranfield). enayyedia (# 2039) promise. (# 1181) to become. The expression strongly denies a
The promises refer to the those made w. Abraham, in- false conclusion (s. 3:4). @ 15 éAenow fut. ind. act. Acew
cluding the land promise and the blessings on all fam- (# 1796) to show mercy, to have compassion on some-
ilies of the earth (Cranfield; Dunn). @ 5 natnp (# 4252) one in need and to seek to help (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT).
father. t0 Kata odipKxa (# 2848; 4922) the article as an OlKTIpjow fut. ind. act. oiKtipew (# 3882) to show com-
adv. acc. strongly emphasizes the limitation: “insofar passion, to be inwardly moved to deep compassion
as the physical is concerned” (BD, 139). The Messiah’s (TDNT; EDNT). The first of these words expresses the
physical descent was through the family of David (s. compassion of the heart, the second the manifestation
1:3). @v pres. act. part. eyit (# 1639) to be. Subst. part. to of that feeling (Godet). 16 dpa obv (# 726; 4036)
emphasize a quality. For the various possible referenc- therefore then, drawing an inference from the preced-
es to Christ or God the Father s. Cranfield; Fitzmyer, ing. @€AovtOg pres. act. part. gen. masc. sing. 6&0
548; SH; Dunn. ebdoyntos (# 2329) blessed. @ 6 ody OloV (# 2527) to desire. Subst. part. Pres. describes an ongo-
(# 4024; 3888) rel. pron. qualitative sort or manner of, ing activity. Gen. could be obj. gen. of a word (“mercy”)
such as. Used here as an idiom: “but it is not as though” to be supplied (Cranfield), or it could be gen. of source,
(AS). exnéntwxev perf. ind. act. Exnintw (# 1738) to fall “God’s mercy does not have as its source human ef-
out, to fall from its place; that is, perished and become fort.” tpéyovtog pres. act. part. tpeyw (#5556) to run.
of no effect (SH). @ 7 KAn6joetar fut. ind. pass. KorEw The two words indicates human striving and may re-
(# 2813) to call. @ 8 Aoyifetat pres. ind. pass. Aoyifopat flect the symbol of an athletic contest and sum up the
(# 3357) to be counted as. 9 EAedoopat fut. ind. mid. totality of man’s capacity (Michel; Dunn; PAM, 135-36).
(dep.) Epyouor (#2262) to come. éotar fut. ind. mid. EAEMVtOS pres. act. part. (adj.) Ekeew (#1796) to show
(dep.) cyst (# 1639) to be. 10 ‘PeBexxa (# 4831) Rebec- mercy (s.v. 15). 17 €&fyyeipa aor. ind. act. e€eyetpw
ca. Perhaps best to be taken as a nom. abs. providing (# 1995) to rise out, to rise up. It is used of God calling
the introduction to what is stated in verses 11 and 12 up the actors on the stage of history (SH). évdetEwpar
(Murray). xoitn (#3130) bed, sexual intercourse (SB, aor. subj. mid. (dep.) evdeixvupt (# 1892) to show, to
3:265-66). Used w. €xovoa pres. act. part. éyw (# 2400) to demonstrate. S1ayyeAt aor. subj. pass. diayyerArw
have. As an idiom, “having” means “to conceive” (# 1334) to proclaim. 18 oxAnpbver pres. ind. act.
(BAGD). #11 phnw (# 3609) not yet. yevvnOevtwv aor. oxAnpvvw (# 5020) to harden. @ 19 péupetor pres. ind.
pass. part. yevvaw (#1164) to bear; pass. to be born. mid. (dep.) peupouat (# 3522) to blame, to find fault.
Gen. abs. mpo&dvtwv aor. act. part. mpaoow (# 4556) to aveotnkev perf. ind. act. dveiotnut (# 468) to stand up
do. Gen. abs. dadAoc (#5765) bad, foul. Worthlessness against, to resist. 20 pevodvye (# 3529) on the con-
is the central notion (Trench, Synonyms, 317f). exAoyn trary (Thrall, 34f). et pres. ind. act. cit (# 1639) to be.
(#1724) election, choice. mpoOeoig (# 4606) purpose. GVTAMOKpIVOLEVOS pres. mid. (dep.) part. dvtamoKpivo-
This is in accord w. the teaching of the Pharisees con- wat (# 503) to answer back, to talk back, to reply. Recip-
cerning predestination (s. 8:28; Gerhard Maier, Mensch rocal action is expressed by the prep. compound (MH,
und freier Wille nach den jiidischen Religionsparteien zwis- 297). tAGOpa (# 4420) that which is molded or formed
chen Ben Sira und Paulus [Tiibingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1971], (AS). TAGoavtt aor. act. part. TAdoow (# 4421) to form,
1-23). pévq pres. subj. act. peve (# 3531) to remain. Pres. to mold. Aor. used to show the action logically anteced-
emphasizes the continual remaining. Subj. w. iva ent to the action of the main vb. The same root is used
(#2671) shows result. 12 KkaAovvtos pres. act. part. to heighten the contrast. €motnoas aor. ind. act. novew
Karew (#2813) to call. Part. as subst. eppe@n aor. ind. (#4472) to make, to fashion. 21 Kepopeds (# 3038)
pass. (dep.) Aéyw (#3306) to say. peitwv comp. pEeyac potter. mndoc (# 4384) clay (GELTS, 375). Gen. is used
(# 3505) large; comp., greater, here in the sense of great- w. the word é€ovotav (“authority”); that is, “authority
er in age or older. S0vdevoet fut. ind. act. dovAEvw over the clay.” ¢bpoya. (# 5878) lump of clay. For the use
(# 1526) to serve as a slave, w. dat. EAdooov (# 1781) of clay and pottery in the OT and Judaism s. Moo.
comp. pikpoc (# 3625) small; comp., less, in the sense of motfjoat aor. inf. act. movew (# 4472) (s.v. 20). Epex. inf. to
age; that is, younger. 13 yeypantat perf. ind. pass. explain the authority. oxedo¢g (#5007) vessel. atta
ypadw (#1211) to write. Perf. emphasizes the lasting (# 871) dishonor. That is, one vessel designed for noble,
and binding authority of that which was written (MM). one for ignoble use (Barrett). Corinth, where Paul
nyannoa. aor. ind. act. wyandw (#26) to love. guionoa wrote the epistle of Romans, was a city known for its
aor. ind. act. pioew (#3631) to hate. The Heb. idiom pottery (s. 2 Cor.4:7). @ 22 6€Awv pres. act. part. G6Aw
means, “I prefer Jacob to Esau” (Mal. 1:2-3), but Paul (# 2527) to desire. Pres. to describe an ongoing activity.
Romans 10 334

Subst. part. evdetEao@a1 aor. inf. mid. (dep.) evdeikvupt Romans 10

(# 1892) to show, to demonstrate, to show something in 1 evdoxia (#2306) good will, good pleasure,
someone (BAGD). Compl. inf. to the main vb. ywwpicat wish, or desire, inasmuch as a desire is usually directed
aor. inf. act. yywpiCw (#1192) to make known. TiveyKev toward something that causes satisfaction or favor
aor. ind. act. pepw (#5770) to carry, to bear. paxpobupia (BAGD; TDNT; TLNT). d€noig (#1255) petition, re-
(# 3429) longsuffering (s. Rom. 2:4). katnptiopeéva. perf. quest, prayer. @ 2 Croc (# 2419) zeal, followed by the
pass. part. (adj.) kataptiGw (#2936) to make ready, to obj. gen. “zeal for God.” éxyovow pres. ind. act. éxw
prepare. Perf. emphasizes the state or cond. (s. 3:21). (# 2400) to have, to possess. Durative pres. Emiyvwoug
Pass. (GGBB, 417-18) not mid. (Cranfield). anaAe1o (#2106) knowledge, accurate knowledge. The prep.
(# 724) ruin, destruction. 23 yvwpion aor. subj. act. compound is directive (MH, 314). 3 &yvootvtes pres.
ywptCw (#1192) to make known. Subj. w. iva (#2671) act. part. (causal) wyvoow (#51) to be ignorant, not to
to express purp. S0&a (#1518) honor, glory. &€0¢ know. For the prefix as a neg. s. Rom. 1:20. €ntotvte¢
(# 1799) mercy. mpontoipacev aor. ind. act. npoetoacw pres. act. part. Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to search for, to
(#4602) to prepare before. The prep. compound is try to, w. inf. Pres. part. emphasizes the continuing
temp. indicating antecedent action. @ 24 ov¢ acc. pl. 6¢ search, and indicates a deliberate and sustained inten-
(# 4005) whom. “even us whom He has called.” The tion, reflecting their zeal (Dunn). otioar aor. inf. act.
rel. pron. is attracted to the gender of the personal lotnut (#2705) to cause to stand, to establish. It means
pron. €xdAgoev aor. ind. act. kadkew (# 2813) to call (s.v. to cause to stand erect as a monument raised, not to
7). 25 Kadéow fut. ind. act. karéw (# 2813) to call. God’s glory, but to their own (Godet). Compl. inf. to
jyannyevnv perf. pass. part. wyandaw (#26) to love. the main vb. iiav acc. sing. i6t0g (#2625) own, indi-
26 éotai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (#1639) to be. vidual, mine (Dunn). It indicates their own upright-
Eppe6n aor. ind. pass. AEyw (# 3306) to say. KANONoovtaL ness sought by deeds of the law (Fitzmyer, 583).
fut. ind. pass. s.v. 7. G@vtog pres. act. part. (adj.) Caw bmetaynoav aor. ind. pass. bnotKcow (#5718) to put
(# 2409) to live. Pres. expresses a contemporary or con- oneself under orders, to obey; pass., to be in subjection
tinuous action. 27 7 pres. subj. act. ewt (# 1639) to (RWP). @ 4 teA0¢ (#5465) end, goal, completion. The
be. Subj. w. éav (#1569) to express cond. dprOpoc word could mean Christ is the goal of the Law, not tem-
(# 750) number. Gpos (# 302) sand. broAEy Le (# 5698) porally but directively and teleologically (Robert Bade-
rest, remnant. ow@noetan fut. ind. pass. owtw (# 5392) to nas, Christ the End of the Law: Romans 10.4 in Pauline
rescue, to save. ® 28 ovvteAdv pres. act. part. OVVTEAEW
Perspective (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1985]; Cranfield; LIF,
(# 5334) to bring to an end, to complete, to finish, to
134-36); or it could mean Christ is the end of the Law
consummate. The prep. compound is perfective (MH,
temporally (SH), or it could be a combination of both
325). moinoet fut. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do, to make.
meanings (Dunn; Barrett). For these and other views s.
29 npoeipnkev perf. ind. act. mporeyw (# 3306) to say
Fitzmyer, 584; Badenas, 5-37. muotevovtt pres. act. part.
before. &yKatéAinev aor. ind. act. €ykatoAretnw (# 1593)
miotevw (# 4409)to believe. Subst. part. to emphasize a
to leave behind. Used as a 2nd. class cond. cl. which is
contrary to fact. &yevnOnpev aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivo- quality. Sing. emphasizes the individual nature of the
wa. (#1181) to become. wpouwOnpev aor. ind. pass. 0- belief. Dat. of advantage. 5 ypapet pres. ind. act.
ol0w (# 3929) to be like. 30 Epodpev (# 3306) s.v. 14. ypaw (# 1211) to write (DPL, 971-72). Hist. pres. to de-
5wwKovta. pres. act. part. diwKw (# 1503) to hunt, to pur- scribe a past action more vividly. nownous aor. act. part.
sue, to persecute. katéAaPev aor. ind. act. KataAapLBavw novew (#4472) to do. Part. as subst. Aor. part. empha-
(# 2898) to lay hold, to obtain. 31 5twKwv pres. act. sizes the logically antecedent action to the main vb. G-
part. diwkw (#1503) to hunt. &@aoev aor. ind. act. oeto. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Caw (#2409) to live.
p0cavw (# 5777) to arrive at. 32 mpooéKowav aor. ind. @ 6 eings aor. subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306). Aor. subj. w. neg.
act. tpooxontw (# 4684) to cut against, to stumble on or as a prohibition forbids the beginning of an action.
at. mpooxowa (#4682) stumbling, offense. 33 avoPnoetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) avaBaivw (# 326) to go
yeypantou perf. ind. pass. ypaw (#1211) to write (s.v. up, to ascend. katayayetv aor. inf. act. katayw (# 2864)
13). 1600 aor. imp. act. opaw (#3972) to see. ONLI to lead down. Inf. to express purp. The thought here is
(# 5502) pres. ind. act. to place. oxavéadov (# 4682) a to precipitate the Incarnation. The Messiah has ap-
stumbling block, that which give offense (TDNT; DPL, peared, and it is therefore impossible to hasten His
918-19; NTW, 111-14; TLNT). niotebwv pres. act. part. coming by perfect obedience to the law or penitence
miotevw (# 4409) to believe. kata1oyvvOnoetat fut. ind. for transgressing it (Barrett). @ 7 katoPnoetat fut. ind.
pass. kataoyvvw (# 2875) to be ashamed. mid. (dep.) KatoPaivw (#2849) to go down. &Bvooog
(#12) abyss, depth, underworld (SH; TDNT). d&vaya-
yetv aor. inf. act. avayw (# 343) to lead up. Inf. used to
express purp. This also is sheer impossibility, since the
resurrection has already happened (Barrett). @ 8 eyyi¢
335 Romans 11

(# 1584) near, used w. dat. miotews gen. sing. miotic the right time” (Dunn). ebayyeafovevwv pres. mid.
(#4411) faith. Obj. gen., gospel message concerning (dep.) part. evayyerifouar (# 2294) to proclaim good
faith (RWP). «npdooopev pres. ind. act. Knpvoow news (TDNT; NIDNTT, 2:107-114; TLNT; EDNT;
(# 3062) to preach. Pres. to indicate the ongoing activi- GELTS, 184; CCFJ, 224). Subst. part. to describe a dura-
ty of preaching. For a discussion of the OT passages s. tive trait. 16 dnqKovoav aor. ind. act. draKovW
Dunn. 9 opoAoynons aor. subj. act. duoroyew (# 3933) (# 5634) to listen to, to obey, in the sense of give cre-
to agree, to confess, to proclaim. As a judicial term, the dence to. The word implies the idea of voluntary sub-
word indicates the binding and public declaration mission (SH). éxtotevoev aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409)
which settles a relationship w. legal force (Kasemann; to believe. Const. aor. to describe the state of Israel’s be-
TDNT; Dunn). Subj. w. éav (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. lief. &kof (# 198) hearing, that which is heard, a mes-
cl. assuming the probability of the cond. Kvptov ‘Inootv sage report (SH). 17 dpa (#726) then, it follows.
(# 3261; 2652) double acc., Jesus is Lord. The confession PTWatoc gen. sing. pro. (# 4839) that which is spoken,
is the acknowledgment that Jesus shares the name and word; w. obj. gen. or gen. of content. “The message
the nature, the holiness, the authority, power, majesty, which has Christ as its obj. or content.” 18 un
and eternity of the One and only true God (Cranfield). (# 3590) Used in questions expecting the answer “no.”
For the background of the term xvptog and its reference pevodvye (# 3529) (s. 9:20). EEMABEV aor. ind. act. EEEpyxo-
to Yahweh s. J. Fitzmyer, “The Semitic Background of wo (#2002) to go out. d@0yyocg (# 5782) sound, vibra-
the New Testament Kyrios-Title,” WA, 115-42; George tion of a musical string (RWP). mépag (#4306)
Howard, “The Tetragram and the New Testament,” JBL boundary, limit. oiwxovpeévn (# 3872) earth, the inhabited
96 (1977): 63-83; Cranfield; Dunn; GGBB, 187-88. m10- earth. 19 €yvw aor. ind. act. 3rd. pers. sing. yiwwokw
TEVOTG aor. subj. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Here (# 1182) to know. nopatnAwow fut. ind. act. napatnrow
the subj. is parallel to the preceding opodoynons. ot (# 4143) to provoke to jealousy, to make jealous. dobve-
(#4022) that, giving the content of the belief. tyyeipev tog senseless, not understanding. napopy1e fut. ind. act.
aor. ind. act. éyeipw (# 1586) to raise. owOnoq fut. ind. napopyitw (# 4239) to provoke to anger. @ 20 anotoALa
pass. owlw (# 5392) to rescue, to save. Theol. pass. indi- pres. ind. act. &notoAnaw (# 703) to be bold of oneself;
cating that God saves. @ 10 motevetat pres. ind. pass. that is, to assume boldness, to make bold (T). The prep.
miotevw (# 4409) to believe. opoAoyeita pres. ind. pass. comp. is perfective; that is “carry daring to its limit”
(# 3933) to confess. Both pass. are impersonal: “it is be- (MH, 298). evpe6ny aor. ind. pass. evpioxw (# 2351) to
lieved”; that is, “one believes” (RG, 820). @ 11 motev- find. Cntodow pres. ind. act. Cntéw (# 2426) to find. éy-
wv pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Part. as bavnc (# 1181) visible, manifest. &yevounv aor. ind. mid.
subst. kato1oxvovenoetar fut. ind. pass. Kata1oxvvopar (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become. enepwt@ov pres. act.
(# 2875) to put to shame. 12 S1a0t0An (# 1405) divi- part. dat. masc. pl. emepwtaw (# 2089) to ask for, to in-
sion, difference. mAovt@v pres. act. part. mAovtTEew quire. 21&emetaoa aor. ind. act. exnetavvoyt
(#4456) to be rich. ExixkadAovpevovg pres. mid. (dep.) (# 1736) to spread out, to stretch out. &neWodvta pres.
part. emikarew (#2126) to call, to name. Mid., to call act. part. (adj.) ameWew (#578) to contradict, to speak
upon for aid; often used in calling on a divinity against. GvtiAeyovta pres. act. part. (adj.) avtiAeyw
(BAGD). 13 emixadéontar aor. subj. mid. exixkarew (# 515) to speak against.
(# 2126) s.v. 12. Subj. w. indef. rel. cl., “whoever,” “all
who call.” 14 éntxoA£owvtat aor. subj. mid. emkorew Romans 11
(# 2126) s.v. 12. Subj. ina deliberative question. éniotev- 1 uh (# 3590) used in questions expecting the an-
oav aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. muotev- swer “no.” G@mdoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) anwbew
owow aor. subj. act. Deliberative subj. used in a (# 723) to push away, to repel; mid. to push away from
rhetorical question (SMT, 77). T\Kovoav aor. ind. act. oneself, to reject, to repudiate. Used in the LXX where
aKovw (# 201) to hear. dkobowov aor. subj. act.; deliber- the thought of God’s rejection of Israel was enter-
ative subj. knpvooovtos pres. act. part. knpvoow (# 3062) tained, but with the assurance that He has not or will
to preach. Subst. part. used to indicate a necessary trait. not reject His people (Dunn; Cranfield; GELTS, 59;
@ 15 xnpvE&wo aor. subj. act. knpvoow (#3062) to DPL, 796-805). yevoito aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivopar
preach; deliberative subj. dxootoA@ov aor. subj. pass. (# 1181) to become; used in the expression strongly de-
amootéAAw (#690) to send, to commission w. the au- nying a false conclusion; “Certainly not!” (s. Rom. 3:4).
thority of the one sending (TDNT; TLNT). Deliberative Paul emphatically, almost indignantly, rejects the false
subj. yeypamtat perf. ind. pass. ypcpw (# 1211) to write. implication (Fitzmyer, 603). onéppatog (#5065) seed,
Perf. was used for documents w. abiding authority here, nation. Gen. of family relationship. ovAn (# 5876)
(MM). wpoiiog (#6053) originally, seasonable, ripe, tribe. 2 dmwoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) dnweew (# 723)
timely; then, beautiful, fair, lovely, pleasant (BAGD; to push away (s.v. 1). mpoeyvw aor. ind. act. 3rd. pers.
Dunn). Perhaps the idea here is “timely,” or “coming at sing. mpoyiwwoKw (# 4589) to foreknow, to know before-
 Romans 11 336

hand (s. Murray at 8:29; DPL, 310-11). ob (# 4024) neg. enitvyyavw (#2209) to obtain, to reach, to hit upon.
in a question expecting the answer “yes,” “you know, EmwpwOnoav aor. ind. pass. twpow (# 4800) to harden, to
don’t you?” tv "Haig (# 1877; 2460) “in Elijah”; a rab- cover w. a thick skin, to harden by covering w. a callous
binic method of quotation denoting “in the passage of (T; SH; Dunn). Ingressive aor., “they became hard-
Scripture which contains the history of Elijah” (Godet; ened.” Theol. pass., “they were hardened by God”
Cranfield; SB, 3:288). Evtvyxdver pres. ind. act. evtvy- (Cranfield). 8 yeypamto. perf. ind. pass. ypaow
xavw (# 1961) to intercede, to plead w. (w. dat). The vb. (# 1211) to write. Perf. indicates the abiding authority
means to meet w., then to meet w. for the purposes of of the document (MM). &wxev aor. ind. act. 5t6wyt
conversation, to have an interview w., or to accuse (#1443) to give. Katavv—ews gen. sing. Katdvvbic
(SH). Hist. pers. vividly describing the action as in (# 2919) stupefaction. Derived from the vb. meaning to
progress. 3 amékteivav aor. ind. act. GmoKkteivw strike or pick violently, to stun (GH; GELTS, 240). The
(# 650) to kill. @vovaothpiov (# 2603) altar, place of sac- Hebrew expression behind this denotes a spirit of deep
rifice. KaTEOKAWaV aor. ind. act. KataoKOnTw (# 2940) to sleep and in Isa. 29:10 it denotes a state of spiritual in-
dig under or down, to tear down. bmeAeip@ny aor. ind. sensibility (Cranfield). Gen. of description, or subj.
Pass. vmoAeinw (# 5699) to leave behind. Cntodov pres. gen., “a spirit which produces stupefaction.” Beret
ind. act. Cntew (#2426) to seek. 4 xpnatiopos pres. inf. act. BAemw (#1063) to see. Inf. of result.
(#5977) oracle, divine utterance or response (NDIEC, aKovelv pres. inf. act. dKobw (#201) to hear. Inf. of re-
1:77; 4:176). The word here emphasizes the localiza- sult. In both cases the vbs. speak not of physical, but of
tion; the awesomeness is probably the indirectness of spiritual perception. 9 yevnéntw aor. imp. pass.
the divine communication (Anthony Hanson, “The Or- (dep.) yivopar (#1181) to become. tpanela. (# 5544) ta-
acle in Romans 11:4,” NTS 19 [1973]: 301). Josephus ble. The original imagery is that a skin or cloth was
uses the vb. (ypnuatiCw) in the sense of “to receive a re- spread out on the ground and the food was placed
sponse from God” (CCFJ, 4:368-69; Jos., Ant. 3:212). upon it, but the cloth could entangle the feet of those
KOTEAINOV aor. ind. act. KataAreInw (# 2901) to leave be- eating if they suddenly sprang up at the approach of
hind, to reserve. Euavt@ dat. Euavtod (# 1831) refl. danger (Cranfield; Fitzmyer, 606). mayig (# 4075) trap,
pron., for myself. It emphasizes the thought that the snare. @npa (# 2560) a net used in hunting as a trap.
remnant is preserved by God Himself for His own gra- oxaviarov (#4998) trap, offense used symbolically
cious purpose (Gifford). Dat. of advantage or personal (BAGD; TDNT; TLNT). évtandsou0 (#501) a recom-
interest. EntaxioyiAror (# 2233) seven thousand. EKayL- pense, a paying back, that which is paid back. #10
wav aor. ind. act. kauntw (# 2828) to bend, to bow. yovu oKoTLoONntwoav aor. imp. pass. oxotiCw (#5029) to dark-
(# 1205) knee. @ 5 ottw¢ (# 4048) so. It refers to the in- en. Ingressive aor., “become dark.” BAénew pres. inf.
ternal resemblance of the two facts, for the same prin- act. BAenw (# 1063) to see. Inf. of result. Their eyes are
ciple is realized in both (Godet). obv Kat (# 4036; 2779) darkened so that they do not or cannot see. v@to¢
then also. The words refer to the moral necessity in (# 3822) back. 51a navtog (# 1328; 4246) continually,
which one follows the other and indicates the addition constantly (BAGD; Cranfield). ovy«oypov aor. imp. act.
of a new example to the former (Godet). Aetpwa ovupKauntw (#5159) to bend together, to bow down, as
_ (# 3307) rest, remnant (Dunn; Ronald E. Clements, “A of captives whose backs were bent under burdens
Remnant Chosen by Grace’ [Romans 11:5]: The Old (RWP). The idea is, “May their backs be always weak
Testament Background and Origin of the Remnant and feeble under the burden that they bear” (Fitzmyer,
Concept,” PSEB, 106-21). éxAoyn (#1724) selection, 607). 11 ph (# 3590) neg. to introduce a question ex-
election. yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivouai (#1181) to be- pecting the answer “no.” Exto1oay aor. ind. act. rtaiw
come. Perf. indicates an original action (God’s choice (#4760) to stumble. néowow aor. subj. act. nintw
of Israel) establishing a situation which still pertains. (# 4406) to fall. Aman who stumbles may recover him-
God’s original choice of Israel still holds true into the self, or he may fall completely. The word is used here
present time, precisely because it was an election of of a completely irrevocable fall—’to fall to rise no
grace (Dunn). 6 et (# 1623) if, introducing a Ist. class more”—as the sprawling on one’s face puts a runner out
cond. cl. which assumes the reality of the cond. yapitt of the race (SH; Dunn). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express
dat. sing. yapic (#1562) grace (TLNT; TDNT). Instr. result (Dunn). yévowto aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivoyor
dat. obett (# 4033) no longer. yiveto pres. ind. mid. (# 1181) to become; used in the construction emphati-
(dep.) yivowor (# 1181). xapig (# 1562). Grace ceases to cally denying a false conclusion (s. 3:4). napantwpati
show itself as that which according to its nature it is; it dat. sing. nopantwua (# 4183) transgression, false step
becomes what according to its essence it is not. It gives (TDNT; EDNT): Instr. ydat. or dat. yofcause.
up its specific character (Meyer). Pred. nom. without nopatnA@oar aor. inf. act. tapatnrow (# 4143) to make
the article stresses the character. 7 eni¢ntei pres. ind. jealous, to provoke to jealously. Articular inf. w. €t¢
act. éniCntew (# 2118) to seek for. Emétuxev aor. ind. act. (# 1650) used to express purp., showing divine inten-
337 Romans 11

tion (Dunn). @ 12 tittma (# 2488) defeat, complete de- (dep.) petSop01 (# 5767) w. gen., to spare. Ind. in a 1st.
feat, overthrow (GELTS, 200; CCF], 3:309). noow waAX0v class cond. cl. which views the cond. as a reality. peioe-
(# 4531; 3437) by how much more. For this type of ar- to. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) petdou01 (#5767) w. gen., to
gument s. Rom. 5:9. TANpwua (#4445) fullness. spare. 22 iS€ aor. imp. act. Opdaw (# 3972) to see, to
13 &’ doov (# 2093; 3525) inasmuch as, insofar as look. ypnototns (#5983) goodness, kindness (s. 2:4).
(RWP). S0&aCw (# 1519) pres. ind. act. to glorify. @ 14 et anotopia (# 704) severity. The word comes from a vb.
Mws¢ (# 1623; 4803) if by any means. The use of the par- meaning “to cut right off,” “to cut short” and empha-
ticle w. purp. or aim is a kind of indir. discourse (RWP) sizes an unbending rigor (Godet). It was used in the pa-
and indicates hesitant expectation (Moo, ER). pyri of the severe enacting of a law, as well as for the
nopatnAwow aor. subj. act. or fut. ind. act. rapatnrow severity or difficulty involved in travelling up the Nile
(# 4143) to make jealous (s.v. 11). owow aor. subj. act. or (MM; Preisigke, 1:198-99). Note Josephus’ use of the
fut. ind. act. owlw (# 5392) to rescue, to save. @ 15 dn0- adj. (an0top0¢) to describe the character of Herod the
BoAn (# 613) casting away. KatoaAAaynh (# 2903) reconcil- Great as being “relentless in punishment” (nit tywwpta
ing (APC, 186-223; TDNT; s. Rom. 5:10). mpooAnwis amotoLOv), in contrast to Agrippa who had a gentle dis-
(#4691) receiving. 16 anapyn (#569) firstfruit (s. position (mpaiis) (Jos., Ant. 19:329-20). Plutarch used
Rom. 8:23). ¢vpoya (#5878) dough, lump. For the rab- the term to describe how a father is to treat his children
binical practice based on Num. 15:18f; s. SB, 4:665f. pia in mixing severity w. mildness (Anotoptay th mpaotTht
(# 4844) root. KAGdoc (# 3080) branch. 17 &exAdoen- wtyvovat) (Plutarch, Moralia, 13, d-e). meodvtas aor. act.
oav aor. ind. pass. €xKAaw (# 1709) to break off. Ind. w. part. nintw (# 4406) to fall; part. as subst. emevge pres.
€1 (# 1623) ina 1st. class cond. cl. which assumes the re- subj. act. enievw (# 2152) to remain, to continue. Subj.
ality of the cond. Pass. could be theol. pass. &ypiéA.a10¢ used to express cond. enet (#2075) since, otherwise.
(# 66) wild olive tree (DPL, 642-44). wv pres. act. part. éxxonnon fut. ind. pass. exxontw (#1716) to cut out.
nom. masc. sing. et (# 1639) to be. Part. could be con- © 23 Exévworv pres. ind. act. enpevw (#2152) to re-
cessive. €vexevtpio®ng aor. ind. pass. eyKevtpicw main. e€ykevtpio@joovtat fut. ind. pass. eyKkevtpiw
(# 1596) to graft in. For the grafting of plants in the an- (#1596) to graft in (s.v. 17). €yKevtptoo aor. inf. act.
cient world s. Cranfield; SB, 3:290-92; NW, 2, i:167-170; Compl. inf. to the main vb., “God is able to...”
Columella, De Re Rustica, 5, 4-30; BBC). ovyKowwwvoc 24 &€exonne aor. ind. pass. exkontw (# 1716) to cut out
(#1181) participant, partner, one who shares some- (s.v. 22). KOAAEAGLOG (# 2814) cultivated olive tree as
thing w. someone (BAGD; TDNT). muotng (# 4404) fat- opposed to wild olive tree (BAGD). noow pGAAov
ness. éAata. (# 1777) olive tree (DPL, 642-44). eyevov aor. (# 4531; 3437) by how much more? (s. 5:9). &yKevtp1o8N-
ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing. yivowo. (# 1181) to be- oovtat fut. ind. pass. eykevtpitw (# 1596) to break off.
come. 18 Kataxavy@ pres. imp. mid. (dep.) 2nd. @ 25 ayvoeiv pres. inf. act. cyvoew (# 51) to be ignorant,
pers. sing. kataKkavyaouai (# 2878) to boast against, to not to know. Compl. inf. to the main vb. pvotnpiov
brag. The prep. compound indicates an action unfavor- (# 3696) mystery; the plan and purpose of God which
able to its object (MH, 316). Pres. imp. w. neg. indicates was hidden in the past and impossible for human be-
either stop an action in progress or do not make the ac- ings.to discover but which is now made known by God
tion a habit (MKG, 272). Baotaletg pres. ind. act. (LN, 1:345; TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT, 3:501-5; Cremer,
Baotatw (#1002) to carry, to bear; fig. to support 424f; Raymond E. Brown, The Semitic Background of the
(BAGD). 19 épeig fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Term, “Mystery” in New Testament Study, [Philadelphia:
ovv (# 4036) now, therefore, drawing an inference. é&€- Fortress Press, 1968]; C.C. Caragounis, The Ephesian
KAGoOnoav aor. ind. pass. exxAcdw (# 1709) to break off. Mysterion: Meaning and Content [Lund: Gleerup, 1977)).
KA.G50¢ (# 3080) branch. Without the article, the charac- Tite pres. subj. act. eyt (#1639) to be. Subj. w. iva
ter is emphasized, “beings who had the character of (# 2671) to express purp. opovinos (#5861) wise. mH-
branches” (Godet). &ykevtp1o8@ aor. subj. pass. eyKev- pworc (# 4801) the covering w. a callous, dulled percep-
tpicw (# 1596) to graft in (s.v. 17). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) tion, hardness (T; s. v. 7). wepog (# 3538) a part. yeyovev
for purp. For the process of grafting and its relation to perf. ind. act. (#1181) to become. aypig ov (# 948; 4005)
the figure of the olive tree s. Munck, 128-30. w. aor. subj., until, until that (Godet; Cranfield). mAnpw-
@ 20 Kadtic (# 2822) adv. well; “true enough” (Barrett). pa (#4445) fullness. It denotes the full number of the
Ti Gmiotig dat. sing. Omori. (# 602) unbelief, unfaith- elect from among the nations (Fitzmyer, 622). evoéA6n
fulness. Dat. of cause, “on account of their disbelief” aor. subj. act. eloepyounn (# 1656) to come into, to come
(Fitzmyer, 615). €otnKac perf. ind. act. iotnut (# 2705) to in. ® 26 ottw¢ (# 4048) so, accordingly. It continues the
stand. bynog (#5734) high. gpover pres. imp. act. thought of what precedes or draws out its implications
ppovew (# 5858) to think, to set one’s mind upon. dopod (Murray). n&g ‘Iopana (# 4246; 2702) all Israel. It refers
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) doBeouar (# 5828) to be afraid, to to the forgiveness of the whole Jewish people or nation,
fear. 21 pbo1¢ (# 5882) nature. épetoato aor. ind. mid. the whole ethnic group in contrast to the saved rem-
Romans 12 338

nant of Jews in Paul’s day and ours (Johnson). ow@n- 34:24; for its use in the Church Fathers s. PGL, 135).
oetar fut. ind. pass. owtw (#5392) to save. The @ 34 Eyvw aor. ind. act. yivwoxw (# 1182) to know. ovp-
restoration of Israel scattered throughout the Diaspora BovAoc (#5207) fellow counselor, advisor. éyeveto aor.
was a common theme of Jewish expectation as seen by ind. mid. (dep.) ytvouo. (#1181) to become.
such passages as Deut. 30:1-5; Jer. 23:3; 29:14; Ezek. 35 mpoeduxev aor. ind. act. mpodidwyt (# 4594) to give
11:17; 36:24; Mic. 2:12; 4:6-7; Zech. 10:8-10; Bar. 4:37; 2 beforehand, to give in advance, to pay in advance
Macc. 2:18; Jub. 1:15; Pss. Sol. 17:26-28; 1QSa. 1:1-9 (MM; Dunn). If man could really be the first to do
(Dunn). yeypanto. perf. ind. pass. ypapw (#1211) to something for God, he would make God his debtor
write. Perf. indicates the abiding authority of the doc- (Godet). avtanodo8noetar fut. ind. pass. dvtanodidwyr
ument (MM). net fut. ind. act. nKw (# 2457) to come, to (# 500) to recompense, to give back, to repay. @ 36 &&
be present. pvopevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. pvoar (# 1666) from, out of. It refers to God as Creator (Go-
(# 4861) to rescue, to deliver. Pres. emphasizes a con- det). 51a (# 1328) w. gen., through. It refers to the gov-
tinuing trait. Subst. part. refers to Jesus as the Messiah ernment of mankind. Everything is executed only
(SH). Gnootpeyer fut. ind. act. anootpedw (#608) to through Him (Godet). etg (# 1650) for. It refers to a final
turn. GoeBera ungodliness (#813) (s. 1:18). 27 &ia- goal (Godet). avt@ dat. sing. avtog (#899), to Him.
@nKn (# 1347) treaty, covenant. This undoubtedly refers Dat. of personal interest. 50& (#1518) glory, honor, a
to the new covenant (Fitzmyer, 625). &€Awpar aor. good reputation (TLNT; TDNT). It refers to the enhanc-
subj. mid. apatpew (#904) to take away, to remove. ing of God’s glory and renown by praise, prayer, and
28 kata to evayyedtov (# 2295) according to the Gos- thanksgiving (Fitzmyer, 635).
pel; the relation is thereby designated according to
which they are enemies (Meyer). ex@pocg (# 2398) ene- Romans 12
my. It points to the rejection of Israel w. which Paul is @ 1 napaKads pres. ind. act. napaxadrew (#4151)
dealing throughout this chapter (Murray). 5’ vpa&c¢ to exhort, to encourage someone to do something. The
(# 1328; 5148) because of you; “for your advantage” word was used of exhorting troops who were about to
(Barrett). Prep. w. acc. is extended to the final cause go into battle. Here it is a request based on the apostolic
(BG, 37). ayanntos (# 28) beloved. 29 GpetaperAntos authority of Paul (MNTW, 134; Michel; Cranfield;
(# 294) not to be sorry afterward, not to be regretted, ir- TDNT; CCF], 3:291-94). obv (# 4036) therefore. It refers
revocable of something one does not take back to the result of the whole previous argument (SH). otx-
(BAGD). yapioue. (#5922) a gift of grace. God does not Tippos (#3880) mercy, compassion, compassion and
go back on His acts of grace (Barrett; s. Rom. 5:15). pity arising from the miserable state of one in need
@ 30 Nme1Onoate aor. ind. act. ameWew (# 578) to be dis- (TDNT; EDNT; Cremer; GELTS, 326). Pl. may reflect
obedient. nAenente aor. ind. pass. eAcew (# 1796) to have the individual acts of compassion or it may be due to
mercy or pity; pass., to obtain mercy or pity (TLNT; the Heb. 0°N7 (“deep compassion”) , which is an ab-
TDNT). Theol. pass. indicating that God showed mer- stract pl. to be translated as sing. (Moo, ER.; NIDOTTE,
cy. GneWeia dat. sing. (#577) disobedience. Dat. of 3:1093-95). 51a (# 1328) prep. w. gen. informs the reader
cause. © 31 Nmet@noav aor. ind. act. aneWew (# 578) to that the divine mercies are the power by which this ex-
be disobedient. 1@ bpetepw Eee (# 5629; 1799) by (be- hortation should take possession of one’s will (Godet).
cause of) your mercy. For the various possible connec- Napaotijoar aor. inf. act. naptotnur (# 4225) to present,
tions of this phrase and the interpretations of it s. a t.t. for presenting a sacrifice; literally meaning “to
Cranfield. €XenO@ov aor. subj. pass. ercew (# 1796) to place beside” for any purpose (SH). Inf. in indir. dis-
have mercy. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express result or course as obj. of the vb. Aor. indicates a specific act.
purp. ® 32 ovvexAetoev aor. ind. act. ovyKAetw (# 5168) o@po. (# 5393) body. It refers here to the physical body;
to shut together, to shut together like a net (RWP). €A€- then v. 2 singles out the mind for renewal (SBT, 36). 6v-
on aor. subj. act. ed<eew (# 1796) to have mercy (s.v. 30). ola (# 2602) offering, sacrifice. Fora description of how
Subj. w. iva (#2671) expressing purp. 33 °Q (0) the animals were tied to the altar and offered in the
(# 6043) O! It is used in exclamations expressing very Temple at Jerusalem during the daily burnt offering s.
strong emotion (BD, 81; RG, 461). Ba&Boc (# 958) depth. M, Tamid 4:1-3; JPB, 104-5. Double acc., “present your
aveEepavvntos (# 451) unfathomable, unsearchable. For bodies as a sacrifice.” (@oav pres. act. part. (adj.) aw
the prefix used w. neg. s. Rom. 1:20; for the use of vb. (# 2409) to live. The living sacrifice stands in contrast to
adjectives w. this ending s. M, 221f; MH, 188, 370f. The those which were killed and refers to a constant dedi-
word was used by the Church Fathers of God and His cation (Murray; Dunn). aylav acc. sing. dys (# 41)
attributes being unsearchable (PGL, 134). aveEtyviaotor holy, set apart from profane or daily use and dedicated
(# 453) literally, not to be tracked out, incomprehensi- to the service of God (EDNT; TDNT). evdapectos
ble, inscrutable (BAGD). Perhaps there is a reference to (# 2298) well-pleasing, acceptable, w. dat. (BAGD).
the use of the word in Job (MM; GELTS, 35; Job 5:9; 9:10; AoyiKos (# 3358) pertaining to reason, rational, spiritu-
Sieh Romans 12

al. The use of our bodies is characterized by conscious, part. 5uadopoc (# 1427) differing. dvadoyia, (# 381) pro-
intelligent, consecrated devotion to the service of God portion, proportionate allowance, right relationship
(Murray). The word could mean “spiritual” in the (BAGD; MM). @ 7 Svaxovia, (# 1355) ministry. The
sense of inner or real; “rational,” in the sense of appro- word indicates a personal ministry done in service to
priate for human beings as rational and spiritual crea- another (TDNT). Here it probably refers to the admin-
tures of God; “rational,” in the sense of acceptable to istration of alms and attendance to bodily wants (SH).
human reason; or “logical” in the sense of fitting the It may also refer to the ministry of the Word (Murray).
circumstances (Moo, ER.). For adjs. w. this suffix hav- dScoKwv pres. act. part. d8coKw (# 1438) to teach. Part.
ing the idea of “belonging to,” “pertaining to,” “w. the as subst. @ 8 NapaKaAdv pres. act. part. TapaKa-
characteristics of” s. MH, 378. Aatpeta (# 3301) service, A€w (# 4151) (s.v. 1). wetadib0v¢ pres. act. part. wetadtdw-
worship; acc. in apposition to the object (SH). 2 ut (# 3556) to give, to share w. someone. Part. as subst.
ovoxniatifeode pres. imp. pass. ovoxnuaticw (# 5372) to andOotHT1 dat. sing. ardotn¢ (# 605) sincerity, generous-
form or mold after something. It refers to the external ly, liberally. It refers to openhanded and openhearted
conformity (Dunn). The vb. indicates the adoption or giving out of compassion and a singleness of purpose,
imitation of a pose or received mode of conduct (Go- not from ambition (SH; TLNT). Instr. dat. npototépevoc
det). Pres. imp. w. neg. pn (# 3590) indicates the discon- pres. act. part. mpototnut (#4613) to stand on the first
tinution of an action in progress or else that the action place, to preside. onovd{ (# 1877) zeal. €Xedv pres. act.
is not to be continually done (MKG, 272f). Permissive part. edeew (# 1796) to show mercy. It probably means
pass., “do not let yourselves be molded.” petopop- the person whose special function is to tend to the sick,
govove pres. imp. pass. Letapoppow (#3565) to trans- relieve the poor, or care for the aged and disabled
form, to change the inward reality; “but be (Cranfield). Wapotnt: dat. sing. Urapotns (#2660)
transformed in your inmost nature” (SH). Prep. com- cheerfulness, gladness, graciousness. Instr. dat., “with
pound indicates change; that is, change in form (MH, an attitude of cheerfulness.” 9 Gvundxpitos (# 537)
318). Permissive pass. and theol. pass. (Cranfield), “let without hypocrisy. For the prefix used as a neg. s. Rom.
yourselves be transformed by God.” GvaxKaivuoer 1:20. anootvyotvtes pres. act. part. aootvyew (# 696) to
(# 364) dat. sing. dvaxaivwoig renewing. Instr. dat., “by despise, to hate bitterly. It expresses a strong feeling of
the renewing.” vo0c¢ gen. sing. vod (#3808) mind, the horror and the prep. compound emphasizes the idea of
thinking power, reason in its moral quality and activity separation (SH). The parts. in this section are to be
(Meyer). Obj. gen. Soxafetv pres. inf. act. doxatw viewed as imp. (VANT, 386-88; P. Kanjuparambil, “Im-
(# 1507) to prove by testing, to accept as approved after peratival Participles in Rom. 12:9-21,” JBL 102 [1983]:
testing (TLNT). Inf. w. prep. eg (# 1650) expresses the 285-88). KoAAWpEVOL pres. mid. part. KOAAGW (#3140) to
purp. or result (MT, 143). 3 508eton¢ aor. pass. part. glue or cement together, to join firmly, to join oneself to
dtSwp (# 1443) to give. Ovti pres. act. part. eit (# 1639) (AS). Our attachment to the good is to be that of the de-
to be. Part. as subst. Dat as indir. obj. bmepppoveiv pres. votion illustrated by the bond of marriage (Murray).
inf. act. Drepbpovew (# 5672) to think over, above or be- @ 10 p1Ad0t0pyos (# 5789) authentically loving, tender-
yond, to think highly of oneself, to be haughty. Inf. in ly devoted, full of tenderness (TLNT; TDNT). It de-
indir. discourse; here, indir. neg. command (RWP). det notes the delicate affections mutually rendered by
pres. ind. act. (#1256) it is necessary, giving a logical those who cherish one another w. natural affection, as
necessity. ppovetv pres. inf. act. $povew (# 5858) to think, the innate love of a mother, or as the love between a
to set the mind or attention on something (TDNT; man and wife, or as parents and children, brothers and
EDNT; NIDNTT, 2:616-19). owppovetv pres. inf. act. ow- sisters (Godet; TLNT; NDIEC, 2:100-103; 3:40-43;
dpovew (#5404) to be of sound mind, to be reasonable, 4:136). th tush (# 5507) in or w. honor. The result of true
sensible, to keep the proper measure, not going beyond affection is that no one seeks his own honor or position,
the set boundaries; “to turn the energy of the mind to and everyone is willing to give honor to others (SH).
recognize its limits and respect them” (Godet; TDNT; mponyoupevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. mponyeouar (# 4605)
TLNT). épéptoev aor. ind. act. pepitw (# 3532) to mea- to go before and show the way, to consider, to esteem.
sure. pétpov (#3586) measure. 4 KaOcmep (#2749) It either means to try to outdo one another in showing
just as. wean (# 3517) member. mpGEtg (# 4552) practice, respect or to consider better, to esteem more highly
function, activity (Dunn). @ 5 ot moAAOt Semitic idiom (BAGD). 11 O0xvnpdc¢ (#3891) idle, lazy, irksome,
meaning “all”; here, all of any worshiping community troublesome, not irked by the demands of (Murray).
(Dunn). «a6’ €ic (# 3517; 1651) as to each one. A late Josephus uses the word in reference to military attacks
idiom w. prep. is treated adverbially (RWP; BD, 160). which slowed down because those fighting became
GAANAWwV (#253) one another. 6 ExovtEs pres. act. soft and lost heart (Jos., JW, 4:584). The word was used
part. €yw (# 2400) to have. The word here is determined in the LXX in Prov. 6:6, 9 of the lazy person who should
by the imagery of the body (Dunn). Circum. or adj. learn from the ant (GELTS, 328). Geovtec pres. act. part.
Romans 13 340

ew (# 2417) to boil, to be fervent. SovAevovtes pres. act. ywutcw (# 6039) to feed w. morsels; then to feed gener-
part. dovAevw (#1526) to serve as a slave, w. dat. ally (AS). 5iw@ pres. subj. act. Suydaw (# 1498) to be
© 12 tH EAmt61 (# 1828) in hope. Dat. is loc., in the point thirsty. notie pres. act. imp. notiCw (# 4540) to give to
of hope (EGT). yaipovtes pres. act. part. yatpw (#5897) drink. movWv pres. act. part. novew (#4472) to make.
to be glad, to rejoice. OAiwig (# 2568) pressure, tribula- GvOpaé (#472) coal. owpevoeisg fut. ind. act. owpevw
tion. DROpEVOVTES pres. act. part. DmoLEvw (# 5702) to re- (# 5397) to pile up, to heap. For various views s. Cran-
main under, to endure w. patience. mpookaptepodvtes field; Dunn; Fitzmyer, 657-58; Moo, ER. @ 21 vik@ pres.
pres. act. part. mpooxaptepew (# 4674) to hold fast to, to imp. pass. vikdw (# 3771) to conquer, to overcome. vika
persevere, to give attention to, to be faithful in (TDNT; pres. imp. act.
TLNT). 13 ypeia, (#5970) need. Kowwvotdvtes pres.
act. part. ko.wwvew (# 3125) to share in, to have fellow- Romans 13
ship w., to give or contribute a share in w. reference to @ 1 For the development of the argument in this
financial or material contributions (Dunn; TDNT). section s. Robert H. Stein, “The Argument of Romans
oiAogevia, (#5810) hospitality, fond of strangers, to re- 15:1-7,” NovT 31 (1989): 325-43; Moo, ER.). n&oa woyn
ceive strangers and treat them as guests by providing (# 4246; 6034) every person, especially those at Rome
lodging, food, and friendship (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT; (Cranfield). eEovoia (#2026) authority. Here a refer-
RAC, 8:1061-123; DGRA, 619-21). This would be need- ence to governmental authorities rather than invisible
ful among the Christians who were travelling, espe- angelic power (Murray, Appendix C). tmepeyovdouc
cially in Rome (Cranfield; Dunn; NDIEC, 7:55). pres. mid. (dep.) part. dat. fem. pl. vmepyxoua (# 5660)
dwwkovtes pres. act. part. dwkw (#1503) to pursue. to have or hold over, to be above or supreme. Part. as
@ 14 evAoyeite pres. imp. act. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless, subst. bnotaooeOOW pres. imp. pass. Drothoow (#5718)
to invoke God’s blessings upon them (Murray). Pres. to place or rank under, to subject, to obey, w. dat.
imp. could be iterat. and calls for habitual action (s. (TDNT; TLNT; DPL, 141-43). ovoor pres. act. part. ett
6:11). Katop&o@e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) katapdonar (# 1639) to be. Part. as subst. tetayyeva perf. pass. part.
(# 2933) to curse, to invoke a curse. Pres. imp. w. neg. taoow (# 5435) to draw up an order, to arrange in place,
1 (# 3590) forbids the habitual action. 15 KAaieww to assign, to appoint (AS). Part. in a periphrastic con-
pres. inf. act. kaw (# 3081) to weep; inf. expresses the struction. Perf. emphasizes the state or cond., “stand
force of an imp. (RG, 1092f; IBG, 126). kAa1ovtwv pres. ordained by God” (RWP). @ 2 wote (# 6063) therefore.
act. part. Part. as subst. ® 16 ¢povotbvtEs pres. act. part. It presents the logical result (SH). &vtitacoopevos pres.
dpovew (# 5858) to think. bwndoc (#5734) high, exalted. mid. (dep.) part. avtitacow (# 530) to arrange oneself
tamewoc (#5424) low, humble (BBC). ovvanayopevor opposite or against, to resist, w. dat. Part. as subst.
pres. mid. part. ovvancyw (# 5270) to lead along w. one. diatayn (#1411) ordinance. avOeothkev perf. ind. act.
pass. to be carried along w., as by a flood which sweeps avOtotnut (# 468) to take one’s stand against, to with-
everything along w. it and then to give oneself up to stand, w. dat. avOeotnKOtes perf. act. part. dveiotnuL
(SH). yiveo8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivouar (# 1181) to (#468). Anpwovtor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) LopBaven
become. povitog (#1571) wise (s. Matt. 10:16). (# 3284) to take. 3 dpyovtes pres. act. part. cpyw
17 anodiS0vtEs pres. act. part. amodidwut (# 625) to (#807) to rule. Subst. part. used as a noun. 0fo¢
render, to give back, to pay back (BBC). mpovoovpevor (# 5852) fear, terror. 8€A€t¢ pres. ind. act. 6eAw (# 2527)
pres. mid. part. mpovoew (#4629) to think before, to to desire. doBeto@a1 pres. inf. mid. (dep.) poPeowar
have regard for, to be preoccupied w. (Godet). (# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. motet pres. imp. act. no1éw
@ 18 Elpnvevovtes pres. act. part. eipnvevw (# 1644) to (# 4472) to do. é&e1¢ fut. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have.
practice peace, to live in peace. For vbs. ending w. this @ 4 o0i dat. sing. ob (#5148) you. “For you,” “to you,”
suffix, which expresses the notion of “being or behav- ethical dat. (RWP). notij¢ pres. subj. act. novew (# 4472)
ing, or acting as,” s. MH. 400. @ 19 exéixotvtec pres. to do. Subj. w. av (#1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl.
act. part. exdixew (# 1688) to secure someone’s right, to which assumes the possibility of the cond. ood pres.
avenge, to revenge. For the imp. sense of the part. in vv. imp. mid. (dep.) doBeouat (#5828) to be afraid. eixq
9-19 ina series of exhortations s.v. 9 (BG, 129f). 0t€ aor. (# 1632) without a cause, purposeless, in vain. paxa1pa
imp. act. 5i5wyr (# 1443) to give. yeypanto. perf. ind. (# 3479) sword. The sword is the symbol of the execu-
pass. ypaow (#1211) to write. gyoi dat. sing. eyw tive and criminal jurisdiction of a magistrate and is
(# 1609) “I.” Dat. of possession, emphatic by its posi- therefore used of the power of punishing inherent in
tion, “to me belongs...” exdixnoig (# 1689) revenge. the government (SH; Sherwin-White, 8-11). popet pres.
avtarodwow fut. ind. act. dvtanodtdwpt (#500) to pay ind. act. popew (#5841) to bear, to carry. Gnomic pres.
back, to recompense. Prep. compound expresses a re- ae (#1690) avenging. Adj. as subst., “the aveng-
ciprocal idea (MH, 297). 20 new@ pres. subj. act. ” “the one who punishes” (BAGD). mpaooovtt pres.
netvu) (#4277) to be hungry. wotte pres. imp. act. ace part. mpd.cow (# 4556) to do, to practice. Pres. points
341 Romans 14

to a lifestyle or habit of life. @ 5 dvayKn (# 340) neces- (BBC); hortatory subj. 6xAov (#3960) weapon. 13
sity, imposed either by the external cond. of things or evoynwovws (#2361) adv., decently, becomingly. nept-
by the law of duty, regard to one’s advantage, custom, Tathowpev aor. subj. act. nepitatew (#4344) to walk
argument (T). brotdcoecbar pres. inf. pass.(#5718) about, to conduct one’s life. Kkwpoig dat. pl. Kwpoc
brotacow s.v. 1. Epex. inf. explaining the necessity. ov- (# 3269) carousing, reveling. It was used of a nocturnal,
vetqoig (#5287) conscience (s. 2:15). 6 bOpoc riotous procession of half-drunken and frolicking fel-
(# 5843) tax. teAeite pres. ind. act. teréw (#5464) to ful- lows who paraded through the streets w. torches and
fill, to pay. For taxation in the Roman Empire s. CC, music honoring Bacchus or some other deity. Then it
183f; A.H.M. Jones, The Roman Economy, 151-58. det- was used generally of feasts and drinking parties that
toupyos (#3313) minister, servant. npooxaptepodvtec went on late into the night and indulged in revelry (T;
pres. act. part. mpooxaptepew (# 4674) to attend con- Dunn; for the “drinking bouts in Rome” s. LLAR, 49-
stantly, to adhere to (TLNT; s. Rom. 12:12). Pres. part. 51). pe@arg dat. pl. wen (# 3494) drunkenness (TDNT;
describes a continuing trait of these servants of God. Philo, De Ebriatate). xoitarc dat. koitn (# 3130) bed, sex-
@ 7 anodSote aor. imp. act. cnodidwmp (#625) to pay ual intercourse; here, unlawful sexual intercourse (SH).
back. Ooe1An (# 4051) obligation, debt. Here it is the ob- doehyetaig dat. pl. aoedyera (# 816) debauchery. The
ligations we owe to those in authority in the state word contained the idea of shameless greed, animal
(Murray). popog (# 5843) tax. ted0g (#5465) duty, toll, lust, sheer self-indulgence which is such a slave to its
custom. This is the summary statement of the teaching. so-called pleasures that it is lost to shame. It is one who
Governments fulfill a vital rule in God’s plan. Thus acknowledges no restraints, who dares whatsoever his
there is an obligation to support them. 8 Ogetrete caprice and wanton petulance may suggest (NTW, 26f;
pres. imp. act. oderrew (# 4053) to owe, to be indebted Trench, Synonyms, 56). €pidi dat. sing. épig (#2251)
to someone. Gyanév pres. inf. act. cyandw (#26) to strife. (naw dat. sing. Cioc (# 2419) envy. © 14 évbv-
love. Articular inf. used as a noun. wyan@v pres. act. oaove aor. imp. mid. (dep.) evdvw (# 1907) to put on (s.v.
part. wyanaw (# 36) to love. nenAnpuxev perf. ind. act. 12). mpovoa (# 4630) forethought, thought in advance,
TANPOW (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. © 9 10 (# 3836) the ar- provision. movetobe pres. inf. mid. novew (# 4472) to do.
ticle refers to the well-known commandments (Dunn). emOvpias acc. pl. envOvpia. (# 2123) desire, lust (s. Rom.
wouxevoeic fut. ind. act. woyevw (# 3658) to commit WD.
adultery. dovevoetg fut. ind. act. povevw (# 5839) to mur-
der. KAéweig fut. ind. act. KAextw (#3096) to steal. Romans 14
emiOvpnoets fut. ind. act. émi8vpew (# 2121) to desire, to 1 dodevodvta pres. act. part. cobevew (# 820) to
covet. For the use of the fut. under Semitic influence to be weak. Part. denotes one whose faith falters (be-
express a categorical imp. s. BG, 94f; GGBB, 569-70. comes weak) at a given moment and in a special case
avaKEparciodtat pres. ind. pass. advaKxepararow (# 368) (Godet). The weak ones were probably Jewish Chris-
to summarize, to sum up. A rhetorical term used of the tians who refrained from certain kinds of food and ob-
summing up of a speech or argument and hence in- served certain days out of loyalty to the Mosaic Law
cluding a large number of separate details under one (Moo, ER.). One of the subjects often discussed at a
head (SH). &yantoetg fut. ind. act. cyandw (#26) to Roman dinner party was, “Why do Jews not eat pork?”
love. 10 épyaeta pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Epyacowar (LLAR, 46). mpooAapBaveobe pres. imp. mid. (dep.)
(# 2237) to work, to perform, to do. mAnpwpa (# 4445) TpooAaupavw (# 4689) to take to oneself, to receive. The
fulfillment, a complete fulfillment (Barrett). 11 el- word is used of God receiving others into fellowship or
d0tec perf. act. part. oda (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. companionship (SH). 8taxpio1g (#1360) distinguish-
a pres. meaning. It is a reference to something well ing, quarrel; “welcome, but not for the purpose of get-
known and accepted by the readers (Dunn). brvov gen. ting into quarrels about opinions” (BAGD).
sing. bnvoc (# 5678) sleep. eyepOfivar aor. inf. diaAoyiopog (# 1369) thought, reasoning, questioning.
pass.tyeipw (# 1586) to raise; pass. to rise. Inf. w. dpa 2 miotevet pres. ind. act. motevw (#4409) to believe,
(#6052) was a familiar construction to indicate the to have faith; that is, he is completely uninhibited by
right time to do something (Dunn). eyytepov comp. relics of a pagan or a Jewish past expressing itself in re-
eyyus (# 1584) neat, close; comp., closer. ENLOTEDOOLEV ligious scruples (Barrett). gayeiv aor. inf. act. eobiw
aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Aor. views the (# 2266) to eat. Inf. as obj. of the vb. do@evav pres. act.
time of belief at conversion. @ 12 mpoéxowev aor. ind. part. co8evew (# 820) to be weak (s.v. 1). Part. as subst.
act. mpokontw (#4621) to put forward, to advance. Aaxavov (# 3303) vegetable. The practice of vegetarian-
nyyuKev perf. ind. act. eyyiGw (# 1581) to draw near, to ism for religious or philosophic reasons was well
come close. &x00wpeda. aor. subj. mid. (dep.) amotio known in the ancient world (Dunn; NW, 2, i:212-14).
(# 700) to put off. Hortatory subj. evévowpe8a aor. subj. 3 E00iwv pres. act. part. Eo01w (# 2266) to eat. Part. as
mid. (dep.) evdvw (# 1907) to put on, to clothe oneself subst. to8iovta pres. act. part. acc. masc. sing. Part. as
Romans 14 342

subst. e€ovOeveitw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. e€ov- (BAGD). oxavibarov (#4998) snare, the stick which
Bevew (# 2024) to consider as nothing, to treat w. con- caused the trap tg fall, cause of offense; it is that which
tempt, to disregard, to despise, to disdain (BAGD). trips us up or lures us into sin (NTW, 111-14; TDNT;
éoBiovta pres. act. part. Eo8iw (# 2266) to eat. Kpivetw TLNT). 14 néneiopon perf. ind. pass. neiOw (# 4275)
pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. Kpivw (# 3212) to judge. to persuade; pass. to be persuaded, to have confidence.
MPOoEAGBEto aor. ind. mid. (dep. ) MpoorasBorven (# 4689) Perf. indicates the continuing state, “I have been per-
to accept (s.v.1). @4 1 pres. ind. act. cyt (# 1639) to be. suaded and have confidence.” The triple emphasis, “I
Kpivwv pres. act. part. kptvw (# 3212) to judge. GAAOTPLOG know,” “I am convinced,” “in the Lord,” is very force-
(#259) belonging to another, not one’s own. oUKétnsg ful and makes it clear that the following statement is
(# 3860) servant, household slave. 18iw dat. sing. 1510¢ one on which Paul puts great stress (Dunn). Kowvov n.
(# 2625) one’s own. “To his own master.” Dat. of refer- nom. sing. koivoc (# 3123) common, unclean, defiled. It
ence. It is to his own master that he is responsible (SH). is a t.t. to express those customs and habits which, al-
otabjoetat fut. ind. pass. totnpt (# 2705) pass. to stand. though common in the world, were forbidden to the
For the pass. deponent s. RG, 817. 5vvatet pres. ind. act. pious Jew (SH). et pq (# 1623; 3590) except. AoyCopévw
dvvatew (# 1542) to be able, to be strong enough, w. inf. pres. mid. (dep. ) part. Aoyigopar (# 3357) to consider, to
(BAGD). otfoa aor. inf. act. totn (# 2705) to cause to suppose. elvan pres. inf. act. ciyi (# 1639) to be. Compl.
stand. Compl. inf. to the main vb. @5 nap’ (# 4123) inf. to the preceding part. © 15 Bp@pa (# 1109) food.
more than. The prep. shows preference (Dunn). The Aovneitar pres. ind. pass. Avnew (#3382) to cause sor-
question probably had to do w. the Sabbath day obser- row, to hurt. It expresses the painful and bitter feeling
vances (Dunn; Cranfield). nAnpodopeio®@w pres. imp. produced in the heart of the weak (Godet). mepimatetc
pass. mAnpodopew (#4442) to fill completely, to con- pres. ind. act. nepimatew (# 4344) to walk around, to
vince fully; pass. to be fully convinced, assured, certain conduct one’s life. @nOAAvE pres. imp. act. ANOAAVEL
(BAGD). 6 dpovév pres. act. part. ppovew (#5858) to (# 660) to ruin, to destroy. &meBavev aor. ind. act. no-
think of, to esteem, to regard. Part. as subst. Eo0iwv Ovnokw (#633) to die. 16 BAaopneiobw pres. imp.
pres. act. part. 080i (# 2266) to eat. Part. as subst. ev- pass. BAaopnuew (# 1059) to slander, to speak evil of.
yaptotet pres. ind. act. evyapiotew (# 2372) to thank, w. Permissive pass. bp@v 10 ayabov (# 5148; 3836; 19) your
dat. 7 €avt@ dat. sing. eavtod (#1571) refl. pron. good. It may refer to the inner freedom or to the Gospel
Dat. of advantage or personal interest. Cf pres. ind. act. and its benefits (Cranfield; Dunn). 17 Bpdorcg
Caw (#2409) to live. &mo@vnjoKet pres. ind. act. ano- (# 1111) eating. moog (# 4530) drinking. 18 év tov-
OvnjoKw (#633) to die. @ 8 te (#5445) and. C@pev pres. tw (# 1877; 4047) in this; that is, by recognizing that
subj. act. Caw (#2409) to live. Subj. w. eav (# 1569) in a food and drink are secondary matters (Barrett). 50vAev-
3rd. class cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond. wv pres. act. part. 5ovAevw (#1526) to serve as a slave.
Kupiw dat. sing. kvptos (# 3261) Lord. Dat. of advantage evapectog (#2298) pleasing. SoKxywoc (#1511) ap-
or personal interest, “for the benefit or interest of the proved, approved after examination (TDNT; TLNT).
Lord.” (@pev pres. ind. act. Gow (# 2409) to live. dno8vn- @ 19 SuwKwpev pres. subj. act. 50Kw (# 1503) to pursue,
oKwyev pres. subj. act. ano8vnjoKkw (# 633) to die. Subj. diligently follow. Hortatory subj., “let us pursue.”
ina 3rd. class cond. cl. tod Kupiov (# 3261) gen. sing. oikodoun (# 3869) building as a process; figurative of
Gen. of possession. €opeév pres. ind. act. et (# 1639) to spiritual strengthening, edifying, building up (BAGD).
be. 9 dmé8avev aor. ind. act. ano@vnoKw (# 633) to @ 20 katdAvE pres. imp. act. katad\vw (# 2907) to tear
die. &Cnoev aor. ind. act. Caw (#2409) to live. Cwvtwv down, to overthrow. It is the opposite of the building
pres. act. part. kuptevon aor. subj. act. kuptebw (# 3259) up involved in the word oixkodoun (Murray). Pres. imp.
to be lord, to rule over, w. gen. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to w. the neg. wf (# 3590) indicates the discontinuing of an
express purp. ® 10 napactnoopeda fut. ind. mid. (dep.) action in progress or that the action should not be a
nmapiotnut (# 4225) to stand, to stand beside, to stand habit (s. Rom. 6:12). t@ avOpanw (#476) Ethical dat.,
before. eov@eveic pres. ind. act. eEovbevew (# 2024) to “in the judgement of the man who eats.” mpooKowyo
look down upon (s.v. 3). © 11 yeypantat perf. act. pass. (# 4682) stumbling, offense (s.v. 13). éo8tovti pres. act.
ypadw (#1211) to write. Kkopwer fut. ind. act. Kauntw part. (adj.) €o8iw (#2266) to eat. The words may refer
(# 2828) to bend. e€oporoynoeta fut. ind. mid. (dep.) &&- to either the strong one or to the weak one (Dunn).
ouoroyew (# 2018) to confess, to acknowledge, to give @ 21 dayetv aor. inf. act. €o91w (# 2266) to eat. Articular
praise. 12 Swoet fut. ind. act. StSw1 (# 1443) to give, inf. used as subst., “the eating.” Kpéacg (#3200) meat.
to give an account. 13 kpivwpev pres. subj. act. kpivw mueiv aor. inf. act. nivw (# 4403) to drink. Articular inf.
(# 3212) to judge, hortatory subj. kpivate aor. imp. act. used as subst. mpooxontet pres. ind. act. mpooxontw
Kptvw (#3212) to judge (BBC). ti8evar pres. inf. act. (# 4684) to strike against a stone or other obstacle in the
tiOnut (# 5502) to place. npooKxowpa. (# 4682) stumbling, path. Here it indicates to be induced to sin (T). @ 22 éye
the opportunity to take offense or to make a misstep pres. imp. act. €yw (#2400) to have. xpivwv pres. act.
343 Romans 15

part. kpivw (# 3212) to judge. Subst. part. Pres. used to To establish a promise is to confirm by fulfilling it, to
describe a continuing trait. 5ocyaCer pres. ind. act. carry out or realize the promise (Godet; TLNT). énayye-
Sox ctw (# 1507) to approve of after testing and exam- Aia (# 2039) promise, referring here to the promises of
ining (SH). 23 diaxpivopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. the covenant. natépwv gen. pl. nathp (#4252) father.
StaKpivey (#1359) to judge between, to hesitate, to Gen. of poss., “promises belonging to the fathers” or
waiver. obj. gen., “promises given to the fathers.” The reference
is probably to the aspect of the promise given to Abra-
Romans 15 ham that all of the people of the earth would be blessed
@ 1 Odetdopev pres. ind. act. opeiAw (# 4053) to owe through his seed, that is, Christ (Gen. 12:3; 22:18).
someone, to be a debtor, to be morally obligated (s. @ 9 50&d.001 aor. inf. act. 0&&6w (# 1519) to glorify (s.v.
Rom. 1:14). go@evnua. (# 821) weak. ddbvatoc (# 105) 6). Inf. to express purp. is to be related to the eg
powerless, without strength. Baotafew pres. inf. act. (# 1650) t0 of v. 8 (Michel). yeypaton perf. ind. pass.
Bootogo (# 1002) to bear. Epex. inf. explaining the obli- ypadw (#1211) to write. EEqoAoyNnoopa fut. ind. mid.
gation. dpéoxet pres. inf. act. dpéoxw (# 743) to please, e€ouoroyew (# 2018) to confess, to praise. yar fut. ind.
w. dat. Epex. inf. @ 2 nAnotov (# 4446) neighbor. Dat. w. act. yoAAw (# 6010) to play a stringed instrument w. the
vb. of pleasing. &peoxetw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. fingers, to sing to a harp, to sing a hymn, to sing praise
apeokw (# 743) to please. 10 &yaov (# 19) for the good, (AS). @ 10 evopavente aor. imp. pass. (dep.) evopatvo-
for his benefit (Meyer). The end or purpose of pleasing wor (#2370) to rejoice. 11 aiveite pres. imp. act.
must be the promotion of what is absolutely to their aivew (#140) to praise. Emaiveodtwoav aor. imp. act.
good, further defined by their edification (SH; Fitzmy- 2nd. pers. pl. enoivew (#2046) to approve, to praise.
er, 702). 3 peoev aor. ind. act. aptoxw (# 743) to Prep. in compound is directive (MH, 312). @ 12 €oto1
please. yeypanto1 perf. ind. pass. ypadw (#1211) to fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit (# 1639) to be. pita (# 4844)
write. Perf. indicates the continuing authority (MM). root. Gviotdpevos pres. act. part. aviotnut (# 482) to
overdiopn0g (# 3869) reproach, reviling, insult. ovevét- arise, to rise up, in the sense to appear or come
Covtwv pres. act. part. oversitw (#3944) to reproach, to (BAGD). apyet pres. inf. act. dpxw (# 806) to rule. Inf.
heap insults upon (TLNT). Part. as subst. enémeoay aor. to express purp. “He will come to rule....” Amodovv fut.
ind. act. exitintw (# 2093) to fall upon. @ 4 600 nom. ind. act. eAnifw (#1827) to hope, to expect to receive.
pl. ooo¢g (#4012) as great, how great, whatever. mpo- For the use of composite quotations by Paul s. Rom.
eypaon aor. ind. pass. npoypadw (# 1211) to write before- 3:10. 13 mAnpwoor aor. opt. act. mAnpow (# 4444) to
hand. The prep. “before” is in contrast to “today” (SH). fill, to fulfill. For the opt. expressing a wish s.v. 5.
SiSacKaria (# 1436) teaching; referring here to the act MLOTEVEL pres. inf. act. tiotevw (# 4409) to believe. Ar-
of teaching (BAGD). éypa&pn aor. ind. pass. ypadw ticular inf. used as a noun. mepiooevev pres. inf. act.
(# 1211) to write. mapa&KAnots (# 4155) consolation, en- mepiocevw (# 4355) to abound. Articular inf. used to ex-
couragement (TDNT). Exywpev pres. subj. act. éyw press purp. 14 nénevopor perf. ind. pass. metOw
(# 2400) to have, to obtain. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to ex- (# 4275) to persuade; pass., to be persuaded; perf., to
press purp. 5 8m aor. opt. act. S81 (# 1443) to have confidence. peotot (# 3550) full. ote pres. ind. act.
give. The opt. is used to express a wish (s. MT, 120f; J. ey (# 1639) to be. &yabwovvn (# 20) goodness. nexAn-
Gonda, The Character of the Indo-European Moods [Wies- pwyévor perf. pass. part. mAnpow (# 4444) to fill. Svva-
baden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1956]). ppovetv pres. inf. act. wevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. 50vapar (# 1538) to be able.
dpovew (# 5858) to have in mind, to think of, to set one’s vovletetv pres. inf. act. vov8etew (# 3805) to admonish,
mind upon. Subst. inf. as dir. obj. kata, Xprotov (# 2848; to warn. It is the appeal to the mind where opposition
5986) according to Christ’s example (Murray). @ 6 o0- is present. The person is led away from a false way
@upadov (# 3924) of one accord, w. unity of mind (SH). through warning, instruction, reminder, teaching, and
otopatt dat. sing. otowa (#5125) mouth. Instr. dat. used encouragement so his conduct is corrected (NIDNTT,
figuratively (metonymy, cause for result) to refer to 1:568-69; TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). Compl. inf. 15 toA-
voice. 50€aCnte pres. subj. act. S0&0Cw (# 1519) to glorify, unpotepov adv. comp. toAunpos (#5529) bold, daring;
to cause a good opinion about someone. Subj. w. iva comp., rather boldly. Eypawa aor. ind. act. ypaw
(#2671) to express purp. 7 mpooAapPdveode pres. (#1211) to write. pépog (# 3538) part, measure; “in
imp. mid. (dep.) mpoohouBavw (# 4689) to receive, to some measure,” “in part of the epistle” (SH). ETOAVOYLIL-
welcome (s. Rom. 14:1). mpooeAGPeto aor. ind. mid. VijoKwv pres. act. part. eravauvnoKw (#2057) to call
(dep.) npooAcpBavw. © 8 yeyevijo8a1 perf. inf. pass. back to mind again, to remind again (RWP). d08cicav
(dep.) ytvoua (#1181) to become. Inf. used in indir. aor. pass. part. didwpt (# 1443) to give. 16 Elvan pres.
disc. after vbs. of “saying” (BD, 203f) w. the acc. func- inf. act. emt (# 1639) to be. Articular inf. used as a noun.
tioning as the subject to the inf. BeBadoon aor. inf. act. Aertovpyoc (# 3313) minister, one who performs a pub-
BeBar1ow (# 1011) to confirm, to make firm, to establish. lic service, particularly a religious service (BAGD;
Romans 16 344

TDNT; NTW, 74-76; TLNT). tepoupyotvta pres. act. 25 nopevopat (# 4513) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to travel.
part. iepoupyew (# 2646) to serve as a priest, to perform Pres. describes the action in progress. 5taKov@v pres.
a sacred function, especially to sacrifice (SH). yevntat act. part. diaxovew (# 1354) to serve. Part. used to ex-
aor. subj. mid. (dep.) vivo (# 1181) to become. mpoo- press purp. 26 evdoxnoav aor. ind. act. evdoxew
hope (# 4714) offering. ebmpoosextoc pleasing, accept- (# 2305) to be well pleased, to think it good. Koiwwvia
able (# 2347). Nyaopévn perf. pass. part. ayiacw (# 39) (#3126) fellowship, sharing, contribution (TDNT).
to sanctify, to set apart for divine purposes. 17 obv moinoaodar aor. inf. mid. novwew (#4472) to do.
(# 4036) now, therefore, drawing a conclusion from the @ 27 obetrétns (# 4050) debtor (s. Rom. 1:14). mvevpa-
preceding. Kabvynoig (#3018) boasting, glorying. tuK0g (#4461) spiritual. Exowwwvnoav aor. ind. act. Kot-
@ 18 toAunow fut. ind. act. toudw (#5528) to be bold, vow (# 3125) to have a share in. OeiAovow pres. ind. act.
to dare. AaAeiv pres. inf. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. OoetAw (#4053) to be indebted to. oapKixds (# 4920)
Compl. inf. to the main vb. kateipyaouto aor. ind. mid. fleshly, carnal. Here it has no evil associations. It is
(dep.) katepyafouar (# 2981) to accomplish, to produce. used with reference to tangible, material possessions
braxKon (# 5633) obedience. 19 tepatwv gen. pl. tepacs (Murray). Aevtovpynoat aor. inf. act. Aeitoupyew (# 3310)
(#5469) wonder. KbKAw (#3241) in a circle, round- to minister, to do a service (s.v. 16). @ 28 EmiteAeous
about. The idea in the word is that of a complete circle aor. act. part. emitedew (# 2200) to complete, to bring to
and Paul describes the territory already evangelized in completion. oppayiodpevos aor. mid. part. oppayitw
Palestine, Syria, Asia Minor, and Greece as lying with- (# 5381) to seal, to seal w. a sign of ownership and a
in a circle; that is, within the circle of the nations guarantee of the correctness of the contents (BS, 238f;
around the Mediterranean Sea (John Knox, “Romans TDNT; EDNT; BBC; 2 Cor. 1:22; Eph. 1:13). aneAevoopan
15:14-33 and Paul’s Conception of His Apostolic Mis- fut. ind. mid. (dep.) anepyouar (#599) to go away, to
sion,” JBL 83 [1964]: 11). memAnpwxevor perf. inf. act. depart. 29 oi5a (# 3857) pres. ind. act. to know. Def.
TAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill, to fill up. To fill up the space perf. w. pres. meaning. epxopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part.
lacking and preaching the gospel where others have Epxouar (#2262) to go. EAevoopon fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
not (Knox, 10). 20 @iAotyLobpevov pres. mid. (dep.) epxouo (#2262) to come. 30 napaxadd pres. ind.
part. prrotiweopar (# 5818) to be fond of honor, to have act. topaxarew (#4151) to urge, to exhort, to encour-
as one’s ambition, to aspire (BAGD). evayyedifeoda age (s. 12:1). cvvaywvioaobat aor. inf. mid. cvvaywvitw
pres. inf. mid. (dep.) evayyeA iowa (# 2294) to proclaim (# 5253) to fight or contend along w. someone, to strive
the good news, to preach the gospel. Compl. inf. to the together. It is the picture of wrestling in prayer (Mich-
preceding part. wvouao@n aor. ind. pass. ovopatw el). Compl. inf. to the main vb. @ 31 pv08@ aor. subj.
(#3951) to name; here, “so named as to be wor- pass. pvopat (#4861) to rescue, to deliver. Subj. w. va
shipped” (SH). otkodou@ pres. subj. act. oikodouew (# 2671) giving the content of the prayer. &neWobvtwv
(# 3868) to build, to erect a structure (BADG). @ 21 yé- pres. act. part. ameWew (#578) to be unbelieving. eb-
ypartot perf. ind. pass. ypaw (# 1211) to write. Perf. in- mpoodextoc (# 2144) well pleasing, acceptable, pleasant,
dicates the abiding authority of the document (MM). welcome (BAGD). yevntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivopor
avnyyeAn aor. ind. pass. avayyeArw (# 334) to proclaim. (#1181) to become. @ 32 €A@dv aor. act. part. Epona
dyovtai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw (#3972) to see. aKn- (#2262) to come. ovvavanavowia1 aor. subj. mid.
Koaow perf. ind. act. axovw (#201) to hear. ovvjoovoiv (dep.) ovvavaravouai (# 5265) to rest together w., to re-
fut. ind. act. cvvinut (# 5317) to comprehend, to under- fresh together. “I may rest and refresh my spirit w.
stand. 22 €vexontounv impf. ind. pass. eyKontw you” (SH).
(# 1601) to cut in, to hinder. Iterat. impf. pictures the re-
peated action. €A@eiv aor. inf. act. Epxoucr (# 2262) to Romans 16
come. Articular inf. complements the main vb. @ 23 @ 1 ovviotnpt (#5319) pres. ind. act. to commend,
Eywv pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. KAipa, (# 3107) to introduce. Commendatory letters were well known
territory, region, district. enimo@ia (#2163) longing. in the ancient world (Barrett; NDIEC, 7:55, 90). oboav
éA6€iv aor. inf. act. Epyouar (# 2262) to come. Epex. inf. pres. act. part. ey.t (# 1639) to be. 2 npoodeEnove aor.
explaining his desire. @ 24 nopevwpon pres. subj. mid. subj. mid. (dep.) mpoodexouat (# 4657) to receive, to wel-
(dep.) mopevouor (#4513) to travel. dramopevdoyevoc come. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp. &&lw>
pres. mid. (dep.) part. Sianopevouor (# 1388) to travel (#547) worthily. napaotite aor. subj. act. napiotnur
through. Sedoao8a1 aor. inf. mid. Seconor (#2517) to (# 4225) to stand beside, to help, to assist, to stand be-
see. MpomenpOfivar aor. inf. pass. nponeutw (#4636) to side in order to hold up (Godet). ypnn pres. subj. act.
send forth, to help on one’s journey w. food or money xpncw (#5974) to need, to have a need. Subj. w. iva
by arranging for companions, means of travel, etc.; to (# 2671) to express purp. mpG@ypyo. (# 4547) helper. Masc.
send on one’s way (BAGD; BBC). Inf. to express purp. form of the word was used by the Romans for the legal
éunANOO@ aor. subj. pass. euniwnAnyr (# 1855) to fill. representative of a foreigner. In Jewish communities it
345 Romans 16

meant the legal representative or wealthy patron. Here 18 tovodtog (#5525) such a one. SovAEvovorv pres.
it indicates the personal help given to Paul (SH; Mich- ind. act. dovAEbw (# 1526) to be a slave. Those who were
el). &yevnOn aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivowon (# 1181) to be- slaves to their passions were ridiculed (BBC). ypnotoAo-
come; here, she had become, she was. @ 3 gomd&ou0Ge via, (# 5981) smooth, plausible speech, fair and insinu-
aor. imp. mid. (dep.) Gonatw (#832) to greet. For a ating speech (MM). evdoyia (#2330) praise, fine
study of greetings sent in letters s. T.Y. Mullins, “Greet- speaking, well-chosen (but untrue) words, false elo-
ings as a New Testament Form,” JBL 87 (1968): 418-26. quence or flattery (BAGD). e&anat@oww pres. ind. act.
ovvepyoc (#5301) fellow worker. @ 4 oitiveg nom. pl. e€anataw (#1987) to deceive (s. 7:11). axaxKog (#179)
otic (#4015) qualitative pron. signifying “as people without evil, innocent. 19 aixeto aor. ind. mid.
who,” “who, as such” (Godet; BG, 69). tpayndocg (dep.) &pixveoua (# 919) to reach, to come from, then to
(# 5549) neck. bxé8NKav aor. ind. act. bnotiOnut (#5719) arrive at (RWP). eivon pres. ind. act. civi (# 1639) to be.
to place under (the axe of the executioner), to risk one’s Compl. inf. to complete the main vb. axepatos (# 193)
life for another (RWP). evyapiot@ pres. ind. act. edya- unmixed, simple, unsophisticated, _ innocent.
piotew (# 2373) to give thanks. @ 5 anapyn (#569) first- 20 ovvtpiwer fut. ind. act. cvvtpibw (# 5341) to rub to-
fruit (s. 8:23). tg (#1650) for. The prep. makes Christ gether, to crush; “will throw him under your feet, that
the person to whom the firstfruits are offered (Godet). you may trample upon him” (SH). év tayer (#5443)
@ 6 Exoniaocev aor. ind. act. Komiaw (#3159) to grow quickly. @ 21 donafetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) conafo-
weary, to work w. effort (Godet). @ 7 ovyyevig (# 5150) wat (# 832) to greet (s.v. 3). @ 22 ypowas aor. act. part.
kinsman. Probably a reference to a fellow Jew (Barrett). ypapw (#1211) to write. Art. part. used as a noun. For
ovvaryarwtos (#5257) fellow prisoner, fellow captive the use of a secretary s. Dunn; Cranfield; Richard N.
(s. Col. 4:10; Phlm. 23). exionpoc (#2168) splendid, out- Longenecker, “Ancient Amanuenses and the Pauline
standing. yeyovav perf. ind. act. yivowor (# 1181) to be- Epistles,” ND, 281-97; E. Randolph Richards, The Secre-
come. 10 S0xyoc (# 1511) approved, approved after tary in the Letters of Paul (Titbingen: J.C.B. Mohr [Paul
trial. 12 xomiwoac aor. act. part. koniaw (#3159) to Siebeck], 1991). 23 Eévog (# 3828) host, one, who ex-
grow weary (s.v. 6). Aor. expresses antecedent action. tends hospitality. olxovoyog (# 3874) steward, manager,
Part. used as a noun. éxomtaoev aor. ind. act. koma city treasurer (TDNT; BBC). @ 25 Svvapévw pres. mid.
(# 3159) to grow weary. @ 13 exAeKtos (# 1723) elect. (dep.) part. 5vvoyor (# 1538) to be able to. atnpigat aor.
@ 16 biAqua (#5799) kiss. For this custom s. TDNT; 1 inf. act. otnptoow (# 5114) to make firm, to make stable,
Cor. 16:20. 17 oxoneiv pres. inf. act. oxonew (#5023) to establish. Compl. inf. to the main vb. anoKdAvpig
to observe, to mark, to scrutinize (T); “to mark and (# 637) unveiling, revelation. oeovynyevov perf. pass.
avoid” (SH). Compl. inf. to complete the main vb., “I part. ovyaw (# 4967) to be silent. Perf. part. emphasizes
urge you to observe.” S1yootacia (# 1496) division, of- the state or cond.; here, a state of silence (RWP).
fense, cause of stumbling (s. Rom. 14:13). euéOete aor. @ 26 gavepwOevtos aor. pass. part. davepow (# 5746) to
ind. act. pavedvw (# 3443) to teach. novobvtac pres. act. make clear, to manifest, to reveal. npogntixdg (# 4738)
part. novew (# 4472) to make, to create; here, “causing.” prophetic. énitayn (# 2198) command, commandment.
Pres. indicates a contemporaneous action. Adj. part. to yvwpiobEvtos aor. pass. part. ywwpitw (# 1192) to make
emphasize a trait. €xKAivete pres. imp. act. exkAivw known.
(# 1712) to come away from someone, to shun, to avoid.
 1 Corinthians.

1 Corinthians 1 invoke. Pres. emphasizes the habitual act which char-

@ 1 KAnNtO¢ (#3105) called. verbal adj. here w. a acterizes their life (Hodge). abt@v kai Tydv theirs and
pass. meaning (BG, 47f). &oot0A0¢ (# 693) apostle, one ours. The words could refer to “place,” but it is better
who is called by the Lord, commissioned by Him and to take them w. “Lord.” Christians share in a common
carrying His authority (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT; Schrage; holiness because they share a common Lord (Barrett).
J. Andrew Kirk, “Apostleship Since Rengstorf: @ 3 yapic (#5921) grace, the undeserved help to some-
Towards a Synthesis,” NTS 21 [1975]: 249-64; FH. one who is not worthy of the help and w. no thought of
Agnew, “The Origin of the New Testament Apostle- repayment (TLNT). Here it is the daily help (Rom.
Concept: A Review of Research,” JBL 105 [1986]: 75-96). 5:15). eiptvn (#1645) peace. The Heb. (0x5) word as
Nom. in apposition. Xpiotod "Inood (# 5986; 2652) Gen. used in greetings emphasizes wholeness and prosper-
shows whom Paul represents as an apostle. Zwo8evng ity of life and personality (TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT;
(#5398) Sosthenes. Probably the Sosthenes of Acts EDNT; NIDOTTE; Schrage). 4 evxapiotd pres.
18:17. &5eA0¢ (# 81) brother. The term “brother” here ind. act. evyapiotew (# 2373) to give thanks. For Paul's
is probably more than the bond of brotherhood of all thanksgiving in his letters s. P.T. O’Brien, “Thanksgiv-
believers, referring to a colleague in the Christian mis- ing and the Gospel in Paul,” NTS 21 (1974): 144-55;
sion; that is, one who makes the ministry his primary “Thanksgiving Within the Structure of Pauline Theol-
occupation (E. Earle Ellis, “Paul and His Co-Workers,” ogy,” PSEB, 50-66; DPL, 728-30. Pres. indicates an habit-
NTS 17 [1971]: 445-52; MM; BS, 87-88). The article refers ual act. mavtote (#4121) always. nepi (#4309) for,
to one well-known. 2 éKxkAnoig (#1711) dat. sing. concerning, w. gen. The meaning often overlaps w.
assembly, church, a group gathered together for a com- onép (# 5642)(BD, 121). ent (# 2093) because of, w. dat. It
mon cause. Here the Christian community in Corinth indicates the reason or basis of the thanksgiving (Her-
(Hering; TDNT; EDNT; Matt. 16:18). Indir. obj. Dat. ing; Fee). yopiti (#5921) s.v. 3; dat. sing. Here it may
shows to whom the letter was sent (Schrage). tod 8e00 indicate the “grace gifts” (Fee). 500eto7 aor. pass. part.
(# 3836; 2536) of God. Gen. is poss. and at once a pro- 5tSwyt (# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. indicating that God
test against party spirit; “the church of God,” not of is the giver. Aor. summarizes the giving (Schrage). The
any one individual (RP). obey pres. act. part. adj. et thanksgiving forms an introduction which in rhetoric
(# 1639) to be. For the city of Corinth s. Acts 18:1; PIG, was Called the exordium; it compares to the prologue in
200-51; SPC; ABD, 1:1134-39; J.B. Salmon, Wealthy poetry or the prelude in flute playing. Its purpose was
Corinth: A History of the City to 338 B.C. (Oxford: Claren- to give the keynote and advance to the main subject. It
don, 1984); DPL, 172-75; J. Murphy-O’Connor, St. Paul’s often consisted of praise, blame, or exhortation (Aristo-
Corinth: Texts and Archaeology, Good News Studies 6 tle, Rhetoric, II, iv:14 [1414b-1415a]; Quintilian, Institu-
(Wilmington, Del: Michael Glazier, 1983); “The Corinth tio Oratoria, IV:I, 1-79; Schrage). @506t (# 4022)
That Paul Saw,” BA 47 (1984): 147-59; J. Wiseman, The that. It gives an explanation of the giving of the grace
Land of the Ancient Corinthians. Studies in Mediterra- (Fee; Schrage). €v navti (# 1877; 4246) in everything, in
nean Archaeology 50 (Goeteborg, 1978); “Corinth and every respect (Barrett). ExAovtio@nte aor. ind. pass.
Rome 1: 228 B.C-A.D. 267,” ANRW 7/1 (1978): 438- mhovticw (#4457) to make rich, to make exceedingly
548. Nyiaopévoic perf. pass. part. wyiaCw (# 39) to sanc- rich. Josephus used it of Herod the Great who greatly
tify, to consecrate, to separate from the secular for enriched (emi peya endovtife) his sister Salome in his
sacred use and purposes (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT; will because she had been loyal to him (Jos., Ant.,
GELTS, 3). Perf. emphasizes the state or condition 17:147). navtt dat. sing. nic (# 4246) all. It can include
resulting from a previous action (VA, 245-59; NSV, 31- everything belonging, in kind, to the class designated
34). Theol. pass. In spite of the severe problems of the by the noun; “every kind of,” “all sorts of” (BAGD).
group at Corinth, they had been set apart by God for Aoyw dat. sing. Aoyoc (# 3364) speech, utterance. It refers
His use. Adj. part. used to emphasize quality. KAntOIg to the gifts of utterance mentioned in 1 Cor. 12-14:
(# 3105) called, s.v. 1; here dat. pl. EnuxaAovpevorc pres. knowledge, wisdom, tongues, prophecy, etc. (Fee;
mid. (dep.) part. emikarew (# 2126) to call upon, to Schrage). yv@oc (# 1194) knowledge. The first is the

346
347 1 Corinthians 1

outward expression and the second the inward convic- (RWP). A€ynte pres. subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to
tion (Lightfoot, Notes). 6 ka@W¢ (# 2777) just as, inas- speak. The phrase “to speak the same thing” had polit-
much as. Produces not a mere parallel but rather an ical overtones of warring factions coming to a reconcil-
explanation of what precedes (RP). to paptvpiov tod iation (s. Jos., Ant., 18:375; Polybius, 5:140, 1; NW,
Xprotod (# 3836; 3457; 3836; 5986) the witness of Christ. 2:237), but was also used on a grave inscription of the
The gen. could be either obj. (“the witness about harmonious life of a man and wife (Schrage). Subj. w.
Christ”) or subjective (“the witness which Christ iva. (# 2671) in indir. discourse after a vb. of command.
gives”) (Schrage). eBeBow6n aor. ind. pass. BeBardw Pres. calls for an habitual action. q|pres. subj. act. elyi
(#1011) to make firm, to make stable, to confirm, to (# 1639) to be. oxiowa (# 5388) split, division. The word
authenticate, to guarantee, to verify, to prove to be true pictures the destruction of unity through force and was
and certain (LN, 1:340; Schrage). It was used in the used of a tear in a garment or political factions engaged
papyri in the sense of a legally guaranteed security (BS, in a struggle for power (Weiss; Schrage; L.L. Welborn,
104-9; TLNT). The mystery of Christ was given legal “On the Discord in Corinth: 1 Corinthians 1-4 and
force through the apostle (TDNT). 7 botepeiobar Ancient Politics,” JBL 106 [1987]: 86-87; NDIEC, 1:28-
pres. mid. (dep.) inf. votepew (# 5728) to come short, to 29). Perhaps the divisions were also caused by differ-
lack. Inf. w. Wote (#6063) to express contemplated ences in social stratifications (BBC). fe pres. subj. act.
result (BD, 197-98). It was what was to be looked for in et (#1639) to be. Katnptiopévor perf. pass. part.
the Corinthians (RP). yapiopa (# 5922) gift, that which KataptiGw (#2936) to put in order, to restore to its
was given out of grace. Empowerments given to the former condition, to put into proper condition. The
church from God or from the risen Lord (E.E. Ellis, word is used by Herodotus (5:28) for composing civil
“Spiritual Gifts in the Pauline Community,” NTS 20 disorder (Barrett; BAGD; TDNT). Periphrastic perf.
[1974]: 128-44; TDNT; EDNT; DPL, 340-41). amexdexo- pass. part. (RWP). Perf. emphasizes the completed state
wévous pres. mid. (dep.) part. anexdexounr (#587) to or condition. vot dat. sing. vot¢ (# 3808) mind, the intel-
wait eagerly but patiently for something. The double lect in its judging faculty (Grosheide). ywwun (#1191)
prep. in compound implies a degree of earnestness and dat. sing. opinion, judgment. It indicates the expressed
intensity of expectation (Lightfoot; MH, 298, 310). Pres. opinion or condition (Grosheide). The former denotes
emphasizes the continuous action and the part. the general principles, the latter the special application
expresses an attendant circumstance (Grosheide). of those principles (Lightfoot, Notes). The terms call for
anokadvyic (# 637) unveiling, revelation (TLNT, 2:244- harmony in the direction of the will and intentions
50). It is here followed by the obj. gen. = 8 BeBorwoer (Schrage). @ 11 €5nAw6n aor. ind. pass. 5n\0w (# 1317)
fut. ind. act. BeBa.ow (# 1011) to make firm (s.v. 6). €0¢ to make clear, to make known. mepi (# 4309) w. gen.,
(# 2401) unto, until. téA0¢ (# 5465) end, goal. The phrase concerning. bn0 (#5679) by, w. gen. giving the agent.
moves easily from a temp. meaning to meaning “com- tv XAONS (# 3836; 5951) The name Chloe means “a
pletely” (Barrett). aveykAntosg (# 441) without accusa- young green sprout” (LS, 1994) or “blond” (Schrage).
tion, blameless (TDNT; MM; for the pref. expressing a This probably means “by slaves belonging to Chloe's
neg. idea s. Moorhouse, 42-68). 9 6' ov through household” (RP; Schrage). épiSeg nom. pl. epic (# 2257)
whom. The prep. is used of the principal cause and strife; here pl. “strifes,” “contentions.” The word points
expresses the indir. calling of God through the gospel to quarrels and is the hot dispute, the emotional flame,
and not by a voice from heaven (Grosheide). ExAnOnte that ignites whenever rivalry becomes intolerable
aor. ind. pass. kaAew (# 2813) to call. Aor. points to the (Morris; Welborn, JBL 106:87; TLNT). @ 12 8€ (# 1254)
beginning; the call was effective, not just an invitation and, now. €xaotog (#1667) each. A€ye1 pres. ind. act.
(Schrage). kowwvia. (#3126) fellowship, communion, A€yw (# 3306) to say, to speak. Iterative pres. indicating
participation. It expresses the blending of two wills repeated and continual action. The political parties of
into one common cause (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT; RAC, the ancient world were named after individuals w. the
9:1100-45; BBC). Inoot Xpiotod (# 2652; 5986) of Jesus gen. of the proper name (Welborn, JBL 106:90-91). For a
Christ. The name reoccurs in every phrase of this pref- discussion of the various parties which probably devel-
ace (Godet). 10 napaxaAd pres. ind. act. mapaxoarew oped because of an overemphasis on wisdom, height-
(# 4151) to entreat, to encourage. Used in the sense of a ened by cultural, social, and material differences, and
polite command (EDNT; Schrage; Conzelmann,; s. then fostered in house churches located in various
Rom. 12:1). For the change a request formula makes to parts of the city s. Schrage, 142-52; SPC, 153-72; Wel-
the body of the letter, s. John L. White, “Introductory born, JBL 106:90-111. For Peter s. DPL, 702-3; for Apol-
Formulae in the Body of the Pauline Letter,” JBL 90 los DPL, 37-39. @ 13 peyépiotor perf. ind. pass. wepitw
(1971): 91-97, esp. 93-95; Wilhelm Wuellner, “Haggadic (# 3532) to divide, to separate, to divide up and distrib-
Homily Genre in I Corinthians 1-3,” JBL 89 (1979): 199- ute, to split up into political parties (Barrett; Welborn,
204. 81a w. gen., through; the instrument of the appeal JBL 106:87). Perf. pictures the completed action or state.
1 Corinthians 1 348

It means, “he has already been divided up and distrib- C; DPL, 192-99). @ 18 yap (# 1142) for. It gives a causal
uted” (Lenski). This sentence could be a question explanation. 6 AOyos yap 0 tod otavpod (# 3664; 1142;
expecting the answer “no,” or it could be taken as a 3836; 5089) “for the word of the” cross. The repeated
statement of fact (Schrage; Fee; Conzelmann). pq article is almost demonstrative (RWP). The cross occu-
(# 3590) introduces a question expecting a neg. answer. pies a central place in proclaiming the gospel. It is both
éotavpwen aor. ind. pass. otavpow (# 5090) to crucify. the crowning point of a life of self-renunciation and
Eig TO Ovopa, (# 1659; 3950) “into the name.” This was also the ordained instrument of salvation (Lightfoot,
used as a t.t. w. the meaning, “to apply to the account Notes). GmoAAvpEVOIG pres. mid./pass. part. GmoAAYLL
of someone” (Schrage). Pantio®nte aor. ind. pass. (# 660) to ruin, to be lost. The prep. in compound is
Bartitw (#966) to baptize. 14 ebyapiotd pres. ind. perfective. Pres. indicates that the goal is ideally
act. evyapiotew (# 2373) to give thanks (s.v. 4). €Bantioa reached. A complete transformation of its subjects is
aor. ind. act. BantiCw (#966) to baptize. et ph (# 1623; required to bring them out of the ruin implicit in their
3590) except, only (BD, 221). 15 einy aor. subj. act. state (M, 114f) Part. as subst. Dat. of ref. pwpia (# 3702)
Aeyw (#3306) to say. Subj. w. iva (#2671) and un to blunted, dull, stupid, stupidity, foolishness, nonsense
express neg. purp. eov (# 1847) my, placed before the (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT). A crucified Messiah, Son of
noun for the sake of emphasis. eBantio@nte aor. ind. God, or God must have seemed a contradiction in
pass. BantiCw (#966) to baptize. 16 Kat (#2779) terms to anyone-Jew, Greek, Roman, or barbarian—and
also. Aounov (# 3370) acc. sing. otherwise, besides that. certainly was thought offensive and foolish (C, 10).
Acc. of general reference, “as for anything else” (RWP). Cicero said in his defense of C. Rabirius, whose trial
oda. perf. ind. act. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. was instituted by Julius Caesar, “The very word ‘cross’
meaning, here, to recall (Fee; s.v. 281-87). et (# 1623) if. should be far removed not only from the person of a
Used in an indir. question. eB&ntioa aor. ind. act. Roman citizen but from his thoughts, his eyes and his
BartiGw (#966) to baptize. 17 anéoteiev aor. ind. ears” (nomen ipsum crucis absit non modo a corpore civium
act. Amo00TEAAW (# 690) to send, to commission. to com- Romanorum sed etiam a cogitatione, oculis, auribus)
mission, someone to a special task and to empower (Pro Rabirio, 16; C, 42; also 41-45; BBC; NW 2, i:239).
him w. the authority of the one sending (TDNT; EDNT; owXouévoig pres. pass. part. owtw (#5392) to save, to
s.v. 1). Banti{ew pres. act. inf. Banti¢w (# 966) to baptize. rescue. Dat. of this part. includes an effective relation
Inf. either expresses purp. or explains the idea of send- and the idea of an effect produced (Godet; Conzel-
ing. ebayyeAifeoOat pres. mid. (dep.) inf. ebayyeA Gowan mann). Theol. pass. indicating that God is the agent.
(# 2294) to bring good news, to preach the gospel Pres. indicated the ongoing process. 19 yeypantat
(TDNT; TLNT; EDNT; RAC, 6:1107-60). copia. (# 5053) perf. ind. pass. ypapw (# 1211) to write. Perf. expresses
dat. sing. wisdom, practical wisdom, a way of life the authoritative character of the document, “it stands
(M.D. Goulder, “Zooia in Corinthians,” NTS 37 [1991]: written” (MM). &oA@ fut. ind. act. dnoAX v1 (# 660) to
516-34; TDNT; EDNT); here, perhaps cleverness in ruin, to destroy (GELTS, 53). obveoig (# 5304) under-
speaking (BAGD; Welborn, JBL:106:87-101; DPL, 820- standing, a bringing together, the faculty of putting
21). What is prohibited is the transformation of words two and two together (MNTW, 148f; TDNT). For the
into wisdom; the speech makes the wisdom attractive DSS s. 1 QS 3:15; 4:22; 1 QH 1:8. &@ethow fut. ind. act.
and effective (Schrage). Paul does not use worldly wis- adetew (# 119) to do away w. that which has been laid
dom (Grosheide). He does not attempt to manipulate down, to set aside, to disregard, to make void, to set at
through his cleverly devised words and a gaudy, gran- naught, to repudiate, to challenge an authority (AS;
diloquent style (s. Michael A. Bullmore, St. Paul’s The- GELTS, 9; TLNT). 20 nod (# 4544) where? The repe-
ology of Rhetorical Style: An Examination of 1 Corinthians tition of the word introduces three rhetorical questions
2:1-5 in the Light of First Century Graeco-Roman Rhetorical which expect a neg. answer (Schrage). ovgntntns
Culture [San Francisco: International Scholars Publica- (# 5186) one who questions, one who disputes and dis-
tions, 1995]). It may be, however, that Paul is rejecting cusses, debator. The three expressions—’wise,”
the role of the human persuader and stressing his role “scribe,”
”
(“expert in law”), “debator’”—describe human
as herald (Duane Liftin, St. Paul’s Theology of Proclama- wisdom (Schrage). ovyi (#4049) not; a strengthened
tion [SNTSMS 79] [Cambridge: Cambridge University, form of ov used in a question which expects the answer
1994]). kevw67] aor. subj. pass. kevow (# 3033) to make “yes.” suwpavev aor. ind. act. nwpatvw (#3701) to
empty, to make useless (TLNT). It indicates “to dwin- regard as foolish, to make foolish, to consider as non-
dle to nothing, vanish under the weight of rhetorical sense, to make dumb (TLNT; Schrage). The timeless
ornament and dialectic subtlety” (Lightfoot, Notes). aor. (VA, 237) indicates the completed action.
otavpos (# 5089) cross. The cross and crucifixion were @ 21 éne15n (#2076) since, since then, because. év TA
a source of disdain, shame, and horror because death copia tod Ge0d (# 1877; 3836; 5053; 3836; 2536) in the
ona cross was for the worst of criminals (CNT, 180-269; wisdom of God. The prep. €v indicates the sphere or
349 1 Corinthians 1

could give the circumstances under which something KAfjoig (#3104) calling. ob moddroi (# 4024; 4498) not
takes place (A.J.M. Wedderburn, “év tf copia tod Oeod— many. The term is not exclusive (“none at all!”), but is
1 Kor 1:21,” ZNW 64 [1973]: 132-34; DPL, 967-73). Gen. limiting. kata (# 2848) according, according to the stan-
of description: “divine wisdom,” “godly wisdom.” dard of. It speaks of wisdom gained according to the
€yvw aor. ind. act. yivwoxw (# 1182) to know. 816 tis flesh; that is, according to natural and human abilities
oodias (# 1328; 3836; 5053) through wisdom. evé0xnoev (Weiss). Suvatog (# 1543) powerful. evyevet¢ nom. pl.
aor. ind. act. evdoxéw (# 2305) to please, to have plea- evyevnc (#2302) noble, well-born (TLNT, 1:95-96;
sure in, w. a following inf. The word in Paul implies NDIEC, 2:58-60). The social structure of the church at
strong volition, as well as taking pleasure in (Fee). Corinth included those from all levels of society. There
wwpiacs (# 3702) gen. sing. foolishness (s.v. 18). KnpvYLa were those from the lower levels of society as well as
(# 3060) proclamation, preaching. o@oa1 aor. act. inf. some from the upper levels (Gerd Theissen, “Soziale
owlw (#5392) to save, to rescue. Inf. explains what is Schichtung in der korinthischen Gemeinde. Ein Beitrag
pleasing to God. motevovtag pres. act. part. mote zur Soziologie des hellenistischen Urchristentums,”
(# 4409) to believe. Subst. part. @ 22 emedq (#2076) ZNW 65 [1974]: 232-72; Dieter Sanger, “Die d5vvatot in 1
since, because. Causal conj., but only loosely subordi- Kor 1:26,” ZNW 76 [1985]: 285-91; David W.J. Gill, “Acts
nating (BD, 238; Schrage). OTILELOV (# 4956) sign (DPL, and the Urban Elites,” BAFCS, 2:105-18, esp. 110-13;
875-76). aitobdov pres. ind. act. aitéw (# 160) to ask. To Fee). @ 27 &€-déEato aor. ind. mid. (indir. mid., “for
ask for a sign implies a refusal to take God on trust oneself”) exAeyouat (#1721) to pick out, to select, to
(Barrett). For the Jews demanding a sign s. SB, 1:640, choose for oneself (GGBB, 421). kata1oybvq pres. subj.
726f; for signs in the DSS s. 1 QS 10:4; 1 QH 12:8; 15:20. act. Kata1oxvvw (# 2875) to put to shame, to humiliate,
Cntovovv pres. ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Both pres. to disgrace (BAGD; LN, 1:310). The prep. in compound
vbs. show the habitual action and describe what is is perfective (RWP). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express
always done. For the Greeks seeking after knowledge s. purp. 28 wyevij (# 822) not of noble birth, low, insig-
NW 2, i:238-39; DC XII, 39; XXXVII, 26. 23 npeic nificant. For the neg. force of the prefix s. Rom. 1:20.
(# 1609) but we; for emphasis and contrast. cnpvooopev etovOevnéva perf. pass. part. cEovbevew (# 2024) to
pres. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim as a herald, despise, to consider as nothing. For the force of the
to preach (TDNT; EDNT; NIDNT, 3:48-68). Pres. indi- prep. in compound and the development of this word
cates Paul's habitual practice. eotavpwpevov perf. pass. s. MH, 310. Perf. denotes not only quality, but also that
part. otavpow (#3062) to crucify (TDNT; C; EDNT). the things which were once despised will continue to
Perf. emphasizes the state or condition (s. 3:21). It refers be despised (Grosheide). Part. as subst. &€eAgEato aor.
primarily to the exalted Lord who, in His exaltation, ind. mid. exAeyouor (# 1721) to pick out (s.v. 27). 6vta
remains the Crucified One (E.E. Ellis, “’Christ Cruci- pres. act. part. eit (# 1639) to be; ph Ovta “the things
fied,” RH, 70). oxdvdarov acc. sing. (#4998) the stick which do not exist,” “which are nonexistent.” A more
which an animal stumbled over, causing the trap to contemptible expression in Greek thinking was not
shut; stumbling block, cause of stumbling, something possible. Being was everything (Weiss). Part. as subst.
that trips men up (Barrett; TDNT; NTW, 111-14). It indi- Acc. can be taken as another dir. obj. or as being in
cates the occasion for guilt and the cause of destruction apposition to the two previous objects. katapynon aor.
(Schrage). €6veow dat. pl. €0voc (# 1620) Gentile. Ethical subj. act. katapyew (# 2934) to put out of action, to make
dat., “in the opinion of.” pwpiav (# 3702) acc. sing. fool- inactive, to reduce to nothing (TDNT; EDNT). Prep. in
ishness, nonsense, that which displays a senseless act compound indicates an action unfavorable to its object
or thinking or speaking (NIDNTT; TLNT). The two (MH, 316). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp.
nouns are in apposition to the object. 24 avtoig dat. @ 29 Onw¢ (#3968) w. subj. used to express intended
pl. avtog (# 899) self. Ethical dat., “to them, ” or “to the results (BD, 196). Here it expresses neg. results. Kav-
called themselves” (Weiss). te... Kat both... and. xmontat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) kavyconor (#3016) to
@ 25 to pwpov tod BE0d (# 3836; 3704; 3836; 2536) “the boast, to glory. moa odpe all flesh, any flesh; w. the
foolish thing of God” is that work of God which the neg., no flesh; that is, “no one,” an OT expression (Bar-
world considers foolishness (Grosheide). codwtepov rett). 30 & avtod from him; that is, “you are born of
comp. of copog (#5055) wise; comp., “wiser,” followed him in Christ Jesus” (Lightfoot, Notes). ote pres. ind.
by the gen. of comp.; wiser than men w. all their act. cyt (# 1639) to be. eyevn6n aor. ind. pass. yivoyat
strength (Godet). ao@evng (#476) weak, without (# 1181) to become. Pass. can either denote “has been
strength. Loxupotepov comp. loxvpoc (#2708) strong; made” or “became” (Schrage; BD, 42). cota (#5053)
comp., “stronger.” The definite article refers to the sal- wisdom, s.v. 17. Christ is the true wisdom and union w.
vation work of the cross (Schrage). 26 BAénete pres. Him makes the believer truly wise (Hodge; for Christ
ind. act. BAEnw (# 1063) to see, to look at. yap (# 1142) for. as the wisdom of God s. PW; PRJ, 147-76). niv dat. pl.
It is explanatory: “you can see what I mean” (Barrett). eyw (# 1609) I; “for us.” Dat. of advantage. dixa10ocbvy
1 Corinthians 2 350

(# 1466) righteousness, the status of being in the right decide. It emphasizes a deliberate act of the will (Lietz-
before God (GW, 147; for the view that it means God's mann). Aor. states a fact which had come to its conclu-
loving, gracious, loyal action which believers share in sion when Paul arrived at Corinth. He had to go on
s. MRP, 155). ayraopog (# 40) holiness, sanctification preaching Christ (Grosheide). evdeva perf. act. inf. 0150,
(TDNT; EDNT). amodrdtpwoig (#667) redemption, (# 3857) to know. Def. perf w. pres. meaning; “to exhibit
release through the payment of a ransom price (TDNT; the knowledge of, recognize” (Lightfoot, Notes). Inf.
TLNT; EDNT; LDC). It was used for the release of pris- used in indir. discourse. tv bpiv in your midst. et ph
oners by the payment of a price (Jos., Ant., 12:27). Per- (# 1623; 3590) except. kai todtov and this one; specifies
haps here pointing to the last great day, the the point on which stress was laid, the effect being that
consummation of redemption (Morris; Schrage) or it of a climax (RP). €otavpwpevov perf. pass. part. ota vpow
may refer to the present passion (LDC, 185-88). The last (# 5090) to crucify (s. 1:23). Adj. part. without the article
three terms are an explanation of the word “wisdom” emphasizes the character. Perf. indicates the abiding
(Lightfoot, Notes). @ 31 iva. (# 2671) w. subj. used results. 3 Ka&yw (#2743) s.v. 1. Here it points again
here in an elliptical expression: “in order that it might to Paul's arrival at Corinth (Weiss). do8eveia (# 819)
come to pass, work out just as” (BD, 255). yeypantat dat. sing. weakness. tpowog (#5571) trembling. The
perf. ind. pass. s.v. 19. Kkavydpevog pres. mid. (dep.) words point to the anxiety or solicitude of mind arising
part. kavyaouc. (# 3016) to boast. The cond. part. used out of a sense of his insufficiency, and of the infinite
as the subject of the cl. is due to Semitic influence (Bar- importance of his work (Hodge). Dat. of manner
rett). Kavyao@w pres. mid. (dep.) imp. 3rd. pers. sing. explaining his manner of life among them. eéyevounv
Kavxyaouat. The force here is a command, not permis- aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowat (# 1181) to become. Used w.
sive (GGBB, 486). mpoc (# 4639) to come to someone, to be w. someone.
@ 4 ne180¢ (#4273) persuasive. For the formation of
1 Corinthians 2 this word s. RG, 157. Paul may be referring to the
@ 1 Kayo (# 2743) = kai yw “and I”; accordingly. It halakic and haggadic discussions current in Jewish
emphasizes the apostle's consistency w. the principles Corinth rather than sophistic rhetoric in Hellenistic
laid down in the preceding verses (RP). €XOWv aor. act. Corinth (Wilhem Wuellner, “Haggadic Homily Genre
part. (temp.) Epxyoua (# 2262) to come. “When I came,” in I Corinthians 1-3,” JBL 89 [1970]: 203). There may,
giving simultaneous action (GGBB, 614; 624-25). TABov however, be allusions to Greek rhetoric (Fee). am05e1&1¢
aor. ind. act. 1st. pers. sing. €pxyouar to come (# 2262). (# 618) demonstration, argumentation, proof (GELTS,
Kad’ = kata (# 2848) w. acc., according to. It can indi- 49). In Greek rhetoric the word indicates a compelling
cate the nature or characteristic of a thing or manner decision demanded by the presupposition or premises
(BAGD). bmepoyn (#5667) prominence, superiority, (Fascher; Fee; Quintilan 5, 10:7; for the word as used in
excellency. Aoyos (# 3364) word, speech. copia (# 5053) Josephus s. CCFJ, 1:179). The following genitives are
wisdom. The two nouns are close together in meaning; both obj. (spirit and power are manifested) and subjec-
eloquence is rational talk and wisdom is wordy clever- tive (the spirit 2and power bring proof and conviction)
ness (Barrett; for the role of the “persuader,” s. Liftin (Barrett). @57 pres. subj. act. et (# 1639) to be. Subj.
and Bullmore as noted in 1:17). For the emphasis on w. iva, (# 2671) expresses purp. ev (# 1877) in. The prep.
oratory in education and the importance of a skilled marks the medium or sphere in which faith has its root
speaker in the ancient world s. CC, 151ff; KP 4:1396- (RP). @ 6 5é (# 1254) but. Paul contrasted the wisdom
414; Aristotle, Art of Rhetoric; Quintilian (s. Liftin and which he speaks w. that of his opponents (Pearson).
Bullmore as noted in 1:17). katayyéAAwv pres. act. part. AGAODpEV pres. ind. act. AaAEw (# 4246) to speak. Pres.
KatayyedAw (#2859) to proclaim, to make a solemn indicates a present action as well as acommon practice.
proclamation (NIDNTT). Pres. emphasizes the contin- téheiog (#5455) having attained the end or purpose,
ual action and the part. is a part. of manner. In his proc- full-grown, mature, adult (BAGD). aidvoc gen. sing.
lamation Paul placed no reliance upon eloquence or aiwv (#172) age, the course and current of this world's
wisdom, but it does not mean he did not employ any affairs (Irench, Synonyms, 217; TDNT; EDNT; RAC,
kind of speech or wisdom. It is just that these were not 1:193-204; NIDNTT, 3:826-33). Gen. of source, indicat-
prominent in his evangelism (Barrett). pwotnptov Beod ing the origin, or the gen. may be descriptive, explain-
(# 3457; 2536) the mystery of God, the counsel of God, ing the kind of wisdom. d&pxovtwy pres. act. part. épxw
unknown to man except by revelation, especially con- (# 807) to rule. Part. as subst. The part. refers to the
cerning His saving work and ultimate purposes in his- human rulers of this world, the general men of author-
tory (ZPEB,4:327;,1DNI;EDNYT, DPL, 621-23; ABD, ity (A.W. Carr, “The Rulers of this Age-I Cor. ii. 6-8,”
4:941-42). Subjective gen. (Lightfoot, Notes). For the NTS 23 [October, 1976], 20-35; Gene Iller, “APXONTQN
variant reading poptupiov (“testimony”) s. TC, 545. TOY AIQNOXY TOYTOY - A New Look at I Corinthians
@ 2éxpiva aor. ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge, to 2:6-8,” JBL 91 [1972]: 522-28; BBC). katopyoupévwv pres.
ool 1 Corinthians 2

pass. part. adj. katapyew (# 2934) to make idle, to put pres. act. part. wyanoaw (# 26) to love. Dat. of personal
out of commission, to remove from power (s. 1:28). interest. 10 piv dat. pl. (#1609) eyw I; “to us.”
Pres. indicates a process in progress. Theol. pass. indi- Emphatic by its position in the sentence. &mexaAvpev
cating that God is the one acting. @ 7 GAAG (# 247) but. aor. ind. act. anokaArvntw (# 636) to unveil, to reveal
It introduces the positive side again, and at the same (TLNT, 2:244-50; TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT, 3:309-12).
time gives a strong neg. emphasis (Grosheide). 6e00 51a (# 1328) w. gen., through. nvedpa (#4460) spirit.
gen. sing. 6e0¢ (# 2536) God. Placed before the noun for Paul denies the views of Philo that the human spirit
strong emphasis. Descriptive gen., “divine wisdom,” can know the divine spirit and can make known the
or gen. of source, indicating the origin. The wisdom of things of God (PW, 122). €pavv@ pres. ind. act. epavvaw
God is the work of Christ in His crucifixion, as God's (# 2236) to search, to penetrate, to examine, to investi-
secret plan of redemption and the exalted Christ who gate. Gnomic pres. indicating that which is always true
presently mediates God's hidden wisdom to His peo- (IBG, 8). B&On acc. pl. Babosg (#958) depth. The deep
ple (E.E. Ellis, “‘Wisdom’ and ‘Knowledge’ in I Corin- things of God designates God's essence, then His
thians,” TB 25 [1974]: 95). €v wuotnpiw (# 1877; 3696) in attributes, volitions, and plans (Godet). 11 oldev
a mystery (s.v. 1). G&moxexpvppévnv perf. pass. part. perf. ind. act. ot5a. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
anoxpvntw (# 648) to veil, to hide. Adj. part. Perf. indi- meaning. ta tod avOpwrov (# 3836; 476) the things
cates the continuing state or condition. mpowptoev aor. belonging to man; the personal memories, reflections,
ind. act. mpoopitw (#4633) to mark off w. boundaries motives of any human being; all the thoughts of which
beforehand, to predetermine, to predestinate (s. Rom he is conscious (RP). ta& tod Ge0d (# 3836; 2536) the
8:28-29). mpd tdv aiwvwv (# 4574; 172) before the ages; things belonging to God. Used as parallel to the pre-
that is, “before time.” eig S0Eav Nav (# 1659; 1518; ceding. €yvwkev perf. ind. act. ywwokw (#1182) to
1609) for our glory. The phrase indicates our complete know. For a discussion of the two vbs. for “knowing”
salvation (RP). 8 €yvwxev perf. ind. act. yiwwoKw s. VA, 281-87. Perf. emphasizes the continuing knowl-
(# 1182) to know, to recognize, to discern. Perf. pictures edge. 1210 nvedpua tod Koopov (# 4460; 3180) the
the continuing results. €yywoav aor. ind. act. Ind. w. a spirit of the world. Qualitative gen., the spirit which
contrary to fact cond. cl. (BD, 182; GGBB, 683; VA, 304- animates the world (Lenski). A@Popev aor. ind. act.
5). 80Eng gen. sing. d0&a (# 1518) glory. Gen. is not only AauBavw (# 3284) to receive. eiSapev perf. subj. act. 0150
a gen. of quality, but indicates that only Christ rules (# 3857) to know. Perf w. pres. meaning. Subj. w. iva
over glory; this is a title for God Himself (Weiss). €ota0- (# 2671) for purp. yapiobevta aor. pass. part. yapifouar
pwoav aor. ind. act. otawvpow (#5090) to crucify (s. (# 5919) to give as a gift of grace, to give graciously as a
1:23): @ 9 GAAG (#247) but. The contrast may be favor (BAGD; TDNT; EDNT). Aor. indicates that Paul is
between the ignorance expressed in v. 8, and knowing, not speaking only of the future, but also of the present
as expressed in an elliptical construction introduced by life of Christians (Barrett). 13 AaAobpev pres. ind.
G@AAa and the vb. éyvwoav (v. 8), which is to be under- act. AaAEW (# 3281) to speak (s.v. 6). btSaKtO¢ (# 1435)
stood (Bo Frid, “The Enigmatic AAAA in I Corinthians taught. A substantivized verbal adj. w. a pass. meaning,
2.9,” NTS 31 [1985]: 603-11; Fee). ka8we (# 2777) just as, followed by the gen. designating the agent (MT, 234).
in accordance w. yeypanto. perf. ind. pass. ypaow “Not in words taught by human wisdom, but in words
(# 1211) to write. The source of Paul's quotation is not taught by the Spirit” (IBG, 40). avOpwnivog (# 474)
known. It may be from a Jewish liturgy, or be based on human. For an adj. w. this ending signifying material,
Isa. 64:4 (LXX 64:3) or Isa. 52:15, or be from an Apoca- origin, or kind s. MH, 359. mvevpatixos (# 4461) spiri-
lypse of Elijah, or an amalgamation of OT ideas (Pear- tual, pertaining to the Spirit. For an adj. w. this ending
son, 35; Fee; SB, 3:327-29; Klaus: Berger, “Zur s. MH, 378. The word can be n. (“spiritual things”) or
Diskussion tiber die Herkunft von I Kor. ii.9,” NTS 24 masc. (“spiritual persons”) (RP; Barrett). For a discus-
[1978]: 270-83). It is reported that one rabbi said that the sion s. Birger A. Pearson, The “Pneumatikos-Psychikos”
prophets prophesied only in respect of the Messianic Terminology in 1 Corinthians: A Study in the Theology of
era; but as for the world to come—“the eye hath not the Corinthian Opponents of Paul and Its Relation to Gnos-
seen, O God, besides thee, what he hath prepared for ficism, SBLDS 12 (Missoula: Scholars Press, 1973). ovy-
him that waiteth for him” (b.Sanh. 99b). evdev aor. ind. Kpivovtec pres. act. part. ovykptvw (#5173) to judge
act. opaw (# 3972) to see. ovg (# 4044) ear. TiKovoEv aor. together. The vb. has various meanings which are pos-
ind. act. &kovw (# 201) to hear. Kkapdia (# 2840) heart. sible in this passage: to bring together, to combine,
The whole man is viewed from his intentionality; it is compare, or explain, to interpret (BAGD; RP; Fee;
the source of the will, emotion, thoughts, and affections GELTS, 446; TDNT; Schrage; for the meaning “to com-
(PAT, 448; DPL, 768). aveBn aor. ind. act. avopatvw pare,” “to measure oneself against,” as used in Jose-
(# 326) to go up, to arise, here “to enter into.” Ntoipacev phus s. CCFJ, 4:76). 14 wuyuKdg (#6035) soulish,
aor. ind. act. etomcdcw (#2286) to prepare. awyan@oww pertaining to the soul or life, pertaining to behavior
1 Corinthians 3 352

which is typical of human nature, in contrast w. that satisfied with cookies (Epictetus 2, 16:25-27), then asks,
which is under the control of God's Spirit (LN, 1:509; “Are you not willing, at this late date, like children, to
TDNT). It describes the natural man who does not pos- be weaned (GnoyoraKktio8jvat) and partake of more
sess the Holy Spirit (TDNT; PAT, 334-46; for strong solid food (tpodig otepewtepac) and not cry for mam-
arguments rejecting the gnostic influence on Paul's use mies and nurses?” (Epictetus 2, 16:39). notice aor. ind.
of this term s. Pearson, 7-14). 5eyeto1 pres. ind. mid. act. motiCw (# 4540) to give to drink. Bp@po. (# 1109) acc.
(dep.) deyoua1 (# 1312) to receive. Pres. indicates the sing. food, solid food. For similar terminology appear-
habitual action. pwpia (# 3702) foolishness, nonsense (s. ing in Philo s. Pearson, 29f; Fee. obmw (# 4037) not yet.
1:18). &bvata1 pres. ind. pass. Svvopor (# 4024) to be e5vvaobe impf. ind. pass. (dep.) 5vvopar (# 1538) to be
able to, w. inf. Pres. indicating that which is always able to. yap (#1142) and indeed. The word has an
true. yv@va1 aor. act. inf. ywwwoxw (#1182) to know. intensifying effect (Barrett). tt viv (# 2284; 3814) even
Tvevwatiukds (#4462) adv. spiritually. Paul rejects now. 3 oapKiKdg (#4920) fleshly, pertaining to the
Philo's view that man has within him, breathed into flesh, controlled by the flesh. Words w. this ending
him by God, the capacity for knowing God and the denote an ethical or dynamic relation (RP). Flesh is the
higher truths of the universe. The wisdom of God outlook orientated toward the self, that which pursues
comes only through the Holy Spirit (Pearson, 39). its own ends in self-sufficient independence of God
dvaxKpivetat pres. ind. pass. dvakpivw (# 373) to exam- (NIDNTT; TDNT; PRJ, 17-35; PAT, 49-95). In Judaism it
ine, used of judicial hearings, to conduct an examina- refers to the evil inclination (SB, 3:330-32; TS, 471-82).
tion, to examine and judge, to call to account, to Pred. nom. onov (# 3963) where, insofar as. Causal use
discern (BAGD). Pres. indicates that which is always (BD, 238). Grog (#2419) envy, jealousy, resentment
true. @ 15 navta. acc. pl. mac (# 373) all, all things. The (LN, 1:760; DPL, 462-63). €pig (# 2251) strife (s. 1:11). It
spiritual man is able to consider and appraise all things is the outward result of envious feeling (RP). obxt
because he is not only inspired to understand what he (# 4049) A strengthened form of ov used to introduce a
sees; he is also furnished w. a moral standard by which question which expects the answer “yes.” Kat&
all things may be measured (Barrett). @ 16 €yvw aor. (# 2848) according to; here, w. merely human motives
ind. act. 3rd. pers. sing. (# 1182) to know. vote (# 3808) or feelings. Your walk in life conforms to a merely
mind, thought, plan. A comprehensive name for the human standard. The prep. denotes the measure or
thoughts existing in the conscience (Schlatter). 6¢ standard (Lightfoot, Notes). nepimateite pres. ind. act.
(# 4005) who, which; rel. pron. used to express purp. nmepimatew (# 4344) to walk, to conduct one's life. Pres.
and followed by the fut. (BG, 118). ovpBiBaoer fut. ind. points to an action which was taking place and indi-
act. ovpBiBaCw (# 5204) to put together so as to draw an cates a continual action. @ 4 6tav (# 4020) whenever.
inference from, to conclude; here, to instruct (Light- A€yN pres. subj. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. Subj. in an
foot). vobv Xpiotod (# 3808; 5986) the mind of Christ, indef. temp. cl. od« (#4024) used in questions expect-
i.e., the thoughts, counsels, plans, and knowledge of ing the answer “yes.” G&vOpwroc (#476) human being.
Christ known through the agency of the Holy Spirit Pred. nom. without the article expressing the character
(RP). €xopev pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have, to pos- or quality. 5 81dKovoc (#1356) servant, minister,
sess. Pres. indicates the continual possession. helper, messenger (LN, 1:460-61; TDNT; EDNT;
NIDNTT, 3:544-49; CCFJ, 1:456; MM; Schrage). The
1 Corinthians 3 word excludes personal authority and personal inter-
@ 1 Kayo = kai eyw (# 2743) and I; emphatic w. a est as well as emphasizing a relation to another
slight contrast to the preceding (Grosheide). ndvvnenv (Schrage). 5u' = 510 (# 1328) w. gen., through, indicating
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) dvvaja (# 1538) to be able, w. inf. an intermediate agent. emioteboate aor. ind. act.
AOAToa1 aor. act. inf. AaAEw (# 4246) to speak. nvevpa- miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Ingressive aor., “to become
tiKog (# 4461) spiritual, pertaining to the Spirit. Adj. as a believer,” “to come to belief.” &xdotw dat. sing.
subst. odipKivog (# 4921) fleshly, made of flesh, having EKa0t0¢ (# 1667) each (one), every (one) (# 1667) Dat. as
the characteristics of flesh, associated w. flesh (s.v. 3). indir. obj., “each as the Lord gave to him” (Grosheide).
Paul avoids accusing them of not having the Spirit ESwkev aor. ind. act. didwyi (#1443) to give.
altogether, but at the same time he bitingly forces them ® 6 EpvtEvOG. aor. ind. act. PutEvDW (#5885) to plant. It
to have to face up to their true condition (Fee). For indicates the founding of the church at Corinth
nouns w. this ending denoting the material relation s. (Schrage; S. Fujita, “The Metaphor of Plant in Jewish
RP; Schrage. vimiog (# 3758) infant, baby. Those unex- Literature of the Intertestamental Period,” JJS 7 [1976]:
perienced are often called “babes” (BBC). @ 2 yada 30-45). €motioev aor. ind. act. moti¢w (# 4540) to give to
(# 1128) acc. sing. milk. Epictetus, who accuses those drink, to water. nb&avev impf. ind. act. adf&ivw (# 889)
who do not put into practice what they have learned to cause to grow. Impf. indicates the continuous bless-
and who make moral decisions like children who are ing of God on the work of both Paul and Apollos
353 1 Corinthians 3

(RWP). 7 dote (#6063) therefore. Used w. ind. to wood. yoptos (# 5965) grass, hay. kaAGun (# 2811) stalk,
draw an inference from the previous sentence (RG, 999; straw, used as a building material for thatching roofs
IBG, 144). obte... obte (#4046) “neither... nor.” (BAGD; SB, 3:334-45). 13 yevnoetor fut. ind. mid.
gutevwv pres. act. part. butevw (# 5885) to plant (s.v. 6). (dep.) yivono (# 1181) to become, to be. Nepa (# 2465)
Part. as subst. notiGwv pres. act. part. notiCw (# 4540) to the day. The article refers to a day which is well-known
give to drink (s.v. 6). Part. as subst. ab&avwv pres. act. (Schlatter). 5nAwoet fut. ind. act. 'nAow (# 1317) to make
part. avgavw (# 889) to cause to grow. Part. as subst. visible, to make plain, to make clear. Ott because. ndp
and emphasized by its position in the sentence. @ 8 év (# 4786) fire. dnokoADTTETAL pres. ind. mid./pass. (Fee)
(# 1651) one; n., one thing. The aim, result, and moti- anokarvntw (#636) to unveil, to reveal. The word
vating power of their work are identical (Barrett). w10- “day” is the subject of the vb. Pres. used to express the
80¢ (#3635) reward, wage, salary. For the idea of fut. It is a confident assertion regarding the fut. (BD,
receiving rewards for work s. SB 4:484-500; TDNT; 168; RP; VA, 230-33). onotog (# 3961) what kind of, what
DPL, 819-20. Anpwetor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) AapBavw sort of. So0xyicoer fut. ind. act. Soxwocw (#1507) to
(#3284) to receive. @9ovvepy0c (#5301) fellow approve after testing, to examine, to put to the proof,
worker. The word w. gen. could mean “fellow workers used particularly of metals which are tried by fire
w. God,” or “fellow workers in God's service.” The (Weiss; TDNT; TLNT; NDIEC, 1:131; 2:14; CCF, 1:517;
context indicates that Paul is speaking of the equal rela- GELTS, 119). 14 €1 (#1623) if. Used in a 1st. class
tion of God's workers w. one another (Victor Paul Fur- cond. cl. where the cond. is assumed to be true. pevet
nish, “Fellow Workers, in God's Service,” JBL 80 fut. ind. act. uevw (# 3531) to remain. emoucodS0pnoev aor.
[1961]: 364-70; TDNT; GGBB, 130; DPL, 183-88). yewp- ind. act. enoikodouew (# 2224) to build upon. Anwwetar
yrov (# 1176) working field, cultivated land, field. For fut. ind. mid. (dep.) AopuBavw (#3284) to receive.
the agricultural picture s. ZPEB, 1:71-78; IDB, 1:56-59; @ 15 KataKxanoetat fut. ind. pass. katakoiw (# 2876) to
OCD, 29-30; ABD, 1:95-98. oixodopn7 (# 3869) building burn up completely. Prep. in compound is perfective
(BDG; TDNT). Perhaps Paul could be referring to the (MH, 316). CnprwOqoetor fut. ind. pass. Cnwiow (# 2423)
many buildings and temples in Corinth. For architec- pass., to suffer loss; here, he will lose his reward
ture and buildings s. TDNT; ZPEB, 1:287-97; RAC, (Hodge). abtog (# 899) he himself, emphatic. owOnoetar
1:1265-78; Acts 18:1. ® 10 d08€toav aor. pass. part. (adj.) fut. ind. pass. owtw (#5392) to rescue, to save. W¢
didwur (#1443) to give. apyitextwv (#802) architect, (# 6055) 51a mupoc (# 1328; 4786) as through fire. The
builder, master worker, skilled craftsman (Philo, On prep. is to be taken in a local sense; that is, “as one who
Dreams 2, 8). The master builder has the responsibility dashes through the flames safe, but w. the smell of fire
of the planning and construction of the building; there- upon him” (Barrett). @ 16 oiéate perf. ind. act. o1da
fore Paul is within his rights to require of preachers (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. The neg.
who come to labor on the builder's work site and add introducing the question expects a positive answer,
to his construction that they be strictly faithful to the “yes.” vaog (# 3724) temple, dwelling place of a deity,
canon that he has determined once for all (TLNT, 1:209- the inward shrine or sanctuary. The reference is to the
11). @EyéALOG (# 2529) foundation. E@nKa aor. ind. act. one temple of Jerusalem and there may be an allusion
tiOnut (#5502) to lay. emovkodopet pres. ind. act. to the dissensions which are corrupting God's temple
emoikodouew (#2224) to build upon (BDG). Pres. pic- (Lightfoot, Notes). ouxei pres. ind. act. oixkew (# 3861) to
tures the continual action and is to be contrasted w. the dwell. 17 $@eiper pres. ind. act. d0eipw (#5780) to
previous aor. BAenétw pres. imp. act. PrAenw (# 1063) to corrupt, to ruin, to spoil. Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. in
see, to beware. Pres. imp. calls for an habitual action. which the reality of the cond. is assumed. @epet fut.
@ 11 GAXos (# 2529) another, another of the same kind. ind. act. oitivég nom. pl. dotis (# 4015) who, whoever,
Sdvatat pres. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvapyor (# 1538) to be ones of such a nature (BG, 68). 18 &anatatw pres.
able to, w. inf. @eivat aor. act. inf. tIAnut (# 5502) to lay. imp. act. eLanataw (#1987) to deceive, to cheat. Prep.
napa (#4123) w. acc., beside, along, beyond. In com- in compound is perfective, ‘to successfully deceive”
parisons the sense is “than,” “more than,” “rather (MH, 311). For the pres. imp. in the neg. s. Rom. 6:12. €t
than” (DM, 108; IBG, 51; NIDNTT, 3:1201-02). keipevov (# 1623) if. It introduces a 1st. class cond. cl. in which
pres. mid. (dep.) part. Keipor (# 3023) to lie; of a foun- the cond. is assumed to be true. 5oKel pres. ind. act.
dation, to be laid (BAGD). Pres. implies “the one Soxéw (# 1506) to think, to suppose, to assume. eivar
already iin place” (Fee; Barrett). 12 ypvodc (# 5996) pres. act. inf. est (#1639) to be. Inf. as obj. of the vb.
gold. apyupog (# 738) silver. A180¢ (# 3345) stone. tipoc yeveoOw aor. imp. mid. (dep.) yivouor (#1181) to
(#5508) precious, expensive. Here it means valuable become. yevntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.). Subj. w. iva
stones for building such as granite and marble (# 2671) ina purp. cl. @ 19 napa (# 4143) w. dat., beside,
(Hodge). For the use of precious metals and stone in with, in the presence of (DM, 108; NIDNTT, 3:1201-3).
building s. RAC 6:451-457; SB, 3:333-34. EbA0g (# 3833) yeypanta perf. ind. pass. ypcdw (# 1211) to write. Perf.
1 Corinthians 4 354

indicates the lasting authority of the written document examination before the final verdict is given (Weiss; s.
(MM). d5pacoopevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. dpacow 2:14). 4 obvoida, perf. ind. act. cvvoida (# 5323). Def.
(# 1533) to catch, to seize. navovpyia. (# 4111) dat. sing. perf. w. a pres. meaning, to share knowledge; here, to
cunning, craftiness, trickery; literally, “readiness to do know about oneself, what is unknown to others (RP);
anything” (BAGD). 20 S1aA0yiopog (# 1369) thought, “my conscience is clear” (Fee). 5e5ukaiwpat perf. ind.
reasoning. patoog (#3469) empty, vain, useless. It pass. dixa.10w (# 1467) to justify, to declare to be in the
expresses the aimlessness, the leading to no object or right. The form could also be perf. mid.: “I have not jus-
end (Trench, Synonyms, 180-84). For God destroying tified myself.” dvaxpivwv pres. act. part. avaKpivw
the wisdom of the wise, as seen in the DSS s. 1 OS 5:19f. (# 373) question (s.v. 3). Part. as subst. @ 5 wote
21 Wote (# 6063) therefore. It draws a conclusion or (# 6063) therefore. It draws an inference from the pre-
inference from the preceding. Kavyao8w pres. imp. ceding, €w¢ av (#2401; 323) w. subj., until. €X@q aor.
mid. (dep.) kavydopa1 (#3016) to boast, to glory in subj. act. épxouor (# 2262) to come. Subj. in an indef.
something or someone. tavta nom. n. pl. mac (# 4246) temp. cl. @wttoet fut. ind. act. dwtttw (#5881) to illu-
all; here, all things. He puts no limit to their posses- mine, to bring to light. pavepwoet fut. ind. act. pavepow
sions in Christ (Morris). @ 22 éveot@ta perf. act. part. (# 5894) to make visible, to reveal. yevnoeton fut. ind.
eviotnt (# 1931) to be present. Part. as subst. péAAovta. mid. (dep.) yivowat (# 1181) to become, to be. Exaotw
pres. act. part. pédAw (# 3516) to be about to. Part. as dat. sing. €xaotoc (# 1667) each one. Dat. of advantage,
subst., “things that are coming.” mavta tydv (#4246; “for each one.” 6 tadta n. pl. ovtos (#4047) this;
5148) all things are yours, all things belong to you. these things, referring to the figures of gardeners,
Pred. gen. (RWP). builders, and stewards. For a discussion of this verse s.
M.D. Hooker, “’Beyond the Things Which Are Writ-
1 Corinthians 4 ten’: An Examination of 1 Cor. 4:6,” NTS 10 [1963]: 127-
@ 1 doyifeo8w pres. imp. mid. (dep.) AoyiGouar 32. peteoynatioe aor. ind. act. petaoynuaticw (# 3571)
(#3357) to reckon, to count, to consider. &v@pwroc to change the form of, to transform. Here the meaning
(# 476) man; used in the indef. sense, “one” or “a per- seems to be, “I have applied these figures of speech to
son” (Meyer; MM). bxnpéetns (#5677) minister, helper, myself and Apollos” (Hooker, NTS 10:131). Paul may
one who is in the service of another (TDNT; TLNT; Acts be using the rhetorical device of covert allusion to indi-
13:5). oixovoyos (# 3874) steward, manager of a house- cate the true character of the Christian workers (Ben-
hold; often a trusted slave was put in charge of the jamin Fiore, “Covert Allusion’ in 1 Corinthians 1-4,”
whole household. The word emphasizes that one is CBQ 47 [1985]: 85-102). wa@nte aor. subj. act. wavOaver
entrusted w. great responsibility and accountability (# 3443) to teach, to instruct. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to
(TDNT; NIDNTT, 2:253-55; TLNT). pvotnpiwv 80d express purp. Um€p w. acc., beyond. yeypantoan perf. ind.
(# 3696; 2536) of the mysteries of God (s. 2:1). Gen. pass. ypapw (# 1211) to write. It was used to refer to the
expresses that which the steward was entrusted w. and authoritative character of that which stands written
what he is to administer. 2 wde (# 6045) in that case, (MM). Paul may be referring to the Scripture passages
on that showing; used here to draw an inference, which he has quoted or to his own teaching (Hooker,
“therefore.” Aoinog (# 3370) rest, remaining, adv. acc. NTS 10:128ff). eig dtp tod évdc... Kata TOD EtEpov
Used here either to strengthen the inference or to intro- (# 1651; 5642; 3836; 2848; 2283) each on behalf of one
duce a fresh point (“now”); the use would be progres- and against another (Barrett). pvo.odoGe pres. ind. pass.
sive (Thrall, 26-28; Blomqvist, 100-103). €nteitar pres. or pres. subj. pass., by irregular contraction (RWP)
ind. pass. Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to look for. Gnomic pvoiow (#5881) to puff up, to inflate, to blow up.
pres. indicating that which is always true. (va (# 2671) @ 7 dvaxpiver pres. ind. act. diaxpivw (# 1359) to judge
that. It introduces an epex. cl. which is the object of the between two, to make a distinction, to make different
vb. (Fee). miotog (# 4412) faithful, dependable. evpebt (Weiss; MH, 302; Fee). This is probably best taken as a
aor. subj. pass. evpioxw (#2351) to find. @ 3 euot dat. rhetorical question (Barrett). EXaBeg aor. ind. act. Aou-
sing. €yw (# 1609) I. Ethical dat., “to me,” “in my opin- Bava (# 3284) to receive. Kai (#2779) It throws empha-
ion.” €AyLotov superl. piKpos (#1650) small. Elative, sis on the vb. and w. the cond. particle represents the
very small, very little; “it amounts to very little,” “it insistence on what is fact (RP). KavyGoo1 pres. ind.
counts for a very small matter” (RP; BAGD). (For the mid. 2nd. sing. (dep.) kavyaonar (#3016) to boast.
use of the prep. etc after the vb. eit s. RG, 595f; KVS, AaPwv aor. act. part. (cond.) AcuBavw (#3284).
65.) iva. (# 2671) that. It introduces an epex. cl. which 8 Kexopeopévot perf. pass. part. Kopewvuyt (# 3016) to
explains what is very small in his opinion. ¥g'= v7m0 satisfy w. food, to fill; pass., to be satisfied w. food, to
(#5679) w. gen., by used w. a pass. vb. to show the have enough of. Used ironically: “you think you
agent. dvaxKpi0@ aor. subj. pass. avaxptvw (#373) to already have all the spiritual food you need” (BAGD).
question, to examine, to interrogate; used of a judicial Part. in a periphrastic construction or as pred. adj. Perf.
355 1 Corinthians 4

emphasizes the completed state or condition. émdouth- yepoiv dat. pl. yetp (# 5931) hand. Instr. dat. Aowopov-
oate aor. ind. act. tAovTEW (i#4456) to be rich. Ingressive evo pres. pass. part. Aovdopew (#3366) to abuse w.
“to become rich.” ywpicg (# 6006) w. gen., without. words. It was a common practice of speakers and poli-
NE: aor. ind. act. Baotrevw (# 996) to rule, to ticians to insult and abuse their opponents (TDNT;
reign as a king. dgedov particle derived from odetdw TLNT). Temp. or concessive part. (Kistemaker). evAo-
(# 4054) to owe; expressing an impossible wish (BD, yoopev pres. ind. act. evroyew (# 2328) to bless. 5uwK0-
181; MKG, 252; RG, 1003f). cvpBaovredowpev aor. subj. jevol pres. pass. part. dwKw (# 1503) to pursue, to hunt,
act. ovppoorrevw (# 996) to rule together, to be a co- to persecute. Temp. or concessive part. &vexoue80, pres.
ruler. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. #9 d0K@ ind. mid. (dep.) avexouar (# 462) to endure, to forbear.
pres. ind. act. doxew (# 1506) to think, to suppose, to 13 S5vopnpovpevor pres. mid./pass. part. dvopnyew
assume. Eoyatoc (#2274) last. &médevtev aor. ind. act. (#1555) to defame, to slander. Temp. or concessive
anodetkvunt (#617) to show, to expose to view, to part. napaxaAodpev pres. ind. act. napakarew (# 4151)
exhibit. A technical word of bringing a person into the to encourage, to comfort. Humiliation suffered nor-
arena. The apostles were brought out to make the mally leads to anger, which is defined as a desire for
grand finale (Lightfoot, Notes). émvWavatiog (#2119) revenge accompanied by pain and the recovering of
condemned to die, used of criminals sentenced to one's own honor, but Paul instead blesses, endures,
death in the arena (PAM, 189). 8€atpov (# 2519) theater, and conciliates (EC, 214). nepika®appa (#4326) that
play, spectacle (Lightfoot, Notes). Gladiatorial games which is cleansed all around, that which is
were held in Corinth as well as Rome (Schrage; RAC, removed-dirt and filth-as a result of a thorough
11:23-45; LLAR, 288-302). eyevn@nuev aor. ind. pass. cleansing; a base insult when applied to humans
yivoua1 (# 1181) to become, to be made. Paul uses the (TLNT; Jos., JW, 4:241; NW, 2, ii, 272). The word was
picture to illustrate the humility and indignity to also used of condemned criminals of the lowest class
which the apostles are subjected. God is the one who who were sacrificed as offerings for the cleansing of a
set up this spectacle and uses the weakness of His ser- city in the sense of a ransom (TDNT; Lightfoot, Notes;
vants in order to demonstrate His power and strength EGT; TLNT; GELTS, 374). e€yevn@nuev aor. ind. pass.
(PAM, 189). 10 npei¢g nom. pl. éyw I (#1609) we! (dep.) yivono1 (#1181) s.v. 9. mepiynua (#4370) that
Emphatic and contrasted w. bpeic. wwpoc (# 3704) dull, which is removed by the process of cleaning dirt off,
stupid, foolish, ridiculous (s. 1:18; TLNT). Pred. nom. scouring, scum. The previous word indicates a rinsing,
without the article stressing the character or quality. this word a scraping of a dirty vessel (TLNT). It was
51a (# 1328) w. acc., because, on account of. ppOvyLos used in the papyri in a letter conveying the greeting;
(#5861) sensible, smart. pred. nom. Evdogog (# 1902) “your humble and devoted servant” (MM). It was used
honored, distinguished, eminent. Pred. nom. GTYLOG in the baths as an ironical form of greeting, “your off-
(# 872) without honor. Paul assumes the position of scouring,” meaning “your humble servant” (LLAR,
one who has been humiliated and dishonored, but his 30). 14 Evtpenwv pres. act. part. évtpenw (# 1956) to
opponents consider themselves as superior in all shame, to make ashamed. Pres. part. expresses purp.
respects and intend that their conduct should dishonor (MT, 157). Pres. may also be viewed as conative, “I am
or shame others (EC, 210-11). @ 11 Kat... Kat (# 2779) not trying to shame you” (Barrett). vov8et@v pres. act.
“both ... and.” Paul now describes himself as a socially part. vov8etew (# 3805) to admonish, to correct through
and economically disadvantaged person (EC, 211-13). admonition (TDNT; EDNT). Parents are responsible to
mew@pev pres. ind. act. newvaw (#4277) to be hungry. reprimand, admonish, and correct their children
Suyapev pres. ind. act. diydw (# 1498) to be thirsty. yop- (TLNT, 2:550). Part. expresses purp. Pres. expresses a
VitevopeV pres. ind. act. youvitevw (# 1217) to be naked, continuing action. 15 av (# 1569) if, w. subj. intro-
to be scantily clothed, to be poorly clothed (Schrage). duces a 3rd. class cond. cl. in which the assumption is
KoAapiCoueba. pres. ind. pass. koraitw (# 3139) to hit w. left undetermined, but there is some expectation of
the fist, to beat, not simply strike w. the fist, in an insult- realization (Funk, 2:683). wopiovg masc. acc. pl. wvpr0r
ing manner (like slaves or a condemned man) (Barrett). (#3692) ten thousand; in masc. pl., innumerable
Gotatodpev pres. ind. act. dotatew (# 841) to be home- (BAGD; Kistemaker). na1daywyoc (# 4080) child trainer,
less, to be without a roof over one's head. 12 xom- guardian, a trusted slave who was in charge of getting
Gpev pres. ind. act. konidaw (# 3159) to toil, to labor, to the children to the teacher (Fee; Schrage; s. Gal. 3:24).
do hard work, to work till one is weary or exhausted Ente pres. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Subj. w. &av
(TLNT; TDNT). epyafopuevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. epya- (#1569) in cond. cl. matépag acc. pl. matnp (#4252)
Couat (# 2237) to work. Greeks despised manual labor father. In contrast to the guardians, the father has the
(NW, 2, i, 270; RAC, 1:585-90; TRE 3:622-24; EC, 212). authority and bears the responsibility for the children
Paul glories in it, and even the rabbis often worked to (Fee). Eyevvnoa aor. ind. act. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear, to
support themselves (RP; SB, 3:338). Part. of manner. produce. Paul describes himself as their father. The
1 Corinthians 5 356

instructor acts as representative of the father, but can 140). yuvaixa fem. acc. sing. yovn (# 1222) wife. tia tod
never take his place (Schlatter). 16 napaKaA@ pres. matpdc his father’s; the woman was perhaps the step-
ind. act. napaKkarew (# 4151) to urge, to exhort. punts mother of the offender, whose father had perhaps died
(# 3629) imitator, one who copies or mimics another, w. (Barrett). The separation of the gen. from its noun
obj. gen. pov. Pred. nom. Children were to be like their emphasizes both parts of speech (BD, 249). Exew pres.
father (DPL, 428-31). yiveo®e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) act. inf. €yw (# 2400) to have. Pres. emphasizes the con-
yivowar (# 1181) to become, to be. Pres. imp. calls for an tinual possession. Inf. w. wote (#6063) expressing
habitual action. 17 €neywo aor. ind. act. néunw result. They were living as man and wife without being
(# 4287) to send. Not the epistolary aor., because Timo- married (Schrage). Both the OT (Lev. 18:7; 20:11) and
thy had not yet reached Corinth and was not the one the rabbis (M Sanhedrin 7:4; SB, 3:342-58; Schrage; Fee;
who delivered this letter (s. 16:10) (Lietzmann). ava- NW, 2, i:274), as well as Roman law prohibited such
wvnjoet fut. ind. act. avayyuvjokw (#389) to bring to unions (Lietzmann; RAC, 4:685f; Buckland, 115f; NW,
memory, to remind. Fut. is used in a rel. cl. expressing 2, i:274-76; Fee). 2 nepvowpevor perf. pass. part.
purp. (RG, 960). 050¢ (#3847) way. Here it probably gvo1ow (# 5881) to blow up, to puff up, to inflate; a term
refers to Paul's teachings (Weiss), or to his general man- used to express pride, arrogance, and haughtiness (LN,
ner of life. navtayod (# 4116) everywhere. @ 18 Epxo- 1:765). Part. in either pred. adj. or used in a periphrastic
yeévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. Epyouat (#2262) to come. construction (VA, 484). Perf. emphasizes the state or
Gen. abs. expressing a neg. condition “as if I were not condition. obyi (#4049) strengthened form of od in a
coming.” It introduces a neg. thought of some Corin- question expecting the answer “yes.” wGAAov (# 3437)
thians (Kistemaker). gvowwOnoay aor. ind. pass. pvo10ow rather. émevOnoate aor. ind. act. mevOew (#4291) to
(# 5881) to puff up (s.v. 6). Ingressive aor., “some have mourn, to express deep sorrow as one mourning for
become arrogant” (Kistemaker). tiveg nom. pl. (# 5516) the dead. iva (#2671) that. Used to express desired
ti¢ a certain one. “Certain ones.” @ 19 éAevoopat fut. result (RWP) or a consequence resulting from some
ind. mid. (dep.) épyouat (#2262) to come. taxéws quality—“such that” (BD, 192)-or it may be imperatival
(# 5441) adv. quickly, soon. @eAHoT aor. subj. act. berw (Barrett; Kistemaker). &p6f aor. subj. pass. aipw (#149)
(# 2527) to wish, to desire. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. in to lift up, to take away, to remove. mpagas aor. act. part.
which the cond. is viewed as a possibility. yywooon fut. (adj.) tpacow (# 4556) to do, to practice. For the variant
ind. mid. (dep.) yiwwoKw (# 1182) to know, to recognize. reading moinoas (aor. act. part. movew [# 4472] to do) s.
TEPvowwWpevWV perf. pass. part. pvorow (#5881) to puff TC, 550. @ 3 eyw pev (# 1609; 1142) emphatic, and I for
up (s.v. 6). Perf. emphasizes the completed state or con- my part (Fee). &mav pres. act. part. det (# 582) to be
dition (s. Rom. 3:21). 20H Baoeia tod Geod (# 993; absent. Pres. shows simultaneous action. Concessive.
3836; 2536) the kingdom of God; that is, God's rule. The part., “although I am absent.” t@ owpatt dat. sing.
vb. to be supplied is either “is” or “does not operate” oma (#5393) body. Dat. of reference. The word
(Barrett; DPL, 524-26). @ 21 év (# 1877) with; instr. use “body” refers to Paul’s physical presence or absence
of the prep. similar to the Hebraic use (BD, 117f; Lietz- (PAT, 268; for a study showing the emphasis on the
mann; Hering). papdoc (# 4811) rod, staff, stick. The fig- material aspect of the word s. SBT). mapov pres. act.
ure indicates severity and is intended as a warning part. (circum.) mapeyt (# 4205) to be present. tO nvev-
(Lenski). €A@w aor. subj. act. Epyouat (#2262) s.v. 19. pati dat. sing. nvedwa (# 4460) spirit. Dat. of reference.
Deliberative subj., “should I come?” npattng (# 4559) Kexpika, perf. ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge, to pass
meekness, gentleness, restrained patience (s. Matt. 5:5). judgment. Perf. emphasizes the continuing results of
the decision reached. mapwv pres. act. part. ma&pewr
1 Corinthians 5 (# 4205). Concessive part. tov ottwe (# 3836; 4048) the
#1 0dws (#3914) actually (Barrett), universally, one who has so acted; under circumstances such as
everywhere (Hering; Kistemaker). &kovetat pres. ind. these (Lightfoot, Notes). Katepyaodyevov aor. mid.
pass. akovw (# 201) to hear. Here, “is reported”; that is, (dep.) part. katepyafouar (# 2981) to do, to accomplish,
commonly known to exist (Lightfoot, Notes). mopveta to bring an action to fruition. Adj. part. as subst. @ 4 €v
(# 4518) fornication. It refers to general sexual acts out- T@ Ovopati (# 1877; 3950) dat. sing. dvoure name. “In the
side of legal marriage (TDNT; DPL, 871-75; SB, 3:342- name” could be taken w. the part. (“gathered together
43). kat (# 2779) even. toravtn (#5525) nom. fem. sing. in the name”), w. the vb. (“I have passed judgment in
of such a kind, such as this. In this case it refers to the name” [v.3]), w. the part. (“the one who did this in
incest. fittg (# 4015) nom. sing. which, in the consecu- the name” [v.3]), or w. the inf. (“to deliver in the
tive sense “such as” (BG, 68f). €0vog (# 1620) Gentile; name”) (Fee; RWP). ovvay8evtwv aor. pass. part. ovv-
one who was not a Jew. wote (# 6063) normally used w. ayw (#5251) to gather together; pass., to be assembled.
acc. of the inf. to express results—so that’—or here it Gen. abs. temp. part. The aor. part. can express anteced-
may be epex., explaining the kind of fornication (IBG, ent or contemporaneous time (GGBB, 614, 624-25).
oon 1 Corinthians 5

@ 5 napadotvar aor. act. inf. napadidwpr (# 4140) to (# 2798) gen. sing. malice. This is the vicious disposi-
deliver over, to turn over, used ina judicial sense. This tion and the next word, novnptas (# 4504) (gen. sing.
appears to be a curse w. special reference to satanic s.v. 1), is the active exercise of it (Lightfoot, Notes).
affliction of the body (SBT, 143; LAE, 303f; TLNT, 3:19- Descriptive or qualitative gen. aCvpog (#109) unleav-
21; James T. South, “A Critique of the ‘Curse/Death’ ened loaf. The pl. may be a reference to the unleavened
Interpretation of 1 Corinthians 5.1-8,” NTS 39 [1993]: cakes eaten at the Passover, or else indefinite: “unleav-
540-44). Inf. as obj. of the vb., “I have judged, made a ened elements” (RP). evAuxpivetag (# 1636) gen. sing.
decision” (v. 3), or inf. in an indir. command (VANT, sincerity, purity of motive, integrity, perfect purity
382; Kistemaker). tovodtov (#5525) acc. sing., such a describing the mind, the heart, one’s conduct (TLNT;
one. dAe8poc (# 3897) destruction; the prep. eig (# 1659) CCFY, 2:26). Perhaps the literal meaning is “checked by
gives the goal of the delivering over, “for destruction.” sunlight,” referring to vases of pottery which were
The word refers to destruction and death, often in con- checked against the sunlight to see if any cracks had
nection w. God’s judgment against sin (TDNT; SB, been filled by wax (TDNT; NTW, 32f). “The good set of
3:358; J.T. South, “A Critique ...,” NTS 39 [1993]: 543-44; mind does not talk from both sides of its mouth ... but
CCF], 3:190-91). Some see this as a physical punish- has one disposition, uncontaminated (evAikpivh) and
ment, others see it as exclusion from the Christian com- pure” (“T. Benj.,” Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs,
munity (Fee; Schrage; RWP; J.T. South, “A Critique ...,” 6:5). Descriptive gen. or gen. of quality. ® 9 €ypawa. aor.
NTS 39 [1993]: 539-61). ow@% aor. subj. pass. owlw ind. act. ypapw (# 1211) to write. Not an epistolary aor.,
(#5392) to rescue, to save. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to but it refers to another letter (RP). év ti eExotoAt
express purp. @ 6 kavynua (# 3017) boasting, uttered (# 2186) in the letter. The article points to a well-known
boasting (RP). oiate perf. ind. act. oiSa (# 3857) def. letter written by Paul (GGBB, 217). cvvavaptyvvo8at
perf. w. a pres. meaning to know. Ind. used w. ob« pres. mid. (dep.) inf. ovvavaytyvupt (#5264) to mix
(# 4024) in a question expecting the answer “yes.” Coun together, to mix up w., to associate w. Inf. used to
(# 2434) leaven, yeast (s. Matt. 13:33; TDNT; NW, 2, express purp. or used in indir. discourse. Pres. points to
i:277) Philo writes, “Leaven is forbidden because of the a regular association (Grosheide). mopvotg dat. pl. nop-
rising which it produces” and this is a symbol of being voc (# 4521) one who engages in illicit sexual activities,
puffed up and arrogant (Philo, “On the Special Laws,” a sexually immoral pers. Corinth was well-known in
1:293). ¢vpopa (# 5878) acc. sing. that which is mixed or the ancient world for this type of activity (ABD, 1:1138-
kneaded, a lump or batch of dough (BAGD). Gupot pres. 39). Dat. of association. 10 mavtwe (#4122) adv., at
ind. act. Conow (# 2435) to leaven. Gnomic pres. indicat- all, in general. The meaning here is “not in the abs.
ing a proverbial truth. For the use of the proverbial say- sense” (Barrett; s. BD, 224). mheovextarc dat. pl. mAEoveK-
ing s. Barrett; NW, 2, i:277. @ 7 éxxaSapate aor. imp. ts (# 4431) a covetous pers., one who seeks to fulfill his
act. exkadaipw (#1705) to clean out, to purge thor- unsatisfiable desires at all cost and at the expense of
oughly. For the Jewish regulation regarding the others (s. Rom. 1:29). Dat. of association. &pmagtv dat.
removal of all leaven from the house before celebrating pl. apnag (# 774) robber, extortioner, joined to the previ-
the Passover s. SB, 3:359-60. The prep. in compound is ous word w. one article indicating that both words
perfective (MH, 309f). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act form a single class of those who are absolutely selfish,
w. a note of urgency (RWP). naAatdoc (# 4094) old; that covetous, and who sometimes get more than their just
is, the leaven used in the period before Passover (Bar- share of things (RP). Dat. of association. etswAoAatpaig
rett). Tt€ pres. subj. act. cut (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. iva dat. pl. eidwA0AGatENS (# 1629) idol worshiper, idolater.
(# 2671) to express purp. véov new, fresh. éote pres. ind. Dat. of association. This catalogue of vices extends the
act. etut (# 1639) to be. afvpog (# 109) unleavened. The apostle’s prior prohibition of mopvoi to include other
purpose is that they might be a people without the vicious types (Peter S. Zaas, “Catalogues and Context:
leaven of such sin in their midst (Fee; Barrett). Pred. 1 Corinthians 5 and 6,” NTS 34 [1988]: 622-26; esp. 626).
nom. without the art. emphasizes the quality or charac- émet (# 2075) since, used to introduce the conclusion of
ter. Kai yap for also. The “also” introduces the obj. rela- a suppressed cond. cl. which is contrary to fact (RG,
tion of things corresponding to the exhortation 965; BD, 181). whetAete impf. ind. act. opeiAw (# 4083) to
(Meyer). macya (#4247) Passover, Passover Lamb be under obligation (should, must, ought) to pay a
(ZPEB, 4:605-11; ABD, 6:755-64; M Pesahim). étven aor. debt, w. inf. dpa. (# 726) in that case (RWP). &€eAGeiv aor.
ind. pass. 60w (# 2604) to kill, to stay, to kill a sacrifice, act. inf. e€epyouor (#2002) to go out from, to depart.
to slaughter. Xpiotog (# 5986) Christ, Messiah. Nom. @ 11 Eypaa. aor. ind. act. ypcpw (# 1211) to write. Epis-
sing. in apposition w. the subject. @ 8 wote (#6063) tolary aor. referring to the present letter. ovopwaCopevocg
therefore; it draws a conclusion from the preceding. pres. pass. part. ovowatw (#3951) to name, to bear the
EoptaCwyev pres. subj. act. coptatw (# 2037) to celebrate name of. His behavior shows that in truth he is not a
a feast. Hortatory subj., “let us celebrate.” KaKiag Christian (Barrett). Concessive part., “although he is
1 Corinthians 6 358

called” (Kistemaker). | pres. subj. act. ewi (# 1639) to The Forensic Background to 1 Corinthians 6.1-8,” NTS
be. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl. w. &&v (# 351) in which 37 [1991]: 559-72; esp. 562-64). The problem may have
the cond. is assumed as a possibility. Aotopog (# 3368) been that the upper-class believers were taking those
an abusive person, insulter, one who attacks another w. of a lower class to court, where the ones w. a lower sta-
abusive language (TDNT; TLNT). pé@vo0c¢ (#3500) tus were at a disadvantage (Alan C. Mitchell, “Rich
drunkard. The nom. forms are pred. nom. without the and Poor in the Courts of Corinth: Litigiousness and
art., emphasizing the character. torovtw dat. sing. Status in 1 Corinthians 6.1-11,” NTS 39 [1993], 562-86).
towvtog (#5525) such a one. Dat. of association. For the corruptness of the courts at that time s. Winter,
ovveo@iew pres. act. inf. ovvecdiw (#5303) to eat “Civil Litigation,” NTS 37 (1991): 562-66; Mitchell,
together. The prohibition evidently includes the “Rich and Poor,” NTS 39 (1993): 580-81. 200K
church’s common meal as well as private entertain- (# 4042) neg. introducing a question expecting a posi-
ment (Barrett). Inf. as obj. of the vb., giving an indir. tive answer: “you know, don’t you?” ol6ate perf. ind.
command. 12ti yap yo. (#5515; 1142; 1609) “for act. 0180. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning.
what is it to me?” “for what business of mine is it?” Kptvodotv fut. ind. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge (s. Dan.
tov EEw (# 3836; 2032) those who are outside. An 7:22; SB, 3:363). Kpivetat pres. ind. pass. kptvw (# 3212)
expression used by the rabbis to indicate those who to judge. Futuristic pres. used in a Ist. class cond. cl.
belong to another religion (SB, 3:362). kpivetv pres. act. which assumes the reality of the cond. avaé.os (# 396)
inf. kptvw (# 3212) to judge. Epex. inf. explaining what unworthy, not equal to the task, w. gen. (For the neg.
is not the apostle’s business. ovyi (#4049) neg. intro- prefix s. Rom. 1:20). Pred. adj. without the article
ducing a question expecting a positive answer. tovG emphasizing the quality or character. xpitnptov
éow (# 3836; 2276) those within, referring to believers. (#3215) law court, tribunal, lawsuit, cause, law pro-
13 xpwei fut. ind. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge. &&apate ceeding (Weiss), legal cause (Winter, “Civil Litigation,”
aor. imp. act. efaipw (# 1976) to exclude, to remove, to NTS 37 [1991]: 560). For the suf. and its meaning s. MH,
drive away. Prep. in compound makes the vb. effective, 343. Gen. w. the adj. a@va&iog which express value (BD,
“to put out completely.” tov novnpov (# 3836; 4505) the 98). EAXaxiotwv gen. pl. superl. wixpoc (# 1788) small,
evil one; or the article is used in a generic sense refer- insignificant; superl., smallest. 1 Cor. 6 discusses the
ring to the wicked in general (BD, 138). & byav adtav nature of civil litigation in Corinth with brother taking
“from yourselves.” Perhaps here not reflex (MT, 194; brother to court for the smallest causes (Winter, “Civil
BD, 150). For the quotation from Deut. in the various Litigation,” NTS 37 [1991]: 560). @ 3 ov« (# 4024) neg.
contexts and a possible word play between nopvog and introducing a question expecting a positive answer.
movnpos, s. Peter S. Zaas, “Cast Out the Evil Man From Kpivodpev fut. ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge. wntye
Your Midst,’” JBL 103 [1984]: 259-61. (#3615) not to speak of (BD, 220). Buwtixdg (# 1053)
that which pertains to daily living. It means questions
1 Corinthians 6 related to our life on earth or to the resources of life
@ 1 toAUG pres. ind. act. toAuaw (# 5528) to dare. such as food, clothing, property, etc. (RP). @ 4 pév obv
Pres. indicates that the action was in process. mpayyLo gives a contrast: “no, but” or “no, rather” (RP). éynte
(# 4547) acc. sing. matter, lawsuit. Some feel that the pres. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Subj. in a 3rd. class
lawsuit of 1 Cor. 6 had to do w. the offender of 1 Cor. 5 cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond. e€ovGe-
(Will Deming, “The Unity of 1 Corinthians 5-6,” JBL vnevous perf. pass. part. eovbevew (# 2024) to consider
115 [1996]: 289-312; DPL, 544-46). Exwv pres. act. part. as nothing, to despise, to reject w. contempt. It proba-
€xw (# 2400) to have. Pres. shows contemporary action. bly refers to those in the church who are little esteemed
Temp. part., “when he has a lawsuit.” kpiveo@a. pres. (Grosheide) rather than to those outside of the church.
mid./pass. inf. kptvw (# 3212) to judge; the permissive Paul seems to be using irony to indicate the actual high
mid. or pass., “allow yourselves to be judged” (BD, status of the Corinthian Christians (Winter, “Civil Liti-
165, 166). Pres. indicates that the trial was being held gation,” NTS 37 [1991]: 570). xa@tfete pres. ind. or imp.
and no decision had yet been reached. Epex. inf. as obj. act. Kaditw (#2767) to cause to sit, to appoint.
of the vb. ent (# 2093) w. gen. before, in the presence of @ 5 Evtponn (#1959) shame, a state of embarrassment
(RWP). ddikog (# 96) unrighteous. Adj. as subst., “the resulting from what one has done or failed to do (LN,
unrighteous ones.” These were either pagan judges or 1:310; GELTS, 155). obtw¢ (# 4048) so. “Has it come to
Jewish judges who tried cases in the synagogue (Albert this that,” “is it to such a degree true that?” (Lightfoot,
Stein, “Wo trugen die korinthischen Christen ihre Notes). €vt (#1928) pres. ind. act. 3rd. sing. ~vi short-
Rechtshandel aus?” ZNW 59 [1968]: 86-90; SB, 3:364); ened form of €veotiv to be, to exist, to be found (BD, 49).
or it refers to the character of judges or the juries who ovdeic (#4029) no one, not even one. oopdg (# 5055)
pronounce verdicts in civil cases (Bruce W. Winter, wise. Paul may be using irony to refer to the ones who
“Civil Litigation in Secular Corinth and the Church: claim wisdom but do not use it to bring peace among
Jag 1 Corinthians 6

the parties (Schrage). They could have used their wis- having more and seeking to fulfill his desires through
dom in a legal capacity as arbitrators (Winter, “Civil all means (s. 5:10). wé@va0¢ (# 3500) drunkard. Aotéopoc
Litigation,” NTS 37 [1991]: 568-69). Svvnjoetat fut. ind. (# 3368) one who uses abusive language (s. 5:11). dpnaé
pass. 5vvapa. (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Fut. used to (# 774) robber, one who uses force and violence in steal-
designate a sort of consequence resulting from some ing (BAGD). For similar lists which were used in the
quality, “such that” (BD, 192). Staxpivon aor. act. inf. ancient world in a popular game s. LAE, 316. @ 11 Kai
diaKxptvw (# 1359) to judge between two, to decide. For (# 2779) and, and it is true (Godet). tata (# 4047) these
the force of the prep. in compound s. MH, 302f. avo. things. The n. is contemptuous, “such abominations!”
wéoov (# 324; 3545) between. tod ddeApod adbtod an (EGT). tiveg nom. pl. tig (#5516) a certain one; some.
abridged sentence conveying a reproach “must his Paul narrows the picture from all to some (RWP). Tite
brothers go before strangers?” (Lightfoot, Notes). impf. ind. act. ett (# 1639) to be. Impf. refers to their
@6GAAG (# 247) but in reality. Kpivetot pres. ind. past condition. &AAG (#247) but; emphasizes strongly
mid./pass. kpivw (#3212) to judge (s.v. 1). Kai todto the contrast between their past and pres. and the
and at that, and especially (BD, 151). Climactic force of demand their changed moral condition makes upon
the part. used w. acc. of general reference (RWP). them (RP). axeAovoaove aor. ind. mid. &noAovw (# 666)
amiotos (# 603) unbeliever. For the neg. force of the pre- to wash, to wash thoroughly. Prep. in compound points
fix s. Rom. 1:20. Perhaps there is a slight nuance of to the complete washing away and the aor. refers to a
“unfaithful,” along w. the connotation of “evil.” decisive action (Morris). Permissive mid., or mid. w.
@ 7 Odwes (#3914) adv., altogether, assuredly, actually. pass., meaning since the word in the NT only occurs in
Tttnwa (# 2488) defeat. The word was used of a judicial mid. (Fee). hyiaoOnte aor. ind. pass. ayiatw (# 39) to set
defeat in court (Schlatter); here used of moral and spir- apart for the use of God, to sanctify, to make holy. It
itual defeat (Weiss). bpiv dat. pl. ob (# 5148). Dat. of dis- does not refer to the process of ethical development,
advantage. kpiwa (#3210) judgment, lawsuit. ped’ but means “you were claimed by God as His own and
eavtd@v (# 3552; 1571) w. yourselves. The reflex. pron. made a member of His holy people” (Barrett). e5uxat-
emphasizes the idea of corporate unity (Lightfoot, w@@nte aor. ind. pass. dikaiow (#1467) to justify, to
Notes). w&AAov (# 3437) adv., rather. &dixeiobe pres. ind. declare righteous, to declare to be in the right (s. Rom.
mid./pass. adixew (#92) to wrong someone, to treat 2:13). €v (#1877) in, w. dat. Instr. dat. @ 12 éeotiv
someone unjustly. &nootepeiobe pres. ind. mid./pass. (# 2003) pres. ind. act. impers., it is allowed, it is permit-
anootpedew (# 691) to defraud, to steal, to deprive, to ted, w. epex. inf. Paul is evidently quoting a common
take something from someone by means of deception saying in Corinth (Weiss; Barrett; NW 2, 1:281; SB, 3:365;
or trickery (LN, 1:585; NDIEC, 2:47; 3:82). The two Schrage; TDNT). ovpdéper pres. ind. act. ovpdepw
forms here are permissive mid. or pass. (MT, 56f; BD, (#5237) to bring together, to confer a benefit, to be
165). @ 8 tpeic (#5148) you! Emphatic. adixeite pres. advantageous or profitable or useful (BAGD). eov-
ind. act. adixew (#92) to wrong someone (s.v. 7). Both olacOnoowat fut. ind. pass. eEovoratw (# 2027) to bring
pres. indicate actions in progress. Kai todto and that under the power of someone, to put under the author-
(# 2779; 4047) (s.v. 6). @ 9 ovK neg. introducing a ques- ity of someone. Volitive fut. involving a decision of the
tion expecting a positive answer. @e0d (#2536) will (RG, 874). Permissive pass., “I will not allow
emphatic by its position. KANpovoynoovov fut. ind. act. myself to be.” 13 Bp@pa (# 1109) food. Kovdig (# 3120)
KAnpovovew (# 3099) to inherit, to enter into full posses- dat. sing. stomach. Dat. of advantage. kai tadthv Kai
sion of (Morris). mAavao8e pres. imp. mid./pass. tadta both this (fem. referring to kota) and these
thavaw (# 4414) to lead astray, to mislead, to deceive. things (acc. pl. referring to Bpwyata). Katapynoer fut.
Permissive mid. or pass. (s.v. 1). Pres. imp. w. the neg. ind. act. katapyew (#2934) to make ineffective, to do
is used to stop an action in progress, “do not continue” away w. The organs of digestion will be changed at the
(MKG, 272). ei6w-AorAGtpNsg (#1629) one who serves resurrection and the physical constitution of the resur-
idols, idolater. powyog (#3659) adulterer. podraKoc rected body will be different from that of the mortal
(# 3434) soft, effeminate; a t.t. for the passive partner in body (SBT, 54). o@pa (# 5393) body, the physical body,
homosexual relations (Barrett; Conzelmann; RAC, not a reference to the whole person w. his personality,
4:620-50; LAE, 164). &poevoxoitys (# 780) a male who but rather the physical body (SBT, 51-80). nopveiq
has sexual relations w. a male, homosexual (Rom. 1:26; (# 4518) dat. sing. illicit sex, fornication, sexual immo-
NW 2, i:279-81; Schrage; Fee; MM; BAGD; also David E. rality, prostitution (LN, 1:771; TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT,
Malick, “The Condemnation of Homosexuality in 1 1:499-501; BBC). Dat. of personal interest. cupiw dat.
Corinthians 6:9,” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 479-92; DPL, 413- sing. kvptog (#3261) Lord. Dat. of personal interest or
14). The Jewish punishment for the sin of homosexual- dat. of ownership. owpati dat. sing. (#5393) Dat. of
ity was stoning (SB, 3:70-74). 10 KAéntng (# 3095) one interest or advantage. The Lord is for the body in that
who steals, thief. mAeovextys (# 4431) one desirous of He wants to rule it and use it as a tool for service
1 Corinthians 7 360

(Schrage). @ 14 kat ... Kat (#2779) “both ... and.” Tyet- course (SBT, 62). 17 €v nvetya (# 1651; 4460) one
pev aor. ind. act. tyeipw (# 1586) to raise up. eteyepet fut. spirit. Illicit union w. a harlot effects a oneness of phys-
ind. act. e€eyetpw (# 1995) to raise up out of. 15 odK ical relationship which contradicts the Lord’s claim
(# 4024) neg. introducing a question expecting a posi- over the body and creates a disparity between the body
tive answer, “you know, don’t you?” péAn nom. pl. and the spirit (still united to the Lord) (SBT, 69).
uéroc (#3517) member; used in an ecclesiastical and 18 pevyete pres. imp. act. devyw (#5771) to flee. Pres.
figurative meaning, but the figure rests on a strictly imp. indicates it is to be a continual and habitual flee-
physical definition (SBT, 61). Pred. nom. a&pag aor. act. ing. Gpaptnua (# 280) sin, sin as the act or result of the
part. aipw (# 149) to take away, to take. Temp. or cond. principle of sin. For the suf. indicating the result of an
part. ovv (# 4036) therefore draws a conclusion from the action s. MH, 355. éav (# 351) used after a rel. pron. giv-
premise of the previous statement. zounow aor. subj. act. ing a generalization “whatever.” mownon aor. subj. act.
(deliberative subj.), or fut. ind. act. (RWP) now movew (# 4472) to make (s.v. 15). Subj. in an indef. rel. cl.
(# 4472) to make. nopvn (# 4520) prostitute. Prostitutes extoc (#1760) w. gen., outside. et¢ (# 1659) against.
were often well-educated, intellectual, artistic, and Immorality arises within the body and has as its sole
jovial; they entertained not only w. their sexual ser- purpose its gratification (Grosheide). Gpaptavet pres.
vices, but w. stimulating and intellectual discussions, ind. act. Guatavw (# 279) to sin. Gnomic pres. indicat-
poetry, song and dance, and witty stories. They com- ing a principle which is always true. @ 19 ov« (# 4024)
bined both fine intellectual and sensual pleasures. In neg. introducing a question expecting a positive
Corinth and Megara there were even schools for pros- answer. vadc (#3724) temple, the dwelling place of
titutes. They were often in the service of a deity, called God, the inner sanctuary itself (Lenski). An allusion
the “foals of Aphrodite” (RAC, 3:1149-1213; Lukian, either to the temple in Jerusalem or to the temple of
Hetiren Gesprache {Kéln: Bund Verlag, 1983]; TDNT; Aphrodite near Corinth (SBT, 78). Pred. nom. ov gen.
DGRA, 604-6; Schrage; Iwan Bloch, Die Prostitution, sing. 0¢ (#4005) who, which, what; (#4005) rel. pron.
[Berlin: Luis Marcus Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1912], 209- Gen. by attraction. €oté pres. ind. act. ey (# 1639) to
538, esp. 283-310; Rosamund Seymour, Stews and be; w. gen; in the sense of “belonging to” (MT, 231).
Strumpets: A Survey of Prostitution, vol. 1 Primitive, Clas- 20 nyopao@nte aor. ind. pass. cayopatw (# 60) to buy,
sical and Oriental [London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1961], to buy at the market place. For the purchasing of slaves
44-139, esp. 63-73). Athenaeus quoting (actually mis- in the ancient world s. FCS, 37ff; for a discussion of the
quoting) from a speech of the orator Demosthenes background of the term s. Schrage. Tig gen. sing. TUN
(which he says was actually delivered by the advocate (#5507) price. Gen. of price; “bought w. a price.”
Apollodrus!) writes, “We have harlots (€tatpac) for Theol. pass. S0&0ate aor. imp. act. Softw (# 1519) to
pleasure, mistresses (naAAaKaS) for concubinage, but cause one to have a good opinion of someone, to glo-
wives to produce children legitimately and to have a rify (TLNT; TDNT). &n (# 1314) then, certainly. Used as
faithful guardian of daily affairs” (Athenaeus, Deipno- an intensive particle in a command of exhortation indi-
sophistae, 13:573b). He goes on to describe the prosti- cating that the point at last is clear and may be
tutes of Corinth, indicating that the city held a yearly assumed as true (RG, 1149; BD, 285). ev (# 1877) w. dat.
festival for them at which time the prostitutes would Local, in. Instr., with. The physical body is man’s
carouse and get drunk (Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, means of concrete service for God (SBT, 244).
13:573c-574c). Block, Die Prostitution, 476-538, discusses
the use of prostitutes in pictures and literature of the 1 Corinthians 7
Greek and Roman culture. yévowto aor. opt. mid. (dep.) @ 1 nepi (# 4309) w. gen., concerning. The expres-
ytvonar (# 1181) to become, “let it not be,” indicating a sion mepi S€ is used to introduce the subject matter
false conclusion (s. Rom 3:4). 16 ob« (#4024) neg. about which the church at Corinth had written to Paul
introducing a question expecting a positive answer. (s. 7:25; 8:1; 12:1; 16:1, 12. [Fee]). For the elliptical
KOAAwpEVOS pres. mid. part. KoAAGw (#3140) to join expression w. the gen. of the personal pron., gen. by
together, to unite. Dir. mid., “to join oneself. The word attraction s. RP). ypawate aor. ind. act. ypcdw (# 1211)
refers to sexual relations or to a close and intimate rela- to write. Paul now gives his opinion to questions the
tionship (Schrage). Part. as subst. mopvn (#4520) dat. Corinthians had asked him (Grosheide). KaAov (# 2819)
sing. s.v. 15. Dat. of association. €v (# 1651) nom. sing. good, that which is useful or pleasing, that which is
n. etg (#1651) one. Eoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt suitable or appropriate for a situation (T; NIDNTT;
(# 1639) to be. @noiv pres. ind. act. dnt (# 5774) to say TDNT). For an analysis of the formula “better... than”
(SB, 3:365-66). €tg (# 1659) odpKa, piav (#4922; 1651) one s. G.F. Snyder, “The Tobspruch in the New Testament,”
flesh. The prep. in place of the pred. nom. is due to NTS 23 [1976]: 117-20). &xteo8o1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf.
Semitic influence (MH, 462; KVS, 63). Becoming one anton (# 721) to touch, w. gen. Here it refers to sexual
flesh refers to physical union through sexual inter- intercourse (Fee). Epex. inf. explaining what is kaAov.
361 1 Corinthians 7

This may have been a slogan common among some at axKpaota (# 202) lack of self-control, incontinence. Here
Corinth that Paul rejected (William E. Phipps, “Paul's in the sense of irrepressible desire for sexual relations
Attitude toward Sexual Relations,” NTS 28 [1982]: 125- (Barrett; TLNT; NW 2, i:288-90). Acc. w. dua (# 1328),
31; Schrage; BBC). The sacral celibacy may have arisen giving the cause or reason. @ 6 ovyyvw@pn (# 5152) con-
among those who had been influenced by Egyptian cession, allowance, “I do not give this as a binding rule.
religions which were prevalent in Corinth (Richard E. I state it as what is allowable” (Lightfoot, Notes). ém-
Oster, Jr., “Use, Misuse and Neglect of Archaeological tayn (#2198) command. Temporary abstinence for
Evidence in Some Modern Works on 1 Corinthians [1 prayer is not a command, but a concession (Fee).
Cor 7,1-5; 8,10; 11,2-16; 12,14-26],” ZNW 83 [1992]: 58- ® 7 G€Aw (# 2527) pres. ind. act. to wish, to desire, w
64). yuvaiKos gen. sing. yuvn (#1222) female, woman. inf. His desire is not only that they be unmarried, but
@ 2 nopveiac acc. sing. nopveia (#4518) fornication, that they also be able to control themselves (Weiss). At
illicit sex. Acc. w. prep. 516 (# 1328) expressing cause. this time Paul may have been unmarried, a widower,
ExEtTW pres. imp. act. 3. sing. yw (# 2400) to have. The or his wife may have left him and returned to her fam-
imp. is hortatory, not merely permissive (RP). For a ily because of his conversion to Christianity (Bruce).
study showing that consecrated virginity was not a Elva pres. act. inf. elt (#1639) to be. yapioya. (# 5922)
customary way of life in the most primitive communi- acc. sing. gift, gracious gift, a gift given out of grace. &k
ties, s. J. Massyngberde Ford, “St. Paul, The Philoga- (# 1666) w. gen., from. It gives the source of the gift.
mist (I Corinthians VII in Early Patristic Exegesis),” Paul's celibacy is a gift from God, not a requirement for
NTS 11 (1965): 326-48. 3 yuvaiki dat. sing. yovn all (Fee). @ 8 &yapog (# 23) unmarried. Perhaps refer-
(# 1222) wife. Dat. as indir. obj. opeiAn (# 4051) obliga- ring to widowers (Fee). For the neg. pref. s. Rom. 1:20.
tion, debt, due. The specific obligation involved in the Indir. obj. ynpars dat. pl. ynpa (#5939) widow. The arti-
marital union and a euphemism for sexual intercourse cle may suggest that Paul has in mind the members of
(Lenski; Schrage). &05160tw pres. imp. act. anodtdmut the Corinthian church who are widows, but it may also
(# 625) to pay back, to pay one’s dues, to render. Pres. be a generalization (Barrett). According to the Roman
imp. indicates habitual duty (Morris). The rabbis law Lex Papia Poppaea, which was to encourage mar-
required that the marriage partners have regular sex- riage and childbearing, a widow had two years to
ual relations w. one another; generally on Friday night, remarry (Roy Bowen Ward, “Musonius and Paul on
which was the Sabbath (SB, 3:368-71; JPB, 211). Kai Marriage,” NTS 36 [1990]: 282-83; RCS, 2:52). KaAov
(#2779) also. avdpi dat. sing. avnp (#467) male, man, (# 2819) good. weivwow aor. subj. act. wevw (# 3531) to
husband. Dat. as indir. obj. @ 4 &ovord{er pres. ind. remain. Subj. w. €av (# 351) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. in
act. e€ovoratw (#2027) to exercise authority over, w. which the cond. is viewed as possible. 9 et (# 1623)
gen. Pres. emphasizes a general statement which is if, w. ind. introduces a Ist. class cond. cl. in which the
always true. 5 anootepette pres. imp. act. amootepew cond. is assumed to be true. tykpatevovtat pres. ind.
(# 691) to rob, to deprive. et pnt (# 1623; 3614) except, mid. (dep.) eykpatevw (# 1603) to exercise self-control,
unless in a given case, unless perhaps (M 169; BS, 204). to have power over oneself (TLNT, 1:60-62). yopun-
ovpdwvosg (#5247) agreement, consent. Gen. w. &k odtwoay aor. imp. act. yapew (# 1138) to marry. Perhaps
(# 1666) expressing cause. mpo¢g Kaipov (# 4639; 2789) ingressive aor., “let them seek marriage” (Grosheide).
for a time, for a period (no longer) (BD, 124). The rabbis Kpeittov (# 3202) comp. wya6oc (# 19) good; comp., bet-
taught that abstinence from sexual intercourse was ter. yoyiTjoa1 aor. act. inf. youew (# 1138) to marry (DPL,
allowable for generally one to two weeks, but disciples 594-600; BBC). Epex. inf. explaining what is better.
of the law may continue abstinence for thirty days, mupovo@at pres. pass. inf. mupow (#4792) to set on fire;
against the will of their wives, while they occupy them- pass. to be inflamed. It may mean “to burn w. sexual
selves in the study of the law (M Ketuboth, 5:6). oxo- passion” (NW, 2, i:29193), but may possibly mean “to
AGontE aor. subj. act. cxoratw (#5390) to have leisure burn in Gehenna,” because of falling into fornication
time for, to devote oneself to something, w. dat. (Light- (Bruce). In Roman society those w. erotic desires had
foot, Notes). Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) either used to express recourse to hetairai and other prostitutes, but Paul rules
purp.
p. (Fee) or used as an imp. (MT, 94f; IBG, 144-45). this out (R. B. Ward, “Musonius and Paul on Mar-
MPOOEV{ {I (#4666) dat. sing. prayer. maAw (#4099) riage,” NTS 36 [1990]: 285-86; s. also the discussion in
again. émi TO avt0 lit., for the same thing; here, be 6:15). @ 10 yeyounKoot perf. act. part. yowew (# 1138) to
together. It refers to being sexually together as before marry. Perf. emphasizes a state or condition (s. Rom.
(Lenski). Tite pres. subj. act. etwi (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. 3:21). Part. as subst. Dat. as indir. obj. napayyeAdw
iva to express purp. mepaty pres. subj. act. neipacw (# 4133) pres. ind. act. to give orders, to command, to
(# 4279) to tempt, to try to bring someone to a fall. Subj. instruct. Both Paul and the church at Corinth knew the
w. iva and the neg. to express neg. purpose. Pres. indi- words of Jesus, and Paul gives an additional command,
cates that Satan may not keep on tempting you (RWP). expecting obedience because he receives revelations
1 Corinthians 7 362

from the Lord which he can communicate to the pass. ywptCw (# 6004) to separate (s.v. 10). In the papyri
churches (Grosheide). ywpio8fivax aor. pass. inf. ywpitw the word was used as a technical expression for
(# 6004) to separate, to divide; pass. may have the divorce (BS, 247). ywpitéo8w pres. imp. pass. ywpiw
meaning, to allow oneself to be, w. the sense of “to (# 6004) to separate. 5e50bAwta perf. ind. pass. SovAow
divorce” (Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, “The Divorced (# 1530) to enslave, to be a slave, to be under bondage.
Woman in 1 Corinthians 7:10-11,” JBL 100 [1981]: 602; Perf. stresses the continuing condition. €v toig toLovTOIG
Schrage; BAGD; BD, 165). The wife is separated, the (# 1877; 3836; 5525) in such cases. év eiphvy in peace
husband puts away. Then in the converse point of view (# 1877; 1645) Prep. may be used in a double sense:
the believing wife is said to put away and the unbeliev- “God has called you into a peace in which He wishes
ing husband is to be separated (Bengel). Inf. in indir. you to live” (IBG, 79). KéxAnkev perf. ind. act. kaArew
discourse. @ 11 Kai (#2779) even, actually; “if a sepa- (# 2813) to call. Perf. emphasizes the>continuing results
ration does take place” (Barrett). ywpo87] aor. subj. pass. or condition (s. Rom. 3:21). 16 oida¢ perf. ind. act.
xwpitw (#6004) to separate (s.v. 10). Ingressive aor., oida. (# 3857) def. perf. w. pres. meaning, to know. et
“she gets separated” (RWP). Subj. w. éav (# 1569) in a (# 1623) if. Introduces a noun cl. as obj. of the vb.
3rd. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is viewed as pos- owoetc fut. ind. act. owlw (#5392) to save, to rescue.
sible. pevétw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. wevw @ 17 et un (# 1623; 3590) except, only. This looks back
(# 3531) to remain. t@ avipt (# 3836; 467) to the hus- to v. 15, which contemplates the possibility of separa-
band. The definite article is used to denote previous tion in certain circumstances (Barrett; BD, 191). €xaotw
reference; that is, “to her husband” (DM, 141; Funk, dat. sing. xaotoc (# 1667) each one. The word is the
556). KaTAAAGYNTW aor. imp. pass. KATAAAGOOW (# 2904) subject of the main cl. but appears in the dat. through
to reconcile; pass. to be reconciled (V, 40-83; TLNT; inverse attraction to the subordinate cl. (RG, 717; BD,
EDNT). Prep. in compound is perfective, “to effect a 151). €wéptoev aor. ind. act. wepiGw (# 3532) to divide, to
thorough change back, to reconcile” (APC, 187ff). In distribute. Some manuscripts have peyeptkev (perf. ind.
Judaism it was possible for the wife to return to the act. [Fee]), in which case the perf. looks at the com-
husband before the bill of divorcement had been pleted action in the past and the continuing results in
received (SB, 3:374). dpevor pres. act. inf. addin the present: “has assigned his lot in life once for all.”
(# 918) to send away, to divorce. Inf. as imp. or in indir. Here the word refers entirely to the external conditions
discourse. @ 12 toig Aoin0Ig (# 3836; 1254) dat. pl. “to of life (Lightfoot, Notes). KexAnkev perf. ind. act. karew
the rest.” Paul refers here to those who have unbeliev- (# 2813) to call (s.v. 15). mepimateitw pres. imp. act. nept-
ing partners (Barrett). yw (# 1609) I. Paul means that natew (#4344) to walk about, to conduct one’s life.
he is not now repeating the teaching of Christ, who is Pres. emphasizes the continual or habitual action. dvat-
not likely to have said anything on the subject. He is, doow (# 1411) pres. ind. mid. to command, to ordain, to
however, w. inspiration speaking w. apostolic author- order. The word was a military term (RWP), a t.t. used
ity (RP). €xet pres. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. Ind. w. in connection w. wills, as well as a general word for
et (# 1623) ina 1st. class cond., which assumes the real- commanding (MM). 18 nepitetuneévos perf. pass.
ity of the cond. anotoc (# 603) unbelieving. cvvevioxei part. (adj.) mepitenvw (#4362) to circumcise. Perf.
pres. ind. act. ovvevdoxew (#5306) to be pleased stresses the state or condition. &xAn@n aor. ind. pass.
together w., to agree together, to approve, to consent to, KaA€w (# 2813) to call. Theol. pass. indicating that God
w. inf. oixeiv pres. act. inf. oixew (# 3861) to live; here in did the calling. €n1omdo08w pres. mid. (permissive mid.)
the sense of being married. aétw pres. imp. act. imp. emionaw (# 2177) to draw to oneself; a medical tt.,
Ghinut (# 918) to send away (s.v. 11). © 13 yovn (# 1222) “to pull over the foreskin.” A method used to conceal
woman, wife. The context indicates that it is a Chris- circumcision (BAGD; BBC; SB, 4:33f; Leitzmann; 1
tian woman (Barrett). 14 nyiaoto1 perf. ind. pass. Macc. 1:15; Theodor Hoffner, Das Sexualleben der
ayiacw (#39) to separate, to sanctify, to set apart for Griechen und Romer von den Anfangen bis ins 8. Jahrhun-
God's service, to consecrate. He was set apart to the dert nach Christus [Prag: J.G. Calve, 1938], 218-22). axpo-
service of God as the guardian of one of His chosen Buotia (# 273) dat. sing. uncircumcision. KéKAntat perf.
ones (Hodge). As long as the marriage is maintained ind. pass. kahew (# 2813) to call. Perf. emphasizes the
the potential for their realizing salvation remains (Fee). continuing result. mepiteveo®8w pres. imp. pass. Per-
Perf. refers to the lasting condition (Grosheide). €v Th missive pass., “allow himself to be circumcised.”
yovaixt (# 1877; 1222) in the wife; that is, through the #19 tmHpnoic (#5499) keeping, watching, guarding.
close tie w. her (Grosheide). énei apa. (# 2075; 726) since For nouns ending w. this suff. to express action s. MH,
otherwise, since on the contrary supposition it fol- 373f. EvtoA@v gen. pl. evtoan (#1953) commandment.
lows.... (Lightfoot, Notes). axa@aptog (# 176) not clean, Obj. gen. @ 20 KAnoEL dat. sing. KANo1s (# 3104) calling.
unclean. 15 ei 5€ but if. The particle introduces a q dat. sing. fem. 0c (#4005) rel. pron. Loc. referring to
cond. which is assumed to be true. ywpifetat pres. ind. the state in which he is when he is called by God to
363 1 Corinthians 7

become a Christian (Barrett). €xANOn aor. ind. pass. and the aor. looks at the completed transaction. @ 24 év
Karew (#2813) to call. pevetw pres. imp. act. pevw (# 1877; 4005) in which. It refers to the state or condi-
(# 3531) to remain. @ 21 S0dA0¢ (# 1528) slave; nom. in a €kAN@n aor. ind. pass. KaAew (#2813) to call.
apposition to the subject. €xAn@ne aor. ind. pass. Krew WevetTwW pres. imp. act. wevw (#3531) to remain. napa
(# 2813) to call. oor dat. sing. ob (#5148) you. Dat. of (# 4123) w. dat., alongside of, in the presence of. All sec-
personal interest w. the vb. pedétw pres. imp. act. 3rd. ular conditions, whether of family life, caste, or service
sing. ew (# 3508) impersonal vb. used w. dat., “to be are capable of being made the expression of a Christian
a concern to someone.” “Don’t let it be a concern to character (RP). 25 napOevog (#4221) virgin. It has
you,” “don’t worry about it.” Pres. imp. w. neg. calls been suggested that the word here refers to young wid-
for the stopping of an action in progress: “stop being ows or widowers who have only been married once
concerned about it” (FCS, 175; Rom 6:12; MKG, 272). and the question had been raised whether a second
GAN’ (# 247) but. The word has heie its full adversative marriage was wrong (J.M. Ford, “Levirate Marriage in
force (FCS, 177). et Kat (# 1623; 2779) if, indeed (FCS, St. Paul [I Cor. VII],” NTS 10 [1964]: 361-65). Another
178; Thrall, 81; IBG, 167). Introduces a Ist. class cond. suggestion is that it refers to engaged couples w. the
cl. in which the cond. is assumed as true. 5bvacat pres. meaning “fiance” and the entire section (vvs. 25-38)
ind. pass. (dep.) 2nd.pers. sing. Svvapyo1 (# 1538) to be concerns engagement and whether couples should
able to, w. inf. EAev@epoc (# 1801) free. yevéoOat aor. marry or not (J.K. Elliott, “Paul’s Teaching on Marriage
mid. (dep.) inf. yivowo. (#1181) to become. For an in I Cor.: Some Problems Considered,” NTS 19 [1973]:
extensive discussion of slavery in the ancient world w. 219-25; Schrage; Fee). Others feel that it refers to mar-
the discussion of why and how a slave was set free, s. ried couples who refuse to have sexual intercourse for
FCS, 29-125; SCS, 39-46; Buckland, 72-90; DPL, 881-83; spiritual or ascetic reasons; while others feel Paul refers
Dale B. Martin, Slavery as Salvation: The Metaphor in to marriageable virgins (Kistemaker). enitayn (# 2198)
Pauline Christianity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. commandment, order; that is, an expressed command,
Press, 1990). wGAAov (#3437) rather, by all means. whether a directly recorded saying of our Lord (as in v.
xpTjoar aor. imp. mid. (dep.) ypaouar (# 5968) to use, to 10) or a direct intimation to the apostle by revelation
live according to. The object to be supplied could be (Lightfoot, Notes). yvaun (#1191) opinion. The words
God's calling: “by all means, live according to (your yvounv SiSwyr indicate the giving of advice (Schrage).
calling in Christ).” The believer’s existence is no longer Though Paul is giving his own opinion, it does not
determined by his legal status, but if he is to be freed he mean that this section is not inspired by the Holy Spirit.
is to make better use of his vocation (FCS, 175-79f; TAenpevog perf. pass. part. edeew (#1796) to show
Grosheide). The obj. could also be “freedom,” w. the mercy; pass., to receive mercy. The word means to see
idea being, “but if you are indeed able to become free, someone in need and to have pity and compassion on
rather than staying a slave, take freedom” (Gregory W. him and to kindly help him out of his need (TDNT;
Dawes, “But If You Can Gain Your Freedom’ (1 Corin- NIDNTT, 2:593-98; Trench, Synonyms, 166-71; TLNT;
thians 7:17-24),” CBQ 52 [1990]: 681-97, esp. 690; Fee; EDNT). Perf. views the completed state or condition
IBG, 167). 22 yap (#1142) for. This introduces an and the part. could be causal (Barrett). Theol. pass.
explanation and further reason why they are not to indicating that it was God who showed mercy. TLOTOS
worry about being in slavery (FCS, 177). «An@eic aor. (i 4412) true, faithful, trustworthy. evar pres. act. inf.
pass. part. kaAew (# 2813) to call. Part. as subst. OmEeAED- ewt (#1639) to be. Epex. inf. explaining the part.,
@epos (#592) freedman. The following gen. describes “pitied ... enough to be trustworthy” (Kistemaker).
who had freed him and to whom he now belongs. 26 vouiCw (# 3787) pres. ind. act. to suppose, to con-
There were certain rights and obligations that a freed- sider, to think, to be of the opinion, to regard some-
man had to the one who had freed him. He bore the thing as presumably true, but without particular
family name of the one providing the freedom; he lived certainty (LN, 1:369). bmapyeww pres. act. inf. brapyw
in the house of his patron (paramone); he rendered ser- (#5639) to be, to exist. Inf. in indir. discourse.
vice (operae); the patron gave him gifts (munera); and he éveot@oav perf. act. part. (adj.) eviotnur (#1931) to
was to render respect (obsequium) to the one freeing stand on, to be present. avayKn (# 340) necessity, com-
him. For these and the social standing of a freedman s. pulsion of any kind, distress, calamity. It refers to the
FCS, 72-82; Francis Lyall, “Roman Law in the Writings whole state of things between the first and second com-
of Paul - The Slave and the Freedman,” NTS 17 (1970): ing of Christ (Godet). Acc. w. 81a (# 1328) giving the
73-79; SCS, 39-46; LLAR, 113-15. @ 23 ty:fi¢ gen. sing. cause or reason. 6t1 (# 4022) used after the main vb. in
(#5507) (s. 6:20). Gen. of price. Nyopdo@nte aor. ind. a recitative sense equivalent to quotation marks (RWP).
pass. wyopa.cw (# 60) to buy at the market place, to pur- elvan pres. act. inf. eyt (# 1639) to be. Epex. inf. as noun
chase (s. 6:20; APC, 53-59; TDNT; NIDNTT, 1:267-68; explaining what is fitting, “the being so is good” (BD,
TLNT). Theol. pass. indicates God did' the purchasing 205-206). 27 €5eoa1 perf. ind. pass. 2nd. pers. sing.
1 Corinthians 7 364

dew (# 1313) to bind, w. dat. to indicate the pers. w. away. Pres. emphasizes the action in progress. oxnLo
whom one is bound. Perf. indicates the continuing (#5386) outward. appearance, form, shape (BAGD;
state resulting from a previous action. For the lively TDNT; NDIEC, 1:83; 4:169). The word occurs in Jose-
style of this section s. BD, 242. ntei pres. imp. act. Cntéw phus w. the additional meanings: pomp, splendor,
(# 2426) to seek. Pres. imp. w. the neg. could mean, “do form of government, state, condition (CCFJ, 4:142-43).
not immediately ...,” or “do not always ...,” or “do not It indicates all that makes up the present world
continue ...” (MKG, 272). Avotg (# 3386) loosing, releas- (Schrage). Koopocg (#3180) world. It refers to the
ing. MAvoo1 perf. ind. pass. 2nd. pers. sing. Avw world’s resources and opportunities (Bruce).
(# 3395) to loose, to release. @ 28 Eav Kat (# 1569; 2779) @ 32 bpaic acc. pl. ov (#5148) you. Acc. as subject of the
and if. It introduces a 3rd. class cond. cl. w. subj. indi- inf. Gpépyivoc (#291) without care, free from care,
cating the cond. is possible. For the meaning without worry or concern. For the neg. pref. s. Rom.
“although,” s. BD, 190. yapnong aor. subj. act. youew 1:20. eivan pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639) to be. Compl. inf.
(# 1138) to marry. Ingressive aor., “to get married.” w. vb. 6€A. (# 2527) to want to, to wish to. wepyLva pres.
YnLN aor. subj. act. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl. assum- ind. act. wepyvow (# 3534) to have care or concern, to
ing the possibilities of the cond. jyaptev aor. ind. act. worry about something. Gnomic pres. indicating a
apaptavw (#279) to sin. Gnomic aor. indicating that general truth (SMT, 8; Funk, 615). apéoq aor. subj. act.
which is always true (Lietzmann; BD, 171; Funk, 621). apeoxw (# 743) to please, w. dat. Deliberative subj. w.
OAiwic (#2568) tribulation, pressure, affliction. oapKi m@<¢ (#4802) retained in an indir. question (RWP).
dat. sing. oap& (# 4922) flesh. It refers to the total per- 33 youTjous aor. act. part. youew (# 1138) to marry.
son as a created being (Schrage). Dat. of reference, instr. Part. as subst. pepyiv@ pres. ind. act. peptvaw (# 3534)
dat., dat. of disadvantage, or dat. of sphere. €ovov fut. to have care. t& tod Kooyov (# 3836; 3180) things
ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to have. towtdtoc (# 5525) such as; belonging to the world; gen. of relationship (BD, 89).
nom. pl., such ones. detSopno1 (# 5767) pres. ind. mid. @ 34 pepépiotat perf. ind. pass. pepitw (# 3532) to
(dep.) to spare. Conative pres., “I am trying to spare” divide. Perf. emphasizes the state or condition. 1 pres.
(Barrett). 29 Katpocg (#2789) time, time period. subj. act. eiut (# 1639) to be. ayia (# 41) holy, dedicated,
ovveotaApevoc perf. pass. part. ovoteAdw (#5319) to consecrated. Kai... Kat (#2779) “both ... and.” owpatt
draw together, to limit, to shorten. The time has been dat. sing. o@po (#5393) body. Dat. of reference. mvev-
drawn together so as to be small in amount (RP). Perf. pati dat. sing. tvetua (# 4460) spirit. The passage indi-
part. in a periphrastic construction. The time stands cates that the human spirit is distinct from the body
shortened because the world is passing away (VA, (SBT, 140). yoyqoaca aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing.
484). to Aownov (# 3836; 3370) finally, henceforth. The youew (#1138) to marry. 35 abtdv gen. pl. avdtoc
word can be inferential or progressive (Blomqvist, 100- (# 899) self; here, own. Refl. use of the pron. or possibly
103; Thrall, 25-30). tva (#2671) w. pres. subj. as imp.: the intensive use (RG, 687). obpdopov (#5239) that
“let them be” (Kistemaker; BD,195). Exovtes pres. act. which is carried together, beneficial, advantageous,
part. €yw (#2400) to have. Part. w. w¢ (#6055) for an profitable. Here used as a noun, benefit, advantage
assumed condition (RWP) or concessive, “as though” (NDIEC, 1:59-61). Bpoyog (#1105) noose, a noose or
(Kistemaker). @ow pres. subj. act. eyit (# 1639) to be. slipknot used for lassoing animals (RWP). €mBaAw aor.
@ 30 KAaiovtes pres. act. part. KAaw (#3081) to weep, subj. act. mB. (# 2095) to cast upon, to put upon w.
to cry. Part. as subst., “those crying.” xaipovtec pres. the purpose of catching; “to cast a noose upon one” is
act. part. yaipw (# 5897) to rejoice. Part. as subst. &yopa- a figurative expression originally borrowed from the
Covtes pres. act. part. wyopcCw (# 60) to buy at the mar- chase, for the idea of depriving of freedom (bringing
ket. Part. as subst. kateyovtes pres. act. part. Katexw under, bending and limiting relations). “Not to direct
(# 2988) to hold down, to hold firm, to possess; “as not you, like a domesticated animal” (Meyer; Barrett).
entering upon full ownership.” Earthly goods are a Subj. w. (va (#2671) in a neg. purp. cl. evoxynpov
trust, not a possession (RP). 31 ypaevot pres. mid. (# 2363) well-shaped, proper, good order, decorum,
(dep.) part. ypaouo. (# 5968) to use, to make use of. For decency, dignity, respectability. The word denotes per-
the use of the acc. w. this vb., which generally has the fect fitness (Godet). The emphasis is sometimes on
instr. as obj., s. RG, 476. kataypwpevor pres. mid. (dep.) decent behavior, sometimes on order and beauty,
part. kataypaopoat (# 2974) to make full use of, to use to sometimes on respectability and nobility (TLNT;
the utmost; “using it down to the ground,” “using it TDNT; EDNT). ednapedpos (#2339) constant, devoted
completely up” (RP). The word occurs in the papyri of to; lit., well sitting beside. “For the good position
a woman accusing her husband of squandering her beside the Lord” (RWP; BAGD). The vb. is used in 1
dowry (MM). It is used in Josephus in the sense of mis- Cor. 9:13 for “waiting upon the altar” (Barrett). eupiw
using something (CCFJ, 2:470). mapayet pres. ind. act. dat. sing. Kvptoc (# 3261) Lord. Dat. of personal interest.
napayw (# 4135) to pass by, to pass alongside of, to pass anepionaotws (#597) adv. unhindered; lit. without
365 1 Corinthians 8

anything drawn around (RWP), without distraction. Christian death (EGT). Ingressive aor., “to fall asleep.”
© 36 aoxnuoveiv pres. act. inf. coynuwovew (# 858) to act EkevOepa (# 1801) free. @ masc. dat. sing. 6¢ (# 4005)
without decorum, to behave in a dishonorable way; it who, which; rel. pron. “To whom.” Dat. w. the follow-
can sometimes have sexual overtones (NW, 2, i:304-05). ing inf. younOtjvor aor. pass. inf. youew (#1138) to
For the adj. s.v. 35. Inf. as obj. of the vb. émi (# 2093) w. marry; pass., to be married to. Epex. inf. explaining the
acc., toward. thy mapSevov adtod (# 3836; 4221; 899) his freedom of the widow (Funk, 663f). @ 40 paxapwwtepa
virgin. This refers either to a father and his daughter, to comp. waKxdpiog (#3421) happy (TDNT; TLNT; Matt.
a man and woman who have entered upon a spiritual 5:3); comp., happier. petvq aor. subj. act. uevw (# 3531)
marriage and now live together without physical rela- to stay. Subj. w. ecv in a 3rd. class cond. cl. in which the
tions; or to a case of levirate marriage, and the word cond. is assumed to be possible or probable. 50«@ pres.
means “young widow”; or it refers to a man and ind. act. Soxew (# 1506) to think. €yew pres. act. inf. yw
woman who are an engaged couple (Barrett; Schrage; s. (# 2400) to have. Inf. as obj. of the vb. and used in indir.
also v. 25). Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. in which the discourse.
cond. is viewed as true. pres. subj. act. cyt (# 1639) to
be. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. in which 1 Corinthians 8
the cond. is viewed as possible. tnépakyog (#5644) @ 1 mepi (# 4309) w. gen., concerning, about. Paul
past the bloom of youth, beyond marriageable age begins to treat a second point about which the Corin-
(NW 2, i:305-06). Prep. in compound may be under- thians had questioned him (Grosheide). e1wAo8utOV
stood to express intensification rather than the temp. (# 1628) that which was offered as a sacrifice to an idol.
sense; that is, w. strong passion, oversexed, sexually The word is of Jewish origin (TDNT). Various types of
well-developed (BAGD; Barrett; LS, 1859; Schrage). choice animals without blemish were offered to the
Opetret pres. ind. act. odetAw (# 4053) to be obligated, it gods. Part of the meat (the bones covered w. fat) was
is necessary. The word expresses a moral obligation w. burned on the altar outside the temple, as the god’s
inf. yiveo@o1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. yivouo (# 1181) to portion. Part of it was allotted the worshippers, and
become. novettw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. novew part of it was dedicated to the god and placed upon his
(# 4472) to do. yopettwoav pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. pl. special table. It could be used for a sacred banquet, w.
youew (# 1138) to marry. Pres. imp. points to a general the deity as the honored guest. What was left was sold
truth. 37 €otnKev perf. ind. act. totnur (#2705) to at the marketplace (OCD, 944; Bruce; IMC, 7-66;
stand. év ti Kapdia. adtod (# 2840) in his heart. Here the Stirling Dow and David H. Gill, “The Greek Cult
heart is the center of man from which decisions come Table,” AJA 69 [1965]: 103-14; David H. Gill, “Trape-
(PAT, 328). e8paiog (# 1612) firm, steadfast. Adj. used zomata: A Neglected Aspect of Greek Sacrifice,” HTR 67
adv. €ywv pres. act. part. (adj.) éyw (#2400) to have. [1974]: 117-37; NDIEC, 2:36-37; 4:108; Schrage; BBC;
avayKn (#340) necessity (s.v. 26). e&ovoia (#2026) DRU, 1:30-31; DPL, 424-26; Wendell L. Willis, Idol Meat
authority. Kexpikev perf. ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to in Corinth: The Pauline Argument in 1 Corinthians 8 and
judge, to come to a decision, to decide. Perf. indicates 10, SBLDS 68 [Chico, Ca.: Scholars Press, 1985]). The
the settled results of the decision. tnpetv pres. act. inf. Jews called this meat from sacrifices for the dead
tnpew (#5498) to keep. The meaning is probably “to “idols” (SB, 3:377). otSapev perf. ind. act. oida (# 3857)
keep his virgin as she is” (Barrett). Inf. is used in indir. to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Paul uses the 1st.
discourse giving the content of the decision. KaA@¢ pers. pl. to include himself w. the readers (Lietzmann).
(# 2822) adv., well. For the adj., s.v. 1. novnoet fut. ind. yvaoug (# 1194) knowledge. Paul’s use of knowledge is
act. novew (# 4472) to do. 38 wote (# 6063) therefore, not something purely intellectual. It is knowledge
drawing a conclusion from the discussion. yopigwv which has results and leads to action, especially reli-
pres. act. part. yoyiCw (# 1139) to give in marriage (s.v. gious action (Grosheide). Here it is not a reference to
9). Vbs. w. this ending are generally causative (“to give gnosticism, which developed later (PCG, 39f; R.A.
in marriage”), but the word may also mean “to marry,” Horsley, “Gnosis in Corinth: 1 Corinthians 8. 1-6,” NTS
“to enter into marriage” (MM; Weiss; Lietzmann). Part. 27 [1980]: 32-51; DPL, 350-53). Paul is probably quoting
as subst. €avtod gen. sing., his. The reflex. pronoun a saying well known at Corinth, since the expression
here appears to have lost reflexive force (IBG, 120). oidapev ott (“we know that”) is frequently used to
mouei pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. Kpeiooov comp. introduce a well-known, generally accepted fact
WyaGdc (s.v. 9). Toinoet fut. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do. (BAGD, 556; IMC, 69-70; Schrage). pvovoil pres. ind. act.
39 Se5eta01 perf. ind. pass. Sew (# 1313) to bind. Perf. pvo10w (# 5881) to puff up, to blow up like a billows, to
emphasizes the state or condition resulting from the act cause someone to be proud, arrogant or haughty (LN,
of marriage. doov (# 4012) rel. pron. as much as, as long 1:765). Gnomic pres. emphasizing a general truth.
as. Cf) pres. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) to live. koyn67 aor. oiKodopet pres. ind. act. oikodouew (# 3868) to build, to
subj. pass. koa (#3121) to go to sleep. The term for build up, to edify; gnomic pres. For a discussion of
1 Corinthians 8 366

these terms s. IMC, 71-81. 2 d0xei pres. ind. act. discussing in this context. ovvn@eig (#5311) dat. sing.
doxew (# 1506) to think, to suppose, w. inf. Paul uses the familiarity, custom (Schrage). Instr. dat. Eo8iovalv pres.
expression w. the meaning, “if anyone sets himself ind. act. €00iw (# 2266) to eat. ovveténatg (#5287) con-
forth as one who...” (IMC, 79). Ind. ina 1st. class cond. science (s. Rom. 2:15; TDNT; TLNT; PAT, 402-446;
cl. in which the cond. is viewed as true. €yvwkévan perf. NIDNTT 1:348-53; EDNT; J.M. Espy, “Paul’s ‘Robust
act. inf. ywwwokw (# 1182) to know. Perf. emphasizes an Conscience’ Re-examined,” NTS 31 [1985]: 161-88; P.W.
acquired knowledge that is one’s possession. Inf. in Gooch, “’Conscience’ in 1 Corinthians 8 and 10,” NTS
indir. discourse. €yvw aor. ind. act. Ingressive aor., 33 [1987]: 244-54; NDIEC, 3:85; Schrage). ovo. pres. act.
“come to know” (RWP). det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is part. (causal) nom. fem. sing. ett (# 1639) to be. porv-
necessary; impers. w. inf., giving a logical necessity. Veta pres. ind. pass. LoAvVvw (# 3662) to make dirty, to
yvOvat aor. act. inf. yivwwoxw (#1182) to know. stain, to pollute, to contaminate, to defile. Here, in the
% 3 ayanG pres. ind. act. wyandw (# 26) to love. Ind. in sense of religious and moral contamination (Schrage).
a 1st. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is viewed as @ 8 napaothoer fut. ind. act. napiotnut (#4225) to
true. Eyvwota perf. ind. pass. ywwwoKw (# 1182) to know present, to present for approbation or condemnation
(s.v. 2). Perf. indicates, “he has come to be known and (RP). It was a t.t. for bringing someone before a judge
is still known by God” (Lenski). For the textual prob- (Fee; Schrage). p&ywpev aor. subj. act. eo81w (# 2266) to
lem s. Fee. © 4 Bp@orc (# 1111) eating. For nouns end- eat. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. in which
ing w. this suf. indicating action s. MH, 373. the cond. is viewed as possible. botepovpesa pres. ind.
e1swA080twV gen. pl. (s.v. 1) that which was offered as a mid. (dep) votepew (#5728) to fall short, to lack (s.
sacrifice to an idol. Obj. gen. ot8apev perf. ind. act. (s.v. Rom. 3:23). nepiooevopev pres. ind. act. mepiooevw
1). elSwAov (# 1631) idol. The statues of the gods lined (# 4355) to have an abundance. @ 9 BAenete pres. imp.
the marketplace of Corinth and were made from mar- act. BAenw (# 1063) to see, to see to it, to beware. ph
ble, copper, gold, silver, ivory, or wood, w. eyes made (# 3590) lest, w. aor. subj. to express a neg. imp. (BD,
out of precious stones (DRU, 1:37-40). Paul calls that 184). mpookowpa (# 4682) stumbling, hindrance. yevntar
which the statue represents an idol (Schlatter). Paul’s aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivouot (#1181) to become.
use of the word conforms to the Jewish use of the term Gobeveow dat. pl. cobevng (# 822) weak. For a discus-
(Schrage; GELTS, 130; TDNT; SB, 3:48-60; 4, 1:189-207; sion of the weak s. IMC, 92-96; Schrage; Fee. Dat. of dis-
CCF, 2:22; CGP, 297). obdeic (# 4029) no one, nobody, advantage. @ 10 157 aor. subj. act. paw (# 3972) to see.
used as an adj. (“no”). et pn (# 1623; 3590) except. et¢ EXOVTA pres. act. part. (adj.) €yw (# 2400) to have. e1éw-
(#1651) one. @5 €inep (# 1642) if indeed, if after all. Aevov (# 1627) idol temple, idol shrine. KataKeipevov
Here used in a concessive sense (BD, 237). etotv pres. pres. mid. (dep.) part. katakeyar (# 2879) to lie down,
ind. act. ett (# 1639) to be. Used. w. the part. in a peri- to recline at the table. In many of the temples dining
phrastic construction. Aeyowevor pres. pass. part. Aeyw rooms used for the sacred meal were also used for
(# 3306) to say; pass., to be called. “Those who contin- other cultural events, such as birthdays, etc. (Richard
ually are called gods” or “so-called gods” (Grosheide). E. Oster, “Use, Misuse and Neglect of Archaeological
wonep (#6061) just as indeed. GE0i MOAAOL Kai KUPLOL Evidence,” ZNW 83 [1992]: 64-67; SPC, 161-67; PIG,
moot many gods and many lords (s. Acts 17:16). 210-25; James Wiseman, “Corinth and Rome I: 228
@ 6 Ec G€0¢ (# 1651; 2536) one God, followed, in | Appo- B.C.-A.D. 267,” ANRW, 2.7.1:438-548, esp. 509-21; Acts
sition, by 0 natnp (# 3836; 4252) the Father. eG ov from 18:1). It would not be uncommon to be invited to a
whom, indicates the origin. etg (# 1659) ondtOv (#899) meal in the temple, as is evident from the invitation
unto Him, indicating the fut. goal (Schrage). ElC KUPLOG cards found among the papyri (Bruce; IMC, 39-45;
(# 1659; 3251) one Lord, followed by the words in NDIEC, 1:5-9; DPL, 306-10). ovyi (# 4049) neg. used to
apposition Inoots Xpiotos (# 2652; 5986). Lord, a title introduce a question which expects the answer “yes.”
used to indicate the deity of Jesus Christ. For a collec- aob_evoic gen. sing. (s.v. 9). W. part. in apposition to the
tion of the evidence proving that the Jews at the time of personal pron. OVTOG pres. act. part. (causal) gen. sing.
Christ used this term for God s. Joseph A. Fitzmyer, et (#1639) to be. otKodopun@njoetar fut. ind. pass.
“Der semitische Hintergrund des neutesamentlichen o1K ode (# 3868) to build up, to strengthen (s.v. 1).
Kyriostitels,” Jesus Christus in Historie und Theologie, eobiet pres. act. inf. £o0iw (#2266) to eat. Articular inf.
267-98; s. also R.A. Horsley, “The Background of the w. €t¢ (# 1650) to express result or purp. (RG, 1071-72;
Confessional Formula in 1 Kor 8:6,” ZNW 69 (1978): Kistemaker). @ 11 &noAAvtat pres. ind. pass. GnOAAVEL
130-35. 8u' ob (# 1328; 4005) through whom, indicating (# 660) to ruin; that is, “to come to sin.” It means not to
agency. Nets 61! abtod “we through Him.” Like all men show oneself as a Christian (Grosheide). wo8evav pres.
we are created by Christ, but we are also redeemed by act. part. do8evew (# 820) to be weak. Part. as subst.
Him (Grosheide). #71 yv@o1 (#1194) the knowl- ane8avev aor. ind. act. dnoOvijoKw (#633) to die. #12
edge. The article points to the specific knowledge he is Opaptavovtes pres. act. part. Guaptavw (# 279) to sin.
367 1 Corinthians 9

Cond. or temp. part., or part. of means. ei¢ w. acc., (dep.) inf. epyafouo1 (#2237) to work; that is, to do
against. tomtovtes pres. act. part. tomtw (#5597) to manual labor. Epex. int. 7 otpateveta1 pres. ind.
wound, to strike w. the fist, staff, or whip (RWP). Cond. mid. (dep.) otpatevw (#5129) to be a soldier, to do mil-
or temp. part., or part. of means. do8evotboay pres. act. itary service, to serve in the army. Gnomic pres.
part. (adj.) do8evew (#820) to be weak. 13 d10nEp emphasizing a timeless truth (SMT, 8). oywviotg dat. pl.
(# 1478) therefore, for this very reason; w. ind. oxav- oywviov (#4072) provisions; soldiers’ pay was proba-
daAifer pres. ind. act. oxavdaritw (# 4997) to cause one bly a denarius a day, out of which they had to equip
to stumble, to offend (TDNT; NTW, 111-14; TLNT). Ind. themselves, secure any simple luxuries, or bribe the
ina Ist. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is assumed to centurions for remissions of duties (BC, 5:428; Rom.
be true. od 1 (# 4024; 3590) not in anywise. For the use 6:23; Schrage). Instr. dat. note (# 4537) at any time, ever.
of this strong neg. s. M 188f; GGBB, 468-69. @&yw aor. gutever pres. ind. act. butevw (# 5885) to plant. dprerav
subj. act. €o01w (# 2266) to eat. oxavdaAtow aor. subj. act. (# 308) vineyard. For the rules governing workers eat-
(# 4997) Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. ing the harvest s. SB, 3:382. moysaivet pres. ind. act. not-
watvw (#4477) to shepherd a flock, to tend sheep.
1 Corinthians 9 Toipwvn (# 4479) flock. yaAaKtosg gen. sing. yoru (# 1128)
@ 1 ov« (#4024) used in questions expecting the milk. According to Jewish custom a herdsman was
answer “yes.” “I am free, aren’t I?” EAedOEpoc (# 1801) allowed to drink from the milk of the herd when he
free; the freedom of a Christian (Morris; TDNT). was far away from home w. the herd, or when he
éwpaxa. perf. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. Having seen needed food (SB, 3:381-82). 8 ph (# 3590) neg. intro-
the Lord was one of the prerequisites for apostleship (s. ducing a question expecting a neg. answer (s.v. 4). Kat
1:1; TDNT; TLNT). Perf. indicates the continuing (#2779) also. ov (#4024) neg. introducing a question
results of having seen. @ 2 et (# 1623) if; w. ind. used to expecting a positive answer. 9 yeypanto1 perf. ind.
introduce a Ist. class cond. cl. which is assumed to be pass. ypadw (#1211) to write. Perf. emphasizes the
true. GAdo1g dat. pl. cAXAog (# 257) other. “To others.” standing legal authority of that which was written
Dat. of respect or relation, or ethical dat., “in the esti- (MM). knpwoets fut. ind. act. knnwow (# 3055) to muzzle.
mation of others” (Funk, 721f; MT, 238; Barrett). GAAG Fut. is used under Semitic influence of the legal lan-
ye (#247; 1145) but at least. A contrast used w. the guage of the OT and expresses a categorical imp. (BG,
emphatic article (BD, 226). oppayic (# 5382) seal, a con- 94). The Jewish concern for animals distinguished
firming and guaranteeing sign as well as a sign of them from other nations (SB, 3:382). Bots (#1091) ox.
authority (TDNT; NIDNTT, 3:497-501; CCFJ, 4:142; The ox in Scripture implied all laboring species (D.
EDNT; Schrage). 3 €u nom. sing. eu0¢ (# 1847) my, Instone Brewer, “1 Corinthians 9:9-11: A Literal Inter-
emphatic by position. amoAoyia (#665) defense. Used pretation of ‘Do Not Muzzle the Ox,’” NTS 38 [1992]:
elsewhere of defense in a law court (Barrett). 554-65). @Ao@vta pres. act. part. crodw (#262) to
avaxpivovot pres. act. part. masc. dat. pl. dvaxpivw thrash, to tread or trample out. Sledges were drawn by
(# 373) to examine, perhaps in the sense of cross-exam- teams of oxen and encircled the pile of grain heaped in
ine. Conative pres., “to those who would like to exam- the center of the thrashing floor (ZPEB, 5:739; IDB, 4:
ine me” (Barrett). Dat. of personal interest. @ 4 un obK 637). Adj. or temp. part., “while he is thrashing.” un
(# 3590; 4024) The first neg. is used in the question (# 3590) neg. used to introduce questions expecting the
expecting the answer “no” and the second neg. negates answer no. péAét pres. ind. act. weAw (# 3508) to have
the vb.: “you would not say that we do not have the concern. Used impersonally followed by the dat. of
authority, would you?” (BD, 220f; RG, 1173). dayetv aor. interest and the gen. for thing concerned. It may be that
act. inf. ¢o@iw (# 2266) to eat. meiv aor. act. inf. mivw Paul is here talking about the application of the pas-
(# 4403) to drink. Epex. infs. used to explain the con- sage without disregarding the literal meaning of the
tent of the authority. @ 5 d€$7 (# 80) sister; that is, a passage (Fee; OTN, 39-51; s. Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., “The
sister in Christ, one who belongs to the same religious Current Crisis in Exegesis and the Apostolic Use of
belief (NIDNTT 1:254; TDNT; EDNT). Double acc. as Deuteronomy 25:4 in 1 Corinthians 9:8-10,” JETS 21
dir. obj. followed by a second acc; 'yuvaikog (#1222) [1978]: 3-18). @ 10 5V TN&ic (# 1328; 1609) because of us,
wife. “A sister as wife.” mepidyetv pres. act. inf. mepiayw for our sakes. Either a reference to men in general or
(# 4310) to lead around. The word does not emphasize specifically to teachers. mavtwe (# 4122) adv., assuredly,
the traveling together on a journey but rather “to have entirely; that is, in every case (Grosheide). yap (# 1142)
constantly w. oneself”; that is, being married (Conzel- for. In replies it affirms what was asked, giving the rea-
mann). These were wives who would accompany their son for a tacit “yes,” “to be sure,” “just so” (BD, 236).
husbands on missionary trips (Schrage). Epex. inf. €ypaon aor. ind. pass. ypapw (#1211) to write. dpeirer
explaining the right or authority. @ 6 7 (# 2445) or. The pres. ind. act. opetAw (# 4053) to be obligated to (ought,
word continues the question. epyateo@a1 pres. mid. should). It generally shows a moral obligation. apo-
1 Corinthians 9 368

tpi@v pres. act. part. apotpiaw (# 769) to plow. Part. as constantly beside, to attend constantly (AS). In the
subst. d&potpiav pres. act. inf. Used to complete the papyri the word has a religious connotation (MM), but
main vb. showing what the obligation is. &Ao@v pres. is also used of a young boy attending school (NDIEC,
act. part. &Aodw (# 262) to thrash (s.v. 9). Part. as subst. 4:33-5; Jos., JW, 1:78). Part. as subst. ovppept{ovtar pres.
WeTEXELV pres. act. inf. weteyw (#3576) to share in, to ind. mid. (dep.) ovppeptfowor (#5211) to share a por-
partake of. Inf. w. the vb. ogetdet. In the examples of tion together. The customs Paul refers to were wide-
sharing used by Paul there is an intrinsic connection spread in antiquity. The recompense was the eating of
between one’s activity and one’s recompense (Harry P. the temple food (H.P. Nasuti, “The Woes of the Proph-
Nasuti, “The Woes of the Prophets and the Rights of ets and the Rights of the Apostle,” CBQ 50 [1988]: 251).
the Apostle: The Internal Dynamics of 1 Corinthians Those who held sacred offices on behalf of others
9,” CBQ 50 [1988]: 250; DPL, 295-97). 11 bpiv dat. pl. might reasonably expect to be provided for. This Jesus
ov (#5148) you. Dat. of personal interest (“for your Himself recognized (Barrett). © 14 ovtw¢ Kai (# 4048;
benefit”) or dat. of place (“among you”). 10 NvevpatiKa 2779) so also. Siétaéev aor. ind. act. S:ataoow (# 1411) to
(# 4461) spiritual things (s. 2:13). Here w. the analogy, give an order, to command. Aor. indicates that Paul
“spiritual seed” (Fee). €oneipapev aor. ind. act. oneipw was consciously alluding to a past origin in the teach-
(# 5062) to sow, to sow seeds. Ind. w. et (# 1623) intro- ing of Jesus (JNP, 96). The reference is probably to Luke
ducing a Ist. class cond. cl in which the cond. is 10:7 (Fee; s. 1 Tim. 5:18). xatayyéAAovotv pres. act. part.
assumed to be true. peya. (# 3489) great; “no big thing,” masc. dat. pl. katayyeAAw (# 2859) to proclaim, to make
“is this something extraordinary that we should expect a solemn proclamation (NIDNTT, 3:44-48; CCF], 2:434-
this?” (Fee). ta oapxixa (# 4920) fleshly things; fleshly, 35). Dat. of favor or advantage (Godet). &x (# 1666) w.
pertaining to the flesh. For the meaning of this suf. s. gen., out of, from. The prep. gives the source of income.
MH, 378. The word here is not identical w. “sinful.” Criv pres. act. inf. Caw (#2409) to live. Inf. in indir.
The contrast is between heavenly and earthly, or speech (BD, 200; IBG, 153). 15 eyw dé (# 1609; 1254)
between spiritual and the material and it refers to the but I! (emphatic). The apostle now applies the princi-
earthly things necessary for living (Grosheide; ple to himself and gives a further reason for the renun-
Schrage). Sepicopev fut. ind. act. Bepitw (# 2545) to har- ciation of his undoubted rights (Hering). Keypnuot perf.
vest, to reap. Fut. w. et (#1623) meaning, “if subse- ind. mid. (dep.) xpaouor (# 5968) to use. Perf. indicates
quently, as actually happened, we ...” (BD, 189). the continuing condition. The change from the aor. in
@ 12 vpdv gen. pl. ov (#5148) you. Obj. gen., “over v. 12 to the perf. brings it down to the pres. moment, “I
you” (RG, 500). &&ovoiag gen. sing. ebovota (# 2026) have not availed myself” (RP). Eypawa aor. ind. act.
authority. Gen. after a vb. of sharing. petéyovovv pres. ypapw (#1211) to write. Epistolary aor., “I am writing”
ind. act. wetexyw (# 3576) to share in (s.v. 10). Ind. in a (Kistemaker). yevntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivonar to
1st. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is viewed as true. become. Subj. w. tva (#2671) expressing purp. ev got
ob neg. in a question expecting a positive answer. in my case (Barrett). &mo@aveiv aor. act. inf. cto8vnoKw
Eyprjoopeda. aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ypaouat (#5968) to (#633) to die. Epex. inf. explaining what is better. 7
use, to make use of, w. obj. in dat. otéyouev pres. ind. (#2445) than. Paul breaks the construction abruptly
act. oteyw (# 5095) to cover, to protect or keep by cover- (MT, 343; Kistemaker). kabynua (# 3017) boasting, rea-
ing, to bear up against, to endure (T). éykonn (# 1600) a son or ground for boasting. Kevwoet fut. ind. act. Kevow
cutting, hindrance. Used in the papyri in the literal (# 3033) to make empty, to make void. 16 evay-
sense of cutting down (a tree) (MM; TLNT). da@pev aor. yeaiCwpar pres. subj. mid. (dep.) edayyeArtZouar (# 2294)
subj. act. 5t5wyt (# 1443) to give. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to to proclaim good news, to evangelize (TDNT;
express purp. evayyediw dat. sing. evayyedtov (# 2295) NIDNTT, 1:107-15; EDNT; TLNT; MNTW, 41). Subj. w.
good news, gospel. Indir. obj. 13 od« (#4024) neg. eav (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. in which the cond.
introducing a question which expects a positive is viewed as possible. avdykn (#340) compulsion,
answer. epyaCopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. epyatouat necessity, distress. tribulation (GELTS, 27; BAGD; Sieg-
(# 2237) to work; here, to officiate in religious matters. fried Kreuzer, “Der Zwang des Boten—Beobachtungen
Part. as subst. t& €« tod lepod (# 2639) the things from zu Lk 14:23 und 1 Kor 9:16,” ZNW 76 [1985]: 123-28). In
the temple or holy place; that is, the altar or the sacri- the NT the word does not mean “fate” (TDNT; Gustav
fice. Thus the last cl. defines the first (Grosheide). Stahlin, “Das Schicksal im Neuen Testament und bei
éoSiovo pres. ind. act. EoOtw (# 2266) to eat. Gnomic Josephus,” JS, 321f). €nixertat pres. ind. pass. emixewor
pres. giving a general truth. @vo.aotnpiw dat. sing. (# 2130) to place upon, to lie upon. Pres. shows continu-
8voiaotnprov (# 2603) altar, place of sacrifice. The suf. ing relevance (Kistemaker), meaning “presses upon
indicates the location where an action takes place, “at me” (RP). ovat (#4026) woe, alas! An interjection
the altar” (MH, 342-43). Dat. is pure locative (RG, 521). denoting pain or displeasure (BAGD), w. dat. of disad-
Tapedspevovtes pres. act. part. napadpevw (# 4204) to sit vantage. evayyeAiownat aor. subj. mid. (dep.)
369 1 Corinthians 9

evoryyedtCona. Subj. w. dv (# 1569) in 3rd. class cond. something wider and more inclusive than law, in the
cl. 17 Exwv (# 1776) willingly, gladly, of one’s own sense of Torah (MS, 137). €vvopog (# 1937) legal, subject
freewill. npdacow (#4556) pres. ind. act. to do, to prac- to law, obedient to the law; “under legal obligation to
tice. Pres. emphasizes habitual action. Ind. is used ina Christ” (Barrett). For the relation of this to the spiritual
Ist. class cond. cl. which assumes the reality of the life and walk according to the precepts of Christ s. MS,
cond. 11080¢ (# 3635) payment, reward. Paul's purpose 137-48. kepSavw aor. act. subj. kepdaivw (# 3045) to win.
is to intimate that he does not seek his reward in the @ 22 eyevouny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowor (# 1181) to
receiving of financial compensation (Grosheide). &kwv become. yeyova perf. ind. act. The change from aor. to
(# 220) unwilling, not of one’s own freewill. The word perf. is significant; this is the permanent result of this
indicates that Paul is a mere servant w. responsibilities past action (RP). mdvtws (#4122) by all means; or
to his master (Schrage). For the neg. prefix s. Rom. 1:20. “under any circumstance” (Schrage). owow fut. ind. act.
olKovonia. (# 3873) stewardship, responsibility. The owtw (#5392) to rescue, to save. Fut. w. iva (#2671) in
word indicates the task given to responsible and faith- purp. cl. (MT, 100). @ 23 ovyKoiwwvoc (#5171) one who
ful servants who were appointed over the economy or shares together, fellow partaker, fellow participant.
an area of responsibility in the household. The word yevwpat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivoyoi (#1181) to
stresses obligation, responsibility, and faithfulness of become. Subj. w. iva to express purp. For discussions of
the servant to his master in carrying out the entrusted Paul’s accommodating position s. PAL, 230-44; Peter
task (TDNT; TLNT; 4:1; for the use of the word in Richardson, “Pauline Inconsistency: 1 Corinthians
patristic writers s. PGL). neniotevyar perf. ind. pass. 9:19-23 and Galatians 2:11-14,” NTS 26 (1980): 347-62.
miotevw (#4409) to believe, to entrust. Perf. empha- @ 24 oiSate perf. ind. act. oi5a (# 3857) to know. Def.
sizes the completed state or condition reaching to the perf. w. pres. meaning. otddtov (# 5084) stadium, a run-
pres. time. Theol. pass. indicating that God had ning track which was a long parallelogram about 200
entrusted him w. this responsibility. @ 18 pov (# 1609) yards long and 30 yards wide. The Isthmian Games
my, emphatic by position. 1060¢ (# 3635) payment for held near Corinth form the background for this pas-
services, reward. Paul’s pay is that he preaches the gos- sage (OCD, 1010f; Oscar Bronner, “The Apostle Paul
pel as a servant for no pay (Schrage). iva. (# 2671) here and the Isthmian Games,” BA 25 [1962]: 1-31; A.H. Har-
it does not express purpose but gives the content of the ris, Sport in Greece and Rome, 27-33; DGRA, 1055f;
reward (BD, 202). evayyeAouevog pres. mid. (dep.) Schrage; BBC). TPEXOVTEG pres. act. part. tpexw (#5556)
part. evayyerifonar (#2294) to proclaim good news to run. Part. as subst. eig (# 1657) one. The point is not
(s.v. 16). &S&mavog (# 78) adv., without expense, free of that just one person is the winner, but rather “to run like
charge. @jow fut. ind. act. tiOnut (#5502) to place, to one who is the winner” (Schrage). AopPdvet pres. ind.
present. Kataypfoao=e1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. Kata- act. AauBavw (# 3284) to receive. Gnomic pres., indicat-
xpaonat (# 2974) to make full use of, to use completely, ing a general truth. BpaBetov (# 1092) prize. The prize
to use to the uttermost, w. dat. Prep. in compound is given to the winner of an athletic contest. The prize was
perfective (RWP; s. 7:31). Articular inf. w. etg (# 1659) to generally a wreath, but the winner was also rewarded
express purp. @ 19 dv pres. act. part. ei (# 1639) to be. w. fame and popularity. tpexete pres. act. imp. (#5556)
Concessive part. (“although I am free”) or causal Pres. imp. calls for a constant attitude. kataAaBnte aor.
(Schrage). €50vAWoa aor. ind. act. SovA0w (# 1530) to subj. act. katoaAoppavw (#2898) to attain, to grasp and
enslave, to make a slave of someone. MA€iovasg comp. hold. Effective aor. w. the perfective use of the prep. in
morug (# 4498) more; comp., the majority, or it had the compound (RWP). The example of the runners in the
meaning “others,” “even more” (BD, 127). kepSqow aor. arena sets the stage for the theme of self-control which
subj. act. or fut. ind. act. (RWP) kepdaivw (# 3045) to follows (PAM, 87; Schrage). Subj. w. va (#2671) to
win. The rabbinic equivalent means “to make prose- express purp. 25 aywviCopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part.
lytes,” “to win over” (Schrage; NTRJ, 352-54). Subj. w. aywviGonar (#76) to engage in an athletic contest, to
iva (#2671) to express purp. 20 &yevouny aor. ind. strive. For the attitude of Greeks, Romans, and Jews
mid. (dep.) yivoyat (#1181) to become. toig ‘Tovdaiorg toward the athletic contest s. PAM, 16-75; for the partic-
(# 3836; 2681) the individual use of the article, “the Jews ular neg. attitude of the Jews s. SB, 4:401-405. Part. as
w. whom | had to deal on each occasion” (BD, 137). Dat. subst. tavta acc. mic (#4246) all; acc. of general refer-
of respect, ethical dat., or dat. of advantage (Schrage). ence, “in regards to all things.” e€ykpatevetan pres. ind.
O10 (# 5679) w. acc., under. The law here is the Torah, as mid. (dep.) eyxpatevw (# 1603) to exercise self-control.
written in the Pentateuch and expounded by orthodox Gnomic pres. emphasizing that which is always true.
Jewish rabbis (MS, 135). 21 d&vopyog (# 491) lawless, All the endeavors of the athlete are in vain if he has not
without the law; however, not in the sense of leading an trained his body and abstained from all that might in
unregulated and irresponsible life (MS, 135). The addi- any way harm his physical condition. Paul seems to be
tion of the gen. 8e0b indicates that the law of God is referring to the training period during which time the
1 Corinthians 10 370

athlete was under strict rules (PAM, 87; Schrage). p@ap- (#1659) into. eBantio®noav aor. ind. pass. Banticw
t0g (# 5778) perishable. A&Bworv aor. act. subj. AnuBavw (# 966) to baptize. It means to immerse in Moses; that
(# 3284) to receive. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express is, to bring in close relationship w. Moses (Grosheide).
purp. Teic (# 1609) we! Emphatic and contrastive. Permissive pass., “to allow oneself to be ...” (MT, 57). A
GpOaptos (#915) imperishable. Paul is not speaking of variant reading, which very well may be the best read-
agonizing for the prize of eternal life, but rather for the ing, is €Bantioavto aor. ind. mid. (Fee; BD, 166). Per-
goal of faithfully proclaiming the gospel (PAM, 87f). missive mid. 3 advtd (#899) the same. nmvevpnatiKoc
@ 26 toivvv (# 5523) accordingly, therefore. It is used to (# 4461) spiritual, that which pertains to the spirit. The
draw an inference. a&énAws (#85) uncertainly, aim- word is either “spiritual” in contrast to material, or
lessly; “I do not run as one who has no fixed and cer- “spiritual” in its relation to the Holy Spirit. Bp@ya
tain goal” (PAM, 90; Weiss). tuxtedw (# 4782) pres. ind. (#1109) acc. sing. food. &payov aor. ind. act. eodiw
act. to fight w. the fist, to box (A.H. Harris, Sport in (# 2266) to eat. ® 4 Emov aor. ind. act. mivw (# 4403) to
Greece and Rome, 22-25; DGRA, 974; Schrage). Paul drink. mopa. (# 4503) acc. sing. that which one drinks,
turns to the picture of the boxer in order to reintroduce drink. émivov impf. ind. act. Impf. pictures the manner
the principle of self-restriction and self-negation (PAM, of action and shows the continual access to the super-
90). Gépa acc. anp (# 113) air. 5epwv pres. act. part. Sepw natural source of supply (RWP; BD, 169). dxoAov80veNs
(# 1296) to beat. The word could signify the failure of pres. act. part. (adj.) gen. fem. sing. dKoAovdew (# 199)
the pugilist to make his blows count or his carrying on to follow. For the Jewish tradition of the well which fol-
mock contest as a shadow boxer (PAM, 90). Part. of lowed the Israelites in the wilderness and the Rock, s.
manner, explaining how he does not box. 27 b1rw- SB, 4:406-08; Tg. Onk. and Rashi at Num. 21:16-19;
muogw (# 5724) pres. ind. act. to strike under the eye, to Schrage; Fee; IMC, 133-38; for the DSS s. CD 6:3-9; 1QH
beat black and blue (Schrage). 5ovAaywy@ pres. ind. act. 11:15. netpa. (# 4376) rock (s. Matt. 16:18). In the OT God
dovrAaywyew (# 1524) to lead into slavery, to make a is often referred to as a Rock (Ps. 18:31, 46; 42:9; 78:35;
slave or to treat one as a slave. The two vbs. give the 89:26; 95:1; 144:1; G. Henton Davies, “Psalm 95,” ZAW
picture of the athlete who does all to discipline himself 85 [1973]: 188-90), especially in the Song of Moses
and to keep his body under rigorous control in order (Deut. 32:4, 15, 18, 30). Av impf. ind. act. etpt (# 1639) to
that it might serve and not hinder his progress to the be. It was not that Christ was the literal rock, but He
goal (PAM, 91). un mwas (# 3590; 4803) “lest by any was the spiritual rock that followed and from which
means.” Knpv&a¢ aor. act. part. (temp.) Knpvoow Israel drank. The benefits enjoyed by the people are
(# 3062) to preach, to proclaim as a herald (TDNT; spiritual because they came from Christ, the source of
EDNT). Aor. expressing antecedent time, “after I have all blessings (Grosheide; IMC, 138-42; TDNT). #5
preached.” G&d0oKxoc (# 99) rejected as unusable. Used TAetoow dat. pl. tXeiwv (nom. masc. sing.) most; comp.
of metals and coins which were rejected for not stand- of norug (#4498) (BAGD). As subst., the majority. ev-
ing the test (RWP; s. NDIEC, 1:61-62; TLNT). yevwpou doKnoev aor. ind. act. evdoKew (# 2305) to be pleased w.
aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivopa (# 1181) to become. Paul’s W. the prep. €v (#1877) denotes a Semitic influence
fear is that he will be unfaithful in carrying out his (BD, 111; KVS, 262-65). KkateotpwOnoav aor. ind. pass.
commission of preaching the gospel as expected of him KaTAOTPwWVVULL (# 2954) to stretch or spread down as of
(PAM, 96). a couch, to lay low, as if by a hurricane (RWP), to strike
down, to annihilate (CCFJ, 2:464). 6 tomoc (# 5596)
1 Corinthians 10 type, example. The word is used here in the sense of
@ 1 yop (# 1142) for. The explanatory yap and the “an awful, warning example” (Barrett; NIDNTT, 3:903-
voc. adedpot indicate that the present argument has 7; TDNT; OTN, 53-57). Pred. nom. Nav gen. pl. eyo
close ties with the exhortation and warning that has (# 1609) I. Either obj. gen., “examples for us,” or subjec-
just preceded (Fee). &yvoeiv pres. act. inf. dyvoew (# 51) tive gen., “examples of us” (Kistemaker; Fee). tyevn@n-
not to know, to be ignorant. Used w. acc. as subject and oav aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivoya. (# 1181) to become, to
supplementary to 6€\w (#2527). For the neg. force of be. Instead of the usual sing. of the vb. after an. pl. sub-
the pref. s. Rom. 1:20. mavtec (#4246) all. The main ject, the vb. here is pl. thought the attraction of the
emphasis in vv. 1-4 rests on this word. Paul had pred. (EGT). Elva pres. act. inf. ewt (# 1639) to be.
received the same privileges (Bruce; Grosheide). Toav Articular inf. w. etg (# 1659) and the neg. pn (# 3590) to
impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. &AA8ov aor. ind. act. express neg. purp., “that we should not be.” em8upnths
diepyouat (# 1451) to go through, to pass completely (# 2122) one who lusts, one who has a strong desire.
through. Prep. in compound is perfective and local The noun is followed by the obj. gen., indicating the
(MH, 301f). The OT clearly sees Israel's passing object of the strong desire. Words w. the ending -tn¢
through the sea and the accompanying cloud as divine indicate the agent performing an action (MH, 365-68).
activity (Exod. 13:21; Ps. 105:39) (IMC, 129). 2 €t¢ ene8vunoav aor. ind. act. ém@vpuew (# 2121) to have
 371 1 Corinthians 10

strong desire, to lust after, to lust, to set one’s heart pictures the enumerated events in the process of hap-
upon, to long for (GELTS, 170; Exod. 20:17 LXX). Lust is pening; the sing. sums them up as one series (RP).
strong desire of any sort, but in the NT it is more com- €ypaon aor. ind. pass. ypcpw (#1211) s.v. 7. vovOecia
monly used of evil passions than of good desires (Mor- (# 3804) admonition, warning, instruction (TDNT;
ris). Prep. in compound is directive. @ 7 e1dwAoAGTPNS TLNT; EDNT; for the use in Jos. s. CCF], 3:157). t& téAn
(#1629) one who worships and serves an idol, w. TOV awvwv (# 5465; 172) the ends of the ages. In Jewish
yivoot, to take part in idol worship (BAGD). yiveo@e writing the term means the beginning of redemption or
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivowo. (# 1181) s.v. 6. Pres. imp. the time of the Messiah’s appearing or “the end,” in
w. the neg. unde (# 3593) is often used to stop an action general (SB, 3:416; Schrage). For the apparently general
in progress—"do not continue” (MKG, 272f)-or it for- use of the term in the DSS s. 1 OS 4:16f. Paul believes he
bids general conduct. yeypantor perf. ind. pass. ypadw and his correspondents are living in the last days of
(# 1211) to write. The term in perf. was used of author- world history before the breaking in of the Messianic
itative documents, “it standing written” (MM). &xa- Age (Barrett). Kathvtnkev perf. ind. act. Katavtaw
@toev aor. ind. act. ka61Cw (# 2767) to take one’s seat, to (# 2910) to come down to a meeting, to arrive at a goal,
sit. bayetv aor. act. inf. €001w (# 2266) to eat. netv aor. act. to come to. The word appears in the papyri as a t.t. for
inf. nivw (#4403) to drink. The infs. express purp. the inheritance that comes to an heir (TDNT; BAGD;
avEotNOaY aor. ind. act. dviotnu (#482) to rise up, to MM). 12 wote (# 6063) therefore, thus then. It indi-
get up. maifetv pres. act. inf. maitw (# 4089) to play, to cates that this exhortation to watchfulness is the infer-
amuse oneself, to dance. In this context it has strong ence to be drawn from the foregoing examples (Godet).
_ overtones of sexual play (Fee; Kistemaker; Schrage). doK@v pres. act. part. doxew (# 1506) to seem, to be of the
This activity, as well as the eating and drinking, were opinion, to think, w. inf. Part. as subst., “the one who
considered by the rabbis to be committing idolatry (SB, thinks.” gotavat perf. act. inf. iotnt (#2705) to stand.
3:410). © 8 nopvedwpev pres. subj. act. nopvevw (# 4519) BAenetw pres. imp. act. BAEmw (# 1063) to see, to beware.
to engage in unlawful sexual acts, to commit fornica- Pres. imp. indicates the necessity of continual watchful-
tion. Hortatory subj. (“let us not”). €mopvevoav aor. ind. ness. TEOT aor. subj. act. mintw (# 4406) to fall; here, per-
act. topvevw (# 4519). Eneouv aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) haps to fall into sin (Weiss). Subj. w. wn (# 3590) lest, in
to fall. pug Nwepe (# 1651; 2465) in one day. Dat. of time, a neg. purp. or result cl. @ 13 neipaopog (# 4279) test-
indicating the period during which an action takes ing, trying, temptation. The vb. came to signify inten-
place. eixoor tpeic y1ddec (# 1633; 5552; 5943) twenty- tional trying w. the purpose of discovering what of
three thousand. @ 9 exreipaCwpev pres. subj. act. &xmet- good and evil, or power or weakness, was in a person
pacw (# 1733) to try, to put to the test (s. Matt. 4:1). Prep. or thing (Trench, Synonyms, 280; TLNT). etangev perf.
in compound is perfective and might suggest the dar- ind. act. AouBavw (#3284) to take, overtake, w. the
ing of the act or an effort to put to a decisive test (MH, emphasis here on its lying outside their willing or
309). Hortatory subj. €meipacav aor. ind. act. neipatw doing (Fee). The words imply that there was a certain
(#4279) to tempt. Opewv gen. pl. doc (# 4058) snake. temptation which had captured the Corinthians and
a&nwWAAvvtO impf. ind. mid./pass. anoAA VL (# 660) to be which subdued them (Grosheide). €1 wn (# 1623; 3590)
destroyed, to perish. Impf. pictures the continual and except. avOpwirivog (#474) human, that which is
repeated action, “they continue to perish day by day” according to human strength, bearable (Weiss; BAGD).
(RWP). 10 yoyybtete pres. imp. act. yoyyvGw (# 1197) The suf. signifies material or kind (MH, 359). édoet fut.
to murmur, to mutter, to complain, to give audible ind. act. eaw (# 1572) to allow, w. inf. and the subject of
expression to unwarranted dissatisfaction (Lenski; the inf. in the acc. neipao€fvai aor. pass. inf. meipactw
GELTS, 92). It contains the idea of God’s judgment and (# 4279) to test, to tempt, to try (TLNT). Pass. indicates
condemnation of man who instead of giving God that the temptation is from without. bnép (# 5642) w.
thanks and showing obedience sets himself up as a acc., above, beyond. 6 (#4005) who, which. Rel. pron.
judge over God (TDNT; EDNT; Schrage). xa®dmep which includes the unexpressed demonstrative pron.
(# 2749) just as. eyoyyvoav aor. ind. act. (#1197). Kat “Beyond that which” (BD, 154). &0vaoe pres. ind. pass.
(# 2779) and, w. the result that (Barrett). &wAovto aor. (dep.) S0vapo1 (# 1538) to be able. novfoet fut. ind. act.
ind. mid. (dep.) &nOAAvp1 (# 660) to be destroyed. oo- movew (# 4472) to do, to make. ovv (# 5250) w. dat., with,
Opevtns (# 3904) one who destroys, the destroyer. Per- in connection w. It ties the two together, w. the tempta-
haps a reference to the angel of destruction whom the tion there is also the escape (Schrage). ExBaorc (# 1676)
rabbis called Mashhith (SB, 3:412-16; Jastrow, 2:851; a way out, escape (LS, 501; BAGD). In the papyri it has
DDD, 456-63; s. Exod. 12:23; TDNT). 11 tum«dc¢ the meaning “end,” “completion” (MM; Preisigke,
(#5595) adv., typically (s.v. 6; Schrage). ovveBaivev 1:438; GELTS, 133). 50vao801 pres. pass. (dep.) inf. 5v-
impf. ind. act. ovpBatvw (#5201) to happen, w. dat., voor (# 1538) to be able. bmeveyxetv aor. act. inf. v0-
which indicates to whom the events happened. Impf. depw (#5722) to carry under, to bear, to endure. @ 14
1 Corinthians 10 Se:

d51omep (# 1478) wherefore, for which very reason, “the strative pron. which is not expressed (s.v. 13). da1-
conclusion of this” (Barrett; DM, 245; Blomqvist, 136f). povioig dat. pl, dawoviov (#1228) demon. Dat. of
ayarntor (#28) voc. pl. one who is loved, w. subject advantage, “to demons.” Heathen sacrifices were sac-
gen., “ones loved by me.” The designation suggests rifices to demons (TDNT; SB, 3:51-53; RAC, 9:546-797;
that Paul’s concern is motivated by genuine interest in NW 2, i:335-36). yiveo@a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. yivoyat
them. gebyete pres. act. imp. devyw (#5771) to flee, to (# 1181) to become (s.v. 6). Inf. completes the vb., “I do
run from. Pres. imp. calls for a constant way of life. not want you to become partners with demons.” This
@ 15 ppovitoc (#5861) wise, understanding, sensible, would involve becoming one with demons as well as
the ability to make a decision, understanding resulting giving tacit recognition of supernatural powers which
from insight and wisdom (TDNT,; LN, 1:384). Indir. obj. are opposed to God (IMC, 191-92). 21 8bvaobe pres.
Kpivate aor. imp. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge. bpeic ind. pass. (dep.) 5vvoya (# 1538) to be able to; “you are
(# 5148) you yourself. @ 16 nothpiov (# 4539) cup; the not able.” Gnomic pres. emphasizes that which is
cup of blessing was a technical Jewish term used for always true. notnptov (# 4539) cup, the common meal
the cup of wine drunk at the end of a meal. The most and the common drinking of the heathen created a
honored guest at the table took the cup, lifted it up, and close and meaningful relationship between the human
said the benediction (Barrett; SB, 4:627ff; D. Cohn-Sher- partners and the god to whom they ate and drank. This
bok, “A Jewish Note on TO TIOTHPION THY EYAO- was especially true when they drank from a common
TTAx,” NTS 27 [1981]: 704-709; Phillip Sigal, “Another cup (RAC 2:41). mivew pres. act. inf. mivw (#4403) to
Note to 1 Corinthians 10.16,” NTS 29 [1983]: 134-39). drink (s.v. 7). tpaneCng gen. sing. tpamela (# 5544) table
evroyovpev pres. ind. act. evrAoyew (#2328) to bless. indicating a common meal (IMC, 15-17; s. 8:1). Gen.
Pres. views the general Christian practice without after a vb. of sharing. @ 22 7 (# 2445) or. napatnAobpev
going into details (RP). obyi (# 4049) introduces a ques- pres. ind. act. napatnrow (# 4143) to provoke to jeal-
tion expecting the answer “yes.” kowwvia. (# 3126) fel- ousy, to cause one to be jealous (s. Deut 32:21). For the
lowship, to have in common w. someone, common prep. compound s. MH 320. pn (# 3590) introduces a
participation (Barrett; NIDNTT, 1:639-44; RAC, 9:110- question which expects the answer “no.” toyxupoterot
45; TDNT; esp. IMC, 167-212). aipatoc tod Xpiotod gen. comp. toxupoc (# 2708) strong; comp., stronger, w. gen.
sing. (# 135; 3836; 5986) obj. gen., “a participation in the adtod (# 899) as gen. of comparison, “stronger than he
blood of Christ,” “participation in Christ’s death”; that (is).” @ 23 cot. (# 2003) pres. ind. act.; impersonal,
is, “committal to him who died for us” (RWP; IMC, it is lawful, it is allowed. ovpoepet pres. ind. act.
207). tov aptov acc. sing. aptos (# 788) bread. Acc. by (# 5237) ovpdepw to bring together, to help, to confer a
inverse attraction to the rel. pron. (BD, 154; RG, 717f). benefit, to be advantageous, profitable, or useful
KA@pev pres. ind. act. KAaw (#3089) to break. Iterat. (BAGD). Gnomic pres. indicating that which is always
pres. referring to a repeated action. owpatog tod Xpi- true. oikodouei pres. ind. act. oikodouew (#3868) to
ot0d (# 5393; 3638; 5986) the body of Christ. A reference build up, to edify. It means to cause to advance spiritu-
to the church as the body of Christ and the fellowship ally (Grosheide). 24 undeig (#3594) no one. 10
among believers (Lietzmann). The fellowship means éavtod (# 1571) the thing of himself, that which is his
the relationship established among members of a cov- own, his own ends (Barrett). Cntettw pres. imp. act.
enant and the obligations ensuing from it (IMC, 209). Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Pres. points to a habitual action.
17 611 (#4022) because. 01 mavtec (#4246) the all; @ 25 waxKeddov (#3425) stall or shop on the market-
“we the whole, the whole number.” These words are in place where meat and other foods were sold. Because
apposition to the subject (RWP). wetéyopev pres. ind. of the nearness to the temple, it was possible that some
act. peteyw (#3576) to share w., to be partners in. of the meat in the marketplace had been sacrificial
@ 18 Kata odpKxa. (# 2848; 4922) according to the flesh; offerings (Lietzmann; TDNT; H.J. Cadbury, “The
a reference to historical Israel (Conzelmann). ovy Macellum of Corinth,” JBL 53 [1934]: 134-41; C. K. Bar-
(#4024) introduces a question expecting a positive rett, “Things Sacrificed to Idols,” NTS 11 [1965]: 144;
answer. Eo@iovtes pres. act. part. Eo0iw (# 2266) to eat. Schrage; SPC, 32, 37; BBC). nwovpevov pres. pass. part.
Part. as subst. @voia (#2602) sacrifice. @vo1aotnpiov (adj.) mwAew (#4797) to sell. A middle to lower class
gen. sing. 8vo1aotnptov (# 2603) altar, place of sacrifice. household in Corinth buying its supplies in the macel-
Obj. gen.; that is, joint participation in the sacrifice and lum would often make purchases that had no connec-
the accompanying rites (IMC, 184-88, esp. 187). tion w. idolatry (Barrett, NTS 11 [1965]: 146). éo@iete
@ 19 odv (# 4036) then. It draws a consequence from v. pres. imp. act. €001w (# 2266) to eat. Imp. of permission,
18 (Schrage). e1wA0OvtOV (# 1628) that which is sacri- “you may eat” (RG, 948). For a discussion of Plutarch’s
ficed to an idol (s. 8:1). tt (#5516) anything, anything at arguments against eating meat s. PTW, 301-16.
all; that is, a real sacrifice (IMC, 189). 204 pl. 0¢ GvaKpivovtes pres. act. part. (circum.) &vaxpivw (# 373)
(# 4005) who, which. Rel. pron. including the demon- to examine, to make inquiry. The word was used in a
373 1 Corinthians 11

judicial sense of conducting a hearing or investigation 1 Corinthians 11

(BAGD). Jews were only allowed to buy meat from the @ 1 pyntai nom. pl. pyntns (# 3629) imitator, one
Gentiles if it could be established that it was not meat who mimics another; w. obj. gen. indicating who is to
offered to idols (SB, 3:420-21). ovveidnors (# 5287) con- be imitated (DPL, 428-31). It is from the vb. upeouar to
science (s. Rom. 2:15; PAT, 416-20). 26 tod Kupiov imitate, to mimic. The ending of the noun indicates the
(# 3261) belongs to the Lord. Emphatic by its position. agent who performs an action (MH, 365). Pred. nom.
TANpwua (# 4445) fullness, the total content. @ 27 el yiveo@e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivouwor (#1181) to
(# 1623) if. It views the possibility as a reality. KaAei become, to be. Pres. imp. calls for an habitual conduct.
pres. ind. act. kad€w (# 2813) to call, to invite. Christians Xptotod gen. sing. Xpiotoc (# 5986) Christ. Obj. gen.
were evidently frequently invited to dinners by the Paul’s appeal to the character of Jesus of Nazareth
unbelievers and some of these dinners may have been shows Paul's interest in the earthly life of Christ (JNP,
connected w. heathen gods. (For a study of such invita- 109). 2€noivd pres. ind. act. exatvaw (#2046) to
tions w. examples, s. Chan-Hie Kim, “The Papyrus praise. mavta acc. pl. nic (# 4246) all. Acc. of reference,
Invitation,” JBL 94 [1975]: 391-402; IMC, 39-45). “in respect to all things. wewvnove perf. ind. mid. (dep.)
mopeveodat pres. mid. (dep.) inf. nopevour (# 4513) to LWyvjoKouo (# 3630) to remember, w. obj. in gen. Perf.
go. Inf. w. vb. mapatiéyevov pres. pass. part. (adj.) indicates that the Corinthians remembered continually
Topationut (# 4192) to place before, here in the sense to (Grosheide). nopéSwxa aor. ind. act. nopadidwpr
“serve.” The unbeliever places the meat before the (#4140) to deliver over, to pass on. Often used in the
believer. ® 28 einn aor. subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. sense of a teacher passing on material which he has
Subj. w. €av (# 351) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. in which the (TDNT; TLNT; NIDNTT, 3:772-74; EDNT; DPL, 569-75,
cond. is viewed as possible. tepo8vtov (#2638) that 989-90). mapddooig (#4142) tradition, that which is
which is sacrificed in a temple. It is different from the passed on. Katéyete pres. ind. act. kateyw (# 2988) to
word in chapter 8:1; 10:19 and more appropriate on hold down, to hold fast, to possess (MM). @ 3 etdévan
pagan lips or in pagan company (Bruce). eo@iete pres. perf. act. inf. ova (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
imp. act. €o0tw (# 2266) to eat. uNVvoavtE aor. act. part. meaning. Inf. completing the vb. 6€Aw (#2527) pres.
unvow (# 3606) to make known, to give information, to ind. act., I desire. KedaAn (#3051) head; in its meta-
reveal. The word implies private communication (Fee). phorical sense it may apply to the outstanding and
Part. as subst. @ 29 thv éavtod (# 1571) his own. ivatt determining part of a whole, but also to origin. Paul
(# 2672) why. xptveta pres. ind. pass. kpivw (# 3212) to does not say that the man is the Lord of the woman; he
judge; pass., to be judged, to be exposed to judgment says that he is the origin of her being (Barrett; TDNT;
(Barrett). 30 yapitt dat. sing. yapic (#5921) grace, H. Wayne House, “Should a Woman Prophesy or
thanksgiving. Dat. of manner: “w. thanks,” “w. thanks- Preach before Men?” Bib Sac 145 [1988]: 145-48; DPL,
giving” (BD, 106). The word “grace” not only meant the 375-77). Paul uses the word to set forth the hierarchical,
gift which was given, but the thanks which was social structure in God’s economy (Bruce K. Waltke, “1
expressed for the gift (TDNT). petéyw (# 3576) pres. ind. Corinthians 11:2-16: An Interpretation,” Bib Sac 135
act. to partake. Ind. ina 1st. class cond. cl. in which the [1978]: 46-57, esp. 48). For a discussion of this passage
cond. is assumed as actual. BAaopnotpar pres. ind. s. Craig S. Keener, Paul, Women and Wives (Peabody,
pass. BAaopnyew (# 1059) to slander, to defame, to injure Mass.: Hendrikson, 1992), 19-100. @ 4 npooevxopEevoc
the reputation of someone (BAGD; TLNT). od gen. 6¢ pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) mpocevyoua (# 4662) to
(# 4005) “that which,” rel. pron. used including the idea pray. Zpopntevwv pres. act. part. mpopntevw (# 4736) to
of the demonstrative pron. ® 31 novette pres. ind./imp. speak for someone, to prophecy. Kata KepaAtic (# 2848;
act. movew (# 4472) to do. The first form, noveite, is pres. 3051) down from the head; that is, a head covering or
ind. act. The second notette, is pres. imp. and points to veil hanging down from the head (Richard E. Oster,
a habitual action. #32 anpooKxonoc (#718) without “When Men Wore Veils to Worship: The Historical
offense, without causing others to stumble (RP). Used Context of I Corinthians 11.4,” NTS 34 [1988]: 486; RG,
in the papyri in the sense of “free from hurt or harm” 606f; MT, 268). Some feel that Paul is not referring to a
(MM) and “not causing injury” (Preisigke). ‘lovéatorg head covering as such, but rather to the wearing of
dat. pl. lovdaioc (# 2681) Jew (s. Malcolm Love, “Who long, loose flowing hair, which may have been the indi-
Were the IOUDAIOI?,” NovT 18 [1976]: 101-30). Dat. of cation of a homosexual (Schrage). €xwv pres. act. part.
disadvantage. yiveo8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivopor (adj.) €xw (#2400) to have. katatoyvvet pres. ind. act.
(# 1181) to become. éxKxAnoig (# 1711) dat. sing. church. Kataoyvuvw (# 2875) to put to shame, to disgrace. Since
Dat. of disadvantage. @ 33 mavta acc. pl. ndc (# 4246) the Christian man reflects the glory of Christ, were he
all. Acc. of general reference. ow@@otv aor. subj. pass. to wear a veil concealing his head he would rob his
owt (# 5392) to rescue, to save. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) in own head of its chief function of reflecting the glory of
a purp. cl. Christ (Barrett). It was common for Roman men to
1 Corinthians 11 374

wear their heads covered while performing religious AvrtTECOW pres. imp. pass. KaTaKaAumtw (#2877) to
duties. Numerous references by various writers attest cover. Pres. imp. indicates a general command.
to this, as well as statues, pictures, coins, etc. (Richard © 7 obeirer pres. ind. act. opeiAw (#4053) to be obli-
E. Oster, NTS 34 [1988]: 481-505; Richard E. Oster, “Use, gated to. “One ought to,” “one is obligated to,” w. inf.
Misuse and Neglect of Archaeological Evidence,” The word indicates moral obligation. kataxoAbntecbar
ZNW 83 [1992]: 67-69; D.W.J. Gill, “The Importance of pres. mid. inf. kataKoAvntw (# 2877) to cover. ElKWV
Roman Portraiture for Head-coverings in 1 Corin- (# 1635) image. 80&0. (# 1518) glory. bnapywv pres. act.
thians 11,2-16,” TB 42 [1990]: 245-60; Cynthia L. part. (causal) vnapyw (#5639) to exist, to be. 8
Thompson, “Hairstyles, Head-coverings, and St. Paul: Yovaikos gen. sing. yuvn (# 1222) s.v. 6 avpoc gen. sing.
Portraits from Corinth,” BA 51 [1988]: 99-115; NW, 2, avnp (#467) male, man. @ 9 kai yap for even, yes, even
i:340-43; Plutarch, “The Roman Questions,” Moralia, (BD, 236). €xtio@n aor. ind. pass. ktiGw (# 3231) to cre-
266 C-F). For the Jewish custom of men praying w. ate. yuvaixa acc. sing. s.v. 8. &vbpa acc. sing. (s.v. 8).
uncovered heads s. SB, 3:423-26. 5 npocevyouévn 10 eEovoiav (#2026) authority, the right to perform
pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) mpooevyouor (# 4662) to an act. The covered head is the woman’s authority to
pray. Gxataxardrtw dat. sing. dkatakdAruntos (# 184) pray and worship since it shows her belonging and
uncovered. For a Jewish woman to appear outside of obedient to her husband (Schlatter; M.D. Hooker,
the house w. an uncovered head was shameful and her “Authority on Her Head: An Examination of First
husband could divorce her (SB, 3:427). The Jewish Corinthians 11:10,” NTS 10 [1964]: 410-16; DPL, 584-
sense of a woman’s head covering indicated the special 86). The statement may mean that the authority of the
hairstyle she was to wear-plaited hair held together w. Corinthian woman was that she should wear a fitting
bands and coverings (SB, 3:427-35). The women of Tar- hairstyle (Schrage). €yew pres. act. inf. €yw (#2400) to
sus were to have their face covered when they have. Inf. complementary to the vb. €mi tig KEpaAtic
appeared on the street. This was an old custom (# 3051) upon her head. It is unclear whether this is to
retained in Tarsus (DC, 33:48). It may be a reference to be understood in a literal or fig. sense. 1a tovd¢ ayye-
women wearing long, unkempt, flowing hair, as pagan Aovs (# 1328; 34) “because of the angels.” Angels were
women often did during the frenzied worship of some considered to be the guardians of the order of creation
of the gods (Schrage; William J. Martin, “1 Corinthians (Hooker, NTS 10:412f; DPL, 20-21), and present at wor-
11:2-16: An Interpretation,” AHG, 231-41). In the wor- ship services (Schlatter). The misconduct of the women
ship of the Greek deity Desponia, the women were not would be taken as a sign of rebellion (H. Wayne House,
to have their hair braided, nor the men their head cov- “Should a Woman Prophesy or Preach Before Men?”
ered (NDIEC, 4:109-18). Dat. of manner. €v yap Eotiv Bib Sac 145 [1988]: 158; Schrage). For Qumran parallels
Kai T0 adtO “for it is one and the same thing” (RWP). to angels being present at a worship service and the
e€vpnyévn perf. pass. part. (adj.) Evpaw (#3834) to interpretation that the lack of covering for a woman
shave. For the Jews a woman w. a shaved head was signified a physical defect which excluded one from
particularly ugly; a shaved head was a sign of adultery worship s. Fitzmyer, Essays, 187-204. 11 7Anv
(SB, 3:434; Philo, The Special Laws, 3:36). In Cyprus a (# 4440) however, nevertheless, in any case. It is used
woman guilty of adultery was considered a harlot and in an adversative and modifying sense to conclude a
her hair was cut off (DC, 64:3). A woman w. a shaved discussion and emphasize what is essential (BD, 234;
head was also the sign of mourning (DC, 64:16; The Syr- Blomqvist, 82f). ywpic (# 6006) w. gen., without, sepa-
ian Goddess, 6; Barrett). Perf. indicates the state or rated from. év Kupi@ (# 1877; 3261) in the Lord, or per-
condition. @ 6 kataxoAvmteta pres. ind. mid. Kata- haps, in the Lord’s intention; that is, that of the original
Kodrontw (# 2877) to cover oneself; mid., to cover one- creation and its restoration (Barrett). @ 12 51a (# 1328)
self w. a veil. It may mean, “to have the head covered w. gen., through. €x tod €0d (# 2536) from, out of God.
w. hair” (Schrage). Pres. expresses a general principle. The man is the woman’s initial cause, she is his instru-
Ind. ina Ist. class cond. cl. which assumes the reality of mental cause, but both owe their origin to God (RP).
the cond. Kepdao@w aor. imp. mid. Keipw (#3025) to @ 13 xpivate aor. imp. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge, to
shear, to cut w. scissors (Lietzmann). Perhaps Paul in decide. mpénov pres. act. part. nom. sing. mpenw (# 4560)
using sarcasm to indicate that when a woman will not that which is fitting to the circumstances, that which is
wear a decent hairstyle, let her cut off all of her hair proper; followed by the acc. w. the inf. dkataxdAvrtov
(Schrage). ataxpog (# 156) shame, disgrace, w. dat. of (#184) uncovered (s.v. 5). mpooedyeo@a1 pres. mid.
disadvantage, yuvatxt dat. sing. yovn (# 1222) woman. (dep.) inf. npooevyouat (#4667) to pray. 14 odd
Keipaodat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. keipw (# 3025) Inf. w. the (# 4028) used to introduce a question expecting a posi-
article is used as the subject of the cl. (Funk, 657). tive answer (RWP). ) dbo1g adtH (# 3836; 5882; 899)
Evpaoba1 pres. mid. inf. Evpaw (# 3834) to shave, to cut nature herself. kow@ pres. subj. act. konaw (#3150) to
w. a razor (s.v. 5; Lietzmann; BAGD; MM). cataxa- have long hair, to let one’s hair grow long. Subj. w. av
375 1 Corinthians 11

(# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes the pos- yap Kai for also, for precisely (Kistemaker). aipeors
sibility of the cond. atywia (#871) dishonor. Jewish (#146) division, different opinion (MM). €iva pres.
men wore middle length hair which was usually well- act. inf. elu (# 1639) to be. S0xmoc (# 1511) that which
groomed (SB, 3:440-42). Sometimes long hair was asso- is approved after examination, genuine, tested.
ciated w. homosexuality (Wiess; Philo, The Special Laws, approved (BS, 259-62; TDNT; TLNT). davepoc (# 5745)
3:37), but long hair was not uncommon for philoso- open to sight, visible, w. reference to outward appear-
phers, farmers, barbarians, etc. (DC, 35:11). @ 15 50&o ance, manifest as opposed to concealed (AS, 104). Pred.
(#1518) glory, that which brings praise or honor nom. Yyevwvtat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivowor (# 1181) to
(TLNT). adtf dat. sing. adtd¢ (# 899) self, (her); dat. of become. Subj. w. tva (#2671) expressing purp. Divi-
advantage. Koun (#3151) long hair, the hairdo neatly sions are not good, but they are inevitable and show
held in place by means of ribbon or lace. What is those who are truly Christ’s (Fee). @ 20 ovvepyouévwv
required by these verses is an orderly hairdress which pres. mid. (dep.) part. ovvepyouo1 (#5302) to come
distinguishes a woman from a man (Grosheide; for pic- together. Gen. abs. ovv (#4036) therefore, then, now.
tures and a discussion of women’s hairstyle s. Cynthia The word indicates the continuation of the subject from
L. Thompson, “Hairstyles, Head-coverings, and St. one thought to another or the introduction of a new
Paul: Portraits from Corinth,” BA 51 [1988]: 99-115). phase of thought (DM, 253). 10 adto (# 899) the same;
avtt (#505) w. gen., instead of. mepiBodatov (# 4316) here, “the same place.” KupiaKog (# 3258) belonging to
that which is thrown about, a wrap, a covering. Her the Lord. The word was used in the papyri in the sense
hair is the covering (Schrage). 5€50to1 perf. ind. pass. of “belonging to Caesar” or “imperial” (Deissmann;
did (# 1443) to give. Perf. indicates the abiding state BS, 217-19; LAE, 362f; TDNT; DPL, 578-79; Rev. 1:10).
or condition. Perhaps the pass. is a theol. pass. detzvov (# 1270) dinner, the main meal. For the meal of
@ 16 doxet pres. ind. act. d5oxew (# 1506) to seem to be, the Greeks and the Romans s. Bengel; Lietzmann;
to seem, to intend to be. Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. LLAR, 35-53; PLR, 1:297-340. bayetv aor. act. inf. eo81w
which views the cond. as true. oiAdverKkocg (#5809) (# 2266) to eat. Inf. of purp. @ 21 Exaotog (# 1667) each,
strife-loving, contentious, quarrelsome. eva pres. act. each one for himself. It was not the Lord who was
inf. et (# 1639) to be. Compl. inf. w. the vb. ovvnGera determining the celebration, but the individual (Con-
(# 5311) custom, habit, usage. He means we have no zelmann). mpoAauBdaver pres. ind. act. mporoupavw
such custom such as women praying or prophesying (# 4624) to take before. Prep. here is temp., “each one
w. head uncovered (Morris). 17 napayyédAwv pres. takes it before others have theirs” (Barrett). For the
act. part. (temp.) napayyehAw (#4133) to transmit a examples in the papyri and the suggested weakening
message along from one to another, to declare, to order, of the prep. in compound s. MM. $ayetv aor. act. inf.
to charge. Used especially of the order of the military €00iw (# 2266) to eat. Inf. w. prep. €v (# 1877) to indicate
commander which is passed along the line by his sub- the area in which some were going ahead of others.
ordinates (T, 343). Pres. indicating contemporaneous They took what they had brought along and did not
time, “in giving this charge.” émoivd pres. ind. act. permit others, the poor, to eat from their portion (Gros-
emaivew (#2046) to praise. Kpetooov (# 3202) comp. of heide). 0¢ pév ... O¢ 5 the one, the other. retv@ pres. ind.
ayaoc (#19) good; comp., more prominent, prefera- act. meow (#4277) to be hungry. weOvet pres. ind. act.
ble, more advantageous, better. nooov (# 2482) func- e80w (# 3501) to be drunk. Pres. vividly points out the
tions as a comp. of Kak0oc inferior, weaker, lesser, for the action that was in progress. It could also point to a
worse. For both of these words s. BAGD. ovvepyeo8e habitual or repeated action. For a description of the
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) ovvépyouo1 (#5302) to come common meal associated w. the Lord’s Supper s. IDB,
together. @ 18 npd@tov pev (# 4754; 3525) first of all, in 2:53-54; DPL, 569-75, esp. 571-73; ABD, 1:90-91; 4:362-
the first place. It is not formally caught up by such a 72. 22 un (# 3590) used in a question expecting the
companion phrase as “in the next place,” unless we so answer “no”; “it is certainly not that you do not have
regard v. 34b (Bruce). ovvepyovévwv pres. mid. (dep.) houses, is it?” €o8ietv pres. act. inf. E081 (# 2266) to eat.
part. ovvepyouo. (#5302) to come together. Gen. abs. nivel pres. act. inf. nivw (# 4403) to drink. Inf. w. prep.
temp. part., “when you come together.” The Corin- ec (# 1650) to express purp.; “for eating and drinking.”
thians came together in the various homes of the At a Roman banquet, which was a three course meal,
believers (SPC, 153-67; BBC; Bradley Blue, “Acts and different qualities of food and drink were served to the
the House Church,” BAFS, 119-222). oyioua (# 5388) different grades of guests, and the drinking sessions
division (s. 1:10). tmdpyew pres. act. inf. vadpyw followed the meal (LLAR, 42-50). Katapoveite pres.
(# 5639) to exist, to be. Inf. in indir. discourse. pép0¢ T1 ind. act. katappovew (# 2969) to think down upon, to
(# 3538; 5516) partly. Acc. of extent, “to some part” despise, w. obj. in gen. Kataioybvete pres. ind. act.
(RWP). 19 dei pres. ind. act. det (# 1256) impersonal katatsyvvw (#2875) to put to shame. Pres. could be
w. inf., it is necessary to, expressing logical necessity. conative, “Are you trying to put to shame?” (Barrett).
1 Corinthians 11 376

ExOvtas pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. Adj. part. Corinthians,” AHG, 242-48). év 16 €u@ aipati “in my
as anoun, “those who do not have.” eimw aor. subj. act. blood.” Blood indicates a life given up in death, which
Aeyw (#3306) to say. Deliberative subj., “what shall I was the penalty for breaking the covenant (Cleon Rog-
say?” “what should I say?” énoivéow fut. ind. act. or ers, “The Covenant with Moses and its Historical Set-
aor. subj. act. enatvew (# 2046) to praise. For the strug- ting,” JETS 14 [1971]: 152). oodx1¢ (# 4006) as often as,
gle between the rich and poor and the social problems used w. &&v w. the meaning, “every time.” The usual
at the Lord’s Supper in Corinth s. G. Theissen, “Soziale construction for a general temp. cl. of repetition (RWP).
Integration und sakramentales Handeln,” NovT 16 mivnte pres. subj. act. nivw (# 4403) to drink. Subj. in an
[1974]: 179-206. 23 eyo (# 1609) I Strongly empha- indef. temp. cl. 26 yap (#1142) for. Introduces the
sized and stands in contrast to those at Corinth. napé- apostle’s explanation of the Lord’s command (RP).
AaBov aor. ind. act. naparopPavw (#4161) to receive. eobinte pres. subj. act. €o0iw (# 2266) to eat. Subj. w. €dv
The word corresponds to the t.t. in the rabbinical liter- (# 1569) in an indef. temp. cl. KatmyyeAAete pres. ind.
ature, quibbel, meaning to receive tradition which has act. (# 2859) to proclaim. It is used in the sense of mak-
been passed on (PRJ, 248; SB, 3:444). ao (# 608) from. ing a solemn announcement by word of mouth (Bar-
The prep. can indicate that Paul did not receive his rett; NIDNTT, 3:44-48). Pres. indicates a repeated
information directly by revelation (Grosheide). It may action. éxpic (#948) until. ob (# 4005) when. €A@q aor.
be, however, that he received the interpretation of the subj. act. €pxouat (# 2262) to come. Subj. may have an
information from the Lord (Barrett). napé5wxa aor. ind. affinity w. a final cl. (BD, 193), w. the idea “until the
act. mapadidwput (#4140) to pass on, to hand down to goal is reached, that is till he comes” (Otfried Hofius,
(TDNT; TLNT). The word corresponds to the rabbini- ““Bis dass er kommt:’ I Kor. XI. 26,” NTS 14 [1968]: 439-
cal t.t. masar indicating the passing down of tradition. 41). @ 27 dote (# 6063) wherefore, it follows. The word
The words mean the chain of hist. tradition that Paul is used to draw a conclusion. 6¢ av (# 4005; 323) who-
received goes back unbroken to the words of Jesus ever. £0017) pres. subj. act. E08tw (# 2266) to eat. avatiws
himself (Ladd, 389; for the use of masar in the DSS s. CD (#397) adv., unworthily, not in accordance w. their
3:3). Ott (# 4022) that. Introduces the content of that value, in an unworthy manner (Grosheide; Fee). Evoxog
which was received. napediéeto impf. ind. pass. (# 1944) guilty of, guilty of violating (Hering). When
nmapadstdwut (#4140) to deliver over, to betray. Impf. the dat. is used it indicates a crime of which one is
implies that this betrayal was at that time still going on guilty; when the gen. is used it indicates against which
(Grosheide). €XaPev aor. ind. act. AauBdavw (# 3284) to or against whom the crime is committed (Weiss). Eotat
take, to receive. 24 evyapiothous aor. act. part. ev- fut. ind. mid. (dep.) etyi (# 1639) to be. @ 28 Soxmaletw
yapiotew (# 2373) to give thanks. Temp. part., “after he pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. doxyictw (#1507) to
had given thanks.” &xAaoev aor. ind. act. KAdw (# 3089) examine, to approve after examination (TDNT; TLNT).
to break. ov (# 1609) my. Strongly emphasized by its Pres. imp. calls for a repeated action. &vOpwnog (# 476)
position. 10 bnep budv which was (given) on behalf of person, one. Used in an indefinite and at the same time
you. The word to be supplied here is “given” (s. Luke general sense—“one” (BAGD). éo@1€tw pres. imp. act.
22:19). moveite pres. imp. act. mo1ew (# 4472) to do. Pres. 3rd. pers. sing. s.v. 26. mivétw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers.
imp. emphasizes the repeated action. Gvdpvnoic sing. mivw (#4403) to drink. @ 29 €o8iwv pres. act. part.
(# 390) memorial, remembrance. The word indicates to e00iw (#2266) to eat. Part. as subst. mivwv pres. act.
call back again into memory a vivid experience (TDNT; part. mivw (#4403) to drink. Part. as subst. Kpipa
CCFJ, 1:103-04; A.R. Millard, “Covenant and Com- (# 3210) judgment. The suf. indicates the result of an
munion in First Corinthians,” AHG, 242-48, esp. 245- action; that is, the result of making a decision (MH,
47). The object of recalling to memory is expressed by 355). Eavt@ dat. eavtod (#1571) himself; reflex. pron.
the obj. use of the poss. adj. (BD, 149). Paul’s words Dat. of disadvantage. SvaKxpivwv pres. act. part.
mean that the Supper of the Lord was initiated to diaxpivw (#1359) to judge between, to determine, to
remind the disciples of the Lord of the work he had distinguish. Cond. or causal part. (RWP). It could also
done (A.R. Millard, “Covenant and Communion in be part. of manner, giving the manner in which they
First Corinthians,” 247). 25 woabtws (# 6058) like- eat or drink. @ 30 Go8evig (#822) weak, sickly. Pred.
wise, in the same manner. notnptov (# 4539) cup. For nom. Gppwotos (# 779) powerless, feeble, ill. Pred. nom.
the cup of blessing which the honored guest lifted up Without the article the pred. nom. stresses the cond.
and the benediction, s. SB, 4: 630f; TDNT. deutvijoa aor. KOWOvtat pres. ind. pass. KoyLdw (# 3121) to fall asleep,
act. inf. deumvew (# 1268) to dine, to eat the main meal. to die. Pres. indicates either an action in progress or a
Inf. w. prep. peta (#3552) expressing time: “after they repeated action. ixavog (# 2653) a sufficient number, a
had eaten.” 51a0hKn (# 1347) covenant, treaty (s. Matt. large amount, many. @ 31 dvexpivopev impf. ind. act.
26:28; for the covenant setting of the Lord’s Supper s. diaxpivw (# 1359) to judge between (s.v. 29). Impf. ind.
A.R. Millard, “Covenant and Communion in First w. €t in a 2nd. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is
 377 1 Corinthians 12

viewed as contrary to fact. expivopeda impf. ind. pass. EDNT; GELTS, 28; RAC, 1:427-30). The reference is to
Kpivw (# 3212) to judge; pass., to be judged. Impf. ind. demonic powers and the control of these powers over
w. dv (#323) in a 2nd. class cond. cl. 32 xpivoyevor the lives of the Corinthians before they became Chris-
pres. pass. part. Kpivw (# 3212) to judge (s.v. 31). Cond. tians. It was possible that the demons used the gift of
part., “if we are being judged,” “when we are being ecstatic speech to curse Jesus (Pearson, 49-50f; s. H.
judged.” morSevoue80. pres. ind. pass. naisevw (# 4084) Wayne House, “Tongues and the Mystery Religions of
to discipline, to train a child through discipline. It Corinth,” Bib Sac 140 [1983]: 134-50; Jouette M. Bassler,
includes every aspect of causing a young person to “1 Cor 12:3 - Curse and Confession in Context,” JBL 101
become a mature responsible adult. For this figure of [1982]: 415-18). d0vator pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 5vvapo1
speech and the training of children in the ancient world (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Pres. indicates that which
s. TDNT; RAC, 6:502-59. kataxpi8dpev aor. subj. pass. is always true. eimeiv aor. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
Katakpivw (#2891) to condemn, to reach a verdict or Compl. inf. to the main vb. Kvpiog Inoots (# 3261;
decision against someone. Subj. w. iva (#2671) in a 2652) Jesus is Lord (s. 8:6). €t un (# 1623; 3590) except.
neg. purp. cl. 33 Wote (#6063) wherefore, so. The For the view that Paul is primarily referring to a ruler
word draws a conclusion from the previous discussion. of the synagogue who is reported to have tutored a
ovvepxouevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. ovvépyoua (# 5302) Jewish Christian to say these words in order to save
to come together. Temp. or cond. part. gayetv aor. act. membership in the community s. J.D.M. Derrett,
inf. €o8iw (#2266) to eat. Articular inf. w. et¢ (# 1650) “Cursing Jesus (1 Cor. 13:3): The Jews as Religious ‘Per-
expressing purp. exSéyeobe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) éxdé- secutors,/” NTS 21 (1975): 544-54. 4 &1aipeoig
_ Yowor (# 1683) to wait upon, to wait in turn (RWP). It is (# 1348) distribution, division, allotment (RP; BAGD;
implied that a proper distribution of food should first MM; GELTS, 103), difference, variety (Conzelmann).
be made, and then that all should eat together (Barrett). @ 5 diaxovidv gen. pl. dtaxovia (# 1355) service, minis-
Pres. imp. calls for an habitual action. @ 34 netv@ pres. try. Gen. of description. @ 6 évepynua (#1920) perfor-
ind. act. me.vaw (# 4277) to eat. Ind. in a 1st. class cond. mance, that which was accomplished through energy.
cl. in which the cond. is viewed as a reality. Ev oixw These are the results or effects of the working given by
(# 3875) at home. &o81étw pres. imp. act. eo8tw (# 2266) God (RP). évepydv pres. act. part. (adj.) evepyew (# 1919)
to eat. ovvepynode pres. subj. mid. (dep.) ovvepyouat to perform, to be at work, to be effective, to produce. ta
(# 5302) to come together. Subj. iva (#2671) in a neg. Tavta, €v T&ow “all things in all.” The second “all”
purp. cl. a¢ &v whenever (# 6055; 323). €A®w aor. subj. could be n. or masc. but the emphasis in the passage is
act. épxyoucr (# 2262) to come. Subj. w. &v in an indef. on the working of God within men (Morris). @ 7 5t50-
temp. cl. dvaté&Eopor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Siatdacow ta pres. ind. pass. 5151 (# 1443) to give. Pres. points
(# 1411) to put in order. to the habitual and repeated action. Theol. pass. indi-
cating that God is the giver. pavepwoig (#5748) mani-
1 Corinthians 12 festation, a making clear. ovppépov pres. act. part. n.
@ 1 mvevpatixos (#4421) spiritual. The suf. indi- sing. ovudepw (#5237) to bring together, to confer a
cates that which pertains to the spirit (MH, 378f). The benefit, to be advantageous, profitable or useful
word can be either masc. (spiritual people) or n. spirit (BAGD). Used here w. prep. mp0¢ meaning “w. a view
(spiritual things, gifts) (Pearson, 47f; Grosheide). to advantage,” that is, “the profit of all” (RP). Part. as
ayvoeiv pres. act. inf. ayvoew (#51) to be ignorant. Inf. subst. @ 8 Kata 10 adtO TvEedLA (# 2848; 3836; 899; 4460)
complementary to the main vb. @&Aw (# 2527) pres. ind. according to the same Spirit. The prep. gives the norm
act., “I desire for you not to be ignorant.” ® 2 Ne impf. or standard. 9 ntotic (# 4411) faith. Faith here is to be
ind. act. ewt (i#1639) to be. &wvog (# 936) without connected w. the miracles referred to in the next few
speech, dumb. we av (# 6055; 323) used w. impf. for the lines (Barrett). tayo. (# 2611) healing. Here, pl. relates to
notion of repetition (RG, 974). tyeo8e impf. ind. pass. the different classes of sicknesses to be healed (Godet).
cyw (#72) to lead. &nayopuevoi pres. pass. part. andyw @ 10 dtaxpiors (# 1360) a judging between things, dis-
(#552) to lead away, to carry away. It suggests tinguish, discerning. yAWooa (# 1185) tongue, language
moments of ecstasy experienced in heathen religion, (Robert H. Gundry, “’Ecstatic Utterance’ [N.E.B.]?” JTS
when a human being is possessed by the supernatural 17 [1966], 299-307; DPL, 939-43; for lit. s. Fee). Epunveia
(Barrett). The dangling construction is best understood (# 2255) interpretation. @ 11 évepyei pres. ind. act. evep-
by supplying nte to form a periphrastic construction yew (#1919) to work in, to energize. The word is often
(Fee; Kistemaker). @ 3év (#1877) w. dat., in, used of the working of the power of God in a miracu-
through, in control of. A@A@v pres. act. part. AaAEw lous way (MNTW, 46-54; s.v. 6). dtatpodv pres. act. part.
(# 4246) to speak. Adj. part. as subst. dvd@epo, (# 353) (adj.) Sia1pew (#1349) to distribute (s.v. 4). Sig dat.
that which is set apart for a deity, that which is aban- 18106 (# 2625) individually, by oneself, privately. Dat. of
doned by the gods, a curse, cursed (Grosheide; TDNT; advantage. Ka@we (# 2777) just as, accordingly. BobAetar
1 Corinthians 12 378

pres. ind. mid. (dep.) BovAopan (# 1089) to will, to deter- use, on the contrary (RWP). moAA@ paAAov by how
mine. Pres. emphasizes the habitual or repeated action. much more. Dat. of comparison w. the positive of the
Christ gives not according to the merit or wishes of adj. for the comparative (Kistemaker). 5oxodvta pres.
men, but according to his own will (Hodge). act. part. doxew (# 1506) to seem to be, to consider to be;
@ 12 Kadanep (# 2749) just as. copa. (# 5393) body. (For generally w. inf. doOeveotepa comp. aobevnc (# 822)
this comparison s. SBT, 235f; SPC, 165-67). wéAn nom. weak; comp., weaker. The delicate organs, such as the
pl. werog (#3517) member. Ovta pres. part. act. eit eye, and invisible organs, such as the heart (Barrett).
(# 1639) to be. Concessive part., “although they are ONOPYXELV pres. act. inf. Dmapyw (#5639) to be, to exist.
many.” ovtwW> Kai 0 Xpiotdc (#5986) so also is Christ. Inf. w. part., even though the two are separated (BD,
Paul draws a comparison and uses the corporate rather 250). avayKoliog (#338) necessary, indispensable (LN,
than the solely individual person of Christ (SBT, 235). 1:672; for the adj. s. TLNT). @ 23 do0xotpev pres. ind.
#13 kai yap (#1609; 4246) for even, yes, even (BD, act. 60xew (# 1506) to seem to be (s.v. 22). Gnomic pres.
236). NEi¢ MavtEs we all. Paul includes himself as well indicating a common truth. a&totepa comp. GTYLOG
as all believers (s. Samuel Byrskog, “Co-Senders, Co- (#872) without honor; comp., less honorable. etvat
Authors and Paul’s Use of the First Person Plural,” pres. act. inf. ey (# 1639) to be. tovtorg dat. pl. ovtoc
ZNW 87 [1996]: 230-50). €tg Ev o@pa (# 1650; 1651; 5393) (#5393) this person or thing. “To those.” Indir. obj.
into one body. The prep. describes the result of the pro- NEPLOOOTEPAY comp. TEpioods (#4358) more; comp.,
cess (Barrett; Weiss). eBantio®nev aor. ind. pass. greater. mepiti@epev pres. ind. act. mepitiOnu (# 4363) to
BantiCw (# 966) to baptize. Paul is not referring to water place around, to clothe. Gnomic pres. pointing to that
baptism but to the spiritual transformation which puts which is always true. Goxnpwv (# 860) unpresentable,
the believer in Christ, and which is the effect of receiv- indecent, the unpresentable, that is, private, parts
ing the gift of the Spirit at conversion (BHS, 130f). Aor. (BAGD). For the ancient world’s ideas concerning the
points to the event which has taken place. enotio®npev genitals s. RAC, 10:1-52. evoynnoobvn (# 2362) decency,
aor. ind. pass. notiGw (# 4540) to cause to drink, to give propriety, presentability. Here it is used in the sense of
to drink, to water, to irrigate (MH; BHS, 131). @ 14 to modesty (BAGD). @ 24 evoynuwv (#2362) pre-
oma. (#5393) Article w. the subject (“the body”) is sentable, decent. ovvexepaoev aor. ind. act. ovvKepav-
generic, “a body” (Barrett; GGBB, 253-54). éotiv pres. vu (#5166) to mix together, to blend together. God
ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be, to consist of. @ 15 etry aor. mixed the members of the body in order that it might
subj. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Subj. w. édv (# 1569) in a function harmoniously (Grosheide). batepoupevw pres.
3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes the possibility of the mid./pass. part. votepew (# 5728) to come short, to fail,
cond. 6t1 because. napa todto because of this, alongside to be inferior, to lack. Part. as subst. S00¢ aor. act. part.
of this, on that score, for that reason (IBG, 51). The prep. dtd (# 1443) to give. Part. of manner telling how the
w. acc. is causal (RG, 616). The one neg., ov (# 4024), is mixing was done. 25% pres. subj. act. ei to be
to be taken w. the prep. (“not by asserting this”), and (# 1639). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp., in this
the other neg., obd« (# 4024), negates the rest of the sen- case a neg. purp. oxiowa division, that which results
tence (not to be of the body”) (Fee; Kistemaker). from a splitting (s. 1:10). wepysv@ow pres. subj. act.
16 eixq aor. subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say (s.v. 15). ovc uepiivaw (# 3534) to exercise care for, to exercise con-
(# 4044) ear. 17 €1 (# 1623) if. Introduces a 1st. class cern for. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp.
cond. cl. which assumes the reality of the cond. for the ® 26 maoxet pres. ind. act. taoyw (# 4248) to suffer. ovp-
sake of argument (VA, 294-304). axon (# 198) hearing. MACYEL pres. ind. act. ovunaoxw (#5224) to suffer
doppnotc (# 4018) smelling. If the whole body were only together. S0&afeta1 pres. ind. pass. S0éaCw (#1519) to
one member the condition would be sad (Grosheide). honor, to glorify; pass., to be honored, to be thought
@ 18 vuvi 5 but now, but, as it is (RP). Geto aor. ind. well of. ovyxaipet pres. ind. act. ovyyaipw (#5176) to
mid. (dep.) ttOnut (#5502) to place, to put, to arrange rejoice together. Vbs. in the pres. in this verse are gno-
(Kistemaker; BAGD). év éxaotov (#1651; 1667) each mic, indicating that which is generally true. @ 27 €x
one. NEANoEV aor. ind. act. 6£Aw (#2527) to wish, to wepouc (# 1666; 3538) from a part. The idiom here means
will. God made unity, but not uniformity. Aor. refers to “individually” (Barrett). 28 €8eto aor. ind. mid.
the act of creation (RP). @ 19 €1 (# 1623) if. Introduces a (dep.) ttOnp1 (#5502) s.v. 18. mpadtov (# 4754) acc. sing.:
2nd. class cond. cl. which is contrary to fact. hv impf. first. dSebtepov (#1309) acc. sing. secondly. tpitov
ind. act. eit (#1639) to be. 20 viv b€ (# 3815; 1254) (# 5568) acc. sing. thirdly. The nouns in acc. are used
but now (s.v. 18). The “now” is logical and the “but” is adverbially. The notion of subordination is to be found
adversative (Fee). @ 21 eineiv aor. act. inf. A€yw (# 3306) in these words (Godet; Fee). Sbvaptg (#1539) power;
to say. Inf. complementary to the main vb. oov gen. powerful act or deed (BAGD; DPL, 345-47, 876-77).
sing. ov (#5198) you. Gen. w. the noun ypeta (#5970), laa (#2611) healing. Gen. describing the gifts: “gifts
“to have need of you.” @ 22 GAAG (#247) adversative which consist of ....” avtAnp Wig (# 516) helpful deeds,
Bao 1 Corinthians 13

assistance. The basic meaning of the word is “an under- than a joyfully sounding cymbal” (Todd K. Sanders, “A
taking on behalf of another” and is used both in the New Approach to 1 Corinthians 13:1,” NTS 36 [1990]:
papyri and the LXX in the sense of help, either from 614-18). KopBaArov (#3247) cymbal. Cymbals played a
God or from men (BS, 92; MM; GELTS, 41). cuBépvnoic part in the Jewish worship service but an even greater
(# 3236) administration; lit. it refers to the steering of a role in the heathen worship of the goddess Cybele and
ship. The pl. here indicates proofs of ability to hold a Bacchus (TDNT; DGRA, 381f; MM; LAE, 164-66; Sand-
leading position in the church (BAGD; TDNT). In an ers, NTS 36 [1990]: 615). @AaAaCov pres. act. part. aAa-
inscription the vb. is applied to the management of a AaCw (# 226) to sound loudly, to clash. Lit. used in the
household (MM). 29 un (# 3590) neg. used to intro- sense of “raise a war cry, shouting w. triumphant or
duce a question in which the answer “no” is expected: joy” (AS; GELTS, 18; CCFJ, 1:59). 2 yw pres. subj.
“all are not apostles, are they?” 30 Sepynvevdovoiv act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Subj. w. eav (# 1569) in a 3rd.
pres. ind. act. dvepunvevw (# 1450) to translate, to inter- class cond. cl. which assumes the possibility of the
pret. 31 nAodte pres. imp. act. Cnrow (#2420) to cond. For a discussion of the grammar s. GGBB, 471,
covet, to be zealous for, to earnestly desire. Believers 698. €18@ perf. subj. act. oda. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf.
may desire a gift; the Spirit gives them as He wills (Ben- w. pres. meaning. T&oav thy yOou (# 4246; 3836; 1194)
gel). petGova comp. péyas (# 3505) large, great; comp., all knowledge, acc. sing. Used w. article it means, “all
greater. Ka8' brepBorny (# 2848; 5651) lit., according to that there is in its entirety” (BD, 144). nacav thy miotiv
the excess. It is best taken to describe the “way” and (# 4245; 3836; 4411) all the faith. peOtotd&von pres. act.
indicates “a way beyond all comparison” (RWP). inf. ue8iotnu (# 3496) to remove, to transfer from one
place to another. A proverbial expression meaning “to
1 Corinthians 13 make what seems impossible” (Barrett; s. Matt. 17:20).
@ 1 éav (#1569) w. subj. The word introduces a Inf. w. wote (# 6063) to express results. obév (# 4029)
cond. which may be possible, “supposing that.” yAwo- nothing, an absolute zero (RWP). @ 3 wotow aor. subj.
oaicg dat. pl. yAwoou (# 1185) tongue, language. Instr. act. ywuitw (# 6039) to spend everything on food, or to
dat. A@A@ pres. subj. act. AaAew (# 4246) to speak. Subj. break into crumbs (Grosheide). The word lit. means, “I
in a 3rd. class cond. cl. &yyeéAwv gen. pl. ayyedos (# 34) feed w. small morsels,” as a child, or invalid. The
angel, heavenly being. Gen. of description. &yann meaning here is “if, for the purpose of alms giving, I
(# 27) love, love w. deep respect and admiration, which divide all my property in fragments” (Barrett). bnap-
is full of thoughtfulness and concern and always dem- XOVta. pres. act. part. acc. pl. brapyw (# 5639) to exist.
onstrates itself, even to those who are inferior (TLNT, Part. in pl. as subst. means “goods,” “possessions,”
1:8-22 w. extensive bibliography, 19-22; TDNT; “property.” Although giving to charity was held in
NIDNTT, 2:538-47; MNTW; Moffatt L, esp. 178-87; high esteem by the rabbis and thought to gain great
Trench, Synonyms, 41-44; EDNT; DPL, 575-78; 1 John merit, there were requirements prohibiting one from
2:5). This was evidently a missing ingredient among giving all of his goods; for example, in a year he was
many of the Corinthian believers and its lack caused not to give more than 20% of his entire possessions (SB,
many of the difficulties in the church there. yeyova perf. 3:451; 4:536-58). mapada aor. subj. act. napadidwur
ind. act. yivouo. (# 1181) to become. Perf. would indi- (# 4140) to give, to hand over. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) ina
cate what a person has become and continues to be. 3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes the possibility of the
yaAKog (# 5910) copper, brass, bronze. Used w. the fol- cond. Kavynowpo1 aor. subj. mid. (dep.) Kavxcouar
lowing word to indicate a gong (BAGD; Conzelmann). (# 3016) to boast, to glory. For a discussion of the vari-
The Copper Bow! of Dodona, at the oracle of Dodona, ant reading (kavOnooua fut. ind. pass. katw [# 2794] to
was said to sound (nyeiv) all day long and therefore set fire, to burn) s. TC, 536f; Barrett; Weiss; Fee; J.K.
was used to describe a person who talked incessantly Elliott, “In Favour of kav@noouar at 1 Corinthians
(NW, 2, i:369; OCD, 358). It has been suggested that the 13:3,” ZNW 62 (1971): 297-98. deXoDp01 pres. ind. pass.
background of Paul’s statement is that of acoustic wherew (# 6067) to profit, to be of value. The gifts are
vases used in the theaters to help improve the sound not valueless, but he is (RP). @ 4 waxpo@vpet pres. ind.
(W.W. Klein, “Noisy Gong or Acoustic Vase? A Note on act. wakpoOvpew (#3428) to be longsuffering, to be
1 Corinthians 13:1,” NTS 32 [1986]: 286-89; SPC, 76-77). patient. It is a long holding out of the mind before it
Pred. adj. without the article stressing the character or gives room to action or passion - generally to passion
quality. nx@v pres. act. part. nyéw (# 2490) to sound, to (Trench, Synonyms, 196). It is the steadfast spirit which
ring, to echo, to roar. In connection w. the previous will never give in (NTW, 83; TDNT; EDNT). The idea of
word it indicated a gong which produced a hollow, the word is that it takes a long time before fuming and
echoing, groaning noise (Weiss). 7| or. It has been sug- breaking into flames. Pres. either emphasizes the con-
gested that the translation should be, “If I speak ..., but tinual state of action or is gnomic, indicating that which
do not have love, lam a dinging piece of bronze rather is always true. ypnotevetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
1 Corinthians 13 380

xpnotevouat (#5980) to be useful, to be kind and gra- cally cease of themselves” (RWP; HGS, 2, i:774-75). For
cious, to show kindness, one who renders gracious, the dying out and the little use of the gift of tongues in
well-disposed service to others (EGT; TDNT; Trench, the post-apostolic church s. Cleon L. Rogers, Jr., “The
Synonyms, 323f; TLNT). In the second century, the Gift of Tongues in the Post-Apostolic Church,” Bib Sac
spectacle of Christian love was so stunning for pagans 122 (1965): 134-43; S.D. Currie, “Speaking in Tongues’:
that they called Christians not christiani but chrestinai, Early Evidence Outside the New Testament Bearing on
“made up of mildness or kindness” (TLNT, 3:515-16). GLOSSAIS LALEIN,” Interp 19 (1965): 277-94. For a
For vbs. w. this ending, conveying the idea of being or discussion of the grammar s. GGBB, 422-23. 9 &k
behaving, or acting as s. MH, 400. CnAot pres. ind. act. wepous (# 1666; 3528) in part, partially. Both times the
Snow (# 2420) to be fervent, to boil w. envy, to be jeal- words are emphatic in this v. (RWP). 10 €A6q aor.
ous (TDNT). nepnepevetor pres. ind. mid. (dep.) nep- subj. act. épyouc. (#2262) to come. Subj. w. dtav
mepevouat (# 4371) to brag, to boast. One who talks a lot (# 4020) in an indef. temp. cl. katapynéqjoetar fut. ind.
and acts presumptuously, to be a windbag. Ostentation pass. katapyew (# 2934) to render inoperative (s.v. 8).
is the chief idea and ostentatious boasting leads easily @ 11 Hn impf. ind. act. ei (#1639) to be. vamog
to the next point (RP; TDNT; NW 2, i:373; Fee). (# 3758) infant, child, minor. Pred. nom. &AéAovv impf.
dvo1odta pres. ind. mid. pvo10w (# 5881) to puff up, to ind. act. Aarkew (# 4246) to speak. Customary impf., “T
puff oneself out like a pair of bellows (RWP). @ 5 aoyn- used to speak.” éppovovv impf. ind. act. dpovew (# 5858)
wovel pres. ind. act. aoxnuovew (# 858) to behave inde- to think. It points to the thoughts, interest, and the
cently or in a shameful manner. Love is tactful and striving of a child (Lenski). Customary impf. éAoyl-
does nothing that would raise a blush (RP). (ntet pres. Counv impf. ind. mid. (dep.) Aoyifouar (#3357) to
ind. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Pres. indicates a contin- reckon (s.v. 5). yeyova perf. ind. act. yivonor (# 1181) to
ual or habitual action. mapoEbvetat pres. ind. pass. nap- become. Not to be viewed as an aoristic perf. (BD, 177),
ofvvw (# 4236) to irritate, to promote to anger; pass., to but as a normal perf. emphasizing the resultant condi-
be irritated, to be touchy, to become indignant (CCF, tion or state of the subject (M, 143f; RG, 900). kathpynka
3:327-28). Selfishness generates the irritability (EGT). perf. ind. act. katapyew (# 2934) to render inoperative.
Aoyifetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Aoyifowon (# 3357) to Here it has the meaning “to put aside.” 12apt1
(# 785) now. A contrast between this dispensation and
credit someone’s account, to put to one’s account for
fut. payment. Here, “does not register (the evil).” Love
the fut. (Grosheide). oontpov (# 2269) mirror. In Gr. lit-
erature a mirror symbolized clarity and self-recogni-
stores up no resentment and bears no malice (RP;
tion (Conzelmann). Mirrors of the ancient world were
TDNT; MM). @ 6 yaipet pres. ind. act. yatpw (#5897) to
generally made from polished metal and the Corin-
rejoice. ovyyaiper pres. ind. act. ovyyaipw (#5196) to
thian mirrors were famous (RP; Conzelmann; DGRA,
rejoice together, to join in rejoicing. Here the rejoicing
1052f; BBC). For the report or legend of letting a mirror
is at the truth rather than w. the truth (Barrett).
down in a spring before the temple of Demeter and
© 7 otéye1 pres. ind. act. oteyw (#5095) to cover (as a
looking in the mirror to see if the sick person was to get
roof). The meaning is either to cover in the sense of to
well or die, s. Pausanias, Description of Greece, 7:21, 22;
protect, as a roof, or to bear up as to support, as a roof
8:37, 7. aiviya (#141) riddle, an indistinct image
(Barrett) or to endure, forbear, to put up w. (RP; Fee).
(BAGD). mpoc (# 4639) w. acc., before, facing; here, “face
MLOTEVEL pres. ind. act. tiotedw (# 4409) to believe. Love to face.” énvyvm@oopor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) enryiwwwoKw
trusts that the motives of action are pure. €\miCet pres. (# 2105) to know, to have specific knowledge. Prep. in
ind. act. ekniw (# 1827) to hope. Love hopes that the compound is directive (MH, 312). eneyvwoOnv aor. ind.
motives of action are pure. bmopévet pres. ind. act. pass. émiy.vwoxw. The words bring out the inadequacy
(# 5702) to endure, to bear up patiently (TDNT; Trench, of man’s present knowledge of God in contrast w.
Synonyms, 195f). Love has this indefatigable capacity to God’s knowledge of man now and the knowledge of
endure despite the ingratitude, bad conduct, and prob- God that man will have in the future (Barrett). Theol.
lems that all communal living involves, and this with- pass. @ 13 vuvi (#3815) now; logical not temp. pévet
out complaining or becoming discouraged (TLNT, pres. ind. act. pévw (#3531) to remain. pei{wv comp.
3:420). When the motives prove to be impure, love weyas (#3505) large; great. The comp. is used here to
bears it with no resentment! 8 ovdénote (# 4030) express the superl., “greatest” (GGBB, 299-300). For the
never. tintet pres. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall, to fail. contrast of Paul’s treatment of love w. the ancient view
Pres. indicates a continual action, or is a gnomic pres. of virtue, s. Gunther Bornkamm, “Der késtlichere Weg:
stating that which is always true. katapyn6noovta fut. 1 Kor. 13,” Gesammelte Aufsatze, 1:93-112.
ind. pass. katapyew (#2934) to render inoperative, to
make ineffective or powerless. navoovtat fut. ind. mid.
mavw (# 4264) to cause to rest, to cause to cease. Possi-
bly, “they shall make themselves cease or automati-
381 1 Corinthians 14

1 Corinthians 14 (#2262) to come. Subj. w. av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class

@ 1 5wxete pres. imp. act. Suadxw (# 1503) to hunt, cond. cl. which assumes the possibility of the cond.: “in
to pursue. Pres. imp. calls for a habitual action. CnAodte case,” “suppose I were to come.” AGA@v pres. act. part.
pres. imp. act. Cn0w (# 2420) to be zealous, to earnestly AaAEw (#3281) to speak. Part. of manner explaining
desire. WOAAOv (# 3437) adv., rather. Comp. may retain how he would come to them. weAjow fut. ind. act.
its comp. meaning or it may be used to express the wer€w (# 6067) to profit, to benefit; here w. acc. €av UN
superl. (Barrett). mpopntevnte pres. subj. act. mpodntedvw (# 1569; 3590) if not, except. AWANOw aor. subj. act.
(# 4736) to speak for someone, to give a message for AaArEw (# 3281) to speak. év (# 1877) in, by, through.
God, to prophesy (s. F. David Farnell, “Is the Gift of Instr. use of the prep. dnoxdAvwic (# 637) unveiling,
Prophecy for Today?”; “Does the New Testament revelation. yv@o1g (#1194) knowledge. mpopnteia
Teach Two Prophetic Gifts?”; “When Will the Gift of (#4735) dat. sing. prophecy. The proclamation of a
Prophecy Cease?” Bib Sac 150 [1993]: 62-88, 171-202; prophet. The revelation and knowledge are the inter-
DPL, 755-62). Subj. w. va (# 2671) giving the content of nal gifts of which prophecy and teaching are the exter-
CnAovte, expressing the aim of the pursuit and desire nal manifestation (RP). 7 Guws (#3940) The word
(Kistemaker; EGT). @ 2 Aaddv pres. act. part. AarEew could be viewed as displaced and mean “neverthe-
(# 3281) to speak. Part. as subst. yAwoon dat. sing. less,” “all the same”; or it could be viewed as an adv.
yAm@oouw (#1185) tongue, language (TDNT; s. 12:10). and mean “likewise” (BD, 234; MT, 337; BAGD).
Instr. dat. AaA€t pres. ind. act. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Gyvyxos (# 953) lifeless, inanimate. For the neg. force of
Gxovet pres. ind. act. akobw (# 201) to hear. “No one the prefix s. Moorhouse, 47ff. ¢wvn (#5889) voice,
hears;” that is, “no one can understand” (Barrett). sound. abide (# 888) flute. The word could refer to var-
However, it is possible that the vb. retains its normal ious types of wind instruments that were popular in
meaning. tvevuatt dat. sing. nveduoa. (# 4460) spirit. If it social, religious, and military life (DGRA, 1131; RP).
refers to the Holy Spirit dat. is instr. (Bruce). If it is loc., KiOcpa (#3067) lyre, a stringed musical instrument
it refers to the human _= spirit (Grosheide). resembling our guitar. It was used in education, lyric
@ 3 npopntevdwv pres. act. part. mpopntedw (# 4736) to poetry, religion, and entertainment (OCD, 709; Conzel-
prophesy (s.v. 1). Part. as subst. oixodoyn (# 3869) edifi- mann; KP, 3:1580). There was a large music hall (odeion)
cation, building up. mapaxAnoig (# 4155) exhortation, located in Corinth which would seat around 18,000
encouragement, consolation (MNTW, 128-35; TDNT; (G.E. Wright, Biblical Archaeology, 262). This, however,
NIDNTT, 1:569-71). nopopv@ia (#4171) encourage- was constructed south of the theater in the late 1st. cen-
ment, consolation, advice, stimulation and strength for tury (SPC, 34; James Wiseman, “Corinth and Rome 228
overcoming difficulties (TLNT). A synonym w. the pre- B.C. - A.D. 267,” ANRW, 2. 7. 1:527). &taatoAn (# 1405)
vious word. 4 Aad pres. act. part. AaArEw (# 4246) difference, distinction. p@0yyotg dat. pl. e0yyoc (# 5782)
to speak. Part. as subst. €avtov (# 1571) himself. Chry- sound, musical sound, note. It could refer to the notes
sostom says, “What a difference between one person on a lyre or stops of a flute (OCD, 705-13). Dat. of
and the church” (RP). éxxAnotav (#1711) church, sphere, “difference in sound.” 8@ aor. subj. act. d15wy1
assembly. Without the article it refers to the local (# 1443) to give. Subj. w. édv (#1569) in a 3rd. class
assembly, the assembly of which he is one member cond. cl. which assumes the possibility of the cond.
(Barrett). oixodopei pres. ind. act. oikodouew (# 3868) to ywwoonoetat fut. ind. pass. yiwwoKw (# 1182) to know, to
edify, to build up. Pres. emphasizes the continual recognize. abAovpevov pres. pass. part. adAEw (# 884) to
action, that which is habitual or always true. @ 5 8€.w play the flute. Part. as subst., “that which is being
(# 2527) pres. ind. act. to wish, to desire, to want, w. inf. played on the flute.” «xv@apiopevov pres. pass. part.
expressing the object of the desire. In this v. it is also fol- KiWapiGw (# 3068) to play on the harp or lyre used to
lowed by iva. (# 2671) w. the subj. (M 208). TPOONTEVNTE create a harmonious melody. Pres. part. as subst.
pres. subj. act. zpopntevw (# 4736) to speak for someone emphasizes the continuous contemporaneous action,
(s.v. 1). extdc et ph (# 1760; 1623; 3590) except (Kiste- “that which is being played on the lyre.” 8 &&ndocg
maker; IBG, 83). Svepunvedq pres. subj. act. Sepunvedw (# 83) not clear, uncertain, indistinct. odAnvy— (# 4894)
(# 1450) to translate. Prep. in compound may indicate trumpet used to signal movements of an army (BBC).
either “being a go-between,” or “thoroughness.” One 8@ aor. subj. act. didwur (#1443) to give (s.v. 7).
who interprets his own words intervenes between TOpacKkevacetar fut. ind. mid. napaoKkevatw (# 4186) to
unintelligible utterance and the hearers (RP). For the prepare; mid. to prepare oneself, to make oneself ready,
subj. w. €t (# 1623) s. VA, 309-11. AGBQ aor. subj. act.Aap to make preparations. Josephus describes the three
Bavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. Ingressive aor., “may trumpet calls which signal the various aspects of break-
get edification” (RWP). Subj. w. tva. (# 2671) to express ing camp and preparing for battle (Jos., JW, 2:279; 3:89-
either purp. or result. @ 6 viv 5€ and now. The particle 93; TJ, 105-6). moAEpnoc (# 4483) war, battle (Trench, Syn-
is logical, not temp. (Weiss). €4@w aor. subj. act. Epxoua onyms, 322). 9 obdtws Kai (# 4048; 2779) so also. He
1 Corinthians 14 382

now applies the illustration. evonpyos (# 2358) intelligi- may interpret so that the whole church may be edified.
ble, that which is well-marked. The adv. was used in Subj. w. iva (#2671) giving the content of the prayer.
the papyri in the sense of “legible,” “clearly” (MM; Pre- @ 14 npooevywuor pres. subj. mid. (dep.) mpocevyouor
isigke, 1:621). 5@te aor. subj. act. 5t5wut (# 1443) to give. (# 4662) s.v. 13. Subj. w. €&v (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond.
Subj. w. €&v (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. assuming cl. assuming the possibility or probability of the cond.,
the possibility of the cond. yvwo8noetar fut. ind. pass. “if I were to ....” 10 mvedpa pov my spirit. It could refer
ywwwoKw (# 1182) to know. AaAovpevov pres. pass. part. to the human spirit of Paul (Barrett) the Holy Spirit, or
AaAEW (# 4246) to speak. Part. as subst. €oeoGe fut. ind. the spiritual gift given by the Holy Spirit (Weiss; PAT,
mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639) to be. Used in a periphrastic 190f). vod¢ (# 3808) mind, thinking, understanding; it is
construction which emphasizes the linear or continu- the constellation of thoughts and assumptions which
ous action (IBG, 18). AawAobvtEs pres. act. part. AaAEw make up the consciousness of the person and acts as
(# 3281) to speak. 10 tooabta (# 5537) so great. Here the agent of rational discernment and communication
it indicates a number indefinite but very great (Meyer). (PAT, 450; TDNT; EDNT). a&xapnog (# 182) unfruitful,
THXOL aor. opt. act. tvyxc.vw (# 5593) to happen, to occur. fruitless, sterile, profitless work. It does not mean that
Used in the idiom €1 t0x01 as a 4th. class cond. cl.: “if it the mind did not function, but rather that the product
should happen” (RWP), “perhaps,” “if it should turn of the mind did not bear fruit and did not edify. 15 ti
out that way” (RWP; Kistemaker). Gowvos (# 936) with- obv éotiv What then is the result of this discussion?
out sound, voiceless; that is, “meaningless sound” (RP). mpooevtouor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) mpooevyouar
(RP). 11 t8@ perf. subj. act. o15a (# 3857) to know. (# 4662) to pray. Fut. is assertive or volitive, expressing
Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. the determined decision of Paul's will (SMT, 34; M, 150;
cl. which assumes the possibility or probability of the RG, 874). mvevpati dat. sing. nvevia (#4460) spirit;
cond. Svvoyiig meaning (BAGD). éoopat fut. ind. mid. instr. dat. vot dat. sing. voug (#3808) mind (s.v. 14).
(dep.) ett (# 1639) to be. AaAobvtt pres. act. part. dat. WoA® fut. ind. act. yadAAw (# 6010) to sing a hymn, to
sing. AXoAew (#3281) to speak. Part. as subst. Dat. of sing praises. @ 16 evAoyiI¢ pres. subj. act. 2nd.
respect, “in the eyes of the speaker” (Kistemaker). Bap- pers. sing. evAoyew (# 2328) to speak well of, to praise,
Bapos (#975) barbarian. It denotes a man whose lan- to bless, to give thanks. Subj. w. edv (# 1659) in a 3rd.
guage sounds like “bar bar”; that is, whose language class cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond.
makes no sense (Morris). Herodotus wrote that Egyp- avanAnpav pres. act. part. dvanAnpow (#405) to fill.
tians called those who did not speak their language Here, to fill up the place; that is, “he who fills the role
“barbarians” (Herodotus, 2, 158:5; NW, 2, i:381). AaA@v of” (Barrett). Part. as subst. 18u0ty¢ (# 2626) unskilled,
pres. act. part. AaA€w (# 4246) to speak. ev poi (# 1877; unlearned, a layman in contrast to an expert (BAGD;
1609) in my case, in my judgment (M, 103; BD, 118). TDNT; TLNT; MM; Preisigke, 1:689f). epet fut. ind. act.
@ 12 énei (# 2075) because, since, in the NT it is regu- AEyw (# 3306) to say. aphv (# 297) amen, true. It was the
larly causal (BD, 238). CnAwtne (# 2421) zealot, one who Jewish and Christian custom to express agreement and
is zealous for something, enthusiast. Pred. nom. with- concurrence w. the prayer by responding “amen” (SB,
out the article stresses the character. mvevpatwv gen. pl. 3:456; Barrett; for the use of the term in the DSS s. 1 QS
nvevua (# 4460) spirit. Obj. gen., indicating the object of 1:20; 2:10, 18). emt (#2093) w. dat., to; that is, in
the strong desire. The pl. refers to the various manifes- response to. émerdn (# 2076) since, hecause! oidev perf.
tations of the Spirit (Lenski). Gntette pres. imp. act. ind. act. 15a (# 3857) to know. Def. pert. W. pres. mean-
Cntew (# 2426) to seek, to seek after. Pres. imp. indicates ing. 17 pev (# 3525) followed by GAAG (# 247) to be
the continuing of an action in progress or the continual sure, but (Fee). KOAaG (#2822) adv., well. ebyapioteic
action which is to be habitual (MKG, 272; VANT, 327- pres. ind. act. evyapiotew (#2373) to give thanks.
34). Nepiooevnte pres. subj. act. mepiocevw (# 4355) to oiKodopeita pres. ind. pass. oikodouew (# 3868) to edify
increase, to abound. The increase could be numerical or (s.v.4). 18 p&AAov (# 3437) adv. more, followed by
spiritual. Subj. w. tva (#2671) expressing purp. the gen. of comparison w. the meaning, “more than.”
@ 13 510 (# 1475) because of this, for this reason, there- ACAD pres. ind. act. AadEw (# 3281) to speak. 19 Ev
fore, drawing an inference from the previous discus- éxkAnoig (#1711) in the gathering, in the church. The
sion (BAGD; BD, 235). AwA@v pres. act. part. Aarew place where God’s people gather to worship, a place of
(# 4246) to speak. Part. as subst. npooevyéo@w pres. imp. teaching and preaching of God’s Word (Kistemaker).
mid. (dep.) 3rd. pers. sing. mpooev youn (# 4662) to pray. Aw (# 2527) pres. ind. act. I wish, I prefer, w. inf. (RP;
Pres. imp. could be iterative or habitual, giving instruc- LAE, 187, 190). névte (# 4297) five, a round number, as
tions how the gift is to be used. dvepynvedy pres. subj. used in Judaism (Barrett; SB, 3:461). AaATjoar aor. act.
act. Svepunveow (#1450) to interpret (s.v. 5). The one inf. Aarew (#3281) to speak. KatHyNnow aor. subj. act.
who spoke in tongues evidently knew when he was Katnxew (# 2994) to instruct, to teach, Paul only uses the
going to use the gift, for he is to pray beforehand so he word in the sense of theological instruction (Conzel-
383 1 Corinthians 14

mann). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. pupios that one is driven to the conclusion that the argument
(#3692) ten thousand, innumerable, countless is correct (TDNT; T). a&vaxpiveto. pres. ind. pass.
(BAGD). @ 20 nadia nom. pl. natdiov (# 4086) little avakpiva) (# 373) to examine, to cross-examine, to put
child. Pred. nom. without the article stressing the char- through a course of questioning as when one is ques-
acter. ‘ylveo@e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivoyor (# 1181) to tioned and examined by a judge in a court (Lenski).
become, to be. Pres. imp. w. the neg. is a command to @ 25 yivetoi pres. ind. mid. (dep.) (#1181) to become.
stop an action in progress: “do not continue to be” Pres. vividly pictures the action in progress. meowv aor.
(MKG, 72). opeotv dat. pl. pny (#5856) only used here act. part. mimtw (#4406) to fall down. Part. of manner
and in the pl. to mean “thinking,” “understanding” explaining how the worship is carried on. mpookvvfjaet
(BAGD). Dat. of respect or reference, “in reference to fut. ind. act. mpooxvvew (#4686) to worship, to fall
understanding.” kaxig (#2798) dat. sing. wickedness, down and worship. Used to designate the custom of
maliciousness, and ill will (RP). Dat. of reference. vnm- prostrating oneself before a person and kissing his feet,
atete pres. imp. act. vnnidCw (#3757) to be as a child the hem of his garment, the ground, etc.; w. obj. in dat.
(BAGD). It implies the need of innocence w. regard to (BAGD; TDNT; EDNT). anayyeAdwv pres. act. part.
evil (Fee). Pres. imp. calls for a constant attitude. té- anayyedAw (#550) to solemnly declare. Part. of manner.
Aetog (#5455) mature. Pred. nom. without the article @ 26 ti obv éotww s.v. 15. ovvépynove pres. subj. mid.
stresses the character. 21 yeypantat perf. ind. pass. (dep.) ovvepyouat (#5302) to come together. Pres. is
ypa.ow (# 1211) to write. Perf. points to the continuing iterat. and points to a recurring action. Subj. w. 6tav
authority of that which stands written (MM). etepo- (#4020) in an indef. temp. cl.: whenever, as often as.
yAwooos (# 2280) other tongue, strange language. Here, wadyos (#6011) song, hymn. The word signifies the
instr. dat. w. the prep. yetAeow dat. pl. yeihog (# 5927) singing of praises to God (EGT). Those present may
lip. AwANow fut. ind. act. (#4246) s.v. 4. eloaxoboovtai have composed a song or sung a Christian hymn
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) etcakovw (#1653) to hear into, to (Grosheide). éyet pres. ind. act. €yw (#2400) to have.
attend to w. obj. in gen. For the prep. in compound s. Each one had these gifts because they were given by
MH, 304. 22qote (#6063) therefore. The word the Spirit (Grosheide). epunveta (#2255) translation,
draws a conclusion from the previous. eg (# 1659) w. interpretation. mpog (#4639) w. acc., for, leading to
the vb. ewt it may have a Semitic meaning, “to serve (IBG, 53). ywéo@w pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivowar
as” (BD, 80; but also s. Barrett). onpetov (# 4956) acc. pl. (# 1181) to happen. Pres. imp. is a command for habit-
sign. For a study of this v., s. J.P.M. Sweet, “A Sign for ual action. @ 27 eite (# 1664) if, whether. The construc-
Unbelievers: Paul’s Attitude to Glossolalia,” NTS 13 tion “whether... or” is begun but left unfinished (RP).
(1967): 240-57. etow pres. ind. act. eyt (# 1639) to be. Kata (# 2848) w. acc. used in a distributive sense, “by
Miotevovoly pres. act. part. dat. pl. miotevw (# 4409) to twos” (MT, 268). mAeiotov adv. superl. noAvc (# 4498)
believe. Part. as subst. Dat. of personal interest. dmiot0¢ great, much. Used as adverbial acc.: “at the most”
(# 603) unbelieving. Adj. as subst. Here, dat. of per- (RWP). &v& pépog (# 324; 3538) in turn (IBG, 67; MT,
sonal interest. 23 ovveAOT aor. subj. act. ovvepxouar 265). In the Jewish synagogue service there were at
(# 5302) to come together, to assemble. Subj. w. &av least seven readers of Scripture who read at least three
(# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. in which the cond. is verses in turn (SB, 3:465f; 4:154-71; JPF, 2:927-33). el¢
viewed as possible. emi 10 abt0 (# 2093; 3836; 899) to the (#1651) one, someone. depynvevétw pres. imp. act.
same place, together. AaA@ot pres. subj. act. Aarkew diepunvevw (#1450) to interpret (s.v. 5). 281 pres.
(# 4246) to speak. Pres. indicates an action in progress. subj. act. ett (# 1639) to be. Subj. in a 3rd. class cond.
Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl. eto€A@worv aor. subj. act. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond. Steppnvevtns
evoepyouat (#5302) to enter into. Subj. in a 3rd. class (# 1449) translator, interpreter. ovyatw pres. imp. act.
cond. cl. 181ta1 (# 2626) nom. pl. not understanding ovyaw (# 4967) to be silent. Pres. indicates that he is not
(s.v. 16). podot fut. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. OT1 even to speak in a tongue once (RWP). The command
(# 4022) It introduces either indir. discourse (“that”), or indicates that the person could control the use of the
a direct quotation and then is used as quotation marks. gift. eavt@ dat. sing. eavtod (# 1571) himself. “To him-
waiveove pres. ind. mid. (dep.) patvouar (# 3419) to be self,” or dat. of advantage (Kistemaker). AaA€itw pres.
mad, to be crazy. The question introduced by the neg. imp. act. Aadew (#3281) to speak. 29 AaAcitWOAV
ovK (# 4024) expects the answer “yes.” 24 npopntev- pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. pl. Aadew (#3281) to speak.
wot pres. subj. act. mpopntevw (#4736) to prophesy diaKpivetwoav pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. pl. diaKpivw
(s.v. 1). Subj. in a 3rd. class cond. cl. assuming the pos- (# 1359) to separate, to make a distinction, to pass judg-
sibility of the cond. Pres. emphasizes the continual ment on, to test (BAGD; MM). @ 30 d&noxaAvd67 aor.
action, or is iterative. elo€A@q aor. subj. act. eloepyouat subj. pass. anokadvntw (# 636) to reveal. Subj. in a 3rd.
(#1656) to enter (s.v. 23). eA€yyetat pres. ind. pass. class cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond.
exeyyw (# 1794) to convict; to so present the evidence Theol. pass. ka@nyévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. kaOnpnar
1 Corinthians 15 384

(# 2764) to sit. Part. as subst. Dat. as indir. obj. It was Gen. could be poss. gen. or gen. of source. Emphatic by
the prophet who stood while the congregation sat its word position: €vtoAn (# 1953) commandment. Paul
(Lietzmann; s. Luke 4:16). 31 Ka6' Eva (# 2848; 1651) is claiming inspiration and authority for his writing.
one by one; distributive use of prep. (MT, 268). pavéd- 38 ayvoei pres. ind. act. wyvoew (# 51) to be ignorant,
vwotv pres. subj. act. wavOavw (# 3443) to learn. Subj. w. to disregard. Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. assuming the
iva. (# 2671) to express purp. TapaKaA@vtat pres. subj. reality of the cond. wyvoeitat pres. ind. pass. (#51) to
pass. napakarew (# 4151) to exhort, to encourage, to be ignored, to be disregarded (BAGD). 39 dote
comfort (MNTW, 128-35). 32 nvevpata npodntav (# 6063) therefore. The word sums up and draws a con-
(# 4460; 4737) pl., the spirits of the prophets (s.v. 12). It clusion of the previous discussion. (nAotte pres. imp.
is the manifestation of the Spirit or the divine influence act. Cndow s.v. 1. mpopntevetv pres. act. inf. mpodntevw
under which the prophets spoke (Hodge). brotacoetar (# 4736) to prophesy (s.v. 1). Inf. as obj. of the vb. AaAEtv
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) botaoow (# 5718) to be in subjec- pres. act. inf. Aadew (# 3281) to speak. Inf. as obj. of the
tion, to be obedient. The prophet exercised self-control vb. KwAvete pres. imp. act. KwADwW (# 3266) to hinder, to
and control over the gift. A preacher without self- restrain, to forbid. Pres. imp. w. neg. means either to
control is no true prophet (RP). 33 dxatactacto. stop an action in progress or it forbids a habitual action
(# 189) disorder, disturbance, confusion. It could refer (MKG, 272f). 40 evoyniovwe (# 2361) adv., decently,
to disorder or confusion in the assembly (Barrett) or it properly (TLNT). ta&tg (# 5423) orderly; w. the prep.,
could refer to the disorder if the Spirit was not in har- “according to order” (TLNT, 2:10). Josephus uses the
mony w. Himself (Conzelmann). Here, descriptive gen. neg. of this word to say that the Roman army did not
we (# 6055) as. These words should not be taken w. the erect its camp in disorderly parties (Jos., JW, 3:77; CCF],
preceding but w. the words which follow (Grosheide). 4:157-58). Josephus also uses the word to indicate that
@ 34 yuvaixes nom. pl. yovn (# 1222) woman. éxxAnoia the Essenes only spoke “in turn” (Jos., Wars, 2:132).
(# 1711) church, assembly. PI. here it refers to the local Paul uses the word to suggest that members of the
gathering. o1yatwoav pres. imp. act. o1yaw (# 4967) to church do things one at a time, not all at once (Barrett).
be silent. €nitp€meta pres. ind. pass. enitpenw (# 2205)
to allow, w. inf. In the Jewish synagogue women were 1 Corinthians 15
not allowed to speak in public and took no active part @ 1 yvwpitw (#1192) pres. ind. act. to make
in the conduct of divine service (JPF, 2:920f; SB, 3:467f; known. “I draw your attention” (Barrett). The word
BBC). 35 po@eiv aor. act. inf. pavOavw (#3443) to was used to introduce a solemn statement (Conzel-
learn. 8€Aovol pres. ind. act. 0€Aw (#2527) to desire mann). evnyyedodunv aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
(s.v. 19). Ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. assuming the real- evayyerifouar (# 2294) to proclaim good news (TDNT;
ity of the cond. Ev otkw (# 1877; 3875) at home. 18tou¢g EDNT; TLNT). Aor. views the total ministry of Paul,
acc. pl. t810¢ (#2625) own. enepwtatwoav pres. imp. emphasizing the one gospel which he preached.
act. 3rd. pl. enepwtaw (#2089) to ask, to ask about mapeAapete aor. ind. act. naparapBavw (#4161) to
something. Prep. in compound is directive (MH, 314). receive, to receive as authoritative teaching what was
atoxpoc (#156) shameful, disgraceful. Plutarch wrote passed on (s. 11:23). €otnKate perf. ind. act. totnpr
that not only the arm but the voice of a modest woman (#2705) to stand. Perf. pictures the abiding results.
ought to be kept from the public, and she should feel 2 owteove pres. ind. pass. owtw (#5392) to rescue, to
shame at being heard, as at being stripped (Barrett; save. Pres. indicates a continuous action which was
NW, 2, 1:385-88; SB, 3:468-69). For a discussion on this being performed in the believers. Theol. pass. indicat-
passage in the light of other Scriptures dealing w. ing that God is performing the action. tivt Aoyw (# 5515;
woman in church life s. PWC, 70-80; DPL, 590-92. 3364) by or in which word. The interrogative pron. is
AaAeiv pres. act. inf. Aadew (#4246) s.v. 4. Epex. inf. used here as a normal rel. pron. (RG, 737f). Kateyete
explaining what is shameful. @ 36 &&f)\8ev aor. ind. act. pres. ind. act. katexw (#2988) to hold down, to hold
eEepyouar (# 2002) to go out. Kkathvtnoev aor. ind. act. fast. Ind. w. et (# 1623) in a 1st. class cond. cl. assuming
Katavtaw (#2918) to reach, to arrive. The question is, the reality of the cond. extdg et pq (# 1623; 1760; 3590)
“were you the starting point of the gospel? Or were except (BD, 191). etx (# 1632) adv., without cause, in
you its only destination?” Paul is attacking the abuses vain, to no purpose, without due consideration
of the Corinthians by pointing out they were not the (BAGD). émotevoate aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to
source of the gospel (RP). 37 doxet pres. ind. act. believe. Not that Paul really entertains this as a serious
doxew (#1506) to suppose, w. inf. Ind. in a Ist. class possibility, but if the denial of the resurrection is car-
cond. cl. which assumes that the cond. is true. eivar ried to its logical conclusion, then it would be shown
pres. act. inf. eyi (#1639) to be. EmvywwwoKetw pres. that their belief was fruitless, perhaps because it was
imp. act. eny.vwoKw (# 2105) to recognize, to acknowl- exercised superficially or at random (Bruce). @ 3 napé-
edge completely. kupiov gen. sing. Kxvpiocg (#3261). dwKka aor. ind. act. rapadsidwpr (# 4140) to deliver over,
385 1 Corinthians 15

to pass on, to pass on authoritative teaching (for a and sudden character of Paul’s birth to the Christian
detailed study of this passage s. RH, 76-89). tv mpato1s faith and the apostolic ministry (TLNT, 1:466). kapot =
(# 1877; 4755) in the first place, first of all. The words Kai euoi dat. kayw (# 2743) to me also. % 9 EAGXLOTOG
may indicate priority either in time or importance (Bar- superl. ykpoc (# 1788) small, little; superl., the small-
rett). MapéAaPov aor. ind. act. raparaupavw (#4167) to est, the least. The true superl., followed by the gen. of
receive (s. 11:23). amé8avev aor. ind. act. anodvjoKw comparison. Pred. nom. w. the article indicates that the
(# 633) to die. bnép (# 5642) prep. w. gen., on behalf of, subject and pred. are the same. ixavog (# 2653) suffi-
in lieu of; that is, “to deal w. our sins,” “to expiate our cient, capable, worthy, competent, fit (TLNT).
sins” (NIDNTT, 3:1196-97). cata tag ypadac (#1210) KOAEtoBa1 pres. pass. inf. kaAEw (# 2813) to call. Epex.
according to the scriptures. The phrase can be taken to inf. explaining the word ixavoc. 601 (#1484) a
mean, “even as the whole tone of the O.T. so foretold strengthened form of oti, because. &tw&a aor. ind. act.
concerning Him” (Kenneth O. Gangel, “According to dwKw (#1503) to hunt, to pursue, to persecute. #10
the Scriptures,” Bib Sac 125 [1968]: 123-28). @ 4 Etaon yopitt dat. sing. yapic (# 5921) grace, the help or favor
aor. ind. pass. 8antw (#2507) to bury. eynyeptat perf. granted to one who is undeserving and with no
ind. pass. éyeipw (# 1586) to raise. Perf. emphasizes that thought of any return (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). Instr. dat.
Christ is risen and indicates a continuing condition Qeod gen. sing. 9e0¢ (#2536) Gen. of source (“grace
which has given rise to a new state of affairs. Christ from God”) or descriptive gen. (“godly or divine
continues in the risen state (McKay, 12; GI, 113).th grace”). 0 (# 4005) rel. pron. n. The deliberate choice of
TWEPS TH tpity (# 2465; 5569) on the day the third. oh the neuter stresses the thing, not the person: “what I
of time. 5 6m aor. ind. pass. opdw (# 3972) to see; am” (Kistemaker). 7 €i¢ &ué The article is used as a rel.
pass., to be seen, to appear. The appearances were not pron., “which was extended to me” (RP). xevn (# 3031)
just visions; he could be seen by human eyes (Gros- empty, in vain, without success (TLNT). eyevn6n aor.
heide; W.L. Craig, “The Historicity of the Empty Tomb ind. pass. (dep.) yivowo. (#1181) to become, to be.
of Jesus,” NTS 31 [1985]: 39-67; Robert Stein, “Was the MEPLoGOtEpov comp. TEpiocds (# 4358) more than suffi-
Tomb )Really Empty?” JETS 20 [1977]: 27-29; DPL, 805- cient, abundantly; comp., even more, so much more.
12). elta (#1663) then, next; adv. denoting sequence Followed by comp. gen. éxoniaoa aor. ind. act. komiaw
(AS). © 6 éneita (#2083) thereupon, thereafter, then. (# 3159) to labor, to work to the point of exhaustion, to
émd.vw (#2062) above, over. For the use of the adv. w. work hard (TDNT; TLNT). It points to the weariness
numbers s. BD, 99. nevtaxodouor (# 4296) 500. Eoanae which follows this straining of all his powers to the
(# 2384) at once, at one time. (from ext and Ganaé). utmost (Trench, Synonyms, 378). @ 11 knpbdooopev pres.
MAEtoves nom. pl. comp. noAv<¢ much, great (#4498) pl., ind. act. knpvoow (#3062) to preach, to proclaim as a
the majority. wevovow pres. ind. act. uevw (# 3531) to herald (DPL, 755-57). Pres. denotes a constant fact
remain. Ewe aptt (# 785; 2401) until now. Paul was writ- (Godet). Emiotevoate aor. ind. act. motevw (# 4409) to
ing 20 years or so later (Barrett). €xoysn@noay aor. ind. believe. Aor. points to the fact of belief.
pass. kowoaw (#3121) pass., to fall asleep, to die. 12 knpdooetat pres. ind. pass. knpvoow (# 3062). Ind.
@7 naow dat. pl. nag (#4246) all. Placed after the w. €1 (# 1623) in a 1st. class cond. cl. which assumes the
subst. to emphasize it (BD, 144). 8 éoyatov (# 2274) reality of the cond. Pres. points to the continual procla-
last. Used either in the sense that Paul is the last of mation. eynyeptor perf. ind. pass. éyeipw (# 1586) to
those to be granted such an appearance, the last of the raise. Perf. means, “he lives at the present as the risen
apostles, or that he refers to himself as the least of the Savior” (Grosheide). A€yovow pres. ind. act. rEyw
apostles (PAA, 105). wonepet (# 6062) like, as though, as (# 3306) to say. Pres. points to a continuous action in
it were. Extpwyua (# 1765) a fetus born before its time, progress. avaotaotc (# 414) resurrection, w. obj. gen. It
stillborn child, child born abnormally before term, is possible that the opponents of Paul who deny a res-
untimely birth, miscarriage (TLNT; NDIEC, 2:81-82; urrection of the dead were influenced by a Hellenistic,
GELTS, 142; BAGD; Peter von der Osten-Sacken, “Die dualistic concept of afterlife current among the sacra-
Apologie des pln Apostolats in 1 Kor 15, 1-11,” ZNW 64 mentally oriented popular cults JJ.H. Wilson, “The
[1973]: 245-62; Markus Schaefer, “Paulus: ‘Fehlgeburt’ Corinthians Who Say There Is No Resurrection of the
oder ‘unverntinftiges Kind’ - Ein Interpretationsvor- Dead,” ZNW 59 [1968]: 103; for the views of resurrec-
schlag zu 1 Kor 15,8,” ZNW 85 [1994]: 207-17; TDNT; tion in the ancient world s. RAC, 1:919-38; TDNT).
EDNT; DPL, 49-51). The term points to the results of @ 13 €otw pres. ind. act. cyt (# 1639) to be. Ind. w. et
the birth and was used to indicate that which is incapa- (# 1623) in a 1st. class cond. cl. assuming for the sake of
ble of sustaining life of its own volition but requires argument that the cond. is true. eynyeptat perf. ind.
divine intervention if it is to continue. It emphasizes pass. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise (s.v. 4). 14 €ynyeptat
Paul’s weakness and his dependence on God’s grace perf. ind. pass. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise (s.v. 12). Ind. ina
(PAA, 104-105; Schlatter). It could refer to the abnormal Ist. class cond. cl. assuming for the sake of argument
1 Corinthians 15 386

the reality of the cond. xevov (#3031) empty, without to die. Pres. describes action which reoccurs from time
content, nothingness, absolute void (TLNT, 2:305; s.v. to time w. different individuals, as the iterative
10). Take out the resurrection, and there is nothing left describes action repeated by the same agent (M, 114).
(Barrett). &pa, (# 726) then. The word implies the inevi- Kai (# 2779) also. navteg nom. pl. nic (# 4246) all. It is
table nature of the conclusion (Grosheide). @ 15 ev- qualified by ev t@ Xpiot@. CwonoinOjoovtar fut. ind.
ploxove8a pres. ind. pass. evpioxw (#2351) to find; pass. Gwonoiew (# 2443) to make alive. Theol. pass.,
pass. to be found. The word is often used of moral indicating it is God who makes alive. 23 ékaotog
judgments respecting character, and conveys the idea (# 1667) each. tayo. (# 5413) rank, order, often used in
of discovering or detecting (RP). yevdonaptuc (# 6020) the military sense denoting a body of troops which can
false witness. The following gen. is either obj. (“a false be disposed according to the decision of the command-
witness about God”) or subjective gen. (“a false wit- ing officer; or it could be applied to any sort of group
ness claiming to be from God”). Such a false witness and could also mean place or position (s. 14:40; Bar-
would make his message a myth, a human composi- rett). Emeita (#2083) then, after, thereafter. napovoig
tion which arises from human wishes; at the same time (# 4242) dat. sing., presence, arrival, coming. The word
he would be claiming that his message was the word of was used as a technical expression for the arrival or
God (Schlatter). Euaptupjoopev aor. ind. act. pwaptupew visit of the king or emperor (LAE, 368; TLNT). It was
(# 3455) to serve as a witness, to give witness. Katé also used for the appearance of a god (Conzelmann;
(# 2848) w. gen., against. Tyyewev aor. ind. act. eyeipw TDNT). 24 eita (#1663) then, after this. The word
(# 1586) to raise. einep dpa. (# 725; 1642) if indeed; if, as may indicate that there is also to be an interval between
they say, it is true (BD, 237). eyeipovtan pres. ind. pass. his coming and the end (RP; Weiss). téAo¢ (#5465)
eyeipw (# 1586)to raise. Theol. pass. indicating that God completion, end. The word was used as a technical
raises the dead (Kistemaker). 16 €1 yap if indeed. phrase denoting the final consummation (PRJ, 295).
Use. w. ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. which assumes the mopasis@ pres. subj. act. mapadidwur (# 4140) to give
reality of the cond. eynyeptat perf. ind. pass. eyeipw over, to turn over to someone. Pres. pictures a fut. pro-
(# 1586) to raise. 17 patatoc (#3469) vain, empty. ceeding (RWP). Subj. w. étav (# 4020) (“whenever”) in
The word emphasizes the aimlessness and the leading an indef. temp. cl. t@ 6€@ Kai matpi. The definite article
to no object or end (Trench, Synonyms, 180f; NIDNTT, has here the force of demonstrative w. the meaning of
1:549-52). 18 KkownOevtes aor. pass. part. Komow a rel. pron.: “to the one who is God and Father”
(# 3121) to sleep (s.v. 6). Part. as subst. &wAovtO aor. (Weiss). Katapynoy aor. subj. act. katapyew (# 2934) to
ind. mid. (dep.) amoAd vu (# 660) to ruin, to destroy, to make ineffective, to abolish, to bring to an end (TDNT).
perish. 19 NAmiKOteEs perf. act. part. eAnicw (# 1827) apyn (#794) rule, ruler. The nouns here represent the
to hope (EH, 270-71). Part. could be used as a peri- evil powers under whose control the world has come
phrastic perf. emphasizing the continual condition or (Barrett). ® 25 det pres. ind. act. (#1256) impersonal, it
state of hoping (RWP), or it could be considered as sub- is needful, w. inf. The necessity arises out of the sover-
stitutive: “we are hopers” (Barrett). €opév pres. ind. act. eign plan of God (TDNT). Baoweve pres. act. inf.
eli (# 1639) to be. Ind. w. et (#1623) in a 1st. class Baottevw (#996) to rule, to carry out the duties of a
cond. assuming the reality of the cond. for the sake of king. aypt (# 948) w. gen., until. @f aor. subj. act. TONE
argument. €Agetvotepor comp. edeeivoc (#1795) piti- (#5502) to place, to put. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl.
able, one who is to be pitied (TLNT). The comp. is used © 26 Eaxatoc ExOPO¢ (# 2398) the last enemy. Either sub-
as a superl. (“most pitiable”), followed by the gen. of ject w. 0 @avatog (#2505) in apposition to “death”;
comparison (RP; BD, 33f). @ 20 vuvi (# 3815) now; not death as the last enemy (s. Rev. 20:14; 21:4; J. Davis
temp., but logical and returns to reality (Schlatter). €yn- McCaughey, “The Death of Death [1 Corinthians
yeptat perf. ind. pass. eyeipw (# 1586) to raise (s.v. 4). 15:26],” RH, 246-61). katapyeiton pres. ind. pass. katap-
anapyn (#569) firstfruit. The word means the first yew (# 2934) to make ineffective (s.v. 24). Fut. pres. (VA,
installment of the crop which foreshadows and 230-32). © 27 navta. yap (# 4246; 1142) the first word is
pledges the ultimate offering of the whole (Barrett). emphatic (RP) and the particle gives a causal explana-
The word was used in various ways: a birth certificate, tion. bretagéev aor. ind. act. brotaoow (# 5718) to sub-
a certificate of authorization, a yearly offering for a ject, to bring under control, to make subordinate (LN,
god, or inheritance tax (Preisigke, 1:157; MM; TLNT; 1:476; TLNT). einy aor. subj. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say.
TDNT; GELTS, 45; CCFJ, 1:164). Nom. in apposition to Used to introduce a scriptural quotation, “now when it
Christ. Kexoysniévwv perf. pass. part. Kowa (#3121) says” (Barrett). bmotetaxtat perf. ind. pass. bnoté&oow
to sleep (s.v. 6). Part. as subst. Here, gen. of description (# 5718). 5t\A0¢ (# 1316) clear, plain. extog (# 1760) out-
or content. 21 éne1dn (#2076) since, because. 6V side, expect. bmotaEavtos aor. act. part. broté&oow. Part.
(# 1328) w. gen., through. 22 wonep (#6061) as, as subst. 28 dmotay{} aor. subj. pass. dbnoté&oow
just as. &mo8vpjoKovot pres. ind. act. dnobvnoKkw (# 633) (#5718) to subject (s.v. 27). Subj. in an indef. temp. cl.
 387 1 Corinthians 15

avtoc (# 899) himself. The word isused as an intensify- men whose association corrupts. If there were no resur-
ing pronominal adj. (Funk, 562f). bmotaynoetat fut. ind. rection of the body, his struggles at Ephesus had been
pass. bnotacow (# 5718). bnotdgavtt aor. act. part. vm0- in vain (Abraham J. Malherbe, “The Beasts at Ephe-
taoow (#5718). Part. as subst. pres. subj. act. et sus,” JBL 87 [1968]: 80). Ind. w. et (# 1623) in a 1st. class
(# 1639) to be. Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in a purp. cl. Paul cond. cl. assuming the truth of the cond. pot dat. eyo
refers neither to pantheism nor universalism, but (# 1609) I. Dat. of advantage. opedoc (# 4055) profit, ben-
speaks of the new heaven and new earth in which all efit, good. pd&ywpev aor. subj. act. E00tw (# 2266) to eat.
things are in harmony w. God (Barrett; Godet). Tiwpev aor. subj. act. tivw (#4403) to drink. The two
© 29 nei (#2075) since, otherwise. tt (#5515) what. subjs. are cohortative, “let us.” avpiov (#892) tomor-
Toinoovotv fut. ind. act. novew (#4472) to do. Here it row. GoOvioKopev pres. ind. act. anobvjoKkw (# 633) to
means either “what will they have recourse to?” or die. Pres. expressing fut. time. For the quotation from
“what will they gain?” (RP). Bamtifopevor pres. pass. Isa. 22:13 s. Barrett; for other parallels s. LAE, 296; Con-
part. Bantifw (#966) to baptize. Part. as subst. w. the zelmann; NW, 2, ii:396-400. @ 33 mAavaobe pres. imp.
article suggests a particular group, not all Christians pass. tAavaw (#4414) to lead astray, to deceive. Pres.
(Barrett). bmépw. gen., for, on behalf of, because of. Per- imp. w. the neg. wt (#3590) is a command to stop an
haps the best explanation is that the prep. is to be taken action in process. Pass. is permissive pass.: “Don’t
as “because of,” assuming he is referring to those who allow yourself to be deceived” (BD, 165). (@eipovotv
have been baptized because of the witness of those pres. ind. act. o8eipw (#5780) to corrupt, to ruin. Gno-
who have already died (John D. Reaume, “Another mic pres. indicating that which is always true. T@0c
- Look at 1 Corinthians 15:29, ‘Baptised for the Dead,’” (# 2456) custom, way, moral, habit (BAGD). xypnotoc
Bib Sac 152 [1995], 457-75; for literature regarding “bap- (# 5982) useful, good (TLNT). optAia (#3918) associa-
tism for the dead” s. NIDNTT, 3:1197; Conzelmann; tion, company (CCFJ, 3:200-01). kaxog (#2805) bad. A
ZPEB, 1:469f; TDNT; Joel R. White, “Baptized on possible quotation from Menander’s Thais (FW.
Account of the Dead:’ The Meaning of 1 Corinthians Danker, “Menander and the New Testament,” NTS 10
15:29 in its Context,” JBL 116 [1997]: 487-99; Jerome [1964]: 365-68; NW, 2, ii:400-404). 34 Exvnwate aor.
Murphy-O’Connor, “Baptized for the Dead (I Cor., act. imp. exvnow (# 1729) to become sober, to come to
XV,29): Corinthian Slogan?” RB 88 [1981]: 532-43; B.M. one’s senses, to wake up. Prep. in compound points to
Foschini, Those Being Baptized for the Dead: 1 Cor 15:29, sobriety attained out of drunkenness (MH, 309). Ingres-
An Exegetical, Historical Dissertation [Worchester, Mass.: sive aor. imp. calls for immediate action (MKG, 272;
Heffernan, 1951]; BBC). 6Aws (#3914) at all, never. VANT, 368). Sixaiws (# 1469) adv., righteously, truly,
eyeipovtat pres. ind. pass. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise (s.v. 4). really, indeed (Lietzmann, 194). Gwoptavete pres. imp.
Ind. in a Ist. class cond. cl. assuming for the sake of act. apyatavey (# 279) to sin. Pres. imp. w. the neg. is a
argument the reality of the cond. tt Kai (# 5515; 2779) command not to continue an action in progress or a
why the» why at all, still? (BD, 228). 30 tpeic command not to always do an action (MKG, 272f).
(#1609) w-! Emphatic and contrastive. xwvSuvevopev ayvwota (#57) ignorance, followed by the obj. gen.,
pres. ind. act. kivévvevw (# 3073) to be in danger. Pres. “ignorance of God.” évtporn (#1959) shame, embar-
emphasizes the constant or continual state of danger. rassment, a state resulting from what one has or has not
m&oav wpav (# 4246; 6052) every hour. Acc. of time, done (LN, 1:310). A@A@ pres. ind. act. AaAew (# 4246) to
“hourly,” “all through every hour” (RWP). 31 Kaé’ say, to speak. 35 épei fut. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say.
TwEpav (# 2848; 2465) distributive use of the prep.: day Eyeipovta1 pres. ind. pass. (#1586) to raise. Pres. to
after day, daily. dno8vjoKxw (# 633) pres. ind. act. to die. express fut. moiw dat. sing. noic (# 4481) what sort of,
Here, “to be in danger of death,” or it may mean that what kind of. ompati dat. sing. o@ya (#5393) body.
Paul abandons life daily, and knowing that he may die, Instr. dat. Epyovtar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) épxouar
continually prepares himself for death (Grosheide). vy (#2262) to come. Pres. to express fut. 36 adpwv
(# 3755). Particle used in solemn oaths that means (# 933) voc. sing. senseless, fool, one who is ignorant,
“truly,” “yes” (RG, 1150). Followed by the acc. of the one who does not have or use understanding (TDNT;
person or thing by which one swears or affirms: *‘yes, GELTS, 74; CCFJ, 1:284). oneiperg pres. ind. act. oneipw
truly by my pride in you” (BAGD). @ 32 Kata divOpw- (#5062) to sow. Cwonoteitar pres. ind. pass. Gwonoiew
mov (# 2848; 476) in accordance w. human standards, on (# 2443) to make alive (s.v. 22). &mo@dvq aor. sub. act.
partly human terms (Barrett). &@nprowaynoa aor. ind. anoOvioKw (# 633) to die. Subj. w. dv (# 1569) in a 3rd.
act. Onpropaxew (# 2562) to fight w. wild animals. It is class cond. cl. in which the cond. is assumed as possi-
uncertain if Paul is speaking literally or figuratively. If ble. 37 yevnoopevov fut. mid. (dep.) part. yivoyat
figuratively, the beasts may have been the legalists or (# 1181) to become. Adj. part., “the body that it will
Judaizers (Robert E. Osborne, “Paul and the Wild become.” Perhaps Paul chose the analogy of the seed
Beasts,” JBL 85 [1966]: 230; BBC). It may have been evil precisely because it implies continuity as well as dis-
1 Corinthians 15 388

continuity (Ronald J. Sider, “The Pauline Conception of pass. ypapw (# 1211) to write. Perf. denotes the abiding
the Resurrection Body in 1 Corinthians 15:35-54,” NTS authoritative character of that which was written, “it
21 [1975]: 432). yonvoc (#1218) naked, bare. KOKKos stands written” (MM). eyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
(# 3133) grain. Toxo aor. opt. act. tuyyavw (#5593) to yivonat (#1181) to become, followed by the prep. w.
happen. Opt. in the idiom meaning “perhaps” (BAGD). acc. in the place of a pred. nom.: “the first Adam
oitoc (#4992) wheat. Aowndg (#3370) rest, remaining. became a living soul” (MH, 462; BD, 86; KSV, 64). C@oav
For rabbinic parallels using the analogy of bare grains aor. act. part. (adj.) Caw (# 2409) to live. Cwonotodv pres.
arising w. many coverings to describe the resurrection act. part. (adj.) Cwonovew (# 2443) to make alive; part.,
s. PRJ, 305; SB, 3:475. @ 38 S5t8wow pres. ind. act. 5t8wpt life giving. It was in His saving work for men that
(# 1443) to give. nOEANoEv aor. ind. act. O€Aw (# 2527) to Christ became a_ life-giving Spirit (Morris).
wish, to will, w. inf. God gives the seed a body in accor- @ 46 mp@tov (#4754) first; nom. sing., pred. nom.
dance w. His past decision at creation (Sider, NTS mvevpatikov (#4461) spiritual. énevta (# 2083) then.
21:432). Kat (#2779) and. Perhaps epex., “that is....” @ 47 &x yc (# 1178) out of the ground, earthly. The
onepia (#5065) seed. 39 abth (#899) fem. sing., absence of the article stresses that the essential thing is
same. Ktfvocg (#3229) animal, a domesticated animal. the earth’s specific quality (BD, 132). yoixog (#5954)
Descriptive gen. of poss. gen. mtnvoc (#4764) adj., dusty. The word stresses mortality due to earthly origin
feathered. Used as a subst. (“bird”). 1x86 (# 2716) fish. (SBT, 166). 48 otoc (# 3888) of what sort, such as; cor-
The distinction made between different kinds of flesh relative pron. expressing quality (RG, 291, 731).
was common to rabbinical thought, but not as familiar Emnovpavioc (# 2230) heavenly, celestial. @ 49 Epopecapev
to Hellenistic thinking (SB, 3:475f; PRJ, 305f). aor. ind. act. popew (#5841) to wear. Used in the papyri
@ 40 enovpavocg (#2230) heavenly, celestial; that is, in the sense of wearing clothes, a breastplate, or a
upon heaven or existing in heaven (RWP), not the badge (MM; Preisigke, 2:700). eixova acc. sing. eikwv
heavenly body of human beings or angels (Grosheide). (#1635) image (TDNT; NIDNTT, 2:286-88; TLNT;
entyeroc (# 2103) earthly, terrestrial; that is, the bodies of EDNT). dopéoopev fut. ind. act. dopew (#5841). The
everything that lives on earth (Grosheide). étepog reading of the fut. is accepted instead of the aor. subj.
(# 2283) another, another of a different kind. 500 since the context is didactic, instead of hortatory, giv-
(#1518) good opinion, reputation, brightness, splen- ing a promise (Weiss; TC, 569). 50 mpi (#5774) pres.
dor, glory (AS; TDNT; NIDNTT, 2:44-52; TLNT). ind. act. to say. odp& Kai awa (# 4922; 135) flesh and
@ 41 TAtosg (# 2463) sun. oeAnvy (# 4943) moon. doth blood. The phrase means our present mortal nature
(# 843) star. The lack of the article points to a character- and refers to those who are still living (RP; Barrett; Fee).
istic of the class or of the single thing (BD, 132). yap KAnpovoyfjoar aor. act. inf. KAnpovouew (#3099) to
(#1142) yes, and ... (Barrett). 5vapéper pres. ind. act. inherit, to receive as an inheritance. Supplementary inf.
diadepw (# 1422) to differ. The stars differed in bril- w. ddvatat (# 1538). KANpovopel pres. ind. act. KANpovo-
liance or brightness (Conzelmann; Barrett). Gnomic wew (# 3099). Gnomic pres. stating a common truth.
pres. indicating a general truth. @ 42 odtwe (# 4048) so, @ 51 navtes od here = ov navtec not all of us. For the
thus. Paul now applies the preceding remarks (Gros- position of the neg. s. BD, 224; MT, 287. kown@noousta
heide). oneipeta pres. ind. pass. oneipw (# 5062) to sow. fut. ind. pass. koyrdw (# 3121) to sleep (s.v. 6). dAAMYN-
p80pG (# 5785) dat. sing. corruption, that which is sub- oope8a fut. ind. pass. aAdayaoow (#248) to change, to
ject to decay. Corruption is also viewed as an evil alter. 52 atouos (# 875) indivisible because of small-
power which affects all of creation as a result of Adam’s ness; here, “in a moment” (BAGD). pin (# 4846) dat.
sin (Sider, NTS 21:433). éyeipetat pres. ind. pass. eyeipw sing. throwing, rapid movement. For example, casting
(# 1586) to raise. &pBapoig (# 914) dat. sing. incorrup- a glance takes an extremely short time. Here, “in the
tion, that which is not subject to decay and control by twinkling of an eye” (BAGD). €v ti Eoxaty odAnryy “at
sin. © 43 atyig (# 871) dat. sing. dishonor. The word the last trumpet” (dat. sing. ooAny& [# 4894]). The last
was sometimes used of loss of the rights of citizenship. in a series of trumpets. According to the Jewish view
A corpse has no rights (Morris). aoBeveig, (# 819) dat. the resurrection occurs w. the sound of the trumpet, w.
sing. weakness. @ 44 wuyiKoc (#6035) natural, that seven trumpets sounded for the various stages of res-
which pertains to the soul, a physical body which is urrection. At the seventh trumpet all were made alive
suited to earthly life (SBT, 156) and is subject to sin and stood up on their feet (TDNT; SB, 3:481). caAnioet
(Sider, NTS 21:433ff). mvevpatixoc (#4461) spiritual, fut. ind. act. oadrmiCw (# 4895) to sound a trumpet. Here
that which pertains to the spirit. It refers to a physical used impersonally, “the trumpet will sound,” “the
body renovated by the Spirit of God and therefore trumpet shall trumpet” (RG, 392). éyep@noovtan fut. ind.
suited to heavenly immortality (SBT, 166; Sider, NTS pass. eyetipw (# 1586) to raise. &Baptos (# 915) incor-
21:435). For the suf. which denotes an ethical or ruptible. GAAaynoopeba fut. ind. pass. GAAayaoow
dynamic relation s. MH, 378. @ 45 yeypantat perf. ind. (# 248) to change. @ 53 det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. o8ap-
389 1 Corinthians 16

TOG (# 5778) corruptible, that which is subject to decay. Toratias (#3836; 1130) of Galatia. Perhaps referring to
evSvou0801 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. ev50w (#1907) to put the Roman province and the churches that had been
on, to put on as clothing. @vntdc (# 2570) mortal, that established there on Paul's first missionary journey. kat
which is subject to death (M, 222). &@avaoia (# 114) (# 2779) also. movyoute aor. imp. act. noew (# 4472) to
immortality, that which is not subject to death. do. Aor. imp. calls for a specific action. 2 Katé
@ 54 evvontat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) évdbw (# 1907) to (# 2848) w. acc.; the distributive use of the prep.: “on
put on (s.v. 53). Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in an indef. eae every first day of the week” (RP). piav oaPBatov
cl. yevqoeton fut. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyor (#1181) to (# 1651; 4879) a Hebraic expression for the first day of
happen. yeypoyiévos perf. pass. part. ypabw (#1211) to the week; that is, Sunday (Hering; Conzelmann; Fee; s.
write (s.v. 45). Part. as subst. katex06n aor. ind. pass. . also the essays in FSLD, esp. D.R. de Lacey, “The Sab-
Katantvw (#2927) to drink down, to swallow down. bath/Sunday Questions and the Law in the Pauline
Prep. in compound is perfective, “to swallow down Corpus,” FSLD, 159-95, esp. 184-86). t18étw pres. imp.
completely.” etg vixog (# 3777) into victory. The transla- act. 3rd. pers. sing. TON (# 5502) to set, to lay, used w.
tion of the Semitic phrase meaning forever, perma- the prepositional phrase nap’ eavt@; that is, “in his
nently, successfully (SL, 153-56; SB, 3:481f). 55 cov home” (RWP). Pres. imp. could be iterative pointing to
gen. sing. ov (#5148) you; “your, “emphatic by its posi- the repeated acts, or it could call for a habit of life.
tion. Oavate (# 2505) voc. sing., O death! vixog (# 3777) OnoavpiCwv pres. act. part. Pnowvpitw (# 2564) to store
victory. Kevtpov (#3034) sting. The word represents up, to save up. Part. of means or manner explaining
death as a venomous creature, a scorpion or a hornet, how each one is to lay aside. 6 tt av whatever, the gen-
which is rendered harmless (RP). @ 56 Guwaptia (# 281) eralized rel. pron. evoéata1 pres. subj. pass. evodow
sin. The article indicates the principle of sin. Death is (# 2338) to send well on one's way, to be led along a
not simply the result of decay; rather, it is the result of good road. It then has the meaning “to get along well,”
the deadly poison, sin itself, which became all the more “to prosper,” “to succeed,” and was used of having
energized in our lives through acquaintance with the success in business (BAGD; Lietzmann; GELTS, 188).
law (Fee). 57 yapicg (#5921) grace, thanks. 580vt1 Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. €A@w aor. subj. act. Epxyouar
pres. act. part. (adj.) Sidwy (#1443) to give. Pres. (# 2262) to come. Subj. w. étav (“whenever”) in an
emphasizes the certainty of the victory (Barrett). 58 indef. temp. cl. yivwvto1 pres. subj. mid. (dep.) yivopat
wote (# 6063) therefore. It draws a conclusion from the (#1181) to become, to be. Subj. w. iva (#2671) in a
previous. &6paiog (# 1612) firm, steadfast. Pred. nom. purp. cl. 3 napayévwpor aor. subj. mid. (dep.)
without the art. stresses the character. yiveo@e pres. mapaytvouar (# 4134) to arrive. Subj. w. otav (# 4020) in
imp. mid. (dep.) yivoyor (# 1181) to become. Pres. imp. an indef. temp. cl., “whenever I arrive” (RWP). og éav
calls for constant action, attitude, or state. GpetaKivntos (# 4005; 1569) whomever (pl.). S0xysaontE aor. subj. act.
(# 293) unmovable, not capable of being moved from doxacw (#1507) to approve after examination, to
its place. mepiooevovtes pres. act. part. nepiooevw accept as proven, to approve (BAGD; TDNT; GELTS,
(# 4355) to abound, to be in abundance. Part. of man- 119; TLNT; MM; NDIEC, 1:130-31; 2:14). In an inscrip-
ner. eid0teg perf. act. part. (causal) o1da (#3857) to tion the vb. is almost a t.t. for passing as fit for a public
know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Konog (# 3160) effort, office (MM). It was also used to indicate a government
labor (s.v. 10). kevog (# 3031) empty, vain. approved doctor (Preisigke, 1:395; NDIEC, 2:13-14). 6u'
EmLotoAWv (# 2186) through letters, w. letters. Commen-
1 Corinthians 16 datory letters were well known in antiquity (Barrett;
@ 1 nepi 8 “now concerning.” The words intro- Conzelmann; NDIEC, 7:55, 90; s. 2 Cor. 3:1). mew fut.
duce another topic that Paul is to deal with (s. 7:1). ind. act. neunw (# 4287) to send. &meveyKeiv aor. act. inf.
doyeta, (#3356) collection, contribution. The word anopepw (# 708) to carry away, to take home, to bring to
appears in the papyri in the sense of collection, partic- its destination. It was not the removal of the money
ularly in the sense of religious collection for a god or from Corinth, but its being conveyed to Jerusalem that
temple (LAE, 105f; BS, 142f). The article refers to a spe- was the important point (RP). Inf. expressing purp.
cific collection. The Christians evidently had grave yapic (#5921) grace, generosity, favor (TDNT; Trench,
financial difficulties in the society of Jerusalem (Acts Synonyms, 167; TLNT). @ 4 d&toc (#545) that which is
6:1; Brian Capper, “The Palestinian Cultural Context of equal in weight, worthy, right. Paul would make the
the Earliest Christian Community of Goods,” BAFCS, journey if circumstances were such that the work
4:323-56; SB, 3:316-18; RP; Fee; DPL, 143-47). tic gen. demanded him going (Grosheide). pres. subj. act. elt
sing. 0 (# 3836) the. Art. used as a relative pron. ELC (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. éav (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond.
(# 1659) w. acc., to, for. donep (# 6061) just as. SetaEa cl. assuming the probability of the cond. kapé = kai eye
aor. ind. act. Sataoow (# 1411) to arrange, to order, to acc. sing. kaw (# 2743) as subject of the inf. nopevec@ar
command, to give express commands (MH, 302). tii¢ pres. mid. (dep.) inf. mopevopor (# 4513) to travel, to
1 Corinthians 16 390

make a journey. Epex. inf. w. the adj. nopedoovtat fut. (#2262) to carry out, to accomplish, to work at. Pres.
ind. mid. (dep.). nopevowat (# 4513). © 5 EXedoopat fut. indicates continual and habitual action. @ 11 &ovGe-
ind. mid. (dep.) épxopor (# 2262) to come. €A6w aor. vijoq aor. subj. act. e6ovbevew (#2024) to consider as
subj. act. Sepyouo (# 1451) to pass through. depyopo1 nothing, to despise. Prep. in compound not only has a
pres. ind. mid. (dep.). Pres. used to express the fut., “I perfective force but it also makes the trans. idea clear
am going to pass through” (BD, 168). @ 6 mpoc thas w. (MH, 310). Subj. in a neg. command or prohibition.
you. The prep. w. acc. denotes position (IBG, 52f). twx0v TMpOMeLWate aor. imp. act. tponeunw (# 4636) to send on
aor. act. part. n. sing. tuyyavw (#5593) to happen, to the way (s.v. 6). Aor. imp. calls for a specific action. £46
occur. Aor. part. is used here as an adv., meaning “pos- aor. subj. act. Epyouar (#2262) to go. Subj. expressing
sibly,” “perhaps” (RWP). napoyeva fut. ind. act. purp. exdexouo1 (#1683) pres. ind. mid. (dep). to
Tapopevu (#4169) to remain, to stay, to remain w. expect, to wait for. The idea of the prep. in compound
someone. The contrast is w. passing through Mace- is “to be ready for” (MH, 310). 12 mepi 5e ‘AnoArd
donia. nopayeycow fut. ind. act. napayewacw (# 4199) (#1254; 663) “now concerning Apollos.” This may
to spend the winter. Once winter is past ships can sail mean that the Corinthians in their letter had inquired
again. The winter season would thus compel Paul to about Apollos (Barrett). moAAa n. pl. (#4498) great,
sojourn at Corinth (Grosheide). Land travel was gener- much, used here as an adverb, earnestly, often. mapexa-
ally closed from Nov. 11 to Mar. 10. Sea travel was con- Neo aor. ind. act. napaxarew (#4151) to exhort, to
sidered very dangerous during this time (Brian encourage, to ask. £461) aor. subj. act. Epxouor (# 2262).
Rapske, “Acts, Travel and Shipwreck,” BAFCS, 2:3, 22). Subj. w. iva (#2671) as. obj. of the vb. napexaAcou.
Mponéuwnte aor. subj. act. mponeunw (#4636) to send nmavtws (# 4122) adv., at all, simply; w. the neg., not at
forth, to help on one’s journey w. food, money by all, wholly not (Barrett; Kistemaker). TV impf. ind. act.
arranging for companions, means of travel, etc. eit (# 1639). BEANWa (#2525) wish, will. It refers to
(BAGD). Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. ob é&v either God’s will or the will or wish of Apollos (RP;
wherever, w. subj. nopebwpo1 pres. subj. mid. (dep.) Kistemaker). €A6q aor. subj. act. Epxouor (# 2262). Subj.
nopevopar (# 4513) to go, to travel. Subj. in indef. spa- w. tva. (#2671) in an epex. cl. explaining S€Anua. EAEd-
tial construction. 7 napasos (# 4227) a passing visit; oetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Epyonat (#2262). edbkaipnon
here, “in passing” (RP). Weiv aor. act. inf. opaw (# 3972) aor. subj. act. evkatpew (# 2320) to find a good time, to
to see. Supplementary inf. émyetvar aor. act. inf. ent- have opportunity. Subj. w. Otav (#4020) in an indef.
wevw (# 2152) to remain, to stay for a time. Inf. as obj. of temp. cl. 13 ypnyopette pres. imp. act. ypnyopew
the vb. éAniCw. emitpewn aor. subj. act. enitpenw (# 2205) (#1213) to watch, to stay awake, to be alert (GELTS,
to allow, to permit. Subj. w. &av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class 93). Pres. imp. is a command for habitual action. otn-
cond. cl. where the cond. is considered probable. KEte pres. imp. act. otmKw (#5112) to stand, to stand
@ 8 Enweve fut. ind. act. exnévw (# 2152) to remain. fast. avbpifeoe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) avdpifonat
mevtnKootn (#4300). Pentecost. Paul was using the (# 437) to conduct oneself in a manly or courageous
Jewish calendar. For the Jewish celebration of Pente- way, to be brave, to display courage (BAGD; CCFJ,
cost s. Acts 2:1. 9 6@vpa (#2598) door. The term 1:117). The word is common in the LXX in exhortations
“door” is a metaphor for opportunity (Bruce; NW, 2, (Josh. 1:6, 7, 9; GELTS, 34; RP). Aristotle uses the word
i:409-10). wou dat. sing. eyw (# 1609) I. Here, “to me,” to indicate the display of courage which he describes as
“for me.” Dat. of advantage. a&véwyev perf. ind. act. the mean between fear and confidence (Nichomachean
avotyw (# 487) to open; perf., to stand open. The vb. is Ethics Ill, VI, 1, 12; NW 2, ii:411). The word was also
intransitive and means “stand wide open” (RWP). used in the papyri in the exhortation, “therefore do not
evepyng (# 1921) effective, active, powerful. The open- be fainthearted, but be courageous as a man” (MM;
ing of the door promises a rich field of labor (BAGD). note also avépayabew “to act like a good man” as used
The word was used of a mill in working order or things in a letter to a philosopher telling him to finish his task
or persons which were active (MM; Preisigke, 1:488; and not be distracted by wealth or the charm of youth,
CCFJ, 2:102). &vtixeiwevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) NDIEC, 4:67-70). Josephus uses the term to describe the
avtiketat (# 512) to lie against someone, to oppose, to courageous fighting of the Jewish defenders of Jotap-
be in opposition, to resist. ® 10 €A6q aor. subj. act. Epxo- atha (Jos., JW, 3:268), and in his description of Titus tell-
jar (# 2262) to come. Subj. w. &av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class ing his troops to be courageous, but using forethought
cond. cl. where the cond. is considered probable. and not running personal risks (Jos., JW, 5:316). It also
apoBwes (# 925) without fear. Paul is not thinking about appears in Titus’ speech of encouragement to his sol-
the outward dangers but about the opposition that he diers as they are discouraged in their siege of Jerusalem
himself faced (Schlatter). yevntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) (Jos., JW, 6:50). Pres. imp. calls for an habitual action.
yivoua (# 1181) to become. Subj. w. tva. (# 2671) as obj. Kpatarodeve pres. imp. pass. kpataiow (# 3194) to be
of the vb. épyatetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) epyafopar strong, to become strong (BAGD). In the LXX it is used
391 1 Corinthians 16

w. avdpiCowat (2 Sam. 10:12 [LXX 2 Kings]; s. 1 Sam. 4:9 (# 4498) n. pl. used as an adv., heartily, s.v. 12. th Kat’
[LXX 1 Kings 4:9]). 14 €v &yanq (# 27) in or w. love. OLKOV @btOV EKKANOIG (# 3875; 1711) w. the church in
This was a basic, but lacking, ingredient among the their house. For the house church s. Bradley Blue,
believers at Corinth (s. ch. 13). ywweo@w pres. imp. mid. “Acts and the House Church,” BAFCS, 2:119-222. @ 20
(dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become. 15 napaKaAd pres. condoaobe aor. imp. mid. (dep.) condfouar (# 832) to
ind. act. napoxarew (#4151) to encourage, to urge greet. diAna (#5799) kiss. In the ancient world it was
(TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). otSate pert. ind. act. oda customary to give a kiss as a greeting both at the meet-
(# 3857) def. perf. w. a pres. meaning, to know. anapyn ing and at the departure. The kiss as symbol of love,
(# 569) firstfruit (s. 15:20). Etaéav aor. ind. act. tacow fellowship, and thankfulness may have been at this
(# 5435) to appoint. They had appointed themselves to time a liturgical act indicating the forgiveness which
the service of their fellow Christians. It was a self- had been received and the willingness to partake of the
imposed duty (RP). 16 bxotdoonoe pres. subj. Lord’s Supper (William Klassen, “The Sacred Kiss in
mid. (dir. mid., “subject yourselves”) vnotacow the New Testament: An Example of Social Boundary,”
(# 6718) to subject oneself, to be in subjection, w. dat. NTS 39 [1993]: 122-35; KP, 3:381; TDNT; Conzelmann).
Subj. w. tva (# 2671) as obj. of the vb. napaKxaAd in v. 15. 21 donaopos (# 833) greeting. ti Eufi xepi MaviAov
ovvepyovvtt pres. act. part. (adj.) ovvepyew (#5300) to (# 5931; 4263) w. my hand, Paul. This means that the let-
work w., to work together, to cooperate. Koml@vTt pres. ter to this point has been inscribed by someone else,
act. part. koma (#3159) to labor, to work to the point probably Sosthenes, and the rest by Paul (Fee).
of exhaustion (s. 15:10). 17 ént (# 2093) w. the dat., @ 22 ourei pres. ind. act. pivew (# 5797) to love (TDNT;
over, on the occasion of. napovoig (# 4242) dat. sing. EDNT; TLNT). Ind. in a Ist. class cond. cl. which
coming, arrival. botépnua (#5729) lack, want, that assumes the reality of the cond. Fito pres. imp. act. 3rd.
which comes short. Paul could mean that he had pers. sing. et (#1639) to be. avadepa (# 353) ana-
missed his Christian friends, and this trio had renewed thema, dedicated for destruction, cursed. Mapavasa
his acquaintance w. the city (Morris). dvenAnpwoay aor. (# 3448) or to be divided as papav aa an Aramaic
ind. act. avanAnpow (# 405) to fill up again, to supply. expression. The first possible division would be a pres.
@ 18 avénavouy aor. ind. act. dvanavw (# 399) to give imp.—”Our Lord, come!”—understood as a prayer. The
intermission from labor, to refresh (AS). émvy.vWoKete second possible division—“Our Lord comes!”—is fut.
pres. imp. act. EMLYWOOKW (#2105) to recognize, to ind.; as perf. ind., “Our Lord is here!” is understood as
acknowledge. tots (# 5525) such a one, one belong- a confession (ECC, 121-24; SB, 3:493-94; AT, 525, 629-30;
ing to this class or having this quality. @ 19 donaCovtar TDNT; Fee).
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) aonafouar (# 832) to greet. moAAG
 2 Corinthians.

2 Corinthians 1 letters may refer to himself and the recipients, or to a

@ 1 ovon pres. act. part. dat. fem. sing. eyii (# 1639) specific group within the community, or to Paul and
to be. Rel. use of the part., “which is at Corinth.” obow his fellow-workers, or only to himself, i.e., a literary pl.
pres. act. part. dat. masc. pl. et. OAn dat. fem. sing. For a discussion of this use, s. Thrall, 105-7; Samuel
OAos (#3910) whole, entire, complete. Ayoig. (# 938) Byrskog, “Co-Senders, Co-Authors and Paul’s Use of
Achaia. It refers to the Roman province which included the First Person Plural,” ZNW 87 (1996): 230-50. @5
the whole of Greece (ZPEB, 1:35f; KP, 1:32-38; Strabo MEPLOOEVEL pres. ind. act. mepiocevw (# 4355) to abound,
17:3.25), and included Corinth as the capital, Cen- to overflow. mana (#4077) suffering. tod Xpiotod
chraea (s. Acts 18:1; DNP, 1:62-69) and Athens (Win- (# 5986) to follow Christ is to follow Him into suffer-
disch). 2 yapic (#5921) grace. God’s favor to those ing. In this too disciples must expect to be identified w.
who do not deserve it (TDNT; EDNT; CPP, 132-33; Mar- the master (Hughes; Martin). @ 6 @A1Boye8a. pres. ind.
tin; Gordon D. Fee, “XAPIZ in II Corinthians 1:15,” pass. 0A iBw (# 2567) pass. to be afflicted, to suffer pres-
NTS 24 [1977-78]: 533-38). @3ebAoyntOg (#2329) sure (s.v. 4). bm€p w. the gen., “w. a view to” (IBG, 65).
blessed, a Jewish ascription of praise to God acknowl- It points to that which one wants to attain (BD, 121). tii¢
edging Him as the source of all blessing (TDNT; TDOT; DOV TAPAKAT|OEWS your comfort (# 4155) obj. gen. EvEep-
NIDNTT, 1:206; EDNT; Furnish). ouxtipyav gen. pl. oik- youpeévns pres. mid./pass. part. evepyew (# 1919) to be
tipo (# 3880) compassion, lament, or sorrow which effective; pass., is made to work by him who bestows
arises from the pitiful state of the object; then the feel- it, to be effective (Furnish). Mid. may be better, “which
ing of compassion and understanding. Used in Juda- makes itself felt,” “takes effect” (Plummer; Barrett).
ism to describe the character of God (TDNT; EDNT; SB, bnopovi (#5705) remaining under, patience, endur-
3:494; Martin; Rom. 12:1). Gen. may be due to Semitic ance. It was used in the endurance of that which has
influence indicating character or attribute (BG, 14f). come upon man against his will. In classical Gr. it is
mapaKAnorg (#4155) encouragement, consolation, used also of the ability of a plant to live under hard and
comfort. It is the standing beside a person to encourage unfavorable circumstances. It was later used of that
him when he is undergoing severe testing (Hughes; quality which enabled men to die for their god. (NTW,
MNTW; CCFI, 3:296; Furnish; SB, 3:494). 4 59f; TDNT; RAC, 9:243-94; TLNT). @v gen. pl. 6¢
TOPAKAAWY pres. act. part. napaKaArew (# 4151) to en- (# 4005) rel. pron. gen. pl. Gen. instead of the acc. be-
courage, to comfort (s. Rom. 12:1). Part. as subst., “The cause of attraction to the antecedent (“the same suffer-
one who encourages or stands beside to comfort.” Pres. ing”). Kai (#2779) also. m&oxopuev pres. ind. act. taoxw
indicates a ongoing or characteristic activity. ent (# 4248) to suffer. Pres. points to the continual or repeat-
(# 2093) w. dat., on, on the occasion of. @Aiwer dat. sing. ed suffering. @ 7 BeBarocs (# 1010) firm, certain, val-
OAtwic (#2568) pressure, affliction, crushing (Plum- id, guaranteed (TLNT; s. 1 Cor. 1:6). et80te¢ perf. act.
mer; Trench, Synonyms, 202f; Thrall; DPL, 919-21). eig part. (causal) oda (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
(#1650) followed by the acc., w. the inf. to express meaning. Kowwvoc (#3128) partner, one who has a
purp. Sbvao@a1 pres. pass. (dep.) inf. dvvopor (# 1538) common share w. another, common participant. Used
to be able to, w. inf. @Aiwer dat. sing. OAtWic (# 2568). in the papyri for a partner in business or a participant
Used previously w. the article it means, “all tribulation in a sacrifice (MM), w. gen. indicating the thing which
actually encountered.” Here, Cue the article, “in is shared. Here it is the common sharing in the divine
any which may be encountered,” or “in any kind of af- encouragement (Martin). tapaKAnors (# 4155) comfort,
fliction” (BD, 114; MT, 200). a a fem. sing. 0¢ encouragement (s.v. 3). @ 8 O€XopEV pres. ind. act.
(# 4005) who, which, what; rel. pron. Gen. instead of Bedw (#2527) to desire. wyvoeiv pres. act. inf. c&yvoew
the acc. is by attraction to the case of its antecedent (BD, (# 51) to not know, to be ignorant. Paul uses this idiom-
154). mopaxoAovpe8, pres. ind. pass. napaKkarew atic expression to call attention to the second reason for
(# 4151). Pres. points to the continual action; or it is it- his thanks (Martin). bnep (# 5642) w. gen., concerning
erat. and points to the comfort received every time (IBG, 65). yevonevng aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivowar
trouble and afflictions arise. The 1st. pers. pl. in Paul’s (# 1181) to become, to happen. ‘Aoig (# 823) Asia; the

392
393 2 Corinthians 1

Roman province whose capital was Ephesus (Barrett). 33:30; 2 Tim. 4:17, 18; Plummer). pboetou fut. ind. mid.
Paul may be referring to the riot in Ephesus or to the (dep.) pbowor (#4861) to rescue. NAnikopev perf. ind.
breakdown of law and order resulting in danger to him act. eAniCw (#1827) to hope. Perf. means, “towards
as suggested by his being exposed to wild beasts (s. 1 whom we have set our hope, and continue to do so”
Cor. 15:32), or to a death sentence passed by the civil (EGT). ® 11 ovvunovpyovvtwv pres. act. part. cvvumovp-
courts (Martin; Hughes). xa0’ brepBoAny (# 2848; 5651) yew (# 5348) to work together, to cooperate. The word
lit., “a throwing beyond”; then “beyond measure,” could mean cooperation w. one another or cooperation
“exceedingly.” umep (#5642) w. acc., above, beyond w. God (Barrett). Part. in a gen. abs. which is either
(IBG, 64); “beyond the normal power of endurance” temp. (“while”) or manner (“in that”). 5enoig (# 1255)
(Hughes). éBapn@nuev aor. ind. pass. Bapew (# 976) to prayer, request. mpoownog (#4725) face. Here it may
weigh down; pass., to be burdened down. Used in the have the meaning “person,” “from many persons”
papyri of misfortune or injustice (BAGD; MM). é€- (Plummer), or it may retain the lit. meaning “face” and
aropnéfjvar aor. pass. inf. eanopeouar (#1989) to be be a picture of many upturned faces (RWP; Hughes).
without a way out, to be in utter despair. Prep. in com- etc (# 1650) for, to; here in the sense of “the gracious gift
pound is perfective (MH, 310). Inf. to express result, for us.” xydpropa. (# 5922) gracious gift; here it probably
“so that we were utterly without way of escape” refers to his deliverance (Martin; Furnish). 61a moAA@v
(Plummer). Cv pres. act. inf. Caw (# 2409) to live, to re- (# 1328; 4498) through many. The word may be viewed
main alive, to continue to live. Gen. of the inf. w. the vb. as masc., it may be taken w. following vb. (“may be
explaining the despair, “even to live” (M, 217f). thanked for by many”) or w. the word yaptowa, mean-
@ 9 GAG (# 247) yes indeed, certainly. The word is con- ing “the gift which reached us by the agency of many”
firmatory or emphatic (DM, 240). eavtotg dat. pl. (IBG, 108). evyapiotnOf) aor. subj. pass. evyapitw
eavtod (# 1571) himself. Here, “within ourselves.” For (# 2373) to give thanks. Subject of the pass. vb. is yapto-
the strengthening of the reflex., which was frequent in ya, i.e., Paul’s deliverance (Bultmann) and the pass. is
Attic, s. BD, 148. anoxpya (# 645) response, verdict, to be understood as “that you might give thanks for the
death sentence. A t.t. used for an official decision in an- gift” (Lietzmann, 197). 12 Kavynotg (# 3018) boast-
swer to the petition of an embassy (Martin; Colin J. ing, glorying. The ending of the noun means “the act of
Hemer, “A Note on II Cor. 1:9,” TB 23 [1972]: 104f; MM; glorying,” but in v. 14 the word is “the thing boasted
BS, 257; TDNT). tod @avatov (#2505) gen. sing., of of” (RWP). paptopiov (# 3457) witness, testimony, evi-
death. Appositional gen. describing the content of the dence (Plummer). The word is an explanation of the
decree (Furnish). eoxnkapev perf. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) previous pron. avtn. ovvetdnoicg (#5287) conscience
to have. Perf. means “having gotten, I continue to (Rom. 2:15). amdotnt1 (# 605) simplicity, frankness. For
have” and indicates that though the sentence was not a defense of the variant reading ayotntt (# 42) holiness
immediately carried out, it remained in force (K.L. s. Hughes; for the adopted reading s. TC, 575. etAikp1-
McKay, “Syntax in Exegesis,” TB 23 [1972]: 48; Barrett; veia (# 1636) without mixture, sincerity, purity, of good
Furnish). The action completed in the past is conceived faith, candid (1 Cor. 5:8; TLNT; for a discussion of the
in terms of pres. time for the sake of vividness. This etymology “judged by the sun,” “determined by sun-
vivid perf. indicates the experience was a dreadful light” s. GEW, 1:450; Hughes). tod @e00 (# 2536) of God.
memory to Paul (RG, 896-97). Perf. may, however, have Probably subjective gen., “God-given simplicity and
here the force of a pluperf. referring to the past (VA, sincerity” (Plummer). oapkikoc (# 4920) fleshly. Fleshly
260-63; Furnish; Martin). iva. (# 2671) used here to ex- wisdom which is not the work of the Holy Spirit but of
press purp. not result; expresses God’s purpose (Win- human nature, itself enlightened and unimproved,
disch). nenovotec perf. act. part. metQw (#4275) to guided by the sinful lust of the flesh (Meyer; s. Rom.
ersuade, perf. to have been persuaded, to trust in. 7:14). d&veotpapnpev aor. ind. pass. avaotpedw (# 418)
@pev pres. subj. act. eyt (# 1639) to be. Used in a peri- pass., to turn back and forth, to conduct oneself, “to
phrastic construction. The neg. suggests the discon- live in the sense of the practice of certain principles
tinuance of an existing condition (Barrett). éyeipovtt (BAGD). It is always used w. the kind of behavior more
pres. act. part. eyeipw (# 1586) to rise. Perhaps an allu- exactly described (MM; TLNT, 111-14). neproootepws
sion or quotation from the second prayer of the Eigh- (# 4359) comp. of nepiooog (# 4356) abundantly; comp.,
teen Petition Prayer which was quoted three times a more abundantly, even more. Here in a elative sense,
day by every Israelite (HJP, 2, ii:85-89; JPF, 2:801; M, Be- “especially” (BAGD). 13 GAA (# 257) other things.
rakoth 4:1-7, s. especially 5:2; SB, 4:208-49). 10 tnAt- ypapouev pres. ind. act. ypc&pw (# 1211) to write. Pres. re-
Ko0t0¢ (# 5496) so great. terrible. Eppboato aor. ind. mid. fers to all the letters that Paul writes (Hering). GAX’ 7
(dep.) pvowar (# 4861) to rescue. The prep. seems to (# 247; 2445) except (BD, 233). dvayivwoxete pres. ind.
imply peril rather than death personified, but the use of act. dvayiwwokw (#336) to read. entyiwwoxete pres. ind.
this prep. w. the vb. is a common expression (s. Job act. emyivwokw (#2105) to acknowledge, to know w.
2 Corinthians 1 394

certainty. He is referring to the Corinthians’ certain acter as faithful, or covenant-keeping, and so He is the
knowledge of his character through firsthand experi- guarantor of His promises. This may be a word play on
ence (Hughes). teAog (#5465) completion, end. éw¢ the Heb. word ‘mn (}i8) (Martin). 19 yap (#1142)
TeAOUG (# 2401; 2445) to the end, perhaps w. the mean- for. The position of the word emphasizes the gen. tod
ing “completely” (Barrett). emvyva@oeoGe fut. ind. mid. Qe0d (# 2536) God’s (BD, 251). “For it is this faithful
(dep.) extyivwoxw (#2105) to acknowledge. @ 14 éné- God’s Son” (Plummer). cnpuyxeic aor. pass. part. Knpvoow
yvwte aor. ind. act. enytwwokw (# 2105) to acknowledge (# 3062) to proclaim, to preach, to herald (TDNT;
(s.v. 13). &n0 pEpovs (# 608; 3538) partially. The phrase EDNT). éyéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowar (# 1181) to
determines the degree of recognition (Windisch). 6t1 become; here, to be. yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivopo1
(# 4022) that. Here it is not causal (Plummer), but it (# 1181) to become. Perf. emphasizes the continuing
gives the content of knowledge. kabynwa (#3017) state or condition: “in Him-yes—was and continues to
boasting, ground of boasting (s.v. 12). The apostle be reality” (Hughes). 20 d00¢ (#4012) how many;
shares the experience of the community because both rel. pron. indicating quantity. emayyedior (#2039)
share something which originates beyond them. For promise. Gunyv (#297) A Heb. word meaning “true,”
this reason Paul can write, “I hope ... that you can be “trustworthy”; suggesting solidity, firmness, and used
proud of us, as we can be of you, on the day of the Lord as a strengthening and confirming statement (Martin;
Jesus” (PAA, 234). For this word and the boasting of Barrett; NIDNTT, 1:97-100; TDNT; EDNT; DCH). The
the apostle s. PAA, 233-38; NIDNTT, 1:227-29; TDNT; use of the article w. the word means “the customary
TLNT. 15 nexot@notc (# 4301) trust, confidence (s.v. amen” (Plummer). 21 BeBardv pres. act. part.
9). EBovAOuNV impf. ind. mid. (dep.) BovAopar (# 1089) BeBoow (#1011) to make a legal guarantee; appears
to will, to decide to, w. inf. The word implies an act of often in the guarantee cl. of a bill of sale (Preisigke;
will, a decision (Barrett). Impf. pictures his former state MM; BS, 104-109; TLNT). ypioag aor. act. part. ypiw
of mind (RWP). npotepov (# 4728) adv., formerly, earli- (#5987) to anoint. The anointing here refers to the
er, at first. EA@eiv aor. act. inf. Epyoua (# 2262) to come. anointing of the Holy Spirit at conversion which every
devtepos (# 1311) second. yapic (#5921) grace, benefit, believer receives (BHS, 131-34). 22 odpayrodpevoc
favor. They would have had two opportunities of re- aor. mid. part. (subst.) oppayifw (#5381) to seal. Goods
ceiving spiritual communication from him in person were sealed as a guarantee indicating not only owner-
(Hughes; s.v. 2). oxfte aor. subj. act. yw (# 2400) to ship but also the correctness of the contents (BS, 239;
have; aor. to get, to receive. (M, 110, 247). Subj. w. iva MM; TDNT). 800¢ aor. act. part. 51511 (# 1443) to give.
(#2671) in a purp. cl. © 16 8 dydv (# 1328; 5148) w. Subst. part. appaBwv (#775) pledge, earnest, down
gen., through you (Plummer). 5veA@etv aor. act. inf. 51- payment. The term means a deposit which is in itself a
epxouor (#1451) to pass through. nponeppOfjvor aor. guarantee that the full amount will be paid (Hughes;
pass. inf. mponeunw (# 4636) to send forth, to outfit for a SB, 3:495). For the use of the Aramaic word 3 in the
trip (s. 1 Cor. 16:6). Compl. infs. are to be taken w. the sense of “surety,” or to act as a guarantor in commer-
main vb. of v. 15 (eBovAounv). © 17 obv (# 4036) there- cial texts dealing w. the sale of property, a house, or
fore. It introduces a false conclusion drawn by some of note of indebtedness, s. AT, 315-16, 320-19, text # M 31,
the readers (Thrall). BovAopevog pres. mid. part. (caus- 32; V 45; MPAT, 142-43, text # 41; 148-49, text # 45; 150-
al) BovAowat (# 1089) to desire (s.v. 15). wnt apa (# 3516; 51, text # 47; 156-57, text #51; For the word taken over
726) Used to introduce a question in which an indig- as a loan word in Gr. s. NW, 2, i:416-17; MM; NDIEC,
nant neg. answer is called for (RWP): “You really don’t 1:83. tod nvevpatoc (# 4460) of the Spirit. Here, gen. of
think ... do you?” (Thrall; Barrett). ti EXappia (# 1786) apposition, “the guarantee consisting of the Spirit”
lightness, fickleness, vacillation, irresponsibility (Fur- (MT, 214). 23 ExtkoAodpor pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
nish). €ypnoduny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ypaopar (# 5968) EMIKaAEW (# 2126) to call upon someone, to invoke, to
to use. PovAevonor (#1086) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) call upon someone as a witness. The article used w. the
BovAevw (# 1086) to make plans, to consider, to decide obj. @€0v may be the article of previous reference,
(Windisch). kata odpKa (# 2848; 4922) according to the meaning “I call this God the God whom I have just de-
flesh; that is, in a worldly manner, opportunistically scribed” (Plummer). €ni (# 2093) w. acc., against. Used
(Furnish). iva. (# 2671) w. subj. Normally introduces a w. the vb. meaning, “he should punish me if I lie” (Li-
purp. cl., but in this case the idea of result is possible: etzmann). devdopnevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. detSouar
“w. the result that” (Hughes; BD, 198). q pres. subj. act. (#5767) to spare, to hold back. Followed by the gen.,
eyt (# 1639) to be. vai (# 4922) yes. The duplication of the part. can be casual or express purp. (RWP). TA8ov
the words “yes” and “no” strengthens the picture of aor. ind. act. épyopo1 (#2262) to come, to go.
the untrustworthy man, who affirms just as fervently © 24 Kuptevopev pres. ind. act. kuptebw (# 3259) to be
as he afterwards denies (Meyer). @ 18 muotoc (# 4412) lord, to exercise authority. ovvepy0c (#5301) fellow
faithful, trustworthy. There is an appeal to God’s char- worker. yapa (# 5915) joy. niottc (# 4411) faith; here, in-
395 2 Corinthians 2

str. dat. (Barrett) or loc., indicating the sphere (Plum- mer). AurnO7te aor. subj. pass. AvmEw (# 3382) to cause
mer). EotnKate perf. ind. act. totmut (# 2705) perf., to sorrow (s.v. 2). Subj. w. tva (# 2671) used in a neg. purp.
stand. It emphasizes the steadfastness. cl. yv@te aor. subj. act.yiwwoKw (# 1182) to know. Subj.
w. iva. (#2671) expressing purp. nepioootépws (# 4359)
adv. comp. nepiao0c (# 4359) over and above; comp.,
2 Corinthians 2 much, more. Here, “especially” (s. 1:12). 5 et (# 1623)
@ 1 Exptva aor. ind. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge, to if; introduces a 1st. class cond. cl. which assumes the
decide, to make up one’s mind. guavtd dat. guavtod cond. to be true. AeAbanKev perf. ind. act. AvMEW
(# 1831) myself. Vb. used w. the dat. of advantage, “I (# 3382) to cause sorrow (s.v. 2). Perf. indicates that the
decided this for my own sake” (EGT; RG, 539; MT, 238). pain continues to be felt (Windisch). a0 peépoug (# 608;
ATT (#1877) dat. sing. sorrow. The sorrow here is 3538) in part, to some extent, partially (Furnish). The
emotional and spiritual stress (Furnish). Dat. under phrase may indicate either that not quite all the Corin-
Semitic influence w. the following vb. meaning, “to thians had been distressed (Plummer), or it limits the
come w.,” “to cause,” “to bring” (Martin). €Aeiv aor. extent of the effect (Barrett). emiBapa@ pres. subj. act.
act. inf. €pyoucr (# 2262) to come, to go. Epex. inf. ex- enipopew (# 2096) to weigh down, to burden. Perhaps
plaining Paul’s decision. @ 2 Avn® pres. ind. act. here w. the meaning, “in order not to heap up too great
Aunew (# 3382) to cause sorrow, to make sorry. Ind. ina a burden of words,” “to exaggerate” (BAGD; Hughes).
1st. class cond. cl. assuming the reality of the cond. Kat @ 6 ixavoc (# 2653) sufficient, enough. The use of n. in-
(#2779) then. This word accepts the previous state- stead of the fem. may be explained as a Latinism w. the
ment, and the question shows what a paradox it in- meaning satis (“sufficient”) (Hughes). tovovtw dat.
volves (Plummer). evopaivwv pres. act. part. eddpatvw torodtos (#5525) such, such a person. emityiia (# 2204)
(# 2370) to make happy, to make joyful, to cause one to punishment, rebuke. The word does not have here the
have good thinking (RWP). Part. as subst. Avmobpevos classical meaning of “possession of political rights,”
pres. pass. part. Aunew (#3382). Part. as subst. & but the legal sense of “penalty” (Plummer; MM). bz0
(# 1666) out of, from. The prep. may suggest “sorrow TOV mAELOVWY (#5679; 4498) by the majority, by the
that arises from me, on my account” (Barrett). main body of the church (Barrett; Thrall). @ 7 tobvav-
@ 3 éypawa aor. ind. act. ypadw (#1211) to write. “I tiov (#5539) on the contrary. pGAAov (# 3437) rather.
wrote.” The reference may be to a lost letter that Paul This word may indicate that there were still some who
wrote between 1 and 2 Cor. or it may refer to 1 Cor, felt that punishment was insufficient (Plummer).
particularly to 1 Cor. 16:5ff (s. Hughes for a discussion xopioaobat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yapiGoua (# 5919) to be
of the identity of the epistle). abto (# 899) pron. 3rd. friendly to someone, to be gracious to someone, to gra-
pers. sing. n. The word here may be taken in three ciously bestow a favor on someone (NDIEC, 1:64-66,
ways: 1. in adverbial acc. (“precisely this reason”); 2. 111; TDNT). It occurs in the LXX w. in the meaning “to
the dir. obj. to the vb.; 3. a summary of the content of give a gift.” Here it has the meaning “to forgive”
the letter (“I wrote to just this effect”) (Barrett; Martin). »(TDNT; Windisch; CCF], 4:347-48). mapaxaAeoot aor.
€\Owv aor. act. part: (temp.) Epyouar (# 2262) to come. ‘act. inf. tapaxadrew (#4151) to encourage, to exhort, to
“When I come.” Aor. indicates a logically antecedent urge on. It is the word used of the speeches of leaders
action. 0x%@ aor. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to have, to receive urging soldiers and sailors courageously into battle
(s. 1:15). Subj. w. tva (# 2671) gives the neg. purp. of his (MNTW, 134; CCF], 3:291-94). Infs. used to express re-
writing. 1 impf. ind. act. Sei (# 1256) impersonal, it is sults. nepioootepos comp. mEepiooos (# 4358) exceeding
necessary to, w. inf. Impf. used for an unrealized pres. the usual number or size. Comp. used in the sense of
obligation (RWP). yaipet pres. inf. act. yatpw (#5897) superl., “greater,” “even more”; here, “excessive sor-
to rejoice. Compl. inf. to the main vb. menovOwe perf. act. row” (BAGD), instr. dat. katao67 aor. subj. pass. kata.-
part. met@w (#4275) to persuade; perf., to have confi- mivw (#2927) to swallow. The prep. is intensive, to
dence in, to be confident, to be persuaded. 611 (# 4022) swallow down, to swallow up completely or to engulf
that, gives the content of his confidence. @ 4 @Aiyic (Hughes). 8 mapakoA@ pres. ind. act. nopaxorew
(# 2568) pressure, trouble, affliction (s. 1:4). ovvoxtic (#4151) to encourage (s.v. 7). Kup@oat aor. act. inf.
(# 5330) holding together, distress, anguish, a state of kvpow (# 3263) to legally confirm, to ratify (BAGD). In
mental distress involving acute anxiety (LN, 1:315). the papyri the word was used before the confirmation
The lit. meaning is compression and in the papyri it re- of a sale or the ratification of an appointment (MM;
fers to “imprisonment” (MM; TDNT). €ypawa. aor. ind. NDIEC, 4:171). The call for the confirmation of love
act. ypcow (#1211) to write. 51d (# 1328) w. the gen., may have been a request for a formal act by the congre-
through, with. It expresses attendant circumstances gation to reinstate the offender in the community of the
(IBG, 57). Saxpvov (#1232) tear. These words are ex- church and to assure him of their love (Hughes; Thrall).
pressive of deep emotion and intense distress (Plum- @ 9 Eypaya aor. ind. act. ypadw (#1211) to write. wa
2 Corinthians 2 396

aor. subj. act. yivwokw (#1182) to know. Subj. w. iva Edevos aor. mid. part. dnotd&oow (# 698) mid., to say
(#2671) to express purp. Ingressive aor., “to come to good-by, to bid farewell to friends (Plummer). &7)A80v
know” (RWP). doxyin (# 1509) approval, proof. The aor. ind. act. é6epxouar (# 2002) to depart. @ 14 yapic
word indicates the results of a test (TLNT). €i¢ na&vto (#5921) thanks, preceded by the dat. indicating to
(# 1650; 4246) in every respect, in all things. bajKoo< whom thanks is given. navtote (# 4121) always. @piop-
(# 5675) obedience. Paul wanted to know the church’s Bevovt pres. act. part. @piouPedw (# 2581) to lead in a
obedience to his apostolic authority (Bruce). % 10 ya- triumph. Subst. part. The picture is the triumphal entry
pifeobe pres. ind. mid. (dep.) yapifouar (#5919) to be of a military hero into the city of Rome. The victorious
friendly to someone (s.v. 7). Kexaptopar perf. ind. mid. Roman general marched into the city in a long proces-
(dep.) yapigouat. Perf. denotes the continuing state or sion preceded by the city magistrates. They were fol-
condition of forgiveness. el t1 Keyapropat (#5919) “if I lowed by trumpeters, then the spoils taken from the
have had anything to forgive.” He is not suggesting enemy, followed by the king of the conquered country,
doubt as to whether he has granted forgiveness, but then officials of the victorious army and musicians
stating a mere hypothesis (Plummer). 51’ wag (# 1328; dancing and playing; and at last the general himself, in
5148) prep. w. the acc., because of you, on account of whose honor the whole wonderful pageant was taking
you. tv Tpoownw Xprotod (# 1877; 4725; 5986) lit., “be- place (ELR, 115-18; DGRA, 1163-67; KP, 5:973-75; H.S.
fore the face of Christ.” It is a Semitic construction w. Vesnel, Triumphus [Leiden, 1970]); Rory B. Egan, “Lex-
the meaning, “in the presence of” (Hughes). @ 11 mAgo- ical Evidence on Two Pauline Passages,” NovT 19
vextTnO@pev aor. subj. pass. tAcovextew (# 4430) to take [1977]: 22-62; Lamar Wiliamson, Jr., “Led in Triumph:
advantage of, to outwit. The arrogant, greedy defraud- Paul’s Use of Treambeuo,” Interp. 22 [1968]: 322; TJ,
ing of someone, often through trickery and treacherous 204-9; BBC; DPL, 946-54, esp. 952-54; Furnish; Martin;
means (Martin; NTW; TDNT; TLNT, 3:117). Subj. w. iva Thrall). Paul represents himself as one of the victorious
(# 2671) expresses neg. purp. or result. vonia (# 3784)
general’s soldiers sharing in the glory of his triumph
thought, purpose, design; in the sinister sense “devic- (Barrett). dou (# 4011) fragrance, sweet smell. It was
es,” “wiles,” “plots,” i.e., “evil schemings.” The word customary of the triumphal processions to be accom-
signifies the function of the intellective faculty (Hugh-
panied by the release of sweets odors from the burning
es). @yvoobpev pres. ind. act. wyvoow (#51) to be igno-
of spices in the streets (Hughes). davepotvtt pres. act.
rant, to be unknowing. For the neg. pref.,s. Moorhouse,
part. davepow (#5746) to manifest. The manifestation
41-66. 12€AOwv aor. act. part. (temp.) épxopar
here is not in the eschatological sense, but in the mis-
(# 2262) to come, to go; here, to arrive. Aor. indicates
logically antecedent action: “When I had come....” sionary sense. Pres. parts. indicate contemporaneous
Tpwas (#5590). The article indicates, “to the Troas action. 15 ebwdia (# 2380) aroma, fragrance. Eopév
where we had agreed to meet.” (BD, 137). For an excel-
pres. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. owfopévoie pres. pass.
lent article dealing w. the history and geography of part. owGw (#5392) to save, to rescue. GNOAADPEVOIG
Troas as well as the NT references to this important ci pres. pass. part. modu (# 660) to destroy; pass., to
s. C.J. Hemer, “Alexandria Troas,” TB 26 (1975): 79-112; perish, to be perishing. Parts. used as nouns to empha-
also Furnish. @0pa (# 2598) door. Used as a symbol of size a character trait. 16 &k OBavatov Eic Odvatov
missionary opportunity. a&vewypeévns perf. pass. part. (# 2505) from death unto death. The rabbis used simi-
avotyw (# 487) to open; perf. pass., to be standing open. lar words concerning the law. For some it was a medi-
Here was a Roman and cosmopolitan population, rein- cine unto healing and to others unto death (SB, 3:498;
forced by temporary sojourners suffering in forced de- Barrett). ixavog (# 2653) sufficient, adequate. “Who is
lays far from their homes in many parts of the Roman sufficient for these responsibilities?” What kind of
world (Hemer, TB, 26:103). €v kvpiw (#3261) in the minister ought he to be who preaches a gospel which
Lord. The Lord Christ is both the content of the apos- may prove fatal to those who come in contact w. it?
tle’s message and also the sphere of his opportunity (Plummer). 1701 modAoi (#4498) the majority.
(Hughes). @ 13 éoynka perf. ind. act. Exw (#2400) to KaNNAEvovTES pres. act. part. KanndEdw (# 2836) to ped-
have. Perf. may have the idea of an aor. (BD, 177), but dle, to pawn off a product for gain. The word is used in
Paul may have wished to accent the strain of his anxi- the LXX in Isa. 1:22 for those who mix wine w. water in
ety up to the time of the arrival of Titus (RG, 901). order to cheat the buyers (Plummer). It is used in papy-
dveoic (#457) relief. tH mvevpati pov (# 4460) in my ri for a wine dealer and for the running of a junk store
spirit. Loc. dat. Paul writes of his inward distress (MM; Preisigke, 1:736; TLNT). The word refers to those
through anxiousness to hear Titus’s report concerning who would peddle or merchandise the Word of God
the Corinthians (SBT, 144). ebpeiv aor. act. inf. evpio«w for profit (TLNT; NW, 2, i:420-21). GAA’ = GANG (# 247)
(# 2351) to find. Instr. use of the inf.: “by the not finding but. The repetition of this word gives emphasis in an
Titus as to me” (RWP; MT, 142; GGBB, 196-97). &nota- ascending scale (Plummer). katévavti (# 2978) before,
397 2 Corinthians 3

in the presence of. €v Xpiot@ (# 1877; 5986) in union or ikavotns (#2654) sufficience, capability. The adj. was
fellowship w. Christ (DPL, 433-38). sometimes used in the LXX to translate Shaddai as the
name of God (TDNT; TDOT; NIDOTTE), and the
thought may be “our sufficiency comes from Sufficient
2 Corinthians 3 One” (Plummer). @ 6 ixd&vwoev aor. ind. act. ikavow
@ 1 Gpyxopue8a pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Ist. per. pl. (# 2655) to make sufficient (TLNT; TDNT). Vbs. w. this
apyxouat (# 806) to begin. This is sort of an echo of the ending are usually casual. The vb. is followed by the
supposed criticism (Plummer). ovviotavet pres. act. double acc. (“as ministers”) (MT, 246f). Aor. points to
inf. cvviotnut (#5319) to place together, to introduce, to the time when Paul was called to be an apostle (Plum-
commend. For the form s. BD, 46. xypnGoyev pres. ind. mer; NIDOTTE; 1:400-401). 51xovog (# 1356) servant,
act. ypncw (# 5974) to need. ovotatixds (# 5364) recom- minister, messenger, envoy (OPSC, 27-32; DPL, 45-51;
mendation. e€motoAn (# 2186) letter. Letters of recom- J.N. Collins, “Georgi’s Envoys’ in 2 Cor. 11:23,” JBL 93
mendation were generally requests for help and [1974]: 88-96). 5\a87KN (# 1347) covenant, agreement (s.
hospitality for aid in seeking employment or instruc- Jer. 31:31-34; Matt. 26:28; DPL, 179-83). ypopyoa (# 1207)
tion based on the virtues of the one introduced and the that which was written, letter of the alphabet, letter.
opportunity of the recipient to express his loyalty to the GmoKxtéwvet pres. ind. act. anoxtévvw (# 650) to kill. For
writer (William Baird, “Letters of Recommendation: A the form s. BAGD. The law demands perfect obedience
Study of II Corinthians 3:1-3,” JBL 80 [1961]: 168f; LAE, and pronounces the sentence of death on the disobedi-
158; NDIEC, 7:55, 90; 1 Cor. 16:3). @ 2 &yyeypoppévn ent (Hodge; Windisch). Cwonovei pres. ind. act.
perf. pass. part. eyypabw (# 1582) to write in, to inscribe. Cwonoew (# 2443) to make alive. The indwelling Christ
Adj. part. as pred. adj. kapSiaig tydv (#2840) our has replaced the old Torah written on tablets of stones
hearts. A reference to Paul’s own heart (Baird) or to and has become a Torah written within (PRJ, 226).
both Paul and Timothy. yiwwoxopévn pres. pass. part. @ 7 El... NHS OdYI WAAAOV (v. 8). Here Paul uses an argu-
yivwoKkw (#1182) to know. avayivwoKopevn pres. pass. ment from the greater to the lesser (s. Rom 5:9). 5taxKo-
part. avaywwwoKw (# 336) to read. Pres. indicates contin- via tod Bavatov (#1355; 2505) obj. gen., a ministry
ual reading, in an iterative sense. 010 NavtwV aVOpUTWV leading to death. evtetunwpeévn perf. pass. part. évtetv-
(# 4246) by all men. Paul is not referring to receiving now (# 1963) to imprint, to engrave. For the rabbinical
the letter, but to carrying it. Like a papyrus roll, it is view of the tables engraved in stone s. SB 3:502-13. eye-
sealed within him to be revealed to all men when w. vn6n aor. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1181) to become, to come
open heart he declares to them the Christian’s faith into existence, to be. 5bvao8a1 pres. inf. pass. (dep.) 50-
(Baird, 170). 3 davepovpevot pres. pass. part. davepow vaya (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Inf. expresses result.
(#5746) to make clear, to manifest. 5\aKxovnOeioa aor. atevioat aor. act. inf. &tevitw (# 867) to gaze, to look in-
pass. part. nom. fem. sing. diaxovew (# 1354) to serve, tently. Compl. inf. to the preceding vb.; (“able to intent-
to minister to. The vb. is often used to mean, “to deliver ly gaze”). The rabbis felt that the shining of Moses’ face
a message” (BAGD). eyyeypoppevn perf. pass. part. ey- was either from the tablets of the law or from Moses’
ypaow (# 1211) to write, to inscribe, to engrave. péAav position as mediator, or even from Moses’ humility
n. dat. sing. wera (# 3506) black. The n. of the adj. has (SB, 3:513-16). katapyoupevny pres. pass. part. KaTapyew
the meaning “ink.” Ink could be blotted out or washed (# 2934) to render inoperative, to make of no effect, to
off (Plummer); instr. dat. For the making of ink and the do away w., to abolish. Pres. part. indicates the contin-
use of ink by the rabbis s. SB, 3:499f; IDB, 4:918-19. ual contemporary action that was taking place at that
C@vtoc pres. act. part. (adj.) Caw (#2409) to live. The time. The glory was very transitory (Plummer). Theol.
Spirit of living God was the agent of the Corinthians’ pass. 8 pGAAov (# 3437) rather, even more. It intro-
conversion (Barrett). mAGE (# 4419) flat stone, tablet. duces the conclusion of the argument started in v. 7.
Used in reference to the tablets of the law (BAGD). kap- €otat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to be. This is a
Sta1g capkivats fleshly hearts. Used in apposition to logical not a chronological fut. (Barrett). 9 Kata-
mdakiv. The ending of the adj. oapxivaig denotes the Kptoig (#2892) condemnation, a judgment against
material out of which something is made (MH 378). someone. Meptooeve pres. ind. act. mepiooedw (# 4355)
@ 4 nenoi@naic (# 4301) confidence. The subst. is de- to abound, followed by the dat., indicating the area in
rived from the perf. of mei8w. The word is emphatic by which the abundance is found. @ 10 Kai yap for even.
its position (Meyer). 5 tkavoc (#2653) sufficient, A more precise grounding of the previous statement
qualified, capable (TLNT). AoyiowoGa1 aor. mid. (dep.) (Meyer). 5e50€ao0to1 perf. ind. pass. 50&.6w (# 1519) to
inf. AoyiCouar (# 3357) to consider, to reckon. Used here think well of, to glorify; pass., to be made glorious.
in its widest sense of carrying on any of the ordinary Se50Eaopevov perf. pass. part. wepoc (# 3538) part. ev tov-
processes of reasoning (EGT). Inf. expresses either re- tw T@ peépet in this part, in respect to. elveKev = EveKkev
sult or is a further explanation of ixavot, “sufficient.” (#1915) w. the gen., because of, on account of. bmep-
2 Corinthians 4 398

BoAAovonNs pres. act. part. gen. fem. sing. brepBarrAw (# 3023) to lie. @ 16 Envotpewn aor. subj. pass. Emiotpepw
(# 5650) to go above and beyond, to surpass; pres. part., (# 2188) to turn; mid. and pass., to turn oneself. Prep. in
surpassing, extraordinary, outstanding (BAGD). compound is directive, “to turn to.” The word gives a
@ 11 €1 yap for if; a continuation of the explanation and graphic parallel to the account in Exod. 34 where
support of this argument. Katapyovpevov pres. pass. Moses turned from the people and went in before the
part. nom. n. sing. katapyew (#2934) to render inoper- Lord, thereupon removing the veil from his face. The
ative (s.v. 7). The neuter refers to the entire ministry of word also involves the experience of evangelical con-
the old covenant (Furnish). pévov pres. act. part. acc. n. version (Hughes). mepioipettat pres. ind. pass. nept-
sing. wevw (# 3531) to remain. Here, “that which re- aipew (# 4311) to take away, to take away from around.
mains.” Pres. emphasizes the continual existence in The compound vb. expresses the removing of some-
contrast to that which is passing away. @ 12 Eyovtes thing which envelops (Plummer), but the prep. may be
pres. act. part. yw (#2400) to have. nappnoia (# 4244) intensive; ie., “to remove completely” (MH, 321;
lit., speaking all, then speaking openly; then the further NIDNTT; TDNT). 17 00 (# 4023) rel. pron., where.
developed meanings, boldness, courage, great freedom erevOepia, (#1800) freedom, liberty. The end of the
(Barrett; TDNT; Windisch). ypwpe8a pres. mid. (dep.) dominance of the written law means liberty (Barrett;
subj. ypaw (#5968) to use. Hortative subj., “let us make NIDNTT; TDNT). 18 navtec nom. pl. mac (# 4246)
use of.” 13 kai od Introduces an abbreviated main all. This stands in contrast to Moses and the old cove-
cl.: “we do not do as” (BD, 255). €ti®et impf. ind. act. nant. dvaKexadkvppevw perf. pass. part. dvaxadvntw
tIONLt (#5502) to place, customary impf. “used to (# 365) to unveil (s.v. 14). Perf. indicates the continual
place” (RWP). kaAvpyo (# 2749) that which covers, veil. state resulting from a previous action. The veil, once
Tp0c (# 4639) followed by the inf. indicates purp., “w. a lifted, remains lifted (Hughes). xatontpiCoyevor pres.
view to” (MT, 144). &tevioat aor. act. inf. atevicw (# 867) part. mid. katontptCw (#3002) to produce reflection
to gaze (s.v. 7). lg T0 TEAOG “unto the end.” They should (act.), to look at oneself in a mirror (mid.). Here, “to
not see the disappearing of the glory on Moses’ face look at something as in a mirror, to contemplate some-
and recognize that this service was coming to an end thing” (BAGD; s. esp. Thrall, excursus IV, “Mirror-
(Schlatter; DPL, 620-21; L. Belleville, Reflections of Glory: Vision and Transformation,” 1:290-95). The pres. part.
Paul's Polemic Use of the Moses Doxa Tradition in 2 Corin- shows that the beholding is continuous and free from
thians 3:12-18 [Sheffield: Academic Press, 1991]). katap- interruption (Hughes). petopophovpe8a pres. ind. pass.
youpévov pres. pass. part. gen. n. sing. Katapyew LetapLoppow (# 3565) to transform, to change the inward
(# 2934) to render inoperative. 14 énwpw6n aor. ind. reality to something else. (Trench, Synonyms, 264;
pass. mwpow (# 4800) to harden, to make insensitive, to TDNT; Plummer). &m0 50&n¢ eig S0Eav from glory unto
cover w. thick skin, to petrify (RWP). vonua (#3784) glory. Christians seeing in Jesus the image of God are
mind. Here the word means “the thinking faculty” not deified but transformed into the same image; the
(Plummer). a&vayvwog (# 342) reading. A reference to glory they share w. Him increasing from one stage of
the public reading of law. For the reading of the Scrip- glory to a higher one (Barrett; DPL, 348-50). The char-
tures in the synagogue s. JPF, 2:927-33; SB, 4:154-65. acter is continually being formed in the believer as he
Taa.ioc (# 4094) old. dvaKaAvmtOLEVOV pres. pass. part. is conformed to the image of Christ, thus fulfilling one
avaKkaAvTTW (# 365) to unveil, to reveal. Pres. part. indi- of the creation purposes of God (s. Gen. 1:26-28). amo
cates the continual or ongoing condition. Part. refers to Kvptov mvevuatos from the Lord of the Spirit; i-e., from
the veil which is not lifted. The whole sentence illus- the Lord who sends the Spirit. Or it may be taken to
trates the deep tragedy of Judaism. They hold the law mean, “of the Lord who is Spirit.” For the varying in-
high and read it in their worship service, yet they do terpretations of this phrase s. Hughes; Furnish; Thrall;
not see that it is the document which only pronounces Martin.
their condemnation (Windisch). They do not under-
stand that in Christ the old covenant and its ministry
are being annulled (Furnish; s. Heb. 8:7-13). 611 (# 4022) 2 Corinthians 4
because. katapyeitat pres. ind. pass. katapyew (# 2934) 1 816 todtO (# 1328; 4047) because of this. This is
to render inoperative, to do away w. 15 fvixa either a reference to the preceding (because the gospel
(# 2471) when followed by av (# 323) w. subj. introduc- is the good news of the glory of God), or it looks for-
ing an indef. temp. cl., “whenever” (RWP; BD, 237). ward-because of what is said in the next cl. (Barrett).
avayivwoxKNtat pres. subj. pass. avayivwoxw (# 336) to EXOVTEG pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have, to possess.
read, to read aloud. éni thy kapéiav upon the heart. The Epex. part. explaining the totto; (#4047) or causal
heart is viewed as a center of man’s being, the spring of part. Ka@wc (# 2777) just as, in accordance w. NAenenpev
will and activity, the seat of affection and understand- aor. ind. pass. eAeew (# 1796) to show mercy; pass., to
ing (Hughes). xettot pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Keipor be shown mercy, to obtain mercy (Trench, Synonyms,
Boo 2 Corinthians 4

169; TDNT; NIDNTT, 2:594; TLNT). éyckaKxodpev pres. aor. ind. act. tuddrow (# 5604) to blind. vonwa (# 3784)
ind. act. Ist. pl. €ykaxew (#1591) to give into evil, to thought, thinking, the ability to reason (s. 2:11; 3:14).
conduct oneself badly, to become weary, to lose heart, aniotog (#603) unbelieving. The fault that leads to
to lose courage (TLNT). It is the fainthearted coward their destruction is their own (Barrett). eig (# 1650) w.
(RWP). The word is also used in the papyri in the sense the inf. can express either purp. or result (IBG, 143). av-
of treating someone badly (Preisigke, 1:411). It became yaout aor. act. inf. adyatw (#878). The vb. has two
a Christian t.t. expressing the unflagging pursuit of the meanings: to see distinctly or to gaze upon (Furnish);
goal of service to neighbor, or of apostolic ministry, as or, to illumine, to beam upon. Used in Lev. 13 and 14 w.
well as the tautness of the determined heart that does the meaning, to appear bright (Hughes). gwtiopo¢
not let up or lose courage (TLNT, 1:399). 2 amet- (#5895) illumination followed by the gen. of origin:
MOpe00 aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &neinov (#584) to speak “light from the gospel” (MT, 218). eixwv (#1635) im-
forth, to speak off or away from, to renounce, to dis- age, the resemblance of something to a prototype from
own (RWP; BAGD). Aor. is timeless and does not mean which it is derived and in whose essence it shares.
that he had previously practiced what he says that he Christ shares in God’s being and is a perfect manifesta-
has renounced (Plummer). Kpuntocg (#3220) hidden. tion of that being (Hughes; TDNT; NIDNTT, 2:286-88;
aioyovn (#158) shame. Kpunta ti¢ aloybvns hidden TLNT). @ 5 knpvooopev pres. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062)
things of shame; i.e., the things one hides because one to preach, to proclaim, to proclaim as a herald (TDNT;
is ashamed of them (Lietzmann). Gen. here could be EDNT). Iterative pres., “we preach Christ again and
gen. of quality (“the disgraceful secret ways,” “sham- again”; or durative pres., “we are presently preaching
ing secret ways”), gen. of agent (“conduct concealed by Christ.” «bpio¢ (#3261) Here, double acc., “Christ
shame”), gen. of apposition (“feelings of shame”) or Jesus as Lord.” @ 6 611 (# 4022) because. This explains
gen. of relationship (“hidden practices belonging to the why they must preach Christ and not themselves
category of disgraceful conduct”) (Thrall; Bultmann). (Plummer). 6 8€6¢ (# 3836; 2536) the God; the Creator of
mepimatodvtes pres. act. part. mepinatew (#4344) to the old creation is also the Creator of the new creation.
walk, to conduct one’s life. Part. of manner. navoupyia elmwv aor. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak. Adj. part. as
(nav Epyov) (# 4111) readiness to do anything. In an un- subst. Aor. points to the specific act. Adpwet fut. ind. act.
favorable sense, it has the meaning, cunning, crafti- AGuTW (#3290) to shine, to shine forth (TDNT). Fut.
ness, trickery. The man who practices this is ready to used to express the command is a translation of the
do anything, and is up to every trick (Hughes; TDNT). Heb. jussive (BD, 183; BG, 94; DPL, 556-57). WTLOLOG
doA0bvtES pres. act. part. 50A0w (# 1516) to use deceit, to (# 3290) illumination, enlightenment; followed by the
use bait, to ensnare, to corrupt w. error, to falsify, to cor- gen. of origin or subj. gen.: “the illumining which the
rupt (RWP; T; Trench, Synonyms, 228-31). davepwoer knowledge of the glory produces” (Plummer). mpoow-
dat. sing. davepwotg (# 5748) openness, clearness, man- mov (#5895) face, countenance, pers. (BG, 184). 7
ifestation. The word is selected in opposition to “the @noaupdc (# 2565) treasure, that which is valuable and
hidden things of shame” (Plummer). Instr. dat. ovv- expensive. 0otpaKkivoc (# 4017) made of clay, earthen-
LOTAVOVTES pres. act. part. cvviotnut (# 5319) to place to- ware, pottery. Corinthian pottery was well known in
gether, to introduce. ovvetnoig (# 5287) conscience (s. the ancient world (Strabo, Geography, 8:6.23; Martin;
Rom. 2:15). @ 3 et (# 1623) if; w. the ind. assumes the ABD, 1:1136); Paul may have been referring to the
reality of the cond. Kai (#2779) even, even if. With this small pottery lamps which were cheap and fragile, or
construction there is sometimes a tone of contempt and he may have referred to earthenware vases or urns.
the matter is belittled (RG, 1026). kexaAvppevov perf. The point seems to be that the valuable treasure is con-
pass. part. kaduntw (# 2821) to veil, to hide. Perf. looks tained in weak, fragile, and valueless containers
at the state or circumstance and is used w. an adj. (IBG, (Hughes; SB, 3:516; NW, 2, ii:436-38; Thrall; Furnish).
18). &moAAvpEVOIC pres. pass. part. ANOAA VL (# 660) to The ending of the word signifies material out of which
ruin; pass., to perish, to be lost. The durative vb. is per- something was made (MH, 359). oxeveow dat. pl.
fective and indicates the inevitable doom and the fact oxedoc (# 5007) vessel. bnepBon (#5651) excess, abun-
that the goal is ideally reached. A complete transforma- dance, extraordinary quality of character (BAGD).
tion of its subjects is required to bring them out of the pres. subj. act. ci (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671)
ruin implicit in their state (M, 114f). @ 4 0 Oe0g (# 2536) generally indicates purp., but here it may have a causal
God. Here, “the god who is over this age” or “the god idea (BG, 140-41). @ 8 @A1Bopevot pres. pass. part. OA1BH
who controls this age,” i-e., Satan (Martin; DPL, 862-67; (# 2567) to subject to pressure, to afflict; that which
DDD, 1369-80). aiwv (# 172) age. It refers to that float- presses upon or burdens the spirit (Trench, Synonyms,
ing mass of thoughts, opinions, maxims, speculations, 202; TDNT). This part. and the following ones may be
hopes, impulses, aims, aspirations current in the world taken w. Exouev (# 2400), explaining the circumstances
at any time (Trench, Synonyms, 217f;, TDNT). etbpAwoev of the possessing, or they may be taken as circum. and
2 Corinthians 4 400

used as the ind. (Thrall). The first part. of the pair may spirit, followed by the obj. gen., the spirit who engen-
be concessive (“although”), followed by the second ders faith (Barrett). yeypoppevov perf. pass. part. ypaow
part. used as the ind. ov (# 4024) not. The usual neg. w. (# 1211) to write; perf., that which stands written. It re-
the part. is un and the use of ov (#4024) may be the fers to an authoritative document (MM; BS, 250).
proper neg. for the statement of a downright fact (M, émiotevoa. aor. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Paul
231-32). Otevoywpovpevor pres. pass. part. otevoywpew quotes Ps. 116:10 as rendered in the LXX (Hughes). €4-
(# 1593) to pressure into a narrow place. It speaks of Anoa. aor. ind. act. AoAEw (# 4246) to speak. motevopev
the narrowness of room, a confined space, and then pres. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. AaAcbpeEV
painfulness of which this is the occasion (Trench, Syn- pres. ind. act. AaA€w (#3281) to speak. 14 etd0tec
onyms, 203; TDNT). &nopobpevor pres. mid. part. &mo- perf. act. part. o1a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
pew (#679) to be at a loss, to be in doubt, to be meaning. The vb. expresses knowledge grasped direct-
perplexed, to be despondent. In the papyri it was used ly or intuitively by the mind (Donald W. Burdick, “o1do.
of one who was ruined by creditors and thus at his and yiwwoKkw in the Pauline Epistles,” ND, 344-56; VA,
wits’ end (MM). &&anopovpevot pres. pass. (dep.) part. 281-87). eyeipas aor. act. part. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise
eEanopéoua (# 1989) to be completely baffled (Barrett). up. Subst. use of the part. to describe a character trait.
Prep. in compound is perfective and shows the de- éyepei fut. ind. act. eyeipw. mapaotnoer fut. ind. act.
spondency in its final result of despair (M, 237). maptotnut (#4225) to present; to present as a bride is
@ 9 Swwxopevor pres. pass. part. 5wKw (# 1503) to hunt, presented to the bridegroom (Plummer). 15
to hunt down like an animal, to persecute. €yKatoAeimo- MAEOVAOUGG aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. nmAcovatw
pevol pres. pass. part. eykataAeinw (# 1593) to desert, to (# 4429) to make more through more, to expand, to be-
abandon one in difficulty. The word occurs in the LXX come more, to increase. Perhaps the idea is increasing
in reference to God’s promises not to forsake His own in number (IBG, 108). mAevovwv comp. n0AvGg (# 4498)
(Deut. 31:6-8; Josh. 1:5; 1 Chron. 28:20; Ps. 37:25, 28; great, much; comp., more. Here, the majority, the many.
GELTS, 126-27; Plummer; Bultmann). For a study on evyaptotia (# 2374) thanksgiving. The acc. is the obj. of
the background and significance of the antitheses, s. the vb. nepiooevon aor. subj. act. nepiooevw (# 4355) to
Thrall, 329-31. 10 ma&vtote (# 4121) always. veKpwoig increase, to cause to abound, to make extremely rich
(# 3740) dying, the process of dying (Hughes; Martin), (BAGD). @ 16 510 (# 1475) wherefore. &ykaxotdpev pres.
slaying, putting to death. It refers to Paul’s constant ex- ind. act. eykaKxew (# 1591) to give into evil (s.v. 1). GAA’
posure to death (Hodge). €v t@ owpati (# 5393) in the et (# 247; 1623) even though. W. ind. introduces a cond.
body; in the sense, in “my body.” Loc. dat. describing assumed to be true. €€w (# 2032) outward; w. the article,
the place of the dying. mepupepovtes pres. act. part. mept- “the external.” Nav poss. gen. yw (# 1609). For the po-
depw (# 4367) to carry about, to bear about. Pres. em- sition of the pronoun s. BD, 148. 5ta@eipetat pres. ind.
phasizes the continual action. The missionaries were pass. 51a6eipw (# 1425) to decay. Pres. pictures the pro-
perpetually being delivered to death for Christ’s sake. cess of continual decay. Eow (# 2032) inward; w. the ar-
They were never free from peril (Plummer). davepw6f ticle, “the inward.” Gvaxatvodto1 pres. ind. pass.
aor. subj. pass. pavepow (# 5746) to make clear, to mani- avaKovow (# 363) to renew again. Pres. emphasizes the
fest. Subj. w. iva, (#2671) to express purp. 11 det continual renewal. 17 napavtixa (#4194) momen-
(# 107) always. yap (# 1142) for. The particle gives an ex- tary. It indicates a short amount of pres. time, including
planation of the preceding. G@vtec pres. act. part. Caw the temporary; i.e., till life ends or the Lord comes
(# 2409) to live; “the living,” “we are ever a living (Plummer; Windisch). &Aappog (# 1787) light, not heavy
prey” (Plummer). Part. as subst. napadidoue00 pres. (Matt. 11:30). Affliction for Jesus’ sake, however crush-
ind. pass. rapadtdwut (# 41740) to deliver over, to hand ing it may seem, is in fact light, a weightless trifle
over. Pres. emphasizes the continual danger that is (Hughes). @Atwews gen. Ori wis (# 2568) pressure, tribu-
faced. 814, (# 1328) w. acc., because. pavepw6f| aor. subj. lation, affliction. brepBoAn (# 5651) excess (s.v. 7). el¢
pass. davepow (#5746) to make clear (s.v. 10). @vntO¢ brepBoAnv for or to excess. The two phrases, ka@’v. and
(# 2570) mortal, subject to death. It emphasizes the ma- €i¢ v., form a double expression which cannot lit. be
terial weakness and transitoriness of the body (Meyer). translated. The meaning is “out of all proportion” (Bar-
@ 12 wote (# 6063) therefore. It is used here as an infer- rett). Baipoc (# 983) weight. Paul’s choice of the expres-
ential particle, meaning “and so, accordingly” (IBG, sion (“the weight of glory”) may be influenced by the
144). Evepyeita pres. ind. mid./pass. evepyew (# 1919) fact that in Heb. “weight” and “glory” come from the
to work, to be at work. If it is a dep. mid., the meaning same root (Bruce). KatepydCeto pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
is, “to be at work,” to be working;” if pass., the mean- Katepyaconat (# 2981) to produce, to accomplish. It im-
ing is, “to be made operative” (Furnish; Thrall). plies a prolonged process, a working out (Plummer).
@ 13 Eyovtes pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. Caus- 18 oxo-novvtwv pres. act. part. oxomew (# 5023) to fix
al part. (Thrall). t0 adt0 nvebya. tig Tiotews the same one’s gaze upon, to concentrate one’s attention upon.
401 2 Corinthians 5

Part. used as a gen. abs., circum. (Hughes). BAemopeva. act. part. eit (# 1639) to be. Part. w. the article indicates
pres. pass. part. Bren (#1063) to see. Adj. part., “the the group to which the subject belongs—”we who are in
things being seen,” ie., “visible things.” mpooKxatpoc the tent,” ie., the earthly body (Barrett). otevaoyev
(# 4672) for a time, temporary. pres. ind. act. otevacgw (#5100) to groan (s.v. 2). The
groaning expresses the desire to put on a new body
(Martin). Bapobdpevot pres. pass. part. Bapéw (#976) to
2 Corinthians 5 make heavy, to burden, to weigh down. Part. used ad-
@ 1 otSapev perf. act. ind. oida (# 3857) to know. verbially, we groan as weighed down since we are
Def. perf. w. pres. meaning (s. 4:14). Emiyevog (# 2103) under a constant depressing burden (Lenski). 8’ @ =
upon the earth. Death involves the loss not only of ETMi ToUTW OTL (# 2093; 4005) in view of the fact that (M,
physical corporeality, but also of earthly corporateness 107), because (MT, 272). @€Aopev pres. ind. act. 8e.w
(MJ. Harris, ND, 319; DPL, 553-55). oxnvous gen. sing. (# 2527) to want to, to desire to, w. inf. Pres. indicates a
oxtvoc (#5011) tent. Gen. of apposition, “our earthly continual and constant wish. éxddoao0801 aor. mid.
tent-dwelling,” “the tent which forms our earthly (dep.) inf. exdvou01 (# 1624) to take off, to be unclothed.
house” (Harris, ND, 318). The figure of a tent picturing énev6voa00a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. Exevévon01 to put on
the human body suggests impermanence and insecuri- (in addition) (BAGD). Kkatano@7 aor. pass. subj. kata-
ty. It is a common picture of earthly life and its setting tivw (#2927) to drink down, to swallow down, pass.,
in the body (Barrett). From a Jewish point of view the to be swallowed up. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express
tent could be a reference to the Feast of Tabernacles, purp. 8vntog (# 2570) that which is mortal. It refers to
suggesting that the Christian would have to live in a our entire mortal existence (Lenski). The ending of the
booth before reaching the promised land (PRJ, 313). For vb. adj. indicates “libel to death” (RG, 1097; BD, 36).
other references to the figure of the tent, s. Windisch; @ 5 Katepyaocpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. katepyaConat
Harris, ND, 318. KkataAv@f aor. subj. pass. KataAvw (# 2981) to produce, to prepare, to produce a condition
(# 2907) to destroy. In reference to the tent metaphor it or atmosphere, to prepare one for a circumstance (Win-
describes the act of dismantling a tent (Hughes). disch). Part. as subst. eig adt0 todto “for this very pur-
o1xodoun (# 3869) house, building. ex 6200 from God. pose.” @80¢ (# 2536) God. The word here is in a position
The phrase indicates the source of the building as con- of emphasis (Hughes). 500¢ aor. act. part. d515mp1
trasted w. the earthly tent. €yowev pres. ind. act. éyw (# 1443) to give. Substantival use of part. to emphasize
(# 2400) to have, to possess. For pres. w. the meaning, a defining character trait. Aor. indicates antecedent ac-
“to possess” s. M, 110. ayeiponotntoc (# 942) vb. adj. tion. appaBuv (#775) earnest, down payment (s. 1:22;
(yeip hand, novew to make), not made w. hands, not DPL, 262; MM). @ 6 Oappodvtec pres. act. part. Bap-
handmade; i.e., not of this creation (Hughes), supernat- péw (# 2509) to be of good cheer, to be of good courage,
ural, spiritual (Plummer). alwviog (# 173) eternal, ever- to be confident. Anacoluthon breaks the sentence struc-
lasting; not in the sense of pre-existent but of indefinite ture, so the sentence begins again in v. 8 (Barrett). mdv-
durability (Plummer). #2 kai yap (# 2779; 1142) for tote (# 4121) always; esp. in view of death. ev0tes perf.
even, yes, even (BD, 326). OTEVACOLEV pres. ind. act. act. part. o1Sa (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. mean-
otevacw (#5100) to sigh, to groan because of an unde- ing (s. 4:14). evénuotvtes pres. act. part. (temp.) evdnew
sirable circumstance (BAGD). Pres. tense emphasizes (# 1897) to be at home, to be among one’s own people,
the continual groaning in this life. oucntnpiov a place of to live ina place (RWP). Pres. expresses contemporane-
living. It denotes a permanent abode or home (s. the ous activity to the main vb. éxénpotpev pres. ind. act.
discussion in Jude 6; Plummer). emevdvoa00a1 aor. mid. exdnew (# 1685) to be gone, to be away from home, to
(dep.) inf. enevdvopo (# 2086) to put on over, to put on be abroad, to emigrate (Hughes). For the use of the
upon oneself (RWP). Compl. inf. to the following part. words “be at home” and “to be abroad,” “to be away
emimoBotvtes pres. act. part. em00ew (# 2160) to desire, from home,” (MM; Preisigke, 1:441). ano tod Kupiov
to long for something. For the intermediate state s. (# 698; 3261) “from the Lord.” Paul is not saying that
DPL, 438-41. @ 3 et ye (# 1145; 1623) of course if, if, in- communion w. the Lord is nonexistent in this body, but
deed (Hughes; IBG, 165). vSvodpevot aor. mid. (dep.) the Christian is away from the Lord only in comparison
part. evdvon01 (# 1907) to put on, to be clothed. For the with the prospect of seeing Him face to face (Martin).
variant reading, “to be unclothed” s. TC, 579f. yupvoc 7 51a (# 1328) w. gen., through, by means of, in the
(# 1218) naked, unclothed. ebpe@noopeda fut. ind. pass. manner of, according to (Furnish). mepratobpev pres.
evptoxw (# 2351) to find; pass., to be found, to be dis- ind. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to walk, to conduct one’s
covered. Paul’s desire not to be found naked reveals life. eiS0g (# 1626) appearance. The word refers to the
not only a characteristically Jewish horror of naked- thing seen, the form or appearance of an object (Hugh-
ness, but also that he does not use it in its normal Hel- es). “We conduct our lives on the basis of faith, not the
lenistic sense (Barrett). 4 kai yap s.v. 2. OvtEes pres. appearance of things” (Barrett). 8 @appotpev pres.
2 Corinthians 5 402

ind. act. Bappew (# 2509) to be of good cheer. ebSoxodpev (s.v. 10). Perf. indicates Paul’s true and integral self has
pres. ind. act. evdoxew (# 2305) to be well-pleased, to been and continues to be manifested in the conscience
consent. Here, “we wish rather,” “we prefer” (BAGD). of the Corinthians (Hughes). Compl. inf. to the main
exSnpfoar aor. act. inf. exSnuéw (# 1685) to be gone (s.v. vb. @ 12 ovviotavopev pres. ind. act. ovviotnut (# 5319)
6). Compl. inf. to the main vb. @ 9 p1A0-tiywovpe8a. pres. to commend adopun (#929) occasion, basis of opera-
ind. mid. (dep.) prot eopar (# 5818) to love or honor; tion, a place to start from (Plummer). In the papyri the
then to be ambitious, to devote oneself zealously to a word was used w. the meanings, incitement, prompt-
cause, to be ambitious (Hughes). ebapeotog (# 2298) ing, occasion, or opportunity (MM). 5180vtec pres. act.
pleasing. The word is used in Titus 2:9 of slaves who part. 5twp (# 1443) to give. Circum. part. to be trans-
give satisfaction to their masters (BAGD). eivat pres. lated as a main vb. To be translated as a main vb. Paul
inf. act. eit (# 1639) to be. Inf. to express purp., “so that is fond of continuing a construction begun w. a finite
we are pleasing to him.” 10 navtag acc. pl. nas vb. by means of coordinated part. (BD, 245; IBG, 179;
(# 4246) all. Used here w. the article it means “the sum MT Style, 89). kavynuo. (# 3017) a boast, the ground or
total of us” (MT, 201; BG, 61). davepwOfva1 aor. pass. matter of glorying (AS). €ynte pres. subj. act. exw
inf. davepow (# 5746) to make clear, to manifest; pass., to (# 2400) to have. The meaning is, “in order that you
be made manifest. They not only have to appear, but may have a refutation of those who glory in appear-
must have their whole character made manifest (Plum- ance and not in heart” (Hughes). Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to
mer). det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary to, w. inf. express purp. 13 e&otmpev aor. ind. act. e€totnpr
giving a logical necessity. gunpooBev (#1869) w. the (# 2014) to stand out of oneself, to be beside oneself.
gen., before. Bra (# 1037) step, platform, tribunal. This The word indicates mental imbalance (Windisch). 66
was a tribunal where official decisions were given dat. 8e0¢ (# 2536) God; dat. of advantage. owppovodpev
(RAC, 2:129-30); for a description of the judgment seat pres. ind. act. owppovew (# 5404) to be sane, to be sensi-
found at the city of Corinth s. IBD, 1:683-84; PIG, 225- ble, to be in control of one’s faculties (TDNT; Trench,
27; Acts 18:12). The word was also used in the papyri in Synonyms, 69-72; TLNT). For an example of a heathen
the official sense of tribunal or judgment seat (MM), prophetess who did not utter her prophecies in wild ec-
suggesting here the place of judgment and reward stasy, but in self-control and moderation s. DC, 1:56.
(DPL, 516-17, 819-20). kopionto aor. subj. mid. Kkopitw #14 ayann tod Xpiotod (# 27; 5986) either obj. gen.
(# 3152) to bring; mid., to carry off, to get for oneself, to (“Paul’s love for Christ” [Martin]), or subjective gen.
receive, to receive as recompense (BAGD). In the NT (“Christ’s love for Paul”). It is perhaps best taken as
the mid. has the meaning, “to receive back” or “to re- subjective gen., indicating the love which originates or
ceive what is one’s own” (Hughes; MM). ta 510 tod ow- ends w. God in Christ; i.e., Christ’s love for him, which
patos the things (done) through the body. The phrase is prior to and the explanation of his love for Christ
expresses personal agency in which the body acts as (Hughes; Barrett; RG, 499; also DPL, 575-77). Perhaps
the subject of the doing (SBT, 187). This gives the body both ideas are intended (GGBB, 120). ovvéyet pres. ind.
its positive meaning for eternity (Schlatter). Enpatev act. ovveyw (# 5309) to hold together, to press together,
aor. ind. act. mpacow (# 4556) to do. Aor. pictures the to constrain. The vb. implies the pressure which con-
whole life of the individual Christian seen as a unit. fines, restricts, as well as controls (Plummer, Barrett).
With the prep. the phrase means, “w. reference to what Pres. indicates the continual habit of life. epivavtac aor.
he did” (Hughes). padAoc (# 5765) worthless, bad, of no act. part. kpivw (# 3212) to judge, to decide. Aor. may be
account, good-for-nothing. The word indicates the im- perfective, indicating the judgment or decision which
possibility of any true gain ever coming forth; worth- Paul had come to. The word points to a judgment
lessness is the central notion (Trench, Synonyms, 317; formed in the past, perhaps at or soon after his conver-
GELTS, 500). 11 el80te¢ perf. act. part. (causal) o1da sion (Hughes). bnép navtwv (# 5642; 4246) for all. The
(# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning (s. 4:14). prep. could mean “for the benefit of” or “instead of,”
goBov tod Kupiov (# 5832; 3261) “fear of the Lord.” The w. the idea of substitution, which fits the context better
fear excited by the thought of standing before the (Martin; Hughes; NIDNTT, 3:1196-97). &néOavev, cmé-
judgement seat of Christ and having one’s whole life ®avov aor. ind. act. amo8vjoKw (#633) to die. dpa
exposed and estimated (Plummer). It could, however, (# 726) therefore; “that means that” (Barrett; BD, 235).
have reference to the OT concept of reverence or awe Ol mavtes (# 4246) all; w. the article the word denotes
(Furnish; Thrall). Obj. gen. met@opev pres. ind. act. me18w the class named is taken as a whole; i.e., “the sum total
(# 4275) to persuade. Pres. may be conative, “we are of all” (BG, 61; MT, 201). 15 d&mé@avev aor. ind. act.
trying to persuade” (Barrett; SMT, 8). nepavepmpeba. anobvjoKkw (#633) to die. C@vteg pres. act. part. Caw
perf. ind. pass. pavepow (# 5746) to make manifest. ov- (# 2409) to live. Part. as subst. pnxett = odKét (# 3600)
veiéqoig (#5287) conscience (s. Rom. 2:15). neba- no longer. €avtoic dat. 3rd. pers. pl. eavtod (# 1571) re-
vep@o8at perf. pass. inf. bavepow (#5746) to make clear flex. pron. Dat. of advantage, “to live for the advantage
403 2 Corinthians 5

of oneself.” C@ow pres. subj. act. Caw (# 2409) to live. nouncing this reconciliation (Hodge). 19 @¢ 6m
Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. G&mo8avovtt aor. namely, that, how that. The force of the words is declar-
act. part. dn08vjoKw (# 633) to die. Part. as subst. Aor. ative of what has immediately preceded (Hughes; Al-
indicates an antecedent action to the main vb. Dat. of ford; RG, 1033). coopoc (# 3180) world, world of human
advantage or personal interest. &yep@Evtt aor. pass. part. beings. Acc. is the dir. obj. of the part. It is the world
eyelpw (# 1586) to raise; pass., to be raised. Part. as sub- God reconciles. KatoAAGoowv pres. act. part. KataA-
st. 16 wote (# 6063) wherefore. The word is used to Acoow (# 2904) to reconcile. Part. may be taken as part
draw a conclusion. Katé (# 2848) w. acc., according to, of a periphrastic impf. (Barrett; MT, 88). AoyiGopevoc
according to the standard of. Both prep. ‘phrases (kato pres. mid. (dep.) part. AoytCowar (# 3357) to place to
oapka) in this v. are to be taken w. the vbs. and not w. one’s account, to reckon. A formula used in rabbinic
the nouns. It is fleshly knowledge that Paul repudiates writing (SB, 3:121f) and a common formula in the papy-
(Barrett). €t kat (# 1623; 2779) even if. The words intro- ri in the commercial sense of putting down to one’s ac-
duce a Ist. class cond. cl., which assumes the cond. to count (MM; Preisigke). abtotg dat. pl. adt0c (# 899) self.
be true. It indicates that Paul and others really did have “Against them”; dat. of disadvantage. The pl. pron.
a knowledge of the historical Jesus Christ (John W. takes up the phrase “the world” (Barrett). napantwpoa
Fraser, “Paul’s Knowledge of Jesus: II Cor. 5:16 Once (#4183) transgression, a false step, blunder (Trench,
More,” NTS 17 [1971]: 300; Martin). &yvwxopev perf. Synonyms, 245f; TDNT). @€uevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part.
ind. act. yivwoxw (#1182) to know. Personal acquain- tOnut (#5502) to place, to put. ® 20 bnep (#5642) on
tance of others is not what is meant here. Paul has a behalf of, representing. Perhaps the prep. also has the
way of looking at, regarding, and understanding idea of “in place of” (Hughes; s.v. 14). mpeofevopev pres.
Christ; now he has a new way of understanding others, ind. act. npeoBevw (# 4563) to be an ambassador, to carry
including Christ (Fraser, NTS 17:299). For arguments
out the office of an ambassador. For vbs. w. this ending,
showing that Paul was not denying knowledge of the marking the exercise of a profession s. MH, 398. This
historical Jesus s. Barrett; JNP, 89ff; Hughes. viv obKett was the regular word in the Greek east for envoys or
(# 3814; 4033) “now no longer.” This does not mean
the emperor’s legate (MM; TDNT; LAE, 378; TLNT;
that Paul had no interest in the historical Jesus, his ex-
Windisch; Martin; Margaret M. Mitchell, “New Testa-
ample, teaching, and the traditions about Him. He
ment Envoys in the Context of Greco-Roman Diplo-
knew about Jesus. The basic meaning is that Paul had
matic and Epistolary Conventions: The Example of
a new, fuller understanding of the whole Christ, by the
Timothy and Titus,” JBL 111 [1992]: 644-51; NW, 2, i:451-
Spirit and by faith; and he sees others in a new way ac-
55). wg (# 6055) as. Followed by the gen. abs. it gives a
cording to their standing w. him in the new creation
(Fraser, NTS 17:312). 17 Wote (#6063) wherefore.
subjective view of that which is stated by the gen. abs.,
indicating that the statement is correct. It may be trans-
Paul draws a second conclusion. xtiowg (# 3232) cre-
ation. The one who is in Christ and has experienced the lated, “seeing that” (Plummer). mapaxadAodvtog pres.
act. part. napakadew (# 4151) to urge, to ask, to entreat.
new birth is a part of the new creation. The rabbis used
the term “new creature” to describe those whose sins Seopue8a pres. ind. mid. (dep.) deoua1 (# 1289) to ask, to
had been forgiven (SB, 2:415; 3:519; for additional par- request, to ask for a specific thing. Pres. indicates the
allels w. rabbinic teaching regarding the new creation s. continual or habitual action. It could be iterative, em-
PRJ, 119ff; for DSS references s. Thrall). apyaiog (# 792) phasizing the repeated action. kataAAaynte aor. imp.
old, that which comes from an earlier time. napT)\Gev pass. KataAdoow (# 2904) to reconcile. Ingressive aor.,
aor. ind. act. napepyouai (# 4216) to go by, to pass away. “become reconciled to God” (Plummer); s.v. 18. Aor.
Perfective aor. points to the finality. yeyovev perf. ind. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency.
act. yivouar (# 1181) to become. Perf. indicates the con- @ 21 yvovta. aor. act. part. yiwwoxw (# 1182) to know. It
tinuing state or condition (McKay). For a discussion of expresses knowledge gained by experience (D.W. Bur-
the new life in Christ s. Ladd, 479f. @ 18 kataAAdgav- dick, ND, 344ff). Part. could be used in a concessive
TOG aor. act. part. KataAdoow (# 2904) to effect a change, sense: “although he knew no sin.” apaptiav exoinoev
to exchange, to reconcile. Prep. in compound is perfec- he made to be sin. The reference may be an allusion to
tive: “to effect a thorough change back” (MH, 298). Rec- the scapegoat on the Day of Atonement (Windisch), or
onciliation indicates that Christ’s death removed God’s it may refer to the suffering servant of Isa. 53 w. the idea
enmity against man (APC, 186-223; TDNT; NIDNTT, of sacrifice prominent (Bruce; Martin). God placed our
3:166-69; DPL, 92-95; V; EDNT; Martin; Rom. 5:10). 80v- sins on the sinless Jesus and as our substitute God pun-
TOG aor. act. part. dt5wyt (# 1443) to give. Aor. indicates ished- Him w. death (Lietzmann). yevae8a. aor. subj.
antecedent or complete action. Adj. part. used to stress mid. (dep.) yivowot (#1181) to become. Subj. w. iva
a defining trait. katoAayn (# 2903) reconciliation; here, (# 2671) to express purp. 5iKka1o0vvn Be0d the righteous-
gen. of description. It refers to the office and duty of an- ness of God. This is the righteousness both that God re-
2 Corinthians 6 404

quires and that He provides in justification. Paul relates God’s servants we commend ourselves” (RG, 454). The
being in Christ to justification (GW, 141). word emphasizes the personal service rendered to an-
other (TDNT; NIDNTT, 3:544-46; OPSC, 27-32). GAtwi¢
(# 2568) pressure, affliction (s. the discussion in 1:4;
2 Corinthians 6 DPL, 18-20). avay«n (# 340) necessity, anguish. Here it
@ 1 ovvepyotvtes pres. act. part. (causal) ovvepyew is used in the sense of suffering; quite possibly it means
(# 5300) to work w. someone, to cooperate, to work to- “tortures” (Barrett). otevoywpia (# 5103) narrow space,
gether. The complement to be supplied to part. can tight places (RWP), distress (s. 4:8). @ 5 mAnyn (# 4435)
only be “God” (Barrett; Martin). napaxaAobpev pres. stripe, wound. @vAaKn (#5871) the place of guarding,
ind. act. mapaKxorew (#4151) to encourage, to exhort; prison (BAGD; BAFCS, 3:195-392; DPL, 752-54). akato-
followed by the acc. w. the inf. (TDNT; EDNT). xevoc otacia (#189) instability, often from politics (RWP),
(# 3031) empty, without results, in vain, without mean- disorders. These things consist of troubles inflicted by
ingful effect (Furnish; DPL, 320-22). €&ao@0. aor. mid. men (Plummer). Kom0g¢ (# 3160) work, labor. The word
(dep.) inf. 5eyoua (# 1312) to receive. Aor. may point to implies toil unto fatigue, the weariness which follows
the time of conversion. Paul exhorts them not to have the straining of all powers to the utmost (Trench, Syn-
accepted the grace of God in vain; i.e., not to show by onyms, 379). ayputvia (#71) without sleep, sleepless-
their behavior now that they accepted it then to no ness. It refers to the times when Paul voluntarily went
profit (Plummer). The fear is not that they would lose without sleep or shortened his hours of rest in order to
their salvation, but that they would not effectively devote more time to his evangelistic work, care of all
carry out the ministry of reconciliation which had been the churches, and to prayer (Hughes). vnoteta (# 3763)
committed to them (s. 5:18). @ 2 Aeyet pres. ind. act. fasting; the voluntary foregoing of food in order to get
Aeyw (# 3306) to say. It is used without a stated subject more work done (Plummer). This triplet consists of
and it may mean either “He (God) says,” or “it (Scrip- those troubles which Paul took upon himself in the
ture) says” (Hughes). dextog (# 1283) acceptable, wel- prosecution of his mission (Plummer). 6 &yvotntTN¢
come, favorable (BAGD); verbal adj. ka1p@ dat. Kaipoc gen. fem. sing. ayvotng (#55) purity. The word proba-
(# 2789) time, convenient time. Dat. of time, “at an ac- bly refers to purity of life and motive in the compre-
ceptable time.” enmnjkovoa aor. ind. act. enaKovw hensive sense (Hughes), perhaps in the sense
(# 2052) to listen to, to hear. It is a t.t. for hearing prayer of “innocence” (Barrett). yv@o1g (#1184) knowledge.
(Barrett) and thus answering it. €Bon@noa. aor. ind. act. waKpoOupia (#3429) longsuffering, patience. It de-
Bondew (#1070) to help. ebapoodextos (#2347) easily scribes the steadfast spirit which will never give in,
acceptable, pleasant, welcome. Used of a time which is which can endure delay and bear suffering. It is used of
favorable for bringing God’s grace to fruition (BAGD). God's patience toward sinful men and of the attitude
owtnpta (#5401) salvation. Gen. in the phrase “day of which Christians are to display (NTW, 83-85; TDNT). It
salvation” could be gen. of direction or purp. (BD, 92): refers to a long holding—out of the mind before it gives
“a day for salvation,” “a day for the proclamation of room to action or passion-generally to passion (Trench,
salvation.” It would then refer again to the fulfilling of Synonyms, 196). ypnatotns (#5983) usefulness, kind-
the ministry of reconciliation (s. 5:18). 3 pndepiav ness. &vuToKpitos (#537) without hypocrisy, love that
acc. fem. sing. undets (# 3594) no. A strengthened form is not entirely genuine, mingled w. insincerity or self-
used w. another neg. w. the meaning, “no (offense) at seeking (Hughes). For the prefix used to negate the
all” (BAGD). 8180vtes pres. act. part. diSwur (# 1443) to word s. Moorhouse, 47ff. 7 8a (#1328) w. gen.,
give. Pres. points to the habitual, continual action (MT, through; followed by the gen. OnAwv gen. pl. 6mov
343); or may be conative (Barrett; Martin). Part. picks (# 3960) used only in the pl., weapons. d5txa100bvn
up the construction of v. 1 (Martin). npooxorn (# 4683) (# 1466) righteousness. The phrase refers either to the
a striking against, an occasion of stumbling, to do weapons provided by righteousness (subjective gen.),
something which causes others to stumble (T; DPL, or to the weapons used in the defense of righteousness
918-19). It indicates the causing of the foot to strike and (Windisch; MRP, 161). 5e&vog (#1288) right; “for the
the person to stumble (Lenski). pwpnét aor. subj. pass. right hand.” apiotepog (# 754) left; “for the left hand.”
Lwpconat (# 3699) to find a defect, to find fault w., to Together, then, “right hand and left hand weapons,” of-
blame someone (Windisch; GELTS, 312). The word fensive and defense armor, the shield being carried on
often implies ridicule as well as blame, w. disgrace as a the left arm (Plummer). @ 8 &tytia (# 871) dishonor,
result (Plummer). Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp. disgrace. Svopnpia (# 1556) slander, evil report. ebonuia
@ 4 év navti (# 1877; 4246) in everything, in every way. (# 2367) praise, good report. mAavog (# 4418) deceiver.
OvvioTavOvTES pres. act. part. ovviotnyi (#5319) to © 9 dyvoovpevot pres. pass. part. cyvoew (# 51) to be ig-
bring together, to recommend, to commend (s. 3:1). norant; pass., to be unknown. It refers to being nonen-
8€00 SidKovo1 as ministers of God. The nom. means “as tities, not worth knowing, without proper credentials
405 2 Corinthians 6

(Plummer). They did not receive recognition in the MNTW, 156; TDNT; TLNT). 13 dvtyio8ia. (# 521)
world of their day because the world, its literature, pol- recompense, paying back. The use of the acc. here may
itics, and scholarship, took no notice of them. They be an adverbial acc. (IBG, 160) , or it may be acc. in ap-
were not the source of daily conversation and were not position to the cl. (IBG, 35; MT, 245; Martin). wg teKvoic
sought out as great orators (Windisch). émvyivwoKopevor A€yw I speak as to children. It is in the nature of things
pres. pass. part. €nvyiwwoxw (# 2105) to recognize, to ac- that paternal love should meet w. the response of filial
knowledge; pass., to be recognized. They received their love (Hughes). mAatovOnte aor. imp. pass. TAatov)
recognition from God and hopefully from the Corin- (# 4425) to make wide (s.v. 11). @ 14 For the connection
thians themselves (Barrett). a&mo@vjoKovtes pres. act. of 2 Cor. 6:14-7:1 s. Martin; J.A. Fitzmyer, “Qumran and
part. ano8vnoKw (# 633) to die. 100 aor. imp. act. dpaw the Interpolated Paragraph in 2 Cor 6:14-1:1,” ESB, 205-
(# 3972) to see. “See!” “behold,” suddenly and contrary 17; ylveo8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivowat (# 1181) to be-
to hope (Bengel). G@pev pres. ind. act. Caw (#2409) to come. Pres. imp. w. the neg. is used either to stop an ac-
live, to be alive. As an apostle, Paul was like a man tion in progress or to prohibit a habitual action (MKG,
under sentence of death (Barrett). ma1Sevouevor pres. 272f). etepoCvyodvtes pres. act. part. etepoGuyew (# 2282)
pass. part. nadevw (# 4084) to punish, to discipline. to yoke w. a different yoke, to draft animals that need
God disciplines His servants for their good (Barrett). different kinds of yokes because they are of different
Savatovpevol pres. pass. part. Oavatow (# 2506) to kill, species (BAGD), to use a double harness (Barrett). Paul
to put to death. S. Ps. 118:18, “the Lord hath chastened is probably referring to the prohibitions found in Deut.
me sore; but he hath not delivered me over to death.” 22:10. For the rabbinical development of this prohibi-
Let believers regard their afflictions not as indications tion s. M, Kilaim 8:2f; SB, 3:521; Martin. The concept of
of God’s disapprobation, but rejoice in them as oppor- the yoke was used in relation to marriage and in rela-
tunities graciously afforded them to glorify His name tion to teachers who agreed in their doctrine. A mixed
(Hodge). For a comparison of Paul’s list of difficulties marriage or cooperation w. one who had a different
w. the list of his day s. Robert Hodgson, “Paul the doctrine was considered to be unequally yoked
Apostle and the First Century Tribulation Lists,” ZNW (Schlatter). Part. w. this vb. is sometimes used to denote
74 [1983]: 59-80. 10 Avmobpevor pres. pass. part. the beginning of a state or condition: “do not lend
AvmEW (# 3382) to cause pain or grief; pass., to be sorry, yourselves to ...” (BD, 180). For a discussion of a yoke
to be grieved. yaipovteg pres. act. part. (adj.) yaipw s. ABD, 6:1026-27. &miotog (# 603) unbelieving, unbe-
(# 5897) to rejoice, to be glad. ntwyd¢ (# 4777) poor, ex- liever. Here, dat. of association or accompaniment
tremely poor, destitute poverty. It describes the abject (NTGS; GGBB, 160) used in connection w. the vb. €tepo-
poor who have lit. nothing and are in imminent danger Suyobvtes (Windisch). petoyn (# 3580) having a part in,
of real starvation (NTW, 110; TDNT; DPL, 826-27). partaking, partnership. Kowwwvia. (#3126) fellowship,
TAOVTICOVTES pres. act. part. mAOvTIGW (# 4457) to make to have things in common or together (TDNT; RAC,
rich, to make wealthy. éyovteg pres. act. part. éxw 9:1100-45; NIDNTT, 1:639-44; EDNT). Paul’s use of the
(# 2400) to hold down, to hold as a possession. For par- prep. mpog (# 4639) w. the word may be Semitic (s. Sir.
allel statements in the ancient world s. Lietzmann; 13:2; Fitzmyer, ESB, 209). gwti dat. sing. d@¢ (#5890)
David L. Mealand, “’As Having Nothing, and Yet Pos- light. Dat. of advantage or associative dat. mpdg oxOto¢
sessing Everything’ II Cor. 6:10c,” ZNW 67 (1976): 277- w. darkness. For the term “darkness,” particularly in
79. KATEYOVTES pres. act. part. Katexw (# 2988) to pos- the DSS s. John 1:5; Fitzmyer, ESB, 205-17; DPL, 598.
sess, to hold, to keep in one’s possession (BAGD). @ 11 This is a rhetorical question expecting the answer “no.”
otoua (#5125) mouth. avewyev perf. ind. act. avotyw @ 15 ovppwvnots (#5245) harmony, agreement. The vb.
(# 487) to open; perf., to be opened, to stand open. The related to this noun was used in the papyri w. the
phrase means, “I am speaking to you frankly, w. an meaning “agree w.,” “agree together” (MM). Bediap
open heart, hiding nothing of my life from you” (Heri- (#1016) a Heb. word meaning “worthless” used in
ng). memAatvvtar perf. ind. pass. mAatvvw (# 4425) to Jewish writings and the DSS to describe Satan, the
make wide, to open wide; pass., to be wide open. To prince of lawlessness, and darkness (Hughes; Bruce;
have the heart wide open means there are no secrets in Barrett; TDNT; SB, 3:521-22; Fitzmyer, ESB, 211-13;
it. Paul tells them, “there is room for you in it, and I DDD, 322-27; Peter von der Osten-Sacken, Gott und Be-
long to have you there” (Barrett). 12 otevoywpeiobe lial: Traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zum Dualis-
pres. ind. pass. otevoywpéw (# 5102) to make narrow, to mus in den Texten von Qumran [Gottingen:
crowd, to restrict; pass., to be restricted. ONAGYYVOV Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1969]; DPL, 863-64). 16
(# 5073) pl., inward parts. It properly refers to the con- ovykatadecic (#5161) approval, accent, agreement,
tents of the breast-the heart, lungs, liver—and is used to union. Used in the papyri of a decision arrived at by a
describe the seat of the deepest emotions; the strongest group, an agreement (BAGD). vaog (#3724) temple.
word in Gr. for the feeling of compassion (Hughes; The term was properly used of the innermost sanctuary
2 Corinthians 7 406

of a temple where the divine presence was supposed to EpOeipopev aor. ind. act. p0eipw (#5780) to corrupt, to
be located (Hughes; DPL, 924-25). As a community the ruin. It may refer to money, or morals, or doctrine
believers constitute the temple of God; it’s a concept (Plummer). éxAcovexthoopev aor. ind. act. mAcoveKtw
found in the Qumran community (Fitzmyer, ESB, 213- (# 4430) to take advantage of someone in order to gain
14). C@vtos pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live. ElMEV aor. something, to defraud for the purpose of gain. It refers
ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak. Ot (# 4022) that. Used to the selfish attitude of one who is willing to go to any
to introduce dir. speech and the equivalent of quotation length to satisfy his selfishness (TDNT; NTW; TLNT).
marks (BD, 205; 246f). Evouxnjow fut. ind. act. evo1Kéw The three aors. point back to a definite occasion (Hugh-
(# 1940) to live in, to dwell in. gunepimathow fut. ind. es). @3Katdxpioicg (# 2892) condemnation, the ren-
act. eunepimatew (#1853) to walk about in, to walk dering of a decision against someone. mpoeipnka perf.
about among. Eoopat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) cyt (# 1639) ind. act. mpodeyw (# 4625) to say before. Prep. in com-
to be. For Paul’s use of the OT in the Pharisaic practice pound is temp. et¢ (# 1650) w. articular inf. to express
of putting together various Scriptures to prove a point purp. (MT, 143). ovvano8aveiv aor. act. inf. cvvano-
s. BE, 115ff. €oovtan fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to Ovnoxw (#5271) to die w. someone, to die together.
be. @ 17 e&€A8ate aor. imp. act. eEepxoua (# 2002) to go ovChv pres. act. inf. cvCaw (#5182) to live together.
out. apopioOnte aor. imp. pass. aopitw (# 928) to sepa- 4 nappnoia (# 4244) freedom in speaking, openness,
rate; pass., to be separated. dxa®aptos (#176) unclean. boldness (s. 3:12). kavynoisg (#3018) boasting. menAn-
Gnteobe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) &xtoua (# 721) to touch, pwyo.t perf. ind. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fill; pass., to be
w. gen. elodeEopar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) evosexouar filled. Perf. indicates “I was filled then and am still”
(#1654) to receive, to receive w. favor (Plummer). (Plummer). Dat. occurs here as instr. instead of the
@ 18 Eoopo1, Eoeobe fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eipi (# 1639) to classical gen. (BD, 104). brepmepicoevopo1 pres. ind.
be. The prep. etc (# 1650) is used in a Hebraic way to in- pass. vmepmepiooevw (# 5668) to cause someone to over-
troduce the pred. nom. (BG, 10f). tavtoxpatwp (# 4120) flow, pass. to overflow, to be overflowing (BAGD). ent
almighty, all powerful, omnipotent (s. Rev. 1:8). (# 2093) w. dat. “amid all my afflictions” (Plummer).
@5 Kai yap for even. €X0vtwv aor. act. part. (temp.)
Epxoua (# 2262) to come, to go. Gen. abs. Aor. indicates
2 Corinthians 7 antecedent action. “when we had come.” éoynxev perf.
@ 1éyovtes pres. act. part. Eyw (#2400) to have. ind. act. yw (#2400) to have. For the use of the perf.
Pres. points to the continuous possession. énayyeAia here, s. 2:13. &veotg (# 457) relief. @A1BOyevoL pres. pass.
(# 2039) promise. kaSaptiowpev aor. subj. act. Kabapicw part. 6A iBw (# 2567) to exercise pressure on someone, to
(# 2751) to cleanse, to purify. For examples of this vb. afflict. Part. used independently in the cl., and in this
used w. the prep. s. BS, 216f. Hortatory subj., “let us case w. the character of the ind. (M, 182; RG, 1135).
cleanse ourselves.” Avoidance of ritual defilement was waxn (# 3480) battle, fight. The fights without were pre-
a major pre-occupation of the Essenes and affected sumably against adversaries—Paul had many—whether
many aspects of their life (ESB, 215; Martin; CD 6:17; Christian or non-Christian (Barrett). o0Bo¢ (#5832)
10S 9:8-9; ABD, 2:621-625; TJ, 81-101). Aor. indicates fear. The fears within were perhaps for the safety of Ti-
that a complete break should be made (Hughes). o- tus, who might have been carrying a large sum of
Avopoc (#3663) that which stains, defilement, pollu- money and was seriously overdue, and also for the
tion. oapKos Kai mvevpatos flesh and spirit. The terms success of the work in Corinth (Barrett; Windisch; Mar-
refer to the outward and inward man, both of whom tin). EEwOev... EowSev (# 2033; 2277) outward ... inward.
would be contaminated by contact w. heathen forces @ 6 napaKaA@y pres. act. part. mapaxarew (#4151) to
(Schlatter). éniteAodvteg pres. act. part. emitedew encourage. Pres. refers to the habitual character of the
(# 2200) to complete, to perfect, to bring to the goal. comforting God. Part. as subst. to emphasize a defin-
The word can also refer to the discharging of religious ing trait. tamewog (#5424) humble, used here in the
duties (Barrett). The prep. in compound is directive, in- psychological sense of downcast, depressed (Hughes).
dicating the concentration of the vb.’s action upon NOpEKGAEOEV aor. ind. act. napaKarew (# 4151) to com-
some object (MH, 312). Pres. points to a continual ad- fort, to encourage. mopovoia (#4242) arrival.
vance in holiness (Hughes). wywwobdvn (# 43) holiness @ 7 nopaKAnots (# 4155) comforting, consolation, com-
(EDNT; TDNT). év ¢0Bw 800 the fear of God. Obj. gen., fort, encouragement. mapeKAN@n aor. ind. pass. napaKa-
God is the object of the fear or reverence. 2 ywpnoate A€w (# 4151) to comfort (s.v. 6). &’ bpiv over you, upon
aor. imp. act. xwpew (# 6003) to make room for, to pro- you (RWP). avayyeAdwv pres. act. part. GvayyéAhw
vide a place for. “Make room for us in your hearts” (# 334) to report, to announce. Part. is used as a nom.
(RWP). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of ur- abs. (Lietzmann). emino@noig (# 2161) longing, yearn-
gency. Néuxnoopev aor. ind. act. ddiKéw (#92) to wrong ing. Prep. in compound is directive indicating a long-
someone, to treat someone unjustly, to injure (BAGD). ing towards (RWP). ddupyog (#38571) lamentation,
407 2 Corinthians 7

mourning. Evidently the expression of regret for hav- commend. ayvoug (#54) pure, immaculate, without
ing saddened Paul by the disorders tolerated in the guilt. eivon pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639) to be. Inf. used
church (Meyer). GijAog (#2419) zeal, intense interest. here w. the vb.: “you have demonstrated yourselves to
Wote (# 6063) so that; w. inf. and the so-called subject of be pure.” For the construction s. BD. 209. np&yya
the inf. expresses result. wGAXov (# 3437) comp., rather. (#4547) matter, affair. #12 dpa (#726) then, so,
It is used either in the sense “I rejoiced rather than therefore, consequently (BD, 235). €ypaya. aor. ind. act.
mourning,” or “I rejoiced the more” (Barrett; Win- ypadw (# 1211) to write. EveKev (# 1915) w. the gen., be-
disch). yapijvai aor. inf. pass. xaipw (# 5897) to rejoice. cause of, on account of, for the sake of. d5uxcnoavtos aor.
@ 8 dt (# 4022) because. et Kat if even, although. For act. part. adicew (#92) to wrong someone (s.v. 2).
this construction s. 4:3. &Admnow aor. ind. act. AunEw adiknOEvtog aor. pass. part. adikew pass., to be
(# 3382) to cause pain, to make sorry. wetopeAopar wronged. Subst. part., “the one who was wronged.”
(# 3564) pres. ind. pass. (dep.) to be sorry, to regret. The The word has a strong legal flavor, w. the active voice
vb. indicates to change one’s feelings about something accusing the person who was guilty and had wronged,
(TDNT; Trench, Synonyms, 255-61; NIDNTT, 1:353-56). and the pass. indicating the party against whom the
HETEWEAOUNV impf. ind. mid. (dep.) wetapéAouar Impf. is crime was committed (Windisch). Followed by the gen.
used in the concessive cl., w. the meaning “although | of the inf., for the sake of, on account of. Inf. to express
was in a regretful mood at first” (RWP). mpo¢ apav purp. (IBG, 83; MT, 144). davepw@fjvar aor. pass. inf.
(# 4639; 6052) fora moment, for an hour. 9 €AvANONTE davepow (#5746) to make clear, to manifest. Evwrov
aor. ind. pass. Avmew (# 3382) to cause pain. peta&vorm (#1967) in the presence of, before. @ 13 mapa-
(# 3567) repentance. It indicates the changing of one’s KeKATpe00, perf. ind. pass. napaxarew (#4151) to com-
thinking regarding a matter (TDNT; Windisch; fort (s.v. 6). Perf. means “we have been comforted and
NIDNTT). cata Be0v (# 2848; 2536) according to God, in continue to be so” (Hughes). mapdaxAnots (# 4151) com-
the way of God’s will (Barrett). €nyww6tte aor. subj. forting, consolation. mepioootépwg (#4359) adv.
pass. Cnuiow (#2423) to inflict injury or punishment; strengthened by pG@AAov (# 3437); meaning, “the more
pass., to suffer damage or loss, to sustain injury. The exceedingly.” For examples of this construction s.
pass. is the permissive pass. “to permit one’s self to sus-
Hughes; BD, 129; MT, 29. exapnpev aor. ind. pass. yatpw
tain loss” (BAGD). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) for purp. && = ex
(# 5897) to rejoice, to be glad. &vanénavtat perf. ind.
(# 1666) from. Used here in the causal sense: “because
pass. avarovouor (# 399) to refresh, to give rest. The
of us” (MT, 260). 10Avnn (#3383) pain, sorrow.
compound vb. expresses a temporary relief—a truce as
GpEetapedAntos (# 294) vb. adj., not to be regretted. It re-
distinct from a peace (Plummer; MM). Perf. indicates
fers either to repentance or to salvation or to both; i.e.,
“repentance-unto-salvation” (Hughes; Barrett). For the
that at the time of writing Titus was still in a state of re-
prefix as a neg. s. Moorhouse, 47ff. epyateto pres. ind. freshment (Hughes). @ 14 6t1 (# 4022) because. W.
mid. (dep.) epyafouo (# 2237) to work, to produce. Kat-
the ind. introduces a cond. assumed to be true. Kkekad-
epyatetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) katepyafouar (# 2981) to xnwat perf. ind. mid. (dep.) kabyaono (# 3016) to glory,
work out, to produce its fulfillment in. The compound to boast. Perf. brings out the fact that Paul kept up this
is intensive and designed to emphasize the inevitabili- boasting about the Corinthians when he was speaking
ty of the outworking of death in the sorrow of the to Titus (Lenski). katnoxbvénv aor. ind. pass. Katat-
world (Hughes). 11 Avmn@fvat aor. pass. inf. AunEw oxvvw (#2875) to put to shame. EAaAToopev aor. ind.
(# 3382) to sorrow. Articular inf. used as a noun (BD, act. AuAEew (#4246) to speak. eyevnOn aor. ind. pass.
205f). moonv acc. n0c0c¢ (#4531) how large? Katewpya- (dep.) yivouar (# 1181) to become. Perfective aor., “our
oato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) katepyagouat (# 2981) to work boasting before Titus proved to be the truth” (Barrett).
out (s.v. 10). onovdn (# 5082) eagerness, earnestness, dil- 15 onAcdyxva. (# 5073) the inward parts, the affections
igence. For the use of the word in the papyri and exam- (s. 6:12). mepioootepws (#4359) abundantly. avopy-
ples s. MM. GAAG but, yea. The word is used to V}oKowévov pres. pass. part. (temp.) dvopvnjoKw
introduce an additional point in an emphatic way (BD, (# 389) to remind someone of something; pass., to re-
233). &moAoyia (# 665) defense; i.e., a defense against an member to recall. Gen. abs. Pres. expressing contempo-
accusation (Barrett). &yava«tnoig (#25) indignation. raneous action. tpoyos (#5571) trembling. The phrase
Here it indicates the indignation at the shame brought HETO POBOV Kai TpoLOV w. fear and trembling indicates a
upon the church (Plummer). émm0@nog (# 2161) long- nervous anxiety to do one’s duty (Plummer; however,
ing, yearning (s.v. 7). GfiAov (#2419) zeal. Exdixnors s. Thrall). &€€ao0e aor. ind. mid. (dep.) 5eyouor (# 1312)
(# 1689) vengeance, punishment. Perhaps it has the to receive. @ 16 év navti (# 1877; 4246) in everything.
idea of requital, i.e., seeing that justice is done by bring- Sappd pres. ind. act. Bappew (# 2509) to be confident, to
ing the guilty person to ecclesiastical discipline (Hugh- be courageous. The basic meaning of the word is “to
es). OvveothHoate aor. ind. act. ovviotnut (#5319) to dare,” “to be bold or daring” (TDNT), but in the papyri
2 Corinthians 8 408

was also used in the sense of “to have confidence in” given their own selves (Bengel). beANWatoc Ge0d (# 2525;
(MM). 2536) will of God. Everywhere in Paul’s writings the
impulse to faithful service is traced to God’s grace
(EGT). For a discussion of this collection s. DPL, 143-47.
2 Corinthians 8 @ 6 €1¢ (# 1650) w. articular inf.; used here to introduce
1 yvwpifopev pres. ind. act. ywwpitw (#1192) to results: “in such a manner that we have urged” (BD,
make known, to cause to know. Here, “we draw your 207; RG, 1003; IBG, 141). mapaxoAéoor aor. act. inf.
attention to” (Barrett). yapig (#5921) grace. The word nmopakarew (#4151) to urge, to beseech, to ask. iva.
here means the generous giving on the part of Chris- (# 2671) that. It introduces the content of the request
tians, which is considered as a gift of thanksgiving (Barrett). mpoewnpEato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mpoevapyo-
(GNT, 174f; TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT; CPP, 138). de5o- wat (# 4599) to begin previously. émited€oq aor. subj. act.
evn perf. pass. part. SiSwpt (# 1443) to give. The grace emitehew (# 2200) to complete, to bring to the goal. Prep.
of generosity was given to the churches by God (Lietz- in compound is perfective (RWP). 7 nepiooevete
mann). Perf. emphasizes the state or condition w. on- pres. ind. act. mepiocevw (#4355) to abound, to over-
going results. The prep. €v has nearly the meaning of flow; followed by dat. of reference, “to abound in refer-
the dat.; i.e., “in the case of the churches” (BD, 118). Al- ence to.” iva. (# 2671) w. subj. to introduce an imp. (BD,
though the area of Macedonia, which included Philip- 195f; MT, 94f; BG, 141f). 8 exitayny (# 2198) com-
pi, Thessalonica, and Berea, had at one time been rich, mand. 81a (# 1328) w. gen., through. This gives the mo-
the Romans had taken possession of the gold and sil- tive which justifies the request. yvnows (#1188)
ver mines and the country was like a lacerated and dis- genuine, sincere. The primary sense (“born in wed-
jointed animal (Plummer). @ 2 50x (#1509) proof, lock”) is overshadowed by derived application (MM).
test as of metal (RWP). @Atwic (# 2568) pressure, afflic- doxacwv pres. act. part. doxucacw (# 1507) to approve
tion. nepiooeta (#4353) abundance, superfluity, sur- by testing, to accept as proven, to approve (BAGD;
plus (LAE, 84). kata Babovg (#2848; 958) down to TLNT). Part. expressing purp. or manner. Conative
depth, rock bottom. Their poverty had already reached pres., “attempting to,” or “trying to test” (Martin).
the lowest stage (Plummer; Barrett). ntwyeia (# 4775) 9 yivwoxete pres. ind. act. yivwoKxw (# 1182) to know.
poverty (s. 6:10). In many parts of the Roman Empire bv = Sta (# 1328) w. acc., because of. EntwXEVOEV aor.
the bulk of the urban population seems to have been ind. act. ntwyevw (# 4776) to be poor; ingressive aor., to
very poor, probably because of high taxes, high rent, become poor, to be reduced to abject poverty. Aor.
and high food prices (Jones, 38; A.M.H. Jones, The makes it evident that the whole event of the Incarna-
Greek City, 269; RAC, 1:698-705; DPL, 826-27; BBC). tion is referred to and viewed as one act (Fred. B. Crad-
émepiooevoev aor. ind. act. nepiooevw (#4355) to dock, “The Poverty of Christ; An Investigation of II
abound, to overflow. &ndotnto¢ (# 605) generosity, lib- Cor. 8:9,” Interp 22 [1968]: 165ff). @v pres. act. part. ett
erality. The basic meaning of the word is “simplicity,” (# 1639) to be. Concessive part., “even though he was
“single-mindedness” and indicates the true open- rich.” ntwyetg (# 4775) poverty (s.v. 2). LAOVTHONTE aor.
heartedness and generosity toward others in which subj. act. tAovtew (# 4456) to be rich. Ingressive aor., “to
there is no duplicity of motive (Hughes; TLNT). become rich”; i.e., w. the heavenly riches of union w.
@ 3 napa (#4123) w. acc., beyond. adOaipetog (# 882) God in Christ and the assurance of eternal life (Plum-
(avt0g + aipew to choose) voluntarily, of one’s own ac- mer). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. @ 10 youn
cord; i.e., spontaneously and voluntarily, out of one’s (# 1191) opinion, advice. 5twp1 (# 1443) pres. ind. act.
own initiative, without request and without coercion to give. ovpdeper pres. ind. act. ovudepw (#5237) to
(Windisch; Plummer). @ 4 napaxKxAnoews (#4155) be- bring together, to be advantageous, profitable or use-
seeching, urging. 5eduevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. 5e- able (BAGD). ottiveg pl. dottc (# 4015) who, those who.
ova. (# 1289) to ask, to beg. Kowwvia (#3126) fellow- It is used to emphasize persons belonging to a certain
ship, sharing (TDNT). 5taxovia (# 1355) ministry; here, class and emphasizes the characteristic quality (IBG,
KOWWWVIAV tig SiaKovias (relief work) was used in 124; BAGD). motfjoa aor. act. inf. novew (# 4472) to do,
Greek-speaking Judaism as a t.t. for supplying the to make. Articular inf. used as a noun (BD, 205). 6€Ae1v
needs of the poor (Furnish; SB, 3:316; Klaus Berger, “Al- pres. inf. act. 6€Aw (#2527) to desire. Inf. used as a
mosen fiir Israel: Zum historischen Kontext der pauli- subst. mpoevnp§ao0e aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mpoevapyoucr
nischen Kollekte,” NTS 23 [1977]: 180-204; DPL, 143- (# 4599) to begin previously (s.v. 6). &m0 nEpvor (# 608;
47). aylog (# 41) holy ones, saints. A term of honor used 4373) last year, from last year (RWP). If Paul was writ-
for the church in Jerusalem. ® 5 tAnioopev aor. ind. act. ing these words in the autumn of A.D. 57, the Corin-
ednigw (# 1827) to hope, to expect. €5wKav aor. ind. act. thian collection would have been initiated not less than
d1dwp1 (# 1443) to give. Not only have they given grace some nine months, and up to as much as twenty-one
and a proof of fellowship, but they have altogether months previously, depending on whether Paul is
409 2 Corinthians 8

using the Roman or Jewish calendar (Hughes; Martin; sending” (Barret). émaivog praise. ev (#1877) in, in
Furnish). @ 11 motfjoat aor. act. inf. novéw (# 4472) to do. the matter of. The prep. gives the sphere in which the
Here, w. the meaning, “undertaking” (Furnish; Mar- praise occurs and the reason for the praise. @ 19 ye1po-
tin). Articular inf. used as dir. obj. of the vb. miteAéoate tovnOeic aor. pass. part. yeipotovew (#5936) to stretch
aor. imp. act. emitedew (#2200) to finish (s.v. 6). Aor. out the hand, to vote by holding up the hand, to elect,
imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. 6nw¢ to appoint (MM; for the use in Josephus s. CCF], 4:355).
(# 3968) in order that. npoOvpia (# 4608) readiness, for- The vb. may indicate that the churches elected by vot-
wardness, eagerness (RWP). 6€Aetv pres. act. inf. Aw ing (Lenski) or it may simply point to the selection and
(# 2527) to desire. Articular inf. used as a noun, explain- appointment but not refer to ordination (Hughes;
ing the readiness. emiteAgoai aor. act. inf. émitedew NDIEC, 1:123). For the use of the part. as continuing the
(#2200) to complete (s.v. 6). Eyew pres. act. inf. yw construction begun w. the finite vb. s. BD, 245. ovvexén-
(# 2400) to have; w. prep., “out of the having”; i.e., “ac- og (# 5292) traveling companion, one who goes out w.
cording to one’s resources,” “according to your means” another. For a discussion of the identity of the person
(MT, 144; Furnish; Martin). The construction is proba- and his identification as Tychicus s. Hughes. 510-
bly meant to accent the ability growing out of the pos- KOVOULEVT pres. pass. part. diaxovew (# 1354) to minister
session of property (RG, 1074). 12 mpoxeitar pres. (TDNT). The prep. can refer either to the brother ap-
ind. mid. (dep.) npoxetor (# 4618) to be present, to lie pointed to promote the glory or to the fund being min-
before one. xa.60 edv (# 2771; 1569) according to what- istered to promote the glory (Plummer). npo@vpia
ever. The amount that a man may have is indef., there- (# 4608) readiness (s.v. 11). ® 20 oteAAOpevor pres. mid.
fore the subj. is used; but his not having is a definite (dep.) part. ote\Aw (#5097) to avoid, to take precau-
fact, thus the ind. (Plummer; RG, 967). €yq pres. subj. tions. Perhaps the word is used here as a nautical met-
act. éyw (# 2400) to have. ebapdo-Sextog (# 2347) accept- aphor w. the meaning to furl or shorten the sail when
able, well-received. For the same principle in Judaism
coming to shore or in order to avoid danger in naviga-
s. SB, 3:523. 13 dveoic (# 457) relief. \ootnto¢ (# 2699) tion (Hughes). For the use of the part. as an example of
equality. Used here w. the prep. “according to equality” anacoluthon s. RG, 431. pwpnontat aor. subj. mid. (dep.)
(Hughes; s.v. 11). 14 nepio-cevpa (#4354) abun- apew (#3699) to blame. Subj. to express neg. purp.,
dance. etg (#1650) for. yevntor aor. subj. mid. (dep.)
“lest anyone blame us” (RWP). adpotng (# 103) that
yivowat (# 1181) to become. Subj. w. iva. (#2671) to ex-
which is thick or bulky, abundant wealth (Hughes).
press purp. The expression yevntat €1¢ means “to be ex-
Here it refers to a large sum of money (Barrett).
tended to” (Hughes). 15 yeypanto. perf. ind. pass.
21 npovootdpev pres. ind. act. mpovoew (# 4629) to plan
ypc.ow (# 1211) to write. to moAv (# 4498) one must sup-
beforehand, to think of beforehand, to care for, to take
ply either yw; i-e., “the one who has much” (RG, 1202),
or the word “gathered”; i.e., “he who has gathered
into consideration. KaAG pl. Kad0g (# 2819) good, that
much.” This arises from the context of the quotation which suits the occasion, that which is fitted to the
from Exod. 16:18 (Hughes). énAgovaoev aor. ind. act. purp. (TDNT). évwmov (# 1967) in the presence of, be-
mAcovatw (# 4429) to have an abundance, to have more fore. 22 ovvenéuwouev aor. ind. act. ovunéunw
than enough. NAattovnoev aor. ind. act. edattovew (# 5225) to send together (s.v. 18). &50xydaoopev aor. ind.
(#1782) to have little, to lack, to not have enough. act. doxyicCw (# 1507) to approve after testing (TDNT;
16 d0vt aor. act. part. didwyt (# 1443) to give (variant TLNT; EDNT). oxovdatiog (# 5080) zealous (s.v. 17). dvta
reading 5tSovt pres. act. part.). Aor. expresses anteced- pres. act. part. (adj.) acc. masc. sing. ett (# 1639) to be.
ent action to the main vb. Adj. part. to express a defin- TOAD n. of the adj. noAvc (# 4498) used as an adv., more.
ing trait. avthv fem. acc. avt0¢ (# 899) same; here, the onovdaiotepov s.v. 17. nenot@noic (# 4301) confidence.
same zeal that I have myself, and have now described £1¢ (# 1650) in, into, toward. @ 23 bnép (# 5642) for, con-
(Barrett). onovdn (#5082) encouragement, exhortation. cerning, about. For the prep. w. this meaning s. BD, 121;
@ 17 &5€Eato aor. ind. mid. (dep. ) Sexoua (# 1312) to re- M, 105. kowwwvoc (# 3128) partner. ovvepyog (# 5301) fel-
ceive, to welcome. onovéaotepog comp. onovdaioc low worker. &ndotoA0c (# 693) official messenger, en-
(#5080) zealous, eager, diligent (BAGD; TLNT). Ela- voy. The word was used in Jewish writings to denote
tive comp., very zealous (BD, 127; MT, 30). bndpywv the official messenger who brought or delivered the
pres. act. part. vrapyw (# 5639) to exist, to be. abOaipe- collection (SB, 3:316f; TLNT; TDNT; DPL). 50€a (# 1518)
t0¢ (# 882) of one’s own accord (s.v. 3). &Ef/AGEV aor. ind. glory; here, glory of Christ; i.e., the glory belonging to
act. €€pyouar (# 2002) to go out, to depart; epistolary Him or the glory designed for Him. @ 24 Evdettt¢
aor. which views the action as past at the time the letter (# 1893) demonstration, evidence, proof. Kavynoews
is read and refers to Titus’ present trip (MT, 72f). ™p0G (# 3018) boasting. evdeixvopevor pres. pass. part. év-
to, unto. 18 ovvenéuwouev aor. ind. act. ovuneunw detkvupt (# 1892) to demonstrate, to show proof, to give
(#5225) to send together; epistolary aor., “we are now visible proof. ig mpoownov (# 1650; 4725) to the face. A
2 Corinthians 9 410

Semitic expression meaning “in the presence of” (# 2451) to consider. napaxadéoat aor. act. inf. tapaKa-
(Hughes). Aéw (# 4151) to ask, to urge, to encourage. NpoeAOwotVv
aor. subj. act.mpoepyoua (# 4601) to go ahead, to go be-
fore. mpoxataptiowoiv aor. subj. act. mpoxatapticu
2 Corinthians 9 (#4616) to arrange beforehand, to organize before-
@ 1 nepicodc (#4356) superfluous. ypapetv pres. hand. npoernyyeApévny perf. pass. part. mpoenayyéAAw
act. inf. ypadw (# 1211) to write. Articular inf. explains (# 4600) to promise before. Perf. part. emphasizes the
that which is superfluous. The article indicates that continuing state: that which was promised before and
chapters 8 and 9 belong together. Pres. points to the act the promise remains valid. Etoloc (# 2330) ready. Used
of writing: “it is superfluous for me to go on writing to w. inf. to express purp. elvan pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639)
you like this” (Barrett). 2 npoOvpia (# 4608) readi- to be. mAeovetia (# 4432) selfishness, greed. The word
ness (s. 8:11). Kavy@po1r pres. ind. mid. (dep.) kav- indicates the greedy grasping for more at the expense
yaoua. (#3016) to boast, to glory. Pres. emphasizes of others (NTW, 97-99; TLNT; TDNT). The idea here is,
Paul’s continual boasting on their behalf (Plummer). “ready as a gift and not as something wrung from you”
Tapeokevaotat perf. ind. mid. rapacKkevacw (# 4186) to (Barrett). 6 oneipwv pres. act. part. onetpw (# 5062) to
prepare, to make preparations, to make ready. Perf. sow, to sow seed. pedopevws (#5768) adv., sparingly.
emphasizes the past completed action w. the pres. con- Developed from a part. from getSou01 to spare, to be
tinuing state: “stands prepared” (RWP). ano népvor miserly, here, “in a miserly manner” (BAGD; Hughes).
(# 608; 4373) last year (s. 8:10). Cf\Aog (# 2419) zeal. Npe- Bepioet fut. ind. act. bepitw (# 2545) to reap, to gather a
@t0ev aor. ind. act. epebitw (# 2241) to stir up, to irritate, harvest. én’ ebdoyiarg. The prep. has an adverbial force
to stimulate, to excite. Here there is no bad sense, ie and the noun means a gift freely and spontaneously
the meaning is rather “to promote healthy rivalry,”“t bestowed and thus constituting a blessing to the recip-
stimulate” (Martin; TLNT). mAetovag comp. ie ient. The total phrase is used as an adv. w. the meaning,
(# 4498) many, great; comp., the majority. @ 3 Enenyo generously, bountifully (Hughes). 7 nponpntat perf.
aor. ind. act. meunw (# 4287) to send. Epistolary aor., “J subj. mid. mpoaipew (# 4576) mid. to determine before-
am sending.” aéedpog (#81) brother. Pl. here, the hand, to decide. The word refers to the deliberate
brothers. Article indicates those who were previously choosing (Plummer). &vayKn (#340) necessity, com-
mentioned. to brep DyaV on your behalf. Article is re- pulsion. apocg (# 2659) cheerful, joyful, glad (NDIEC,
peated here in order to avoid misunderstanding (BD, AN69 = GRETS) e213) Prova 22-5 [DON CEEPe 23825
141). kevw@f aor. subj. pass. kevow (# 3033) to empty, to TDNT). d0tn¢ (# 1522) one who gives, giver. Paul evi-
make void; effective use of the aor., “to be proven emp- dently alludes to Prov. 22:9. &yan& pres. ind. act. cya-
ty” (Barrett; DM, 196f). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express naw (#26) to love. 8 Svvatei pres. ind. act. Svvatew
purp. EAeyov impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Impf. (# 1542) to make able, to enable, to be able. Pres. em-
emphasizes the repeated action. ka0we EAe€yov just as I phasizes the continual ability of God. nepiocetoat aor.
repeatedly said (Plummer). nopeoxevaopevor perf. act. inf. nepiooevw (#4355) to abound, to have more
pass. part. nmapacKkevacw (#4186) to prepare (s.v. 2). than enough, to overflow. avtapKera (# 894) sufficiency,
Part. w. the subj. of the vb. eyt to express the perf. subj. self-sufficiency. The word indicates being independent
pass. in a final cl., “that you may really be prepared” of external circumstances, especially of the services of
(RWP). 7te pres. subj. act. cit (#1639) to be. other people (Plummer). For the use of the word in the
4 €\8wowv aor. subj. act. épxouor (#2262) to come. ancient world, both among the Stoic philosophers and
Subj. w. €av (#1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. in which also the common people s. Windisch; Barrett; TDNT;
the cond. is viewed as probable. ebpwov aor. subj. act. MM; NW, 2, i:427-76; RAC, 1:1039-50. €xovtec pres. act.
evpiokw (#2351) to find. dnapacKevdotos (#564) un- part. €yw (#2400) to have. mepiooevnte pres. subj. act.
prepared. kato1oxvvO@pev aor. subj. pass. Kata1oxvvw) TEPLOOEVO (# 4355). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express
(# 2875) to put to shame; pass., to be put to shame. purp. T&v Epyov dyabov every good work. The meaning
Subj. w. ph mus (# 3590; 4803) in a purp. cl. (“lest some- here is that the less a man requires for himself, the
how...”) (BAGD). iva pn A€yw dpeic “lest I say you,” greater means he will have for relieving the wants of
“not to mention you” (Martin; Furnish). A use of others (Plummer). 9 yeypantan perf. ind. pass. ypadw
paralipsis, in which the writer pretends to pass over (# 1211) to write. Perf. indicates the abiding authority
something which he in fact mentions (BD, 262; RG, of the document (MM). éoxopmioev aor. ind. act. oKo-
1199; Furnish). txootdoer dat. fem. sing. vno0tAOIG pitw (#5025) to scatter, to disperse, to distribute.
(#5712) basis, foundation, support, ground of hope or €dwxev aor. ind. act. Si5w11 (# 1443) to give. Gnomic aor.
confidence, assurance, undertaking (Hughes; Furnish; used in a proverb-like expression (Barrett). mevnc¢
Martin; s. Heb. 11:1). 5 avayKxaiog (# 338) necessary, (# 4288) poor. The word describes the man for whom
compelling. Nynodynv aor. ind. mid. (dep.) nyeouar life and living is a struggle; the man who is the reverse
411 2 Corinthians 10

of the one who lives in affluence (NTW, 110). (Hering). Gen. abs. (RWP). brepBaAAovoav pres. act.
© 10 Exiyopnyav pres. act. part. emryopnyew (# 2220) to part. brepBaAAw (# 5650) to throw beyond, to surpass.
supply, to furnish, to provide. onetpovtt pres. act. part. Here it refers to the surpassing grace or generosity
orneipw (# 5062) to sow. Bpdorc (# 1111) eating. yopnynoer (Barrett). @ 15 dvex-dinyntos (# 442) vb. adj., indescrib-
fut. ind. act. yopnyéw (# 5961) to lead a chorus, to supply able, not able to recount or to describe or to set forth in
the chorus for a drama. A service which cost the per- detail (Lenski; EDNT). God’s exquisite working cannot
sons who undertook it a large outlay; “to supply any- be fully described w. human words (Windisch). For the
thing plentifully” (Plummer). mAn@vvei fut. ind. act. neg. prefix s. Moorhouse, 47ff. ’wpeg (# 1561) gift, that
TANOvvw (# 4437) to increase, to multiply. abEhoet fut. which is freely given.
ind. act. av&d&vw (# 889) to increase, to cause to grow.
yevnua. (# 1163) produce; the yield of harvest, particu-
larly the fruit or juice of the grapevine (Hughes). 2 Corinthians 10
dixa1o0vvn (# 1466) righteousness; perhaps here in the @ 1 abtoc 5€ Eyw “now I myself.” Paul is now call-
sense of almsgiving, benevolence (SB, 3:52; MRP, 161), ing attention to a specially personal matter (EGT). For
or it is used to connote righteousness of life of which a defense of the authenticity of chapters 10 through 13
charity is an expression (GW, 154). @ 11 nAovtiCopevor s. Hughes. nopaxadd pres. ind. act. nopakorew
pres. pass. part. mAovtiGw (# 4457) to make rich, to en- (#4151) to beseech. npaitng (# 4559) meekness. It de-
rich. For the construction w. the part. s. BD 245f; Mar- notes the humble and gentle attitude which expresses
tin. &AOTHS (# 605) liberality (s. 8:2). katepyaCeta pres. itself, in particular, in a patient submissiveness to of-
ind. mid. (dep.) katepyafouor (# 2981) to produce. ev- fense, free from malice and desire for revenge (R.
yopiotia, (# 2374) thanksgiving. @ 12 &aKovio. (# 1355) Leivestad,”The Meekness and Gentleness of Christ, II
ministry, service. The meaning here is ministration, ex- Cor 10:1, NTS. 12: [1966]2 159; NI Wea036 I DN;
ecution (Barrett). Aettovpyia (# 3311) ministry, service. TLNT; Windisch). enveixera (#2117) fitting, suitable,
In classical Gr. the word was used of wealthy citizens reasonable, fair. When applied to authorities it denotes
who rendered the public service of financing choruses indulgence, equity, lenience. It also denotes a humble,
for dramas. In Jewish and in koine usage it indicated re- patient steadfastness which is able to submit to injus-
ligious service or freewill service (Plummer; MM; tice, disgrace, and maltreatment without hatred or
TDNT; TLNT; Lietzmann). npocavanAnpotoa pres. act. malice, trusting God in spite of it all (Leivestad, 158;
part. nom. fem. sing. mpocavanAnpow (# 4650) to fill, to TDNT; Trench, Synonyms, 153-57; NTW, 38f; TLNT).
fill up. Prep. in compound means to fill up by adding to These words indicate that Paul knew of the historical
(RWP). dotepnua (# 5729) that which lacks, deficiency, Jesus and is referring to His character (JNP, 108f; Mar-
shortcoming, need, want. neptooevovoa pres. act. part. tin). mpoownov (# 2848; 4725) face; here, “face to face,”
nom. fem. sing. nepiooevw (# 4355) to abound (s.v. 8). “present in person” (Hughes). tamewoc (# 5424) low,
The collection has a twofold effect: it fills up what is humble. Used here in the bad sense meaning “down-
lacking among their poorer brethren of the necessities cast,” expressing depression when it is the effect of the
of life as well as causing an overflow of praise and grat- want of courage (Hodge). &mwv pres. act. part. Gmeipr
itude to God (Hughes). @ 13 50x (# 1509) approval, (# 582) to be absent. Pres. expresses contemporaneous
that which has been tested and approved (s. 2:9). 0&G- action. Concessive part., “even though I am absent”; or
Covtes pres. act. part. dofa.Cw (# 1519) to glorify, to cause temp., “while I am absent.” ®app@ pres. ind. act. Bappew
one to think well of someone. brotay{| (# 5717) obedi- (# 2509) to be confident, to be courageous. ® 2 S&on01
ence, subordination of oneself. onoAoyia (#3934) con- (#1289) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to ask, to beg. napwv
fession. The word is used specifically to introduce or pres. act. part. mapett (# 4205) to be present. Adverbial
express a conviction; i.e., the obj. confession which es- use of the part.: “when | am present.” @apptjoat aor. act.
pecially has reference to confessing Christ or the teach- inf. Oappew (# 2509) to be confident. Articular inf. and
ing of His church (ECC, 17). &mdotng (# 605) liberality. the neg. expressing the dir. obj. of the vb. (RWP; BD,
The word indicates singleness of purp. leading to liber- 105). Aor. inf. is the ingressive aor., “to become coura-
ality in giving to others (Hughes; s. 2 Cor. 8:2). KOLVWVLO, geous.” menoi@noic (#4301) having been persuaded,
(# 3126) fellowship. Here it is used in the sense of par- confidence. 4 dat. sing. 0¢ (#4005) who, which rel.
ticipation in the collection (Barrett; s. 8:4). @ 14 Seno pron. Instr. use, “with which,” “by which.” Aoyifopor
(# 1255) request, petition. The word implies special pe- (# 3357) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to judge, to reckon, to
tition for the supply of wants (Plummer; Trench, Syn- think. toApijoan aor. act. inf. toAuaw (# 5528) to be bold,
onyms, 189). Dat. here indicates accompanying to dare. Comp. inf. to the main vb. AoyiCopeévove pres.
circumstances; i.e., the intercession accompanies their mid. (dep.) part. AoyiGouar (#3357) to reckon. Subst.
longing (Plummer). éxinoBobvtwv pres. act. part. mmo- part. to emphasize a trait. Here ind. obj., “toward those
6ew (# 2160) to long for someone, to earnestly desire who judge.” kata odpka (#2848; 4922) according to
2 Corinthians 10 412

flesh; ie., according to fleshly principles. nepina- “Look at what is before your eyes,” “face the obvious
todvtas pres. act. part. nepimatew (# 4344) to walk, to facts” (Hughes). et tig (# 1623; 5516) if anyone. Used w.
walk about, to conduct one’s life. 3 €v oapk«i (# 1877; ind. to introduce a cond. which is assumed to be true.
4922) in the flesh; i.e., in the element of flesh. Living his ménovdev perf. ind. act. neiw (# 4275) w. a pres. mean-
life, like every other man, subject to the laws and limi- ing, to have confidence; i.e., to have been persuaded, to
tations common to human flesh (Hughes; DPL, 304-6). trust. Eavt@ dat. sing. cavtod (#1571) oneself; reflex.
For Paul’s style of using the same word or word stem pron. “To have confidence or trust in oneself.” Xpiotod
in close proximity s. BD, 258. nepimatobvtec pres. act. Elva (# 5986; 1639) to be of Christ. pred. gen. used w.
part. s.v. 2. otpatevoyeda, pres. ind. mid. (dep.) otpa- the inf. in indir. discourse ’‘confidence that he belongs
tevw (#5129) to be a soldier, to serve as a soldier, often to Christ” (RWP). evan pres. inf. act. et (# 1639) to be.
serving at their own expense. Here used fig. to describe AoyiCeo8w pres. imp. mid. (dep.) AoyiGowar (# 3357) to
the struggles and activities of the apostle (BAGD). think, to consider, to reckon. tavtod (# 1571) for him-
@40nda pl. omdrov (#3960) weapon, instrument of self. Let him then consider once more for himself (Mey-
warfare. A general word used for both defensive and er). For a study of Paul’s opponents at Corinth s.
offensive weapons (TDNT; Windisch). For a brief de- Hughes; C.K. Barrett, “Paul’s Opponents in Second
scription of the weapons of the Roman army s. ELR, Corinthians,” NTS 17 (1971): 233-24; OPSC; DPL, 644-
106; OCD, 121f; TJ, 106-10; DJG, 548-49. otpateia 53. @ 8 eav te yap (# 1569; 5445; 1142) for if. For the use
(# 5127) expedition, campaign, warfare. Here, descrip- of the particles here s. Thrall, 96; BD, 229f; Barrett.
tive gen., “the weapons we use in our warfare” MEPLOOOTEPOV comp. Tepid. (# 4356) abundant; comp.,
(BAGD). oapKixog (#4920) fleshly, pertaining to the somewhat more abundantly. kavynowpo. aor. subj.
flesh. The ending of the word indicates, “like the flesh” mid. (dep.) kavycouat (# 3016) to boast, to glory. eov-
(MH, 378). Svvatog (#1543) powerful. Be@ dat. be0¢ oia. (# 2026) authority. 7¢ gen. sing. oc (#4005) who,
(# 2536) Dat. indicates either personal interest, “to or which, rel. pron. Gen. by attraction. €Swxev aor. ind. act.
for God”; i.e., employed on God’s behalf (Barrett; BG, 5tSwpt (# 1443) to give. otxodopn (# 3869) building up,
20); or it may be viewed as an intensive dat. corre- edification. Kka®aipeoig (#2746) tearing down (s. Jer.
sponding to the Hebraic construction that indicates a 1:10). aloxvvejoowa fut. ind. pass. aioxdvw (#159) to
superl. force (“divinely powerful”) (Hughes; IBG, 184; put to shame; pass., to be put to shame. @ 9 80&w aor.
MH, 443). xa®aipeoic (#2746) tearing down, pulling subj. act. 5oxew (# 1506) to appear, to seem to be. Subj.
down, destroying. oxvpwya (# 4065) stronghold, for- w. iva (#2671) to express purp. or result. woav = W<¢
tress. In the papyri the word also meant “prison” (# 6055) av (#323) as it were (M, 167). ExpoBetv pres.
(MM). Paul may have had Prov. 21:22 in mind (Hugh- act. inf. expofew (#1768) to terrify, to frighten to dis-
es). Aoyiopos (# 3361) calculation, reasoning, reflection, traction. Prep. in compound is intensive (Hughes).
thought (BAGD). Ka®o1podvte¢ pres. act. part. Compl. inf. to complete the main vb. 10 6m: (# 4022)
Ka8aipew (# 2747) to tear down, to destroy. @ 5 tywua equivalent to quotation marks introducing a dir. quo-
(# 5739) that which is lifted up, high, exalted. enaipo- tation. @notv pres. ind. act. 3rd. pers. sing. onui (# 5774)
pevov pres. mid. part. enaipw (# 2048) to lift up; mid., to to say; i.e., “one says.” It may be, however, that Paul is
exalt oneself. The metaphor here is from walls and quoting a particular person (Barrett). Bapetat nom. pl.
towers standing defiantly and the vb. may be pass. Bapvs (# 987) heavy, weighty. toxupoc (# 2708) strong.
(“erected”) (Plummer). alyodwtiCovtes pres. act. part. Topovoro. (# 4242) presence. Followed by the gen. tod
aixywarwttCw (#170) to take one captive w. a spear, to owpatos (#5393) it emphasizes the external presence;
bring into captivity, to bring into subjection. Pres. ie., the visible and tangible presence in the physical
points to the continual struggle and warfare. vonia body (SBT, 48). ao®evng (# 822) weak. EEov@evnuevoc
(#3784) thought, purpose, design. taxon (#5633) perf. pass. part. &G0v8evew (# 2024) to despise, to con-
obedience. tod Xptotod (# 5986) obj. gen., obedience to sider of no account. Perf. emphasizes the state or con-
Christ. 6 €toywoc (#2289) ready. Used w. EyovtEes dition; i.e., despised, counted as nothing. @ 11
pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have; meaning here, to be AoyiCEo@w pres. imp. mid. (dep.) 3rd. pers. sing. hoyito-
ready, to be prepared. éx6uxfjom aor. act. inf. exdiKew wat (#3357) s.v. 7. toodtog (#5525) such a one. 010g
(# 1688) to punish, to avenge (BAGD; TDNT). Epex. (# 3888) what sort of. The pron. is qualitive (RWP).
inf. explaining the readiness. napaxony (# 4157) dis- MapOvtes pres. act. part. napeiu (# 4205) to be present
obedience. 6tav (# 4020) used w. subj., when, whenev- (s.v. 2). 12 todApédpev pres. ind. act. toApcw (# 5528)
er. TANpwe7| aor. subj. pass. tAnpow (# 4444) to fill; pass., to be bold, to dare. (For a study of Paul’s boasting in 2
to be filled. The effective aor., “to reach completion” Cor. 10-12 from a rhetoric prospective s. Christopher
(Barrett). 7 Kata mpoownov (# 2848; 4725) according Forbes, “Comparison, Self-Praise and Irony: Paul’s
to the face; i.e., “before your face.” BAénete pres. ind. Boasting and the Conventions of Hellenistic Rhetoric,”
act., or better, pres. imp. act. BAetw (# 1063) to look. NTS 32 [1986]: 1-30.) eykpivor aor. act. inf. éyxpivw
413 2 Corinthians 11

(#1605) to judge among, to class or categorize. ovy- prepared. kavynoaobat aor. mid. (dep.) inf. kavyconor
kptvat aor. act. inf. ovykptvw (# 5173) to judge together, (# 3016) to boast. The idea is, “without boasting of
to compare. Comparison was used as a rhetorical de- work already done in another’s field” (Hughes).
vice (Forbes, NTS 32 [1986]: 2-8). ovviotavovtwv pres. @ 17 xavywpevog pres. mid. (dep.) part. Kavycaonor
act. part. ovviotnut (#5319) to commend, to recom- (# 3016) to boast. Subst. part. to emphasize a particular
mend (s. 3:1). avtot pl. adtoc (#899) “they them- trait. KavyYe08W aor. imp. mid. (dep.) kavycount. 18
selves.” wetpodvtes pres. act. part. wetpew (#3582) to OVViOTAVWV pres. act. part. ovviotnut (#5319) to com-
measure. Part. here in the role of a pred., “they do not mend (s.v. 12). 50xog (#1511) approved, approved
realize that they are measuring themselves by their after a test (TLNT).
own standards” (MT, 160). ovvidow pres. ind. act.
ovvinut (# 5317) to understand, to comprehend, to real-
ize. 13 dpetpos (# 296) unmeasured, immeasurable. 2 Corinthians 11
The phrase here means, “we shall not boast excessive- ® 1 OdeXov (#4054) Oh that, would that (BAGD);
ly” (Barrett; IBG, 71). kavynoopeba. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) for the form s. RG, 1003; BD, 37. The word has become
Kavyaouor (#3016) (s.v. 8). An epistolary pl. (GGBB, a particle w. the impf. or aor. ind. used to express an un-
395). wetpov (# 3586) measure. Kavovog gen. masc. sing. attainable wish (BD, 181). dvetyeo@e impf. ind. mid.
Kavwv (#2834) rule, measuring rod, the fixed bounds (dep.) avexouo (# 462) to endure, to bear, to put up w.
of a territory (TDNT; Plummer). It may be that Paul has (BAG). pov gen. eyw (# 1609) I. “W. me,” gen. following
in mind the marked out lanes used by runners in ath- the vb. pixpov t1 (# 3625; 5516) adv., a little; acc. of gen-
letic contests (Hughes). ob gen. sing. 6¢ (# 4005) who, eral reference, “in reference to a little foolishness” (RG,
which; rel. pron. Gen. by attraction (RG, 719). The rep- 486). abpoovvn (#932) lack of sense, foolishness,
etition of pétpov in the gen. may be due to attraction thoughtlessness (TDNT; EDNT). This was a t.t in Jew-
and the word may be considered as in apposition to the ish wisdom lit., esp. Prov. and Eccl. (Martin; GELTS,
rel. pron. (Hughes). euéptoev aor. ind. act. pepitw 74), and was used in Josephus to mean “want of judg-
(# 3532) to measure out, to distribute, to deal out, to as- ment,” “stupidity,” “folly” (CCFJ, 1:284). GAA Kat
sign. &pixeo8or aor. mid. (dep.) inf. Edixveowon (# 2391) (# 247; 2779) but indeed. aveyeoee pres. ind./imp. mid.
to reach, to come to. Inf. is used to express result (Win- (dep.) aveyouor (# 462) to endure, to bear (BAGD). The
disch). aypt (#948) w. the gen., unto, as far as. ind. appears to be better: “but indeed you do already
14 ixvovpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. Edikveopor bear w. me” (Hughes). 2 €nA@ pres. ind. act. CnAow
(# 2391) (s.v. 13). Dmepextetvouev pres. ind. act. dmep- (#2420) to be jealous. CijAog (#2420) jealously. The
extetvw (#5657) to stretch out beyond, to overstretch. word is taken up in a metaphor drawn from marriage
“We are not overextending ourselves beyond the limits (Barrett; Martin). Here, dat. of means or manner. Npo-
set by God” (BAGD). &@coopev aor. ind. act. p0avw odunv aor. ind. mid. cpyotw (# 764) to fit together, to
(#5777) to arrive first, to come before others, to pre- join, to harmonize, to give in marriage, to betroth
cede (Hughes). ev 1@ evayyeAiw (# 1877; 2295) in the (BAGD). Mid. is probably used purposely to bring out
gospel; i.e., in preaching the gospel as its ministers and the apostle’s personal interest (MM). evi &vpi (# 1651;
envoys (Barrett). @ 15 apetpa (# 280) without measure 467) to one man. The emphasis is on the fact that there
(s.v. 13). Kavywpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. Kavycouar is one person, and only one, to whom the Corinthians
(# 3016) to boast (s.v. 8). GAAOTPOG (# 259) another, be- owe their allegiance (Barrett). mapO€vog (# 4221) virgin.
longing to another (RWP). xonog (# 3160) work. éxovte¢ ayvoc (#54) pure, chaste, undefiled. napaotijoa1 aor.
pres. act. part. éyw (#2400) to have. Circum. part. act. inf. maptotnur (#4225) to present. Inf. to express
avEavouevns pres. pass. part. (temp.) av&avw (# 889) to purp. 3 doBoduor pres. ind. mid. (dep.) doBeopar
cause to grow; pass., to grow, to increase. Gen. abs., “as (# 5828) to fear, to be afraid. wn (# 3590) followed by the
your faith increases” (Barrett). Pres. expresses contem- subj., “lest by any means” (RWP). Oo1¢ (# 4058) snake.
poraneous action. peyoAvvefvan aor. pass. inf. weyoAv- eEnnatnoev aor. ind. act. tanataw (# 1987) to deceive.
vw (# 3486) to make large, to magnify, to enlarge. Inf. Prep. in compound is perfective: “to completely de-
used in indir. discourse, explaining what the eAantéa. is ceive” (s. 1 Tim. 2:14). navoupyia (# 4111) craftiness (s.
(RWP). Kavova. acc. sing. kavwv (s.v. 13). ig mepiooeiayv 4:2). d8apq aor. subj. pass. p0etpw (#5780) to corrupt.
(# 4353) unto abundance; i.e., in the highest degree vonia. (#3784) thought, purpose, design. a&mAotns
possible (Lietzmann). Paul expected a brilliant and glo- (#605) simplicity, sincerity. &yvotng (#55) purity.
rious triumph in Corinth (Windisch). @ 16 bmepeKeiva @ 4 1 (# 1623) if; w. the ind. introduces a cond. which
(# 5654) beyond; i.e., “the lands that lie beyond you” is assumed to be true. pyouevos pres. mid. (dep.) part.
(BAGD; RG, 297). ebaryyeAionobar aor. mid. (dep.) inf. epxouat (# 2262) to go, to come. Subst. part., w. the arti-
evayyerttw (#2294) to proclaim the good news, to cle pointing to a specific person who was well known
preach the gospel, to evangelize. Etoysoc (# 2289) ready, to the readers. For a discussion s. Martin. cnpbooet pres.
2 Corinthians 11 414

ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim, to proclaim as a thing and may indicate that the gift from Macedonia
herald (TDNT; NIDNTT, 3:48-68). exnpbd&apev aor. ind. supplemented the amount which Paul earned (Hugh-
act. Knpvoow EAGPete aor. ind. act. AauBd&vw (# 3284) to es). GBapns (#4) free from weight, not burdensome.
take. e5¢aoGe aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Sexouar (# 1312) to €thpnoa. aor. ind. act. tnpew (# 5498) to guard, to keep.
receive, to welcome. avexeo8e pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Aor. summarizes the past ministry of Paul. tnpjow fut.
avexouat (# 462) to put up with. @ 5 AoyiCouar (# 3357) ind. act. tnpéw. 10 Eotw pres. ind. act. ett (# 1639) to
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to consider, to judge, to reckon. be. The vb. is emphatic by its position in the sentence.
undev = ovdev (# 3594) acc., no, no one; acc. of reference; GANnGeva Xpiotod the truth of Christ. The expression
“in reference to nothing,” “in no way at all” (Barrett). here reveals the intensity of Paul’s feelings and is to be
dotepnkevan perf. act. inf. votepew (# 5728) to come be- taken as a solemn assertion (Bruce; IBG, 112). kadynoig
hind, to lack. Inf. in indir. discourse. DmepAtav (# 5663) (# 3018) boasting. gpaynoetor fut. ind. pass. dpacow
super, exceedingly, beyond measure. Paul’s descrip- (# 5852) to fence in, to stop, to block in. The figure may
tion is vibrant w. sarcasm—"extra-super-apostles”—and be that of blocking or barricading a road or damming a
is an ironic restatement of the opponents claim to be river; the central idea is blockage (Hughes; RWP).
apostles (Hughes; OPSC, 32). For the use of irony in KAipa (#3107) province, district, region (BAGD).
rhetoric s. Forbes, “Comparison, Self-Praise and Iro- @ 11 81a ti (# 1328; 5515) why? ovdev perf. ind. act. o15a
ny,” NTS 32 (1986): 10-13. @ 6 €1 8€ Kai but even if. 151- (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. For this
wtn¢ (# 2626) a private person, in contrast to one who word s. ND, 344-56. 12 noinow fut. ind. act. novew
holds an office or to one who has special ability or (# 4472) to do. €xxoww aor. subj. act. exxkontw (# 1716) to
knowledge, a layman, one who is unskilled (TDNT; cut off, to remove, to destroy (BAGD; GELTS, 137;
Barrett; RWP; TLNT). The word is followed by the dat. CCF], 2:56). Subj. w. iva, (# 2671) used to express purp.
of reference. GAA’ od Tf yvwoet but not really in knowl- apopyn (# 929) opportunity, base of operation (s. 5:12).
edge. tv mavti (#1877; 4246) in every respect. pave- BeAOvtwv pres. act. part. (subst.) 6€Aw (# 2527) to wish,
pwoavtes aor. act. part. pavepow (#5746) to make clear, to desire, to want. kavy@vtan pres. ind. mid. (dep.) kav-
to manifest. 7 7 (#2445) or. émoinoa aor. ind. act. xcaouat (# 3016) to boast, to glory. evpebdotv aor. subj.
novew (# 4472) to do, to make. tametwdv pres. act. part. pass. evptoxw (# 2351) to find; pass., to be found. Subj.
tametvow (#5427) to make low, to bring low, to make w. iva (# 2671) used to express purp. @ 13 to1odto¢
humble. byw6f\te aor. subj. pass. bwow (# 5738) to lift (# 5525) such a one. wevdancotoros (# 6013) false apos-
up, to exalt. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp. Ott tle, pseudo-apostle (DPL, 644-53). epyatng (# 2239) one
(# 4022) because. S5wpeav (# 1562) adv., freely, without who works. 80A10¢ (# 1513) deceitful, tricky, cunning,
charge. Emphatic juxtaposition “God’s gospel,” that treacherous. The basic meaning of the word is “bait for
most precious thing-for nothing!” (Plummer). evnyye- fish”; then, any cunning contrivance for deceiving or
Atodpny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) evayyeAtConar (# 2294) to catching (LS). wetaoynatifopevor pres. mid. part. weta-
proclaim good news, to preach the gospel, to evange- oxNLatiCw (# 3571) to transform one’s outward appear-
lize (TDNT; TLNT; NIDNTT, 2:107-14). Active occurs ance, to disguise, to transform. Mid., to change,
infrequently, w. no difference in meaning (BAGD; BD, disguise oneself (Barrett; TDNT; BAGD). Pres. points
163). @ 8 GAAOS (# 257) other; i.e., in distinction to the to that which Satan habitually does (Plummer).
churches in Corinth. tovAnoa aor. ind. act. ovrAdw @ 14 Batya (# 2512) wonder, marvel. petacynatitetar
(#5195) to plunder. The word was used either for the pres. ind. mid. petacynuatitw (#3571) to transform
robbing of temples or for the plundering of soldiers (s.v. 13). &yyehov gwt0¢ (# 34; 5890) angel of light. De-
(Hughes; Barrett; Furnish). AaPov aor. act. part. Aap- scriptive gen. indicating the character or perhaps the
Bavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. Part. of means or man- appearance. The term may have been used to indicate
ner explaining how he robbed the other churches. a messenger of God (Lietzmann; Schlatter). In the Jew-
owaviov (# 4072) wages, pay. dudv Siaxoviav for your ish writing, The Life of Adam and Eve (Apocalypse), it is
service. @ 9 napwv pres. act. part. mapetyt (# 4205) to be said that Satan transformed himself into the brightness
present. Temp. part. expressing contemporaneous of angels and came to Eve (Adam and Eve 9:1; OTP,
time. votepnOetc aor. pass. part. (#5728) to lack. Kate- 2:260; Martin). @ 15 5daKovor adtod (# 1356) “his min-
vapknoa. aor. ind. act. katavapKaw (# 2915) to make or isters”; obj. gen., those who serve Satan. €otan fut. ind.
become numb, to be a burden. A noun based on the mid. (dep.) ett (# 1639) to be. @ 16 wn (# 3590) used w.
simplex of the vb. was used for an electric eel which aor. subj. in a neg. prohibition (RG, 933). 0&1 aor. subj.
numbed its victims by an electric shock (Lenski; LS). act. Soxew (# 1506) to suppose, to think. The prohibitive
Prep. in compound is perfective (MH, 316). botepnia aor. subj. could be used to prevent an action from aris-
(#5729) need, lack, want. mpooavenAnpwoay aor. ind. ing without involving the notion “immediately”
act. TpocavanAnpow (# 4650) to fill up, to fill up in addi- (MKG, 273). Aor. implies that no one did (RG, 853).
tion. Prep. in compound signifies the adding of some- dppwv (# 933) fool, one who does not think. eivan pres.
415 2 Corinthians 11

act. inf. ett (# 1639) to be. Inf. used in indir. discourse. The personal pron. is strongly emphasized. 22
et 5€ 7) ye and even if, otherwise (Barrett; BD, 191, 226). EBpatoc (#1578) Hebrew. The term emphasizes the
SeEaoGe aor. imp. mid. (dep. ) Sexopor (# 1312) to accept, pure-blooded Jew; sometimes it can emphasize a He-
to receive, to welcome. Ka@yw= Kat eyo I also, I too. brew-speaking Jew or a Jew of Palestine (TDNT; Lietz-
HLUKpOV tL s. the discussion in 11:1. kavynowpat aor. ind. mann; Windisch; Barrett; OPSC, 41-46). Iopanaitns
mid (dep.) subj. kavyaouat (#3016) to boast. Subj. w. (# 2703) Israelite. The term emphasizes the social and
iva. (# 2671) to express purp. 17 Kata (#2848) w. the religious character as well as the national promises and
acc., according to, according to the standard. Paul is blessings from God (Windisch; TDNT; OPSC, 46-49).
not claiming to be uninspired, but the expression onepya (#5065) seed descendant. The emphasis here
means, “in accordance w. the character or example of may be from a theological point of view (Barrett), par-
Christ” (Hughes). vm0otao1c (# 5712) basis, confidence ticularly emphasizing the promises made by God
(s. Heb. 11:1), followed by the descriptive or adjectival (Windisch). @ 23 5iaKovo1 Xptotod ministers of Christ.
gen. Ths KAUYNOEWS (# 3018) boastful confidence (Bar- The gen. is obj. gen. those who minister or serve Christ.
rett). © 18 kavy@vtat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) kavynoopar TOPApovav pres. act. part. mapadpovew (#4196) to be
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) kavyaouai (# 3016) to boast. For beside oneself, to be mentally deranged. “I am talking
self-praise in rhetoric s. Forbes, “Comparison, Self- like a mad man” (MM). bnep (#5642) over, beyond.
Praise and Irony,” NTS 32 (1986): 8-10. 19 ndéws Here used as an adv., more, to a higher degree, better
(# 2452) adv., gladly, joyously. Paul is using irony of the (BD, 121; MT, 250). kono (# 3160) work, toil. The word
sharpest kind (BD, 262). &veyeo8e pres. ind. mid. (dep.) emphasizes the weariness which follows on the strain-
avexouat (#462) to endure, to bear w. someone, fol- ing of all of his powers to the utmost (Trench, Syn-
lowed by the gen. gpovyog (# 5861) wise, understand- onyms, 378). nepioootépws (#4359) adv., comp. of
ing. OvtEes pres. act. part. ett (# 1639) to be. Part. could mepioooc (#4356) abundant. Used here in the superl.
be concessive (“although”) or causal (“because you are sense as elative, very abundantly. It may mean, “more
sensible”). @ 20 d&véxeobe pres. ind. mid. (dep.) avexo- abundantly than most men” or “than you would be-
wo (# 462) to bear w. katadovAot pres. ind. act. kata- lieve” (Plummer). In the following vv. Paul describes in
dovA0w (# 2871) to enslave. Used in a cond. cl. which detail his affliction for Christ (DPL, 18-20). ovAaKh
assumes the reality of the cond. xateo@iet pres. ind. act. (#5871) prison, guarding. Places of confinement, both
KateoOiw (# 2983) to eat up, to devour. Prep. in com- public and private, were used during the investigation
pound is perfective. The reference may be to one who as the accused awaited his trial. Most of the prisons
takes advantage of the privilege of receiving help: “if were dark, w. very little room, no sanitary facilities,
anyone eats you out of house and home” (Barrett). Aop- and inadequate food. For prisons in the ancient world
Bavet pres. ind. act. AauBdvw (# 3284) to take, to receive; s. BAFCS, 3:195-392; RAC, 9:318-45; DGRA, 240f; KP,
i.e., “catch you” as birds in a snare, or fish w. bait 1:1053, 1496; OCD, 879, 1099; TDNT; PIP. mAnyn
(Plummer). énaipetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) exaipw (# 4435) strike, blow, wound, or bruise as the result of
(# 2048) to lift oneself up, to exalt oneself. The exalta- a blow (BAGD). bnepBorrovtws (#5649) adv., beyond
tion is essentially self-exaltation, carnal and worldly in measure, very exceedingly; built from the part. 8ava-
character (Hughes). 5épet pres. ind. act. depw (# 1296) to toc (# 2505) death. pl., deaths; i.e., “situations in which
skin, to strike. The reference may be to physical vio- I was in danger of death” (Barrett). moAAaKIc (# 4490)
lence, or it may be used to express vb. affronts (Win- often. @ 24 nevtaxtc (# 4294) five times. TecoupdKovTa
disch; Hughes). Pres. of the vb. here may be explained (# 5477) forty. napa wtav (# 4123; 1651) except one. This
as conative or tendential, and picture an attempted ac- was the Jewish method of punishment based on Deut.
tion, representing the idea of that which is intended or 25:2f. The person had his two hands bound to a pillar
tends toward realization (DM, 186; BD, 167; RG, 880). on either side and his garments removed so that his
The prep. used w. the vb. dépet often directs to a part of chest was bare. With a whip made of a strap of calf hide
the body to, or on, which an act is done (MT, 256). and two other straps of donkey hide connected to a
@ 21 Kata atiav (# 2848; 871) according to dishonor. long handle, the person received one-third of the thir-
Here Paul used intense irony (RWP). we Ot1 as that; i.e., ty-nine stripes in front and two-thirds behind while he
“as people have been saying, that” (Hughes). no8evn- was bending low. During this time the reader reads
Koylev perf. ind. act. do8_evew (# 820) to be weak, to be over and again Deut. 28:58 (M, Makkoth; SB, 3:527-30;
powerless. The charge here may be of weakness caused Sven Gallas, “’Fiinfmal vierzig weniger einen...’: Die an
by fear or caution (BAGD). év @ in whatever. In what- Paulus vollzogenen Synagogalstrafen nach 2 Kor 11,
ever matter any person exhibits real courage, the apos- 24,” ZNW 81 [1990]: 178-91). EAaBov aor. ind. act. Aou-
tle does not fear comparison (Plummer). toAwd pres. Bavw (#3284) to receive. @ 25 tpic (# 5565) three times.
subj. act. 3rd. pers. sing. toAuaw (# 5528) to dare. toALa EpopdsioOnv aor. ind. pass. papditw (# 4810) to beat w.
pres. ind. act. 1st. pers. sing. kayo = Kat ey I also, I too. rods. This refers to the Roman method of beating
2 Corinthians 12 416

which was often used as police coercion (s. Acts 16:22; (# 4997) to cause to stumble. The word means rather, to
TDNT; RAC, 9:469-90; Furnish). In Paul’s case it was catch in a death trap; pass., to be caught. It refers to the
probably a punishment prescribed by city magistrates moral offense that kills spiritually (Lenski). mupodpar
(BAGD). anag& (#562) once, one time. EALOGo8NV aor. pres. ind. pass. mupow (# 4792) to set on fire, to enflame.
ind. pass. \18c.Cw (# 3342) to stone (s. the discussion in When a brother stumbles, Paul is set on fire w. grief
Acts 14:19). €vavaynoa. aor. ind. act. vavayew (# 3728) (RWP). 30 Kavyao801 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. Kav-
to suffer shipwreck. For the possible voyages during yaoua (# 3016) to boast, to glory. Compl. inf. to the fol-
which Paul may have been involved in shipwrecks s. lowing impersonal vb. det pres. ind. act. (#1256) it is
Hughes. vuxyOnqpepov (# 3819) night-day. This refers to necessary, w. inf. giving a logical necessity. t& Thi¢ HoBE-
the Heb. custom of reckoning the day of 24 hours from vetas (# 819) things belonging to my weakness. Kkavyn-
evening to evening. The word may be viewed as ad- ooo. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) kavycouo1. @ 31 oldev perf.
verbial or as the dir. obj. of the vb. (Hughes). Bv80¢ ind. act. oi5a (#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres.
(# 1113) deep. nenoinka perf. ind. act. novéw (# 4472) to meaning. @v pres. act. part. ei (# 1639) to be. Subst.
make. Aoristic or dramatic perf. to emphasize vivid- part. stressing the continual character. ebdoyntoc
ness (GGBB, 579). Perf. shows that the dreadful experi- (# 2329) blessed (s. 1:3). webdSouo1 (# 6017) pres. ind.
ence is vividly before the apostle’s mind, and possibly mid. (dep.) to lie. @ 32 e6vapync¢ (# 1617) ethnarch. The
indicates that the occurrence was recent (Plummer; M, term seems to refer to a representative of a subject peo-
144). © 26 dS0inopia (# 3845) walking journey, journey. ple who has been given certain powers of control over
kivéuvoc (#3074) danger. The following gens tell his own people yet responsible to the foreign dominat-
where the danger comes from. notopoc (# 4532) river. ing power (TJ, 42-43; ISBE, 2:199; Furnish; Martin). For
The rivers were sometimes difficult to cross; some a discussion of Aretas in this passage s. Hughes; Mar-
changed in a moment from half-dry riverbeds to rush- tin; Furnish; and for the Nabateans in general s. HK,
ing torrents (Barrett; Furnish). Anotns (#3334) robber, 62-68). Eppovper impf. ind. act. ppovpew (#5864) to
bandit, one who uses weapons and violence in robbing watch, to guard, to guard by posting sentries. Impf.
others. For a good description of bandits and robbers pictures the continual action in the past. mid aor. act.
in the ancient world, s. Martin Hengel, Die Zeloten inf. matw (#4389) to seize, to arrest. Inf. to express
(Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976), 25-47; TDNT; DJG, 688-98. Al- purp. (Barrett). Aor. points to the specific act of seizing.
though the main highways were well-policed and rel- Perhaps Paul escaped from Damascus in A.D. 37 which
atively free of bandits, they still posed a threat, esp. to would put his conversion around A.D. 34 (Hughes;
small groups of unarmed travelers (Furnish). yevoc Windisch). @ 33 @upidoc gen. 8upic (# 2600) window. A
(#1169) generation, contemporary, those descended small opening in the wall is still shown as the little
from a common ancestor (BAGD). Here it refers to door through which St. Paul was let down (Plummer).
the Jews. epnia (#2244) desert, an isolated place. oapyavy (#4914) basket, rope basket. EyaAdoOnv aor.
wevdcder0c (# 6012) false brother. @ 27 Konoc (# 3160) ind. pass. yoAaw (# 5899) to let down. 8a (# 1328) w.
work (s.v. 23). 0x0 (# 3677) toil, labor. The word is ac- gen., through. teiyog (#1328) wall. e&€gvuyov aor. ind.
tive indicating struggle and toil (Plummer). aypunvia act. exdevyw (# 1767) to escape. Prep. in compound is
(# 71) wakefulness, the inability to sleep (Martin). It re- perfective, indicating that the escape was successful.
fers evidently to the sleepless nights Paul spent in
work and ministry (Windisch). Awog (# 3350) hunger.
dios (# 1499) thirst. vnoteta. (# 3763) fasting. The word 2 Corinthians 12
refers to the foregoing of meals in order that Paul’s @ 1 kavyao801 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. Kavyconar
work as a minister of Christ might not be interrupted (# 3016) to boast. Complementary inf. to the following
(Hughes). It refers to going without food, either volun- impersonal vb. Pres. indicates the continuing of the ac-
tarily or because of a hard life (Martin). woyoc (# 6036) tion, “I must go on boasting” (Martin). det pres. ind.
cold. yopvotng (# 1218) nakedness. Perhaps the last two act. (#1256); it is necessary. OvpEpov pres. act. part.
descriptions recall Paul’s being thrown into prison, or ovudepw (#5237) to be expedient. In Paul’s usage the
drenched by rain, or stripped by brigands (Plummer). word points to the welfare not of the individual but of
28 ywpic (#6006) apart, besides. napextocg (# 4211) the Christian society (Barrett). Part. used as an acc. abs.
external; i.e., the outward suffering, or it may imply an (RG, 1130). EAedoopor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ~pyouor
exception: “apart from the things that I have not men- (# 2262) to come. ontacia (# 3965) vision. dnoKaAvYIC
tioned” (Hughes). eniotaoig (#2180) pressure, stress. (#637) unveiling, revelation. Kupiov gen. Kvptos
The word here probably refers to the daily pressure of (# 3261). Here, of the Lord. Gen. could be subj. gen. (vi-
responsibility (Hughes). pépyva (#3533) concern, sions and revelations from the Lord [Barrett]) or it
care. 29 aodevei pres. ind. act. aobevew (#820) to could be the obj. gen. (visions and revelations which
be weak. oxavéadifetar pres. ind. pass. oxavdar.icw have the Lord as their object [Hughes]). @ 2 &v@pwroc
417 2 Corinthians 12

(# 476) man. It was part of the rabbinic style to substi- tion. brEpaipwpor pres. subj. mid. brepaipw (# 5643) to
tute an impersonal word—”man”-for the 1st. and 2nd. lift up beyond, mid. to lift oneself up beyond, to exalt
person when one talked of oneself (SB, 3:530f). Et0¢ oneself. Prep. in compound has the sense of excess
(#2291) year. Sexatécoapes (#1280) fourteen. This (MH, 326). Subj. w. tva, (# 2671) to express purp. w. the
would make the year about A.D. 44, but the incident re- cl. placed first for emphasis (MT, Style, 94). €506n aor.
mains unknown in Paul’s life (Martin). ota. (# 3857) ind. pass. 5t5wy1 (# 1443) to give. oxoAow (# 5022) stake
erf. ind. act. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning, to know. used for impaling or torturing someone, a sharpened
EKt0G (# 1760) w. gen., out of. The possibility of separat- wooden staff, thorn, or splinter (Windisch; Barrett;
ing the inner man from the body is presented in this v. Hughes). For a discussion as to what the thorn was s.
(SBT, 146f). aprayévta aor. pass. part. (adj.) dpxdctw Martin; Furnish; Hughes; Windisch; T.Y. Mullens, “The
(# 773) to seize, to snatch, to take by force, to catch up. Thorn in the Flesh,” JBL 76 (1957): 299f. capxi dat. fem.
For various parallels to Paul’s experience s. Barrett; sing. oapé (# 4922) flesh. Dat. is either dat. of advantage
Windisch. tpitov ovpavod (# 5569; 4041) the third heav- (“for my flesh”) or locative (“in my flesh”) (RG, 538).
en. Perhaps the expression means the highest heaven KoAapity pres. subj. act. koAapiGw (#3139) to strike w.
where the presence of God is. Paul was granted the the fist, to beat (s. Mark 14:65). For a listing of the vari-
sight of the glory that lies ahead and was thereby forti- ous interpretations given to this phrase s. Martin;
fied to enter patiently all the suffering which awaited BAGD. Pres. refers to either a constant buffeting or a re-
him (Hughes; SB, 5:531f; Martin; Furnish). @ 4 npxayn occurrence (Hughes). 8 tpicg (#5565) three times.
aor. ind. pass. opratw (#773) to seize (s.v. 2). mapa- MOPEKGAEGG. aor. ind. act. napaKarew (# 4151) to ask, to
deraoc (# 4137) paradise. The word refers to a blissful entreat. &noot{] aor. subj. act. apiotnyt (# 923) to depart,
abode within the very courts of heaven itself (Hughes; to go away. The vb. is generally used of persons not
Furnish; s. Luke 23:43). tikovoev aor. ind. act. aKobw things (Hughes). 9 eipnkev perf. ind. act. A€yw
(#201) to hear. &ppntog (#777) verbal adj., unspeak- (# 3306) to say. Perf. implies that the words remain w.
able, unutterable. The word was often used of divine Paul as an abiding source of assurance and comfort
secrets not intended for human beings (Windisch; Bar- (Bruce; IBG, 15). &pxei pres. ind. act. dpKéw (# 758) to be
rett). pra. (#4839) word. é&0v pres. act. part. nom. n. sufficient, to be enough, to be adequate for a particular
sing. €€eott(v) (#2003) it is allowed. The word is to be purpose, w. the implication of leading to satisfaction
taken in connection w. avépwrw (s.v. 2); “which it is not (LN, 1:599). oot dat. ov (#5148) you; here, for you. Dat.
lawful for a man to speak” (Plummer). 5 dnép of advantage. ] yapic pov (# 5921; 1609) my grace; the
(# 5642) on behalf of, for the benefit of. kavynoowat fut. unmerited help for one undeserving w. no thought of
ind. mid. (dep.) kavycouat (# 3016) to glory. et ph ex- recompense (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT; CCP). yap (# 1142)
cept. doBeveiats (# 819) weakness. @ 6 Eav (# 1569) if. for, giving an explanation or reason. €v Hodeveta (# 819)
Used to introduce a cond. cl. in which the cond. is con- in weakness. This is to strengthen the contrast to
sidered to be probable. @eAnow aor. subj. act. Gerw Sdvapis (# 1539) power. teAeitar pres. ind. pass. teAEw
(# 2527) to wish, to will, to choose. The v. properly car- (# 5464) to bring to completion, to bring to perfection.
ries w. it an element of deliberate preference (Barrett). Pres. emphasizes the continuous action: “my power is
KavyToaoba1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. kavycaopuat (# 3016) to being perfected in weakness” (M, 130). It may also be
glory. Eoopor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ei (#1639) to be. iterat.: “my power is repeatedly perfect in weakness.”
adpwv (# 933) foolish, senseless, without reason. It ex- idiot superl. of the adv. néew (#2452) gladly; elative
presses a want of mental sanity and sobriety, a reckless use of the superl., very gladly. waAAov (# 3437) rather.
and inconsiderate habit of mind (AS). €p@ fut. ind. act. The comp. is not to be connected w. the previous adv.
Aéyw (#3306) to say. getSouar (#5767) pres. ind. mid. (BD, 129). kavynoowon fut. ind. mid. kavycouai (# 3016)
(dep.) to spare, to refrain from doing something. Inf. as to boast. émioxnvwoy aor. subj. act. emtoxnvow (# 2172)
obj. is to be supplied, “refrain from boasting” (BAGD). to take up one’s residence, to abide, to dwell. Subj. w.
Pres. could be taken as conative, “but I am trying to iva. (# 2671) expresses result. There may be a reference
spare you” (Barrett). ei¢ eye unto me. Used w. the fol- to the Shekhina glory of God dwelling in a tent or tab-
lowing vb. in the sense, “to reckon to my account.” The ernacle. Paul may mean that the power of God de-
expression occurs often in commercial language (Lietz- scends upon him and makes its abode in the frail
mann). Aoyiontat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) Aoyifouar tabernacle of his earthly body (Hughes). én’ gué upon
(#3357) to reckon, to put to one’s account. bnép be- me, by me. 10610 (#1475) therefore. evox pres.
yond, more than. BAénet pres. ind. act. Bkenw (# 1063) to ind. act. evdoxew (# 2305) to take pleasure in, to be con-
see. && e100 from me. aKover pres. ind. act. axcovw tent. Perhaps iterat. “I repeatedly take pleasure.” UBpig
(#201) to hear. Pres. may be iterative or habitual. (# 5615) insulting injury. It refers to treatment which is
@ 7 dnepBort (#5651) excess, extraordinary quality or calculated publicly to insult and openly humiliate the
character; here, instr. dat. anoxaAvytic (# 637) revela- person who suffers from it (MNTW, 83; TDNT; Plum-
2 Corinthians 12 418

mer). Suwwypdg (# 1501) persecution. otevoywpia (# 5103) (# 1682) pass., to be spent out, to be utterly spent. Prep.
distress (s. 6:4; 4:8). bmep Xpiotod on behalf of Christ. in compound is perfective (RG, 596). Paul is ready to
dtav (# 4020) whenever. do8Eeva pres. subj. act. dodevew exhaust his energies in order to prove his love for the
(# 820) to be weak. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. &vvat0¢ Corinthians (Martin). teproootépws (# 4359) adv. comp.
(# 1543) strong, powerful. 11 yeyova perf. ind. act. mepioods (# 4356) abundantly; comp., more abundantly.
yivouat (#1181) to become. The vb. is emphatic and TG00v adv. comp. (#2482) less. dyan@por pres. ind.
means that which was expected or predicted has come pass. ayanaw (#26) to love (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT).
to pass (Plummer). adpwv (# 933) fool (s.v. 6). NvayKa- 16 éoww pres. imp. act. cyt (# 1639) to be. “Let it be.”
oate aor. ind. act. avayKaCw (# 337) to compel. whethov The previous sentence is to be considered the subject of
impf. ind. act. opetAw (# 4053) to be obligated, to be the imp. (RG, 596). kateBapnoa. aor. ind. act. katapapew
under moral obligation, to ought to. Impf. expresses an (# 2851) to put weight on someone, to be burdensome,
unfulfilled obligation (RWP; BD, 181). ovviotacbat to put a burden on someone. brapxwv pres. act. part.
pres. pass. inf. ovviotnut (#5319) to commend (s. 3:1). vrapxw (#5639) to be, to exist, to be by constitution
votepnoa aor. ind. act. votepew (# 5728) to lack, to come (Hughes). navotpyoc (# 4112) (nav + Epyov) every work;
behind. vmepAiav (#5663) exceedingly, beyond mea- up to every trick, crafty and unscrupulous (Hughes).
sure, super. €l Kai if also, although. Cond. is treated as 50A0c (# 1515) guile, craftiness, trickery (s. 4:2). €AaPov
a matter of indifference (RG, 1026). 12 onpeia aor. ind. act. AouBavw (#3284) to take, to catch. The
(# 4956) sign (DPL, 875-77). &nootoAov gen. KnOOTOADG metaphor is from hunting or fishing; he entrapped or
(# 693) apostle; gen., belonging to or characteristic of an caught them in his wiliness (Plummer). 17 pn
apostle. KateipyaoOn aor. ind. pass. katepyatw (# 2981) (# 3590) introduces a question expecting the answer
to produce, to bring about. onuetoig dat. pl. onueiov “no.” tiwa acc. tig (#5516) any, anyone. The anacolu-
(# 4956) sign. instr. dat. tepag (#5469) wonder. 136 thon is resumed by the personal pron. in the prep.
acc. 0¢ (# 4005) who, what. Acc. of reference, in regard phrase diavtov. “Anyone of whom I sent-I did not de-
to what? wherein? Noowénte aor. ind. pass. Esooouar fraud you through him, did I?” For the construction s.
(# 2273) to make less, to make inferior; pass., to be de- RG, 436; IBG, 176; BG, 10; BD, 234. dnéotaAKa. perf. ind.
feated, to be weaker than or inferior to. Here, “in what act. &mooteAAw (# 690) to send, to send as an authorita-
respect, then, are you worse off than the other church- tive representative. Perf. indicates that Paul had sent
es?” (BAGD). brép (# 5642) w. acc., than. Prep. is used someone from time to time (M, 144) and is a perf. of re-
to express the comp. Katevapknoa aor. ind. act. peated action or of broken continuity (RG, 893, 896).
KatavapKaw (# 2915) to burden, to be a burden (s. 11:9). ENAEOVEKTHOG. aor. ind. act. nAcovextew (# 4430) to take
yapioaove aor. imp. mid. yapitw (#5919) to show grace, advantage of someone, often out of selfish, greedy ar-
to forgive. ddixia. (# 94) wrong, a wrong act. @ 14 1600 rogance (NTW, 97-99; TLNT). 18 mapexaAeoa aor.
aor. imp. act. opaw (#3972) to see; here, behold! look! ind. act. napaxarew (# 4151) to ask, to beseech, to ex-
tpitov tovto (#5569; 4047) “This is the third time.” hort. ovvanéoteira. aor. ind. act. cvvanootéAAw (# 5273)
Etoiwws (# 2290) ready. Used w. the vb. éyw (#2400) to send someone w. another, to send together. pnt
pres. ind. act. To have readiness; i.e., to be ready to do (# 3614) interrogative particle used in questions ex-
something. €AGeiv aor. act. inf. Epyouc (# 2262) to come, pecting the answer “no” or “certainly not” (BD, 220).
to go. For a discussion of Paul’s third visit to Corinth ov (# 4024) used in questions which expect the answer
s. Hughes, Martin. katavapknow fut. ind. act. kata- “yes.” MEPLENATHOOPEV aor. ind. act. nepinatew (# 4344)
vopKkow (#2915) to burden (s. 11:9). Gnt@ pres. ind. act. to walk, to conduct one’s life. tyveow dat. pl. tyvoc
Cntew (# 2426) to seek; followed by the pl. article w. the (#2717) step, footstep. Used here in the pl., “in the
gen., “to seek after your possessions.” Pres. indicates same footsteps.” 19 naAa1 (# 4093) long ago, in the
the continual and habitual action. opeiAet pres. ind. act. past time. Used w. pres. which gathers up past and
Opetdw (#4053) to be obligated (s.v. 11). Gnomic pres. pres. into one phrase: “you have been thinking all
used to express customary actions and general truths this?” (M, 119; RG, 89). doxeite pres. ind. act. Soxew
(SMT, 8). yovedorv (# 1204) dat. pl., parents. @noamupiterv (# 1506) to suppose, to think. For the pres. s. the previ-
pres. act. inf. Onoovpitw (# 2564) to store up treasures, ous word. &nodoyovpeba pres. ind. mid. (dep.) &modo-
to accumulate money. Compl. inf. w. the vb. ogetet. yeouar (# 664) to defend oneself. This was a term used
@ 15 Tdi0ta (# 2452) (s.v. 9). Sanavjow fut. ind. act. 5a- in law courts (Hughes). katévavtt (#2978) over
navoaw (# 1251) to spend money, to spend money freely, against, before. AaAodpev pres. ind. act. AarEew (# 4246)
to consume, to use up (GELTS, 95). For the use of the to speak. ayamntog (#28) vb. adj., beloved. oixodoun
word in the papyri s. MM; Preisigke, 1:319, and its use (#3869) building up, edification. 20 doPodpar
in Josephus (to use up, to consume, to eat up, to burn (#5828) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to fear, to be afraid. un
up, to waste, to squander, to spend lavishly) s. CCF, mwe (# 3590; 4803) lest, lest by any means. For the use of
1:407. éxdanavnOnoopar fut. ind. pass. exdanavaw these words w. vbs. of fearing, s. RG, 99; SMT, 95. When
419 2 Corinthians 13

followed by the subj. it indicates fear of an uncertain ond, the second time. amwv pres. act. part. cmeipt
thing in the fut. (MT, 99). €X@wv aor. act. part. EPXROWOA (#582) to be absent. mponsaptnKool perf. act. part.
(# 2262) to come, to go temp. or cond. part. ody otovg= Tpoapaptavw (# 4579) to sin beforehand (s. 12:21). EA®w
OD TOLOVTOS + olovg = = (# 3888) not such ones as. evpe6@ aor. subj. act. épyouat (#2262) to come, to go. RAAIV
aor. subj. act. evptoxw (#2351) to find. épig (#2251) (#4099) again; “for another visit” (IBG, 69). deicopor
strife, quarreling. Cf\Aoc (# 2419) jealous, envying. Obpn0¢ fut. ind. mid. (dep.) petdo.01 (# 5767) to spare. It prima-
(#2596) anger, sudden flare-up of burning anger rily means to spare in battle—not to kill when the op-
(Trench, Synonyms, 130). peta (# 2249) selfishness, in- portunity to do so exists. It then comes to mean “to
trigue (s. Phil. 2:3). katoAadu (#2896) speaking have mercy upon” (Barrett). 3 mei (#2075) since.
against someone, backbiting. wi8vpiopos (# 6030) whis- Used in a causal sense (“because”). 5oxyin (# 1509)
pering (s. Rom. 1:29). voiworg (# 5883) inflated opinion proof, that which passes an examination. Cntette pres.
(Barrett). dkataotacia (#189) disorder. 21 mdAw ind. act. Cntew (#2426) to seek. Gen. indicates that
(# 4099) again. The word could refer either to the part. which was to be proven: “proof that Christ is speaking
or to the main vb. (Barrett; Hughes). €A@Ovto¢ aor. act. in me.” Aadodvtog pres. act. part. Aarew (#4246) to
part. (temp.) épxowat (# 2262) to come. Gen. abs., “when speak. Adj. part., “proof of Christ speaking in me.”
I come” (BD, 218). tanewwon aor. subj. act. tanewow Go@evel pres. ind. act. aobevew (#820) to be weak.
(# 5427) to make low, to humiliate. Aor. points to a spe- dvvatet pres. ind. act. dvvatew (# 1542) be strong, to be
cific act. Subj. used w. un (# 3590) in a neg. purp. cl. mighty. 4 Kai yap (# 2779; 1142) for even (Hughes).
which goes back to the vb. poBodwo in v. 20 (RWP). nev- EoTAVPWEON aor. ind. pass. otavpow (# 5090) to crucify. Ch
@now aor. subj. act. mevOew (# 4291) to express sorrow for pres. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) to live. &x out of. The prep.
one who has died, to mourn. mponaptnkotwv perf. act. here is used in the causal sense (MT, 259f). kai yap for
part. mpoopyatave (# 4579) to sin previously. Perf. part. also (Hughes), for indeed (Barrett). eg bpic (# 1650;
indicates that the sinning began early and continued, 5148) toward you. It is probably to be taken w. the v.
and refers to persistence in sexual sin by the members Cnoouev (Hughes). 5 eavtove acc. pl. Eavtod (# 1571)
of the Corinthian church during a previous period oneself; “yourselves.” neipacete pres. imp. act. neipacw
(Barrett; Hughes). petavonodvtwv aor. act. part. weta- (# 4279) to try, to examine, here, “to discover what kind
voew (# 3566) to change one’s thinking, to repent. Aor. of person someone is” (BAGD; Martin; TLNT; Trench,
in contrast to the previous perf. indicates that the re- Synonyms, 280). €oté pres. ind. act. ett (# 1639) to be.
pentance which might have ended the sinning did not doxotete pres. imp. act. doxacw (# 1507) to test, to
take place (Barrett). &kaSapoig (#174) uncleanness. prove, to approve after examination. In the NT the
The word refers to sexual sins of impurity. mopveia word almost always implies proof as well as approval
(# 4518) fornication, illicit sexual activity (TDNT). ao&A- (Trench, Synonyms, 278; Hughes). €nvyiwodoKete pres.
yea (#816) not bridled, unrestrained, lawless inso- ind. act. emyiwwoxw (#2105) to recognize, to know.
lence, sheer animal lust. It is the vice of a man who has Prep. in compound is directive and directs the knowl-
no more shame than an animal in the gratification of his edge to the specific obj. (MH, 312). et pnt (# 1623; 3614)
physical desires (NTW, 27; Trench, Synonyms, 53f). if perhaps, unless indeed. adoxyog (# 99) disapproved,
enpogtav aor. ind. act. tpdacow (# 4556) to do, to practice. rejected after examination, not usable. 6 éAnifw
Aor looks at all the individual actions as a whole. (# 1827) pres. ind. act. to hope. yvwoeobe fut. ind. mid.
(dep.) yiwwokw (#1182) to recognize. 7 ebyopeba
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) evyoua. (# 2377) to pray, followed
2 Corinthians 13 by the inf. indicating the contents of the prayer. novfjoa1
@1tpitov todto (#5569; 4047) this third time aor. act. inf. movew (# 4472) to do, used w. the neg. The
(Hughes; Hodge). ent (#2093) w. gen., upon, on the subject of the inf. is not clear; either “that you may do
basis of; “on the basis of the testimony.” 500 ... Kai TpLOV no evil thing,” or “that God may do no harm” (Barret).
two or three. ota@qjoetat fut. ind. pass. totnut (#2705) doxyocg (#1511) approved, approved after testing.
to stand; pass., to be established. pio. (# 4839) word, avdpev aor. subj. act. paiva (#5743) to appear. Subj. w.
matter. The matter between Paul and the Corinthians is iva, (# 2671) to express purp. or result. NOUnte pres. subj.
to be brought to conclusion by the third visit, which act. motew (#4472) to do. @pev pres. subj. act. cyt
would be in line w. this statement from Deut. 19:15 (# 1639) to be. 8 GANGe1a (# 237) truth. The word
(Windisch). 2 npoeipnka perf. ind. act. nporeyw may be used here in a general sense (Barrett). @ 9 otav
(# 4625) to say previously, to say beforehand, to tell in (#4020) when, whenever. GoBevapev pres. subj. act.
advance. It is possible that the idea of the word is “to co8evew (#820) to be weak. hte pres. subj. act. ewi
warn” (Barrett). mapwv pres. act. part. mopeiut (#4205) (# 1639) to be. ebvyoyeba. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) evyonar
to be present. Temp. part. expressing contemporane- (# 2377) to pray. kataptiois (# 2937) perfecting, fitting
ous action, “while I am present.” d5evtepov (# 1309) sec- together. It is used in the sense of setting bones or rec-
2 Corinthians 13 420

onciling parties and refers here to the growth in holi- dpovew (# 5858) to think; here, “be of the same mind,”
ness (Plummer). 10 Gmwv pres. act. part. ameipt “be harmonious in thought and aim” (Plummer).
(#582) to be absent. mapwv pres. act. part. mapetyt eipnvevete pres. imp. act. cipnvevw (# 1644) to be peace-
(#4205) to be present. amotopws (#705) adv. cut off, able, to live in peace. Eoto1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et
curt, sharply, severely (RWP; BAGD). ypnowpon aor. (# 1639) to be. 12 Gondoaobe aor. imp. mid. (dep.)
subj. mid. (dep.) ypaouat (#5968) to use. otKkodopnn condcouar (# 832) to greet. oiAnua (#5799) kiss. S. the
(# 3869) building up, edification. KkaSaipeorc (#2746) discussion in 1 Cor. 16:20 concerning the holy kiss
tearing down, destroying. 11 Aounov (# 3370) finally, (ayiw oUqpaTL). 13 7 KOWwvia tod ayiov mvEvLATOG
acc. of the adj. used as an adv. yaipete pres. imp. act. “the fellowship of the Holy Spirit.”The gen. could be
xaipw (#5897) to rejoice, used as a farewell greeting obj. gen. (the fellowship or participation which has the
(GGBB, 493). katapti{eode pres. imp. pass. katapticw Holy Spirit as its obj.), or it could be subjective gen. (the
(# 2936) to restore; pass., to be restored. napaKxaAeiobe fellowship or participation which comes from the Holy
pres. imp. pass. napaxahew (# 4151) to exhort, to en- Spirit) (TDNT; Barrett).
courage (TDNT; MNTW, 134). opoveite pres. imp. act.
 Galatians

Galatians 1 purp. atv (# 172) age, the system of practices and stan-
@1For the possible rhetorical structure of the dards associated w. secular society (LN, 1:508; EDNT;
book s. Betz; Longenecker; Walter B. Russell, “Rhetori- TDNT; NIDNTT, 3:826-33; Bruce). veotitog perf. act.
cal Analysis of the Book of Galatians: Parts 1 & 2.” Bib part. totnut (# 1931) to have come, to be present. The
Sac 150 [1993]: 341-58, 416-39. &moatoAog (# 693) apos- word points to the present transitory age (Lightfoot;
tle, one sent w. a mission to be carried out w. the Eadie). 5 duny (#297) truly. Used to emphasize and
authority of the one sending (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT; substantiate a statement (TDNT; NIDNTT, 1:97-100;
DPL, 45-51; Longenecker; Betz, 74-75). an’ = c0 (# 608) Matt. 5:18). @ 6 @avpatw pres. ind. act. (# 2513) to mar-
from. The prep. indicates source; Paul states that his vel, to wonder, to be astonished. The word indicates
apostleship did not have a group of men (pl.) as its astonishment, irritation, and rebuke (Longenecker; T.Y.
source. 81 (# 1328) through. The prep. denotes means Mullins, “Formulas in New Testament Epistles,” JBL 91
or agency. It points to the medium through which one [1972]: 380), and was a rhetorical device used in law
would have conveyed the office of his apostleship. courts and politics to attack things done by the opposi-
eyeipavtos aor. act. part. (adj.) tyeipw (# 1586) to raise. tion party (Betz). Pres. points to the pres. continual atti-
Aor. indicates logically antecedent action. The context tude of Paul. ottw¢ tayéws (# 4048; 5441) so quickly.
indicates that the resurrection of Christ has a special Paul was astonished at the speed (tayews [# 5441]) w.
bearing on Paul’s apostleship: “I was commissioned by which the Galatians were responding to a counterfeit
the risen and glorified Lord: I am in all respects an gospel (Guthrie; Mussner). petati®eode pres. ind. mid.
apostle, a qualified witness of His resurrection, and a (dep.) petatiOnit (#3572) to transfer, to remove, to
signal instance of His power” (Lightfoot). 201 ovv desert, to change one’s opinion. The word was used of
ELoi NavtEesg GSEApot all the brothers with me. Though desertion or revolt in a military or political defection
they are not mentioned by name they were evidently and frequently had the idea of a change in religion, phi-
known to the churches, and the emphatic “all” indi- losophy, or morals (Lightfoot; TDNT; Betz). kaA&oavt0g
cates that they were solidly behind him and the letter aor. act. part. (subst.) Kaew (# 2813) to call. Aor. points
(Betz). PoaAatia (# 1130) The term could refer to the geo- to the previous time when the Galatians received the
graphical area (North Galatia), or better to the Roman gospel (Mussner). €tepov (# 2283) another. It expresses a
province Galatia (South Galatia), which included the difference in kind (Guthrie; TDNT; Lightfoot; Burton;
churches founded by Paul on his first mission journey J.K Elliot, “The Use of €teposg in the New Testament,”
(Acts 13-14). For the arguments concerning both views ZNW 60 [1969]: 140-41). The rabbis used a similar term
s. DPL, 323-26; Bruce; Longenecker; Fung; Betz; Guth- for those who had refused to receive traditions (Muss-
rie, New Testament Introduction, 450-57; ABD, 2:870-72; ner). 7 €1 un (# 1623; 3590) except. The words limit
Cilliers Breytenbach, Paulus und Barnabas in der Provinz that which went before (Ridderbos). tapa&ooovtes pres.
Galatia: Studien zu Apostelgeschichte 13f.; 16,6; 18,23 und act. part. (subst.) tapaoow (#5429) to shake back and
den Adressaten des Galaterbriefes (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996); forth, to trouble, to disturb; used of political agitators
James M. Scott, Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament who cause confusion and turmoil (TLNT; Longe-
and Jewish Background of Paul's Mission to the Nations necker). 8€AovtEs pres. act. part. (subst.) 6€A.w (# 2527) to
with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians wish, to desire, to want to, w. inf. Pres. of both parts.
(Tiibingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1995). ® 3 bpiv dat. pl. ov indicate actions still in progress; Paul hopes to be able
(# 5148) you. Dat. of advantage: “to you,” “for you.” to influence the decision of the Galatians (Betz; Burton).
@ 4 S0vt0¢ aor. act. part. didwur (#1443) to give, to WETHOTPEWaL aor. act. inf. wetaotpédw (#3570) to turn
bestow (s. 2:20). The idea involved is a delivering up of about, to change from one thing to another, to change
oneself for a specific purpose (Guthrie). Aor. part. to the opposite, to pervert (Burton; Lightfoot). It was
describes logically antecedent action. €€€qta1 aor. subj. also used as a political term, w. revolutionary action in
mid. (dep.) efaipew (# 1975) to take out, to remove, to view (Longenecker). Aor. indicates a complete and
deliver (GELTS, 157). It denotes a rescue from the thorough change. Compl. inf. to the part.
power of (Burton). Subj. w. Onwe (#3968) to express @ 8 evayyediCntor aor. subj. mid. (dep.) evayyertCopar

42]
Galatians 1 422

(# 2294) to proclaim good news, to preach the gospel ind. act. dwKw (# 1503) to pursue, to hunt, to persecute.
(TDNT; EDNT; TLNT; Bruce). Aor. may point to the act Impf. pictures the persistent and continual action in
of a one-time preaching of the gospel. Subj. w. &dv the past. enop8ovv impf. ind. act. nopbew (# 4514) to rav-
(# 1569) expresses a 3rd. class cond. cl. which views the age, to destroy. It was used of soldiers ravaging a city
cond. as a possibility. ebnyyeAtodpebo. aor. ind. mid. (Burton). Conative impf., “I was trying to devastate it”
(dep.) evayyeAtfouar; an editorial “we” (GGBB, 394). (Matera). 14 mpoéxontov impf. ind. act. npoxontw
Gvadewa (#353)accursed, dedicated for destruction (# 4621) to cut forward (as in a forest), to blaze a way,
(TDNT; GELTS, 28; Betz; RAC 8:1-29; MM). €otw pres. to go ahead, to advance, to make progress (RWP; Lon-
imp. act. 3rd sing. et (# 1639) to be. @ 9 npoeipnKapev genecker; TDNT; TLNT). Customary impf. “I was con-
perf. ind. act. mpodeyw (#4625) to say beforehand, to tinually advancing...” (GGBB, 548). Saul of Tarsus was
said previously. Perf. points to the abiding authority of so intent in his ambition to further the cause of Judaism
that say previously. The vb. expresses the communica- that he did not hesitate to cut down all opposition and
tion of authorized Christian teaching (Guthrie). in this respect outstripped his contemporaries (Guth-
moperapete aor. ind. act. napoAauBavw (#4161) to rie). Om€p (# 5642) beyond, over, above. The prep. used
receive. 10 mei@w pres. ind. act. (# 4275) to persuade, w. the acc. designated that which excels or surpasses
to win the favor of someone (Burton). Conative pres. and is a type of comp. (BD, 121). ovvmAikiwtng, (# 5312)
indicating the trying or attempting (BD, 167; RG, 880). one of the same age, contemporary. yevet dat. yevosg
¢nt@ pres. ind. act. Cntéw (# 2426) to seek. Gpéoxetv pres. (# 1877) offspring, people. Here it has the connotation
act. inf. apeoxw (#743) to please, to cause pleasure. “of my people” (Ridderbos). nepioootepws (# 4359)
Compl. inf. Gives the content of the main vb. ¢ntw. adv., abundantly, extremely. CnAwtns (# 2421) enthusi-
Tipeoxov impf. ind. act. apeoKw. Ind. in a contrary to fact ast, one who is zealous for a cause; followed by the
cond. cl. Impf. indicates an incomplete action. Tnv gen. indicating that which one is zealous of. (For a
impf. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. 11 ywwpitw pres. study of the word s. TDNT; Hengel, Zeloten, 67-78;
ind. act. (# 1192) to make known, to make clear, to cer- DJG, 696-97). vxapywv pres. act. part. (causal) brapyw
tify. It has the effect of suggesting a somewhat formal (# 5639) to be, to exist, to be by constitution (s. 2 Cor.
statement to follow (Longenecker). ebayyeArobev aor. 12:16). (Fung). matpikdg (# 4257) pertaining to a father,
pass. part. (adj.) evayyeA ifouat s.v. 8. In this section Paul fatherly. For the meaning of the suf. s. MH, 378. napa-
seems to be asserting that the historical roots of the do001¢ (# 4142) passing on from one to another, tradi-
Pauline churches did not extend back to the commu- tion. In connection w. Judaism it refers to that body of
nity of the Torah covenant, but had an independent oral teaching which was complementary to the written
foundation confirmed by the Jerusalem church, law and in fact possessed equal authority to the law
thereby proving the legitimacy of Gentile salvation (Guthrie; Longenecker; TLNT). @ 15 evdoxnoev aor.
outside the covenant Law (Donald J. Verseput, “Paul’s ind. act. evdoxew (# 2305) to please, to be well-pleased,
Gentile Mission and the Jewish Community. A Study of followed by the inf. a&popioag aor. act. part. (subst.)
the Narrative in Galatians 1 and 2,” NTS 39 [1993]: 36- apopitw (#928) to divide w. a boundary, to mark off
58, 38; B. Lategan, “Is Paul Defending His Apostleship from others w. a boundary, to set apart. The idea here
in Galatians?” NTS 34 [1988]: 411-30; DPL, 681-88; is “to set aside for special purpose” (Ridderbos). kota
George Lyons, Pauline Autobiography: Toward a New (# 3120) body cavity, womb, i.e., “from before my
Understanding SBLDS 73 [Atlanta: Scholars Press, birth,” “before I had any impulses, any principles of
1985]). @ 12 ob8€ (# 4028) not, not even. The word indi- my own” (Lightfoot). KaAgoas aor. act. part. (subst.)
cates either “even I who so naturally might have been KaAew (# 2813) to call. 16 &noKaADWar aor. act. inf.
(taught of men) did not...”; or it might mean, “I as little anoKahvTtw (# 636) to unveil, to reveal. Inf. to express
as the other apostles”; i.e., I (distinctly emphatic) as lit- purp. Aor. points to a specific act. €v uot (# 1877; 1609)
tle as any others did not” (Ellicott; Burton). napéAaBov in me, to me, me. With vbs. of knowing and making
aor. ind. act. napoAauBave s.v. 9. &516axONV aor. ind. known the prep. designates not only the person
pass. S1ScoKw (#1438) to teach. dnoxaAdwews (# 637) through whom the communication comes, but also the
unveiling, revelation. The word indicates that it was an one who receives it (Ridderbos; BD, 118). evayye-
opening up of what was previously secret. The follow- Aifwpo1r pres. subj. mid. ebayyeritw s.v. 8. Subj. w. iva
ing gen. is best taken not as subjective-that Christ was (# 2671) used in a purp. cl. €@veow pl. é6voc (# 1620)
revealing—but as obj. gen., indicating that Christ was nation, pl. Gentiles. ev@éw¢ adv. immediately. mpoo-
the object of the revelation (Guthrie). 13 Nxovoate avebeuny aor. ind. mid. rpooavatiOnvi (# 4651) lit., to
aor. ind. act. akovw (#201) to hear. &vaotpoon (# 419) lay on oneself in addition. When used w. the gen. it
manner of life, way of life (Matera). It refers to Paul’s suggests the gaining of information by communicating
ethical conduct (Ridderbos). brepBoAn (#5651) throw- w. Others, to consult in order to give a skilled or author-
ing beyond, beyond measure, in excess. e5iwKov impf. itative interpretation (Guthrie; Lightfoot; Mussner;
423 Galatians 2

J.D.G. Dunn, “The Relationship between Paul and peta. w. the gen., with, accompanied by. It suggests that
Jerusalem according to Galatians 1 and 2,” NTS 28 Paul was the leader (Guthrie). cuppnmapaAoBov aor. act.
[1982]: 110). 417 aviAGov aor. ind. act. c&vEepyoucr part. ovpraporapBpavw (# 5221) to take along w., to take
(# 456) to go up. &nfAGov aor. ind. act. anepyoucr (# 599) someone along as a travelling companion or helper.
to go away. €lg ‘ApaBiav (# 728) into Arabia. This prob- The word is applied to a private companion or minister
ably refers to the Nabataean cities east of Damascus who is not sent forth on the mission of an envoy, but is
(Betz; Matera; 2 Cor. 11:32). bm€otpewa. aor. ind. act. taken by the envoy on their authority (Ramsey; MM).
brootpepw (#5715) to return. Prep. in compound con- @ 2 aveBnv aor. ind. act. s.v. 1. dmokaAvwic (# 637)
notes “back” (MH, 327). @ 18 éxevta (# 2083) then. The unveiling, revelation. Acc. w. the prep. Kata (# 2848),
word draws particular attention to the next event in “in obedience to such a revelation” (Burton). d&vebEunv
order of sequence (Guthrie). Etn pl. Etog (# 2291) year. aor. ind. act. wvati@nur (# 423) to declare, to communi-
d.vABov aor. ind. act. GLVEPXOLOL (#456) to go up. cate, to lay before someone for consideration, to relate
totopfjioat aor. act. inf. iotopew (#2707) to inquire, to w. a view to consulting (BAGD; Lightfoot). kat’ iav
visit places or persons, to get to know, perhaps w. the (#2848) one’s own; used in the idiomatic construction,
idea of finding out information (Burton; MM; Pre- “privately.” 5oxodow pres. act. part. doxew (#1506) to
isigke, 1:703; Otfried Hofius, “Gal 1,18: iotopfjoar seem to be, to appear. A shortened version of the con-
Knoav,” ZNW 74 [1984]: 73-85; J.D.G. Dunn, “Once struction ot doxodvtec Eiva Tt (Vv. 6) “those who seem to
More - Gal 1,18: totoptjoat Knodv In Reply to Otfried be something.” It is used in the sense of “the authori-
Hofius,” ZNW 76 [1985]: 138-39; Grave verbum, ut de ties” and the word itself implies position of honor
re magna. Nochmals Gal 1,18: iotoptoai Knoav,” ZNW (Meyer; Guthrie), or it may be intended to be ironical
81 [1990]: 262-69; DPL, 701-3). Perhaps Paul wanted to (Longenecker; Betz). pn (# 3590) lest. Used w. the subj.
find out about the earthly Jesus (Longenecker). Inf. to to express a neg. purp. or to prohibit that which is
express purp. €mépetva. aor. ind. act. enévw (# 2152) to feared (2 Cor. 12:20). tp€yw pres. subj. act. tpeyw
remain. For the prep. in compound s. MH, 312. (#5556) to run. The preacher of the gospel is pictured
@ 19 elSov aor. ind. act. dpaw (#3972) to see. el pn as a runner of a race concerned about his eventual suc-
(# 1623; 3590) except. For the possible ways of under- cess or failure in the race. Pres. subj. expresses the fear
standing these words s. L. Paul Trudinger, “A Note on of continuous fruitless effort into the fut. (PAM, 100f).
Galatians 1:19,” NovT 17 (1975): 200-202. For a discus- €Spopov aor. ind. act. THEY. Ind. used of that which has
sion of the various interpretations related to James, the already taken place or is entirely independent of the
brother of the Lord s. Eadie; Lightfoot, 252-91. will. The fact of having run in the past is no longer
20 wevdouc1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) (#6017) to lie. For dependent on the will of him who fears (BD, 188; PAM,
a comparison of Paul’s statement to the oaths offered 101; Schlier). @ 3 dv pres. act. part. et (# 1639) to be.
during Roman court procedures s. J. P. Sampley, Concessive part. (“although”). fWwayxao8n aor. ind.
“Before God, I Do Not Lie’ (Gal. 1:20),” NTS 23 (1977): pass. avayKatw (#337) to exert pressure on someone,
477-82. @ 21 MAGov aor. ind. act. épyouonr (# 2262) to to compel, to coerce. Aor. is effective or resultative,
come, to go. kAiwa. (# 3107) region, area. @ 22 Tunv impf. affirming that an action attempted in the past was
ind. act. wt (# 1639) to be. &yvoobpevos pres. pass. part. accomplished (SMT, 42). mepitun@fvat aor. pass. inf.
cyvoew (#51) to be ignorant, to not know; pass., to be mepitenvw (#4362) to circumcise (Neil. J. McEleney,
unknown. Pres. stresses the continuity of the state of “Conversion, Circumcision and the Law,” NTS 20
not knowing (Guthrie). @ 23 aKov-ovtEes pres. act. part. [1974]: 319-41; TDNT; EDNT). @ 4 5€ (# 1254) but. The
cKovw (#201) to hear. hoav impf. ind. act. ewt (# 1639) structure and grammatical connection of this verse is
to be. 5uwKwv pres. act. part. s.v. 13. Subst. part. used to not clear. For a discussion of the various possibilities s.
emphasize a trait. Pres. suggests a durative notion. Lightfoot; Burton; Mussner. mapeioaxtog (#4207)
evayyerifetor pres. ind. mid. (dep.) s.v. 8. Pres. indi- secretly brought in, smuggled in alongside of, sneaked
cates the continual action. emop6et impf. ind. act. s.v. 13. in (BAGD). The word was used of spies or traitors who
24 e80EaLov impf. ind. part. d0&0fw (# 1519) to glorify, infiltrate an opposing camp (Longenecker) or it could
to cause one to think highly of another. Impf. indicates, simply mean “alien” or “foreign” (Eadie; MM). wev-
“they began to glorify, and continued to do so.” év uot daderApoc (#6012) false brother. ottiveg pl. dotic
(# 1877; 1609) in me. The prep. constitutes the ground (# 4015) who, one who. The word specifies the class to
or basis of the action: “they found in me occasion and which one belongs (Ellicott; RG, 727). napevonAGov aor.
reason for praising God” (Burton). ind. act. napepyouon (# 4209) to come in alongside of, to
slip into. The word usually implies stealth (Burton).
Galatians 2 The metaphor is that of spies or traitors introducing
@ 1 éneita then s. 1:18. étév gen. Etoc (# 2291) year. themselves by stealth into the enemy’s camp (Light-
avéBnv aor. ind. act. avopatvw (#326) to go up (BBC). foot). KatHOKORToa1 aor. act. inf. KataKonew (# 2945) to
Galatians 2 424

spy out, to examine carefully. The word is used most foot; SB, 3:537). eivat pres. inf. act. eysi (#1639) to be.
frequently to imply treachery (Lightfoot; s. Josh. 2:2, 3). SeE10¢ (# 1288) right, here in the sense of right hand.
Aor. may refer to the act done before it was detected &5wxKav aor. ind. act. di5wyr (# 1443) to give. Kowwvia
(Eadie). Inf. is used to express purp. eAevOepia. (# 1800) (# 3126) fellowship (NIDNTT, 1:639-44; TDNT; RAC,
freedom. KatadovAwoovow fut. ind. act. katadovA0w 9:1100-45). In modern parlance this means that they all
(# 2871) to enslave, to bring down to bondage, to com- shook hands to signify agreement (Guthrie). 10 uvn-
pletely enslave. The prep. in compound is perfective wove Dwyev pres. subj. act. wvnwovevw (# 3648) to remem-
(MH, 316). Fut. ind. expressing purpose (IBG, 139; VA, ber. éonovdaoe aor. ind. act. onovdatw (#5079) to be
413). @ 5 ei€apev aor. ind. act. eikw (# 1634) to yield, to diligent, to be eager. abt0 tobto (# 899; 4047) this very
give into, to give way, to allow. bxzotay{l (# 5717) sub- thing. novfjoat aor. act. inf. novew (# 4472) to do. Compl.
mission. Dat. of reference or respect, “we did not yield inf. to the main vb. éonovda00. 11 7)Gev aor. ind. act.
w. respect to the submission.” The definite article refers Epyoucn (#2262) to come. avtéotnV aor. ind. act.
to the matter under discussion, circumcision (Guthrie). aviotnut (# 468) to stand against, to oppose. kateyvwo-
Siopeivy aor. subj. act. Siapevw (# 1373) to remain per- wévos perf. pass. part. katayivwoxw (# 2861) to con-
manently, to continue throughout. The idea of firm demn; pass. to be condemned. Peter was condemned
possession is enforced by the compound vb., the past either by his own contradictory actions (Lightfoot) or
tense, and the prep. (Lightfoot). © 6 SoKxoOvtwv pres. by his own conscience. For this view as well as exam-
act. part. Soxéw s.v. 2. Elva pres. act. inf. eu (# 1639) to ples from the papyri s. MM; Schlier. hv impf. ind. act.
be. Compl. inf. completing the main vb. onoiot note et (#1639) to be. 12 €dGeiv aor. act. inf. gpyouar
(# 3961; 4537) what kind of people they were. The gen- (#2262). Articular inf. w. the prep. mpo (#4574) to
eral rel. pron. refers to quality (BD, 159; Schlier). 51apé- express previous or antecedent time (“before”) (MT,
pet pres. ind. act. duapepw (# 1422) it makes a difference, 144). ovvnobtev impf. ind. act. ovveodiw (#5303) to eat
it matters. Used here w. the neg. ovdev (#4029), “it w. someone, to eat together. Impf. expresses the habit-
makes no difference to me.” 5o0KobvtEc pres. act. part. ual action of the past: “he used to eat regularly (w. Gen-
s.v. 2. Mpooavebevto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mpocavatiOnyr tiles).” NAGov impf. ind. act. épyouar (#2262) to come.
(# 4707) to add something. In addition here it connotes, bréotedAev impf. ind. act. brootéAAw (#5713) to with-
“to teach in addition to what I have already learned” draw. Inceptive impf., “he began to withdraw.” dpwpt-
(Burton). Paul means that no restrictions were set to, Cev impf. ind. act. aopttw (#928) to separate.
no further and extraneous requirements were laid doPovpevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. poPeopar (#5828) to
upon the fundamental proclamation of the gospel fear, to be afraid. Causal part., “because he feared.”
(PAA, 146). For Paul’s view of his apostleship and @ 13 ovvunexpibnoay aor. ind. pass. (dep.) ovvouzo-
authoritative message in relation to the other apostles Kptvopat (# 5347) to act as a hypocrite w. another. The
s. David M. Hay, “Paul’s Indifference to Authority,” basic meaning of the word is “to answer from under”
JBL 88 (1969): 36-44; DPL, 45-51. 7 tobvavtiov and refers to actors who, in playing a part, spoke from
(#5539) on the contrary. i0vteg aor. act. part. opaw under a mask. The actors hid their true selves behind
(# 3972) to see. Temp. or causal part. neniotevpa perf. the role they were playing. The word indicates the con-
ind. pass. miotevw (#4409) to believe. pass. to be cealment of wrong feelings, character, etc., under the
entrusted w. something. a&KpoBvotias (#213) foreskin, pretense of better ones (Burton; Guthrie; TDNT; TLNT,
uncircumcision. mepitopn (#4364) circumcised (DPL, 3:406-13). ovvannx6n aor. ind. pass. ovvayw (#5270) to
137-39). 8 Evepynoas aor. act. part. Evepyew (# 1919) lead away together. The pass. of the word suggests that
to be at work, to be active, to effect, to produce results Barnabas did not play an active part in the hypocrisy;
(Burton; Mussner). The vb. is followed by the dat. of but the meaning of the vb. implies that Barnabas was
advantage or instr. (GGBB, 163). eig (# 1650) into. The swept off his balance (Guthrie; DPL, 66-67). 14 ei5ov
prep. points to the goal of the active working of God aor. ind. act. opdw (#3972) to see. OpSorododowv pres.
(Mussner). &nootoAn (# 692) apostleship. The word is ind. act. opPonodew (# 3980) to walk correctly, to walk
the act of fulfilling the commission, i.e., the establish- straight or upright. Followed by the prep., the verse
ment of Christian communities (PAA, 148; Robert means, “they were not walking on the straight path
Duncan Culver, “Apostles and the Apostolate in the towards the truth of the gospel” (Mussner). eumov aor.
New Testament,” Bib Sac 134 [1977]: 131-43; s. 1:1). €vnp- ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to speak, to say. bndpxwv pres.
ynoev aor. ind. act. evepyew (# 1919) to work effectively. act. part. vnapyw (#5639) to exist, to be. EOviKd>
@ 9 yvovtes aor. act. part. yivwokw (# 1182) to know, to (# 1619) adv., in the manner of heathen. fj¢ pres. ind.
recognize. 508eicav aor. pass. part. didwyi (# 1443) to act. Caw (# 2409) to live. Ind. w. et (# 1623) ina 1st. class
give. doxodvteg pres. act. part. doKxew s.v. 2. otdAoc cond. cl. assumes the reality of the cond. avoryKaicerc
(# 5146) pillar. The metaphor was used by the Jews in pres. ind. act. avaykacw (#337) to be necessary. tov-
speaking of the great teachers of the law (Bruce; Light- date pres. act. inf. ovdaitw (# 2678) to live as a Jew,
425 Galatians 3

to adopt Jewish customs (Lightfoot; DPL, 513-16). reference. Chow aor. subj. act. Caw (# 2409) to live. Fol-
#15 bog (#5882) nature; here in the dat., “by lowed by the dat. of advantage, “to live for God.”
nature,” “by birth.” The vb. to be supplied is to be ovveotavpwyar perf. ind. pass. cvvotavpow (#5365) to
taken as concessive: “though we are Jews by nature crucify together. Perf. suggests that Paul is thinking of
and not sinners of Gentile origin” (Burton; Mussner). that specific completed event which marked his identi-
Gpaptwroc (#283) sinner. @ 16 E150tES perf. act. fication w. Christ and which has had an enduring effect
part. oiSa (#3857) def. perf. w. the pres. meaning to upon his life (Guthrie). 20 €@ pres. ind. act. Caw
know. Pres. indicates that which is always true. Pass. (# 2409) to live. odkett (# 4033) no longer. Ci pres. ind.
points to the fact that one does not justify himself but act. Caw. &YaRTOaVvtOG aor. act. part. cyandw (#26) to
is declared righteous by another. The neg. w. pres. indi- love (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT). Causal part. (“because he
cates that justification can never at any time be loved”) or adj. part. (“who loved”). Aor. indicates
achieved by works of the law. eav pn (#1569; 3590) if action logically antecedent to the main vb. napadsovtog
not, except. The expression is properly exceptive and aor. act. part. mapadidwut (# 4140) to give over, to give.
introduces an exception related to the main vb. Here it Christ's self-giving upon the cross was a definite act of
can be translated “but only” (Burton; s. also William O. love. 21 d@et@ pres. ind. act. dOetéw (#119) to set
Walker, Jr., “Translation and Interpretation of av un in aside, to reject. In the papyri it was used of loans which
Galatians 2:16,” JBL 116 [1997]:515-20). emrotedoopev were repaid and cancelled and for the rejection of cer-
aor. ind. act. motevw (#4409) to believe. Possibly tain officials who were described as inefficient and
ingressive aor., “we have come to believe” (Ribberbos). incapable of doing their duty. It was also used of grain
dika1wO@pev aor. subj. pass. 5ka10w (# 1467) to justify rejected by the inspector as unfit for food (MM). dwpedv
(s. Rom. 2:13; DPL, 517-23) ). Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to (# 1562) adv., gratuitously; “without (giving or receiv-
express purp. Theol. pass. indicating that God is the ing) pay” (Burton). &né6avev aor. ind. act. ano8vjnoKw
one who makes the declaration that someone is in the Svea
right. Aor. points to the specific act which takes place.
Sika wenoetat fut. ind. pass. dixaiw (# 1467). Theol. Galatians 3
pass., indicating that God is the subject. ® 17 (ntobvtes @ 1 avontos (#485) foolish, without thinking. It
pres. act. part. (temp.) Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Pres. indi- describes acting in a spirit which manifests the absence
cates action contemporaneous to the main vb. dixa1- of wisdom (Eadie). Paul does not accuse them of lack-
wO7vor aor. inf. pass. s.v. 16. Compl. inf. to the ing intelligence but of an inability or a refusal to recog-
preceding part. evpeenev aor. ind. pass. evploxw nize the real situation (Matera; Betz). Bd&oKavev aor.
(#2351) to find. dpa (#727) here to be taken as the ind. act. Bauokaivw (# 1001) to bewitch, to cast a magic
interrogative particle rather than an inferential parti- spell, to seek to bring damage to a person through an
cle. It expresses bewilderment as to a possible conclu- evil eye or a spoken word (Lightfoot; Betz; TDNT; MM;
sion: “is Christ then a minister of sin?” (Lightfoot; NW 2, ii:537-38). One ancient writer felt that one could
Mussner). yevoito aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivowar (# 1181) ward off the evil spell by spitting three times (BAGD;
to be, to become. Let it not be, certainly not! This repre- for other magic texts s. GMP). Their new behavior was
sents a characteristic Pauline refutation of an unthink- so strange that it appeared as if someone had put a
able suggestion (Guthrie). For a discussion of this spell on them (Bruce). npoeypagn aor. ind. pass. mpo-
phrase s. Rom. 3:4. © 18 katéAvoa aor. ind. act. Kata- ypapw (#4592) to write before, to write up in public.
Avw (# 2907) to tear down, to destroy, to annul, to abro- The word was used to describe all public notices or
gate. Perhaps the 1st person is used for vividness proclamations and indicates a public announcement in
(GGBB, 391). oixoS0u pres. ind. act. ovwkodopnew (# 4099) which the validity of a particular fact or cond. is pro-
to build up. Pres. suggests a maxim which would claimed (Lightfoot; Ridderbos; TDNT). totavpwyevosg
always be true (Eadie). napaBatng (#4127) one who perf. pass. part. otavpow (# 5090) to crucify. The lack of
goes beyond the boundary, transgressor. ovviotavw the article stresses the character, “a crucified one.” For
pres. ind. act. ovviotnut (# 5319) to constitute, to prove, a description of crucifixion in the ancient world s. C;
Used w. the double acc. Used w. the reflex. pron. as one TDNT. 2 pa@eiv aor. act. inf. pavOavw (# 3443) to
of the accs. It means “to prove to oneself something,” learn. €AaPete aor. ind. act. AauBdavw (# 3284) to receive.
“to recommend or present oneself as such” (Ridder- aKon (# 198) hearing. 3 évapEdpevor aor. mid. (dep.)
bos). @ 19 &yw (# 1609) I. The idea here is, “I, Paul, the part. evapyw (# 1887) to begin. Temp. part. refers to the
natural man, the slave of the old covenant” (Lightfoot). moment of becoming a Christian (Longenecker). tvev-
yap (# 1142) for. This explicative shows how this reha- pati dat. sing. tvedpwa (# 4460) and oap«t dat. sing. oc:p&
bilitation of the law actually amounts to a transgres- (# 4922) flesh, are dats. of instr. emiteAetoBe pres. ind.
sion of its true principles (Ellicott). &m&8avov aor. ind. mid./ pass. (#2200) enitekew to accomplish, to com-
act. dnoOvjoKw (# 633) to die, followed by the dat. of plete, to finish, to come to the intended goal. #4
Galatians 3 426

tooadta pl. tocodtog (#5537) so great, pl. so great Brichto, The Problem of “Curse” in the Hebrew Bible (Phil-
things. €mdOete aor. ind. act. naoyw (# 4248) to experi- adelphia: Society of Biblical Literature, 1968); DCH,
ence. The word may mean “to experience evil” (“to suf- 1:397-98). &upéver pres. ind. act. eupevw (# 1844) to
fer”), or it may be used in a neutral sense, “to remain in, to continue in. Pres. indicates the need for
experience” (Burton; Mussner). etx? (# 1632) in vain. et unbroken and continual observance of the whole law.
ye kai if it be really. The phrase leaves a loophole for yeypapuevoic perf. pass. part. ypahw. movfjoo1 aor. act.
doubt, implying an unwillingness to believe on the inf. movew (# 4472). Articular inf. to express purp. Aor.
part of the speaker w. some hope that the situation is indicates the complete action. 11 dixa1odta1 pres.
not irretrievable (Lightfoot; Bruce). 5 eniyopnydv ind. pass. s.v. 8. fog (# 1316) clear, evident. jnoetor
pres. act. part. emryopnyew (# 2220) to supply. The sim- fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Saw (# 2409) to live. 12 noinoas
ple vb. means “to defray the expense of providing a aor. act. part. (subst.) movew (# 2409) to do, to practice.
chorus at the public feast” while the prep. expresses Aor. indicates the complete action. Ghoetar fut. ind.
strongly the idea, “to supply abundantly” (Burton; s. 2 mid. s.v. 11. 13 e€nyopacev aor. ind. act. e&ayopacw
Cor. 9:10). Pres. implies the permanency of the action (# 1973) to buy out of the marketplace, to redeem, to
(Ellicott). evepy@v pres. act. part. evepyew (# 1919) to be ransom from slavery (APC; TDNT; DPL, 784-86; ABD,
energetic, to work. 6 KaOW¢ (#2777) just as. The 5:650-57). Prep. in compound is perfective: “to buy
word indicates that Paul is drawing a parallel between out,” “to completely redeem.” yevoyevog aor. mid.
Abraham’s justification and present-day justification (dep.) part. yivopat (# 1181) to become, to be. Part. gives
(Mussner). €xiotevoev aor. ind. act. niotevw (# 4409) to the means or way in which the action of the main vb.
believe. EAoyio@n aor. ind. pass. Aoyifowar (# 3357) to was accomplished. Aor. portrays a logically antecedent
place to one’s account, to account, to reckon. Theol. action. yeypamto. perf. ind. pass. s.v. 10 Kpewdpevosg
pass. indicating that God is the subject (s. Achim Beh- pres. mid. (dep.) part. kpeyavvunt (#3203) to hang.
rens, “Gen 15, 6 und das Vorverstandnis des Paulus,” EvAOv wood, tree (s. Acts 10:39). For the view that Paul
ZAW 109 [1997]:327-41). For Abraham in Judaism s. combines Deut. 21:22-23 w. a reference to Isaac in Gen.
Longenecker, 110-12; G. W. Hanson, Abraham in Gala- 22 s. Max Wilcox, “Upon the Tree’—Deut. 21:22-23 in
tians: Epistolary and Rhetorical Contexts (Sheffield: JSOT, the New Testament,” JBL 96 (1977): 85-99. @ 14 edidoyia
1989); DPL, 1-9; BCC; Betz, 139-40; Rom. 4:2. 7 (# 2330) blessing. yevnto aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivopor
ylvwoxkete pres. ind. or imp. act. yivwoxw (#1182) to (#1181) to become, to be. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to
know. apa (#726) so, therefore. It is used as a particle express purp. emayyeAia (# 2039) promise. The follow-
of inference. 8 npoidotoa. aor. act. part. mpoopaw ing gen., Tod mvevpatos (#4460), is obj. gen.; ie., the
(# 4632) to see beforehand, to foresee. The word indi- promise which has the Spirit for its object (Eadie). Aa-
cates that the faith element in God’s method of justifi- Bwyev aor. subj. act. AapuBavw (#3284) to receive.
cation is timeless (Guthrie). 5ika1oi pres. ind. act. @ 15 duws (#3940) even though, nevertheless; here,
5ika10w (# 1467) to justify, to declare righteous (s. Rom. part of the following possible translation, “even
2:13). Futuristic pres. (Longenecker). €6voc¢ (#1620) though it is only a man’s will, nevertheless.” However,
nation, Gentile. mpoevnyyeAioato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) it may be used to introduce a comparison and have the
MpoevayyeriGouor (# 4603) to proclaim the good news translation “also,” “likewise” (BD, 234). Kexvpwyévnv
beforehand. 611 (#4022) recitative use introducing a perf. pass. part. kvpow (# 3263) to validate, to ratify. The
direct quotation is equivalent to quotation marks. évev- word was used in an inscription from Ephesus for a
Aoynojoovtar fut. ind. pass. evevAoyew (# 1922) to bless. decree which was formally ratified (NDIEC, 4:171; s.
For the term “blessing,” “to bless” s. Cleon Rogers, other examples of officially ratified agreements: SIG,
“The Covenant with Abraham and Its Historical Set- 2:81-86, inscription # 581:5, 85, 95; 3:341, inscription
ting,” Bib Sac 127 (1970): 241-56; TDOT; TDNT. #1185:10). S1a0qKN (#1347) agreement, treaty, cove-
@ 9 wote (# 6063) therefore. The word draws a conclu- nant. However, it may mean “will,” “testament”
sion from the previous material. evAoyotvtat pres. ind. (Guthrie; APC; TDNT). For a discussion of the legal
pass. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless. 10 d00¢ (# 4012) as background and the problems involved s. Longe-
many as. The word indicates those belonging to the necker. &@etel pres. ind. act. a6etew (#119) to annul (s.
same class. katapa. (# 2932) curse (DPL, 199-200). This 2:21). envdrataooetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) émdia.té&000-
was the covenant curse for disobeying the Mosaic cov- wot (# 2112) to add on to. The prep. in compound indi-
enant (NIDNTT, 1:416; TDNT). yeypantoi pres. ind. cates “to make additional prescriptions,” “to add a
pass. ypapw (#1211) to write. Perf. indicates that the codicil to a testament” (Burton; Betz). Gnomic pres.
authority of the document is binding: “it stands writ- here, indicating that which is always true.
ten” (MM). enucatapatos (# 2129) curse, cursed. For a ® 16 eppéOnoay aor. ind. pass. de yw (# 3306) to say. Aor.
discussion of the Heb. word “curse” as used here in the points to a specific act. 17 tobto 5€ now this I say.
quotation from Deut. 27:26 s. TDOT, 405-18; H. C. Paul comes to his real purpose and proceeds to apply
427 Galatians 4

the figure of v. 15, arguing from the lesser to the greater; of setting a protective guard (Guthrie). It has the idea
i.e., if this is true among human beings and their agree- of a garrison keeping watch over a town (MM; Pre-
ments it is even more true in respect to God and His isigke, 2:707; GELTS, 505). ovykAevopevor pres. pass.
promises (Ridderbos). npoxexvpwyevny perf. pass. part. part. ovykielw s.v. 22. peAAovoav pres. act. part. yeAAw
npoxvpow (# 4623) to ratify beforehand, to confirm pre- (# 3516) to be, about to be. It is used w. the inf. to
viously. Perf. points to the lasting authority of the legal express the fut. &oKoAvpOfjvar aor. pass. inf. dmoKarAvntw
ratification. Etn (#2291) year. yeyovus perf. act. part. (# 636) to unveil, to reveal. Compl. inf. to the main vb.
yivowor (#1181) to become. akvpoi pres. ind. act. WéhAw, with an inf. expressing verbal action which is
axvpow (#218) to make invalid, to annul either by expected momentarily. 24 no1daywyocg (#4080)
rescinding or overriding (Burton; MM; BS, 228). custodian, male nursemaid. He was a slave employed
Katapytjoar aor. act. inf. katapyew (# 2934) to render in Gr. and Roman families to have general charge of a
inoperative, to make of no effect. Inf. w. the prep. etg boy in the years from about 6 to 16, watching over his
(#1650) to express either purp. or result (MT, 143). outward behavior and attending him both at home and
@ 18 KAnpovopta. (# 3100) inheritance. odKét1 no longer. whenever he left from home; as, for example, to school
Kexapiotat perf. ind. mid. (dep.) yaptGounr (# 5919) to (Betz; Burton; Mussner; TDNT; TLNT; CC, 144f;
give graciously (TDNT). Perf. indicates the lasting DGRA, 847; Longenecker; R.N. Longenecker, “The
results. 19 napdPacig (#4126) stepping over the Pedagogical Nature of the Law in Galatians 3:19-4:7,”
boundary, transgression. yap (#5920) w. gen., on JETS 25 [1982]: 53-61; D.J. Lull, ““The Law Was Our
account of, because of. Cf. Ulrich Wilckens, “Zur Pedagogue’: A Study in Galatians 3:19-25,” JBL 105
Entwicklung des paulinischen Gesetzverstandnis,” [1986]: 481-98; N. H. Young, “Paidagogos: The Social Set-
NTS 28 (1982): 171. npooetésn aor. ind. pass. TPOOTLON[L ting of a Pauline Metaphor,” NovT 29 (1987): 150-76;
(# 4707) to add to. €A8q aor. subj. act. Epyouct (# 2262) to LIF, 79-80; BBC; ABD, 2:312-17, particularly 313-14).
come. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. t0 onéppa (# 5065) the yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivouat (# 1181) to become. 6ika1-
seed, the offspring has already been identified as wOdpev aor. subj. pass. dikaiow (#1467) to justify (s.
Christ in v. 16 (Guthrie). exnyyeAtor perf. ind. pass. Rom. 2:13). Subj. w. iva, (# 2671) to express purp. Theol.
emayyedAdw (#2040) to promise. Si1atayet¢ aor. pass. pass., indicating that God is the One declaring to be in
part. dtat&oow (#1411) to enact a law. The prep. 5’ the right. 25 eA@ovonG¢ aor. act. part. Epyouat (# 2262)
(“through”) expresses an intermediate agent (GGBB, to come, to arrive. Gen. abs. Temp. part. aor. expressing
434). It is a t.t. for the carrying out of laws and ordi- a logically antecedent action to the main vb., “after
nances (Ridderbos). For the Jewish view concerning faith has come.” @26év Xpiot® ‘Inood (# 1877) in
the activity of angels in the giving of the law s. SB, Christ Jesus. For the use of the phrase in Paul s. Longe-
3:554-56. @ 20 peoitns (# 3542) mediator. On the mean- necker; DPL, 433-36. @ 27 éBantio@nte aor. ind. pass.
ing of this passage s. Longenecker; Betz; Burton; Guth- BantiCw (# 966) to baptize. Baptism was the sign of an
rie; Mussner; U. Mussner, “Galater III, 20: Die entry into a new kind of life (Guthrie). éved5doao8€ aor.
Universalitat des Heils,” NTS 18 (1967): 258-70. @ 21 ind. mid. (dep.) evivon01 (# 1907) to put on, to put ona
yevouto aor. opt. mid. (dep.) yivowat (# 1181) to become, garment. Just as a garment which one puts on envelops
to be. Opt. used to deny a false conclusion (s. 2:17). the person wearing it and defines his appearance, so
€5007 aor. ind. pass. 518w1 (# 1443) to give. Ind. is used the person baptized in Christ is entirely taken up in
in a contrary to fact cond. cl. &vvdpevog pres. pass. Christ and in the salvation brought by Him (Ridder-
(dep.) part. dvvapo1 (#1538) to be able to, w. inf. bos). 28 €vt (# 1928). Used w. the neg. ob« (# 4024) it
Cwonorfjoa1 aor. act. inf. Cwonovew (#2443) to make means “there is not” and is a statement of a fact rather
alive. The purpose of the law was not to make alive, than a possibility (RWP). €Aev8epoc (# 1801) free. dpoev
but to give Israel a rule of life in the promised land (LIF, (#781) male. O7\Av (# 2559) female. tote pres. ind. act.
39-40). 22 ovveKXeev aor. ind. act. ovyKietw et (# 1639) to be. Durative pres. to describe a present
(# 5168) to lock up together, to shut in on all sides. The state in contrast to the past state. 29 Kat’ €nayyeAiav
vb. indicates no possibility of escape (Guthrie). 5067, (# 2848; 2039) according to promise. KAnpovoyos
aor. subj. pass. 5151 (#1443) to give. Subj. w. iva (# 3101) heir. It does not mean that the believer receives
(#2671) to express purp. motevovotv pres. act. part. the land promises of Abraham, but rather that he par-
(subst.) miotevw (#4409) to believe. Dat. is the indir. takes of the blessing of justification which is through
object. @ 23 é\eiv aor. act. inf. Epyouo1 (# 2262) to go, faith, the universal blessing promised to Abraham for
to come. Aor. inf. w. the prep. to express antecedent the whole world.
time (“before”) (MT, 144). thy moti (# 5864) the faith;
before the salvation given in Christ was revealed as the Galatians 4
object of faith (Ridderbos). &ppovpobye6a impf. ind. @ 1 A€yw pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to tell;
pass. povpew (# 5864) to guard. The vb. carries the idea “JT mean that.” Paul begins w. an explanation of his ref-
Galatians 4 428

14 ,
erence to the heirs (Guthrie). &’ d00v ypovov (# 2093; (#5) (Aramaic) father. This was the language of the
4012; 5989) for as long a time as, as long as. KANpovoyog children, and a daily but polite form of address to the
(# 3101) heir. The term was used in the inscriptions of father (Mussner; TDNT; Longenecker; Rom. 8:15).
Asia Minor to refer to a son after he has succeeded to 7 wote (# 6063) therefore. It is used to draw a conclu-
the inheritance as representative of his father, under- sion from the previous, “it becomes apparent” (Ridder-
taking all the duties and obligations of his father (Ram- bos). obxétt (#4033) no longer. et pres. ind. act. eyit
say). vymiog (#3758) infant; properly, “one without (# 1639) to be. KAnpovowos (#3101) heir. 8 evd0tEs
understanding” (Burton). Here it describes a minor at perf. act. part. o15a (# 3857) to know (s. 2:16). &ovAev-
any stage and is used here in a legal sense (Lightfoot; oate aor. ind. act. dovrAevw (#1526) to be enslaved.
Betz). 5uapéper pres. ind. act. dvapepw (# 1422) to differ. ovow pres. act. part. eit (# 1639) to be. Dat. indicates
@v pres. part. act. eyit (# 1639) to be. Concessive part., the one to whom they were enslaved. @ 9 yvovtes aor.
“although he is lord over all.” 2 énitponog (# 2208) act. part. (temp.) yivwoxw (# 1182) to know. Aor. indi-
guardian, a general term referring to someone to cates antecedent action, “after you have come to
whom the whole care of the underaged boy is know.” yvwoEevtes aor. pass. part. Emiotpepete pres. ind.
entrusted; could also be a legal t.t. for a tutor (Betz; act. emiotpepw (#2188) to turn to someone or some-
Ridderbos). oixovoyoc (# 3874) steward, trustee. The thing. The prep. in compound is directive. Progressive
word usually denotes a slave acting as a house steward pres. points to an action which is in progress. woBEvng
for his principal, or a treasurer or administrator (Betz; (# 822) weak, without strength. mtwyo¢ (#4777) poor,
Burton; NW, 2, ii:546-48). mpoBeopia (# 4607) appointed poor as a beggar, beggarly. The heathen religions were
day, fixed time. It was customary in the ancient world feeble and poor as beggars for they bring no rich
for the father to set a fixed time or day on which the son endowment of spiritual treasures (Lightfoot). mé&Atv
entered manhood (Lightfoot; Burton; Ramsay; DGRA, (#4099) anew, again. Used in the expression “once
462, 630f; Longenecker). matpog (# 4252) father. Subjec- more,” which strongly expresses the completeness of
tive gen. The father appoints the time. 3 odtw¢ their reversion (Guthrie). d5ovAev_ew pres. act. inf.
# 4048) so, thus. Paul now applies the illustration. dovAevw s.v. 8. A variant reading is 5ovAevoa1 aor. act.
Nev impf. ind. act. epi (# 1639) to be. otorgetov (# 5122) inf. Compl. inf. to the main vb. @ 10 napatnpeiobe
rudimentary element. It may mean the elementary pres. ind. mid. napatnpew (# 4190) to observe closely,
teaching, referring to the elementary truths of natural to watch carefully (Eadie); for the prep. in compound
religion, or its elementary rules and regulations; or it s. MH, 319. W. this vb. mid. and act. have the same
may refer to elementary spirits; i.e., the spiritual forces meaning (BAGD). pny (#3604) month. The pl. here
behind the world (Guthrie; TDNT; Burton; Longe- may be used for monthly reoccurring events (Burton).
necker; Betz; s. Col. 2:8). Ne6a impf. ind. mid. ewt Eviavtos (#1929) year. For a detailed discussion of
(# 1639). Se50vAwpevor perf. pass. part. Sovr0w (# 1530) these religious elements s. Mussner; DPL, 402-4; FCRR.
to be a slave (DPL, 881-82). Perf. indicates the state of @ 11 popodpor pres. ind. mid. (dep.) doPeowar (# 5828)
slavery. Part. in a past perf. periphrastic construction to be afraid, to fear. un mwe (# 3590, 4803) lest, used here
(RWP). 4 7AGev aor. ind. act. Epyoua (#2262) to w. the ind. following a vb. of fearing. Ind. indicates that
come. nAnpwya (# 4445) that which is filled up, full- the anxiety is directed toward something which has
ness. It refers here to the appointed time of the father already taken place (BD, 188). etx) (# 1632) in vain.
(s.v. 2). God had prepared the whole world for the KexoniaKxa perf. ind. act. komiaw (#3159) to labor, to
coming of His Son at this particular time in history toil, to work to exhaustion. Pres. draws attention to
(Guthrie). The coming of the Lord Jesus was not by what Paul fears may be the permanent result of his
chance at this time, but by divine plan and appoint- past effort (Guthrie). 12 yiveo8e pres. imp. mid.
ment. &anéotetrev aor. ind. act. tEanootéAAw (# 1990) (dep.) yivouar (# 1181) to become, to be. Paul appeals to
to send out from, to send forth. The word indicates to the Galatians to become as he is in reference to freedom
send someone as an authoritative representative w. a from the law and to the freedom which they have as
specific task (TDNT; NIDNTT). yevoyevov aor. mid. sons of God (Schlier). d€o.01 pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
(dep.) part. yivoua (# 1181) to become; here, to be born (#1289) to beseech, to beg. nducnoate aor. ind. act.
or to be. Part. defines the principle cl. (Ellicott). adikéw (#92) to wrong someone, to injure someone.
@ 5 cEaxyopaoy aor. subj. act. eEayopatw (# 1973) to buy @ 13 oiSate perf. ind. act. oda (#3857) to know. Def.
out of the marketplace, to redeem (s. 3:13). Subj. w. iva. perf. w. pres. meaning. Go®éveta (# 819) weakness, dis-
(# 2671) to express purp. viodeoia (#5625) adoption ease, ailment. For the various views regarding Paul’s
(DNP, 1:122-24; DPL, 15-18; ABD, 1:7-8). anoAGBupev sickness s. 2 Cor. 12:7; Lightfoot; Ramsay, 422f. ebnyye-
aor. subj. act. anodauBavw (#655) to receive from Arooyinv aor. ind. mid. (dep.) ebayyerifouar (# 2294) to
someone, to receive. @ 6 &anéoteirev aor. ind. act. s.v. preach the good news, to preach the gospel (TLNT;
4. kp&Cov pres. act. part. kpacw (# 3189) to cry out. &BBa TDNT; EDNT). mpotepov (#4728) the first time. The
429 Galatians 5

word can mean “at first” or “formerly” (Guthrie). Compl. inf. to the main vb. @ 22 yeypantat perf. ind.
#14 neipaonog (#4280) temptation, trial (TLNT; pass. ypadw (#1211) to write. The form was used to
Trench, Synonyms, 208). €ovBevjoate aor. ind. act. eov- express an authoritative document (MM). Eoxev aor.
Sevew (#2024) to consider as nothing, to despise. te- ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. nardioxn (# 4087) maid-
mtvoate aor. ind. act. éxntbw (# 1746) to spit out. The servant. EAevbepoc (# 1801) free. 23 yeyevvnta perf.
spitting out may refer to contempt and scorn, to an ind. pass. yevvaw (#1164) to bear, to bear a child.
attempt to ward off evil spirits (BAGD), or to the fact exayyedia (# 2039) promise. 24 GAAnyopovpeEva. pres.
that they did not spit out the message Paul preached pass. part. GAAnyopew (#251) to allegorize, to use an
(Mussner; MM). &5€€ao@e aor. ind. mid. (dep.) d€xopor allegory. Paul is using a historical event as an example.
(#1312) to receive, to welcome. 15 n0d (#4544) For the allegorical interpretation in Paul’s time s. BE,
where? Used to ask a question. paxapiopoc (# 3422) 126ff; Eadie; TDNT; DPL, 635-37; Longenecker. dovActa.
happiness, blessedness (s. Matt. 5:3). waptup@ pres. ind. (# 1525) bondage, slavery. yevv@oo. pres. act. part. s.v.
act. waptupew (#3455) to testify, to bear witness. éEopb- 23. Adj. part. expressing timelessness (Burton). fit1¢
Eavtes aor. act. part. eopvoow (#2021) to dig out, to (# 4015) whoever, whatever. The indefinite rel. pron.
tear out. Aor. indicates an antecedent action. &5wKate denotes an attribute which essentially belongs to the
aor. ind. act. Sidw1 (# 1443) to give. Used in a contrary nature of the antecedent (Ellicott). 25 10 The article
to fact cond. cl. (RWP). © 16 wote (# 6063) therefore, so is n. and refers to Hagar as applied to the mountain
then. Used here w. a question, “can it be that I have (RWP). ovototyet pres. ind. act. ovotoiyew (#5368) to
become your enemy?” (Lightfoot). yeyova perf. ind. act. line up in the same rank (in a military sense); here, to
yivonat (#1181) to become, to be. GAnBevwv pres. act. correspond to (Guthrie). SovAever pres. ind. act.
part. wAndevw (# 238) to speak the truth. Part. indicates dovrevw (# 1526) to be in bondage, to be in slavery; i.e.,
the means: “by speaking the truth.” Pres. suggests con- in spiritual bondage w. her children just as Hagar was
temporaneous action. 17 CnAotvotv pres. ind. act. in social bondage w. her child Ishmael (Lightfoot).
¢ndow (#2420) to be zealous, to busy oneself about © 26 tt1g which s.v. 24. @ 27 edopavOntt aor. pass. imp.
someone, to take interest in; “they pay court to” (Light- evopaivoyar (#2370) to rejoice. oteipa (# 5096) sterile,
foot; s. 1:14). KaA@c¢ (# 2822) well; here, “in no honor- barren. tiktovoa pres. act. part. tiktw (#5503) to bear a
able way” (Eadie). éxxAeioo aor. act. inf. exkreiw child. piEov aor. act. imp. pnyvvpt (# 4838) to break. to
(# 1710) to shut out, to exclude. 8€Aovaw pres. subj. act. burst, to break loose; here, to break forth. Bonoov aor.
Gedw (#2527) to desire, to, to want to, w. inf. For the act. imp. Bocw (# 1066) to cry aloud. wSivovoa. pres. act.
subj. form of this vb. s. BD, 46. €nAodte pres. subj. act. part. nom. fem. sing. wdivw to have labor pains s.v. 19.
Cnrow (# 2420). Subj. w. iva. (#2671) to express purp. Epnyoc (# 2245) desolate. wGAAov (# 3437) more, more
@ 18 CnAoto801 pres. pass. inf. (#2420). mdvtote than. éyovons pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. For
(# 4121) always; “but it is good to be courted fairly at Isa. 54:1 in the rabbinical literature s. SB, 3:574.
all times” (Eadie). mapeivor pres. act. inf. mopewt 28 énayyedia (# 2039). Emphatic by its position and
(# 4205) to be present. Inf. w. the prep. év (#1877) to without the article the gen. here stresses the quality
express contemporaneous time: “when I am present w. (Fung). @ 29 yewvnets aor. pass. part. yevvaw (#1164)
you” (MT, 144f). ® 19 m&Atv (# 4099) again. wdivw pres. s.v. 23. &6twKev impf. ind. act. wKw (# 1503) to hunt, to
ind. act. (# 6048) to have birth pains. For childbearing persecute. Impf. pictures the continual action in the
and the figure of childbearing in the ancient world s. past. 30 €xBode aor. imp. act. exBarrAw (#1675) to
RAC, 9:37-217. pexptg (# 3588) until. poppw67 aor. subj. throw out. KAnpovounoer fut. ind. act. KAnpovowew
pass. Lophew (# 3672) to form; pass., to take on form, to (# 3099) to inherit. @ 31 510 (# 1475) therefore. It draws
be formed. The form means the essential form rather a conclusion from the previous discussion and summa-
than outward shape. The idea is therefore formation of rizes the section. For a discussion of this allegory in
real Christlike character (Guthrie; TDNT). @ 20 76eA0v relation to the argument of Galatians s. C. K. Barrett,
impf. ind. act. 8€Aw (# 2527) to desire, to wish, to want “The Allegory of Abraham, Sarah, and Hagar in the
to, w. inf. Impf. to express an unfulfilled desire, “I Argument of Galatians,” R, 1-16; Fung, 217-20.
could wish” (RG, 886). mapeivor pres. inf. act. mapet
(# 4205) to be present. GAAGEa aor. act. inf. HAAdoow Galatians 5
(# 248) to change. G&mopodpor pres. ind. mid. danoppew @ 1 EXevbepig. (# 1800) freedom. For the meaning
(# 679) to be at a loss, to be at wits end, to be perplexed of this word s. NIDNTT; TDNT; RAC, 8:269-306; DPL,
(s. Guthrie; Longenecker; Betz; Matera). év (# 1877) in; 313-16. The dat. could be instr. (Bruce) or it may be a
here, “in respect to you” (Burton). @ 21 Aéyete pres. act. dat. of purp. or designation (Ridderbos). nNAevepwoev
imp. A€yw (# 3306) to say. BEAOvtES pres. act. part. bEAw aor. ind. act. Aev8epow (# 1802) to free, to free from sla-
(# 2527) s.v. 20. Pres. part. used to describe a present very. A slave was free under Gr. law, for he had free-
defining trait. eivar pres. act. inf. eit (#1639) to be. dom from seizure of property, freedom to act as his
Galatians 5 430

own legal person, freedom to earn his own living as he the wrong course (PAM, 146f). mei@eo@o1 pres. mid.
might choose, and freedom to dwell where he wished (dep.) inf. met@w (# 4275) to obey. The prep. is used to
(FCS, 115). For a discussion of the ways in which a express results. @ 8 nevopovn (# 4282) persuasion. The
slave could be freed s. FSC, 88-120. otnxete pres. imp. word can have an active or pass. sense (Mussner).
act. otnKw (#5112) to stand fast. Pres. indicates a con- Kadodvtosg pres. act. part. Kaew (# 2813) to call. The
tinual and habitual action. Guyog (#2433) yoke (SCS, one who does the calling is obviously God (Bruce).
31-32; ABD, 6:1026-27). S0vAEiag (#1525) slavery, Part. emphasizes the trait of God who calls. #9 Goyn
bondage. évexeove pres. imp. mid. évexw (# 1923) to be (# 2434) yeast, leaven (s. Matt. 13:33). ¢bpoya (# 5878)
had in, to be ensnared. Pres. calls for the stopping of as that which is mixed, a lump or batch of dough (BAGD).
action in progress: “cease to be entangled” (Burton). Cupoi pres. ind. act. Guiow (# 2435) to leaven, to ferment
Mid. voice could be permissive, “stop allowing your- (s. 1 Cor. 5:6f). Gnomic pres. expresses the continuing
selves to be entangled.” 2 i8€ aor. act. imp. opaw truth of a proverb or saying. 10 nénov8a perf. ind.
(# 2623) to see; imp. used to draw attention: “look!” act. metOw (# 4275) to be persuaded, to have confidence.
“see!” ey TatAoc I Paul; very emphatic, emphasizing For the instructions employed by Paul after this vb. s.
Paul’s authority (Schlier). nepitépwnove pres. subj. mid. Burton. opovoete fut. ind. act. ppovew (# 5858) to think,
nepitenvw (#4362) to circumcise (DPL, 137-38). Here to hold an opinion, to set one’s mind on something, to
the mid. is permissive: to allow oneself to be circum- have an attitude or thought. tapacowv pres. act. part.
cised. @heAnoer fut. ind. act. operéw (# 6067) to be of tapacow (# 5429) to shake back and forth, to disturb, to
value, to profit, to be an advantage, followed by the trouble. Baoté&oer fut. ind. act. Baotatw (#1002) to
acc. of respect: “Christ will be an advantage to you in carry, to bear. Paul thinks of the heavy weight which
respect to nothing.” @ 3 mepiteyvopevw pres. mid. part. will press down upon those seeking to impose a load
mepiteuvw (#4362) s.v. 2. permissive mid. Pres. part. of Judaism on these Christians (Guthrie). xpipa
used to emphasize a present trait. opeiretng (# 4050) (# 3210) judgment. q pres. subj. act. eit (# 1639) to be.
one who is morally obligated to fulfil a debt, debtor (s. @ 11 SwKopo1 pres. ind. pass. SwKw (# 1503) to hunt,
Rom. 1:14). movfjoat aor. act. inf. noiew (# 4472) to do. to hunt down, to persecute. dpa (#726) then; “so it
Epex. inf., “he is indebted to keep the whole law.” appears!” The word introduces a false statement or
@ 4 katnpynénte aor. ind. pass. katapyew (# 2934) to inference which is here used ironically (Lightfoot).
make idle or inactive, to render invalid; followed by KaTHpyntar perf. ind. pass. katepyeouai s.v. 4. oxavba-
the prep., “to be separated from,” “to be loosed from” dov (# 4998) The arm or stick on which bait was fixed
(AS). duxatotoGe pres. ind. pass. dikaiow (# 1467) to in a trap, that which trips one up, offense, cause of
declare righteous, to justify. Conative pres. indicating stumbling (NTW, 111-14; DPL, 918-19; TDNT). otovpd¢
an attempt, “you are trying to be justified” (DM, 186; (# 5089) cross. The gen. here can be either gen. of expla-
GGBB, 535). &&enéoate aor. ind. act. exnintw (# 1738) to nation (“cause of offense which the cross causes”) or
fall out of. Originally used for the falling out of a causal (“the offence which the cross causes”) (Muss-
flower; then, to be loosened from something, to loose ner). @ 12 doedov (# 4054) I would, oh, that, would
one’s grasp of (Ridderbos). To attempt to be justified by that; a fixed form functioning as a particle to introduce
the law is to reject the way of grace - justification by unobtainable wishes (BAGD, 181f). Here it is used w.
faith. © 5 anexdexoue8a pres. ind. mid. (dep.) anexéde- the fut. ind. for an obtainable wish, even though
youor (#587) to wait expectantly, earnestly but strictly speaking fulfillment is inconceivable and this
patiently, for someone or something. The first prep. in impossibility is forgotten only for the moment (BD,
compound intensifies the vb. and the second one indi- 181, 194). &moxowovtou fut. ind. mid. (dep.) anoKxontw
cates, “to be receiving from a distance,” “to be intently (# 644) to cut off; here, to castrate. Paul expresses the
awaiting” (Burton; MM). 6 ioyvet pres. ind. act. wish that his opponents would not stop w. circumci-
ioxvw (# 2710) to be strong, to have power. When used sion but would go on to emasculation (Burton; Betz;
of things it means “to be serviceable” (Guthrie). &xpo- BCC). Perhaps there is also a reference to the practices
Buvotia (#213) foreskin, not circumcised. Evepyouyévn of the ancient cult of Cybele (TDNT; BAGD; De Dea
pres. mid. (dep.) part. evepyew (#1919) to be active; Syria—The Syrian Goddess, ed. Harold W. Attridge and
mid., to demonstrate activity, to work, to work effectu- Robert A. Oden [Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press,
ally. @ 7 etpeyete impf. ind. act. tpeyw (# 5556) to run, 1976], 51; Strabo 13:4:14; NW, 2, 1i:568-70). avaota-
to run a race (s. 2:2). KaAdc (# 2822) well. EveKowev aor. todvtes pres. act. part. avactatew (#415) to upset, to
ind. act. eykontw (# 1601) to cut in, to hinder. The word trouble, to disturb. It was used in the papyri in the
suggests a breaking into or obstruction of the Galatian sense of upsetting or disturbing one’s mind (RWP;
Christians in their course of following the truth. The MM). 13 €xAn@nte aor. ind. pass. koAéw (# 2813) to
picture is that of the runner who has allowed his call. Theol. pass. indicating that God did the calling.
progress to be blocked or who is still running, but on éAevdepioa. (# 1800) freedom. Here, object of a vb. to be
431 Galatians 5

supplied (€yete). &opyn (# 929) properly, it refers to the (# 146) faction. It is the result of the former divisions
place from which an attack is made, a base of opera- organized into factions and _ cliques (Eadie).
tion, opportunity, occasion (Burton; Guthrie; Longe- @ 21 $80vog (#5784) envy, the desire to appropriate
necker). S5ovAevete pres. imp. act. Sovrevw (# 1526) to what another possesses. The word “jealousy” in v. 20
perform the duties of a slave. GAANAOIS dat. GAATAWV refers to the desire to be as well off as another, and the
(# 253) one another; dat. of advantage. @ 14 nemAn- word “envy” refers to the desire to deprive another of
pwtar perf. ind. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fulfil. dyann- what he has (Lightfoot; Eadie; NIDNTT). pé6n (# 3494)
oeic fut. ind. act. cyandw (#26) to love (TLNT; TDNT; drunkenness (FS, 60-62; s. Rom. 13:13; ABD, 4:650-55).
EDNT). mAnotov (# 4446) neighbor. @ 15 S&xvete pres. K@pog (#3269) carousing, drinking party (s. Rom.
ind. act. 5akvw (# 1231) to bite. KateoBiete pres. ind. act. 13:13). 6o10g (# 3927) that which is like another. mpo-
Kateo8iw (# 2983) to eat up. The two vbs. in present are Aeyw (#4625) pres. ind. act. to say beforehand, to tell
conative, indicating the attempt (Burton); and the forth, to tell publicly, to warn. The meaning here may
indicatives are used in a cond. cl., which assumes the be “to predict” (Burton). mpoeinov aor. ind. act. mporeyw
cond. as true. BAénete pres. imp. act. BrAenw (# 1063) to (# 4625) to say before. tovadta pl. acc. toodtog (# 5525)
see. un (#3590) w. the subj. to express a neg. purp. of such a kind, such as this. mpd&ooovtes pres. act. part.
GvoAWBFTE aor. subj. pass. dvaAtokw (# 384) to con- Tpa.oow (# 4556) to do, to practice. KAnpovoynoovovy fut.
sume, to devour. These vbs. suggest wild animals ind. act. KAnpovouew (#3099) to inherit. @ 22 kaproc
engaged in deadly struggles (Burton). 16 nept- (# 2843) fruit, that which is produced by growth
NAteite pres. imp. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to walk, to (NIDNTT; TDNT). mvedpa (# 4460) spirit. Here, gen.
walk about, to conduct one’s life. Pres. indicates a con- (“of the Spirit”) indicates the source or cause of the
tinual habitual action. mvevyati dat. nvebua (# 4460) fruit. For a study of the words used here s. FS, 63-127;
spirit. Dat. is either agency or means (GGBB, 165-66). DPL, 316-19. yarn (# 27) love. The word includes both
emiOvpia. (#2123) desire, lust. Prep. in compound is love for God and love for fellowman. It is a love which
directive. ob un (#4024; 3590) used w. the subj. as a holds its object in high esteem and admiration and
strong neg., “not at all” (M, 188ff). teAéonte aor. subj. expresses itself in a concrete fashion. It is expressed to
act. teA€w (# 5464) to fulfill, to bring to the goal, to per- the lovely and unlovely and seeks the best for its object
form. © 17 exiOvpei pres. ind. act. enOvpew (# 2121) to (TDNT; TLNT). yopa (#5915) joy. In the Hellenistic
desire, to yearn, to long for. The use of the vb. brings world joy was related to happiness or pleasure, such as
out the more active side of the lust of the flesh (Guth- returning to one’s homeland, but this joy is grounded
rie). &vtikertat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) avtixewor (# 512) in conscious relationship to God (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT;
to lie opposite, to oppose. Pres. indicates continual RAC, 8:348-418; TRE, 11:584-86; Longenecker; Burton).
opposition. 6&Ante pres. subj. act. 6&Aw (#2527) to eipnvn (# 1645) peace. Perhaps the word here combines
desire to, to want to motfite pres. subj. act. novew the Greek and Heb. (015% shalom [DCH; TDOT:
(# 4472) to do, to make. Subj. w. edv (# 1569) to express NIDOTTE]) ideas giving the meaning of a wholeness
purp. or result. For a discussion s. Mussner. of soul which issues in a tranquil disposition regardless
@ 18 cyeoGe pres. ind. pass. c.yw (# 72) to lead; pass., to of outward circumstances (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT; Lon-
be led. Here the Spirit is regarded as a guide to whom genecker; FS, 83-90). paxpo@upia (#3429) longsuffer-
the believer is expected to submit himself (Guthrie). ing, patient endurance under injuries inflicted by
@ 19 For lists of virtues and vices s. DPL, 962-63; ABD, others. It describes the response of Christians towards
6:857-59. gavepdc (#5745) clear, manifest. mopveta circumstances and events, as well as God’s patience
(#4518) illicit sexual activity (TDNT; FS, 24-28). endurance of the rebellion and sin of mankind (FS, 91-
aKadapoia (# 174) uncleanness, impurity (FS, 29-30). 97; Lightfoot; NIDNTT; TDNT; s. Rom. 2:4). ypnototns
aoéAyera (# 816) unrestrained living, unbridled acts of (#5983) kindness, gentleness. It refers to a kindly dis-
indecency which shock the public (Lightfoot; TDNT; position toward one’s neighbors, showing goodness
FS, 31-33; s. 2 Cor. 12:21). @ 20 cidwAodatpia. (# 1630) and concern towards others, sympathetic kindness (FS,
worship of idols, idolatry (FS, 33-36). dappoaKxeia 97-102; TLNT; Lightfoot). &ya8wobvvn (#20) goodness.
(# 5758) the use of medicine or drugs, the use of drugs It refers to active goodness as an energetic principle; it
for magical purposes, magic, sorcery (FS, 36-39; Bur- is the generosity which springs from the heart that is
ton; Guthrie; GELTS, 499; Exod. 7:11, 22; 8:3, 14; Isa. kind and will always take care to obtain for others that
47:9; Rev. 9:21). Ex6pa. (# 2397) hostility. Epi¢ (# 2251) which is useful or beneficial (Lightfoot; Trench, Syn-
strife. CijAog (# 2419) jealousy. 8bpog (#2596) anger, a onyms, 231f; FS, 102-7; TLNT; TDNT; NIDNTT). niotig
terrible flare-up of temper (Trench, Synonyms, 130; (# 4411) faith, faithfulness, reliability, loyalty (FS, 107-
TDNT; NIDNTT). épieta (#2249) selfishness, self- 111). © 23 mpatng (# 4559) meekness, gentle submis-
seeking ambition (FS, 39-42; s. 2 Cor. 12:20; Phil. 2:3). siveness, controlled strength, the ability to bear
Siyootacia (#1496) dissension (FS, 56-58). aipeoic reproaches and slights without bitterness and resent-
Galatians 6 432

ment; the ability to provide a soothing influence on (Burton). 2 GAANAwV (#253) gen. pl. one another.
someone who is in a state of anger, bitterness and Bapn pl. acc. Bapos (# 983) burden, that which is heavy
resentment against life (FS, 111-21; Burton; EDNT; (BCC). Baotatete pres. imp. act. Baotatw (#1002) to
TDNT; TLNT; 2 Cor. 10:1). &yxpatera (# 1602) self-con- carry, to bear, to carry away, to endure (MM). &varAn-
trol, the holding in of passions and appetites, self- pwoete fut. ind. act. avandAnpow (# 405) to fill, to fill up,
restraint (FS, 212-27; Eadie; Burton; RAC, 5:343-65; to fulfil. The prep. in compound gives the idea of a
EDNT). 24 éotadpwoav aor. ind. act. otavpow complete filling, of a filling up (Eadie). #3 SoKei pres.
(# 5090) to crucify. Aor. points to a completed action in ind. act. 5oxéw (# 1506) to think, to suppose. elvan pres.
the past and most naturally refers to conversion (Guth- act. inf. eyt (# 1639) to be. Part. is temp. or temp. con-
rie). TaOnLa (#4077) passion, affections (Trench, Syn- cessive, “when, although he is nothing” (Ellicott).
onyms, 323). en1Ovpia, (# 2123) desire, longing directed dpevanata pres. ind. act. dpevanataw (#5854) to lead
to a certain object (DNP, 2:542-44; TDNT). 25 Ca@pev one’s mind astray, to deceive. The word suggests the
pres. ind. act. Gaw (#2409) to live. Ind. in a cond. cl. subjective fantasies which deceive (Lightfoot; RWP).
which views the cond. as real. otovy@pev pres. subj. act. @ 4 5oxwaletw pres. imp. act. doxwatw (#1507) to
otoryéw (# 5123) to stand in a row, to walk in a straight examine, to approve after testing or examination. The
line, to behave properly. The word was used for move- word was used for testing of metals to see whether
ment ina definite line, as in military formation or danc- they were pure (Guthrie). kavynwa (# 3017) the ground
ing (Ridderbos). Here it means to walk in a straight or reason for boasting. 5 doptiov (# 5845) burden, a
line, to conduct oneself rightly (Burton). Pres. points to load which one is expected to bear. It was used as a mil-
the continual and habitual action. Cohortatory subj., itary term for a man’s pack or a soldier’s kit (Light-
“let us walk.” 26 yivwpeba pres. subj. mid. (dep.) foot). Paotdoer fut. ind. act. Baotatw sv. 2.
yivouat (# 1181) to become; hortatory subj. used w. the @ 6 kolwveitw pres. imp. act. Koivwvew (#3125) to
neg. Kevodotoc (#3030) empty glorying, vain glory, share w. someone, to exercise fellowship. The apostle is
vain-minded. It refers to one who knows how or who thinking here especially of material things (Ridder-
attempts to achieve unfounded respect by big talk, bos). KathxovpEvoc pres. pass. part. katnyew (# 2994) to
boasting, and ambition (Mussner; Burton). mpoxaAov- instruct; pass. to be instructed, to be taught. katnxyobvtt
wevot pres. mid. part. mpoxarew (#4614) to invite or pres. act. part. katnyew (#2994). Dat. of advantage
challenge to combat, to provoke (Eadie). ¢@0votvtec used w. the main vb. Kowwveitw 7 tAavaobe pres.
pres. act. part. p9ovew (#5783) to be envious (s.v. 21). imp. pass. TAavaw (# 4414) to deceive, to lead astray.
The two parts. describe the means or manner of the wuKtnpietar pres. ind. pass. puxtnpitw (# 3682) to turn
action in the main vb. up the nose at, to treat w. contempt, to ridicule. The
idea is to make God ridiculous by outwitting Him and
Galatians 6 evading His laws (Betz; Burton; TLNT). eav (# 1569)
@1nporAnoey aor. subj. pass. npodrAaupavw used to generalize the rel. pron. (“whatever”). oneipy
(# 4624) to overtake by surprise, to overpower before pres. subj. act. omeipw (#5062) to sow, to sow seeds.
one can escape (Lightfoot; Eadie). nopantwya (# 4183) Gnomic pres. indicating that which is always true.
false step, transgression. The results of stepping aside @epioer fut. ind. act. Oepitw (#2545) to harvest, to
may have been chosen because of its appropriateness gather. For the agricultural metaphor in the ancient
to the Christian life as a walk by the Spirit (Guthrie). world s. Longenecker. ® 8 oneipwv pres. act. part.
Kataptitete pres. imp. act. KatoptiGw (#2936) to oneipw s.v. 7. $80pa (# 5785) corruption, rottenness. No
restore, to correct. It is used especially as a surgical one would bother to harvest a field of decaying matter.
term of setting a bone or joint; or in other contexts of The corruption stands for that which results in death
the strengthening or sustaining of a worn down peo- (Guthrie). aimviog (# 173) eternal. 9 novodvtes pres.
ple, of the mixing of medicine, of a sailor outfitting his act. part. novew (# 4472) to do. &ykax@pev pres. subj. act.
boat, of fishermen mending nets, or of politicians eykaxew (#1591) to grow weary, to give in to evil, to
appeasing factions and restoring unity (Lightfoot; lose heart and become a coward, to conduct oneself
TLNT; Longenecker; Betz). mpatdtntog (#4559) meek- badly (TLNT; Lightfoot; s. Luke 18:1). Koip@ dat.
ness, gentleness, submissiveness (s. 5:23; 2 Cor. 10:1). Kaipoc (#2789) season, time. Dat. of time, “in its own
oKon@v pres. act. part. oxonew (#5023) to look at, to season,” “at the time of harvest.” It indicates there is an
observe, to consider, to give heed to. The vb. indicates appointed time for the spiritual reaping (Guthrie).
being sharply attentive, very diligent; pres. indicates Sepioopev fut. ind. act. s.v. 7. EKAVOPEVOL pres. pass. part.
continually doing so (Ridderbos). neipao@7¢ aor. subj. EkAvw (#1725) to loosen out, to relax, to faint, to be
pass. mepatw (# 4279) to try, to attempt. Subj. may be exhausted as a result of giving in to evil, to be physi-
used to express purp. or it may be used after a vb. of cally or morally weak (TLNT; GELTS, 138; RWP).
fearing. “Consider or give heed lest you be tempted” Cond. part. “we shall reap, if we do not lose heart”
433 Galatians 6

(GGBB, 633). @ 10 dpa (#726) so, then. It is used to the inf. et yn (# 1623; 3590) except. &V’ od through which.
draw a conclusion from the previous. épyof@peda pres. éotavpwtat perf. ind. pass. otavpow (# 5090) to crucify,
subj. mid. (dep.) epyatoua1 (# 2237) to be active, to to put to death by crucifixion. Perf. indicates the con-
work effectively. Hortatory subj., “let us work.” oixetog tinuing and lasting state or cond. 15 mepitoph
(# 3858) household, members of a household. 11 (# 4364) circumcision. a&KpoBvotia (#213) foreskin,
Wete aor. imp. act. dpaw (#3972) to see. mnrixoc uncircumcision. «tio1g (# 3232) creation. 16 Kkavow
(# 4383) how large. €ypawa aor. ind. act. ypcdw (# 1211) dat. kavwv (# 2834) rod, measuring rule, standard. For
to write. At this point Paul may have taken the pen this word s. 2 Cor. 10:13. otovynoovow fut. ind. act.
from the amanuensis and added concluding remarks otoxzew (#5123) to walk the line, to walk according toa
in his own handwriting, which consisted of larger let- standard (s. 5:25). €A€0¢ (# 1799) mercy (TDNT; TLNT).
ters than the smaller and neater script of the amanuen- Kai Eni tov ‘Iopand tod Ge0d and upon the Israel of God.
sis (Guthrie; also Richard N. Longenecker, “Ancient The phrase is not to be taken as an explanation of the
Amanuenses,” ND, 281-97; ABD, 1:172-73; s. Rom. preceding but as a separate entity or group. His
16:22). 12 000¢ (#4012) as many as. @€AovOLV pres. thoughts turn to his own brethren after the flesh and he
ind. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to desire to, w. inf. ebrpoowntjoa1 pauses to specify those who were once Israelites
aor. act. inf. evnpoownew (# 2349) to play a good role, to according to the flesh but now are the Israel of God
please, to make a fair appearance (Burton). Ev capKt (Ellicott). 17 A0ind¢ (# 3836) rest, remaining. Gen.
(# 1877; 4922) in the flesh. dvaryxafovow pres. ind. act. here means, “in respect of remaining time” (RWP).
avayKacw (# 337) to compel, to coerce (s. Gal. 2:3). Con- Konog (# 3160) trouble. napexetw pres. imp. act. mapexw
ative pres., “they are trying to coerce.” mepitépveobar (# 4218) to furnish, to provide, to cause. ottya (# 5116)
pres. pass. inf. nepiteuvw (# 4362) to circumcise. otavp@ mark, brand. It was the custom to mark slaves by scars
dat. otavpoc (# 5089) cross. Causal dat., “because of the (Ramsay); religious tattooing also played a great role in
cross” (BD, 105). StaKwvto1 pres. subj. pass. diKw antiquity (BAGD; The Assyrian Goddess, 59; Longe-
(# 1503) to hunt, to persecute; pass., to suffer persecu- necker; Betz; Bruce). Paul is speaking of the permanent
tion. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. 13 marks which he bore from persecution undergone in
TEPITELVOPEVOL pres. pass. part. mepitevw (# 4362) to cir- the service of Christ (Lightfoot; TDNT). Baotéw pres.
cumcise. ¢vAGooovOL pres. ind. act. pvAdcow (#5875) ind. act. (#1002) to carry, to bear. Pres. indicates the
to guard, to observe. kavynowvtat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) continual bearing. 18 Gynv (#297) so let it be. A
Kavyaouat (#3016) to glory, to boast. Subj. w. iva Hebraic word used to emphasize and confirm a state-
(# 2671) to express purp. 14 yevouto aor. opt. mid. ment. Paul means to add weight to his conclusion
(dep.) yivouor (#1181) to be, to become. Followed by (Guthrie).
 Ephesians
Ephesians 1 (#1721) aor. ind. mid. (dep.) exAeyw to choose out, to
@ 1 IladAog Paul. Nom. in the address of a letter (s. select. The word involves three ideas; the stem of the
Rom. 1:1). For a defense of the Pauline authorship s. A. word indicates “the telling over”; prep. in compound
van Roon, The Authenticity of Ephesians (Leiden: E.J. indicates the rejection of some and acceptance of oth-
Brill, 1974; Barth; DPL, 240-42). obow pres. act. part. ers; and the mid. voice indicates the talking to (for)
et (# 1639) to be. aytog (# 41) saint; Dat. here indicates himself (Lightfoot, Notes; GGBB, 421). €v avt@ in him;
to whom this letter was written (“to the saints who dat. of sphere. xataBoAn (#2856) throwing down,
are...”). The term “saints” means those who are foundation. For the various usages of the word s. Bar-
cleansed by the blood of Christ and the renewal of the th; TDNT. “Before the foundation of the world” means
Holy Ghost, and thus separated from the world and from all eternity (Abbott). eivor pres. act. inf. ei
consecrated to God (Hodge; TDNT; EDNT). ev "Egeow (#1639) to be. Inf. to express purp. Gpwpocg (# 320)
(# 1877; 2387) in Ephesus. Although some manuscripts without blame, unblemished; used of the absence of
do not have this reading, because of the many personal defects in sacrificial animals (BAGD; GELTS, 25).
references, such as the ref. to Paul himself, to the read- Katevwriov (# 2979) in the presence of, prep. used w. a
ers with “you” pl., to Paul’s prayer request (6:19-20), gen. (RG, 644). €v ayary (# 27) in love (TLNT; TDNT).
and to Tychicus (6:21), there is little or no reason to con- The phrase is best understood as being joined w. the
sider the letter to be a circular letter sent to various cit- part. in v. 5 (Eadie); Alford understood it w. the preced-
ies (TC, 601; DPL, 243-45). kat (#2779) and; epex., the ing inf. 5 mpooptoas aor. act. part. mpoopitw (# 4633)
“saints who are believers.” 2 yaptig (#5921) grace, to mark out w. a boundary beforehand, to foreordain,
the undeserved and unmerited favor of God (TDNT; to predestinate (TDNT,; L.C. Allen, “The Old Testament
NIDNTT; EDNT; CPP). eipqvn (# 1645) peace. Probably Background of (mpo) opi@w in the New Testament,” NTS
to be understood in terms of the Heb. shalom ede) 17 [1970]: 104-8). Causal part. giving the reason for the
indicating spiritual prosperity (Barth; Lincoln; TDNT; election (Abbott). vio8eota (#5625) adoption (Lincoln;
NIDNTT; NIDOTTE, 4:130-35). @ 3 ebdAoyntos (# 2329) Rom. 8:15; ABD, 1: 76-79; DPL, 15-18). The emphasis is
blessed. Verbal adjs. w. this ending indicate one who is on being an adult son in the family (John Crook, “Patria
worthy, i.e., “worthy of blessing” (Abbott; s. 2 Cor. 1:3). Potestas,” The Classical Quarterly 17 [1967]: 113-22; Fran-
In the NT it is only used of God. ebvAoyhous aor. act. cis Lyall, “Roman Law in the Writings of Paul—Adop-
part. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless, to endow one w. the tion,” JBL 88 [1969]: 458-66; OCD, 8-9; DNP, 1:122-24).
ability to succeed (TDOT, s.v. 7713, 280-308; DCH; evdoxia (# 2306) good pleasure, satisfaction (Schnack-
TDNT; NIDOTTE, 1:757-67). Aor. expresses antecedent enburg). The election and predestination is God’s abso-
action to the main vb. ebAoyig (# 2330) dat. blessing; in- lute act of free love grounded totally in Himself;
str. dat., “with every blessing.” Enovpdviog (# 2230) nothing apart from Him gave His will its direction
heavenly; here, “in the heavenlies.” The term is to be (Gaugler). 6 ématog (# 2047) praise. 80EN¢ gen. 50a
understood in a local sense, indicating the sphere of the (#1518) glory, honor, reputation (TLNT; TDNT;
blessings which are related to the Spirit as well as the GELTS, 119). Obj. gen., the praise of God’s excellence,
location of the exalted Christ. The term refers to heaven nature, and activity (TLNT). yapitog gen. sing. YCpis
as seen in relation to the new age brought about in (# 5921) grace (s.v. 2; CPP, 134-35). Gen. could be gen.
Christ. For this reason it is so closely linked w. the Spir- of source (“glory arising fr. His grace” [Gnilka]), or a
it of that age (A.T. Lincoln, “A Reexamination of ‘The type of obj. gen. (“glory or praise”) which has His grace
Heavenlies’ in Ephesians,” NTS 19 [1973]: 468-83, 471; as the obj. (BD, 93). Ng gen. 6¢ (# 4005) who, which, rel.
Barth; W. Hall Harris III, “~The Heavenlies’ Reconsid- pron. Gen. by attraction to its antecedent (TC, 601).
ered: Ovpavog and ‘Enovpaviog in Ephesians,” Bib Sac eyapitwoev aor. ind. act. yapitw (#5923) to bestow
148 [1991]: 72-89; DPL, 382). ev Xpiot@ (#5986) in grace, to give grace. The word means “begracing w.
Christ (DPL, 433-36; Lincoln; Gnilka, 66-69). @ 4 ka8W<> grace” and indicates exclusive and abundant demon-
(# 2777) just as, because. Here the word combines the stration of grace (Barth; TDNT; EDNT; Robinson; s.
comp. and causal idea (Schlier; BD, 236). e&eAeEato Luke 1:28). nyannyevw perf. pass. part. &yandw (# 26) to

434
435 Ephesians 1

love (TDNT; TLNT). Pass. part. indicates the one who (Abbott; Barth); or it could refer to the hope or belief
is in the state or condition of being loved, “the be- before Christ actually came (Westcott). Perf. indicates
loved.” 7 anodtpwWorc (#667) purchasing w. a that the hope continues. Part. is in apposition to the
price, redemption (s. Rom. 3:24; Abbott; Lightfoot, subject of the inf., “we.” @ 13 d&koboavteEs aor. act. part.
Notes; Lincoln; DPL, 784-86). dpeorg (#912) releasing, axovw (#201) to hear. motevdoauvteg aor. act. part.
forgiveness. napantwya (#4183) falling aside, trans- miotevw (#4409) to believe. Temp. parts. expressing
gression. The word signifies the actual and numerous contemporaneous action to the main vb.: “when you
results and manifestations of our sinful nature (Eadie). believed,” “at the time you believed” (Simpson; RG,
KATE to Mhodtoc tig YApitOS according to the wealth of 860-61; MT, 61, 65; GGBB, 625; VA, 383-85). eoppa-
His grace. The term mAodtog (# 4458) indicates an abun- yio@nte aor. ind. pass. odpayitw (#5381) to seal. Seals
dance of possessions exceeding the norm of a particu- indicated not only ownership, but also were used as a
lar society (LN, 1:561). The gen. yapitog (#5921) guarantee of the correctness of the contents. Jars, sacks
indicates the content of the wealth. @ 8 Ic (# 4005) of fruit, or grain were sealed (BS; 238-39; NDIEC, 2:191;
s.v. 6. Gen. by attraction rather than acc; thus it is the BBC). énayyedio. (# 2039) promise. Obj. gen. here, indi-
obj. to the following vb. €mepiooevoev aor. ind. act. cating what was sealed. #14 appaBuv (#775) down
mepiocevw (#4355) to cause to overflow, to cause to payment, pledge. It indicates a deposit which in itself
abound. ppovnoic (#5860) understanding. It refers to is a guarantee that the full amount will be paid. The
the display of wisdom in operation (Simpson). It is the down payment is of the same kind as the full payment
ability to discern modes of action w. a view to their re- (s. 2 Cor. 1:22; Abbott; DPL, 263; Lightfoot, Notes).
sults (Lightfoot, Notes). 9 yvwpioas aor. act. part. KAnpovopia. (#3100) inheritance. anoAvtpwoig (# 667)
(circum.) yvwpif{w (#1192) to make known. Aor. de- redemption (s.v. 7). mepimoinoic (#4348) possessing,
scribes contemporaneous action (GGBB, 625; VA, 382- possession, that which is one’s own (NIDNTT).
85). mpoeGeto aor. mid. (dep.) ind. xpottOnut (# 4729) to @ 15 aKovous aor. act. part. (temp.) GKovw s.v. 13. Aor.
place before. Prep. in compound can be local, ie., “to indicates antecedent action which is logically neces-
set before oneself,” “to purpose” (Abbott). @ 10 otxo- sary before the action of the main vb., “after I heard.”
vopia (# 3873) household management, administration ayarn (#27) love (TLNT; TDNT). 16 xavoyar pres.
(TDNT; BAGD; TLNT). nAnpwpa (# 4445) fullness. ind. mid. (mobw) (# 4264) to cease. evyaprotdv pres. act.
Here, descriptive gen. &vaKepaAo1doao8en aor. mid. part. evyopiotew (# 2373) to give thanks. Compl. part.
inf. avakeparaiow (# 368) to gather again under one to complete the main vb. piveta (# 3644) remembrance.
head, to sum up, to gather up into one. For this word s. Movovpevog pres. mid. part. noiew (#4472) to make.
Barth; Robinson; Abbott; Lincoln. Prep. in compound Used (often in mid.) w. the previous noun as a peri-
refers to the prior dispersion of the elements and the phrasis for a verb, w. the sense “to make mention of,”
noun of the vb. describes the ultimate aggregation into esp. in the sense of mentioning someone in prayer
one; thus the whole compound involves the idea of (BAGD). @ 17 iva (# 2671) that; introduces the content
unity brought out of diversity (Lightfoot; Notes). Epex. of the prayer. 507 aor. opt. act. 5t8wut (# 3972) to give.
inf. to explain the preceding. Aor. points to a specific The volitive opt. is used to express a wish or desire in
act. © 11 ExAnpwOnpev aor. ind. pass. KAnpow (# 3103) to prayer (RG, 939f). Perhaps an attributed gen., “spiritual
appoint by lot; pass., to be appointed by lot, to be des- revelation” (GGBB, 90-91). For the view that the form is
tined, to be chosen. The emphasis may either be on the subj. rather that opt. s. BD, 187. anoxoAdwews (# 637)
concept of inheritance or more likely the concept of ap- unveiling, revelation. exiyvwoug (#2106) recognition,
pointment (BAGD; MM; CCF], 2:506). mpoopioGevtes knowledge. The word means knowledge directed to-
aor. pass. part. (adj.) s.v. 5. mpoBeorg (# 4606) purpose. ward a particular object: perceiving, discerning, recog-
Evepyodvtos pres. act. part. evepyew (# 1919) to be effec- nizing. Gen. following the word denotes the object of
tive, to be energetic, to work, to accomplish (Robin- the knowledge (Robinson, 254). 18 mepwtiopévous
son). BovAny (# 1087) counsel, will. It expresses counsel perf. pass. part. dwtt@w (# 5894) to enlighten, to illumi-
w. reference to action (Westcott). The word solemnly nate, to give light. The word was used in pagan initia-
represents the almighty will as displayed in action (El- tion rites and also in the LXX for God’s instruction
licott). @EAnwa (# 2525) will. It denotes the will in gen- (APM, 19; GELTS, 511). It refers to the ministry of the
eral (Westcott). @ 12 eivai pres. act. inf. ewi (# 1639) to Holy Spirit who continually illuminates spiritual truth
be. Articular inf. w. €i¢ (#1650) to express purp. (1QS 2; Gnilka). Perf. points to the continuous process
TponAmiKkotac perf. act. part. mpoedniGw (# 4598) to hope (Barth). The grammatical structure of the part. could be
before, to hope beforehand. The prep. in compound is an anacoluthon, a third predicate of the main vb., or an
temp. but its significance is not clear. It could indicate acc. abs. (RWP). etéévar perf. act. inf. 01a (# 3857) to
the hope before the event (EGT) or the hope of the Jew- know (ND, 344ff). Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Inf. w.
ish Christians prior to the conversion of the heathen Eig (# 1650) to express purp. KANoews (# 3104) calling.
Ephesians 2 436

© 19 vmepBaAAOV pres. act. part. (adj.) bmepparrAw Ephesians 2

(#5650) to throw beyond, to exceed, to surpass. @ 1 Ovtas pres. act. part. et (#1639) to be. Cir-
peyeboc (#3490) greatness. S5vvapews (# 1539) power, cum. or concessive part., “although.” nopaxtwyo
ability. Here, gen. of description. motevovtas pres. act. (# 4183) transgression (s. 1:7). Here, dat. could be caus-
part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Subst. part. in apposi- al or sphere: “dead because of transgressions” or
tion to the preceding word—”those who believe.” evép- “dead in transgressions” (s. Eph. 1:7). 2 aig dat. fem.
yera, (#1918) working of ability (Schlier; Robinson; pl. 0¢ (# 4005) who, which. Strictly speaking the ante-
TDNT). xpa&tog (# 3197) might, power. The word refers cedent of the rel. pron. is apaptiars (#281), but logical-
to strength regarded as abundantly effective in relation ly aig refers to both sins and transgressions. MOTE
to an end to be gained or dominion to be exercised; to (# 4537) at that time, formerly. It refers to one’s pre-
power, to overcome what stands in the way (Westcott; conversion time. nepienatnoate aor. ind. act. nepimatew
Lincoln; TDNT). Here, descriptive gen. or attributed (# 4344) to walk about, to conduct one’s life. Const. aor.
n. “surpassing greatness of his power” (GGBB, 90). views from a point the total past life in summary fash-
toxv¢ (# 2709) strength, strength which one has, in pos- ion. adv (# 172) age. To be taken as a synonym w. koo-
session, ability; or latent power (Eadie; Schlier). oc (# 3180) to indicate both temp. and spatial aspects
@ 20 Evnpynoev aor. ind. act. evepyew (# 1919) to be at of fallen existence (Lincoln; s. Gal. 1:4). Gépog gen. anp
work, to work effectually. éyeipag aor. act. part. eyeipw (# 113) air, atmosphere, the realm in which the evil
(# 1586) to raise. KaBious aor. act. part. (temp.) Kaeitw powers operate (Abbott; Barth; Hodge). Obj. gen.,
(# 2767) to cause to sit, to seat. Aor. gives a logically an- “power over the air.” mvevpatos gen. mvedua (# 4460)
tecedent action. 5e&1@ (# 1288) right, right hand. Christ spirit. Gen. is best understood as being in apposition to
seated at the right hand is His place of honor and au- the words tig EEovoias tod cépoc (Ellicott; for the wor-
thority (David M. Hay, Glory at the Right Hand: Psalm ship of the occult in Ephesus s. Eph. 1:21), or it could
110 in Early Christianity [Nashville; Abingdon, 1973];
be gen. of subordination: “the ruler over the spirit”
APM, 9-22; for a critical approach to this theme s.
(GGBB, 100, 103-4) anei®era (# 577) disobedience. The
W.R.G. Loader, “Christ at the Right Hand - Ps. CX.1 in
phrase “sons of disobedience” is a Hebraic expression
indicating the chief characteristic is that of disobedi-
the New Testament,” NTS 24 [1978]: 199-217).
ence (BG, 16). 3 dveotpapnyev aor. ind. pass. ava-
Enovpavioc (#2230) heaven, heavenly place (s.v. 3).
otpedw (# 418) to conduct one’s life. The word refers to
@ 21 bnepavw (#5645) high above, far above. apyn the social action whereas the vb. neprenatnoate in v. 2
(# 794) rule, ruler. kupiotns (# 3262) lordship, domin-
is used more of personal action (Westcott). em@vpia
ion. In Jewish writings these terms were used to desig-
(# 2123) desires, strong lust (DNP, 2:542-44; EDNT).
nate angelic powers and their ranks (SB, 3:581; Abbott;
oapKos gen. oapé (# 4922) flesh. Subjective gen. indi-
Barth). Ephesus was well known for its occult practice cates the source of the desires. TOLODVTEG pres. act. part.
of magic (s. Acts 19:19; C.E. Arnold, Ephesians, Power nmoew (# 4472) to do, to make. Siavoim (# 1379) under-
and Magic: The Concept of Power in Ephesians in the Light standing, intelligence, mind, disposition, thought
of its Historical Setting [Cambridge: University Press, (BAGD). tye6a impf. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to
1989]; Peter Lampe, “Acta 19 im Spiegel der ephesis- be. ovotc (# 5882) nature. opyn (# 3973) wrath, anger (s.
chen Inschriften,” BZ 36 [1992]: 69-70]. ovopatopévov Rom. 1:18). Here, gen. of destination, “children des-
pres. pass. part. ovoydtw (#3951) to name. pédAovtt tined for wrath” (GGBB, 101). 4 nAovotos (# 4454)
pres. act. part. dat. sing. masc. wédAw (#3516) to be rich (s. Eph. 1:7). dv pres. act. part. ei (# 1639). Causal
about to, coming. @ 22 bxétagev aor. ind. act. vn0- part., “because he is rich in mercy.” éAget dat. EXeoc
taoow (#5718) to subject. no5a¢g acc. movc (# 4546) feet. (#1799) mercy, compassion, pity. The word indicates
This is a sign of total subjection. éwxev aor. ind. act. the emotion aroused by someone in need and the at-
5tdwpt (# 3972) to give. The vb. is followed by the indi- tempt to relieve the person and remove his trouble
rect object “he gave Him as head over all things to the (NIDNTT, TDNT; Trench, Synonyms, 166f; TLNT).
church.” Rather than speaking only of Christ as being Tyannoev aor. ind. act. cyanaw (#26) to love (TDNT,
the Head of the church, Paul refers to the cosmic rule TLNT). 5 6vtac pres. act. part. acc. masc. pl. eit
of Christ and implies that Christ is the sovereign head (# 1639) to be. Temp. part. (“even when”) (Lincoln).
of all things (George Howard, “The Head-Body Meta- ovveCwonoinoev aor. ind. act. ovGwonorew (#5188) to
phors of Ephesians,” NTS 20 [1974]: 353f; DPL, 77-82, make alive together w. The word is a synonym for the
377-78). 23 nAnpovpevov pres. mid./pass. part. mAn- vb. éyeipw but it can also have the meaning “to keep
pow (# 4444) to fill. Part. could be pass. (Robinson), or it alive” or “to preserve life” (Barth). The words in com-
could also be mid.: “the one who fills for himself” pound w. ovv indicate the relationship between Christ
(George Howard, “The Head-Body Metaphors of Eph- and the believer, and the participation with Christ
esians,” NTS 20 [1974]: 351; Abbott). (Lincoln). ceowopévot perf. pass. part. owCw (#5392) to
437 Ephesians 2

rescue, to save. Perf. points to the completed action w. action described in the part. ktio8evtec, and describes
a continuing result, thus emphasizing the continual the means by which the end is secured according to di-
state or condition. 6 ovvnyerpev aor. ind. act. ovv- vine arrangement (Eadie). nepimathowpev aor. subj. act.
eyeipw (#5283) to raise together w. Believers not only nepitatew (# 4344) to walk. Subj. w. iva (#2671) in a
receive life, they experience a resurrection (Eadie). Aor. purp. cl. 11 610 (# 1475) therefore. pwnpovevete pres.
points to a specific event that has taken place. ovvexd- act. imp. wvnuovevw (# 3648) to remember. The word
@toeV aor. ind. act. ovvKabivw (#5154) to cause to sit calls for repentance, decision, and gratitude (Barth). 6t1
down together w. another. enovpdvioc (# 2230) heaven- (# 4022) that, gives the content of what is to be remem-
ly, heavenly places (s. 1:3). @ 7 évSetEnta1 aor. subj. bered. noté (# 4537) formerly. €@vn pl. é6vog (# 1620) na-
pass. évdetkvupt (# 1892) to demonstrate, to display, to tion; pl. Gentile, the non-Jewish world. év oapKi
put on display, to show, to prove (Schnackenburg). In (# 1877; 4922) in the flesh. The words suggest the exter-
the papyri it could have a quasi-legal sense of proving nal and temporary nature of the distinction (Robin-
a petition or charge, or of proving that a charge was son). Aeyopvevor pres. pass. part. A€yw (#3306) to call.
wrong (MM; Preisigke, 1:484). Josephus used the word axpoBvotia (# 213) foreskin, uncircumcision. mEpitoun
to describe Herod Agrippa’s display of generosity to (# 4364) circumcision (TDNT; Barth; NIDNTT). xewpo-
those of other nations (Jos., Ant., 19:330; also CCF, mointos (#5935) verbal adj. handmade. 12 tte impf.
2:97-98). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. (Mac- ind. act. ewt (# 1639) to be. Kaipoc (# 2789) time, sea-
Arthur). émepxopevoig pres. mid. (dep.) part. enépyouor son. Here, dat. of time. ywpic¢ (# 6006) without. anna-
(# 2088) to come upon, approaching. The times after AoTpwyEéVoI perf. pass. part. AnaAAoTPIOW (#558) to
the coming of the Lord are viewed as being already ap- estrange, to alienate, to separate from (Lincoln). Perf.
proaching (Meyer). brepBaAAov pres. act. part. vmep- indicates the state or condition. moArteia (# 4486) citi-
BoAAw (# 5650) to throw beyond, to exceed, to surpass. zenship, state, commonwealth. It indicates the govern-
Part. is used in the sense of surpassing, extraordinary, ment of Israel framed by God in which religion and
outstanding (BAGD). Adj. part., exceeding wealth. polity were joined (Eadie). Eevoc (#3828) stranger fol-
xpnototns (# 5983) usefulness, goodness, kindness. The lowed by the gen of separation “strange to something”
word involves the idea of the exercise of kindness to- (BD, 98). 5va8NKn (# 1347) covenant, treaty. Enayyeria
ward another (Abbott; Trench, Synonyms, 232f; TDNT). (# 2039) promise. Exovtes pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to
@ 8 yopiti dat. sing. yapic¢ (#5921) grace. Instr. dat., have. Geog (# 117) without God, godless, atheist. The
“by grace.” The definite article appears w. the word be- prefix negates the stem of the word (Moorhouse, 47ff).
cause it is the grace already mentioned (Abbott). Thus they were separated from the Messianic cove-
oeowopevot perf. pass. part. s.v. 5. 8a miotews (# 4411) nants and redemption that was to come from God
through faith. The prep. indicates the channel through through the Jews. @ 13 vuvi dé (# 3815; 1254) but now;
which salvation comes (Ellicott). Faith is not viewed as introduces a contrast to their previous state. OvtEeg pres.
a positive work or accomplishment of the individual act. part. (subst.) cipi, s.v. 1. poxpav... eyyd¢ (# 3426;
(Gaugler). 800 (# 2536) of God. The gen. is empha- 1584) adv. Far and near were used in rabbinical writ-
sized by its position before the noun and stands in em- ings to indicate, among other things, non-Jew (far) and
phatic contrast w. the personal pron. ty@v (Abbott). Jews (near), or those who were righteous and near God
@ 9 Epywv gen. pl. Epyov (#2240) work, deed. Gen. of or those who were godless and far away (SB, 3:585-87).
source, “not out of their works.” Kavynontat aor. subj. eyevnOnte aor. ind. pass. yivouai (#1181) to become.
mid. (dep.) kavyaonat (# 3016) to boast, to glory. Subj. aia (#135) blood. Here, instr. dat., “through the
w. iva (# 2671) in a neg. purp cl. 10 notnua. (# 4473) blood.” For a discussion of Eph. 2:13-17 in the light of
that which is made, work. The word can also have the Isa. 52:7 and 57:19 s. APM, 23-55. @ 14 wbt0¢ (# 899) He
connotation of a “work of art,” esp. a poetic product, himself. The pronoun is used to strengthen the con-
including fiction. In the LXX it refers to God’s creation trast. 1 elptvn (# 1645) peace. S. also DPL, 698-99. The
work (Barth; Lincoln). ctio8evteg aor. pass. part. KtiGw article used w. the pred. noun presents the pres. as
(# 3231) to create. The word points to God’s new cre- something well-known or which alone merits such
ation in Christ. For this aspect of Paul’s teaching designation; i.e., the only thing to be considered (BD,
against its Jewish background s. PRJ, 119ff. emi (# 2093) 143). mooaus aor. act. part. novew (# 4472) to make. ap-
w. the dat., for. The prep. indicates the goal or purp. It ootepor (# 317) both; i.e., both Jews and Gentiles (Ab-
primarily designates movement ending in a definite bott). The n. is used if it is not the individual but a
spot (IBG, 50). €pyoug cyaBoig (# 2240; 19) good works. general quality that is to be emphasized (BD, 76). we00-
W. the prep. the phrase indicates the goal (Schnacken- toxov (# 3546) middle wall, dividing wall. For a dis-
burg). mpon|toipacev aor. ind. act. mpoetomacw (# 4602) cussion of the various views concerning the middle
to prepare beforehand. Aor. points to a specific act that wall s. Barth; Lincoln; Schnackenburg; BBC. The con-
has taken place. The prep. refers to a period before the text identifies the wall in four ways: it is the fact of sep-
Ephesians 3 438

aration between Israel and the nations; it has to do w. land and enjoyed only corresponding legal protection
the law and its statutes and interpretations; it is expe- according to the OT meaning (Barth; TDOT under 7
rienced in the enmity between Jews and Gentiles; it ger; Lincoln). ovproaitns (# 5232) fellow citizen. oixetoc
also consists of the enmity of Jews and Gentiles alike (# 3858) one’s own household, family. When used of
against God (Barth). paywog (#5850) fence, partition. persons it means “of one’s family,” strictly of kinsmen,
It signified originally a fence or railing erected for pro- sometimes loosely of familiar friends (Robinson). It re-
tection rather than separation (Barth). Adoasg aor. act. fers to all members regardless of social or personal po-
part. Avw (# 3395) to loose, to destroy, to break down. sition. 20 enoiwxodounbévtec aor. pass. part. (adj.)
Temp. or causal part. or of means. Aor. points to the enoikodsouew (#2224) to build upon. Theol. pass. indi-
completed action. It also points to a logically anteced- cating God as the one who is active. OepeéAtog (# 2529)
ent action to the main vb. €y@pa (# 2397) enmity, hostil- foundation. tév GnooTOAWY Kai Tpopntdv of apostles
ity. oopKi dat. sing. (# 4922) s.v. 3. It can refer either to and prophets. Gen. of apposition. For a summary of the
His death on the cross or his life on earth. 15 voywoc discussion of the grammar s. GGBB, 284-86. 6vtog pres.
(# 3795) law. Here it would refer to the Law of Moses. act. part. gen. masc. sing. et (# 1639) to be. axpoyw-
EvtoA@v gen. pl. EvtoAN (# 1953) commandment Soya viaiog (# 214) foundation stone, cornerstone, keystone.
(# 1504) decree. The law consisted of, was in decrees. The word could refer either to the cornerstone or to the
KatOpynoas aor. act. part. katapyew (# 2934) to invali- keystone in an archway (TDNT; Lincoln; 1 Pet 2:6).
date, to nullify, to annul, to make of no effect (Simp- @ 21 oixod5ou7 (#3869) building. ovvappoAoyoupevn
son). Temp. or causal part. xtioq aor. subj. act. ktiGw pres. pass. part. ovvapyoAoyew (# 5274) to fit together. In
(# 3231) to create. In rabbinic Judaism a heathen com- construction terms it represents the whole of the elabo-
ing to know God is as though he had been newly cre- rate process by which stones are fitted together: the
ated by whoever helped him to attain knowledge of preparation of the surfaces, including the cutting, rub-
God (APM, 42). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. bing, and testing; the preparation of the dowels and
NOUV pres. act. part. (temp.) no1ew (# 4472) to do. Part. dowel holes, and finally the fitting of the dowels w.
of result (GGBB, 639). @ 16 &noKxatoAAGey aor. subj. act. molten lead (Robinson, 262). wd&1 pres. ind. act. ad-
aNOKATAAGCOW (# 639) to change, to exchange, to turn Eavw (# 889) to increase, to grow. Pres. indicates the
from hostility to friendship, to reconcile. The double continual development, “is continuing to grow and de-
prep. in compound may be intensive (Abbott; Barth; V; velop.” Though the building is structurally complete, it
Rom. 5:10), or there may be a hint at a restoration to a continues to grow w. the addition of individual stones.
primal unity (Ellicott; s. Col. 1:20). otavpog (#5089) vac (# 3724) temple, inner sanctuary. This is the result
cross. The term reveals two things: Christ’s death is of the growth (Gaugler; DPL, 925). 22 ovvotiko-
shameful, not honorable, among men; it corresponds dopetove pres. ind. pass. ovvoikodopew (# 5325) to build
to death on the gallows. In addition, it is an execution together; pass., to be built together, i.e., together w. the
which bore God’s curse (Barth). amoxteivasc aor. act. others. Pres. is used because the building is still going
part. anoxteivw (# 650) to put to death, to kill. Part. of on (Abbott). katouxntnptov (# 2999) place of dwelling, a
means. Aor. expresses logically antecedent action to place of settling down. For the suf. indicating place or
the main vb. 17 €A@0v aor. act. part. Epyouat (# 2262) locality s. MH, 343. The prep. indicates the goal or in-
to come. Part. of means. Aor. indicates antecedent ac- tention.
tion. ebnyyeAioato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) evayyerifonar
(#2294) to proclaim good news. 18681 avtod Ephesians 3
through Him. éyopev pres. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to #1 tovtov xapiv because of this, on account of
have, to possess. Pres. indicates continual possession. this, for this reason. The reference is not only to build-
mpooaywyn (#4643) entrance, access. The word was ing God’s house on a firm foundation, but also to the
used of a solemn, unhindered approach to a deity and unification of Jews and Gentiles (Barth). S€o,110¢
of access to a king’s presence (Simpson; Lincoln). ap- (# 1300) prisoner. Prisoners often had time to think,
gotepor (# 317) s.v. 14. “We both,” referring to those read, write, etc. (BAFCS, 3:323-67; CIC, 66-75; DPL,
near and far. 19 dpa (#726) therefore. The word 752-54). eBv@v pl. €8voc (#1620) people, nation, pl.
marks the progress in the argument and has a connec- Gentile. 2 ei ye (# 1145, 1623) if indeed, surely. The
tive sense implying a consequence. The double parti- particles here are used to express assurance (Thrall,
cles (&pa obv) in combination are intended to imply 87f). Nkovoate aor. ind. act. &Kovw (#201) to hear. Ind.
logical connection, the one simply reinforcing the oth- in a Ist. class cond. cl. which assumes the reality of the
er, w. both used to sum up the argument of the whole cond. otkovopia (#3873) administration, responsibility,
section (Thrall, 11; Eadie). odxet: (# 4033) no longer. management of a household. The term was used of the
maporKos (#4230) one living alongside, alien. A resi- administrative responsibility given to a servant over a
dent alien was subject to only a part of the law of the household (TLNT; TDNT). xapitog gen. sing. xdpic
439 Ephesians 3

(#5921) grace. Gen. gives the content of the responsi- pass. part. dnoxpomtw (# 648) to hide. Perf. part. indi-
bility. 508eion¢ aor. pass. part. (adj.) 5t8wp1 (# 3972) to cates the state or condition, “that which was hidden.”
give. Theol. pass. indicating God is the giver. ig buds Ktioavtl aor. act. part. (adj.) ktiGw (#3231) to create.
for you; i.e., for your benefit. @ 3 xaté (# 2848) w. the @ 10 yvwp1o87 aor. subj. pass. ywwpitw (# 1192) s.v. 3.
acc., according to. Used here in an adverbial sense: “by Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express. purp. émovpdviog
way of revelation” to express the mode of the making (# 2230) heavenly (s. 1:3). nodvnoixiAoc (# 4497) many-
known (Meyer). dnoxdAvyic (# 637) unveiling, reveal- sided, variegated, very varied. The word was used to
ing, revelation. eyvwpio®n aor. ind. pass. ywpitw describe robes or hems (Robinson). @ 11 mp0@Eot1g
(#1192) to make known. pvotnpiov (#3696) mystery, (#4606) purpose, design. Gen. following the word
that which a human being cannot know but which is could be descriptive gen. (“eternal purp.”), poss. gen.
revealed by God (TDNT; ZPEB, 4:327-30). npoéypayo. (“the purpose that runs through the ages”) [Abbott]);
aor. ind. act. npoypabw (#4592) to write beforehand. It or it could be obj. gen., “purpose about the ages,” “the
refers to the previous part of this letter (Schlier). év design concerning the ages.” For this view and a dis-
OAtyw (# 1877; 3900) in a few words, in brief. @ 4 npoc 6 cussion of other views s. Barth. émoinoev aor. ind. act.
to that which, w. reference to; “w. reference to what I novew (# 4472) to make, to do. Aor. points to the com-
have said” (Abbott; Barth). avayiwwoKovtes pres. act. pletion of the act, “to accomplish.” 12 nappnota
part. avayivwwoKxw (#336) to read. Temp. part., “when (#4244) speaking freely, confidence, boldness. mpoo-
you read.” Pres. shows contemporaneous action. aywyn (#4643) entrance, access (s. 2:18). menoi@noig
voroat aor. act. inf. voew (# 3783) to perceive, to come to (# 4301) having been persuaded, confidence. @ 13 516
the knowledge of, to apprehend, to understand, to gain (# 1475) therefore. aitodpou pres. ind. mid. (dep.) aitéw
an insight into (BAGD). Supplementary inf w. the vb. (#160) to ask, to request. &ykaxeiv pres. act. inf.
dSvvaocbe pres. poss. ind. S0vayai (#1538) to be able. eykaxew (# 1591) to give to evil, to be a coward, to be
ovveoic (#5304) understanding, insight. 5 yeved discouraged, to grow weary. OAtweou dat. pl. BAiwic
(# 1155) generation. Dat. here could be dat. of time (“in (# 2568) pressure, tribulation, trouble. @ 14 koyrtw
other generations” [Robinson]) or it could be dat. of in- pres. ind. act. (#2828) to bow. yovata acc. pl. yovw
direct object (“to other generation” [Barth]). anexa- (# 1205) knee. For a discussion of the position of kneel-
4.06N aor. ind. pass. &noKaAnTw (#1192) to unveil, to ing in prayer s. Barth. @ 15 natpia (# 4255) family, de-
reveal. @ 6 eivat pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639) to be. Epex. scendant from a common father. It always refers to a
inf. explaining the content of the divine revelation. ovy- concrete group of people. For a discussion of the mean-
KAnpovouos (#5169) fellow heir. cboowpos (# 5362) fel- ing of the term in this passage s. Barth; SB, 3:594.
low members of a body, belonging to the same body. Ovopatetar pres. ind. pass. ovowatw (# 3951) to name, to
ovppetoxyos (#5212) fellow partaker, co-sharer. The give aname toa thing. To have a family name indicated
word was used in the papyri of those who were joint the possessing of all the rights and responsibilities be-
possessors of a house (MM; for the vb. s. NDIEC, 3:85- longing to that family. 16 8@ aor. subj. act. 5151
86). Enayyedia. (# 2039) promise. 7 EyevnOny aor. ind. (# 3972) to give. Subj. w. iva, (# 2671) to give the content
pass. (dep.) yivonar (# 1181) to become. Kata (# 2848) of Paul’s prayer. Svvopet dat. S0vapig power. Here,
w. the acc., s.v. 3. xapitog (# 1561) gift, followed by the (# 1539) w. power, w. infused strength; instr. dat. (Elli-
gen. of apposition (Eadie) or the gen. of source. cott; Abbott). Kpataiw@jvo1 aor. pass. inf. Kkpatoaow
S08etons aor. pass. part. d1Swp1 (# 3972) to give. Divine (# 3194) to strengthen, to fortify, to brace, to invigorate
pass. indicting God as the agent. évepyera (# 1918) (Simpson; s. 1:19). €ow (#2276) inner. 17 KatoiKijou1
working, effectual working (Robinson). 5vvapews gen. aor. act. inf. katoiwKew (# 2997) to dwell, to live in, to set-
sing. dvvautc (#1539) power. Gen. of description. tle down. The vb. denotes permanent habitation as op-
@ 8 EXayototépw (# 1788) dat. comp. of the superl. €ra- posed to sojourning or an occasional visit (Barth). Inf.
yiotog (BAGD) less than the least; “the smallester,” used as a type of apposition explaining the previous
“leaster” (Barth; GGBB, 302). The form was used to inf. (Schlier). pptGwpevot perf. pass. part. piCow (# 4845)
designate the deepest self-abasement (Eadie). Paul to cause to take root; pass., to be or to become firmly
may be making an allusion to his own name (Simpson). rooted or fixed (BAGD). Perf. looks at the continuing
For the form s. BD, 34. €506n aor. ind. pass. dtu state or condition. teOeyeAmpévot perf. pass. part. Seue-
(# 3972) to give. Theol. pass. indicating that God is the Atow (#2530) to lay a foundation, to establish, to
giver. evayyedionobo1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. evayyerttw strengthen. The reference is the solid basement of the
(# 2294) to proclaim the good news, to preach the gos- spiritual temple described in chapter 2 (Eadie).
pel. Inf. of purp. aveEtyviaotos (# 453) not able to track 18 cEioxvonte aor. subj. act. e&ioyow (#2015) to be
out, untraceable (s. Rom. 11:33). 9 dwtiomt aor. act. able, to be fully able, to be strong enough. Subj. w. tva
inf. dwti¢w (# 5894) to illuminate, to bring into light, to (# 2671) to express the content of the parallel prayer in
shed light upon. Inf. of purp. &moxexpuppevov perf. v. 16. Prep. in compound is perfective and indicates a
Ephesians 4 440

strength exerted till its object is attained (MH, 310). tain (Schlier). Compl. inf. explaining the effort. evotn¢
KatoAaBéo@a1 aor. mid. inf. katarauBavw (# 2898) to (#1942) unity. mvevpatos gen. sing. nveduo. (# 4460)
grasp mentally, to comprehend (Abbott). mAato¢ Spirit. Subjective gen., indicating the source or agent
breadth, width (#4424). pfixog (#3601) length. twos producing the unity. obvdeopog (#5278) that which
(# 5737) height. Bao (#958) depth. Each term refers binds together, a bond. The word denotes that which
fig. to God’s love (GGBB, 286). @ 19 yvdivat aor. act. inf. keeps something together (Barth). 4 xa®we (# 2777)
yivwokw (#1182) to know. brepBaAAOvOaV pres. act. just as. ExANOnte aor. ind. pass. kadew (# 2813) to call.
part. bmepBaAAw (#5650) to throw beyond, to excel, to Aridi dat. Aric (# 1828) hope (EH, 598-601). KAncews
surpass. NAnpwéfjte aor. subj. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to gen. sing. KAnots (# 3104) calling. Gen. of source, indi-
fill. 20 5v-vopevw pres. pass. (dep.) part. Svvopor cating that the hope arises fr. the calling. @ 5 Bantiona
(# 1538) to be able. Part. used as a noun. Dat. of advan- (#967) baptism. It could refer to the baptism of the
tage. Pres. describes a continuing trait. wovjoa aor. act. Spirit which places the believer in Christ, thus forming
inf. novew (#4472) to do, to accomplish. Compl. inf. to the body of Christ, the church. @ 6 €ig (# 1651) one.
the preceding part. tmepexnepioood (#5655) super- @ 7 Exdotw dat. sing. Exaotog (# 1667) each. Dat. of the
abundantly, quite beyond all measure, greatly exceed- indir. obj. 8866n aor. ind. pass. St5wp1 (# 3972) to give.
ing all boundaries. The form is used as the highest Theol.pass. yaptc (#5921) grace. Unity is not uniformi-
form of comparison imaginable (BAGD). aitobpeba ty, but is quite consistent w. a variety of gifts and offices
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) aitew (# 160) to ask. voodpev pres. in the church (Eadie). wetpov (# 3586) measure. Swpéa
ind. act. voew (#3783) to understand (s.v. 4). évep- (# 1561) gift. 8 810 (# 1475) therefore [he says]. This
youpeévty pres. mid. (dep.) part. Evepyéouat (#1919) to formula introduces a citation from the OT and is char-
be active, to be effective (Robinson). @ 21 yeved gener- acterized by the absence of a legalistic and polemic un-
ation (#1155). Gphv (#297) truly. Used after a state- dertone. It is an urgent invitation to listen attentively
ment to add confirmation (TDNT). (Barth; BE, 107ff). For a discussion of this section in re-
lation to Ps. 68:18 s. APM, 56-86. &vaBac aor. act. part.
Ephesians 4 (temp.) d&voBaivw (#326) to ascend, to go up. vos
@ 1 nNopaKad® pres. ind. act. mapaKxarew (# 4151) (# 5737) height. TypoAwtevoev aor. ind. act. aiyorw-
to beseech, to exhort, to encourage. The word signifies tevw (# 169) to lead captive. The allusion is to a trium-
a will of the writer that is at the same time warm, per- phal possession in which marched the captives taken
sonal, and urgent (Barth; TDNT; NTW). ovv (# 4036) in war (Eadie; Lincoln; 2 Cor. 2:14; W. Hall Harris III,
therefore. 5€op10¢ (# 1300) prisoner. a&iwe (# 547) adv., The Descent of Christ in Ephesians 4:7-11: An Exegetical
worthily. The basic meaning of the word is, “that Investigation with Special Reference to the Influence of Tra-
which balances the scales,” “equivalent” (TDNT). mept- ditions About Moses Associated with Psalm 68:19 [Leiden:
Nathoa aor. act. inf. nepimatew (# 4344) to walk about, EJ. Brill, 1996]. For DSS and Jewish parallels s. APM,
to conduct one’s life. Compl. inf. is used to express the 60-63). é5wKev aor. ind. act. siSwyur (#3972) to give.
content of Paul’s urging. Tc gen. sing. 0¢ (# 4005) who, @ 9 aver aor. ind. act. dvoPaivw (# 326) to go up, to as-
which rel. pron. by attraction to its antecedent (RWP). cend. xatéBn aor. ind. act. kataBaivw (#2849) to go
éxANOnte aor. ind. pass. karEw (# 3104) to call. 2 ta- down, to descend. xatwtepog (# 3005) the lower parts,
mewoppoovvn (#5425) lowly thinking, humility. The the lower regions. yf\¢ gen. y7 earth. (#1178). “Of the
word refers to the quality of esteeming ourselves as earth,” possibly a gen. of apposition (GGBB, 99-100,
small but at the same time recognizing the power and 112). The reference could be to the Incarnation and
ability of God (TDNT; Trench, Synonyms, 148; Christ’s coming to earth (RWP; Barth; Hodge).
NIDNTT; EDNT; RAC, 3:735ff). mpattng (# 4559) 10 KatoPdc aor. act. part. KataPaivw s.v. 9. drepdva
meek, gentle. The humble and gentle attitude which (# 5645) w. the gen., high above. TANPOT aor. subj. act.
expresses itself in a patient submissiveness to offense, TANpow (# 4444) to fill. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express
free from malice and desire for revenge (s. Matt. 5:5; purp. @ 11 &5wxev aor. ind. act. 5t5w1 (# 3972) to give.
TDNT; NIDNTT; Gal. 5:22). paxpo@vpia (# 3429) long- For a discussion of gifts s. DPL, 339-47. &ndot0A0¢
suffering (s. Gal. 5:22). avexopevor pres. mid. (dep.) (# 693) apostle. Those appointed by Jesus to be His of-
part. aveyouat (# 462) to bear, to bear up, to hold one- ficial representatives (s. Rom. 1:1). tod¢ pév ... tobs 5€
self up. The word indicates giving patience to someone the one... the other. ebayyedoths (# 2296) one who
till the provocation is past (Eadie). Perhaps a part. of proclaims the good news, evangelist. An evangelist
means (GGBB, 652). GAANAWV (#253) one another. was one who proclaimed the gospel which he had re-
3 onovdalovtes pres. act. part. onovdacw (#5079) to ceived from the apostle. He was in particular a mis-
give diligence, to be eager, to make every effort. Part. sionary who brought the gospel into new regions
of manner explaining how to conduct one’s life. tTnpeiv (Schlier; Barth; BBC; TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). nowévac
pres. act. inf. tnpew (# 5498) to guard, to keep, to main- acc. pl. nounv (# 4478) shepherd, pastor. The image of
441 Ephesians 4

a shepherd w. his flock pictures the relation of a spiri- viewed adverbially: in every way, totally (Barth).
tual leader to those committed to his charge (Eadie). Kegan (# 3051) head. 16 ovvappodoyovpevov pres.
KatMs2779) and. Often the word has the meaning “that pass. part. ovvapporoyew (# 5274) to join together, to fit
is” or “in particular” and indicates that the shepherds together (s. 2:21). ovpPiBafopevov pres. pass. part. ovp-
pe een are viewed as one common group; i.e., BiBacw (# 5204) to bring together by sinews, ligaments,
teaching shepherds (Barth; also GGBB, 284). &1- joints (BAGD). It refers to a correlation as of a function-
SdoKxaAoc (# 1437) teacher. 12 katapticpos (# 2938) ing organism (Simpson). an (#913) joint, contact,
equipping, qualification. The word was a medical tt. touching; contact w. the supply (Abbott). extyopnyia.
for the setting of a bone (BAGD; for the vb. s. TLNT). (#2221) supply. Here subjective gen. (Lincoln). The
The noun describes the dynamic act by which persons simple noun originally indicated a payment for the
or things are properly conditioned (Barth; Lincoln). cost of bringing out a chorus at a public festival. Then
oixodsoun (# 3869) building, building up, edification. it signified provisions for an army or expedition. The
The word is an expression of development (Meyer). word. w. the prep. in compound was a t.t. describing
13 pexpt (# 3588) until, used to give the goal. katav- the provision of food, clothing, etc., which a husband is
Thowpev aor. subj. act. katavtdw (# 2918) to come to, to obligated to make for his wife. Here it indicates that the
arrive at, to reach, to attain to, to come down to the body receives from the head what nourishment, life,
goal. Subj. is used in an indef. temp. cl. w. a purp. idea and direction it needs (Barth; Robinson). évepyevo
(RWP). evotne (# 1942) unity. entyvwors (# 2106) knowl- (# 1918) function. It refers to the working process (Rob-
edge, knowledge directed toward a particular object inson). avEnors (# 890) growing, growth. noveitat pres.
(Robinson). téA€v¢ (# 5455) that which has reached the ind. mid. movew (# 4472) to do. Mid. is used of the body
set goal, perfect, mature. For a discussion of the vari- promoting its own growth (Abbott; BAGD). 17 pap-
ous views regarding the perfect man s. Barth; Lincoln; Topopa pres. ind. mid. (dep.) (#3458) to testify, to bear
DPL, 699-701. nAixioa. (# 3586) age, full age, ripeness of witness. mepimateiv pres. act. inf. nepimatew (# 4344) to
full age. The word can also mean development in stat- walk about, to conduct one’s life. Inf. is used either to
ure but is best understood as mature age (Eadie; Ab- express a command or as obj. of the vb. Pres. points to
bott). nAnpwpa (# 4445) fullness. @ 14 pnKeti a habitual action. xa@we (# 2777) just as. €6vn pl. E6voc
(# 3600) no longer. @pev pres. subj. act. et (# 1639) to (# 1620) people, nation; pl., Gentiles, heathen, those
be. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. vim who were not Jews. pataotns (#3470) vanity, empti-
(# 3758) baby, immature. It refers to the immaturity of ness. The word contains the idea of aimlessness, the
children compared to the perfection of the perfect man leading to no object or end (Trench, Synonyms, 180-84;
(Barth). KAvdwviCopevor pres. pass. part. KAvdwviCopar TDNT). For the Jewish indictment of the Gentiles s.
(# 3115) to be driven by waves, to be agitated by waves Barth; SB, 3:600; JPF, 2:106ff). vot¢ (# 3808) mind, think-
(RWP). mepipepopevot pres. pass. part. mepipepw (# 4367) ing facility, reasoning capacity. @ 18 €oxotwpevot perf.
to carry about, to carry around, to be borne to and fro. pass. part. oxotow (# 5031) to darken. Perf. part. is used
For this figure of speech s. Abbott; Lincoln. avenw dat. in a periphrastic construction indicating the continuing
civenwoc (#449) wind. Instr. dat. 5Sa0KoAia (#1436) darkened condition. Stavoig (# 1379) thinking through,
teaching. Here, descriptive gen. or gen. of apposition understanding, intelligence, the mind as the organ of
(GGBB, 94f). cuBete (#3235) dice playing, cunning. It thinking (BAGD). 6vtec pres. act. part. cyt (# 1639) to
means wicked dice playing and refers to intentional be. GmnAAotpiWEVOL perf. pass. part. anaddAOTPLIOW
fraud (BAGD; Barth; Ellicott; Lincoln). avépwdnwv gen. (#558) to estrange, to alienate. Perf. emphasizes the
avOpwroc (#476) human being. Subjective gen. (“dice continuing state or existence: being alienated from the
playing by men”) or gen. of description (“human life of God. It does not imply that they had at one time
treachery”). mavovpyig (#4111) cleverness, trickery. enjoyed that life; it means simply being aliens from it
wedodeia (#3497) following after, deceit, scheming (Robinson). &yvoww (#53) ignorance, lack of knowl-
(RWP; Barth). mAdvn (#4415) wandering, roaming. edge. It refers to the inability to comprehend and see
Used figuratively of wandering from the path of truth: the light (Barth). TEDPWOTG (#4801) hardening (RWP;
error, delusion, deceit (BAGD). Descriptive gen. @ 15 NIDNTT; Barth). oboav pres. act. part. acc. fem. sing.
GANOevovtes pres. act. part. dAnNGebw (# 238) to be truth- ei (# 1639). @ 19 annAynKoteEs perf. act. part. dar yEw
ful, to tell the truth, to deal truly. Vbs. ending in this (# 556) to cease to feel pain or grief, to become callous,
suf. express the doing of an action signified by the cor- insensible to pain (T). The translation “past feeling” ex-
responding noun (Abbott). With this vb. the relation- presses the sense accurately (Abbott). The lack of moral
ship of quality passes to that of action (MH, 399). feeling and discernment means the inability to exercise
abEnowpev aor. subj. act. ad&dvw (# 889) to grow, to in- any restraint (Lincoln). napédwxav aor. ind. act. mapa-
crease. T&vta acc. Nis (# 4246) all. Acc. of general refer- 51Swut (# 4140) to deliver over to, to hand over to. &oeA-
ence, “in respect to all things.” It may, however, be yeiq (# 816) unrestrained living (s. Gal. 5:19). épyacia
Ephesians 4 442

(# 2238) working, producing, performance, practice 24:15 s. APM, 90-91. The day of anger should be the
(Robinson). &ka®apoia (# 174) uncleanness, filthiness, day of reconciliation (Barth). napopyopoc (# 4240) an-
impurity (Barth). meoveEig (# 4432) insatiable craving ger, angry mood; a violent irritation is meant, ex-
greed, consuming ambition, giving rein to appetites pressed by either hiding oneself from others or by
and desires which are against the laws of God and man flaming looks, harmful words, inconsiderate actions
(NUWAS99 = Barth) SEDNT ai EN Tiss sRomes 129): (Barth). 27 8tS0te pres. imp. act. Sidwyt (# 3972) to
@ 20 &ud8ete aor. ind. act. uavOavw (# 3443) to learn. give. tomog (# 5536) place; here in the sense of place in
Xptotos (# 5986) Christ. Just as a Jew learned the Torah, your life or opportunity. 51a Bodog (# 1333) slanderer,
now the Christian learns Christ (Lincoln). devil (DDD, 463-73). Here, dat. indir. obj.—”an opportu-
21 nKovoate aor. ind. act. &Kobw (#201) to hear. &61- nity to” or “for the devil.” 28 kXéntwv pres. act. part.
daxOnte aor. ind. pass. 518c0Kw (# 1438) to teach; pass., kAentw (# 3096) to steal. Pres. part. indicates the contin-
to be taught. ® 22 dro8eo8a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. ano- uous action, “the one stealing.” Part. used as a noun,
tiOnut (# 700) to put off, to remove as one puts off emphasizing this action as a character trait. unkett
clothes. Epex. inf. explaining the teaching, or inf. as (# 3600) no longer. KAentétw pres. imp. act. (#3096).
imp. The change of clothes imagery signifies an ex- Pres. imp. w. the neg. calls for the stopping of an action
change of identities (Lincoln; GGBB, 605). Inf. is used in progress. KONATW pres. imp. act. komiaw (#3159) to
to denote the substance of what they had been taught grow weary, to work w. effort, to labor (S). For the rela-
(Eadie). Aor. denotes a once and for all, definite, con- tion of this v. to Lev. 19:11 s. APM, 91-92. epyafoyevoc
cluding action: the stripping off is to be done at once, pres. mid. (dep.) part. epyatoua (# 2237) to work. Pres.
and for good (Barth). &vactpoon (# 419) manner of life indicates a contemporaneous action. Temp. part.
(s. 2:3). mararog (# 4094) old. p8eipoyevov pres. pass. “while working.” €yq pres. subj. act. éyw (#2400) to
part. o8eipw (#5780) to corrupt. The whole character have. Subj. w. ‘iva. (# 2671) used in a purp. cl. petadi-
representing the former self was not only corrupt but Sova pres. act. inf. petadstdwp (# 3556) to give w., to
growing ever more and more corrupt. This is indicated share. Inf. to express purp. or result. ypeta (#5970)
by the pres. (Westcott). Every trait of the old man’s be- need, necessity. Eyovti pres. act. part. dat. masc. sing.
havior is putrid, crumbling, or inflated like rotting éyw (# 2400) to have. Subst. use of the pres. part. to in-
waste or cadavers, stinking, ripe for being disposed of dicate the contemporary trait as a characteristic. For
and forgotten (Barth). xv8vpia (# 2123) strong desire, the concept of sharing among the members of the Dead
lust (DNP, 2:542-44). cmdatn (#573) deceit. Sea community s. CD, 14:12f. 29 campos (# 4911)
@ 23 avaveotobat pres. pass. inf. avaveow (#391) to rank, foul, putrid, rotten, worthless, disgusting (Simp-
make new again, to renew. Pres. emphasizes the con- son; Abbott). xmopevéo@w pres. mid. (dep.) imp. éx-
tinuing renewing. Epex. inf. or inf. as imp. mopevonar (#1744) to go out, to come out. oiKkodouq
@ 24 evivoa0801 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. evdvop01 (# 1907) (# 3869) building, edification. 6@ aor. subj. act. Hdwyr
to put on. Often used in the sense of putting on a gar- (# 3972) to give. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp.
ment. This inf. gives the positive side of v. 22, the obj. xapic (# 5921) grace. Used w. this vb. it means to confer
of what they were taught. xtioS€vta aor. pass. part. a favor, to give pleasure or profit. The meaning is, “that
KtiCw (# 3231) to create. oo1otn¢ (# 4009) piety, holiness. it may benefit the hearers” (Hodge). &kovovov pres.
It indicates fulfilling the divine demands which God act. part. aKkovw (# 201) to hear. 30 Avneite pres. imp.
places upon men (NIDNTT; TDNT; Ellicott). aAn@eva act. Aunew (#3382) to cause sorrow, to grieve. Pres.
(# 237) truth. Here, gen. of description, “genuine holi- imp. w. the neg. wf (# 3590) is used to forbid a continu-
ness.” @ 25 &roGepevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. dxotiOnut, al and habitual action. The Spirit who makes men at-
s.v. 22. weddoc (# 6022) lie. The sing. w. the article indi- test to the truth is put to shame when the saints lie to
cates a collective sense (Lincoln). AoA€ite pres. imp. act. one another and utter foul talk (Barth). For the relation
AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. Pres. imp. points to a habitual of this v. to Isa. 63:10 s. APM, 92-93. eopayio®nte aor.
action which is to characterize the life. tAnotov (# 4446) ind. pass. oppaytGw (#5381) to seal (s. 1:13). aroADTpw-
one who is close by, neighbor. GAANAwv (# 253) one an- Otc (# 667) release through the payment of a price, re-
other. péAn pl. weA0¢ (# 3517) member. For the relation demption (s. Rom. 3:24). @ 31 mixpio (#4394) bitter-
of this v. to Zech. 8:16 s. APM, 88-89. @ 26 opyiCeo@e ness. It is a figurative term denoting that fretted and
pres. imp. pass. (dep.) opyiGouar (# 3974) to be angry. irritable state of mind that keeps a man in perpetual
For a refutation of the classification of the imp. as cond. animosity; that inclines him to harsh and uncharitable
s. GGBB, 491-92. A quotation from Ps. 4:5 (LXX; s. opinions of men and things; that makes him sour, crab-
APM, 89-90). Gwaptdvete pres. imp. act. cLaptavey by, and repulsive in his general demeanor; that brings
(# 279) to sin. un (# 3590) w. imp. forms a prohibition. a scowl over his face and infuses the words of his
emidvétw pres. imp. act. em1d0w (# 2115) to go down, to tongue w. venom (Eadie). @vpocg (# 2596) anger. It ex-
set. For the relation of this v. to Ps. 4:26b and Deut. presses the temporary excitement or passion (Abbott;
443 Ephesians 5

Trench, Synonyms, 130f). opyn (#3973) wrath. It refers standard of that which is fitting to their position as
to the more subtle and deep-flowing anger (Abbott; saints. 4 aloypotnes (# 157) shameful conduct (Ab-
Trench, Synonyms, 130f; TDNT). xpavyn (#3199) clam- bott; Barth). pwpodAoyta (# 3703) foolish talk, silly talk. It
or, outcry, shouting. It is the cry of strife (Ellicott). is that talk of fools which is foolishness and sin togeth-
BAaopnuta (# 1060) slander, speaking evil of someone. er (Trench, Synonyms, 121), a mere laugh aimed at even
It is a more enduring manifestation of inward anger without wit (Bengel). evtpameAta (#2365) coarse jest-
that shows itself in reviling (TLNT). These two words ing. It implies the dexterity of turning a discourse to
are the outward manifestation of the foregoing vices wit or humor that ends in deceptive speech, so formed
(Ellicott).ap@qtw aor. imp. pass. aipw (# 149) to pick up that the speaker easily contrives to wriggle out of its
and carry away, to take away, to make a clean sweep meaning or engagement (Eadie). After a banquet the
(RWP). xaxia (#2798) malice, badness. It is a generic guests would sit and talk making jokes; often there was
term that seems to signify “badhardiness,” the root of a jester (scurra, coprea) who knew how to make plays on
all those vices (Eadie). 32 yiveo@e pres. imp. mid. words (LLAR, 45-49; NW 2, i:627-30). Ephesus was es-
(dep.) yivouar (# 1181) to become. xpnotdc (# 5982) use- pecially known for producing facetious orators (Barth).
ful, worthy, good, kind, benevolent (BAGD; TDNT; avijkev impf. ind. act. cvhKei (# 465) impersonal, it is
NIDNTT; Gal. 5:22). evtondrayyvoc (# 2359) tenderheart- proper, it is fitting. Impf. is used of necessity, obliga-
ed, compassionate. In the lit. and physical sense, “hav- tion, duty and is used here in the sense of what is (real-
ing healthy bowels.” The inward organs were ly) not proper but still happens (BD, 181). p&AAov
considered the seat of emotion and intention (Barth; (# 3437) rather. ebyaptotia (# 2374) thanksgiving. Grat-
TDNT,; s. 1 Peter 3:8). yapifopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. itude is here singled out as the basic structural feature
xopifoua (#5919) to forgive, to exercise grace in of the Christian’s ethic (Barth). 5 ote perf. ind.
freely forgiving (TDNT; EDNT). kaw (# 2777) just as. act./i imp. oda (#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
€xapioato aor. imp. mid. (dep.) yapiowo. to show grace meaning. The form is probably best understood as imp.
by providing undeserved help to someone unworthy and perhaps a Hebraism used w. the following part., w.
(TDNT; EDNT). the meaning, “know of a surety” (M, 245; MH, 222; ND,
352; Barth; Gnilka). ywwwoKovtes pres. act. part. yiwwoKw
Ephesians 5 (#1182) to know. nopvog (#4521) one who practices
@ 1 yiveoGe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivopor (# 1181) sexual immorality, fornicator. dka@aptog (# 176) one
to become. Pres. imp. suggests way of life. wysntat pl. who is unclean. mAgovextng (# 4431) one who is greedy
untns (# 3629) imitator. The following gen. describes (Rom. 1:29). 6 oti that is to say. A formulaic phrase
whom to imitate. ayannta pl. wyanntog (# 28) beloved. used without reference to the gender of the word ex-
2 mepinateite pres. imp. act. mepimatew (#4344) to plained or to that of the word which explains it (BD,
walk about, to conduct one’s life. Pres. imp. calls for 73). EdwrAOAGTPNGS (# 1629) one who serves an idol, idol-
habitual action. €v in. Ka0Wc¢ (# 2777) just as. Nyannoev ater. KAnpovoyia (#3100) inheritance. Bacireia (# 993)
aor. ind. act. cyandw (#26) to love (TLNT; TDNT; s. kingdom. The realm of Christ’s and God’s rule.
John 3:16). napéS5wxev aor. ind. act. rapadidwur (# 4140) @ 6 GnatatTw pres. imp. act. anataw (#572) to lead
to deliver over. Vb. expresses wherein his love was astray, to mislead, to deceive. Imp. in a neg. command
shown (Abbott; TLNT). éavtod (#1571) himself, a re- indicating the stopping of an action in progress, or the
flexive pronoun with the object and the subject being forbidding of a continual action. xevog (# 3031) empty,
the same. mpoopope (# 4714) offering. The word gener- without content; empty words or words which have no
ally denotes offerings which consist of products from inner substance or kernel of truth, hollow sophistries
the field and trees (Barth). @vota (# 2602) sacrifice. The and apologies for sin (Trench, Synonyms, 180). Here, in-
word describes the offering of animals from the flock str. dat. 6a tadta yop (#1328; 4047; 1142) refers not
or stable which were killed at the holy place and por- only to this v. but also to the previous vss. opyn (# 3973)
tions of which were burned upon the altar (Barth) boy wrath. amei@ern (#577) disobedience; viod¢ tis
(#4011) smell. ebwdta (# 2380) sweet odor, fragrance. aneWetac “sons of disobedience” is a Semitic expres-
The phrase “odor of fragrance” is a fig. designation for sion indicating the chief characteristic of the person as
the acceptableness of the offering (Meyer). 3 nop- disobedience (BG, 15f). 7 yiveo8e pres. ind./imp.
veto, (# 4518) illicit sexual activity (TDNT). éKxabapoia mid. (dep.) yivouoi (#1181) to become. ovppeétoyxos
(# 174) uncleanness, impurity, filthiness (s. 4:19). mA€o- (#5212) fellow partaker, partner, one who shares to-
vetia. (# 4432) greediness (s. 4:19). unde (# 3593) emphat- gether w. another. @ 8 Tre impf. ind. act. ewt (# 1639)
ic neg., not even. dvoyatecdw pres. imp. pass. dvoudtw to be. note (# 4537) formerly. nepinatette pres. ind. act.
(# 3951) to name; pass., to be named. Here, “let it not mepinatew (#4344) to walk, to conduct one’s life.
even be mentioned by name” (Ellicott). mpénet pres. 9 Kapnocg (#2843) fruit; here, results. &ya0woovvy
ind. act. npenw (# 4560) to be fitting, to be proper. The (# 20) goodness (Gal. 5:22). @ 10 50x yaCovtec pres. act.
Ephesians 5 444

part. doxwotw (# 1507) to approve after examination, particular instance in daily life (Abbott; Alford). pe6v-
to arrange and execute a test, to accept and heed the re- oxeobe pres. imp: mid. (dep.) (# 3499) pe8voKop0 to get
sults of a test, to carry out a careful examination, to find drunk, to be drunk. In Philo’s treatise, entitled On
out by experience (Barth; TLNT; TDNT). evapeotos Drunkenness, he characterizes drunkenness generally
(# 2298) well-pleasing, acceptable, followed by the dat. as a mark of the blind and foolish man who is a slave
of advantage. 11 ovyKotvwveite pres. imp. act. ovy- to the material world (NIDNTT). Others describe
Koivwvew (#5170) to join in fellowship w. someone, to drunkenness as producing inability to preserve one’s
have part in a thing (Abbott). Pres. imp. w. the neg. pq self-control and forcing one to commit many distaste-
(# 3590) forbids a continual or habitual act (MKG, ful acts (DC, 37:55). The religious aspects of drunken-
272f). axapnog (#182) unfruitful. eXeyyete pres. imp. ness were seen in the Bacchus festivals in the worship
act. eheyyw (# 1794) to bring to light, to expose, to re- of Dionysus (Barth; KP, 2:77-85; OCD 352f; DGRA, 410-
veal hidden things, to convince, to reprove, to correct, 14; DRU, 1:96-105; Cleon Rogers, “The Dionysian Back-
to punish, to discipline. For the various meanings, s. ground of Ephesians 5:18,” Bib Sac 146 [1979]: 249-57).
Barth; TDNT; Robinson. @ 12 xpvof (#3225) hidden, The neg. w. the pres. imp. calls for discontinuation of
secret. yivopeva. pres. mid. (dep.) part. yivowor (# 1181) an action in progress or prohibition of a habitual action.
to become. @ 13 eAeyxoueva. pres. pass. part. EXEyyw S.v. oivw dat. oivoc (# 3885) wine. Instr. dat. dowtia (# 861)
11. oW¢ (# 5890) light. davepodtat pres. ind. pass. pave- excess. The word indicated one who himself cannot
pow (# 5746) to make clear, to make known, pass., to be- save or spare, thus one who extravagantly squanders
come visible or known, to be revealed (BAGD). his means. Then it chiefly denoted a dissolute, de-
14 pavepovpevov pres. pass. part. davepow s.v. 13. 610 bauched, profligate manner of living (Trench, Syn-
AEye1 S. 4:8. Paul evidently uses a free adaptation of Isa. onyms, 54f; also Jos., JW, 4:651f; MM; TDNT). The
26:19 and 61:1 (RWP; Eadie; s. esp. APM, 97-116). Eyeipe excesses and flagrant, senseless activities connected w.
pres. imp. act. eyeipw (# 1586) to rise, to wake up. the religious celebrations to Dionysus were well-
KaSevdwv pres. act. part. ka8evéw (#2761) to sleep, to known to the ancient world. The worshipers felt that
be asleep. Subst. use of the part. &vdoto, aor. imp. act. they were united, indwelt, and controlled by Dionysus
aviotnuat (# 482) to stand up, to get up. éxipordoer fut. who gave them special powers and abilities (s. the ref-
ind. act. enipavoKxw (# 2213) to shine upon. The means erences above; s. also H.J. Rose, Religion in Greece and
employed by the Messiah are compared to the rays of Rome, [New-York: Harper and Brothers, 1959], 60f;
the rising sun. God’s glory or light appearing over Is- Rogers, Bib Sac 136 [1979]: 249-57). nAnpodobe pres.
rael exerted the life-giving power (Barth). @ 15 BAénete imp. pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fill; pass., to be filled. The
pres. ind. act. BAenw (# 1063) to watch, to give heed. idea of the word is “control.” The indwelling Spirit of
axpipac (# 209) adv. answering the question how one God is the one who should continually control and
should conduct one’s life: accurately, carefully. mept- dominate the life of the believer. This stands in marked
nateite pres. ind. act. nepimatew (# 4344) to walk about, contrast to the worshipers of Dionysus. The pres. calls
to conduct one’s life. Pres. points to the continual ac- for a habitual and continuing action. Pass. could be
tion. doopoc (# 831) unwise, foolish. The applying of permissive pass.: “allow yourselves to be ...” (BD, 165).
acquired knowledge (TDNT). 16 e&ayopatopevor This is further supported by imp. @ 19 AaAotvtes pres.
pres. mid. (dep.) part. e&ayopatw (# 1973) to buy up at act. part. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. The following four
the market place. Either w. the meaning, “seizing the parts. indicate the outworking or practice of being
opportunity,” “making your market to the full from the filled w. the Spirit (Schlier; GGBB, 639, 650-51). yoApocg
opportunity of this life” (Abbott); or w. the meaning, (# 6011) song of praise, psalm. The vb. meant primarily
“buying back (at the expense of personal watchfulness the plucking of the strings, and the noun was used of
and self-denial) the present time which is now being sacred songs chanted to the accompaniment of instru-
used for evil and godless purposes” (MM). Ka1poc¢ mental music (Abbott; Eadie; Barth). tuvoc (#5631)
(# 2789) time, referring to the brevity of life, or oppor- hymn. It refers to sacred poetic compositions whose
tunity, referring to the diligent use of opportunities in primary purpose is to praise (Eadie). @Saig pl. w5n
life. movnpog (#4505) evil, active evil. 17 yiveode (# 6046) song. This general word originally meant any
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivopo (# 1181) to become. d&pwv kind of song but was specially used of lyric poetry (Ab-
(# 933) without understanding, senseless. The word re- bott). @SovtEes pres. act. part. aidw (# 106) to sing. wor-
fers to imprudence or folly in action (Abbott). ovviete AOVTES pres. act. part. yoadrdw (# 6010) to sing (BAGD).
pres. imp. act. ovvinut (#5317) to understand; the abil- © 20 ebyapiotoivtes pres. act. part. evyapiotew (# 2373)
ity to bring things together and see them in relation to to be thankful, to give thanks. mdvtote (# 4121) always.
one another. The saints are encouraged to make use of © 21 vxotaDooLEVOI pres. mid. (dep.) part. brotaoooLa1
their reasoning power (Barth). 18 Kat (#2779) not (#5718) to line oneself up under, to submit. Used in a
continuative but a transition from a general fact to a military sense of soldiers submitting to their superior
445 Ephesians 6

or slaves submitting to their masters. The word has pri- (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp.
marily the idea of giving up one’s own right or will; Gpwpoc (#320) blameless. 28 OpetAovor pres. ind.
ie., to subordinate oneself (RWP; TDNT; Barth). &AAn- act. obetrew (# 4053) to owe someone a debt, to be obli-
dog dat. pl. aAANAWwV (# 253) one another: “To one an- gated, to ought to. The word indicates moral obligation
other.” 0Bog (#5832) fear, reverence. 22 15106 (TDNT). Pres. indicates the continual existence of the
(#2625) one’s own. 23 KepaAn (#3051) head. The obligation. &yanév pres. act. inf. yard (# 26) to love.
word speaks of authority and direction (Eadie). owtnp Compl. inf. used to complete the main vb. &yandv pres.
(# 5400) savior, protector. @ 24 bxotd&ooeta1 pres. ind. act. part. (#26). Subst. part. used to describe a trait. It
mid. (dep. ) s.v. 21. Pres. points to the continual action almost is used in a cond. sense (“if he loves”). Pres.
or state. obtwe (# 4048) so. @ 25 ot divdpec (# 467) voc. may portray the contemporaneous action or the dura-
you men. The Attic Gr. used the nom. w. the article only tive aspect: “the one who loves.” 29 éuionoev aor.
in addressing inferiors in a rather harsh manner. How- aor. ind. 10ew (# 3631) to hate. Gnomic aor. expressing
ever the NT does not follow this practice and uses the something which is always true. €xtpépet pres. ind. act.
nom. w. the article as the voc. sometimes under Semitic extpedw (# 1763) to nourish, to nourish children to ma-
influence (BD, 81f; MT, 31f). &yanGte pres. imp. act. turity (T). Prep. in compound is perfective. Pres. of a
ayamaw (# 26) to love (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). Pres. imp. linear vb. denotes the whole process leading up to an
calls for a continual habitual action. Love was not listed attained goal (M, 114). @GAme1 pres. ind. act. OdAnw
as a duty of the husband (BBC). xa@we (# 2777) just as. (# 2499) to cherish, to show affection and tender love.
hyannoev aor. ind. act. (#26). Aor. either points to the Kadwe (#2777) according to, just as. The manner and
specific act of Christ giving Himself, or views His acts the extent of the care is to be identical to that of Christ
of love in summary fashion. nmape5wxev aor. ind. act. s.v. for the church. @ 30 péAn nom pl. weA0¢ (# 3517) mem-
2. In a time when marriages were arranged and morals ber. 31 dvti tobtov (# 505; 4047) because of this, for
were loose, to fulfill the commands of subordination this reason. katoAetwet fut. ind. act. katareinw (# 2901)
and love was not an easy task. For marriage and the to leave behind. npooxoAAnOnoetat fut. ind. pass. mpoo-
home in the ancient world, including both Jewish and KoAAaw (# 4681) to be glued to, to be joined to. The pre-
Gentile s. SB, 3:610-913; JPFC, 2:748-69; Barth, 655-62, vious word suggests the complete separation from all
700-20; DPL, 393, 418-19, 587-89; BBC; W.K. Lacey, The former ties and this word gives the forming of a new
Family in Classical Greek [London: Thames & Hudson, relation. €oovta fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639) to be.
1972]; Heinrich Greeven, “Ehe nach dem Neuen Testa- For the relation of this v. to Gen 2:24 s. APM, 117-52.
ment,” NTS 15 [1969]: 365-88. 26 a&yidoq aor. subj. 32 wvotnpiov (# 3696) mystery. The word refers to
act. ayiatw (# 39) to sanctify, to make holy, to set apart that which is incapable of being discovered by human
(EDNT; TDNT). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. nature but is revealed by God. Here it has to do w. the
For the relation of this word to the marriage ceremony mystical union of Christ and His church (s. 3:3).
s. Barth. ka®aptous aor. act. part. ka8apttw (# 2751) to 33 many (# 4440) in any case, however. The word is
cleanse. Aor. portrays logically antecedent actions, used for breaking off discussion and emphasizing
even though they may be temporally contemporary. what is important (BAGD). &yand&tw pres. imp. act.
Part. may suggests the means of the sanctification. It ayamaw (#26) to love. poBita1 pres. subj. mid. (dep.)
may also be temp. giving the time of the sanctification. poBeowar (# 5828) to reverence, to show respect. Subj. w.
Aovtp@ dat. Aovtpov (# 3373) bath. Since a bridal bath iva. (# 2671) to express an imperatival notion.
was the practice both among Jews and Gentiles, Paul
may be making allusions to this custom (SB, 1:506; Ephesians 6
DGRA, 737; NW, 2, i:638). Barth’s objection that such @ 1 bnaKovete pres. imp. act. DraKkobw (# 5634) to
an allusion would mean that the bridegroom would be listen to, to obey, w. dat. yovetow dat. pl. (# 1204) yovevs
said to have given the bride a bath is to press the allu- parent. For the responsibilities of the family members
sion too far (Barth, 694). Loc. or instr. dat. pha (# 4839) and the conditions of family life in the society of the
word, spoken word. Perhaps the reference is to the gos- day s. Lincoln. dixaroc (# 1465) right, acceptable, corre-
pel which is proclaimed. @ 27 TOPAOTHON aor. subj. act. sponds to the correct standard. @ 2 tiwa pres. imp. act.
naptotnut (# 4225) to present. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to tiudw (# 5506) to count as valuable, to value, to honor,
express purp. évd0Eoc (# 1902) glorious, splendor (LN, to revere (BAGD; TDNT). évtoan (# 1953) command-
1:696). Eyovoav pres. act. part. acc. fem. sing. éyw ment. enayyedig. (# 2039) promise. For the Jewish teach-
(# 2400) to have. onidog (#5070) spot, speck, fleck, ing regarding this commandment and the position of
stain. puti¢g (# 4869) wrinkle, fold on the face. The children in the family s. SB, 1:705- 17; 3:614;, JPEG,
terms used here are taken from physical beauty, health, 2:769f; APM, 153-77, esp. 159-64. #3 ed (# 2292) adv.,
and Symmetry, to denote spiritual perfection (Eadie). well. yevntai aor. subj. mid. yivouat (# 1181) to become.
towdtos (#5525) such a thing. q pres. subj. act. eit Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. or result. oq fut.
Ephesians 6 446

ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd pers. sing. et (# 1639) to be. It is (# 1664) whether ... or. EAedOEpOs (# 1801) free, one who
possible that the fut. is used here because there was no has been freed from slavery, but has certain responsi-
aor. subj. of the vb. (Abbott). paxpoypovioc (# 3432) bilities to the one freeing him (LLAR, 114-15).
long-lived, long-timed (Eadie). @ 4 napopyi{ete pres. © 9 noveite pres. ind. act. novew s.v. 8. &viEVTES pres. act.
imp. act. napopyifouar (# 4239) to anger, to provoke to part. avin (# 479) to loosen up, to relax; to let up on
anger. This involves avoiding attitudes, words, and ac- (RWP). a@nrevdy (#581) threatening. npoownoAnpyia
tions which would drive a child to angry exasperation (#4721) the accepting of one’s person, partiality.
or resentment and thus rules out excessively severe 10 tod Aoinod (# 3836) finally, for the remaining. For
discipline, unreasonably harsh demands, abuse of au- a discussion of the section 6:10-17 in the light of the OT
thority, arbitrariness, unfairness, constant nagging and s. APM, 178-212. evivvopoto8_e pres. imp. pass. év-
condemnation, subjecting a child to humiliation, and dvvayow (#1904) to empower; pass., to be strength-
all forms of gross insensitivity to a child’s needs and ened. xp&itog (#3197) strength. toxbg (#2709) might.
sensibilities (Lincoln). Prep. in compound indicates an For these two words s. 1:19. @ 11 evévo0aoe aor. imp.
onward motion (MH, 320; Schlier; TDNT; s. 4:26). The mid. (dep.) evSvou01 (# 1907) to put on, to clothe one-
neg. pf (# 3590) w. the pres. imp. is used to prevent a self. navonAio, (# 4110) full armor, complete armor. This
habitual action. extpepete pres. imp. act. extpenw included such things as shield, sword, lance, helmet,
(#1763) to nourish, to provide for w. tender care (s. greaves, and breastplate (T); for a description of a
5:29). For the responsibility of the father for the chil- Roman soldier and his armor s. CC, 207f; Jos., JW,
dren in a Jewish family s. JPFC, 2:769f. novetg (# 4082) 3:93ff; TJ, 106-10; BBC. Since a soldier’s armor was
education, child training, discipline. The word indi- often a display of splendor Barth prefers the transla-
cates the discipline used to correct the transgression of tion, “the splendid armor” (Barth, 793-95). tod 8e0d
the laws and ordinances of the Christian household (# 2536) of God; gen. of source or origin indicating that
(Trench, Synonyms, 112; TDNT; TLNT; for the develop- God provides the armor (Eadie). 5vvac@ai aor. mid.
ment of the concept in Greek culture s. Werner Jaeger, (dep.) inf. 5vvapa (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Inf. of
Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture [Oxford: Basil Black- purp. or result. otfjvo1 aor. act. inf. totnut (# 2705) to
well, 1939-45]). vov8eota (# 3804) admonition. It refers stand. Compl. inf. completing the idea of the preceding
to the training by word - by the word of encourage- vb. The word could be used in a military sense indicat-
ment, when this is sufficient, but also that of remon- ing either “to take over,” “to hold a watch post”; or it
strance, reproof, and blame, where these may be could also mean to stand and hold out in a critical po-
required (Trench, Synonyms, 112; TDNT). 5 tnaxKov- sition on a battlefield (Barth). we@odeia (# 3497) schem-
ete pres. imp. act. braKovw (# 5634) s.v. 1. poBog (# 5832) ing, craftiness. 5uaBoAocg (#1333) slanderer, devil.
fear, reverence. tpoyoc (# 5571) tremble. The words only 12 nGAn (# 4097) struggle, wrestling. The word refers
express anxious solicitude about the performance of particularly to a hand-to-hand fight (Barth). Wrestling
duty, so that there is no allusion to the hardness of the was a fight characterized by trickery, cunning, and
service (Abbott). andotns (#605) simplicity, sincerity, strategy (DGRA, 817; KP, 4:1436; CC, 143f). koopoxpa-
uprightness (BAGD). It indicates purity of intention twp (# 3179) world ruler. For a discussion of the spiritu-
and whole-hearted devotion in service (TLNT). al warfare in the DSS s. 1QM. @ 13 &voAdPete aor. imp.
® 6 OfOaAL050vA 1a. (# 4056) eye service. It is labor when act. avaAauBavw (#377) to take up. The word was used
the master is present, but relaxation and laziness as as a military t.t. describing the last preparation and
soon as he is gone (Eadie). avOpwrdpeoKos (# 473) men final step necessary before the actual battle begins (Bar-
pleaser, one who tries to please men at the sacrifice of th). Aor. imp. demands an immediate action. 5uvn6fte
principle (BAGD). mowodvteg pres. act. part. movew aor. subj. pass. (dep.) 5vvoapor (# 1538) to be able. Subj.
(# 4472) to do. Pres. portrays a contemporaneous ac- w. iva (#2671) used in a purp. cl. &vtiotfivan aor. act.
tion. Part. of means or manner. 7 Evvo1w (# 2334) inf. &vttotnu (# 468) to spend against, to resist. katep-
good will, benevolent feelings w. good intentions yaoopevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. katepyaCouat (# 2987)
(TLNT). It suggests the ready good will which does not to accomplish, to carry out. Although the word may
wait to be compelled (Robinson). SovAebovtes pres. act. mean “to carry to victory,” it here means not only hav-
part. SovAevw (# 1526) to serve, to be a slave. Part. of ing made all necessary preparations, but indicates hav-
means or manner, explaining how one is not to serve as ing done everything which the crisis demands, in order
aman pleaser. @ 8 e150te¢ perf. act. part. (causal) 0150 to quell the foe and maintain position (Eadie; Barth).
(# 3857) to know. Exaotocg (#1667) each. nownon aor. otfvat aor. inf. act. totnut (# 2705) to stand. Inf. used to
subj. act. novew (# 4472) to do. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. express purp. ® 14 otite aor. imp. act. totnp (# 2705)
Kopioetai fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Kopitw (#3152) to re- to stand. Ingressive aor., “take your stand” (RWP).
ceive, to receive back; i.e., to receive as deposit. Hence mepiCwodpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. nepiCwvvopr
here it implies an adequate return (Abbott). ette ... eite (# 4322) to bind around oneself. The Roman soldiers
447 Ephesians 6

wore one of at least three wide belts or girdles-the receive. wayapa, (#3479) sword. It signifies the short,
breech-like leather apron worn to protect the lower ab- straight sword used by the Roman soldier (Barth;
domen; or the sword belt, which was buckled on to- DGRA, 557; TDNT; TJ, 107-108). 18 npoocevyn
gether w. the sword as the decisive step in the process (# 4666) request, prayer, petition. It is generally a peti-
of preparing oneself for battle; and the special belt or tion for particular benefits or a petition arising from a
sash designating an officer or high official (Barth; particular need (Trench, Synonyms, 189; NIDNTT;
TDNT). d0%0¢ (# 4019) hips. €vivodpevor aor. mid. part. TDNT). npooevyopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. tpocevxo-
(dep.) s.v. 11. @Wpaxa acc. Owpaé (#2606) breastplate. a (# 4667) to pray. This is the general word which was
The word denotes a piece of armor that can mean ev- used for making a petition to a divine being. (NIDNTT;
erything worn at different periods to protect the body TDNT; Trench, Synonyms, 188f). kaipocg (# 2789) time,
between the shoulders and the loins. The average occasion, opportunity. ei¢ abto (# 1650; 899) for this.
Roman soldier wore a piece of metal, but those who aypunvodvtes pres. act. part. aypuvew (#70) to stay
could afford it used the very best available—a scale or awake, to lie sleepless, to pass a sleepless night, to suf-
chain mail that covered chest and hips (Barth; DGRA, fer from insomnia, to be watchful, to be vigilant (Barth).
711f; TJ, 106-107). 15 bxodnodpevor aor. mid. (dep.) Tpooxaptepnoic (#4675) perseverance, constancy, dili-
part. Vnodeouat (#5686) to bind under, to strap on. It gence, persistence (LAE, 102; TLNT). The vb. was used
may refer to the Roman soldiers’ shoe, which was in the papyri in the sense of holding out or waiting; e.g.,
thickly studded w. hobnails. Or it may refer to the more waiting until one’s trial came before the court or dili-
elegant shoe, the calceus, worn by men of higher rank gently remaining at one’s work (Preisigke, 2:403-4).
(DGRA, 233f). n05a¢ acc. nove (# 4546) foot; acc. of gen- © 19 6067) aor. subj. pass. 5t5wut (# 1443) to give. dvorEig
eral reference. Etowacia (#2288) preparation, readi- (#489) opening. otowa (#5125) mouth. nappnoig
ness. However, the word may in this context have the (#4244) speaking everything, speaking openly, bold-
meaning “firmly” and express solidity, firmness, solid ness (TDNT). ywwpioa aor. act. inf. ywwptGw (# 1192) to
foundation (Barth). 16 &vadAaBovtes aor. act. part. make known. Inf. as subj. of the pass. vb. pvotnptov
avoropBavw (#377) to take up s.v. 13. Bvpedg (# 2599) (# 3696) mystery (s. 3:3). @ 20 npeofedw pres. ind. act.
shield. It refers to the large door-shaped shield, in con- (# 4563) to be an ambassador or envoy. To travel or
trast to the small round convex shield. The reference is work as an ambassador is to reveal the riches, power,
to the Roman soldier’s scutum which had an iron frame and dignity of the government one represents, but
and sometimes a metal boss in the center at the front. Paul’s chain is one of prisoner iron. The word could
Often the several layers of leather were soaked in water also refer to imprisonment, and because an ambassa-
before the battle in order to put out the incendiary mis- dor normally would not be arrested, Paul indicates the
siles of the enemy (Barth; TJ, 110). &vvnoeo@e fut. ind. wrong he is suffering. Finally, a delegate who is in pris-
mid. (dep.) 5vvaya (# 1538) to be able to, w. a following on knows that the end of his mission is near (Barth).
inf. BeAn acc. pl. BeAog (#1018) dart, arrow. The term Tappnoidowpat aor. mid. (dep.) subj. nappnortw
could be used of any type of missile (Barth). memvpw- (#4245) to speak everything, to speak openly and
eva. perf. pass. part. mupow (# 4792) to set on fire. Perf. frankly, to speak boldly, to be bold. det (# 1256) it is nec-
pass. part. indicates that the arrows were set on fire and essary, w. inf. A@AToo aor. act. inf. Aakew (# 3281) to
are burning. These were arrows or spears tipped w. fab- speak. Compl. inf. to the main vb. @ 21 etdfte perf.
ric and dipped in pitch (Barth; s. also Jos., JW, 3:173). subj. act. o15a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. mean-
oféoo1 aor. act. inf. oBévvun (#4931) to put out, to ing. yvwpioer fut. ind. act. s.v. 19. ayanntos (# 28) be-
quench. Compl. inf. @ 17 nepixepodata. (# 4330) a pro- loved. @ 22 Eneywo aor. ind. act. neunw (# 4287) to send.
tection around the head, helmet. The Roman soldier E1¢ ATO tTODTO for this very reason. yvd@teE aor. subj. act.
wore a bronze helmet equipped w. cheek pieces. The yivwokw (# 1182) to know. Subj. w. tva. (#2671) to ex-
helmet was a heavy, decorative, and expensive item w. press purp. mapakoAgoy aor. subj. act. mapaKxarew
an inside lining of felt or sponge which made the (# 4151) to comfort, to encourage (TDNT; MNTW, 134).
weight bearable. Nothing short of an axe or hammer 24 ayanwvtwv pres. act. part. dyandw (#26) to love.
could pierce the heavy helmet (Barth; TDNT; TY, 107). apbapoia (#914) not corruptible, incorruption. The
owtnpiov (#5402) salvation; here, gen. of apposition. word does not point merely to time, but to character
SéEaove aor. imp. mid. (dep.) 5exoua. (# 1312) to take, to (Abbott).
 Philippians ©
Philippians 1 to persuade. Perf. to be convinced, to be sure, to be cer-
@ 1 For the letter form s. Rom. 1:1. d0bA01 Xprotod tain. For the construction of the vb. followed by a noun
TInood (# 1528; 5986; 2652) slaves of Christ Jesus. The cl. s. BD, 204. Part. may have a faint causal force (Elli-
term may be used in the Hellenistic context of a slave cott). abto todto (# 899; 4047) this thing, just this (and
who serves his master, or in the OT sense of being the nothing else) (BD, 151). evapEdpevog aor. mid. (dep.)
servant of the Lord (Hawthorne; Silva). ovow pres. act. part. (subst.) evapyouor (# 1887) to begin. Prep. in com-
part. (adj.) cyt (# 1639) to be. Didinnor (# 5804) Philip- pound represents the action of the vb. as more directly
pi. The city, founded by Philip of Macedonia and the concentrated on the object (Ellicott). Epyov a@yaGov
scene of the battle between Crasus and Brutus against (# 2240; 19) good work. It may refer to God’s work of
Octavian and Anthony, was located on the Via Egnatia, salvation (Silva), or to their sharing in the advance-
the famous road between Rome and the East. It had be- ment of the gospel (Hawthorne). émiteAgoet fut. ind.
come a Roman colony w. libertas (self-governing), im- act. emiteA€w (# 2200) to complete, to bring to the goal.
munitas (freedom from tribute and taxes), Jus Italicum Prep. in compound is directive and the vb. indicates,
(under the laws of Italy) and was the home of many re- “will carry it on towards completion, and finally com-
tired Roman soldiers (s. Acts 16:12; NW, 2, i:653-54; plete” (Vincent). &ypt (# 948) until. © 7 kabwe (#2777)
PIG, 32-47; P, 1-113; PSCZP; Hawthorne; s.v. Phil. 1:27). just as. The word has a slight causal sense and is often
ovv (#5250) with, w. dat. The prep. implies close fel- used to introduce new ideas (Gnilka). totiv d5tKka10v
lowship or cooperation (DM, 111). &mtoxonog (# 2176) (# 1639; 1465) it is right. Although the expression may
overseer, superintendent, bishop. The word was used have been a daily figure of speech (Lohmeyer) the
for one who had the responsibility of oversight. It is word does contain an ethical and general moral sense
important to note that Paul here uses the pl. and that which has its foundation in the moral relation of man
elsewhere the term is used interchangeably w. “elder” to God (Vincent; MRP, 148). dpoveiv pres. act. inf.
(NIDNTT; TDNT; Lightfoot, 95-99; Gnilka; ZPEB, bpovew (# 5858) to be minded, to think, to be concerned
1:617-20; Vincent; 1 Tim. 3:1, 8). For the view that these for, to feel. The word denotes a general disposition of
were local terms used in Philippi for the leaders of the mind including both feeling and thought, emotions
“religious guilds” s. P, 140-47. @ 3 ebyapiot@ pres. ind. and mind (Vincent; Hawthorne). Epex. inf. explaining
act. evyapiotew (# 2373) to give thanks. Iterative pres. what is right. yew pres. act. inf. €yw (#2400) to have.
uveia (#3644) remembrance, mention. Used w. the Articular inf. w. the prep. 51a (# 1328) in a causal sense.
prep. to express the thought, “as often as I make men- For a discussion of the subject of the inf. s. GGBB, 196.
tion of you (in prayer)” (BAGD; Silva). The prep. ent The words form an expression of heartfelt love on the
may have a causal meaning, “I thank my God because part of the apostle toward his readers (Meyer). 5e0n0¢
of your every remembrance of me” (Hawthorne). (#1301) bond. amodoyia (#665) defense, defense
@4navtote (#4121) every time, always. d€noic against a judicial accusation. The word may be more
(# 1255) request, petition; generally a specific petition general, including all of Paul’s efforts-whatever put
arising from a need. novovpevos pres. mid. part. novew forth-to defend the gospel (Vincent). BeBaiwoic
(# 4472) to make. Mid. voice of this vb. forms a periph- (# 1012) that on which one can walk solid, firm, and
rasis equivalent to a simple verb, ie., “to pray” (BG, durable, guarantee, confirmation, a legal t.t. for guar-
72f). Pres. indicates a contemporaneous action to the anteeing or furnishing security (TLNT; BAGD; BS, 104-
main vb. Temp. part., “while making mention.” 5 109; MM). ovykowwvog (#5171) sharers together w.
Kowwvig (# 3126) fellowship, sharing. The word signi- someone, fellow partakers. Ovtasg pres. act. part. (caus-
fies “your cooperation toward, in aid of the gospel.” al) et (# 1639) to be. @ 8 Eni pres. ind. act. éxino-
The word refers not only to financial contribution, but 8ew (#2160) to long for, to yearn after. Prep. in
also denotes cooperation w. the apostle in the widest compound signifies direction; w. the idea of straining
sense, whether in sympathy or in suffering or in active after the object being thereby suggested, the idea im-
labor (Hawthorne; Lightfoot; TDNT; NIDNTT; RAC, plied is eagerness (Lightfoot). omAdyxvov (# 5073) the
9:1100-45). 6 memo1Owe perf. act. part. metOw (#4275) inward parts; i.e., the heart, liver, lungs which were col-

448
449 Philippians 1

lectively regarded as the seat of feeling. The strongest KP, 4:1116-17; DGRA, 957-58). @ 14 mirElovac
word in Gr. for the feeling of compassion (Vincent; comp. modvc (# 4498) great, many; comp. the majority
MNTW, 156f; TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT; EDNT). #9 (BD, 127). memov8otac perf. act. part. me1@w (# 4275) to
Tpooevyoua. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) (#4667) to pray. For encourage (s.v. 6). mepiocotépws (#4359) adv. comp.
the prayer words and syntactical constructions s. PIP, mepiooos abundantly (s. 2 Cor. 2:4). Here it denotes the
173f. DPL. Ett (#2285) yet. w&AXov (# 3437) more. The increased zeal of the brethren when stimulated by St.
phrase “more and more” accentuates their need for un- Paul’s endurance (Lightfoot). toApav pres. act. inf. toA-
remitting progress (PIP, 209). nepiooevy pres. subj. act. ww (#5528) to dare. Inf. expresses actual results (s.v.
nepiooevw (# 4355) to overflow, to abound. Pres. is pro- 13). &OBws (# 925) adv., fearless. XaAeiv pres. act. inf.
gressive and expresses the desire, “may continue to Aarew (#3281) to speak. Inf. used to complement the
abound” (Vincent). Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express the previous inf. 15 Kai (#2779) and. Used here in a
content of the prayer. envyvw@otc (#2106) knowledge, contrasting force and to introduce another and a differ-
recognition. Prep. in compound indicates a knowledge ent class (Vincent). @80vog (#5784) envy. Epic (# 2251)
directed toward an object. Here the word indicates a strife, discord, contention. This was the intended result
firm conception of those spiritual principles which of their proclamation. evdoxia (#2306) goodwill. The
would guide them in their relations w. one another and word refers to the good motives and well wishes from
the world (EGT). aio@noig (#151) insight, perception, which an action comes (TDNT; Gnilka). enpbooovoiv
discernment. The word was originally used of sense pres. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim. 16 01
perception, but is applicable to the inner world of sen- wev ... o8€ the ones ... the others. & wyanneg out of love,
sibility, referring to moral and spiritual perception re- giving the motivation. edotes perf. act. part. (causal).
lated to practical applications (EGT; Lightfoot). It refers oda (#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning.
to the ability to make proper moral decisions in the amodoyiav (# 665) defense (s.v. 7). Keipatr (# 3023) pres.
midst of a vast array of differing and difficult choices ind. mid. (dep.) to lie, to recline. Figuratively, to be ap-
(Hawthorne). 10 Sociale pres. act. inf. 5oKt- pointed, to be destined (BAGD). @ 17 EpiWeia
wc.tw (# 1507) to approve after careful testing (TDNT; (#2249) selfishness. Originally, the character of one
TLNT). Articular inf. w. the prep. etg (# 1650) could ex- who worked for pay. A hired worker was looked down
press either purp. or result (MT, 143). dvaépovta pres. upon because his laboring was wholly for his own in-
act. part. duahepw (#1422) to differ. Here it refers to terest (EGT; s. 2:3). katayyeAAovov pres. ind. act. Katay-
what is worthwhile, excellent, vital (PIP, 209). evAucpt- yeddw (#2859) to proclaim, to proclaim w. authority.
vig (# 1637) unmixed, pure, genuine, sincere, moral in- Prep. in compound is perhaps intensive: “making fully
tegrity, perfect purity describing the mind, heart, and known” (Ellicott; Vincent; NIDNTT). ayvdig (# 56) adv.,
conduct (TLNT; Hawthorne). The etymology “tested purely. W. neg. ody (#4024), w. mixed or impure mo-
by sunlight” is possible but uncertain (GEW, 1:459; tives (Lightfoot). ovoyevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. (caus-
Vincent; Lohmeyer; TDNT; TLNT). &xpooxonos (# 718) al) otowat (# 3887) to suppose, to imagine. It denotes a
without stumbling, without offense. The word means belief or judgment based principally upon one’s own
either “not stumbling” or “not causing others to stum- feelings, or the peculiar relations of outward circum-
ble” (Vincent). © 11 mexAnpwpevor perf. act. part. nAn- stances to oneself (Vincent). @Atwig (# 2568) pressure,
pow (# 4444) to fill. Perf. views the completed state or tribulation. tyetpew pres. act. inf. eyeipw (# 1586) to
condition. €ma.vog (# 2047) praise. @ 12 y.wwoxetv pres. raise up. Used in the context “to make my chains gall
act. inf. ywwwokw (#1182) to know, to realize. Compl. me” (Lightfoot; Silva). @ 18 yap (# 1142) then, assured-
inf. to the main vb. BobdAopon (# 1089) pres. ind. mid. ly (Thrall, 44). wAnv (# 4440) except, but, nevertheless.
(dep.) to desire, to want. t& Kat’ eué the things regard- The particle is used in an adversative sense (Blomqvist,
ing me, my affairs (Hawthorne). uG@AAov (# 3437) rath- 75-100; Thrall, 20f). tpomoc (#5573) manner, fashion.
er; here, rather than the reverse, as might have been cite (# 1664) whether. mpogaois (# 4733) pretense, pre-
anticipated (Lightfoot). mpoxonn (#4620) cutting for- text, excuse. The word indicates the ostensible reason
ward, advance, progress, furtherance (TLNT). For the for which a thing is done, and generally points to a
vb. s. Gal. 1:14. EANAvO€v perf. act. ind. Epyouar (# 2262) false reason as opposed to the truth (MM; BAGD;
to come, to go. © 13 pavepoc (#5745) clear, manifest. TLNT; GELTS, 408). Here it is using the name of Christ
yevéo@ar aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivopor (#1181) to be- as a cover or mask for personal and selfish ends (Vin-
come. Inf. used w. wote (# 6063) to express actual result cent). Dat. here expresses the manner (Ellicott). katay-
(BD, 197f). nport@prov (# 4550) praetorian guard, pra- yeAAetat pres. ind. pass. KatayyeAAw (#2859) to
etorium. The word refers either to the elite troops or to proclaim (s.v. 17). GAAG Kai The two particles are com-
the headquarters used by such troops. They were select bined in a progressive sense: further, what is more,
troops designed to guard the person of the emperor moreover (Thrall, 14ff). yaproowo.r fut. ind. mid. (BD,
(Vincent; Lightfoot; Gnilka; ZPEB, 4:832-34; CC, 198f; 42) yaipw (# 5897) to be glad, to rejoice. Volitive fut. in-
Philippians 1 450

dicating a decision of the will (RG, 889). It is a progres- better. 24 enyevevvy pres. act. inf. emmevw (# 2152) to
sive fut. which affirms that an action will be in progress remain, to stay. Prep. in compound implies rest in a
in fut. time (SMT, 32). 19 ot8a (# 3857) perf. ind. act. place and hence a more protracted stay (Ellicott). Epex.
Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning, to know. The word inf., “It is more necessary to remain....” G&VQ@YKQLOTEPOV
speaks of the possession of knowledge which is comp. avayKatos (# 338) necessary; comp., more neces-
grasped directly or intuitively by the mind (ND, 344f). sary. 6 byas for you, for your sake. 25 mexo10u<
toto (# 4047) this; this state of things, these perplexi- perf. act. part. (causal) met0w (# 4275) to be convinced,
ties and annoyances (Lightfoot). amoBnoetor fut. ind. to persuade (s.v. 6). pev@ fut. ind. act. wevw (# 3531) to
mid. (dep.) anoBatvw (#609) to come from, to come remain. napopeva fut. ind. act. tapopevw (# 4169) to re-
back, to turn out (RWP). éniyopnyia (#2221) supply main w. someone, to stand by. In Koine the word often
(Eph. 4:16; Gal. 3:5). 20 dnoxapadoxia (#638) in- had the idea “to remain in service,” “to remain at some-
tense expectation, earnest watching. The word is com- one’s disposal” (NDIEC, 4:98-99; MM; Preisigke, 2:252;
posed of the prep. “away,” the noun “head,” and the Lohmeyer). 26 kabynpa (#3017) ground or reason
vb. “to watch,” and indicates watching something w. for boasting. Here it is their knowledge and possession
the head turned away from other objects (Vincent). It of the gospel (EGT). nepiooevdy pres. subj. act. tepiocedw
indicates the concentrated intense hope which ignores (# 4355) to overflow, to abound. Subj. w. iva (#2671) is
other interests and strains forward as w. outstretched used to express purp. mapovoia (# 4242) arrival, pres-
head (EGT; s. Rom. 8:19; Gnilka). aicyvvOnoopon fut. ence. @ 27 d&iws (# 547) adv. worthily (Eph. 4:1; for ex-
ind. pass. aloxvvopo1 (# 159) to be ashamed, to be put amples of “acting or living worthy” of a city council,
to shame. nopproig (# 4244) speaking all things, forth- god, gods, etc. s. P, 136-37). moditeveobe pres. imp. mid.
rightness of speech; then more broadly, boldness, esp. (dep.) noAitevw (# 4488) to be a citizen, to conduct one-
the courage appropriate to the free man, which acts self as a citizen. Paul may be alluding to the fact that the
openly even in a hostile atmosphere (Beare). peyaAvv- city of Philippi had the Roman status of colonia, which
Onoetat fut. ind. pass. peyarovw (# 3486) to make large, meant that the city was a mini-Rome w. many Latin in-
to magnify. @ 21 Civ pres. act. inf. Caw (# 2409) to live. scriptions (s.v. 1; DGRA, 315-20; IDB 1:657; s. also A.N.
Articular inf. is the subject of the sentence: “the act of Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship |Oxford; Claren-
living” (GGBB, 601). Continuous pres. (Vincent). &mo- don Press, 1973]; esp. P, 114-39). For vbs. w. this suf.,
Oaveiv aor. act. inf. ano8vjoKw (# 633) to die. Articular meaning “to play the part of,” “to act as,” s. MH, 398-
inf. used as the subject. xepdog (# 3046) gain, profit. The 400. Pres. imp. calls for a continual and habitual action.
word was used of something advantageous and in the EAOWv aor. act. part. Epyouc (# 2262) to come; to go. 180
pl. sometimes refers to money (BAGD; MM; for the aor. act. part. opaw (# 3972) to see. Parts. could be cond.,
other examples s. Lohmeyer). For a discussion of this v. temp., or translated as a main vb. (Vincent). dav pres.
s. D. W. Palmer, “’To Die Is Gain,’ Philippians 1:21,” act. part. ameyi (#582) to be away from, to be absent.
NovT 18 (1975): 203-18. @ 22 Cfiv pres. act. inf. Caw othkete pres. ind. act. omKw (#5112) to stand, to stand
(# 2409) to live. aipnoopat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) aipeopor firm, to hold one’s ground. The word indicates the de-
(# 145) to take, to pick; mid., to choose. For the view termination of a soldier who does not budge one inch
that Paul may have contemplated “voluntary death” s. from his post (Lohmeyer). wuxq] (# 6034) soul. It indi-
CIC, 96-125. yvwpitw (#1192) pres. ind. act. to under- cates the mind as the seat of sensation and desire (Vin-
stand, to know, to declare, to make known. The latter cent; TDNT; PAT). ovva®dobvteg pres. act. part.
meaning is better in this context (Lightfoot; Vincent). ovvabrew (#5254) to contend or struggle along w.
23 ovvéxouat pres. ind. pass. ovvexyw (#5309) to hold someone (BAGD). 28 mtupopevoi pres. pass. part.
together, to hem in on both sides. The idea is that of a ntvpw (# 4769) to frighten, to startle, to terrify. The met-
strong pressure bearing upon him from two sides, aphor is of a timid horse (Lightfoot). Perhaps there is
keeping him motionless (EGT; Lightfoot). 5€ (# 1254) an allusion to Cassius who at the battle of Philippi com-
and, now. It introduces an explanation and at the same mitted suicide at the fear of defeat (CAH, 10:24).
time separates it from that which is to be explained QVTiKEWeVwV pres. mid. (dep.) part. dvtikeyror (#512)
(Vincent). ém18vpia (# 2123) desire. Exwv pres. act. part. to line up against, to oppose, to be an adversary. tig
Eyw (# 2400) to have, to possess. &vaADoun aor. act. inf. (# 4015) which, “seeing it is.” The rel. pronoun has an
avarvw (# 386) to break up, to unloose, to undo. It is explanatory force and takes its gender from the predi-
used of loosening a ship from its moorings, of breaking cate, but agrees logically w. the part. in the nom. (Vin-
camp, and of death (Vincent). Epex. inf. w. the prep. €t¢ cent). Evder—ig (#1893) evidence, proof, w. dat. of
(#1650) is used to supply the limits of the noun disadvantage abtoig (GGBB, 143-44). The word was
emOvpiav (MT, 143). etvan pres. act. inf. eyi (# 1639) to used as an Attic law term (EGT). anwAeva, (# 724) de-
be. Epex. inf. paAAov (# 3437) more, to a greater degree. struction. Here it is the destruction which consists in
Kpeiooov (# 3202) comp. ayaGdc (s. 1 Cor. 7:9); stronger, the loss of eternal life (Vincent; TDNT). # 29 éxapio@n
451 Philippians 2

aor. ind. pass. yapitono1 (#5919) to give graciously. nition of one’s insufficiency but the powerful sufficien-
“God has granted you the high privilege of suffering cy of God (TDNT; NIDNTT; Gnilka). &AANAOVGS acc. pl.
for Christ; this is the surest sign that He looks upon you aAANAWY (#253) one another. Nyobpevor pres. mid.
w. favor” (Lightfoot). muotevew pres. act. inf. motevw (dep.) part. nyeouo1 (# 2451) to consider, to count as.
(# 4409) to believe. ndoyewv pres. act. inf. raoxw (# 4248) The word implies a conscious, sure judgment resting
to suffer. Articular inf. is used as the subject of the vb. on a careful weighing of the facts (Vincent). bnepeyov-
@ 30 aywv (#74) conflict, struggle. The word pictures TOG pres. act. part. bmepexw (# 5660) w. the gen., to have
Paul's apostolic life of service (RAM, 183). €xovtes pres. over and beyond, to excel or surpass, to be superior
act. part. éyw (# 2400) to have. otoc (# 3888) which kind (RWP; Ellicott). 4 ta eavtiv (# 1571) the things of
of. eiSete aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. &Kovete pres. others; i.e., others, different from those named. For the
ind. act. dkovw (# 201) to hear. contrast s. BD, 161. éxaoto¢g (# 1667) each, each one.
oKxonotvtec pres. act. part. oxomew (# 5023) to look at, to
Philippians 2 consider, to regard as one’s aim. Used w. the article and
@ 1 napaxAnoic (# 4155) comfort, consolation, ex- reflex. pron. it means to consult one’s own interest
hortation, encouragement (TDNT; MNTW, 128ff). (Lightfoot). 5 poveite pres. imp. act. povew (# 5858)
TapapvOrov (#4172) encouragement, esp. as consola- to think (s.v. 2). €v Dpiv in you; ie., in your community
tion or alleviation (BAGD). Prep. in compound may (of faith and love), in your common life (Beare). #6
have the force of “aside”; i.e., “the converse which Lopot| (# 3671) form. The outward display of the inner
draws the mind aside from care” (MM). Kowwvio reality or substance. Here it refers to the outward dis-
(#3126) fellowship. omddyyva (#5073) tender affec- play of the divinity of the preexistent Christ, in the dis-
tion, mercy (s. Phil. 1:8). oxtippog (# 3880) compassion. play of His glory as the image of the Father. For a study
It signifies the manifestation of tender feelings in com- of this word s. Martin, 99-133; Lightfoot, esp. 127-33;
passionate yearnings and action (Lightfoot). 2 nAn- TDNT; NIDNTT; T. FE. Glasson, “The Notes on the Phil-
pwoa-te aor. imp. act. tAnpow (# 4444) to fill. The particle ippians’ Hymn: 2:6-11,” NTS 21 (1974): 133-39; Vincent,
iva. (# 2671) (that) is used to introduce the object of the 78ff. ONaPXWV pres. act. part. UNApxW (# 5639) to be, to
request and blends in the purpose of making it (Elli- exist. The word expresses continuance of an antecedent
cott; s. also BD, 199f). dpovfjte pres. subj. act. ppovew state or condition (AS); concessive part. (GGBB, 634-
(# 5858) to think, to hold an opinion, to have thoughts 35). apmayyos (#772) a prize, something to hold onto.
or an attitude, to be minded or disposed (BAGD). Pres. The word has either an active sense (“robbing”) or a
implies a continual, habitual attitude. €yovtec pres. act. pass. sense (“prize gained through robbery”). Perhaps
part. €yw (#2400) to have. obpwuyos (# 5249) harmoni- the meaning is that Christ did not use His equality w.
ous, united in spirit (BAGD). The following words ap- God in order to snatch or gain power and dominion,
pear on the gravestone of a man and his wife: “we riches, pleasure, or worldly glory. He did not reach out
spoke the same things, we thought the same things, of His favored place and grasp at authority (Meyer;
and we go the inseparable way to Hades” (Lohmeyer; Martin, 152). For detailed studies on this difficult word
BS, 256). ¢povotvtes pres. act. part. ppovew (# 5858) to s. Martin, 134-64; Lightfoot, 133-38; Glasson, 133-37;
think. 3 peta (#2249) selfishness, selfish ambi- DPL, 106-7; TDNT. nynoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) nyéo-
tion. The word is related to a noun which originally wo (#2451) to consider. For the view that the vb. in
meant “a day laborer” and was used esp. of those cut- connection w. the previous noun means “to treat as a
ting and binding wheat or of those who were spinners piece of good fortune,” “to regard as a lucky find,” “to
or weavers. The word later denotes the attitude of prize highly,” “to welcome eagerly,” s. Martin, 143f;
those who worked for wages; particularly it denoted a Lightfoot, 138. eivar pres. act. inf. ei (# 1639) to be.
self-seeking pursuit of political office by unfair means. For a discussion of the article s. GGBB, 220. io (# 2698)
It then came to be used of party squabbles, of the jock- equal, exactly equal, equal in number, size, quality. The
eying for position and the intrigue behind place and acc. pl. can be used as an adv. which in turn is used here
power. Finally, it meant selfish ambition, the ambition as an adj. w. the vb. eit (BAGD; BD, 224; TDNT). The
which has no conception of service but only aimed at acc. is used w. the articular inf. (“to be equal w. God”)
profit and power (BAGD; TDNT; GEW, 1:558; NTW, to form the acc. of object in a double acc. construction:
39ff). Kevodoéia (# 3029) empty praise, vainglory. It re- “He did not regard the being equal w. God (acc. of ob-
fers to personal vanity; it is the person who is conceited ject) as a robbing (pred. acc.).” For this construction s.
without reason, deluded, ambitious for his own repu- BD, 86; RG, 479ff. @ 7 Eavtod (# 1571) himself, reflex-
tation, challenging others to rivalry, jealous himself ive pronoun. The word is emphasized by its position in
and willing to fight to prove his idea is right (Lightfoot; the sentence. Exévwoev aor. ind. act. Kevow (# 3033) to
Hawthorne; s. Gal. 5:26). tamewvodpoovvy (#5425) empty, to make empty, to make of no effect. The word
lowly thinking, humility. The word indicates the recog- does not mean He emptied Himself of His deity, but
Philippians 2 452

rather He emptied Himself of the display of His deity iva. (from v. 10) is used to express purp. €ic 50Eav Geod
for personal gain (Vincent; Martin, 195; for a study of matpoc for the glory of God the Father. The Lord Jesus
the word s. TDNT; Martin, 165-96; NIDNTT). d0bA0¢ was neither selfish nor did He seek vainglory, but even
(# 1528) slave. AaB aor. act. part. AapBdavw (# 3284) to in His exaltation all praise, honor, and power finally
take. Part. of means (GGBB, 630). Opotwya. (# 3930) like- belonged to God the Father (Martin, 273). For lit. on
ness. The phrase expresses the fact that His mode of this passage s. Martin, 320-39; Hawthorne, 71-75. @ 12
manifestation resembled what men are. The apostle wote (#6063) wherefore, so then, consequently. This
views Him solely as He could appear to men (Vincent). particle draws a conclusion from the preceding. As
This, however, does not deny His true humanity. yevo- Christ was perfectly obedient, therefore w. like subjec-
wevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivopor (# 1181) to become. tion to Him the readers are to carry out their own sal-
oyna. (#5386) outward appearance. The word was vation (Vincent). ayanntog (#28) beloved. Ka6w>
used of a king who exchanges his kingly robe for sack- (#2777) just as. m&vtote (#4121) always. drNKOvOaTE
cloth (BAGD; Lightfoot, 127-33; NIDNTT; TDNT; Mar- aor. ind. act. bnakovw (# 5634) to answer the door, to
tin, 207f). ebpeBeic aor. pass. part. evpioxw (#2351) to obey as a result of listening, to obey, to be obedient.
find. The parts. are of manner and indicate how Christ Prep. in compound contains the idea of submission
emptied Himself. 8 &tameivwoev aor. ind. act. (MH, 327; Vincent). napovoig (# 4242) presence. NOAAG
tamewow (#5427) to make low, to humble. tanKooc wGAAOv much more. amovoig (#707) absence. TpoLos
(#5675) obedient. peypi (# 3588) until, unto. “Even (#5571) trembling. The expression “w. fear and trem-
unto death,” i.e., to the extent of death (Vincent). 5€ bling” indicates a nervous and trembling anxiety to do
(# 1254) and even, yea. It introduces another and more right (Lightfoot). owtnpia. (#5401) salvation; perhaps a
striking detail of the humiliation and leads on to a cli- figure for the changed life that is produced by the in-
max-not only death but a death of suffering, shameful ward change caused by salvation. xatepyafeo8e pres.
and accursed, the most ignominious of deaths (Vin- imp. mid. (dep.) katepyafouar (# 2981) to work out, to
cent; Ellicott). For the horrors and the attitude of the work on to the finish. Prep. in compound is perfective
ancient world toward the despicable death by crucifix- and views the linear progress down to the goal: “work
ion, a form of punishment reserved for slaves, rebels on to the finish” (RWP; M, 114ff). © 13 @60¢ (# 2536)
and the lowest criminals s. Blinzler; C; ABD, 1:1207-10; God. The word is placed first as the subject, not as the
1 Cor. 1:18. @ 9 &v0 (# 1475) wherefore; in consequence pred.; God is the agent (Meyer). yap (#1142) for. It
of this voluntary humiliation, in fulfillment of divine gives the reason for the entire previous v. and supplies
law which He Himself enunciated (Lightfoot; Martin, at once the stimulus to and the corrective of the precept
231ff). brepbwwoev aor. ind. act. brepvyow (# 5671) to in the preceding (Vincent; Lightfoot). €vepyd@v pres. act.
exalt, to exalt above and beyond, to highly exalt. The part. evepyew (# 1919) to work effectually and produc-
force of the prep. in compound is not to describe a dif- tively, to put forth power. The word describes the ener-
ferent stage in Christ’s existence in a comp. sense, but gy and the effective power of God Himself in action
to contrast His exaltation w. the claim of other high (Vincent; MNTW, 46-54). @€Aew pres. act. inf. G&Aw
powers, and thereby to proclaim His uniqueness and (# 2527) to desire. évepyeiv pres. act. inf. (#1919). The
absoluteness (Martin, 241; Beare). yapioato aor. ind. articular infs. are used as the direct obj. to the preced-
mid. (dep.) yapifopar (# 5919) to give out of grace, to ing part. For the syntactical difficulties here s. GGBB,
grant graciously. Now, after a career of self-humbling 602-3. edvdoxia (# 2306) good pleasure, satisfaction; “in
and obedience, there comes to Him in the Father’s fulfillment of His benevolent purpose” (Lightfoot; s.
good pleasure the very thing He might have grasped Phil. 1:15). © 14 novette pres. imp. act. novew (# 4472) to
(Martin, 236). 10 yovu (# 1205) knee. Kapp aor. do. yoyyvopocg (#1198) murmuring, an expression of
subj. act. kauntw (#2828) to bend, to bow. Subj. w. tva dissatisfaction, grumbling, muttering in a low voice.
(#2671) to express purp. or result (GGBB, 474). The word was used in the LXX for the murmuring of
emovpavios (#2230) heavenly, heaven (s. Eph. 1:3). Israel against God (T; TDNT; GELTS, 92; NDIEC, 143-
émiyevog (#2103) earthly, on the earth. KatayBovioc 44; s. also 3 Bar. 8:5; 13:4). It is the kind of grumbling ac-
(#2973) under the earth. Christ is acknowledged as tion that promotes ill will instead of harmony and
Lord of all angelic forces, esp. malevolent demons. good will (Hawthorne). d1aAoyionos (# 1369) inward
They are compelled to admit that He is victor, and they questioning, dispute, discussion, skeptical questioning
show their submission by prostrating before Him or criticism (Vincent). It refers to the intellectual rebel-
(Martin, 261; for a discussion of this threefold division lion against God (Lightfoot). @ 15 yevno@e aor. subj.
of the universe s. Martin 257-65). @ 11 yA@ooa (# 1185) mid. (dep.) yivopar (# 1181) to be, to become. dpenntocg
tongue. e€opoAoynontat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) eEopn0A0- (# 289) unblamed, without blame (s. Eph. 1:4; Trench,
yew (# 2018) to admit openly, to acknowledge, to recog- Synonyms, 379). axépaoc (# 193) unmixed, unadulter-
nize, to acclaim (Martin, 263; TDNT; Beare). Subj. w. ated, pure, sincere. The word was used of pure wine
453 Philippians 2

and of unalloyed metal (Lightfoot). &wpog (# 320) (#5897) pres. ind. act. to rejoice. ovyyaipw (#5176)
without spot, without blemish (Trench, Synonyms, 380). pres. ind. act. to rejoice together, to rejoice w. someone.
pweéoov (# 3545) in the midst of, in the middle of. The n. @ 18 yaipete pres. ind. act. yaipw (#5867) to rejoice.
as an adv. was used as a prep. w. the gen. (RG, 644). ovyyaipete pres. imp. act. ovyyaipw (#5176) to rejoice
yevea, (#1155) generation. oKoA1s (#5021) curved, together. #19 €dniCw (# 1827) pres. ind. act. to hope.
crooked. Sveotpoypevng perf. pass. part. diaotpedw taxews (#5441) quickly, soon. mepwau aor. act. inf. mep-
(# 1406) twisted, distorted, to twist in two. It denotes mw (# 4287) to send. Compl. inf. explains the content of
an abnormal moral cond. Perf. expresses a state or Paul’s hope. ebyvyz@ pres. subj. act. evwvyxew (# 2379) to
cond. consequent to an action (Vincent; Matt. 17:17). be glad, to have courage. In the papyri the word is
gaiveode pres. ind. mid. (dep.) datvonor (#5743) to found in the salutation of a letter of condolence (MM).
shine, to give light, to be bright; mid., to appear, to be Subj. w. iva, (#2671) expresses purp. Yvove aor. act.
visible, to make one’s appearance, to show oneself part. ywwwoxw (# 1182) to know. Temp. part., “when I
(BAGD). Pres. points to the continual action. ¢wothp know,” “after I know.” 20 ioowvyxoc (# 2701) like-
(# 5891) luminary, the light given off by heavenly bod- minded, having the same mind, having equal power
ies, mainly the sun and moon-the light or great lights confident (Gnilka). The word may have the meaning,
(Trench, Synonyms, 164; TDNT; s. also Gen. 1:14, 16; for “precious as life” (LS, 75). ywnotwe (# 1189) adv., genu-
Qumran parallels s. also 1QS 10:3; 1QM 10:11; 1QH inely; legitimate, not spurious, birth (RWP). pepyvfoet
1:11; 7:25; 9:26). For the Jewish teaching regarding fut. ind. act. pepyivaw (# 3534) to give one’s thoughts to
those who shine as luminaries s. SB, 1:236; 3:621. @ 16 a matter, to be concerned (EGT). Fut. points to the time
Aoyov Cwii¢ word of life. Gen. of source or gen. of appo- when Timothy would come to them (Ellicott).
sition, i.e., the word which brings life and which is life. 21 navtes nom. pl. mac (# 4246) all. The article w. the
ENEXOVTE pres. act. part. enéyw (# 2091) to hold fast, to adj. excludes any exception (Lohmeyer; RG, 773f). ta
hold forth. The latter sense would be “to hold out,” and éavtdv (#1571) their own things. This stands in stark
the metaphor may be that of offering food or wine contrast to the things of Jesus Christ. €(ytodovw pres. ind.
(Lightfoot; MM). Part. expresses means. Pres. express- act. Cntew (#2426) to seek. Pres. could be customary
es contemporaneous action. kavynwa (#3017) reason (“this is your long standing practice”) or progressive
for boasting, ground of glorying. It is not a boasting in (“this is your present practice”). 22 doxwn (# 1509)
meritorious effort, but the sign of the completion of a approval, acceptance after being tested (TDNT). ywvw-
divinely assigned commission (PAM, 104; Lohmeyer). oxete pres. ind. act. yiwwoKw (# 1182) to know. &60b)€v-
Kevoc (# 3031) empty, in vain. The word fits well into o€v aor. ind. act. SovAevw (# 1526) to serve as a slave, to
the picture of the runner and his eventual success or serve. @ 23 we (#6055) w. av (# 323) = 6tav whenever,
failure in the race (PAM, 100). éSpapov aor. ind. act. as soon as. The construction is temp. and indicates the
tpéxw (# 5556) to run. The word pictures Paul’s work as uncertainty which surrounds the whole prospect (EGT;
an apostle spreading the gospel w. the figure of a run- BD, 237f). méwou aor. act. inf. meumw (# 4287) to send.
ner. The word indicates the strenuous effort and exer- Compl. inf. gives the content of the hope. &i8w aor.
tion involved. Paul’s fear is that his own interest might subj. act. apopaw (#927) to look away, to see. Prep. in
impede the gospel; or that either the threatened intro- compound implies looking away from the pres. cir-
duction of the law as a condition for salvation or the cumstances to what is going to happen, which will de-
possibility of unfaithfulness on the part of the Philippi- cide the question of his sending Timothy (Vincent).
ans might make his efforts fruitless (PAM, 107). €xo- ebautiis (# 1994) at once, immediately, soon thereafter.
miaoa aor. ind. act. komiacw (#3159) to work hard, to 24 nénov0a perf. ind. act. ne\6w (# 4275) to persuade;
labor. This vb. is qualified by the preceding and both perf. w. the pres. meaning, to be convinced, to be sure,
vbs. designate the intense labor and efforts of Paul to- to be certain (BAGD). Perf. expresses a state or cond.: “I
ward the one goal (PAM, 109f). 17 kat (# 2779) even. am convinced” (BD, 176). eAeboono1 fut. ind. mid.
The word refers to the whole cl. (Vincent). omevdon01 (dep.) épyouor (#2262) to come. 25 davayKaios
pres. ind. onevéw (#5064) pass. to pour out as a drink (# 338) compelling, necessary. Nynoapny aor. ind. mid.
offering. A drink offering, usually a cup of wine, was (dep.) nyeowo1 (#2451) to lead, to consider. ovvepyoc
poured out on the ground to honor deity. Paul is again (#5301) fellow worker. ovotpatiwtns (#5369) fellow
referring to the prospect of martyrdom which he faces, soldier. &mdot0A0G (#693) missionary; not apostle in
and thinks of himself—his life’s blood-as a libation the official or technical sense, but a messenger sent on
poured forth to God (Beare). Bvaig (# 2602) sacrifice. a special commission (Vincent). Aetovpyog (#3313)
The prep. can mean “upon the sacrifice,” or “in addi- minister. The word was used of a public official in civil
tion to the sacrifice” (Vincent). Aeitoupyia (# 3311) ser- service; then it was also used for one ministering in re-
vice, religious or sacred service. For the development ligious ceremonies (s.v. 17; TDNT; NIDNTT). xpeia
of this word s. Lightfoot; BS, 140f; TDNT. yaipw (#5970) need. mépwo aor. act. inf. néunw (# 4287) to
Philippians 3 454

send. Inf. in indir. speech after the vb. jynodpny. group called the paraboloni risked their lives by nursing
@ 26 enerdr (# 2076) since, since then, because. It pre- the sick and burying the dead (Lightfoot; Vincent). For
sents the reason for Paul feeling compelled to send the use of the dat. w. this vb. s. M, 64. &varAnpwon aor.
Epaphroditus (Ellicott). €mimo@@v pres. act. part. emimo- subj. act. avanAnpow (#405) to fill up, to make com-
8ew (# 2160) to yearn after, to long for (s. 1:8). Part. used plete, to fill a gap, to replace. Used of a person w. the
in a periphrastic impf. construction: “he was yearning gen. it means, “to make up for someone’s absence or
after” (RWP). adnuoviv pres. act. part. dSquovew (# 86) lack,” “to represent one who is absent” (BAGD).
to be distressed. Although the root meaning of the voteépnua (#5729) that which is lacking, deficiency.
word is not clear (GEW, 1:20), the word describes the There is no rebuke in the word, since the only deficien-
confused, restless, half-distracted state which is pro- cy is that they could not be w. him themselves, to do
duced by physical derangement, or by mental distress him service (Beare). Aevtoupyia (# 3311) service, minis-
like grief, shame, disappointment, etc. (Lightfoot). try (s.v. 17).
Nkovoate aor. ind. act. dKovw (# 201) to hear. Nob—EvnoeV
aor. ind. act. ao8evew (# 820) to be without strength, to Philippians 3
be weak, to be sick. 27 kai yap (#2779; 1142) for @ 1 t0 AoiNOv (# 3370) finally. With this Paul prob-
even, yes, even (BD, 236). napanAnovov (# 4180) w. the ably intends to draw to a close the general admonitions
dat., near to. NAénoev aor. ind. act. tAcéw (# 1796) to and then takes up specific matters in the latter part of
have mercy, to show mercy. Ann (# 3383) sorrow. ox@ the letter (Victor Paul Furnish, “The Place and Purpose
aor. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to have; aor., to get, to receive of Philippians 3,” NTS 10 [1963]: 80-88). t& abta (# 899)
(M, 110). Subj. w. tva (#2671) in a neg. purp. cl. the same things. Paul perhaps means the same warn-
@ 28 onovdaiotépws adv., comp. of onovdaiws (# 5081) ing and directives Epaphroditus and Timothy would
w. haste; comp., w. special urgency (BAGD). W. in- orally communicate when they visit the Philippians in
creased eagerness, on account of this circumstance person. (Furnish, NTS 10:86). The opponents here were
(Lightfoot). Emewya aor. ind. act. neunw (#4287) to those who stressed the need of circumcision and were
send. Epistolary aor. (EGT). i80vteg aor. act. part. probably from the small Jewish group in Philippi who
(temp.) opaw (# 3972) to see. Aor. gives the logically an- formed a sort of Jewish commonwealth (P, 132-36, 231-
tecedent action to the main verb. naAw (# 4099) again. 34). They offered the Christians a legal religion in Juda-
The word is to be taken w. the main vb. yapfte rather ism (P, 134-39). ypaetv pres. act. inf. yp&ow (# 1211) to
than w. the part. (Vincent). xaptte aor. subj. pass. (dep.) write. Epex. inf. is used as a noun explaining the word.
yaipw (#5897) to rejoice. GAVNOTEPOG comp. GAULTOG oxvnpos (#3891) causing fear or reluctance, trouble-
(# 267) without grief, free from sorrow; comp., less sor- some (BAGD). aooaAns (# 855). The word is taken
rowful. The joy felt by the Philippians will mitigate the from a vb. meaning “to trip up,” “to overthrow,” “to
sorrow (in his confinement) of the sympathizing apos- cause to fall or stumble.” With the neg. prefix the adj. is
tle (Ellicott). For the neg. character of the alpha priva- used to describe anything which has stability and firm-
tive s. Moorhouse, 47ff. w pres. subj. act. ett (# 1639) to ness enough not to be overthrown. It carries then the
be. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) usedinapurp.cl. 29 npoo- idea of certain, dependable knowledge (Furnish, NTS
Séyeo0e pres imp. mid. (dep.) npoodeyoua (# 4657) to re- 10: 83; s. Luke 1:4). @ 2 BAemete pres. imp. act. BrAEnw
ceive, to receive favorably, to welcome. tovodto¢ (# 1063) to look, to beware of, to consider, to take prop-
(# 5525) such a one, one w. such characteristics. EVtLOG er notice of, to pay attention to, to learn your lesson
(# 1952) in honor, prized, precious; pred. acc. in a dou- from (Hawthorne). Pres. imp. calls for habitual action:
ble acc. construction: “hold such ones in honor” (RWP). “continually be on the lookout for” (Vincent). Kovac
30 Hyyloev aor. ind. act. eyyiGw (# 1581) to come near, acc. pl. kuwv (# 3264) dog. The Jews considered dogs to
to draw near, to be near. napaPoAevodpevos aor. mid. be the most despised and miserable of all creatures and
(dep.) part. napaPorevonar (# 4129) to gamble, to play used this word to describe Gentiles. Perhaps the Jews
the gambler, to expose oneself to danger. The word has used this designation because of the herds of dogs
connotations of humbling or playing dice by which which prowled about eastern cities, without a home
high sums were often at stake (OCD, 338f). The word and without an owner, feeding on the refuge and filth
was used in the papyri of one who, in the interest of of the streets, quarreling among themselves and at-
friendship, had exposed himself to dangers as an advo- tacking the passerby (Lightfoot; SB, 3:621; 1:722-26;
cate in legal strife by taking his client’s causes, even up TDNT; OCD, 358; KP, 2:1245-49). Paul uses the term
to emperors (MM; LAE, 88). The word was later used here of those who prowl around the Christian congre-
of merchants who, for the sake of gain, exposed them- gations, seeking to win converts (Beare). épya&tnc¢
selves to death (PGL, 1008). The word was used of a (# 2239) worker. Instead of doing good works, they do
fighter in the arena who exposed himself to the dangers evil works. Katatoyn (#2961) incision, mutilation.
of the arena (PGL, 1009). In the post-apostolic church a Used in contrast to circumcision (RWP). 3 nepitopn
455 Philippians 3

(# 4394) circumcision (s. Gal. 2:3). Aatpebovtes pres. act. excel. The n. sing. is used as an abstract noun followed
part. Aatpevw (#3302) to minister, to serve (TDNT). by the gen., “the surpassing greatness” (BAGD; BD,
Subst. part., giving the character. kavywpevoi pres. mid. 138; s. 2:3). yv@oews (# 1194) knowledge. It is the per-
part. kavycaouo1 (# 3016) to boast, to glory. menovotec sonal knowledge and acquaintance w. Christ. It is the
perf. act. part. met@w (#4275) to persuade; perf., to be knowledge of one who loves and knows himself be-
persuaded, to be confident, to have confidence (s. 2:24). loved (Bear). €€nweénv aor. ind. pass. Cnurow (# 2423)
© 4 xainep (# 2788) even though, although. It is used to pass., to suffer loss. Aor. points to the definite period of
clarify the concessive sense of the part. (BD, 219; Blom- Paul’s conversion. In that great crisis he lost all his legal
qvist, 47). Eywv pres. act. part. yw (#2400) to have. possessions (Vincent). oxvBarov (# 5032) refuse. It re-
Concessive use of the part. nenot@notc (# 4301) trust- fers to such things as a half-eaten corpse; filth, like
ing, confidence. doket pres. ind. act. doxew (# 1506) to lumps of manure or human excrement; the portion of
suppose, to seem, to think. Here, “if anyone is disposed food rejected by the body as unnourishing; or to the
to think” (Vincent). menovwevo1 perf. act. inf. neidw scraps or leavings of a feast, the food thrown away
(# 4275) to persuade (s.v. 3). w&AAOv (# 3437) more, toa from the table (Lightfoot; Hawthorne; TDNT; TLNT;
higher degree. 5 nepitopt (# 4364) circumcision. MM; NW, 2, i:701). nyodwo1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) nyéo-
Here, dat. of respect: “w. respect to circumcision an wot (# 2451) to count, to reckon. Kepénjow aor. subj. act.
eighth-day one” (BD, 105; often called dat. of reference Kkepdew (# 3045) to gain, to win. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to
s. DM, 85; MT, 238). oxtanpepos (# 3862) eighth day, on express purp. 9 evpe6@ aor. subj. pass. evpiokw
the eighth day. The normal procedure was circumci- (# 2351) to find; pass. to be found. The idea involved is
sion on the eighth day after birth, but under certain cir- a revelation of true character (EGT). Subj. w. iva. to ex-
cumstances the circumcision could be on the ninth, press purp. €ywv pres. act. part. éyw(# 2400) to have.
tenth, eleventh or twelfth day (SB, 4:23ff; M, Shabbath 51a nistews Xpiotod “through faith of Christ”; obj. gen.
19:5). ¢vAN (# 5876) tribe. A Roman citizen in Philippi (“my faith in Christ”) or subjective gen. (“faithfulness
was a “member” of the Roman “tribe of Voltinia,” but of Christ)” (GGBB, 114). €xi ti miote on the basis of
Paul contrasts his citizenship by saying he was from faith, resting upon faith (Vincent). ® 10 yv@vo. aor. act.
the tribe of Benjamin (P, 122-27; RI, 24; 128, nr. 55; 226, inf. yivwwoKw (#1182) to know, to recognize; to know
nr. 157; 247-49, nr. 180; 181; Sherwin-White, Roman Cit- personally through experience, to appropriate. The
izenship [s. Phil. 1:27], 155-57). “EBpaitog (# 1578) He- word often implies a personal relation between the
brew. The term emphasized not only the rights and knower and the known, involving the influence of the
privileges belonging to the Jewish nation, but also that object of knowledge upon the knower (Vincent; TDNT;
those who lived in the Diaspora (outside of Palestine) ND, 344ff; NIDNTT). Inf. to express purp. or perhaps
had remained true to the religious practices and their intended result (Funk, 706). Sdvoyv tij¢ avactdoEews
language. Paul was trained in the use of the Heb. the power of the resurrection. Gen. of means; i.e., the
tongue by Heb.-speaking parents (Vincent; Lightfoot; power which caused the resurrection. Kowwvia
JPFC, 1:184-225; MM). vopog (#3795) law. Used here (# 3126) fellowship. na&Onua. (# 4077) suffering. ovppop-
without the article. It emphasizes law in the abstract, as oifopevog pres. pass. part. ovpuopdiGouar (#5214) to
a principle of action (Lightfoot). daptoaitog (#5757) grant or invest w. the same form; pass., to be con-
Pharisee. For a discussion of their beliefs s. TJ, 70-76. formed to, to take on the same form as. This seems to
6 Ciiog (# 2419) zeal. SKwv pres. act. part. diwKw be a reference to the kind of death Paul was to die
(#1503) to pursue, to persecute. yevouevog aor. mid. (BAGD; Meyer). @ 11 €t mw¢ if perhaps. The word of
(dep.) part. yivoyo1 (#1181) to become. Gpeymtoc hope or desire (SMT, 111; BD, 191). katavtqow aor. subj.
(# 289) without blame (s. 2:15). 7 Tw impf. ind. act. act. katavtaw (#2918) to reach, to arrive at a destina-
ei (# 1639) to be. Kepén nom. pl. Kepdoc (# 3046) profit, tion. eavaotacig (#1983) resurrection, rising up.
gain (s. 1:21). jrynpot perf. ind. mid. (dep.) nNyéouar @ 12 ody 6t1 not that. The words serve to correct a false
(# 2451) to consider, to reckon, to count as (s. 2:6). Perf. impression that might have arisen from his preceding
indicates a completed action w. continuing results: “I words. €AaBov aor. ind. act. Aap Pave (# 3284) (RWP), to
have counted (and they are now to me)” (Ellicott). n- receive, to obtain. Aor. points to the time of Paul’s con-
uta. (# 2422) loss. Used for a loss at sea (Acts 27:10) and version; “not as though by my conversion I did once at-
used in the papyri of a commercial or business loss tain” (Lightfoot). teteAeiwpot perf. ind. pass. terew
(MM). @ 8 pevotvye (#3529) the presence of so many (# 5457) to reach the goal, to perfect; pass, to be perfect.
particles is clearly for the purp. of emphasis (DM, 255) The perfection referred to is moral and spiritual perfec-
and could be translated, “yes the previous is true, but tion (Vincent). Perf. describes his pres. state: “not as
more than that I also ....” €ivoi pres. inf. act. cit though I were now already perfected” (Lightfoot).
(# 1639) to be. Compl. inf. to the main vb. bmepeyov 51wKw pres. ind. act. (#1503) to pursue. KataAGBw aor.
pres. act. part. acc. n. sing. bmepexw (# 5660) to surpass, subj. act. katarapPavu (# 2898) to seize, to grasp, to lay
Philippians 4 456

hold of. Subj. w. the particle et (# 1623) in a 3rd. class type, example (T; TDNT). @ 18 nepimatodow pres. ind.
cond. cl., which is a sort of purp. cl. or aim (RWP; RG, act. mepinatew (#4344) to walk, to conduct one’s life.
1917). &6’ ® for which, for the reason that, because (BD, KAaiwv pres. act. part. kAaiw (# 3081) to cry, to weep, to
123). The phrase can also express purp. (“whereunto”) weep audibly. The heart of St. Paul’s grief would lie in
(Lightfoot). kateAnupOnv aor. ind. pass. KataAauBavw the fact that they degraded the true doctrine of liberty
(# 2898) to reckon, to consider. @ 13 katendevan perf. (Lightfoot). otavpoc (# 5069) cross. Here obj. gen., they
act. inf. KatoaAapPave (# 2898) to take hold of. Prep. in oppose the cross. @ 19 anw)eva (# 724) ruin, destruc-
compound is perfective, “to grant completely” (RWP). tion. Kota (# 3120) stomach. For a description of the
év 5€ but one thing. The vb. Aeyw could be supplied luxury of Roman eating s. DGRA, 303-309; LAE, 164f.
(Lohmeyer) or the vb. mo1éw is to be understood (Vin- The word may be used as a general term to include all
cent). Oniow (#3958) behind. emtdavOavopevoc pres. that belongs most essentially to the bodily, fleshly life
mid. (dep.) part. entAavOavoua (# 2140) to forget. Prep. of man and therefore inevitably perishes (EGT). aioyv-
in compound is directive (MH, 312). Enextetvopevoc vn (#158) shame. éntyevog (# 2103) earthly, upon the
pres. mid. (dep.) part. emixtetvoa (#2085) to stretch earth. dpovotdvtesg pres. act. part. dpovew (#5858) to
oneself out for or toward. The metaphor is from the think, to consider (s. 2:2). ® 20 noAitevpa (# 4487) citi-
foot race. The word pictures the body of the racer bent zenship. The word means either the state, the constitu-
forward, his hand outstretched toward the goal and his tion, to which as citizens we belong, or the functions
eye fastened upon it. (Vincent). The vb. is followed by which as citizens we perform (Lightfoot; Vincent;
the dat. @ 14 oxondc (# 5024) a mark on which to fix the TDNT; P, 127-34; s. 1:27). bnapyet pres. ind. act. Dnapyw
eye, goal. Paul is evidently referring to the goal of a foot (# 5639) to exist, to be (s. 2 Cor. 12:16). amexdexoue80
race. For a description of the stadium and the foot race pres. ind. mid. (dep.) anexdeyouor (#587) to expect
s. DGRA, 105f; Oscar Bronner, “The Apostle Paul and anxiously, to await eagerly. Preps. in compound indi-
the Isthmian Games,” BA 25 (1962): 1-31. The prep. has cate the eager but patient waiting (s. Gal. 5:5). The
the sense of the goal (Lohmeyer; PAM, 141). Bpafetov Christian “citizenship” is not connected to a fictitious
(#1092) prize, a prize awarded the winner at the “tribe,” like the Roman Voltinia, but has real roots in
games. Gvw (#529) above, upward. The word could be heaven, and the Lord will soon come for His “citizens”
an adv. telling where the calling comes from, or it could (P, 130-31). 21 petaoynuatioe: fut. ind. act. peta-
point to the direction in which the calling leads: up- oxnuatiCw (#3571) to refashion, to change, to change
ward, heavenward (PAM, 149). KAnoews (# 3104) call- the outward form or appearance. The meaning of the
ing. @ 15 d00¢ (# 4012) as many as, those who. téAEL0G word could be illustrated by changing a Dutch garden,
(#5455) perfect, mature. The word refers to grown not merely into an Italian garden, but by transforming
men, as opposed to children (Lightfoot). ppov@pev pres. it into something wholly different, like a city (Trench,
subj. act. ppovew (#5858) to think, to have an attitude Synonyms, 263; Lightfoot, 130f). tamewaoews (# 5428)
(s. 2:2). Cohortative subj., “Let us have this attitude ...” lowliness, humble, insignificant. ovppopog (#5215)
Etépws (#2284) adv., otherwise. anokaAdwer fut. ind. conformed; the changing of the inward and outward
act. GnokaAvTtw (# 636) to unveil, to reveal. @ 16 nAnV substance, conforming to or w. something (s. 2:6). Evép-
(# 4440) nevertheless. The word is used at the conclu- yevo (# 1918) working. The act. and productive power
sion of a section in order to bring out the main point of of God at work (s. 2:13; MNTW, 46-54). 50vao8a1 pres.
discussion: “just one thing more” (RG, 1187; Blom- mid. (dep.) inf. 5vvoya (# 1410) to be able to. Epex. inf.
qvist, 75ff). €p@coopev aor. ind. act. }0avw (#5777) to explaining the productive power (Hawthorne). b10-
come to, to arrive at, to attain. Dramatic aor. used to ex- tea aor. act. inf. brotd&oow (#5718) to place under, to
press what has just taken place (RG, 842). otovyetv pres. subdue, to subject, to place under one’s authority.
act. inf. otovyew (# 5123) to walk in line, to march in bat- Epex. inf. adt0¢ (# 899) himself. The pron. is used here
tle order. The word refers to walking according to prin- in a reflex. sense (BD, 148).
ciples of a system (Vincent; TDNT). Inf. used in the
sense of an imp. This construction generally follows an Philippians 4
imp. and the command is carried on by the inf. (RG, @ 1 Wote (#5718) wherefore, therefore. It draws a
943; BD, 196f; IBG, 126). 17 ouppyntns (#5213) fel- conclusion from Phil. 3:17-21 (EGT). &yanntos (# 28)
low imitator. yiveo8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivouat beloved. enino@ntos (# 2182) longed for, desired (s. Phil.
(#1181) to become. oxonette pres. imp. act. oxonew 1:8). The word is a verbal adj. (RWP; M, 221; MH, 370).
(# 5023) to look at, to fix one’s attention upon, to mark. OTHKetE pres. imp. act. ot}Kw (#5112) to stand, to stand
Here, to mark and follow (Lightfoot). nepinatobvtac firm (s. 1:27). @ 2 napaKoA@ pres. ind. act. napaKarew
pres. act. part. nepinatew (# 4344) to walk, to conduct (#4151) to beseech, to urge, to encourage (TDNT;
one’s life. kaOW¢ (#2777) just as. tonog (#5596) that MNTW, 128ff). ppoveiv pres. act. inf. dpovew (# 5858) to
which is formed by a blow or impression, pattern, be minded, to have an attitude or disposition, to think
457 Philippians 4

(s. 2:2). For the speculations regarding the two women vonia (#3784) thought, act of the will which issues
s. Hawthorne. @ 3 vai (#3721) yes, yea. The particle is from the heart (Vincent; PAT, 327). 80 Aoinov
a confirmation of an assertion (Ellicott; RG, 1150). (# 3370) finally. 60a pl. Goog (# 4012) whatever. GANONS
Epwtd pres. ind. act. Eowtdw (# 2263) to ask, to request, (# 239) truth. oepvog (# 4948) worthy of respect or hon-
to ask something of someone. For examples in the pa- or, noble, dignified, reverent. The word implies that
pyri s. BS, 276ff; MM. yvnou voc. yous (# 1188) legit- which is majestic and awe-inspiring (BAGD; Trench,
imately born, genuine, true, sincere (s. 2:20). obCuye Synonyms, 347; Lohmeyer). ayvog (#54) morally pure,
voc. ovtvyos (# 5187) yoked together, yokefellow. Some undefiled. In the LXX it signifies ceremonial purifica-
view this as a proper name, “Synzygus” (Vincent). ovA- tion (Vincent; Lohmeyer; Trench, Synonyms, 333). mpoo-
ivov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) ovdAouBdvoua gun (#4713) acceptable, pleasing, lovely. It refers to
(#5197) to take and bring together, to lay hold of, to those things whose grace attracts (EGT). evo@nyos
help, to assist (MM). ovvn§Anoay aor. ind. act. cvvadrAEw (# 2368) well-sounding, praiseworthy, attractive, ap-
(#5254) to fight alongside, to contend w. someone pealing (BAGD). apetn (# 746) virtue; the most compre-
against a common enemy, to labor together. Kat hensive Gr. term for moral excellence and the central
(# 2779) also. The word may be retrospective, referring theme of Gr. ethics (Beare; TDNT; NIDNTT; Cremer;
to the true yokefellows (Lightfoot), or it may be pleo- PS, 152ff; PIGC, 1:1-12). For a comparison of Paul and
nastic, i.e., superfluous (BD, 228). Aoundg (# 3370) rest. Stoicism, esp. Seneca, s. Lightfoot, 270-333; PS; Beare,
ovvepyog (# 5301) fellow worker. @ 4 yaipete pres. imp. 42f). €naivos (# 2047) praise. Aoyifeo8e pres. imp. mid.
act. yaipw (# 5897) rejoice. Pres. imp. calls for a contin- (dep.) AoyiGw (# 3357) to consider, to reckon, to take into
ual and habitual action. mavtote (#4121) always. tpd account, to think on; “use your facilities upon them”
fut. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306) to speak. 510 EmeiKés (Ellicott; Vincent). Pres. calls for a continual or habitual
(# 2117) reasonableness in judging. The word signifies action. @ 9 Kai (#2779) also. The word here is ascen-
a humble, patient steadfastness which is able to submit sive, but its other occurrences in this v. are copulative
to injustice, disgrace, and maltreatment without hatred (“and”) (Ellicott). ué0ete aor. ind. act. wavOava (# 3443)
and malice, trusting in God in spite of it all (Leivestad, to learn. napeAaPete aor. ind. act. raparauBavw (# 4161)
158; s. 2 Cor. 10:1; Trench, Synonyms, 154). ywwoO8ntw to receive, to receive tradition or that which is passed
aor. imp. pass. yivwoKxw (# 1182) to know. A pass. imp.: on (TDNT). fKovoate aor. ind. act. dkovw (#201) to
“let your attitude be known,” “allow your attitude to hear. eiSete aor. ind. act. opdw (#3972) to see. The last
be known.” eyyv¢ (# 1584) near. The word could imply two vbs.—"heard and saw”-refer to Paul’s personal
near in space or near in time. Here the phrase probably contact w. the Philippians (Vincent). mpaooete pres.
expresses general expectation of the speedy second imp. act. mpdcow (# 4556) to do, to practice. The vb. con-
coming of Christ (Vincent). 6 pepyivate pres. imp. tains the idea of continuity and repeated action
act. wepyivaw (# 3534) to be anxious, to be troubled, to (Trench, Synonyms, 361). Pres. calls for a continual prac-
care for something, to be fretful (Beare). mpooevyy ticing. Eotat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit (# 1639) to be. For
(# 4666) prayer. S€notc (# 1255) request; generally a re- the construction of the imp. plus Kai plus the fut., form-
quest arising from a specific need. ebyaptotia (# 2374) ing a type of cond. cl. w. the fut. used in a result cl., s.v.
thanksgiving. It expresses that which ought never to be 7. © 10 €xapnv aor. ind. pass. yaipw (# 5897) to rejoice,
absent from any of our devotions—namely, the grateful to be glad; epistolary aor. (Vincent). Paul intentionally
acknowledgement of past mercies, as distinguished places the “thank you” at the end of the letter after he
from the earnest seeking of fut. (Trench, Synonyms, had developed “their partnership in his imprison-
191). aitnua (#161) request, a thing asked for. The ment” (CIC, 127-47). weyarus (# 3487) adv., greatly. 75
word in the pl. indicates the several objects of the re- noté (# 2453; 4537) now at last. The word indicates an
quest (Lightfoot; Trench, Synonyms, 191). ywwpitecdw indef. delay, but has more the notion of culmination
pres. imp. pass. ywwpitw (# 1192) to make known. 7 rather than time (RG, 1147). d&ve®GAete aor. ind. act.
bnepeyovoa pres. act. part. brepeyw (#5660) to rise avadarAw (#352) to sprout again, to shoot up, to blos-
above, to be superior, to surpass (Vincent; s. 2:3). som again, to put forth new shoots (RWP; Lightfoot).
dpovproet fut. ind. act. ppovpew (# 5864) to guard. The Prep. in compound probably contains a causative idea
word, a military term picturing soldiers standing on (MH, 295). poveiv pres. act. inf. dpovew (#5858) to
guard duty, refers to the guarding of the city gate from think (s. 2:2). Inf. as obj. of the vb. “You caused your
within as a control on all who went out (BAGD; EGT). thought for me to sprout and bloom afresh, like a tree
Fut. preceded by an imp. and joined by Kai has the utting out fresh shoots after the winter” (Vincent). £6’
character of a result cl. in a Semitic type of cond. cl.: w upon which, upon whom. The phrase could indicate
“make your request known, then the peace of God will the obj. of their thinking (Ellicott) or it could be taken
guard your hearts” (Beyer, 238-55; BD, 227). kapdia as causal (BD, 123). éppoveite impf. ind. act. dpovew
(# 2840) heart. The heart is the center of each person, (# 5858) to think. Impf. emphasizes the continual ac-
from which thoughts and affection flow (PAT, 326). tion in the past: “you were all along taking thought”
Philippians 4 458

(Vincent). Nka1petobe impf. ind. mid. (dep.) aKxarpeopar the Latin character of the city. The normal term was
(#177) to have no opportunity, to lack opportunity, to Pirinnev< (P, 116-18). apy (# 794) beginning. eEjAGov
lack a convenient time. The church at Philippi had sent aor. ind. act. éépyouo (# 2002) to go out. Exowwwvnoev
a monetary gift to Paul via Epaphroditus, which was aor. ind. act. kowwwvew (#3125) to have fellowship, to
perhaps to help take care of his expenses during his share, to be a partner. €l¢ AOyov as to an account. He
time in prison in Rome. This included food and rent for used a metaphor from the business world. The Philip-
his accommodations, which was probably rather ex- pians by their contributions had “opened an account”
pensive (BAFCS, 3:227-42). For an enlightening dis- w. him (Vincent; for the commercial t.t. s. BAGD; LAE,
cussion on the financial relationship between the 117; MM). S00ews gen. sing. d001¢ (# 1521) giving. The
Philippian church and Paul in the light of Roman social word is very common in financial transactions to refer
customs s. PSCZP, 126-224. @ 11 ovy Ott not that. It is to a payment or an installment (MM; Preisigke.) Anp-
used to avoid a misunderstanding, “my meaning is wews (# 3331) receiving. This was also a t.t. in the busi-
not...” (Meyer). botépnots (#5730) coming short, lack. ness world and meant the receiving of a payment; it
eyo (#1609) “I”; strongly emphatic. ua@ov aor. ind. was used in connection w. the word 600ew¢ in the sense
act. pavedvw (# 3443) to learn. Effective aor. pointing to of credit and debit (Vincent; MM; Lohmeyer; P, 147-52).
the completion of the process. avtapKns (# 895) con- @ 16 ano& (#562) once. Sic (#1489) twice. Used to-
tent, self-sufficiency, having enough. The word indi- gether in the sense of, “not merely once, but twice”
cates independence of external circumstances and (Vincent). ypeta (#5970) need. Enéwwate aor. ind. act.
often means the state of one who supports himself nmeunw (#4287) to send. 17 €miCnt@ pres. ind. act.
without aid from others (Lightfoot; BAGD). The word enigntew (# 2118) to seek after. Prep. in compound is di-
indicates an inward things (Vincent). eivat pres. inf. rective, indicating the concentration of the action upon
act. elt (# 1639) to be. Inf. as obj. of the vb. guaéov. some object (MH, 312). 500 (# 1517) that which is giv-
@ 12 tanewotdoba pres. pass. inf. tamewow (# 5427) to en, gift. mAeovaCovta pres. act. part. tAcovatw (# 4429)
make low; pass., to be brought low. Here it has to do w. to increase, to become more, to multiply. The commer-
the physical rather than the moral or spiritual and is
cial or business metaphor continues; their earthly in-
used in respect to the needs of daily life (EGT). Inf. is
vestment accrues heavenly dividends. Business
used as obj. of the vb. meptooevetv pres. act. inf. mepio-
investments were common in Rome. 18 anéxw
oevw (#4355) to overflow, to abound. pepvnpar perf.
(# 600) pres. ind. act. to have in full, to receive in full.
ind. pass. wvew (# 3679) to initiate; pass. to be initiated,
to be instructed. A t.t. of the mystery religions (BAGD). The word was also a commercial t.t., meaning “to re-
Perf. emphasizes the completed action w. a continuing ceive a sum in full and give a receipt for it.” For exam-
state or result. yopta{eo8o1 pres. pass. inf. yopatw ples s. BAGD; MM; BS, 229; LAE, 111. nexAnpwyan perf.
(# 5963) to fill, pass. to be full. The word was used pri- ind. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to fill; pass., to be filled. Perf.
marily of feeding and fattening animals in a stall (Vin- emphasizes the continuing state. Se&dpevog aor. mid.
cent). mewayv pres. act. inf. te.vaw (# 4277) to be hungry. (dep.) part. Sexo (# 1312) to receive. Aor. part. ex-
Perhaps he spent days in hunger during his time in resses contemporanéous action: “when I received.”
prison, even though he was entitled to the grain distri- ooun (# 4011) smell. ebwdia. (# 2380) aroma, fragrance;
bution in Rome (BAFCS, 3:242). votepeiobai pres. mid. OoLTY EvWdStas Was a t.t. indicating the acceptance and
(dep.) inf. votepeopon (#5728) to come short, to fall be- pleasantness of a sacrifice (Gnilka). dexthv acc. sq.
hind, to lack, to suffer need. 13 toybw (# 2710) pres. dext0c (# 1283) acceptable. evapeatoc (# 2298) pleasing.
ind. act. to be strong, to have strength, to be able. 19 mAnpwoet fut. ind. act. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill, to
evdvvopodvtt pres. act. part. evdvvapyow (# 1904) to em- supply. év 80Eq in glory. Used here as adv., indicating
power, to give strength, to infuse strength into the mode or manner of the fulfillment-gloriously—in
someone (Vincent). 14 mAnv (#4440) nevertheless, such a way that His glory will be manifested (Vincent).
however (s. 3:16). KaA@S (# 2822) well. Enonoate aor. ® 20 Ge dat. sing. G0¢ (# 2536). Dat. of advantage or
ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. ovyKowwvnoavtes pres. personal interest. ® 21 dondoaoe aor. imp. mid. (dep.)
act. part. ovyKowvwvew (#5170) to participate in some- conacouor (#832) to greet, to give greetings.
thing w. someone, to share together w. someone (s. 22 paArota (# 3436) especially. 01 Ex tig Kaicapos o1-
Phil. 1:7). @Atwis (# 2568) pressure, trouble, tribulation. Kiacg the members of Caesar’s household. Probably
15 Kat (# 2779) and. It marks the transition to his first slave and freedmen attached to the palace (Lightfoot,
experience of their generosity (EGT). ®uimnnowot esp. 171-78; DPL, 83-84). @ 23 yapic (# 5921) grace. The
(# 5803) voc. pl. Paul evidently coined this spelling to daily unmerited help from the Lord Jesus.
 Colossians

Colossians 1 taken either w. the main vb. as the ground of thanks-

@ 1 For the structure of ancient letters s. Rom. 1:1. giving, or w. the words niotw and ayanny, indicating
Ty.08e0g (# 5512) Timothy (s. Bruce; 1 Tim. 1:1). He is the reason for these (Abbott; Eadie; Moule). For the
mentioned not as a joint author, but to indicate that he psychological necessity of hope in one’s life s. Basil
too preaches the same true gospel (O’Brien). For a de- Jackson, “Psychology, Psychiatry and the Pastor: Rela-
fence of the Pauline authorship of the book s. O’Brien; tionships Between Psychiatry, Psychology, and Reli-
UTMC, 175-229. @ 2 €v Kodooonis (# 1877; 3145) in Co- gion,” Bib Sac 132 [1975]: 3-15. a&roxewevny pres. mid.
lossae. A city of Asia Minor located on the south bank (dep.) part. amoxeyion (# 641) to put up, to store up, to
of the Lycus River in the Lycus Valley, near the neigh- put away for one’s use. As an extension of a royal Per-
boring towns of Laodicea and Hierapolis (ABD, 1:1089; sian custom, Hellenistic rulers would store up goods
DPL, 147-52; Dunn, 20-23). As Herodotus describes Xe- for faithful servants (Lohse; TDNT). mponkovoate aor.
rxes’ march westward in 480 B.C., he says, “He came to ind. act. tpoakovw (# 4578) to hear beforehand, to hear
Colossae, a great city of Phrygia (moAwv peyaAnv pv- previously; i.e., they had heard the gospel before they
yins), situated at a spot where the river Lycus plunges had heard the false teaching (Moule). aAnevac (# 237)
into a chasm and disappears. The river, after flowing truth. Here, gen. of quality belonging to Adyoc, “the
underground for about five Stadia, reappears once word of truth” (Abbott). 6 mapovtog pres. act. part.
more and empties itself into the Maeander” (Herodot- (adj.) mapeyst (# 4205) to arrive and be present (Loh-
us, History, 7.30; O’Brien; Bruce; NW, 2, i:714-15; ANTC, meyer). The prep. combines the idea of the gospel
155-61). Antiochus III (223-187 B.C.) transported about being present w. the idea of the gospel coming to them
two thousand Jews from Mesopotamia to Phrygia and (Abbott; Lightfoot). kaOw¢ (#2777) just as. Kapmopopov-
Lydia (Jos., Ant., 12:147-53) and some may have been wevov pres. mid. part. kaprodopew (# 2844) to bear fruit.
Essenes who settled in the area of Colossae (TJ, 82-83). Mid. emphasizes that the gospel bears fruit of itself.
ayiocg (#41) holy. The adjs. can be taken w. the noun Part. is used in a periphrastic construction emphasiz-
(“the holy brothers”) or it can be taken as a noun indi- ing the continuity of the process (RWP). ab&avopyevov
cating a definite class of people, “the holy ones” pres. mid. (dep.) part. av&avw (# 889) to grow, to in-
(Moule; Martin, NCB). muotoc (#4412) The adj. can crease, to develop. The word refers to the outward ex-
mean “believing” or “faithful.” The latter sense is per- pansion, while the previous part. refers to the personal
haps preferable and has the idea of trustworthy, stead- inner working (Abbott). ao’ Ng TNwépas (#608; 4005;
fast, unswerving (Lightfoot; Dunn). 3 ebyaptototpev 2465) from which day. The fruitfulness and growing
pres. ind. act. evyapiotew (# 2373) to give thanks. The started on the day they received the grace of God
pl. could be an epistolary pl. (“I thank”) or a real pl, (Lohse). Nkobvoate aor. ind. act. dkovw (# 201) to hear.
“Timothy and I thank” (Moule). The expression of con- Aor. points to the specific time when they heard the
gratulatory thanksgiving was a characteristic feature of gospel. eméyvwte aor. ind. act. entyivwoKxw (#2105) to
ancient letter writing (Dunn). navtote (# 4121) always. know, to recognize. It implies not so much developed
It could be taken either w. the part. or w. the main vb. knowledge as active conscience recognition, of taking
The latter is probably more accurate (Lohse). mpooevy0- knowledge of (Abbott; Dunn). Ingressive aor., “you
wevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpocevyouo1 (#4667) to came to know.” yap (#5921) grace. It refers to God’s
pray. Iterative pres. points to a repeated action. unmerited and undeserved help to someone in need,
@ 4 dxovoavtes aor. act. part. dkovw (#201) to hear. here indicating the message of salvation in the gospel
Aor. indicates antecedent action. Part. could be temp. (TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT). ev aAnbeig (# 1877; 237) in
(“after we heard”) or causal, “because we heard” (Mar- truth; i.e., the grace of God as it truly is (Moule). #7
tin, NCB). He heard from Epaphras, since the apostle éuaete aor. ind. act. wavOavw (#3443) to learn. &yarn-
had no direct personal knowledge of the Colossian t0¢ (#28) one who is loved, beloved. ovvéovA0¢
church (Lightfoot). éyete pres. ind. act. €xw (# 2400) to (# 5281) fellow slave. muotdc (# 4412) faithful. duaKovoc
have. @ 5 81a, (# 1328) w. acc. because. EANIBQ acc. EATIC (# 1356) minister, one who ministers to the needs of an-
(# 1828) hope (TDNT; EH). The prep. phrase can be other (TDNT). As a native of Colossae (Col. 4:12), Epa-

459
Colossians 1 460

phras had been the evangelist of the Lycus valley favor from someone, describes that cringing, subservi-
where there were now flourishing churches (O’Brien). ent attitude of one who would do anything to please a
@ 8 SnAwoas aor. act. part. Snow (#1317) to make Petsnlclsiey (Abbott; Johnson, 342; MM; TDNT; Dunn).
plain, to make clear. év nvebpatt (# 1877; 4460) in the Kapnopopotvtes pres. act. part. Kapmopopew s.v. 6. Pres.
Spirit. It is to be connected w. &yarn and expresses the indicates that fruit-bearing for believers is to be a con-
ground of their love, which was not individual sympa- tinuous thing; the act. voice may point to external dif-
thy, personal acquaintance or the like, but belonged - fusion or it may simply direct attention away from the
the sphere of the Holy Spirit’s influence (Abbott). inherent energy of the fruit-bearing instrument, the
Sua todto (# 1328; 4047) for this reason. Kai (#2779) Christian (Johnson, 342). av&avopevor pres. mid. part.
also. The word is to be taken w. the main vb. (Lohse). avéavu s.v. 6. Entyvworg (# 2106) knowledge. Dat. here
TkovooeV aor. ind. act. s.v. 6. tavopeba. pres. ind. mid. could be either loc. (“growing in knowledge”), or it
(dep.) movopuon (# 4264) to cease. For the Ist. pers. pl. could be instr., “growing by knowledge.” The simple
s.v. 3. Mpooevyxouevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpocevxouar instr. dat. represents the knowledge of God as the dew
s.v. 3. aitobpevot pres. mid. part. aitéw (# 160) to ask, to or the rain which nurtures the growth of the plant
request. Mid. indicates that one is asking something (Lightfoot). 11 5bvayis (# 1539) power, migh
for himself. Mid. was often used in a commercial sense A v dep.) part. Svvapow (# 154
and also of requests addressed to God (BD, 165f; M, e nen. Kpatog (#3197)
160f). iva (# 2671) that. W. subj. used to introduce the Pret might. It Se to the inherent strength which
content of the prayer (Lohse). ;mAnpw@7te aor. subj. displays itself in the rule over others (TDNT; GEW, 2:8;
pass. nAnpow (# 4444) to fill. Pass. is used as a substitute s. Eph. 1:19). Here it refers to the might which is char-
for God’s name: “may God fill you” (Lohse). Pass. is acteristic of His glory (Eadie; Moule) and is a Semitic
followed here by the acc. (BD, 87). éntyvwoug (# 2106) construction meaning “His glorious might,” w. the
knowledge. thy entyvwotv tod GeATatog knowledge of word “glory” indicating the awesome radiance of
the will of God. The knowledge here is not of other deity (Dunn). poxpo8upia (#5705) patience, longsuf-
worlds but of the will of God (Lohse). The concept of fering. It refers to the self-restraint which does not
knowledge in Colossians is related more to the concept hastily revenge a wrong (Lightfoot; TDNT; NTW, 83-
of knowledge found in the OT and the DSS than that in 85; s. Gal. 5:22; Rom.2:4). @ 12 ebyapiototvtes pres. act.
the gnostic philosophy (Edwin Yamauchi, “Qumran part. s.v. 3. ikavwoavtt aor. act. part. iKavow (# 2655) to
and Colosse,” Bib Sac 121 [1964]: 141-52; DPL, 352-53; make sufficient, to qualify, to authorize. Adj. use of
for specific references in the DSS and other literature s. part. to emphasize a quality. Aor. indicates antecedent
also NIDNTT; Dunn; Eph. 1:17). oogig (#5053) wis- action. This is a qualification for inheritance due solely
dom (DPL, 966-73). The word indicated for the Gr. the to the grace of God (Johnson, 344). For the textual prob-
mental excellency in its highest and fullest sense lem s. TC, 620. pepida acc. pepic¢ (# 3535) part, portion.
(Lightfoot; Abbott). The OT concept of wisdom (773M) KATipos (# 3102) lot. The phrase is not exactly equiva-
was that of applying the knowledge of God’s will to lent to the word kA npovouta since it designates only the
life’s situations (TDNT; Lohse; NIDOTTE, 2:130-34; allotted part. Gen. here is either apposition (“the por-
4:1276-85). obvveoicg (#5304) understanding, insight. tion which consists in the lot”) or it is partitive, “to
The word refers to putting together the facts and infor- have a share in the lot” (Abbott). For the teaching of in-
mation and drawing conclusions and seeing relation- heritance in the DSS s. Lohse. gwti dat. a> (#5890)
ships. mvevpatit] (#4461) spiritual. The prevailing light. The inheritance is in the light because He who is
meaning of the word in the NT is “of, or belonging to the Light dwells there and fills heaven w. His marvel-
the Holy Spirit” (Eadie; for the suf. of the adj. s. MH, ous light (Johnson, 344). 13 eppvoato aor. ind. mid.
378). The phrase is best taken w. the vb. TAnpwOT/te, (dep.) pvopat (# 4861) to rescue, to deliver. For the rela-
meaning to be filled w. the knowledge of God by hav- tion of rescuing or deliverance w. the OT and the Dead
ing spiritual knowledge and discernment (Harris Sea community s. Lohse. &ovota (#2026) authority.
#10 ae aor. act. inf. The word properly means liberty of action, ie., free-
out toconduct one’ slife ‘Du nn dom to do something without any hindrance. In rela-
tion to others it means authority and here refers to the
ev anson, Jr., Spiritual Know!edge and Walking characteristic and ruling principle under which they
Worthily«s Ne Lord,” Bib Sac 118 [1961]: 342). Accord- dwelt before conversion to Christ (Abbott; TDNT).
ing to the teaching of the Dead Sea community, those WeTEOTHOEV aor. ind. act. weOiotnur (# 3496) to remove
who walked according to the spirit of truth will walk from one place to another, to transfer. The word was
pleasing before God. For this teaching and the refer- often used to signify deportation of a body of men or
ences in the DSS s. Lohse. apeoxeia (# 742) pleasing. the removal of them to form a colony (Eadie). Baoeio.
The word, often used in a neg. sense of trying to gain (# 993) kingdom (DPL, 524-26). tod vied (#5626) son.
461 Colossians 1

Here possessive gen., “belonging to the Son.” tic ind. act. ovviotnut (#5319) to place together, to stand
ayanns (# 27) obj. gen., “the Son who is the object of His together, to hold together, to cohere. God Himself is the
love (Abbott). 14 év @ (#1877; 4047) in whom. The principal of cohesion in the universe (Lightfoot), the
reference is to Christ and the rel. sentence speaks of the unifying band which encompasses everything and
new life which we have received in Christ (Lohse). holds it together. This applies not only to the largest
anoAvtpwoic (#667) redemption, complete release things of the universe, but also to its smallest things
based on the payment of a price (s. Rom. 3:24; LAE, (Lohse). 18 xepoAn head (DPL, 377-78; BBC). apyn
327; also the references to the DSS listed by Lohse). thv (# 794) beginning, origin. The word refers to priority in
GHEoL THV Gpaptidv forgiveness of sin, obj. gen. Epex. time and to originating power (Lightfoot; Moule). yé-
acc. explaining redemption (Harris). 15 elkov vntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivowor (# 1181) to become,
(# 1635) image, copy. In Gr. thought an image shares in to be. The purp. cl. means, “that He Himself in all
reality what it represents. Christ is the perfect likeness things (material and spiritual) may come to hold the
of God. The word contains the idea of representation first place” (RWP). npwtebwv pres. act. part. npwtebw
and manifestation (TLNT; NIDNTT; Moule; Lightfoot; (# 4750) to be first, to have first place, to hold the chief
TDNT; Lohse; Bruce; PGL, 410-16). The word points to place. For the quotation from Meander—"Never does a
His revealing the Father and His pre-existence house fail to come to grief, where woman takes the lead
(O’Brien). For pre-existence in Judaism s. Bruce; DPL, in everything”-s. MM. 19 evdoxnoev aor. ind. act. ev-
743-46. Gopatog (# 548) not capable of being seen, invis- doxew (# 2305) to be pleased. The subject here is God.
ible. It was a central point of Jewish theology that God TrAnpwwa (#4445) fullness. The word denotes com-
cannot be seen (Dunn). mpwtotoKos (# 4758) firstborn. pleteness and was used for a ship’s crew (Dunn;
The word emphasizes the pre-existence and unique- GELTS; DPL, 320). It could refer either to the totality of
ness of Christ as well as His superiority over creation. . the divine powers and attributes (Lightfoot) or per-
The term does not indicate that Christ was a creation or haps better to the fullness of saving grace and power
a created being. (For this important word s. Lohse; which belongs to one constituted as savior (Eadie; S.
Lightfoot; Abbott; Moule; Martin; PRJ, 150-53; SB, Lewis Johnson, “From Enmity to Amity,” Bib Sac 119
3:626; TLNT; EDNT; TDNT; NIDNTT; GELTS, 410; [1962]: 141-42). katowxfjoo1 aor. act. inf. KatoiwKEew
PGL, 1201-3; GI, 122-26; CEJC, 53f; Bruce; O’Brien.) (# 2997) to live, to dwell, to settle down. The word in-
Ktioews (#3232) creation. @ 16év abt@ in Him. dicates permanent abode (Lightfoot). The aor. could be
The prep. denotes Christ as the sphere within which ingressive aor., “to take up one’s permanent abode”
the work of creation takes place (Bruce). All the laws (Lightfoot, 142) 20 anoKxatoAAGEar aor. act.
and purposes which guide the creation and govern- inf. dmokatarrAdoow (# 639) to exchange hostility for
ment of the universe reside in Him (Lightfoot). The friendship, to reconcile. (Johnson, 143; TDNT;
prep. is possibly both instr. and local (Moule). He is not NIDNTT; V; APC, 186-233; MNTW, 10ff). Prep. in com-
in all things, but all things are in Him, a difference that pound has the meaning “back” and implies a restitu-
is not insignificant (Fred B. Craddock, “’All Things in tion to a state from which one has fallen. The meaning
Him’: A Critical Note on Col. 1.15-20,” NTS 12 [1965]: is “to effect a thorough change back” (MH, 298; Light-
78-80). éxtio@n aor. ind. pass. Kti¢w (# 3231) to create. foot). Inf. can be epex., explaining what was pleasing to
opatos (# 3971) visible. dopatog (# 548) invisible. eite ... Him, or inf. of purpose. eipnvonoinoas aor. act. part.
eite whether. kupiotns (# 3262) lordship. dpxat fem. pl. eipnvoroew (# 1647) to make peace. The part. describes
apyn (#794) beginning, ruler. 6V adtod through Him. the means of the reconciliation. The insertion of the
The prep. w. the gen. describes Christ as the immediate part. indicates that reconciliation is not to be thought of
instrument of creation (Abbott; Lightfoot). €tg abtov for as a cosmic miracle which merely changed the state of
Him, unto Him. The prep. indicates that Christ is the the universe outside of man, but shows that reconcilia-
goal of creation (Lohse). The rabbis taught that the tion is primarily concerned w. the restoration of rela-
world was created for the Messiah (SB, 3:626). €xtiotat tionships (R.P. Martin, “Reconciliation and Forgiveness
perf. ind. pass. xtiGw (# 3231) to create. Perf. emphasiz- in Colossians,” RH, 113; O’Brien). Peace is more than an
es the duration and persistence of the act of creation end to hostilities. It has a positive content, pointing to
(Ellicott). 17 abt0c (# 899) The pron. is used emphat- the presence of positive blessings and concerned w. the
ically-He Himself, in contrast to the created things spiritual blessing and prosperity of the whole man
(Abbott). Here it means “He and no other” (MT,40). mp0 (VANT, 251; DPL, 697-98). aya. (# 135) blood, referring
(# 4574) before. The prep. could refer to priority in time to a life given up in a violent death, and in this context
or in rank but here the idea of time is here more suit- denoting life offered up sacrificially and voluntarily in
able. Used w. the pres. of the vb., the idea expresses im- death (Harris). otavpoc (# 5089) cross. Here gen. of ref-
mutability of existence; i.e., “His existence is before all erence or relationship (Harris). 21 kat (#2779) and,
things” (Abbott; Moule; Lightfoot). ovvéotnkev perf. also. The word indicates that this message of reconcili-
Colossians 1 462

ation is also applicable to those at the church of Colos- (# 5897) to rejoice. W. the temp. viv (# 3814) it refers to
sae (Lohse). note (#4537) once, formerly. 6vtag pres. the present condition of Paul as he was in prison (Har-
act. part. ewt (#1639) to be. a&xnAAotpiwpevous perf. ris). ta@npya (# 4077) that which is suffered, suffering.
pass. part. dmaAotpi0Ow (# 558) to estrange, to alienate. The suf. in the word indicates a pass. idea or the result
Part. used in a periphrastic construction w. the perf. It of an action (MH, 355). bnép byov (# 5642; 5148) on be-
expresses more forcibly the settledness of the alien- half of you, for you. The prepositional phrase is to be
ation (Abbott; s. Eph. 2:12). &y6p0g (#2398) hostility. connected w. the word na@nuacw (Eadie). avtava-
The adj. is act. rather than pass. (Lightfoot). 5:avoig TANP®@ pres. ind. act. dvtavanAnpow (# 499) to fill up.
(# 1379) mind. Here dat. of reference. The hostile minds The idea of the prep. in compound may be reciprocal or
of the Colossian Christians have turned into a willing may signify that the supply comes from an opposite
and glad subservience; and the ultimate result of this quarter; or it may contain the idea of substituting for
interchange of attitude toward God will be perfection that which is lacking (MH, 297; Lightfoot; Lohse; S.
in sanctification (Ladd, 455). @ 22 vovi (# 3815) Lewis Johnson, “The Minister of the Mystery,” Bib Sac
NOW. GNOKATHAAGYNTE aor. ind. pass. AMOKATAAKOOW S.v. 119 [1962]: 228ff). botépnwa (# 5729) lacking, that which
20. The vb. has a soteriological meaning which embrac- is lacking. OAiwewv gen. pl. OAtwic (# 2568) pressure,
es both the overcoming of the cosmic hostility through tribulation, affliction. The sufferings of Paul were the
the lordship of Christ and the restoration of sinful men afflictions of Christ, who suffered in and w. Paul be-
to God's favor and family (Martin, RH, 114). For a dis- cause of his identification w. Christ in mystical union
cussion of the pass. as a variant reading s. TC, 621f; (Johnson, 231; for a discussion of the various interpre-
Lohse. napaotijoat aor. act. inf. naptotnpt (# 4225) to tations s. Moule; O’Brien). oapKki dat. oapt (#4922)
present. Inf. can express either purp. or result. The pic- flesh. owpatog (# 5393) body. exxAnota (# 1711) assem-
ture here may be a sacrificial metaphor (Moule). It may bly, a group called together for a specific rea-
be a legal word indicating that one is placed before a son-church. Here it refers to the universal church
court of justice (Lohse; Dunn). dwpog (# 320) without composed of all believers. 25 eyevouny aor. ind. mid.
spot, without blemish. In the LXX the word was used (dep.) yivoyor (# 1181) to become. oiKovopia (# 3873)
as a t.t. to designate the absence of anything amiss in a stewardship. The word indicated the responsibility,
sacrifice, anything which would render it unworthy to authority, and obligation given to a household slave (s.
be offered (Trench, Synonyms, 379; GELTS, 25). &veyKAn- Lohse; J. Reumann, “OIKONOMIA - Terms in Paul in
tog (#441) without accusation, unaccused, free from Comparison with Lukian Heilsgeschichte,” NTS 13
any charge at all. It is a legal word indicating that there [1967]: 147-67; Bruce; O’Brien; Dunn; TDNT; TLNT;
is no legal or judicial accusation which can be brought EDNT). 50@€toav aor. pass. part. (adj.) 5t5wyt (# 1443)
against a person (Trench, Synonyms, 381; TDNT; Ab- to give. Theol. pass. indicating God as the giver.
bott; Lohse; O’Brien). katevwmiov (#2979) before; TANP@oar aor. act. inf. rAnpow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill.
“right down in the eye of” (RWP). @ 23 et ye (# 1145; The word has the sense of doing fully, carrying to com-
1623) if, assuming that (Abbott). The particle introduc- pletion (Moule). Inf. of purp. Aor. points to the specific
es a cond. cl. which the author assumes to be true, thus act. @ 26 wvatnptov (# 3696) mystery, that which is hid-
expressing confidence rather than doubt (Dunn; Har- den and undiscoverable by human means, but that
ris). €mlevete pres. ind. act. emevw (# 2152) to remain, which has been revealed by God (Eph. 3:3; Johnson,
to continue. Prep. in compound adds to the force of the 231f; Lohse; Moule; O’Brien; Dunn). d&moxexpvppévov
linear action of the pres.: “to continue and then some” perf. pass. part. (adj.) dnoxpontw (# 648) to hide, to veil,
(RWP). teOeyeAtmpeévor perf. pass. part. GEyer1ow to conceal. Perf. part. emphasizes the state or condi-
(# 2530) to lay the foundation of something; pass., to be tion. ano from. The prep. is doubtless temp. (Lightfoot).
founded. Perf. emphasizes the completed state or con- aiwvev gen. pl. aiwv (#172) age. The pl. here indicates
dition. &Spaiog (# 1612) firm. This word refers to the successive periods of time (TDNT). yevedv gen. pl.
firmness of the structure (Abbott). For DSS parallels to yeveo. (# 1155) generation; an age includes many gener-
the figure of a building used to describe the people of ations (Abbott). &pavepwOn aor. ind. pass. davepow
God s. Lohse. petaxivovpevor pres. mid./pass. part. (#5746) to make clear, to manifest. @ 27 NOEANOEV aor.
wetakivew (# 3560) to move from one place to another, ind. act. Oedw (#2527) to desire, to want to, w. inf.
to shift from one place to another, to move away (tran- yvwptoat aor. act. inf. yywpitw (# 1192) to make known.
sitive) (BAGD; MM). Pres. stresses the “not constantly Compl. inf. to the main vb. 80&n¢ gen. sing. 50é0
shifting” (Abbott). nkovoate aor. ind. act. dKovw (# 201) (#1518) glory. The word became a comprehensive
to hear. knpuxGevtoc aor. pass. part. knpvoow (# 3062) to word for God’s glorious presence (Moule; NIDNTT;
preach, to proclaim, to herald, to proclaim as a herald TDNT). €6veot dat. pl. €6voc (# 1620) folk, nation, Gen-
(TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). €yevouny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) tile. €v bpiv (#1877; 5148) in you, among you. For
yivowat (# 1181) to become. ® 24 yaipw pres. ind. act. Christ to be among the Gentiles involved being in those
463 Colossians 2

who believed (Johnson, 232). @ 28 katayyéAAopev pres. ideas of heavenly treasures, hidden from the human
ind. act. katayyedAw (# 2859) to proclaim. The word in- eye (Dunn; 1 Enoch 18:1). ywwoews (# 1194) knowledge.
dicates an official proclamation (Lohmeyer; NIDNTT). anoxpudos (# 649) hidden. It is in Christ that all the trea-
Pres. emphasizes the continual and habitual action. sures of divine wisdom and knowledge have been
vovOetodvtes pres. act. part. vovdetéw (#3805) to ad- stored up-formerly in hiding, but now are displayed to
monish, to correct through instruction and warning those who have come to know Christ (Bruce). @ 4 iva
(TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). Part. of manner defining more (#2671) that, in order that. The conjunction may ex-
nearly the manner or accompaniments of the proclama- press purp. (“I say this in order that ...”), or equally pos-
tion (Ellicott). m&vta &vOpwrov each or every man. The sible w. an imperatival sense: “Let no one ...” (MT, 102).
threefold repetition of the phrase is for emphasis. Taparoyitnta. pres. subj. mid. (dep.) nmaparoyifouar
SiSd.oKovtec pres. act. part. didaoKw (# 1438) to teach. (# 4165) to reckon wrong, to cheat by false reasoning
TOPAOtHOwpEV aor. subj. act. s.v. 22. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) (T). The word was used in the papyri of a keeper of a
to express purp. tédewog (#5455) perfect, mature state library who had shown a willingness to make a
(Lohse). 29 kom pres. ind. act. konidaw (#3159) to wrong use of certain documents. Paul uses the word
work, to labor, to labor w. wearisome effort, to work to here to point to drawing an erroneous conclusion from
exhaustion (T; TDNT). &ywviGoyevog pres. mid. (dep.) the reasoning submitted (MM; for the use in Josephus
part. cywviCoua (# 76) to strive, to exert effort. The ath- of the meaning “to deceive” s. CCFJ, 3:300). Prep. in
letic picture behind this word emphasizes Paul’s mis- compound has the idea of counting beside or counting
sionary work, w. all its attendant toil, tireless exertion, aside, w. the idea of miscalculating (MH; 319; RWP).
and struggles against all manner of setbacks and oppo- Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. m@avoroyig
sition (PAM, 175). évepyeta (# 1918) working, effectual (#4391) dat. sing. persuasive speech: The word was
working. The word is used of the effective working of used by classical writers for probable reasoning op-
God’s power (MNTW, 46-54). Evepyoupevny pres. mid. posed to demonstration (Abbott). The word is used in
(dep.) part. evepyew (# 1919) to work effectively, to be ef- the papyri in a court case of those who sought persua-
fectual (TDNT). sive words to keep things obtained by robbery (Lohse;
MM). The terminology used here is practically equiva-
Colossians 2 lent to our English expression, “to talk someone into
@ 1 6€Aw pres. ind. act. (#2527) to wish, to desire something,” “to use plausible sounding, but actually
to, to want to, w. inf. e8évar perf. act. inf. 0180 (# 3857) specious arguments,” as one would hear at the market-
to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. NAixov (# 2462) places (Dunn; S. Lewis Johnson, “Beware of Philoso-
how great. &ywv (# 74) struggle. The picture is that of an phy,” Bib Sac 119 [1962]: 304). Instr. dat. 5 yap (# 1142)
athletic contest which is strenuous and demanding. for. The particle gives the reason why Paul, who was
The struggle here is not the struggle against God, but unknown to the Colossians and not present w. them,
the intense effort of the one praying as he struggles can give such a warning. Through the Holy Spirit he is
within himself and against those who oppose the gOs- so bound to them as though he were w. them (Dibel-
pel (PAM, 113f, 123f; BBC). s0paxav perf. ind. act. opaw ius). &meyt pres. ind. act. (# 582) to be away from some-
(# 3972) to see. For the form of this vb. s. BD, 44. €v oap- one, to be absent. yaipwv pres. ind. act. yaipw (# 5897) to
Kt (# 1877; 4922) in the flesh. This is to be taken w. the rejoice. BAEnwv pres. act. part. (temp.) BrAenw (# 1063) to
noun mpoownovuov and implies that they had a knowl- see. Pres. expresses contemporaneous action. “I am
edge of Him, though not a personal one (Abbott). with you rejoicing and seeing you.” ta&ww (#5423) an
@ 2 iva (# 2671) that. The word introduces the purp. of orderly arrangement; used in the military sense of a
the struggle. napaxAnOdotv aor. subj. pass. TapaKarew rank or orderly array (Lightfoot; Lohse). otepewpa
(#4151) to comfort, to encourage (Phil. 2:1). oup- (# 5106) that which is firm, hard, solid. For the develop-
BiBaobevtes aor. pass. part. ovupiPacw (# 5204) to bring ment in meaning s. GEW 2:790f. Here it is probably a
together, to unite, to knit together. The meaning here continuation of the military metaphor and means a
could be to instruct, to teach (Dibelius; Lohse; TDNT). solid front, a close phalanx (Lightfoot). © 6 napeAaPete
Part. of manner. mAnpodopia (# 4443) full assurance, aor. ind. act. tapaAopBavw (# 4161) to receive, to receive
firm conviction, confidence. The gen. is descriptive, the through transmission, to receive through teaching;
wealth consists of conviction (Moule). ovvécews equivalent to the rabbinical terms for receiving and
(#5304) understanding, insight. exiyvwoic (#2106) passing on tradition (Johnson, 305f; Lohse; TDNT). mept-
knowledge. puothpiov (# 3696) mystery. The gen. tod MOTEItE pres. imp. act. mepinatew (# 4344) to walk about,
80d (# 2536) is possessive and the next gen. Xptotod to walk, to conduct life in accord w. the truth of Paul’s
(# 5986) Christ, is in apposition to the word pvotnpiov preaching and not in accord w. enticing words of here-
(Moule; Lightfoot). 3 @noavpoc (# 2565) storehouse, tics Johnson, 306). Pres. calls for a continual and habit-
treasure. The imagery may be from Jewish apocalpytic ual action. For a brief discussion of the so called
Colossians 2 464

“Colossian heresy” s. BINT, 304-5; 400-12; DPL, 350-53, divine attributes but divine nature or essence. Divine
also 148-50. @ 7 éppifwpévor perf. pass. part. pifow glory did not merely gild Him, lighting up His person
(# 4845) to cause to take root; pass., to be or to become for a season w. a splendor not His own; He was and is
firmly rooted or fixed. The word was also used in the absolute and perfect God (Trench, Synonyms, 8; TDNT;
metaphor of the building and pictured the firm and Lightfoot; EDNT; O’Brien). owpatixd¢ (#5395) adv.,
solid foundation (BAGD; Lohse; TDNT). Perf. points to bodily. The word refers to the human body of Christ
the past completed action w. continuing results or con- (Johnson, 310), indicating also the full humanity of
dition and pictures the settled state brought about by Jesus a humanity which was not simply a covering for
conversion. The following parts. in the pres. emphasize His deity (Lohse; TDNT; Moule; Lohmeyer; O’Brien).
the continuing development which is always advanc- 10 menAnpwyévor perf. pass. part. mAnpow (# 4444) to
ing (Abbott). EnovxoSopovpevor pres. pass. part. enot- fill, to make full. Perf. is used in a periphrastic con-
Kodopuew (#2224) to build up, to build up upon (BDG). struction accentuating the abiding results of believers’
BeBo.obvpevor pres. pass. part. BeBa1ow (# 1011) to make completeness through union w. the exalted Lord. In
firm, to establish, to strengthen (BAGD; TDNT; TLNT). Him they find their needs fully met Johnson, 310).
Pres. gives the idea of being more and more established Kegon (# 3051) head. The word here probably denotes
(Abbott). niotic (# 4411) faith. The word could be used primarily supremacy, but it also emphasizes that the
in the subjective sense so the dat. would be instr. (“by head is the center of vital force, the source of all energy
your faith”). Faith would be, as it were, the cement of and life (Lightfoot; DPL, 377-78). apyn (#794) begin-
the building (Lightfoot). It is, however, more probable ning, principality, power. @ 11 nepi-equnénte aor. ind.
that faith is to be taken in its obj. sense, referring to the pass. mepiteuvw (# 4362) to circumcise (s. Gal. 2:3). mept-
doctrines of the Christian faith (Eadie; Johnson, 303). tout, (# 4364) circumcision. ayeiponointos (#942) not
e515ax0nte aor. ind. pass. SiSaoKw (#1438) to teach. made w. hands. anéxSvorg (#589) putting off. Prep. in
MEPLOGEVOVTEG pres. act. part. mepiooevw (#4355) to compound expresses a complete putting off and laying
overflow, to abound. ebyapiotig. (# 2374) dat. sing. aside (Abbott). odpxog gen. sing. oap§ (# 4922) flesh.
thanksgiving. @ 8 BAénete pres. imp. act. BAenw (# 1063) The reference here could be to putting off the fleshly
to watch, to see; here, “Look out!” “Beware!” The word nature of man, the crucifixion of the old man (S. Lewis
is normally followed by pf plus the subj., but the ind. Johnson, “The Sufficiency of Union with Christ,” Bib
éota1 in this case shows that the danger is real (Light- Sac 120 [1963]: 15), or it could be a reference to the phys-
foot). €ota1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639) to be. ical death or crucifixion of Christ (Moule; SBT, 416).
ovAaywyav pres. act. part. ovAaywyew (# 5194) to carry 12 ovvtadevtes aor. pass. part. ovvOantw (#5313) to
off as booty or captive. The word meant “to kidnap” bury together. ovvnyep@nte aor. ind. pass. ovveyeipw
(Dibelius; Johnson, 306), and here depicts carrying (# 5283) to raise up together w. someone, to be co-resur-
someone away from the truth into the slavery of error rected. évepyera (#1918) effective working, divine
(BAGD). Uv000p1a (# 5814) philosophy. It was used working (s. Col. 1:29). &yeipavtog aor. act. part. éyeipw
among Jewish writers in the sense of “teaching,” “an (# 1586) to raise up, to resurrect. The rite of baptism
intellectual movement” (Dunn; CCFJ; BBC). Kevoc typified the reality of death and resurrection. Death is
(# 3031) empty. anatn (# 573) deceit. napadootc (# 4142) the neg. side, resurrection is the positive (Johnson, 16).
tradition, that which is given over from one to another @ 13 Ovtac pres. act. part. cyt (# 1639) to be. Pres. part.
(TDNT; TLNT). &vOpwros (# 476) man; man-made tra- to emphasize a continuing trait. napaxtwpa (# 4183)
dition to be contrasted w. the true, living, divine tradi- transgression (s. Eph. 2:1). Dat. here could be loc. or in-
tion just alluded to (Moule). otowyeia (#5122) str., describing either the circumstances (Moule) or the
component parts of a series, elementary things. The reason for their being dead (Lightfoot). &xpoBvotia
word could refer to elemental powers—cosmic spir- (#213) foreskin, uncircumcision. ovveCworoinoev aor.
its-or more probably to elementary teaching (Johnson, ind. act. cvGwonorew (# 5188) to make alive together (s.
308; Moule; Dibelius; Lohse; TDNT). For studies re- Eph. 2:5; for the usage in Jewish writings s. Dunn).
garding the heresy at Colossae s. Martin, 12ff; Martin, xoprodpevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. yapiGouai (# 5919) to
NCB, 9-19; Andrew J. Bandstra, “Did the Colossian Er- grant as a favor, to give graciously, to forgive out of
rorists Need a Mediator?” ND, 329-43; NW, 21, i:722-26; grace (Abbott; TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT; CPP). #14
also the various articles in CC; Dunn, 23-35. #9 e€oAEtyas aor. act. part. EEaAEetbw (# 1981) to wash over,
KatotKei pres. ind. act. katoiKkew (# 2997) to settle down, to wipe out. The word was used for wiping out the
to be at home (s. Col. 1:19). Pres. indicates the continual memory of an experience, or for canceling a vote, an-
state and points to the pres. reality (Lohse). nAnpwpo nulling a law, or canceling a charge or debt. It was also
(# 4445) fullness (s. Col. 1:19). Bot (# 2540) divine na- used for washing out the writing on a papyrus (NTW,
ture, deity. The word differs from the expression “God- 46-48; MM; Preisigke, 1:507; Moule; BBC). xa’ (# 2848)
head” in Rom. 1:20 in that it emphasizes not so much w. the gen., against. yepoypapov (# 5934) handwriting.
465 Colossians 2

It was used as a t.t. for a written acknowledgment of refers chiefly to the annual festival like the Passover,
debt. It is an 1.0.U., a statement of indebtedness per- Pentecost, etc. (Lightfoot). veounvia (# 3741) new moon
sonally signed by the debtor (Abbott; Moule; LAE, (DPL, 402-4). This describes the monthly festival and
334). For a description of the Jewish certificate of in- the following word oaBatwv refers to the weekly holy
debtedness and for its use in Jewish apocalyptical writ- day (Lightfoot). 17 oxid (# 5014) shadow. The word
ings refering to a book where the good and bad deeds refers either to a shadow which in itself has no sub-
of a person were recorded s. Dunn; SB, 3:628; Lohse. stance but indicates the existence of a body which casts
Soya. (# 1504) decree. The word referred to a legal obli- the shadow (Abbott), or it indicates a dim outline, a
gation, a binding law or edict placed in a public place sketch of an object in contrast w. the object itself. This
for all to see (TDNT; Lohmeyer; Lohse; Martin, NCB; would mean that the OT ritual observances were dim
NDIEC, 4:146; Dunn). Here dat. of description, a docu- outlines of the NT redemptive truths (S. Lewis
ment containing or consisting of decrees (IBG, 45; MT, Johnson, “The Paralysis of Legalism,” Bib Sac 120
219). bmevavtiog (#5641) opposed, against, hostile, di- [1963]: 112). For the use of the figure of a shadow in Jo-
rectly opposed. It described the active hostility (Light- sephus and rabbinical writings s. SB, 3:628. weAAovtwv
foot). TIpKev perf. ind. act. aipw (#149) to take away. pres. act. part. n€AAw (#3516) to be about to. Subst.
Perf. stands in contrast to the aor. in this section and part. Here it means “things coming.” 18 Kata-
fixes attention on the pres. state of freedom resulting BpaPevetw pres. imp. act. kataPpaBevw (# 2857) to de-
from the action which was esp. before the apostle’s cide against someone as an umpire would, to deprive
mind (Abbott). wéoov (# 3545) middle, combined w. the of the prize, to give judgment against someone (BAGD;
vb., a strong expression meaning “and put out of sight” Abbott; Lohse; Preisigke, 1:744; Lohmeyer). 8€Awv pres.
(Lightfoot). mpoondwoag aor. act. part. mpoondrow act. part. 6dw (#2527) to want to, to desire to, w. inf.
(# 4669) to nail to. Modal part. describing the manner in Vb. here followed by the prep. could be taken as a sep-
which Christ removed the handwriting. He nailed the tuagintism and be translated “being bent upon” (Fred
Mosaic Law with all its decrees to His cross and it died O. Francis, “Humility and Angelic Worship in Coloss-
w. Him (Ellicott). otavpoc (#5089) cross. 15 amex- ians 2:18,” CAC, 167). tanewoppoobvvy (# 5425) lowli-
Svodpevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. adnexdvon01 (# 588) to ness, humility. The word was often used in connection
strip off, to put off as one puts off a garment. Christ di- w. fasting, and several Jewish Christian writings speci-
vested Himself at the cross of the evil power which had fy that the consequence of this ascetic practice is en-
struggled w. Him so strongly during His ministry in at- trance into the heavenly realm (Francis, CAC, 168ff).
tempts to force Him to abandon the pathway of the Opnoxeig (# 2579) worship. The word can be used in a
cross (Johnson, 20; Dunn). &Sevywatioev aor. ind. act. variety of ways but stands for the act of worship (Fran-
SerywatiCw (# 1258) to display, to expose, to display as a cis, CAC, 180). e&yyedog (# 34) angel. Here the word is
victor displays his captives or trophies in a triumphal normally taken as obj. gen. (“the worship given to an-
procession (Lightfoot). nappnoig (#4244) openness, gels”), but it is also possible (Dunn) that the gen. is subj.
boldness, confidence (Abbott; Lightfoot). @prapBedoac gen. and refers to the worship the angels performed
aor. act. part. 9ptauPevw (# 2581) to lead in a triumph. It (Francis, CAC, 177-80). topaxev perf. ind. act. s.v. 1.
pictures a victorious general leading his prisoners in a euBatebwv pres. act. part. eupatevw (#1836) to enter
triumphal procession (Moule; TJ, 204-9: s. 2 Cor. 2:14; into, to penetrate. Perhaps the meaning here is the en-
also Rory B. Egan, “Lexical Evidence of Two Pauline tering into heavenly spheres as a sort of superspiritual
Passages,” NovT 19 [1977]: 34-62; R. Yates, “Colossians experience. For various contexts in which this word ap-
2.15: Christ Triumphant,” NTS 37 (1991): 573-91. For a pears and a discussion of this interpretation s. CAC,
study of these vs. s. Ralph P. Martin, “Reconciliation 171-76; cf. PLG, 453; for other views s. also Abbott;
and Forgiveness in Colossians,” RH, 116-24). Lohse; Johnson, 111; Dunn. ¢voobdpevog pres. pass.
16 Kpivétw pres. imp. act. Kpivw (#3212) to judge, to part. dvo1ow (# 5881) to puff up, to blow up; pass, to be
take one to task (Abbott). Pres. imp. w. the neg. pq puffed up. Their profession of humility was a cloak for
(# 3590) calls for the stopping of an action in progress excessive pride (Lightfoot). vod¢ (# 3808) mind, think-
or indicates that an action should not be a habitual one ing facility. @ 19 kpatdv pres. act. part. kpatew (# 3195)
(MKG, 272f). Bp@o1g (#1111) eating. noo1g (# 4530) to hold fast to someone, to remain closely united w.
drinking. Here it refers to indulgence in wine (Dibel- someone (BAGD; Lohse). Keon (# 3051) head; here
ius). The idea that man could serve deity or draw near the Head regarded as a title, so that a person is at once
to deity or prepare oneself for the reception of a revela- suggested, and the rel. pronoun that follows is masc.
tion through ascetic living and fasting was widespread (Lightfoot). o@pa (#5393) body. Here it refers to the
in the ancient world (Lohse). LEPOG (#3538) part. oie church as the body of Christ, consisting of the saints
in the construction év pepe to mean “in respect to”, “1 and deriving its unity and growth from Christ (SBT,
the matter of” (Abbott). €optn (# 2038) festival. Here + 224; DPL, 76-82). a&oa@v gen. pl. an (#913) ligament.
Colossians 3 466

The word could refer to the nerves (Meyer) or to the Colossians 3

joints of the body as contacts between the members @ 1 ovvnyepOnte aor. ind. pass. ovveyeipw (# 5283)
(Lightfoot). For a study of the word s. Eph. 4:16; Robin- to raise up together; pass. to be co-resurrected. Ind.
son; Lightfoot; O’Brien. obvéeopog (# 5278) band, that used in a cond. cl. which assumes the reality: “if then
which binds together. Given the figure of the church (as is the case) you were raised together w. Christ”
being the body of Christ, these words refer to believers (EGT). Aor. looks at the completed action. &vw (# 539)
in the body of Christ, who are to exercise their spiritual above; “the things above.” The words are used to mean
gift in the church for the edification of the whole body the heavenly world (Lohse; TDNT; DPL, 382). For a
(Johnson, 115). emryopnyovpevov pres. pass. part. em- contrast between things above and things below in
xopnyew (#2220) to furnish or provide, to support; Jewish writings s. SB, 1:395, 977; 2:116, 133, 430; 3:630.
pass., to be supported, to receive help (BAGD). oup- Cnteite pres. imp. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. Pres. imp.
BiBaCouevov pres. pass. part. s.v. 2. aber pres. ind. act. suggests a continual and habitual action. 5e&uG (# 1288)
ave&w (# 889) to grow. Pres. emphasizes the continual right, right hand (Eph. 1:20). Ka@qwevocg pres. mid.
growth. avénoic (#890) growth. Cognate acc. here (dep.) part. ka@nuor (# 2764) to sit. The sitting at the
being the acc. of the inner content used for emphasis right hand was considered a place of honor (Schwei-
(BD, 84f; RG, 478; DM,94). Growth does not come zer). 2 poveite pres. imp. act. dpovew (#5858) to
through a denial of certain foods, but rather growth think, to be minded. The vb. in this v. differs from that
comes from God. 20 &meOdvete aor. ind. act. no- employed in the preceding in referring more to an
@vjnoKw (# 633) to die. Ind. in a 1st class cond. cl. which inner disposition, while the former is practical pursuit
views the cond. as true. otoiyetov (# 5122) elementary (Eadie). @ 3 &meOavete aor. ind. act. cnoOvjoKw (# 633)
teaching s.v. 8. G@vte¢ pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to to die. Kéxpuntat perf. ind. pass. kpumtw (#3221) to
live. Part. used w. wo (#6055) is concessive (“as hide. The idea of life being hidden in God suggests
though”). The particle here gives the subjective moti- three thoughts: secrecy where the believer’s life is nur-
vation of the subject or action: w. the assertion that, on tured by secret springs; safety, “w. Christ in God”
the pretext that, w. the thought that you are still living marking a double protection; and identity, the believer
(BD, 219). S0yatiteo@e pres. ind. mid. doypatitw being identified w. the risen Lord Johnson, 212). Perf.
(# 1505) to issue a decree. Permissive mid., “why are
views the completed state arising from a past action.
you allowing yourselves to be subjected to authorita- @ 40tav (#4020) w. subj., whenever. davepw7 aor.
tive decrees?” (RG, 808; MT, 57). 21 Gwq aor. subj.
subj. pass. davepow (#5746) to make plain or clear, to
mid. (dep.) &mtowat (# 721) to touch, to take hold of, to
manifest. Here it refers to the coming of the Lord, at
grasp. yevot| aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yevouar (#1174) to
which time the veil will be removed so that the things
taste, to partake of, to enjoy. 61y7¢ aor. subj. act. @Lyyavw
now hidden from our eyes will be illuminated in a
(# 2566) to touch. For a comparison of the words for
bright light (Lohse). avepwOnoeove fut. ind. pass. pave-
“touch” and the first word’s use in a sexual sense s.
Lightfoot; Abbott; Schweizer. The prohibition concern-
pow (#5746). 5 vexpwoate aor. imp. act. vexpow
ing purity has a strong Jewish flavor (Dunn).
(# 3739) to put to death. The meaning here, compara-
ble to Rom. 6:11, contains the idea “reckon as dead”
@ 22 Ganoxypnoig (#712) consuming, consumption,
using up. The prep. in compound is perfective-com- (Bruce). péAn pl. weAo0g (# 3517) member. The members
pletely using up (MH, 299; Ellicott). €vtoApa (# 1945) of the body were used to carry out the desires. Accord-
commandment. StéaoKxaAta (# 1436) teaching, doctrine. ing to the rabbis there are as many commandments
23 éxyovta. pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. Part. is and restraints in the law as the body has members and
used w. €otiv to form a periphrastic pres. ind. (RWP), the evil impulse is said to be king over 248 members
pointing out that the character of the precepts is such (Schweizer); the two great passions which the evil in-
that a word of wisdom belongs to them (Abbott). clination plays the most upon are idolatry and adul-
e0eA0Opnoxia (#1615) The word could mean “self- tery (S. Schechter, Some Aspects of Rabbinic Theology,
chosen worship” (Francis; CAC, 181f; MH, 290; BD, 64; 250). mopveia (#4518) illicit sex, sexual activity apart
BBC). tanewodpoobvy (# 5425) lowliness; s.v. 18. det- from marriage. Sexual activity was often connected w.
dia (#910) unsparing, severity, hard treatment (S. the idolatrous worship of false gods (TDNT; DPL, 871-
Lewis Johnson, “Human Taboos and Divine Redemp- 75; Gal. 5:19). dxaOapota (# 174) uncleanness, filthiness
tion,” Bib Sac 120 [1963]: 210). nAnopovn (# 4447) filling (DPL, 776; Gal. 5:19). m&80¢ (# 4079) passion. The word
up, Satisfaction, gratification, but it may be used in the indicates a drive or force which does not rest until it is
bad sense, indulgence of the flesh (BAGD; Lightfoot; satisfied (Trench, Synonyms, 324). EmvOvpiav (# 2123)
Abbott). desire, lust. The word, wider in meaning than the pre-
vious word, reaches to all evil longing (Lightfoot; DNP,
2:542-44). mdsoveEia, (# 4432) insatiable selfishness,
greed (NTW, 97; TDNT; TLNT). et8mAoAatpic. (# 1630)
467 Colossians 3

idolatry. The accs. in this v. are accs. of general refer- (Abbott; s. 1:9). exova acc. sing. eixwv (# 1635) image
ence: “put to death the members in reference to ...” (TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT; EDNT). xtioavtog aor. act.
(DM, 93; RG, 486). 6 épyetou pres. ind. mid. (dep.) part. ktiCw (#3231) to create. adtov (# 899) him. The
Epxouo (# 2262) to come. Fut. pres. used to emphasize reference is to the new man rather than man in general
the certainty of the fut. event. opyn (# 3973) wrath, an- (Ellicott). | 11 6xov (# 3963) where. nepitoun (# 4364)
ger. It refers to the deep-seated anger of God which dis- circumcision. axpoBvotia (# 213) foreskin, uncircumci-
plays itself in eternal punishment to come upon those sion. BapBapos (#975) barbarian. The word properly
who practice sexual sins, uncontrolled greed, and ser- denoted one who spoke an inarticulate, stammering,
vice to idols (TDNT; NIDNTT; DPL, 991-92; Lohse). unintelligible language and was adopted by Gr. exclu-
@ 7 nepienatnoate aor. ind. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to siveness and pride to stigmatize the rest of mankind,
walk about, to conduct one’s life. The vb. used w. the denoting one who was not a Gr. (Lightfoot; Lohse,
prep. indicates “to take part in’ (BAGD). Constative TDNT; BBC; Rom. 1:14). éAeb@Epog (# 1801) free, one
aor. summing up their whole life of the past (RWP; who had been freed from slavery. @ 12 evivoa08e aor.
DM, 196; Funk, 620f). e¢ite impf. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) imp. mid. (dep.) s.v. 10. xAeKt0¢ (# 1723) chosen, elect.
to live. Customary impf. indicating the continual ac- If God chose them as members of His new creation,
tion of the past: “you used to live.” @ 8 &m0Ge08e aor. they must fulfill the command to conduct themselves
imp. mid. (dep.) anotiOnut (# 700) to take off from one- accordingly. nyannpévor perf. pass. part. wyandw (# 26)
self, to change one’s clothes, to remove one’s clothes to love (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT). Perf. points to a past
from oneself, to put off. @vpog (# 2596) anger. It refers completed action w. a continuing state or result.
to a burning anger which flares up and burns w. the in- onAayxvov (# 5073) heart. It denotes esp. the nobler in-
tensity of a fire (Trench, Synonyms, 130f; TDNT). Kaxto. ward parts-heart, liver, and lungs—and figuratively re-
(#2798) malice. It refers to the vicious nature which is fers to the seat of the emotion (Abbott; MNTW, 156;
bent on doing harm to others (Lightfoot; Trench, Syn- TDNT; s. Phil. 1:8). oxtippog (# 3880) compassion (s.
onyms, 37ff; TDNT). BAaopnpia (# 1060) slander. It indi- Phil. 2:1). ypnototng (#5983) kindness. It is kindness
cates the attempt to belittle and cause someone to fall expressed in attitude and deed, the friendly and help-
into disrepute or to receive a bad reputation (TLNT; ful spirit which seeks to meet the needs of others
TDNT; for examples from the DSS s. Lohse). aicypodo- through kind deeds (TDNT; s. Gal. 5:22). tamevoppo-
yla (#155) filthy talk, dirty speech, abusive language ovvn (# 5425) lowliness in thinking, humility. It is the
(Lightfoot; MM). 9 wevdeo8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) recognizing of one’s own weakness, but also the recog-
yevdouat (#6017) to lie. Pres. imp. w. the neg. pq nition of the power of God (TDNT; NIDNTT). xpatdtng
(# 3590) forbids a manner of life. a&mexSvodpevor aor. (#4559) meekness. The word indicates an obedient
mid. (dep.) part. amexdvoua1 (#588) to take off com- submissiveness to God and His will, w. unwavering
pletely, to strip off of oneself. Causal part. contains the faith and enduring patience displaying itself in a gentle
motive for the preceding exhortation (Abbott). Paul attitude and kind acts toward others, and this often in
means that if the old man really has been put off, one the face of opposition. It is the restrained and obedient
must not at a critical moment revert to the way one powers of the personality brought into subjection and
acted before his conversion. For this and a discussion submission to God’s will by the Holy Spirit (s. Gal.
of the origin of Paul’s metaphor, along w. various par- 5:23). paxpodvpia (#3429) longsuffering. It is a long
allel usages, s. P. W. van der Horst, “Observations on a holding out of the mind before it gives room to action
Pauline Expression,” NTS 19 (1973): 185, 181-87. or passion. It indicates the patient longsuffering in
moras (# 4094) old. mp&E1g (# 4552) deed. The pl. de- bearing injustices or unpleasant circumstances without
scribes the individual deeds which characterized the revenge or retaliation but w. a view or hope to a final
former life. 10 évSvodpevoi aor. mid. (dep.) part. ev- goal or betterment (Trench, Synonyms, 196; TDNT; Gal.
dvona1 (#1907) to put on oneself, to cloth oneself. 5:23). 13 dvexouevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. &véxoucr
Causal part. (Hendriksen). véog (#3742) new. The (#462) to endure, to bear w., to put up w. someone
word only expresses newness in point of time (Abbott; (BAGD; Dunn). Part. describes the manner or means.
Lightfoot; Trench, Synonyms, 219f). d&vaKo.vodpevov Pres. emphasizes the continual action. yapifopevot pres.
pres. pass. part. dvaKoivow (#363) to make new again, mid. (dep.) part. yaptGowor (#5919) to be gracious, to
to renew. The idea of “new” is that of newness in qual- forgive (Eph. 4:32; TLNT; EDNT; CPP). €avtoig = aAAn-
ity (s. Rom. 12:2; TDNT). The prep. in compound does otc. For the reflex. pron. used instead of the reciprocal
not suggest the restoration of the original state, but its pron. s. BD, 150; MT, 37f. The reflex. pron. here may
contrast of late (Abbott). Pres. points to the continual suggest the performance of an act faintly resembling
action: “which is ever being renewed” (Lightfoot). that of Christ, namely, of each one toward all-them-
Pass. indicates that the action is performed by another. selves included, Christians being members one of an-
Entyvwoig (#2106) knowledge; thorough knowledge other (Ellicott). €yn pres. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to have.
Colossians 3 468

Pres. has the idea of “having” rather than the idea of 300f; Lightfoot). The three dats. are to be taken w. the
“getting” as expressed by the aor. (M, 110). Subj. w. €dv part. GSovtes rather that w. &iSdoKovtes or vovde-
(#1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. where the cond. is toovtes. gdovtes pres. act. part. adw (#106) to sing.
viewed as possible. pouon (#3664) blame, cause for @ 17 dv (#1569) w. the subj. generalizes the object:
complaint. The vb. from which this noun is taken whatever, everything whatever (RWP). notfjte pres.
means “to find fault w. someone,” “to be dissatisfied w. subj. act. novew (# 4472) to do. ebyapiototvtes pres. act.
someone,” and refers most commonly to errors of part. ebyapiotéw (#2373) to give thanks. @ 18 bno-
omission; so the noun here is regarded as a debt which taooEobe pres. imp. mid. Drotd&oow (# 5718) mid. to be
needs to be remitted (Lightfoot; TDNT). €yapioato aor. in subjection, to subject oneself. Submission for Paul is
ind. mid. (dep.) yaptGonoar (#5019). Aor. points to the a voluntary submission based on one’s own recogni-
completed action. Ka0w¢ ... odtws¢ (#2777; 4048) just tion of God’s order (Crouch, 110; DPL, 418-19; s. Eph.
as ... so. There should be the same attitude on both 5:21). For references to the position of women in the an-
sides. 14 €ni (#2093) w. the dat. The prep. could cient world s. Crouch, 107; Tal Ian, Jewish Women in
mean “in addition to,” “on top of all the others,” or it Greco-Roman Palestine (Tiibingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1994).
may have an elative force and mean “above all;” i.e., aviikev impf. ind. act. avnkw (#465) it is fitting, it is
love is the most important moral quality in the believ- proper. Impf. w. a pres. meaning in an expression of ne-
er’s life (Moule; S. Lewis Johnson, “Christian Appar- cessity, obligation, or duty (BD, 181; RG, 919f; MT, 90f).
el,” Bib Sac 121 [1964]: 30). obvéeopocg (#5278) that #19 wyanGte pres. imp. act. wyandw (#26) to love
which binds or holds something together, bond. tedev0- (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). Pres. imp. calls for a continual
ts (#5456) perfection, complete maturity. Gen. here attitude and positive expression. muxpaiveode pres.
could be an obj. gen. (“the bond producing perfection” imp. pass. mikpaivw (# 4393) to make bitter, to embitter,
[MT, 212; Lohse]), or it could be a type of descriptive to become bitter. The vb. has the idea of being sharp,
gen.: “the bond which signifies or indicates perfec- harsh, and bitter. It speaks of friction caused by impa-
tion.” The word here refers to the full expression of the tience and thoughtless nagging. If love is absent, such
divine life in the community, devoid of bitter words obedience will not be secured by perpetual irritation
and angry feelings, qn freed from the ugly defects of and faultfinding (TDNT; Moule; Eadie). Pres. imp. w.
immorality and disHonesty (Bruce). 15 BpoPevétw the neg. un (# 3590) forbids a habitual action. 20
pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. BpoPebw (# 1093) to refer- bmaKovete pres. imp. act. braKkovw (# 5634) to listen to,
ee, to be an umpire, to call a decision, to decide be- to obey. yoveic (# 1204) (pl.) parents. evapeotog (# 2298)
tween; then in a fig. sense to direct, to administer, to well-pleasing, commendable. The word is generally
control. Either an athletic stadium or a judicial setting used in the Bible to mean “pleasing to God” (Moule).
is the background (EDNT; TDNT; MM; Lohse; Light- @ 21 epebitete pres. imp. act. Epebitw (# 2241) to excite,
foot; O’Brien). €xAn@nte aor. ind. pass. karkew (# 2813) to provoke, to irritate (Abbott). &@vpaouv pres. subj. act.
to call. ebyapiotog (#2375) thankful. The word indi- aOvpEew (# 126) to be without courage or spirit, to lose
cates the obligation of being thankful to someone for a heart, to become spiritless; “to go about their task in a
favor done. The thankfulness arises out of the grace of listless, moody, sullen frame of mind” (Lightfoot). A
God and that which He has done (TDNT). yiveode pres. child frequently irritated by over-severity or injustice
imp. mid. (dep.) yivoyat (# 1181) to become. Pres. indi- to which, nevertheless, it must submit, acquires a spirit
cates a continual action pointing to a habit of life. of sullen resignation leading: to despair (Abbott).
@ 16 Evoixeitw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. EvoiKew 22 vraxovete pres. imp. act. bnaKovw (#5634) to be
(# 1940) to live in, to dwell in, to take up one’s resi- obedient. d¢8aApoSoviig (# 4056) eye service. It might
dence in, to make one’s home among (Moule; Pre- mean merely such service as can be seen; i.e., superfi-
isigke, 1:493). mAovoiwc adv. (#4455) extravagantly cial work-not dusting behind the ornaments, not
rich, richly. &tSdoxovtes pres. act. part. 5idaoKw (# 1438) sweeping under the wardrobe; but the context suggests
to teach. This and the following parts. could be taken instead going through the outward movements of the
as impvs., or as part. of means or manner (Harris). vov- work without a corresponding keenness of will behind
Betodvtes pres. act. part. vovbetew (# 3805) to admon- them (Moule). The word could also have the idea of
ish, to correct one who is at fault through admonition “when the master’s eye is upon you” (S. Lewis
(s. 1:28). yorrog (# 6011) psalm. It was often used of the Johnson, “The New Man in the Old,” Bib Sac 121 [1964]:
psalms in the OT and has the idea of a song w. musical 113). &vOpwndpeoKos (# 473) men-pleaser, one who tries
accompaniment (Trench, Synonyms, 296; Lightfoot; to please men at the sacrifice of principle (BAGD).
Lohse). tyvocg (#5631) hymn. The word is used of a amornc (#605) singleness. The phrase used here
song which is a praise to God (Trench, Synonyms, 297f; means “w. undivided service” (Lightfoot; TLNT). kap-
Lightfoot). @5aic dat. pl. w5n (# 6046) song. This is the dia. (#2840) heart. Here descriptive gen. doBovpevor
general word for any kind of a song (Trench, Synonyms, pres. mid. (dep.) part. poBeonor (# 5828) to be afraid, to
469 Colossians 4

fear, to fear the Lord (Christ) is the leading principle of for preaching” (RWP). AaAfjoot aor. act. inf. AaAEw
Christian conduct (Lohse). @ 23 Edv (#1569) w. (# 3281) to speak. Compl. inf. wuotnpiov (# 3696) mys-
the subj. and the rel. pron., whatever (s.v. 17). novijte tery (s. Col. 1:26; Eph. 3:3). 6e5eno1 perf. ind. pass. 5€0-
pres. subj. act. s.v. 17. Subj. w. indef. rel. cl. pyaCeo8e wo (# 1313) to bind. Perf. emphasizes the continuing
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) epyaCowor (# 2237) to work, to state or cond. 4 avepmow aor. subj. act. pavepow
work energetically, to work diligently (Lightfoot). (#5746) to make clear, to manifest. (#1256) Set pres.
@ 24 e1d0tes perf. act. part. oso (# 3857) to know. Def. ind. act. impersonal, it is necessary; w. acc. and inf. Br
perf. w. a pres. meaning. GnoAneove fut. ind. mid. ing a logical necessity (AS; for the meaning “need,” “t
(dep.) anorAauBavw (#655) to receive from someone. have a need,” and earlier usages of the word s. bie
The prep. denotes that the recompense comes immedi- 1:375). AGAToOoL aor. act. inf. s.v. 3. Compl. inf.
ately from Christ, its possessor (Eadie). dvtanddoo1g @ 5 nepimateite pres. imp. act. mepinatew (# 4344) to
(#502) receiving from another in return, recompens- walk about, to walk, to conduct one’s life. €6w (# 2032)
ing, requital. Prep. in compound expresses the idea of outside. The expression “those outside” is equivalent
full, complete return (Hendriksen). KAnpovopia to the rabbinical term denoting those who belong to
(#3100) inheritance. Here gen. of apposition, the re- another religious group and is used here to denote
ward which consists in the inheritance. There is a spe- those who are non-Christians (SB, 3:362; TDNT;
cial point in the word, inasmuch as slaves could not be Lohse). Ka1pog (#2789) time, opportunity. The word
inheritors of an earthly possession (Abbott). 5ovAevete does not emphasize a point of time but rather a space
pres. imp. or ind. act. dovAevw (# 1526) to serve as a of time filled w. all kinds of possibilities (TDNT;
slave. The form could be either imp. (Lohse; Moule) or Lohse). e&ayopafopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. e&ayo-
ind. (Lightfoot). Pres. in either case suggests a continu- patw (#1973) to buy at the marketplace. Prep. in com-
ous or ongoing activity. @ 25 aéiK@v pres. act. part. pound is probably intensive and the obj. of the vb. is
adixew (#92) to commit an unrighteous act, to wrong viewed as commodity to be eagerly bought (s. Eph.
(TDNT). The sentence is an explanation and gives a 5:16; Moule; Lightfoot). 6 mavtote (#4121) always.
general law applicable to all. xopioetor fut. ind. mid. aati dat. GAog (# 229) salt. Nptvpévoc perf. pass. part.
KoutCw (# 3152) to carry off; mid. to bear for oneself, to aptow (#789) to season. The figure of speech as salt
receive, to receive a recompense (AS; BAGD). dixnoev was used in the ancient world of sparkling conversa-
aor. ind. act. adiKew (# 92). tpoownoAnWia (# 4721) the tion, speech dotted w. witty or clever remarks (Hen-
accepting of one’s face or person, partiality (Moule; driksen; Moule; Lohse; BBC; SB, 3:631). Here it
TDNT). indicates speech which gives a flavor to the discourse
and recommends it to the pallet as well as speech
Colossians 4 which preserves from corruption and renders whole-
#1100tn¢ (#2699) equality, fairness. napeyeobe some (Lightfoot). etévar perf. act. inf. 0180 (# 3857) to
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) napexyouor (#4218) to give, to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. Inf. to express re-
grant; mid. to show oneself to be something. Here, “ex- sults. m@c¢ (#4802) how? The conversation must not
hibit on your part fairness to the slaves.” The idea is re- only be opportune in regards to time; it must also be
ciprocation, the master’s duty as corresponding to the appropriate as regards the person (Lightfoot). det
slaves (Lightfoot; BAGD; BD, 166). 2 npooxaptepette (#1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary s.v. 4.
pres. imp. act. mpooxaptepew (#4674) to adhere to, to aroxpiveodar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. amoxptvouar (# 646)
persist in, to busy oneself w., to busily engage in, to be to answer. 7 ta Kat’ €ue mavta the things related to
devoted to (BAGD; TDNT; MM; TLNT). ypnyopotvtec me, my affairs. ywwpioet fut. ind. act. yywpifw (# 1192) to
pres. act. part. ypnyopew (#1213) to be awake, to stay make known. ayanntos (# 28) beloved. miot0g (# 4412)
awake, to be watchful, to be vigilant. Perhaps Paul was true, faithful. &uaKovoc (# 1356) minister (s. 1:23). ovv-
reminded of the literal sleep which he had heard about dovA0¢ (#5281) fellow servant. 8 Exeuwo adr. ind.
in the story of the Passion or Transfiguration (Moule). act. neunw (# 4287) to send. yva@te aor. subj. act. yrwwokw
év avr (#1877; 899) in it; ie., in prayer. EDXAPLOTICL (# 1182) to know. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp.
(# 2374) thanksgiving. 3 mpooevyoyevor pres. mid. TApAaKaA£oT] aor. subj. act. mapaKxarew (# 4151) to ex-
(dep.) part. npooedyouc (# 4667) to pray. do. (# 275) to hort, to encourage, to comfort (TDNT;, MNTW, 128ff).
gather at the same time; “praying at the same time also 9 ywwpicovotv fut. ind. act. yvwpitw s.v. 7. db (# 6045)
for us” (BD, 220). iva (# 2671) that; gives the content of here. 10 donatetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) donafonar
the prayer. &votEq aor. subj. act. avoiyw (# 487) to open. (# 832) to greet. ovvaryucAwtos (#5257) fellow prison-
Subj. w. iva (# 2671). The picture of an open door stood er. The term denotes properly a priSoner of war but
for opportunity. For rabbinical examples s. SB, 3:631; also occurs in the general sense (TDNT; Moule). ave-
TDNT. 6%vpa (# 2598) door. Here in the sense of oppor- widc (#463) cousin (Lightfoot). éAdBete aor. ind. act.
tunity. Aoyov (# 3364) the word; here obj. gen., “a door AauBave (# 3284) to receive. EvtoAds acc. pl. EvtoAn
Colossians 4 470

(# 1953) command. €@q aor. subj. act. Epyouor (# 2262) physicians and medicine in the ancient world s. RAC,
to come. S€€aoGe aor. imp. mid. (dep.) Sexouar (# 1312) 1:720-24; OCD, 660-64; DGRA, 747-48; Preisigke, 3:123;
to receive, to welcome. @ 11 Aeyopevoc pres. pass. part. ZPEB, 4:788f; AIA; NDIEC, 2:10-25; BBC. ayanntocg
Aeyw (# 3306) to say; pass., to be called. “W. the name.” (# 28) beloved. @ 15 dondoaobe aor. imp. mid. aona{o-
Ovteg pres. pass. part. ewi (#1639) to be. mepitoyy war (# 832) to greet. Nopoav (# 3809) Numpha, person-
(# 4364) circumcision. ovvepyog (# 5301) fellow worker. al name. The manuscript evidence is divided as to
eyevnOnoay aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivoyar (# 1181) to be- whether the name refers to a woman or a man (TC, 627;
come. mapnyopia (#4219) encouragement, comfort. Lightfoot). thy Kat’ oiKov at home, at one’s house. The
The word appears on gravestones and in one letter of use of the home for Christian assembly is well attested
condolence where it means “comfort” (MM; Lohse; in the NT period (Martin; Lightfoot; BAFCS, 2:119-
Lightfoot). 12 & bydv (#1666; 5148) one who be- 222). 16 dtav (#4020) w. subj., when, whenever.
longs to you, who is one of you; i.e., a native or at least avayvwoO] aor. subj. pass. avayivwokw (# 336) to read.
an inhabitant of Colossae (Lightfoot). &ywviGopevoc mowjoate aor. imp. act. movew (#4472) to do, to make.
pres. mid. (dep.) part. aywviCouor (# 76) to struggle, to avayvwoe{] aor. subj. pass. Subj. w. iva. (#2671) to ex-
agonize. It is the zeal and intensity of prayer which is press purp. or result. thy &k Aaodixetac (# 3294) the let-
emphasized (PAM, 123). ota@fjte aor. subj. pass. tot ter that is at Laodicea (BD, 225). For the suggestion that
(# 2705) to place, pass, to stand. The word conveys the the Laodicean letter was written by Epaphras s. C.P.
idea of standing firm (Abbott). téAevog (# 5455) perfect, Anderson, “Who Wrote the ‘Epistle From Laodicea’?”
mature. TETANPOPOPNLEVOL perf. pass. part. TANPOPopew JBL 85 (1966): 436-40. dvayvate aor. subj. act. avayi-
(# 4442) to fill completely, pass. to be fully convinced, vwokw (#336) to read. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express
to be assured through. Rich, gratifying insight into all purp. or result. ® 17 einate aor. imp. act. A€yw (# 3306)
spiritual matters is meant, understanding which not to say. BAéme pres. imp. act. BAenw (# 1063) to see, to
only penetrates the mind, but also fills the heart w. sat- take heed, to keep an eye on (RWP). d51axovia. (# 1355)
isfying conviction (Hendriksen; BAGD). 6€\nywa ministry, service (TDNT). mapéAoBeg aor. ind. act.
(#2525) will. 13 paptup@ pres. ind. act. paptupew TAparapBavw (# 4161) to receive, to receive from some-
(# 3455) to witness, to testify. Eyer pres. ind. act. Exw one. The word suggests a mediate rather than a direct
(# 2400) to have. Pres. indicates his present and contin- reception; Archippus received the charge immediately
ual possession. novos (# 4506) labor, strenuous work. It from St. Paul, though ultimately from Christ (Light-
is labor that does not stop short of demanding the soul foot). ANpois pres. subj. act. mAnpow (# 4444) to fulfill.
strength of a man—and this exerted to the uttermost, if Pres. points to a continual action. It refers to a lifetime
he is to accomplish the task which is set before him. It job. (RWP). @ 18 donaopdc (# 833) greeting. uvnpoved-
is the standing word by which the labors of Hercules ete pres. imp. act. uvnwovevw (#3648 ) to remember. The
are expressed (Trench, Synonyms, 378). @ 14 gonatetar vb. is followed by the gen. 5eop0¢ (# 1301) bond. The
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) condConar (# 832) to greet. tatpdg chain clanked afresh as Paul took the pen to sign the
(# 2620) doctor, physician. For information concerning salutation (RWP; also DPL, 752-54).
 1 Thessalonians

1 Thessalonians 1 the head of three phrases and should be taken w. each

@ 177 ExKAnoia Oecoadovixéwv to the church of (Best). Epyov (# 2240) work. The word refers to active
the Thessalonians. Dat. as indir. obj.in a letter. For the work (Lightfoot). The word could also involve the
letter style, s. Rom. 1:1. For the city of Thessalonica s. results of the activity, an achievement (Best). The word
Acts 17:1; PIG, 78-116; Wanamaker; Bruce; NW, 2, i:767- comprehends the whole Christian life work as it is
68; FAP, 297-317; DPL, 933-34. For a summary of the ruled and energized by faith (Milligan). miotews gen.
bibliography s. Jeffrey A. D. Weima and Stanley E. Por- sing. mioti¢ (# 4411) faith, faithfulness. Subj. gen., “the
ter, 1 and 2 Thessalonians: An Annotated Bibliography work produced by faith.” xonog (#3160) labor. The
(Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1998). év (# 1877) in. The prep. could word denotes arduous, wearying toil involving sweat
be local, emphasizing that the church is in the atmo- and fatigue (Moore); it emphasizes the weariness
sphere of the divine (Frame). They live in Him day by which follows on this straining of all of one’s powers to
day. All their deeds are done in Him (Morris). The the utmost (Trench, Synonyms, 378). bnopovn (#5705)
prep. could also be taken in an instr. sense, to mean that endurance. It is the spirit which bears things not sim-
for the believer salvation lies in what God accom- ply w. resignation, but w. blazing hope. It is the spirit
plished by Christ’s life, death, and resurrection (Best; which bears things because it knows that these things
Wanamaker; Richard). For the rhetorical structure are leading to a goal of glory (NIW, 60; TDNT;
of 1 Thess., s. Wanamaker; John S. Kloppenborg, NIDNTT; TLNT). The gens. here-faith, love, and
“Mir.05EAr.b1a, 8€0515aktosg and the Dioscuri: Rhetorical hope-are subj. gen., “that which is produced by faith,
Engagement in 1 Thessalonians 4.9-16,” NTS 39 (1993): hope and love” (MT, 211). EumpooBev (#1869) in the
265-89, w. lit. @ 2 ebyapiototpev pres. ind. act. evya- presence of. @ 4 e180te¢ perf. act. part. oi5a (# 3857) to
piotew (#2373) to give thanks, to thank. Pres. stresses know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. For the meaning of
the continual action (DPL, 728-29). ndvtote (# 4121) this word s. ND, 344-56; VA, 281-87. jyannyevor perf.
always. pveia (#3644) remembrance, mention. The pass. part. ayandw (#26) to love. Perf. pass. part.
word indicates remembrance in a special case, “the stresses continuing love which God shows to men
direction of the memory to some particular object” (Morris). exAoyn (#1724) choosing, election. #5611
(Lightfoot, Notes). movovpevor pres. mid. part. movew (# 4022) because, since. It introduces the first reason for
(# 4472) to make. Used in connection w. the previous Paul’s certitude that the community has been called by
noun to mean “making mention,” “remembering.” For God (Richard). éyevnén aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivowat
examples in the papyri and inscriptions s. Milligan. (# 1181) to become, to come. The word is significant as
This is the first of three modal parts. describing the pointing to a result reached through the working of an
nature of the perpetual thanksgiving (Milligan). adia- outside force (Milligan). et¢ tp&¢g unto you, to you.
Aeintws (#90) constantly, without interruption, Prep. w. the acc. is used here as an equivalent to the dat.
unceasingly. The word was used of that which was (RG, 594). od« ... Ev AOywW pOvov not in word alone; i.e.,
continually and repeatedly done; e.g., the uninter- “our preaching was not merely declamation, a hollow
rupted necessary payment of hard taxes, the continual and heartless rhetoric” (Lightfoot, Notes). Svvoyi¢
service or ministry of an official, a continual uninter- (# 1539) power. The word is generally used by Paul of
rupted cough (Presigke; MM), repeated military divine energy (Moore). nAnpopopig (# 4443) dat. sing.
attacks (Jos., JW, 1:252), the continual failing of a mili- full assurance, conviction, confidence (Lightfoot, Notes;
tary effort (Jos., JW, 3:241), the regular and consistent Wanamaker; s. Col. 4:12). oidate perf. ind. act. o180
production of fruit (Jos., JW, 3:519), or the constant (# 3867) to know (s.v. 4). oto¢ (#3888) what sort of,
pounding of a battering ram against a city wall (TJ, 181; what kind of, what manner of. The qualitative pron.
Jos., JW, 5:298-302) (s. Rom. 1:9). @ 3 pvnpovevovtes brings out the interest and advantage of those for
pres. act. part. uvnuovevw (# 3648) to remember, w. obj. whom that power was exercised (Milligan). &yevn@nyev
in gen. The vb. regularly means to call something to aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivouo1 (#1181) to become. The
mind, or to make mention of it (Moore). bydv gen. pl. sense here is “came to be,” “proven to be” (Ellicott). v
ov (#5148) your. The word is placed emphatically at dpiv in your midst. 61’ bud¢ because of you, for your

471
1 Thessalonians 2 472

sake. @6pyntat nom. pl. pyntns (# 3629) imitator, onica and the Thessalonian Correspondence,” NTS 31
one who imitates another particularly by following [1985]: 336-56; PIG, 96-99; FAP, 331-33, 336-39; NDIEC,
one’s example or one’s teaching (TDNT; von Dob- 1:29-32; for the Cabirus worship, s. OCD, 186; GGR,
schiitz). &yevnOnte aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivopo (# 1181) 2:101-03; KP, 3:34-38; FAP, 336; Edson, HTR 41 [1948]:
to become (s.v. 5). Se&dpevor aor. mid. part. Sexouo1 188-204). S5ovAevew pres. act. inf. Sovrevw (# 1526) to
(# 1312) to receive, to welcome. Part. expresses con- serve. Inf. to express result or purp. @vti pres. act.
temporaneous or identical action: “in that you wel- part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Part. used as an adj. The liv-
comed” (Frame). @Atwig (# 2568) pressure, tribulation ing God is not merely one who is alive but one who
(TDNT). yapa (#5915) joy. Gen. following this word is gives life, both the life of creation and the new life of
a gen. of originating cause: “joy inspired by, preceding redemption (Best). &An@iwvoc (# 240) genuine, true, real.
from the Holy Spirit” (Milligan). 7 wote (# 6063) w. Adj. w. this ending express the material out of which
inf. used here to introduce a result cl. which expresses anything is made, therefore the word signifies “genu-
actual and far-reaching rather than merely contem- ine,” made up of that which is true and is used to dis-
plated results (Milligan; Funk, 707; Richard). yeveo@ar tinguish the true God from idols and all other false
pres. mid. inf. (dep.) yivowor (# 1181) to become. ton0¢ gods (Trench, Synonyms, 27). 10 dvoyévetv pres. act.
(# 5596) example, type. Originally the word denoted inf. avapevw (# 388) to wait, to wait for. The leading
the mark left by a blow. Then it was used in the ethical thought here seems to be to wait for one whose coming
sense of a pattern of conduct; but more usually, as here, is expected, perhaps w. the added idea of patience and
of an example to be followed (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). confidence (Milligan). The emphasis on the eschato-
TLOTEVOVOLV pres. act. part. dat. pl. miotedw (# 4409) to logical hope may have arisen from their former con-
believe. Indir. obj. Articular part. to stress a character- cern for life after death in the mystery religions. For
izing trait. @ 8 e€nyntat perf. ind. pass. e&nyew (# 2010) example, Cabirus was thought to have been killed by
to thunder, to sound forth, to sound out. The word sug- his two brothers, but was expected to return again to
gests an echoing like thunder or sounding out as a the city and help the poor (FAP, 336, 339-40). Pres.
trumpet (Moore; Lightfoot; Milligan; GELTS, 160). points to the continual waiting. Inf. to express purp. or
Although the metaphor is not clear, the word indicates result; parallel to the inf. in v. 9. tyyewpev aor. ind. act.
that a sound is made and it is heard spreading out from eveipw (# 1586) to raise. pvopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part.
a center (Best). Perf. denotes the continuing activity pvowar (# 4861) to rescue, to deliver. The word indi-
(Morris) or lasting effect. tomw dat. sing. tomo (# 5536) cates a deliverance and the avoidance of great danger
place. The definite article w. 0€0¢ (# 2536) God, indi- (Moore). opyfig gen. sing. opyn (#3973) wrath, deep-
cates their faith in the true God and contrasts their seated anger (TDNT; Morris; DPL, 991-92; BBC). épyxo-
present attitude to God w. their past pagan attitude to evn pres. mid. (dep.) part. Epxouat (# 2262) to come, to
idols (Frame). &&AnAvOev perf. ind. act. e€epxopnar go. Part. is emphatic by position and emphasizes the
(# 2002) to go out. Perf. indicates the continuing result. approaching anger (Best). Pres. part. emphasize the
ypeia (#5970) need, necessity. Exe pres. act. inf. exw contemporaneous action.
(# 2400) to have. W. the preceding noun, “to have a
need.” Inf. w. Wote (#6063) to express result. AaAEiv 1 Thessalonians 2
pres. act. inf. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Compl. inf. is @ 1 otdate perf. ind. act. oida (#3857) to know.
used to explain the need. 9 adtot (# 899) they them- Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. “You yourselves know.”
selves; people generally (Moore). &mayyeAAovov pres. eioodoc (# 1658) entrance (s. 1:9). Kev nom. sing. Kevoc
ind. act. anayyedAw (#550) to report. Pres. indicates a (# 3031) empty, vain. The reference is to the essential
continuous and repeated action. onotog (#3961) what content of the apostle’s preaching rather than to its
sort of. eto0d0¢ (# 1658) entrance. The word indicates results (Milligan; Marshall). The word suggests hol-
here the act of entering rather than the means of enter- low, empty, wanting in purp. and earnestness (Light-
ing and points to the nature of the entrance-how foot, Notes; Trench, Synonyms, 180). yeyovev perf. ind.
happy and successful it was (Milligan). oxouev aor. act. yivonat (# 1181) to become. Perf. indicates the last-
ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. éneotpéwate aor. ind. act. ing effects of Paul’s preaching (Lightfoot, Notes; Best).
emiotpedw (# 2188) to turn oneself to or toward (BBC). @ 2 mpomadovtes aor. act. part. mpondoxw (#4634) to
Prep. in compound is directive. etSwAov (# 1631) idol. suffer beforehand, to suffer previously. Aor. indicates
The worship of the Caesar was prominent in the city as antecedent action. Paul refers to the shameful treat-
well as the cults of Dionysus, Serapis, Isis, Zeus, Aph- ment that he received in Philippi at the hands of the
rodite, Demeter, and especially the cult of Cabirus, Roman officials (s. Acts 16:19-40). bBpio8evtes aor. pass.
which had become the chief cult of Thessalonica part. UBpiCw (# 5614) to abuse, to treat shamefully. The
(Charles Edson, “Cults of Thessalonica,” HTR 41 word expresses insulting and outrageous treatment,
[1948]: 153-204; K.P. Donfried, “The Cults of Thessal- and esp. treatment which is calculated publicly to
473 1 Thessalonians 2

insult and openly to humiliate the person who suffers citizens; it conveys the sense of service and obedience
from it (MNTW, 83; TDNT). Both parts. are to be taken (Moore). Pres. indicates contemporaneous action. Part.
w. the main vb. and are either temp. (“after having suf- of manner. So0xdovtt pres. act. part. (adj.). doxwocw
fered previously and having been shamefully treated”) (# 1507) to prove. Here is Paul's inner life in its totality
or concessive, “although” (Frame). ot6ate perf. ind. act. of thought and intention which God scrutinizes (Best).
oda. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. @ 5 note (#4537) ever; here used w. the neg., never.
Enoppnoiacdpeda aor. ind. mid. (dep.) nappnoratopar KoAaKeta, (# 3135) flattery. The word contains the idea
(# 4245) to speak freely, to speak all things, to be bold of deception for selfish ends. It is flattery not merely for
and courageous. The word was used in classical Gr. to the sake of giving pleasure to others but for the sake of
signify freedom of speech or expression, often w. a self-interest. It is deception by slick eloquence, the idea
political connotation (Moore; TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). being to win over the hearts in order to exploit them
AaAToat aor. act. inf. Aarew (# 3281) to speak. Compl. (Lightfoot, Notes; Moore; Frame; Milligan; TLNT; BBC).
inf. to the main vb., or could be considered to be an inf. Dio Chrysostom explains in a speech before the
of purp. (Richard). a&ywv (#74) conflict, effort. The Emperor Trajan (of whom he says, “you delight in
word implies the intense effort and strenuous exertion truth and frankness [aAnOeta kai nappjoia] rather than
in Paul's preaching of the gospel, esp. in the face of hos- flattery and guile,” The Third Discourse, 2), “... even
tility and conflict w. the Jews at Thessalonia (PAM, 112- those flatterers who openly follow the business
14). 3 napaKAnors (# 4155) exhortation, encourage- acknowledge that to play the flatterer is of all things
ment, appeal. The word implies an appeal, having for most distasteful” (The Third Discourse, 16); then he
its object the direct benefit of those addressed, which adds, “Furthermore, flattery seems neither reputable
may be either hortatory or conciliatory depending on nor honorable even when practiced to gain distinction,
circumstances. The word was used to encourage sol- or from some other worthy motive. Nay, of all vices, I
diers before going into battle and it was said that may say, flattery will be found to be the meanest”
encouragement was necessary for hired soldiers; but (aiytotnv) (The Third Discourse, 17). For other occur-
for those who fight for life and country no exhortation rences of the word in Dio Chrysostom s. DCNT, 200f.
is required (Milligan; MNTW, 128f; TDNT). €« mAavng For other ancient condemnations of flattery s. NW, 2,
(# 1666; 4415) out of error. The word is used either in i:773-74, and for the word in Josephus s. CCF], 2, 514.
the active sense of deceit, the leading astray, or in the eyevnOnuev aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivowor (#1181) to
pass. sense of error (Lightfoot, Notes; Best). &€ become; here, to demonstrate oneself as (s. 1:5). otate
axabapoiac (#1666; 174) out of impurity. The word perf. ind. act. o18a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres.
could refer to sexual or moral impurity but here it is meaning. npopacic (#4733) cloak, pretense. The word
more general and means that Paul does not preach denotes that which one puts on for appearance, w. the
from any impure motives: ambition, pride, greed, pop- definite design to color or to cloak something else. It
ularity (Best). €v 80 (# 1877; 1515) in guile. The word therefore denotes pretext, the outward show (Litine-
meant a bait or trap, then any form of strategy (Moore; mann). The import of the word may be actual motive,
Milligan). So many wandering charlatans (yontec) meaning “we did not act w. a motive of greed” (Wana-
made their way about the Greek world, peddling their maker). mAeoveEia (# 4432) greed, selfishness. It is the
religious or philosophical nostrums and living at the disregard for the rights of others in order to meet one’s
expense of their devotees, that it was necessary for own selfish desires for more and more (TDNT; NTW,
Paul and his friends to emphasize, by contrast, the 97f). Gen. shows what the material of the cloth consists
purity of their motives and actions (Bruce). @ 4 Kab of. 6 Cntodvtec pres. act. part. Cntew (# 2426) to seek.
(# 2777) The word is to be ae inpoten W. OUTWS Pres. points to a continual and habitual action.
(# 4048) meaning “just as ..., .” SeSoxcopeba. © 7 S5vvopevor pres. pass. (dep.) part. Sovapar (# 1538)
perf. ind. pass. doxacw (# 1507)to prove, to approve to be able to, w. inf. Concessive part. which qualifies
after examination or testing. The word was used in the fact-’we never came requiring honor”-by assert-
classical Gr. w. the technical sense to describe the pass- ing the principle that the demand for honor inheres in
ing of fit for election to a public office (Milligan; TDNT; their place as Christ’s apostles (Frame). Bapog (# 983)
TLNT). Perf. indicates a lasting approval and not weight, burden. Here the word is used in the sense of
something over and done w. (Moore). miotevOFvan aor. honor, authority, dignity, importance. The aspect of the
pass. inf. miotevw (# 4409) to entrust. Inf. is explanatory word is closely related to the Heb. root kbd 733 (Milli-
serving to define more nearly that to which the gan; Best; DCH). ELVOL pres. inf. act. eit (# 1639) to be.
approval was directed (Ellicott). AaAodpEV pres. ind. Compl. inf. to the preceding part. eyevnOnuev aor. ind.
act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak. apeoxovtes pres. act. part. pass. (dep.) yivowo1 (# 1181) to become. frog (# 2413)
apeoKxw (# 743) to please someone. The word is found gentle. For the variant reading vnwog (# 3758) infants,
in inscriptions to people who have served their fellow and the textual problem s. TC, 639f. we (# 6055) used w.
1 Thessalonians 2 474

the comparative particle and the subj., implying a purp. (MT, 144; BG, 135). éniBaptioot aor. act. inf.
standing contingency; i.e., “as it may be at any time” emtpapew (# 2096) to place a weight on someone, to be
(Milligan). tpodg (# 5577) one who nourishes or feeds. burdensome, to make demands (Moore; Milligan).
nurse, wet nurse, nursing mother (Best; for a parallel in Exnpveapev aor. ind. act. knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim,
the DSS s. 1QH 7, 20f; 9, 29-32). A wet nurse in the to preach. Although Paul does not mention it, the
ancient world not only had strict contractual stipula- church at Philippi had sent him financial support sev-
tion, but often came to be a very trusted person whose eral times (Bruce; Phil 4:15-16). 10 doiwe (# 4010)
influence lasted a lifetime (RAC, 1:381-85; “Engage- adv., piously, holy. The word describes one’s duty
ment of a Wet Nurse”; No. 146, CPJ, 2:15-19; NDIEC, toward God (Lightfoot, Notes; Trench, Synonyms; 328f;
2:7-10; A.J. Malherbe, “’Gentle as a Nurse’: The Cynic TDNT; NIDNTT). dixaiwe (#1469) adv., righteously.
Background of 1 Thes. 2,” NovT 12 [1970]: 203-17; DC, The word describes one’s duties toward men but it also
Thirty-Second Discourse; NW, 2, i:771-72; BBC). 6aAnq stresses a righteous life before God (Lightfoot, Notes;
pres. subj. act. OaAnw (#2499) to warm, to foster, to Best). ayéuntws (# 290) adv., blamelessly. muotevovoiv
nourish, to cherish. In Deut. 22:6 it is used of a bird pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Part. used to
warming her eggs (Moore; Milligan; GEW, 1:651). emphasize a characterizing trait. Dat. here could be
@ 8 Ouerpoyevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. dyeipopnar dat. of reference (“in reference to you believers”), or
(# 3916) to have a kindly feeling, to long for someone. dat. of advantage (“to the benefit of you believers”) or
The derivation of the word is uncertain (Lightfoot, loc. (“among you believers”). For the various views s.
Notes; Morris; MH, 251; Richard). It is used on a grave Best. 11 kaOanep (# 2749) just as, in accordance w.
inscription describing the parents’ sad yearning for The first part of the word marks comparison and the
their dead child and seems to indicate deep affection last part the latitude of the application. It introduces a
and great attraction (Moore; MM). evdoxotpev pres. confirmatory appeal to the individual experience of
ind. act. evdoxew (#2305) to be well-pleased, to be the hearers (Ellicott; Milligan). otSate pres. ind. act.
gladly determined. The word draws attention to the oda. (# 3857) to know. Defective perf. w. a pres. mean-
hearty goodwill attending the writer’s attitude (Milli- ing 12 napaKoAodvtes pres. act. part. mapaKarEew
gan). Although the form is pres. ind. it is probably a (# 4151) to exhort, to encourage, to console. The word
case where the impf. is used without the augment means to exhort to a particular line of conduct (Light-
(Best; BD, 37). petododvar aor. act. inf. petadtdwpr foot, Notes; TDNT; s.v. 3). Part. of manner. napayv00v-
(# 3556) to share. It is the giving of something by which pevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. napayvbeouar (# 4170) to
the giver retains one part and the receiver another so encourage. The word means to encourage to continue
that they both share in the matter (von Dobschitz). in a course (Milligan). Part. of manner. paptupopevor
woyas acc. pl. yuxn (# 6034) soul, life. The word signi- pres. mid. (dep.) part. paptupew (#3458) to witness.
fies here the life of the individual person which is Part. describe the content of the knowledge. Pres.
shared w. another. It is the life of the individual as it is describes the durative action, “continually exhorting.”
manifested in behavior and refers to the observable NEPIMatEtV pres. act. inf. mepitatew (# 4344) to walk, to
totality of Paul’s earthly existence (PAT, 346f). 51011 conduct one’s life. Articular inf. w. the prep. e€t¢
(#1484) therefore, because. The word apparently (# 1650) to express either purp. (Morris) or the content
always has a causal force in the NT (Milligan). ayann- of the command or entreaty (M, 219). d&tws (#547)
t0¢ (# 28) beloved, dear. eyevnOnte aor. ind. pass. (dep.) adv., worthily (s. Eph. 4:1). kaAodvtog pres. act. part.
yivopnat (# 1181) to become. @ 9 pvnpovevete pres. imp. KoA€w (# 2813) to call. Part. used as an adj. to empha-
act. uvnuovedw (# 3648) to remember. Konog (# 3160) size this as a trait of God. For the variant reading of the
exhausting labor (s. 1:3). wox80¢ (# 3677) toil. The word aor. part. s. TC, 630; Best. @ 13 The second Kai (# 2779)
refers to the trouble and pain of arduous work; the in the expression k. Duets indicates a reciprocal relation
leading notion is that of struggling to overcome diffi- between writers and readers (Frame), and does not
culties (Moore; Lightfoot, Notes). pyaCowevor pres. mid. necessarily indicate that Paul was answering a letter
(dep.) part. epya.Couar (# 2237) to work. There were no from the Thessalonians (Morris; Moore). evyapiotodpev
paid teachers in Palestine. It was necessary therefore pres. ind. act. evyapiotew (# 2373) to give thanks. d1a-
for a rabbi to have some other means of income than Aeintws (# 90) without interruption, continually, regu-
the gifts that might now and then be made to him larly (s. 1:2; Rom. 1:9). napoAaPovtes pres. act. part.
(Morris; s. also the rabbinical examples quoted by Mor- Taporaupavw (#4161) to receive, to receive from
ris; Best). There was probably a high rate of unemploy- another; a t.t. used for the reception of tradition which
ment in Thessalonica at that time, but Paul had found was conveyed (TDNT; TLNT; s. Col. 2:6). axon (# 198)
work in his trade and through his work contacts had hearing, report, message (Best). nap’ twav (#4123;
won many to the new faith (FAP, 334; BBC; DPL, 925- 1609) from us. The phrase is to be connected w. the
27). mpog (#4639) prep. used w. the inf. to indicate part. and indicates the immediate source of the mes-
475 1 Thessalonians 2

sage delivered and received, while the emphatic tod could be used of a parentless child, or of childless par-
8e0d (# 2536) from God, is added to point to its real ents, and even ina general sense of any severe depriva-
source (Milligan). The gen. “from God” is therefore a tion or desolation (Moore): “we are like children who
subj. gen.—"preceding from God, having God as its have lost their parents” (Lightfoot, Notes; Bruce; Rich-
author’—as its emphatic position requires (Lightfoot, ard; TDNT). Pass. points out that the situation was
Notes). €5€&aoe aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Seyoua (# 1312) to forced (von Dobschiitz). Aor. implies a single action
receive. to welcome. xa6w¢ (#2777) just as. ANOS and not a continued state (Best). ka1poc (# 2789) time,
(# 242) adv., truly. évepyeitot pres. ind. mid. (dep.) évep- period of time, space of time. tpoownw od kapdig dat. of
yeonat (#1919) to work effectually, to work efficiently reference marking the true limiting power of the case,
and productively. The word is used to describe the the metaphorical place to which the action is restricted
energy and effective power of God Himself (MNTW, (Ellicott). mpoownw dat. sing. mpoownov (# 4725) face,
46-54; TDNT). muotevovov pres. act. part. dat. masc. pl. person, indicating what the outward connection or
Tiotevw (# 4409) to believe. Subst. part. used to empha- relationship is. kapdiq (# 2840) heart, the place of the
size a trait. © 14 pyntat (#3629) imitator (s. 1:6). éye- affections and of the inner connection in life (von Dob-
vnnte aor. pass. (dep.) ind. yivowat (# 1181) to become schiitz). mepioootepws (#4359) comp. adv. mepiccog
(s.v. 5). obo@v pres. act. part. cit (# 1639) to be. EncOEte more abundantly. The adv. could have the true comp.
aor. ind. act. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer. For a discussion force, “the more fervently,” or it could be elative,
of the suffering of the church at Thessalonica s. Wana- “excessively” (Frame). €omovdaoopev aor. ind. act.
maker. 180g (# 2625) one’s own. ovpovdétnys (# 5241) onovdacw (# 5079) to make haste, to endeavor. 15€iv aor.
countryman. This expression may be in part geograph- act. inf. opaw (#3972) to see. Compl. inf. to the main
ical and include Thessalonian Jews, but it points to a vb.: “we make haste to see you.” émiOvpia (# 2123)
large Gentile element in the opposition (Morris). desire, longing. 18 510t1 (#1484) because (s.v. 8).
@ 15 GnoKxtewvavtwv aor. act. part. amokteivw (#650) to NOEANOOEV aor. ind. act. Aw (#2527) to wish, to
kill. exduwEavtwv aor. act. part. (adj.) exdwKw (# 1691) desire. The word probably points to the will which pro-
to hunt down, to hunt out, to persecute. Prep. in com- ceeds from inclination (T; Morris). €A@etv aor. act. inf.
pound may connote to drive out w. the intention of epxouar (# 2262) to come, to go. Compl. inf. to the main
persecuting (Moore). Aor. indicates action antecedent vb.: “I desire to come.” yw (# 1609) I. This is the first of
to the main vb. Gpeokovtwv pres. act. part. apeoxw a number of instances where Paul speaks for himself
(# 743) to please (s.v. 4). Pres. indicates contemporane- alone in these letters (Moore). Paul’s name is used to
ous action. tvavtiog (#1885) opposing, contrary to, guarantee the correctness of the nNOeAnoapev (von Dob-
hostile toward. @ 16 kwAvovtwv pres. act. part. KwAvw schiitz; for a discussion of the “we” sections in the
(# 3266) to hinder, to prevent, to forbid. Pres. would be Thessalonian letters s. von Dobschitz, 67f; Milligan,
conative as well as indicating a continual action: “they 131f). &moa& (#562) once. Sig (# 1489) twice. The two
are continually trying to hinder.” €@veotv dat. pl. €8voc words used together form an idiomatic expression
(#1620) nation, Gentile. AaAToor aor. act. inf. AWAEW meaning “and that more than once,” “several times”
(# 3281) to speak. Compl. inf. to the main vb. cw@do1v (Morris; Best). Evekowev aor. ind. act. éykontw (# 1601)
aor. subj. pass. owtw (#5392) to rescue, to save. Subj. w. to cut in. The word was originally used of breaking up
iva (# 2671) to express purp. elg (# 1650) to, into. The a road to render it impassable; later it was used in a
prep. is used w. the articular inf. to express purp. (Elli- military sense of making a break through the enemy’s
cott; Morris; NT, 143). &vanAnp@oor aor. act. inf. dva- line. It was also used in the athletic sense of cutting in
TANpow (# 405) to fill up, to fill up to the full. The word on someone during a race. The general meaning of the
means “to fill up the measure” of their sins, implying word is “to hinder” (Milligan; Moore; TDNT; s. Gal.
that the process of filling had already begun, drop after 5:7). Latavac (#4928) Satan (DDD, 1369-80; TDNT;
drop being poured into the cup of their guilt (Light- DPL, 852-67). 19 kavynoews (# 3018) boasting. odyt
foot, Notes). mévtote (# 4121) always. &p8aoev aor. ind. (#4049) strengthened form of ov used in questions
act. 69avw (#5777) to arrive, to reach. The word could expecting the answer “yes” (BD, 220f). The words “it is
have two meanings here. It could mean anger hangs certainly you, isn’t it?” form a rhetorical parenthesis
over them and is just about to fall on them: or it could interjected into the main sentence to draw special
mean anger has fallen on them and they now experi- attention to the position of the Thessalonians (Milli-
ence it. For a discussion of these two meanings as well gan). Eumpoobev (#1869) before, in the presence of.
as the meaning of the aor. s. Best. opyn (#3973) wrath, nmapovoig (# 4242) coming, presence. 20 yap (# 1142)
anger (TDNT; NIDNTT). ic (#1650) to, toward. The yes, indeed. The particle is used to introduce the
phrase means either “at last” or “to the end” (Morris). answer to a rhetorical question and in such cases it
@ 17 Gnopbaviobévtes aor. pass. part. anophaviConat affirms what was asked, giving the reason for a tacit
(# 682) to make one an orphan by separation. The word “yes” (BD, 236).
1 Thessalonians 3 476

1 Thessalonians 3 know. Ingressive aor., “to come to know” (RWP; ND,

@ 1510 (# 1475) therefore, on which account: “on 344f). un mug (# 3590; 4803) lest. Used to express neg.
account of this very fervent desire, which I was unable purp., particularly in an expression of apprehension. It
to gratify” (Lightfoot, Notes). wnxett (# 3600) no longer. is used w. the subj. if the anxiety is directed toward
oteyovtes pres. act. part. otéyw (#5095) to cover, to warding off something still dependent on the will, and
ward off by covering (e.g., a roof covering a house both w. the ind. if directed toward something which is
conceals and wards off), to endure, to bear up under entirely independent of the will. With the subj. it
(Milligan; Morris; Best). Part. is either temp. or causal. expresses feared results (BD, 188; RG, 988). eneipaoev
evdoxnoopev aor. ind. act. evdoxéw (# 2305) to be well aor. ind. act. neipatw (# 4279) to test, to try, to tempt.
pleased, to willingly determine, to consider it good (s. (Trench, Synonyms, 278-81; TLNT). Ind. is used to
2:8). KaTOAEpeTvat aor. pass. inf. Kataretnw (# 2901) to express fear regarding a pres. inevitable reality (MT,
leave behind, to forsake. The idea here is “willing to be 99). neipatwv pres. act. part. (subst.) meipaCw (# 4279)
forsaken” (Moore). 2 €méywowev aor. ind. act. Kevocg (#3031) empty. yevntar aor. subj. mid. (dep.)
euneumnw (# 4287) to send. The vb. is used w. the prep. yivonat (# 1181) to be, to become. Subj. expresses a fear
€lc and the articular inf. to express purp. (Frame). tod of an uncertain thing in the fut. (MT, 99). konog (# 3160)
Xprotod (# 5986) of Christ. Gen. is either subjective or labor, wearying work (s. 1:3). @ 6 d&ptt (# 785) now, just
obj. gen. or could indicate both; i.e., Christ is the author now. €ABOvt0¢ aor. act. part. Epxoua (# 2262) to come, to
and the content of the gospel (Best). otnpigat aor. act. go. Aor. indicating antecedent action to the main vb.
inf. otnpicow (#5114) to support, to strengthen, to Temp. part. gen. abs., “Now that Timothy has come.”
establish. The word has the idea of putting in a buttress evayyeAtoopevov aor. mid. (dep.) part. evayyerifonar
as a support (Morris). Inf. to express purp. napaxKoAé- (# 2294) to bring good news. This is the only place in
oo. aor. act. inf. mapaxodrew (#4151) to exhort, to the NT where the vb. is used without a full and direct
encourage (s. 2:12). bnép (# 5642) on behalf of, for the reference to the gospel, which is Jesus Christ (Best; Mil-
advantage of (Morris). 3 oaiveo8a1 pres. pass. inf. ligan, 141-44; TDNT). pveia. (# 3644) mention, remem-
oaivw (# 4883) to shake or wag; used esp. of a dog wag- brance. Used w. the main vb. in the sense of “to hold,”
ging the tail to allure, to fascinate, to flatter, to beguile, “to maintain a recollection.” Here it indicates a kindly
to draw aside from the right path (Lightfoot, Notes; remembrance toward their former teachers (Milligan).
Best; Milligan; Wanamaker; Bruce). The word occurs in eximo8obvtes pres. act. part. enimodew (# 2160) to long
Josephus in the sense of “to caress,” “to stroke” (CCFJ, for, to yearn after. Prep. in compound is directive
3:8; Jos., JW, 6.336). Inf. to express purp. (Richard). (Lightfoot, Notes; s. Phil. 1:8). Part. further expands the
OAiwic (# 2568) pressure, tribulation (TDNT). Keipeda. preceding words and gives an example of their kindly
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Keipou (# 3023) to lie, to place; remembrance (Ellicott; von Dobschutz). iSetv aor. act.
used as a perf. pass. of ti@nyi w. the meaning “to be inf. opaw (#3972) to see. Compl. inf. kadanep (# 2749)
appointed, “to be destined” (Best; Milligan; Moore). just as (s. 2:11). ® 7 81a todto because of this, for that
© 4 Tyev impf. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. mpoedeyonev reason. This is a transitional phrase taking up the pre-
impf. ind. act. mporeyw (# 4625) to say beforehand, to ceding whole of v. 6 (Best). mapexAn@nev aor. ind. pass.
foretell. Prep. in compound is predictive while the napaKxarew (# 4151) to comfort. &h’ = Eri (# 2093) w. the
impf. denotes repeated action (Frame). wéAAopev pres. dat., because, because of. The prep. frequently denotes
ind. act. weAAw (# 3516) to be about to. The word is used the basis for a state of being, action, or result, esp. w.
w. the pres. inf. to denote a durative fut. ind. or an verbs of emotion (BD, 123). avayxn (#340) necessity,
impending event: “we are going to . .” (MKG, 307f). distress, affliction. The word is used of outward calam-
OAiBeo@ar pres. pass. inf. OAipw (# 2567) to put under ities or distresses (Milligan). ®Atwig (# 2568) pressure.
pressure; pass., to suffer tribulation. ka@a@>¢ (#2777) 8 C@pev pres. ind. act. Caw (#2409) to live; “we live
just as. €yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivonon (# 1181) to once more,” i.e., in spite of this distress and affliction
happen, to come to pass. otate perf. ind. act. o1da (Lightfoot, Notes). otnKete pres. ind. act. otnKw (#5112)
(# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. @ 5 51a to stand, to stand firm, to stand fast, to be steadfast
tovto (# 1328; 4047) for this reason. Kay (# 2743) I also (BAGD). @9evyapiotia (#2374) thanksgiving,
(Morris). It could also mean “I actually sent ...,” or thanks. Svvape80 pres. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvopor
“that is in fact why I sent ...” (IBG, 167). otéywv pres. (#1538) to be able. avtanodSobvor aor. act. inf. cv-
act. part. (causal) oteyw (#5095) to cover, to pass over tanodidwyt (#500) to render, to give back as an equiva-
in silence; fig., to endure, to stand. “Since I could bear lent. Prep. in compound implies the adequacy of the
it no longer” (BAGD; MM). Aor. indicates antecedent return (Lightfoot, Notes; Moore). xo:ipoyev pres. ind.
action to the main vb. Exeuwwa aor. ind. act. néunw act. xoripw (# 5897) to rejoice. Pres. denotes continual
(# 4287) to send. etc (# 1650) used w. the articular inf. action. Eunpootev (# 1869) before, in the presence of.
to express purp. yv@vat aor. act. inf. ywwwoKw (# 1182) to 10 vuxtocg Kai Twepac (# 3816; 2779; 2465) night time
477 1 Thessalonians 4

and daytime, night and day, gen. of time. The emphasis ker). pwtd@pev pres. ind. act. epwthw (# 2263) to ask, to
is not on the duration but on the kind of time (GGBB, request. The word lays stress on the person asked
123-24). bnepexnepioood (# 5655) adv., more than out of rather than on the thing asked for and it conceives the
bounds, overflowing all bounds, exceedingly, super- request in a question form (Milligan; Morris). napa-
abundantly (RWP; Best; s. Eph. 3:20). Sedpevor pres. KoAodpev pres. ind. act. napaxadew (# 4151) to beseech,
mid. (dep.) part. deo. (# 1289) to make a request, to to exhort. iva (#2671) that. The word introduces the
pray. The word embodies a sense of personal need and content of the request. ka®W¢ (# 2777) just as. Naperd-
is very common in petitions addressed to ruling sover- Bete aor. ind. act. naparapBavw (#4161) to receive, to
eigns as distinguished from those addressed to magis- receive from another, to receive tradition or teaching (s.
trates (Milligan; PIP, 191f). iSeiv aor. ind. act. dpdaw Col. 2:6). to mg (#4802) how. The article is used to
(# 3972) to see. Compl. inf. to the main vb. Aor. points introduce an indir. question (RWP; BD, 140). det
to a specific act. kataptioot aor. act. inf. Katapti~w (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary to, an impersonal
(# 2936) to fit together, to join together, to restore, to expression w. inf. giving a logical necessity. nepitatetv
repair, to equip. The word had a variety of usages pres. act. inf. mepinatew (# 4344) to walk, to walk about,
depending upon the context. It was used to reconcile to conduct one’s life. Compl. inf. dpéoxetv pres. act. inf.
political factions; it was a surgical term for setting apeoxw (# 743) to please. Pres. emphasizes the contin-
bones. It was used for repairing nets (s. Mark 1:19), and ual or habitual action. xa@w¢ (# 2777) just as, introduc-
making military and naval preparations (Best; Light- ing a parenthetical cl. mepimateite pres. ind. act.
foot, Notes; TDNT). dotephwa (#5729) that which is mepitatew (# 4344) to conduct one’s life. meprooevnte
lacking, deficiency. @ 11 For a discussion of the back- pres. subj. act. nepiooevw (#4355) to overflow, to
ground and form of intercessory wish prayers, s. PIP, abound. 2 napayyeAia (#4132) order, command,
22-44. adto¢ 5€ now [God] Himself. Although this was instruction. The word often denotes a word of com-
a conventional liturgical form of address, Paul adds a mand received from a superior officer that may be
new depth of meaning and invokes the august majesty passed on to others. Here the pl. points to special pre-
and unique power of almighty God, the original cre- cepts or rules of living which the writers had laid down
ator and direct controller of events (PIP, 54; BBC). when in Thessalonica, and in which they had referred
KatevOvvar aor. opt. act. KatevOdvw (# 2985) to make to the Lord Jesus as the one alone through whom they
straight. The word refers to the leveling or removal of could be put into effect (Milligan). &Saxopev aor. ind.
those obstacles which Satan has used to obscure the act. d1wyt (# 1443) to give. 3 tobto yap Eotiv GEANLO.
path (Lightfoot, Notes; Milligan). Opt. was often used tod Geod for this is the will of God. The todto is to be
to express a wish in prayers (PIP, 32f; M, 165; RG, 939f; taken as the subj. and the 6&Anya tod Be0t is the pred.
BD, 194; GGBB, 482). 12 mAeovaoa aor. opt. act. mre- nom. (Richard; Wanamaker). The omission of the arti-
ovatw (# 4429) to make more, to increase. Tepiooevoat cle followed by the gen. may be due to the Semitic
aor. opt. act. tepiooevw (# 4355) to cause to overflow. th influence of the status constructus (BD, 135). To please
Gyan (#27) The dat. could be dat. of reference or loc. God is to do His will (Bruce). wyraopos (# 40) sanctifi-
or perhaps instr. (Ellicott). 13 otnpi€ar aor. act. inf. cation. The process of becoming holy (Moore). ame-
otnpicow (# 5114) to establish etg to otnpitai. The prep. yeo0a1 pres. mid. inf. aneyw (#600) to hold oneself
and the aor. inf. w. the article expresses purp. For the from, to abstain. Inf. is explanatory, defining the neg.
meaning of the word “establish,” s.v. 2. Gpeymtoc side of sanctification (Ellicott). mopveta (# 4518) sexual
(# 289) blameless. The prayer gains sublimity in that sin, illicit sexual activity. Sex was often linked to pagan
they must be prepared to stand blameless in holiness religious practice (Best; TDNT; Lightfoot, Notes) Loose
before God as judge, the searcher of the inward morals were a continuous problem in the Greco-
motives of men, who tests and tries their hearts (PIP, Roman world (J. Carcopino, Daily Life in Ancient Rome,
62; Frame). a&ywwobdvy (# 43) holiness. The word indi- 76-100; BBC; DPL, 871-72). 4 eiSevor perf. act. inf.
cates the state or cond. of holiness (Lightfoot, Notes). oida. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning.
mopovoig (# 4242) coming, arrival. The word was used The vb. was often used to describe know-how, the pos-
as a near t.t. for the visit of a king or emperor or for the session of knowledge or skill necessary to accomplish
appearance of a god (MM; LAE, 370ff; TDNT). a desired goal (ND, 347). The word might mean, in this
context, “to respect” (Frame). oxeboc (# 5007) vessel. In
1 Thessalonians 4 this context the word could mean either “body,”
@ 1 Aoindv obv (# 3370) finally; “as our last matter” “wife,” or perhaps “life” (Best; Morris; TDNT; T; Holz),
(Best; s. Phil. 3:1). G&eApot voc. pl. adedpoc (# 81) or perhaps it has the sense of controlling one’s sexual
brother. The term is an organizing metaphor that por- urge, or mastering oneself (J. Whitton, “A Neglected
trays the community as a family, thus linking together Meaning for Skeuos in 1 Thessalonians 4.4,” NTS 28
people who often had no previous contact (Wanama- [1982]:142-43). kt&o8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. Kktd&opar
1 Thessalonians 4 478

(# 3227) to acquire. Although the perf. generally means ypeia. (# 5970) need. €xete pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to
“to possess” some examples from the papyri indicates have. ypapew pres. act. inf. ypaow (#1211) to write.
the same meaning in the pres. (MM; Milligan; TDNT; Compl. inf. 6e05tSaxtocg (#2531) taught of God. The
Morris). It is possible that the word reflects a Heb. word points not so much to one divine communication
idiom and has the sense, “to possess a woman sexu- as to divine relationship established between believers
ally” (Best; TDNT). 5 det dat. ni80c (# 4079) pas- and God; hence, it is as those who have been born of
sion. em @upia (# 2123) lust, desire. Paul does not forbid God and whose hearts are in consequence filled by
the natural impulse of desire, but rather “passion of God's spirit that the Thessalonians for their part can no
lust,” “lustful passion,” a cond. where sense has been longer help loving (Milligan). For the verbal adj. w. this
converted into the ruling principle or into passion ending s. M, 221; MH, 370; and for the compound hav-
(Lunemann). ka®camnep (# 2749) just as (s. the discussion ing an instr. sense (“God-taught”) s. MH, 271. ayanav
in 2:11). €6vn nom. pl. é6vog (#1620) Gentile. e150ta pres. act. inf. @yandw (# 26) to love. Articular inf. w. €1¢
perf. act. part. 0150. (# 3857) to know (s.v. 4). Adj. part. (#1650) to express purp. or result. GAAHAwV (# 253)
to emphasize a trait. 6 bmepBaivetv pres. act. inf. reciprocal pron., one another. 10 Kai yap for also, for
vneppaiva (#5648) to go beyond, to exceed the proper indeed. The phrase marks this statement as an advance
limits, to transgress. With acc. of a person the verb upon the preceding one: “You are not only taught the
means “to get the better of, to override” (Lightfoot, lesson, but you also practice it” (Lightfoot, Notes). mot-
Notes). Inf. may be used to express results or purp., or eite pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. napaxaAodpev
it may be used parallel to the other inf. in the section pres. ind. act. rapakaAew (# 4151) to exhort. mepiooevetv
(Frame; Best). mAeovekteiv pres. act. inf. mreovextew pres. act. inf. nepiooevw (# 4355) to excel. Compl. inf. to
(# 4430) to claim more, to have more than one’s due, to the main vb. pG@AAov (# 3437) more. 11 dUr0TwWEtobat
defraud, to selfishly attempt to gain more at all costs pres. mid. (dep.) inf. @vAotéoat (# 5818) to make it
and by all means, disregarding others and their rights one’s ambition, to be zealous, to strive eagerly, to con-
(Moore; TDNT; NTW, 97ff; NIDNTT; BBC). mp&@ypo. sider it an honor (MM; Milligan; BAGD; NDIEC, 1:87-
(# 4547) matter. In this case it could mean in matters of 88). The infs. in v. 11 connected by kai (#2779) are
sex (TDNT; Best). €x81xoc¢ (# 1690) one who carries out epex., giving concrete examples of how love of others
that which is right, avenger. The word was used in the applies to daily life (Richard). novyafew pres. act. inf.
papyri for the office of an official legal representative Novxacw (#2483) to be at rest, to be quiet, to remain
(MM; Preisigke 1:443; 3:110; Milligan). The word may silent; i.e., to live quietly. Compl. inf. to the main vb.
be a compound developed from a prep. phrase w. the The context suggests that Paul is speaking to those
meaning, “just as after a legal decision,” and the word who were busybodies w. their brotherly love and he
would thus refer to one who carries out a sentence directs such people to learn to behave and quietly get
(MH, 311). npoeimopev aor. ind. act. mporeyw (# 4625) to on w. their own work (Moore; BBC). mpaooetv pres. act.
say previously, to say beforehand. The word is not inf. mpdoow (#4556) to do, to practice. 1810¢ (# 2625)
used here in the sense of “prophesy,” “predict” (Best). private, one’s own. epyateo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. ép-
Siepoptupapeda, aor. ind. mid. (dep.) Siapaptopopor yaCowar (# 2237) to work. Compl. inf. to the main vb.
(# 1371) to solemnly declare, to warn, to insist (Wana- Although the Gr. generally looked down on manual
maker; Bruce). Prep. in compound has the idea of labor as the work of slaves, the Jews had no such atti-
“thoroughly” (MH, 302). @ 7 €xdAeoev aor. ind. act. tude. The emphasis here, however, is not on manual
Karew (#2813) to call. Consummative aor. views the labor opposed to some other form but upon working
completion of the action. &kaSapoig (# 174) unclean- as opposed to idling (Moore; RAC, 1:585-90; KP, 1:490-
ness, filthiness, impurity. The prep. used w. the noun 94). Paul seems to be warning against the prevalent
means for the purp. of (Moore). év (#1877) in. The and popular idea of living from public or private sup-
prep. indicates the state of holiness resulting from the port (FAP, 334-35, 338-39; Wanamaker). napnyyeiAopev
calling (Frame). 8 tovyapotv (#5521) for that very aor. ind. act. napayyéAAw (# 4133) to charge, to order, to
reason then, therefore (BAGD; for its position in usage instruct. In classical writers the word was used of the
s. Blomqvist, 130). &Betév pres. act. part. cbetew (# 119) orders of military commanders, which here brings out
lit., to do away w. what has been laid down; to reject, the authority w. which the apostle spoke (Milligan).
to set aside, to spurn, to despise (Milligan, Frame). @ 12 nepinatijte pres. subj. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to
Nom. part. to emphasize a trait, “the one who despises walk, to conduct one’s life. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to
this.” Pres. indicates a continuing action. a@etei pres. express purp. evoympovuc (#2361) decently, becom-
ind. act. GOetew (#119). 5150vta pres. act. part. Sdwpr ingly. mpog (#4639) toward; w. an eye to (Frame). &w
(# 1443) to give. Adj. or nominal use of part. Pres. (# 2032) outside. “Those outside” reflects a rabbinic
describes the continual or the continually repeated expression and means anyone and everyone not
action. @9 oiv0deApia (#5789) love for the brothers. within the Christian community (Moore). €ynte pres.
479 1 Thessalonians 5

subj. act. €xw (# 2400) to have. Parallel to the previous was a term for those of the uppermost rank (Best).
vb., w. subj. expressing purp. @ 13 6€Aopev pres. ind. odAniyyi dat. corny (# 4894) trumpet. The trumpet
act. 0€Aw (# 2527) to desire. dyvoeiv pres. act. inf. cyvoew was used by the Jews in their festival and was associ-
(#51) not to know, to be ignorant. Compl. inf. to the ated w. theophanies, the End, and w. the resurrection of
main vb.: “We desire for you not to be ignorant.” Kot- the dead (Best; TDNT; for the three trumpets in the
Lwpevwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. kod (# 3121) to sleep, Roman army as they broke camp s. TJ, 105-6). kataBn-
to fall asleep. Pres. is probably timeless and denotes a oetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) kataPaivw (#2849) to come
class, “the sleepers” (Frame; Morris). Avnfjo8e pres. down. Gvaothnoovta1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) aviotnyt
subj. pass. (dep.) Avnew (#3382) to grieve, to pain; (# 482) to rise. np@tov (# 4754) first. © 17 Enevta (# 2083)
pass., to become sad, to be sorrowful, to be distressed. then, following. The word denotes the speedy follow-
Pres. signifies a continuing sorrow (Morris). A0u0¢ ing of the event specified upon what has gone before
(# 3370) remaining; here, “the others.” éyovteg pres. act. (Milligan; Ellicott). G@vtec pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to
part. yw (# 2400) to have. The general hopelessness of live. MEPLAEtMOpEVOL pres. pass. part. mepiretnw (# 4335)
the pagan world in the presence of death is almost too to leave behind. aproaynoopeba fut. ind. pass. apracw
well-known to require illustration (Milligan; Lightfoot, (#773) to snatch up, to seize, to carry off by force, to
Notes; Morris; LAE, 176-78; Gerhard Pfohl, Rémische rapture. The word often denotes the emotion of a sud-
Grabinschriften [Munich: Ernst Heimeran, 1969]; G. den swoop, and usually that of a force which cannot be
Pfohl, Grieschische Inschriften, 11-42; FAP, 339-40). One resisted (Morris). dnavtnots (# 561) meeting. The word
common motif was the sorrowing parents waving had a technical meaning in the Hellenistic world
good-bye to their daughter sitting in a boat, about to related to the visits of dignitaries to cities where the vis-
depart for the underworld. éAnic (# 1828) hope (EH, itor would be formally met by the citizens, or a deputa-
447-51). Here hope for a reunion in the afterlife. @ 14 et tion of them, who went out from the city and would
(# 1623) if. The word introduces a cond. of the first then ceremonially escort him back into the city (Best).
class, assuming the death and resurrection of Jesus to Gépa, acc. sing. anp (# 113) air. navtote (# 4121) always.
be true (RWP; GGBB, 694). yap (# 1142) for, drawing a éoope8a, fut. ind. mid. (dep.) emi (#1639) to be.
conclusion or inference from the cond. motevopev pres. 18 wote (#6063) therefore. napaxadeite pres. imp.
ind. act. miotedw (# 4409) to believe. &ré6avev aor. ind. act. TapaKarew (# 4151) to encourage.
act. anoOvjoKw (#633) to die. a&veéotn aor. ind. act.
Gviotnu (# 482) to rise. KoyNOEvtas aor. pass. part. 1 Thessalonians 5
Kowaw (# 3121) to sleep. d&et fut. ind. act. &yw (#72) to @ 1 xpovoc (#5989) time. The word expresses
lead, to bring. The prep. phrase is to be taken w. this simply duration, time viewed in its extension (Milli-
vb., “God will bring through Jesus those who have gan; Best; Morris; TDNT). xawpoc¢ (# 2789) originally
fallen asleep” (Moore). 15 (@vtec¢ pres. act. part. the opportunity for doing, or avoiding to do, anything.
(adj.) Caw (#2409) to live. Pres. used to stress a trait. It is time w. reference to both its extent and character
MEPUEINOPEVOL pres. pass. part. mepireinw (# 4335) to and refers to the kind of events that are taking place
leave, to leave behind. Pres. indicates that the action is (Lightfoot, Notes; Milligan; Morris; TDNT). EYETE pres.
viewed as going on to the limit of time designated by ind. act. éyw (#2400) to have; here, to have need.
the prep. eig (#1650) (Frame). mapovoia (#4242) ypadeo8at pres. pass. inf. ypadw (#1211) to write.
arrival, coming (s. 3:13). ob pq not in anywise. PoGaowpEV 2 axpiBdic (#209) accurately, precisely, well (Moore;
aor. subj. act. ¢8avw (#5777) to precede, to go before. s. Luke 1:3). Nwépa Kuptov (# 2465; 3261) day of the
Aor. subj. used w. the emphatic neg. od wn (# 4024; Lord. This could refer to the day of the Lord in the OT
3590) has the sense of an emphatic fut. ind. (SMT, 78; sense (Bruce), or it could refer to the day of the Lord
RG, 939f). koysnOevtac aor. pass. part. (#3121) (s.v. 13). Jesus and be a reference to the rapture as described in
@ 16 KéAevopa (# 3026) command, shout. The word 4:15-18. Note the repeated use of Lord, meaning the
was used in a variety of ways. It is the cry made by the Lord Jesus Christ, in these verses. 3 Otav (# 4020)
ship’s master to its rowers, or by a charioteer to his used. w. the subj., when, whenever. A€ywotv pres. subj.
horses. When used w. military or naval personnel, it act. Aeyw (#3306) to say, to speak. doparera (# 854)
was a battle cry. In most places it denotes a loud, safety. The word occurs in the papyri as a law term:
authoritative cry, often one uttered in the thick of great bond, security (Milligan; MM). aigvidtog (#167) sud-
excitement (Morris; Lightfoot, Notes; BBC). In the den, suddenly. The word could be an adj. (“sudden
Roman army, at the sound of the third trumpet a her- destruction comes upon them”), or it could be used as
ald, standing at the right of the commander, called out an adv., “all of a sudden” (Frame). éptotatat pres. ind.
three times to ask if the soldiers were ready for war; the mid. (dep.) etotnut (# 2392) to approach, to appear, to
troops shouted loud and lustily, “We are ready!” (TJ, come upon. It is used of misfortunes which suddenly
106; Jos., JW., 3.91-93). apyayyedos (# 791) archangel. It come upon someone (BAGD). 6de@pog (#3897)
1 Thessalonians 5 480

destruction, disaster, ruin. The word is used in the breastplate (von Dobschiitz; Best). nepikeporaiav
LXX, particularly in the prophets to mean an eschato- (# 4330) that which goes around the head, helmet (s.
logical destruction (TDNT; NIDNTT). wiv (#6047) Eph. 6:17). €Amiéa acc. eanic (# 1828) hope, opposi-
birth pain. The term was used in the pl. in the OT and tional to nepixeOadraiav (von Dobschiitz). @ 9 €6eto
Jewish writings to describe the pain, anxiety, or dis- aor. ind. mid. ttOnut (#5502) to place, to destine (Best;
tress associated particularly w. divine judgment (BBC; MT, 55; BD, 165). opyn (#3973) wrath, anger. mept-
Richard). yaotpt dat. yaotnp (# 1143) stomach. éxovon moinoig (# 4348) obtaining, acquiring (Morris; Moore).
pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. Used in the expres- 51a (# 1328) w. the gen., through. The phrase is to be
sion “to have something in the stomach,” w. the mean- taken w. m. owtnptas (von Dobschiitz). 10 &no8avov-
ing “to be pregnant.” ov wn (# 4024; 3590) certainly not. TOG aor. act. part. dmoOvioKw (# 633) to die. bxép for. For
Exgvywow aor. subj. act. exdvyw (# 1767) to escape, to the prep. in relation to the death of Christ as compared
escape completely. For the subj. w. the emphatic neg. s. to other prep. s. IBG, 63; M, 105; BG, 96). eite (# 1664)
4:15. 4 va (#2671) used w. the subj. to express whether. It is used as an alternative cond. of a 3rd. class
result (IBG, 142; BD, 198; RG, 998; MT, 103f; BG, 122). cond. cl. w. the pres. subj. (RWP; RG, 1017; BD, 187).
Kréntng (# 3095) thief; fig. to show surprise. katoAGpy ypnyop@pev pres. subj. act. ypnyopew (# 1213) to watch.
aor. subj. act. katadapBavw (# 2898) to seize, to seize w. Kadevdwpev pres. subj. act. Ka8evdw (#2761) to sleep.
danger for them (BAGD). @ 5 vioi pwt0¢ (# 5626; 5890) Cnowpev aor. subj. act. Gow (# 2409) to live. Aor. points to
sons of light. The word “son” followed by the gen. is a this life as a definite fact secured for us by the equally
Semitic construction meaning “to be characterized by definite death of our Lord (Milligan). @ 11 810 (# 1475)
that thing” (Morris; BG, 15ff; BS, 161-66). For the use of therefore. mopaxoAgite pres. imp. act. mapaKxorew
the term “sons of light” in the DSS, s. 1QM; 1QS 1:9; (#4151) to encourage, to comfort (s. 2:12). GAANAWV
2:16; 3:13, 24, 25; s. also the discussion in John 1:5. vox- (# 253) one another. oixodopeite pres. imp. act. oiKodo-
T0¢ (# 3816) and oxotoug (# 5030) of night, of darkness. Lew (# 3868) to build up, to edify. kaOwe (# 2777) just as.
Gen. points to the sphere to which the subjects belong moveite pres. ind. act. noiew (# 4472) to do. #12
(Milligan). For the term “sons of darkness” in the DSS Epwtapev pres. act. ind. epwtdw (#2263) to ask, to
s. 1QM; 1QS 1:10; John 1:5. 6 dpa (# 726) therefore, request (s. 4:1). evar perf. act. inf. oi5a (# 3857) to
then. Paul uses this to introduce a new stage in the know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning (ND, 344ff). Kom-
argument (Best). Ka@evSwpev pres. subj. act. kabevdw @vtac pres. act. part. konidaw (# 3159) to grow weary, to
(# 2761) to sleep, cohortative subj. used w. the neg. pq work w. effort. The word refers to both bodily and
( 3590) indicating a prohibition. ypryop@pev pres. subj. mental labor (Milligan; s. 1:3). mpoiotopevouc pres. mid.
act. ypnyopew (#1213) to stay awake, to watch, to be (dep.) part. npototnut (# 4613) to stand before someone.
vigilant. The word signifies the proper attitude of the The word has two possible meanings, either “to pre-
Christian (Moore). Cohortative subj. Pres. indicates a side, lead, direct” or “to protect, to care for” (Best;
continuing attitude: “Let us continue to remain vigi- TDNT; MM). vov@etodvtac pres. act. part. vovdetew
lant, in contrast to the others who continue to sleep.” (# 3805) to put one in mind, to advise, to warn, to
Vidwpev pres. subj. act. vow (# 3768) to be sober, not to admonish. The word is used for the admonition and
be under the influence of drink. The word points to a correction of those who are in error (Moore; TDNT).
cond. of moral alertness, the sense of being so exer- 13 jyeioBa1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. Nyeonat (# 2451) to
cised and disciplined that all fear of sleeping again is consider, to esteem (Morris; for examples in the papyri,
removed (Milligan; TDNT; Best). 7 xa@evdovtec s. MM). bnepexneproood (# 5655) adv., exceedingly, very
pres. act. part. ka8evdw (#2761) to sleep. vuKtog gen. highly (Moore; s. also 3:10). eipnvevete pres. imp. act.
sing. vv& (#3816) night; gen. of time, “during the elpnvevw (# 1644) to exercise peace, to be at peace. Vbs.
night.” Gen. specifies the time within which something w. this suf. are often causative or connote the posses-
occurs, “nighttime action” (MT, 235; DM, 77; BD, 99f; sion of a quality that sometimes leads to action (MH,
RG, 494f). we8voxopevot pres. pass. (dep.) part. pe8voKo- 399f). 14 napaxoAodpev pres. ind. act. napaxarew
wa (# 3499) to get drunk, to make drunk (s. Eph. 5:18). (# 4151) to encourage. (s. 2:12). vovOeteite pres. imp. act.
weOdovow pres. ind. act. pe8vw (# 3501) to be drunk. vovOetew (#3805) to warn, to exhort (s.v. 12; BBC).
Pres. points to that which generally happens. @ 8 Ovtec ataxKtos (#864) without rank, out of rank, disorderly.
pres. act. part. ett (# 1639) to be. evivoopevor aor. mid. The word was primarily a military term used of the sol-
(dep.) part. evivw (# 1907) to clothe oneself, to put on. dier who is out of step or rank, or of the army moving
Aor. part. expresses identical or contemporaneous in disarray. Then it was used more generally of what-
action in relation to the main vb. (Ellicott; Frame; ever is out of order. In this passage the special reference
GGBB, 624-25). @wpaxKa acc. sing. Pwpaé (# 2606) breast- would seem to be the idleness and neglect of duty
plate (s. Eph. 6:14). niotews (# 4411) and a&yanneg (# 27) which characterized certain members of the Thessalo-
faith and love, are epexegetical gens. explaining the mian church in view of the shortly expected parousia
481 1 Thessalonians 5

(Milligan, esp. 152-54; Morris; Best; s. also 4:11). napa- ing, to make absolutely nothing of, to downgrade, to
wvOeiobe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) napopvOéoua (# 4170) despise (Morris). @ 21 navta nom. pl. mac (# 4246) all;
to encourage (s. 2:12). dAtyowvyos (# 3901) fainthearted, all things. Here it is unlimited and refers to “all things
worried, discouraged, fearful (Best). dvtéxeo8e pres. whatsoever” (Lightfoot, Notes). Soxwoafete pres. imp.
mid. imp. davtéxw (# 504) to lay hold of, to hold firmly act. doxyiatw (# 1507) to approve after testing (s. the
to. For this as well as examples from the papyri s. Mil- discussion in 2:4). Katéyete pres. imp. act. Katexw
ligan; MM. doBevig (#822) without strength, weak (# 2988) to hold fast, to lay hold of, to take possession of
(Best). paxpo@vpette pres. imp. act. pakpobvpew (# 3428) (MM; Milligan, 155-57). 22 ei60¢ (#1626) visible
to be longsuffering. It indicates not giving way to a form, outward show. The word could also be used in
short or quick temper toward those who fail, but being the sense of kind, species, class (Milligan). novnpo<¢
patient and considerate of them (Milligan; TDNT; (# 4505) evil. The word could be taken either as an adj.
NTW, 83ff; Trench, Synonyms, 195). 15 dpé&te pres. or a noun (Ellicott; Morris). améyeo8e pres. imp. mid.
imp. act. opaw (# 3972) to see, to see to it. The combina- aneyw (#600) to hold oneself from, to abstain.
tion of 2nd. and 3rd. pers. in this construction conveys 23 wyiaoal aor. opt. act. ayidCw (# 39) to sanctify. For
the idea that the whole group is being held responsible the use of the opt. in prayers to express a wish s. PIP,
for the conduct of each individual. They are not only to 32f. oAOTEANS (# 3911) wholly, entirely, quite completely.
abstain from retaliation, but to see that none of their The word not only implies entirety but involves the
number retaliates (Morris; Frame). un (# 3590) that, lest. further idea of completion (Lightfoot, Notes; Moore).
The neg. is used in an expression of apprehension and OAOKANpos (#3908) whole, complete, undamaged,
the subj. indicates that anxiety is directed toward ward- intact (BAGD). The point is that no part of the Christian
ing off something still dependent on the will (BD, 188; personality should be lacking in consecration (Frame).
MT, 98). avtt (# 505) w. the gen., instead of, in return for. For the possible construction of the entire s. PIP, 39;
a@x08@ aor. subj. act. c05tdwp1 (# 625) to give back, to Best. cuéuntwsg (#290) adv., blamelessly. napovoig
pay back. n&vtote (#4121) always. 5udKete pres. imp. (# 4242) arrival, coming (s. 3:13). tnpndein aor. opt. pass.
act. diwKxw (#1503) to hunt, to pursue, to seek eagerly typew (# 5498) to keep. The word has a sense of protect-
(Best). 16 yaipete pres. imp. act. yaipw (#5897) to ing, watching over, and guarding (Moore). @ 24 KaA@v
rejoice. Pres. imp. calls for a continual attitude of rejoic- pres. act. part. kadew (# 2813) to call. novjoet fut. ind.
ing. 17 ddioArEintws (#90) adv., without interrup- act. moiew (#4472) to do. 25 npooebyeove pres. imp.
tion, unceasingly, constantly (s. 1:2; BBC). npooevyeode mid. (dep.) TMpooevyouat (#4667) to pray (s.v. 17).
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) npocevyoua (# 4667) to pray. This @ 26 Gonaoacbe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) conafopar
is the more comprehensive term for prayer and can (# 832) to greet. OiANpO (# 5799) kiss. Here, instr. dat.,
include the other words for prayer (Morris; TDNT). “with a kiss.” The kiss was used in the ancient world as
@ 18 év navti (# 1877; 4246) in every circumstance. This a form of greeting (Best; Moore; TDNT; s. 1 Cor. 16:20).
includes even persecutions and trials (Milligan). evya- 27 evopKitw (# 1941) pres. ind. act. to adjure, to cause
ploteite pres. imp. act. evyapiotew (#2373) to give someone to swear by something, to put someone on
thanks. todto (# 4047) this. Grammatically it could refer their oath (BAGD; Morris). The vb. is followed by the
only to the last injunction, but it is more likely that Paul inf. (BD, 199f.) and the one by whom the oath is sworn
means all three commands to be regarded as a unity is in the acc. (BD, 83; RG, 483f). dvayvwo@7jva aor. pass.
(Moore). @ 19 oBewvvute pres. imp. act. oBevvupt (# 4931) inf. avayivwoKw (# 336) to read. From the context it is
to put out (a fire), to quench. 20 xpopnteta. (# 4735) clear that it is a public reading or a reading aloud (Mil-
prophecy. The gift of speaking for God. e&ovSeveite ligan). €motoAn (# 2186) letter.
pres. imp. act. e&ov8evew (# 2024) to consider as noth-
 2 Thessalonians

2 Thessalonians 1 persecution inflicted by the enemies of the gospel; the

@ 1-2 For the introduction s. 1 Thess. 1:1, and for latter is more general and denotes tribulation of any
the slight differences s. Bruce. 3 evyapioteiv pres. kind (Lightfoot, Notes). aveyeo8e pres. ind. mid. (dep)
act. inf. evyapiotew (#2373) to give thanks (P.T. avexopnar (#462) to hold oneself up, to endure (MH,
O’Brien, “Thanksgiving and the Gospel in Paul,” NTS 295). Pres. indicates that trouble did not end for the
21 [1974]: 144-55). ObeiAovev pres. ind. act. odetrw converts w. the expulsion of the missionaries (Moore).
(# 4053) to be obligated, w. inf. The word implies a spe- @5 évéeryio. (# 1891) evidence, proof, the means by
cial, personal obligation rather than one arising out of which one knows that something is a fact (LN, 1:341).
the nature of things (Best); “we owe it to God” (Moore). In Josephus the word is used in the sense of a denunci-
For parallels to the necessity and propriety of giving ation, indication, or proof (CCFJ, 2:98; s. Jos., Ant.,
thanks, esp. in the midst of persecution s. Roger D. 13:306, 19:133) and the noun evdeixtns is used in 2
Aus, “The Liturgical Background of the Necessity and Macc. 4:1 of an informer (GELS, 150). The ending of the
Propriety of Giving Thanks According to II Thess. 1:3,” word denotes a result which has been reached-a thing
JBL 92 (1973): 432-38. navtote (# 4121) always. Kadwe proved-but frequently in similar cases where the
(#2777) just as. The word is slightly causal and abstract gives place to the concrete the word can hardly
resumes and explains the obligation to give thanks be distinguished from evidence, the actual proof by
(Frame). G&vov (#545) fitting. The word indicates that and appeal to facts (Milligan; but for a different opin-
this thanksgiving is also appropriate in the circum- ion s. Lightfoot, Notes). kpioews (# 3213) judging, judg-
stances (Moore). bnepavtdvet pres. ind. act. dmepav- ment. Kataéwwéfivat aor. pass. inf. kataéiow (# 2921) to
Eavw (#5647) to grow abundantly, to grow over and consider or declare worthy. The strengthened form of
beyond. It is a figure of the tree of faith growing above the vb. means “to declare to be worthy,” “to deem wor-
measure (RWP). Prep. in compound intensifies and thy” (Morris). Articular inf. w. eg (# 1650) to express
magnifies the normal meaning of the word (Best; purp. or result. bm€p (# 5642) for, for the sake of which,
Bruce; MH, 326). mAeovater pres. ind. act. meovatw in the name of which, in the interest of which (Moore;
(# 4429) to increase. éxaotoc (# 1667) each one. GAAN- Morris). naoyete pres. ind. act. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer.
Awv (#253) one another, reflexive pron. 4 wote Pres. denotes the sufferings are still going on (Frame).
(# 6063) used w. the inf. to express results. adtobs TGs © 6 einep (# 1642) if on the whole, provided that. The
(# 899; 1609) we ourselves. The words are emphatic word introduces a cond. cl. which assumes the reality
and may form a contrast. For the various interpreta- of the cond. (RWP; von Dobschiitz). mapa (# 4123) w.
tions s. Best; Richard. Acc. as subj. of the inf. dat. The reference is to the righteous judgment of God.
eykavyxGo0a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. eykavyconor (# 1595) avtanodobvan aor. act. inf. dvtanosidwpt (# 500) to pay
to boast. Inf. w. @ote to express actual results. The back again, to recompense. The prep. in compound
boasting done by Paul was the result of his readers’ conveys the thought of a full and due requital (Morris).
ever increasing faith and love (Wanamaker). €v taic 8A iBovow pres. act. part. (subst.) dat. pl. OAiBw (# 2567)
éxxAnoiats (# 1877; 1711) in the churches. The prep. év to put one under pressure, to cause tribulation, to per-
may be used for the normal dat. (“to the churches”), secute. Pres. indicates that the affliction was in process.
but it may also have its normal local meaning: “within Dat. of disadvantage. @ 7 @A1Boyevotc pres. pass. part.
the churches,” “among the churches” (MT, 264). bnép OXiBw (#2567) to put under pressure (s.v. 6). &VvEIS
(# 5642) concerning. bxopovn (#5705) patience, endur- (# 457) loosening, relaxing. In classical Gr. it could refer
ance. The word indicates a remaining under, ie., a to the release of a bowstring and so comes to mean
bearing up under difficult circumstances. It is the Spirit relaxation and recreation in general. It is the relaxing of
which can bear things, not simply w. resignation but w. the cords of endurance now tightly drawn (Moore; Mil-
blazing hope. It is not the patience which grimly waits ligan). Here it is the lifting of the pressure caused by
for the end, but the patience which radiantly hopes for their persecution (Bruce). anokaAvyic (# 637) unveil-
the dawn (NTW, 60; TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). dtwypog ing, revelation (Milligan, 149f; TDNT). @ 8 nip
(# 1501) persecution. @Atweow dat. pl. OAiwic (# 2568) (# 4786) fire. pXoyOS gen. AOE (# 5825) flame. The flam-

482
483 2 Thessalonians 2

ing fire emphasizes the glory of the Lord’s appearance 5:22). 12 evdoEaoA4 aor. pass. subj. evdoEatw (# 1901)
and may be a reference to judgment (Best; Lightfoot, to glorify (s.v. 10). Subj. w. Onw¢ (#3968) to express
Notes; von Dobschiitz; BBC). &i80vtog pres. act. part. purp.
(adj.) St5wur (# 1443) to give. Pres. to indicate contem-
poraneous action to the appearing of Christ. exdixnors 2 Thessalonians 2
(# 1689) vengeance. The word indicates full, complete ® 1 Epwtdpev pres. ind. act. epwtdw (# 2263) to ask,
punishment (Milligan). et8dow perf. act. part. oda to request (s. the discussion in 1 Thess. 4:1). tapovota
(# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning (ND, (# 4242) arrival, coming (s. 1 Thess. 3:13). emiovvaywyn
344f). bnaKovovoL pres. act. part. braKkobw (# 5634) to (# 2093) meeting, assembling, gathering together, col-
listen to, to obey. The prep. in compound has the idea lection, collecting together (LAE, 103f). The prep. in
of submission (MH, 327). 9 oitweg nom. pl. dotic compound is directive (MH, 312). The word is used in
(# 4015) who. The rel. pron. is generic indicating ones 2 Macc 2:7 indicating a fut. time when God shall gather
who belong to such a class: “such people” (Best; MT, His people together. @ 2 €t¢ (#1650) w. the articular
47; IBG, 123f; MKG, 174f). dixn (# 1472) the standard to inf.; is used either to express purp. (RWP) or to intro-
which a thing is to conform, right, law, judicial hearing. duce the object of the vb. (Best; MT, 143). tayews
It then came to express the results of the lawsuit, exe- (# 5441) quickly, hastily (Lightfoot, Notes). cadevO7jvar
cution of a sentence, punishment (Milligan; TDNT; aor. pass. inf. oarkevw (# 4888) to shake, to cause to
GW, 99; NIDNTT; Preisigke, 1:383-85; TLNT). tioovotv move to and fro, to cause to waiver; pass., to be shaken,
fut. ind. act. tivw (#5514) to suffer, to pay a penalty. to be make to waver or totter, like the shaking of a
The word means to pay a price by way of recompense foundation (BAGD; Wanamaker). By aor. the sudden-
(Moore). dAe@pog (# 3897) destruction, ruination. The ness of the shock is emphasized (Moore). vot¢ (# 3808)
word does not mean annihilation, but implies the loss mind, understanding, the reasoning faculty, man’s
of all things that give worth to existence (MM; Best; power of judgment (Best; TDNT). @poeio@a1 pres. pass.
TDNT,; s. 1 Thess. 5:3). Acc. is in apposition to the word inf. 8poew (# 2583) pass., to be inwardly aroused, to be
dixnv (RWP). aidviog (# 173) eternal. The adj. lit. means disturbed, to be frightened (BAGD). Pres. points to a
agelong and everything depends on the length of the continued state of agitation following upon a definite
age. In the NT there is never a hint that the coming age shock received and describes a state of jumpiness (Mil-
has an end (Morris; GW, 186-89; NIDNTT; TDNT). ligan; Morris). tvedwa (# 4460) spirit. It could refer here
woxv¢ (#2709) strength, might, power (s. Eph. 1:19). to some type of spiritual revelation (Lightfoot, Notes).
10 6tav (# 4020) w. subj., when, whenever. EAGT aor. Novos (# 3364) word. A general expression which could
subj. act. Epyouat (# 2262) to come, to go. evdoEao@jvar refer to prophecy or sermon or any verbal communica-
aor. pass. inf. evd0Eatw (# 1901) to glorify. The prep. in tion (Moore). w¢ (#6055) before 6t1 (#4022) to the
compound is repeated after the vb. and could have effect that (MT, 137). evéotnKev perf. ind. act. éviotnut
either a local meaning (“in”), an instr. meaning (“by (# 1931) to place in, to stand in; perf., to be at hand, to
means of”), or a causal meaning (“because of”) (Best). be pres. The word could be translated, “is now pres.,”
The prep. is used to express purp. ®avpaoPjvar aor. and the vb. is sometimes contrasted w. vb.s expressing
pass. inf. @ovpdtw (# 2513) to marvel, to wonder; pass., the fut. idea (Morris; RWP). 3 eanatnoq aor. subj.
to be marveled at. Inf. is to express purp. MioTevOaOLW act. etanataw (#1987) to deceive, to deceive com-
aor. act. part. masc. pl. dat. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. pletely, to deceive successfully (MH, 311). Subj. w. the
Aor. part. focuses attention on the past act of belief neg. tf (# 3590) to express a prohibition. Subj. of prohi-
(Best). EmtotevOn aor. ind. pass. motevw (#4409) to bition occurs in the 3rd. pers., esp. in cls. of fear or
believe. paptopiov (# 3457) witness. @ 11 €ig 6 to this warning (DM, 171; SMT, 76). tponog (#5573) manner.
end, w. this in mind. The expression conveys the idea Used in the expression, “in no way” (Milligan). €A6y
of purp. (Morris; Moore). npooevxope0a pres. ind. mid. aor. subj. act. épyowar (#2262) to come. anootacia
(dep.) mpocevyouar (# 4667) to pray (s. 1 Thess. 5:17). (# 686) falling away, rebellion, revolt, apostasy (Best;
mavtote (#4121) always, constantly. iva, (# 2671) that. Moore; TDNT; TDNT; BBC). aroKxaAv07 aor. subj.
The particle introduces the content of the prayer. d&1- pass. anoxaruntw (# 636) to unveil, to reveal. The word
@oT aor. subj. act. d&0w (# 546) to consider worthy, to is very significant, not only as marking the superhu-
reckon as worthy. Subj. w. iva. KAnoews gen. sing. man character of the one spoken of, but as placing it in
KAfjoic (#3104) calling. Gen. is used after the vb. a&1- mocking counterpart to the revelation of the Lord Jesus
WoT. TANpwoT aor. subj. act. tAnpow (# 4444) to fill. Here Himself (Milligan). d&vopia (#490) lawlessness. The
it has the sense of accomplishing (Moore). evdoxia word describes the condition not of one living without
(#2306) good pleasure, resolve, consent, desire law, but of one who acts contrary to law (Milligan; Best;
(BAGD; TDNT). wya8wovvn (# 20) goodness. Here, obj. for a discussion of the Antichrist s. ZPEB, 1:179-81;
gen., “delight in well doing” (Lightfoot, Notes; s. Gal. DPL, 592-94; for the Jewish teaching regarding the
2 Thessalonians 2 484

Antichrist named Armilis who was identified w. the tively. The wordis often used of supernatural working
Christ of Christianity s. SB, 3:637-40). Gen. here is of (Best). wOvov (# 3667) only. 6 Katéywv pres. act. part.
Semitic influence and is used as an adj. describing the Katexw (# 2988) The masc. article may refer to the pers.
main quality or character (BG, 14f; MT, 208; Best). vi0g of the Holy Spirit (s.v. 6). apt (#785) until. péoo¢
(# 5626) son. Used in a Semitic construction followed (# 3545) midst. yevnto. aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivouor
by the gen. describing the character or quality (BG, 15f; (# 1181) to become, to be. The phrase means “to be
MH, 441). anwdAeia (#724) ruin, doom, destruction. removed,” “to be taken away.” For this meaning, as
The Semitic construction means, “he who is destined to well as a discussion of the passage relating the
be destroyed” (Moore; Best). 4 &vtixeipevog pres. restrainer to God, s. Roger D. Aus, “God’s Plan and
mid. (dep.) part. avtikeyoat (#512) to lie against, to God's Power: Isaiah 66 and the Restraining Factor of 2
oppose. Pres. part. indicates a constant habitual oppos- Thess. 2:6-7,” JBL 96 (1977): 537-53. 8 Kai tote and
ing or a lifestyle. bmepaipopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. then. GnoKkoAvpejoetat fut. pass. ind. anokaAvntw
vmepaipw (#5643) to lift up; mid., to lift oneself up, to (# 636) to unveil, to reveal (s.v. 3). &vowosg (# 491) law-
exalt oneself, to exalt oneself exceedingly, to exalt one- less (s.v. 3). veAei fut. ind. act. dva1pew (# 359) to take
self above measure (Lightfoot, Notes). Aeyopevov pres. away, to do away w., to destroy (BAGD). otopatos gen.
pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to call. c€Baopa. (# 4934) sing. otova (#5125) mouth. Katapynoer fut. ind. act.
an object of worship. The ending of the noun indicates Katapyew (#2934) to render inactive, to abolish, to
a pass. idea: something which is reverenced, some- bring to naught, to put out of commission. emupavetg
thing which is worshiped; and the word includes any- (# 2211) manifestation, glorious appearance. The word
thing at all that could be worshiped (MH, 355; Morris; usually has some idea of striking splendor and was
TDNT). wote (#6063) so that. Used w. the inf. to often used by the Greeks of a glorious manifestation of
express results. adtov (#899) himself. vaoc (#3724) the gods (Morris; T; LAE, 373; Milligan, 148f). @ 9 kat’
temple, sanctuary, the innermost part of the temple = kata (# 2848) according to. The prep. not only refers
(Best). Ka@ioot aor. act. inf. Kabifw (# 2767) to sit, to to the norm, but indicates the source or cause of the
take one’s seat. Inf. to express result. &modeikvovta. miracle (von Dobschiitz). evepyeta (# 1918) word, effec-
pres. act. part. anodeixvuyt (#617) to show off, to tive work. The word was often used of supernatural
exhibit, to display, to prove, to nominate or proclaim to work (TDNT). tépaow dat. pl. tepac (# 5469) wonder
an office. Part. of manner or attendant circum. Here, (BBC). 10 anxaty (#573) deception, deceitfulness.
“proclaiming himself that he is God” (Milligan; Best). adixia. (# 94) unrighteousness, wrongdoing. The com-
éavtov (# 1571) himself. 61 that, introducing the con- bination of deceit and unrighteousness is evidence
tent of his proclamation. ® 5 pvnpovevete pres. ind. act. here of an active, aggressive power (Milligan). &oA-
uvnuovevw (# 3648) to remember, to call to remem- Avpévorg pres. mid. (dep.) part. anoAAvEL (# 660) to
brance (s. 1 Thess. 1:3). The vb. is used in a question destroy, to ruin. Pres. of the vb. perfectized by the prep.
introduced by the neg. particle which expects the has the sense of inevitable doom, indicating that the
answer “yes”: “you remember don’t you?” gv pres. act. goal is ideally reached w. a complete transformation of
part. et (# 1639) to be. éAeyov impf. ind. act. AEyw its. subjects required to bring them out of the ruin
(# 3306) to say. @ 6 viv (# 3814) now. The word can be implicit in their state (M, 114f). dv0’ dv (# 505; 4005)
logical, introducing a new point, but it is almost cer- because (Lightfoot, Notes). eeBavto aor. ind. mid.
tainly temp. in the pres. context (Best). katéyov pres. (dep.) 5exou01 (# 1312) to receive, to receive gladly, to
act. part. kateyw (#2988) to hold down, to restrain. welcome. ow@fjvat aor. pass. inf. owtw (#5392) to res-
Though many explanations for the restrainer have cue, to save. 11 81a todto (# 1328; 4047) for this rea-
been offered (Morris; Best; BBC; Milligan, 155-57) in son. Néumet pres. ind. act. neunw (# 4287) to send. Fut.
light of the supernatural character of “the one holding pres. to emphasize the certainty of the fut. event. tAdvy
back,” the use of the masc. article in v. 7 (the n. article (# 4415) delusion, error. €1¢ used w. the articular inf. to
here is because the Gr. word for “spirit” is n.) may sug- express purp. (von Dobschiitz; Milligan). motetoar
gest that “the restrainer” is the Holy Spirit (TDNT; and aor. act. inf. motevw (# 4409) to believe. tH weber the
for ancient interpretations in this regard s. PGL, 731; lie. dat. following. Article may refer back to the claim
Milligan). anoxaAvp@fivai aor. pass. inf. dnoKoAvTTW of deity by the Antichrist. 12 kp.@@ovv aor. pass. subj.
(# 636) to reveal (s.v. 3). Articular inf. w. tg (# 1650) to Kpivw (#3212) to judge. Here, “to be judged,” “to be
express purp. Kaipocg (#2789) time, opportunity, the condemned” (Best). Subj. tva to express purp. or result.
moment appointed by God (Moore). 7 vothptov TLOTEVOAVTES aor. act. part. tiotevw (# 4409) to believe.
(# 3696) mystery, that which was unknown and inca- evdoxnoavtes aor. act. part. ebdoxew (# 2305) to have
pable of being known by man except through a revela- pleasure in, to delight in. Aor. suggests antecedent
tion of God (TDNT; ZPEB, 4:327-30; Best). Evepyeitar action to the main vb., thus providing a cause for the
pres. ind. mid. evepyew (# 1919) to work, to work effec- judgment. Substantival use of the part. to emphasize a
485 2 Thessalonians 3

characterizing trait. 13 OpeiAopev pres. ind. act. to success or glory (Best). Ka@Wc¢ (#2777) just as. mpocg
OpEirAw (#4053) to be obligated, to owe a debt, ought to dpc w. you, as in your case (Frame). @ 2 pvoOGpev aor.
(s. 1:3). ebyaptoteiv pres. act. inf. evxoprotew (# 2373) to subj. pass. pvouat (#4861) to rescue, to deliver. To
give thanks (s. 1:3). Compl. inf to the main vb. nyarn- express his second request Paul uses a term which
wévor perf. pass. part. cyandw (#26) to love. Perf. often has the idea of deliverance w. power; however,
emphasizes the continual state. etAato aor. ind. mid. the use of the prep. here lays stress perhaps on the
(dep.) aipeouwat (#145) to choose, to elect; mid., to deliverance rather than on the power from which it is
choose for oneself. anapyn (#794) firstfruit. owtnpia granted (Milligan; Morris). Subj. w. tva (#2671) to
(#5401) sanctification. @14€1¢ 6 unto which, express purp. G@tonog (# 876) out of place, odd, unbe-
whereunto. The phrase is to be taken w. the whole of coming, outrageous. The word was used in the papyri
the previous expression—"salvation ... truth” (Morris). in one instance to describe those who had pulled to
éxdAgoev aor. ind. act. karéw (#2813) to call. mept- pieces a farmer’s sheaves of wheat and thrown them to
Toinois (#4348) possessing, obtaining. tod Kupiov of the pigs; and in another incident it was used of parents
the Lord; possessive gen. 15 dpa (# 726) therefore. who publicly announced their prodigal son’s mis-
The practical conclusion is drawn from what has just deeds, “lest he should insult us, or do anything else
been said (Milligan). otnkete pres. imp. act. otnKw amiss” (ie., outrageous) (MM; Preisigke, 1:234). 1
(#5112) to stand, to stand fast. kpateite pres. ind. act. tiotic (#4411) the faith. The word w. the article may
Kpatew (# 3195) to hold, to hold fast. napdsdootc (# 4142) signify the body of Christian teaching, or it may be
tradition, that which is passed on. Here it refers to the used in the sense of trust (Morris). @ 3 otnpiget fut. ind.
teaching of the apostle (TDNT; Moore; Best). &518ay- act. otnpioow (# 5114) to establish, to support, to make
@nte aor. ind. pass. Si8aoKw (#1438) to teach. Const. firm (s. 1 Thess. 3:2). @vAGEe1 fut. ind. act. dvAGCow
aor. focusing on the act of teaching, or consummative (# 5875) to guard, to protect. The Lord will also protect
aor. focusing on the completion of the continuing them from external assaults (Milligan). @ 4 menoi®apev
results of the action. 16 Gyamnousg aor. act. part. perf. ind. act. met@w (# 4275) to persuade, to have been
subst. ayanaw (#26) to love. Aor. indicates antecedent persuaded, to trust. Perf. emphasizes a state of trust
action. S00¢ aor. act. part. diSwyi (#1443) to give. (RWP; s. also Phil. 1:6). mapayyeAAopev pres. ind. act.
TapaKAnors (#4155) encouragement, comfort. Here it TapayyeArw (# 4133) to command, to charge, to instruct.
refers to consolation and encouragement in the present For the noun s. 1 Thess. 4:2. nownoete fut. ind. act. mo1ew
(Lightfoot, Notes). 17 napaxaAgoai aor. opt. act. (# 4472) todo. @ 5 katevObvat pres. opt. act. katevdvvw
nopakarew (#4151) to encourage, to comfort (TDNT; (# 2985) to make straight, to guide (s. 1 Thess. 3:11).
BAGD; MNTW, 128). otnpt&a1 aor. opt. act. otnpicow 6 ot€ANEOPO1 pres. mid. inf. otéAAw (#5097). The
(# 5114) to strengthen, to support (s. 1 Thess. 3:2). word originally meant “to get ready,” “to equip,” esp.
in reference to equipping an army for an expedition or
2 Thessalonians 3 for sailing. Then it came to mean “to bring together” or
1 10 AoinOv (# 3370; 3836) finally, as our last mat- “to gather up,” as for instance one gathers or tucks up
ter (Best; s. also Phil. 3:1). npooebyeo8e pres. imp. mid. clothes. From this comes the sense of an inner gather-
(dep.) mpocevxouat (# 4667) to pray. Pres. means “pray ing-up or withdrawal, and so of flinching and avoid-
continually” (Morris). Aoyog (#3364) the word. Here, ing. Here it is withdrawal from brethren who are out of
the word of the Lord. Gen. kuptov could be subjective step (BAGD; Moore; Milligan). nepitatodvtoc pres. act.
(“the word from the Lord”), or obj. (“word concerning part. mepinatew (#4344) to walk about, to conduct
the Lord”). tpéyn pres. subj. act. tpeyw (#5556) to run. one’s life. mapadoorg (# 4142) tradition, teachings that
Subj. w. iva to express the content of the prayer. The were passed down. It refers to the authoritative teach-
word was used in the LXX of the running of a warrior ing of the apostle (TLNT). napeAaBooay aor. ind. act.
in battle; the picture of the word as the authorized mes- noparappave (# 4123) to receive, to receive that which
senger of the Lord is then further applied to the proph- is passed on (TLNT; s. Col. 2:6; 1 Cor. 11:23). @ 7 ot8ate
ets as His “runners” (PAM, 49; GELTS, 480). Paul uses pres. ind. act. 0150 (# 3857) to know. Defective perf. w.
the word here to express his dominating concern for a pres. meaning. det pres. ind. act. (# 1256) it is neces-
the free course of the gospel. The important thing here sary to, Impersonal vb. w. inf. The word indicates a log-
is the swift progress of the Word - if any image is ical necessity arising from the circumstances (AS).
intended it is that of the urgent herald (PAM, 108). petobat pres. mid. (dep.) inf. pyeopar (# 3628) to imi-
S0EGLnta1 pres. subj. pass. 5oEaCw (# 1519) to think well tate, to mimic (s. 1 Thess. 1:6; BBC). )taxthoopev aor.
of, to have a good opinion of, to glorify; pass., to be glo- ind. act. ataKew (# 863) to be out of rank, to be out of
rified. The triumphant onrush of the gospel brings order, to be disorderly, to be idle, to be a loafer (s. the
glory to God, and in its success His glory is seen discussion in 1 Thess. 5:14; Best). 8 S5wpedv (# 1562)
because it is God who spreads the gospel and brings it freely, without paying, gratis. One example in the
2 Thessalonians 3 486

papyri speaks of labor or work as gratis or at reduced urge, to exhort. Novyia. (#2484) quietness, calmness.
wages (Milligan; MM; Moore). For the situation at The expression suggests a manner of life which is to
Thessalonica s. 1 Thess. 4:11. &ayouev aor. ind. act. characterize an activity and signifies the calm and con-
Eo0tw (# 2266) to eat. The phrase “to eat bread” is evi- tentment which are the opposite of being a busybody
dently a semitism and means “to get a living” (Morris). (Moore). épyafopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. epyafouor
Konog (# 3160) toil, working until one is weary. 10780¢ (# 2237) to work. €o8iwov pres. subj. act. €o8iw (# 2266)
(# 3677) labor, toil, hardship in working. For these two to eat. © 13 eykaxnonte aor. subj. act. eyKaxKew (# 1591)
words s. 1 Thess. 2:9; AS. épyaCopevot pres. mid. (dep.) to behave badly in, to be cowardly, to lose courage, to
part. epyaConar (#2237) to work. emiPaptioar aor. act. faint (RWP). Aor. subj. is used w. the neg. pf (# 3590) in
inf. eniBapew (# 2096) to be heavy, to be burdensome (s. a prohibition to forbid a thing not yet done; the aor. is
1 Thess. 2:9). @ 9 Exouev pres. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to ingressive (RG, 852). KaAonovodvtes pres. act. part.
have. tomog (#5596) type, example (s. 1 Thess. 1:7; KaAonoew (# 2818) to do good, to do the noble thing, to
TDNT). d@pev aor. subj. act. 5tdwyr (# 1443) to give. do the fair (honorable) thing. The word “good” carries
Subj. w. iva. (#2671) to express purp. pyetobat pres. w. it the thought not only of what is right in itself, but
mid. (dep.) inf. peonor (# 3628) to imitate. Articular of what is perceived to be right and so exercises an
inf. w. €tc (# 1650) to express purp. or result. @ 10 kai attractive power (Milligan; MM; BAGD). 14
(# 2779) also. “Not only did we set before you our own bnaxovet pres. ind. act. bnaKkobw (# 5634) to listen to, to
example, but we gave you a positive precept to this obey. onperodobe pres. imp. mid. onperow (# 4957) to
effect, when at Thessalonica” (Lightfoot, Notes). Twev mark, to signify, to mark out, to take note of; “put a
impf. ind. act. eyt (# 1639) to be. Impf. indicates con- tagon that man.” Used exclusively in the mid.
tinuing action in the past time, for Paul had repeatedly (RWP; Lightfoot, Notes; Moore; MM; BAGD). ovv-
used this injunction in his preaching (Morris). nopny- avoytyvvobat pres. mid. inf. ovvavapiyvunt (# 5264) to
yeAAopat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) napayyéAAw (# 4133) to mix up together, to associate w. someone. The first
command, to give orders. Otl recitative use equivalent prep. in compound denotes combination, and the sec-
to quotation marks in a direct quote (RWP). 6€A€1 pres. ond prep. denotes interchange (Lightfoot, Notes). Inf.
ind. act. 0€Aw (# 2527) to desire. Iterative pres., “repeat- used as an indirect command (RWP). €vtparfj aor. subj.
edly desires not to work.” epyaCeo8a: pres. mid. (dep.) pass. €vtpemw (# 1956) to turn about, to make one turn
inf. epyaCouat (# 2237) to work. Compl. inf. to the main about, pass. to put someone to shame (Moore). Subj. w.
vb. €081étw pres. imp. act. 3rd. sing. Eo8iw (#2266) to iva (# 2671) to express purp. @ 15 fyeioe pres. imp.
eat (Best; Moore). @ 11 &kovopev pres. ind. act. dKovw mid. (dep.) tyeonat (# 2451) to consider, to reckon. vov-
(# 201) to hear. nepinatotvtac pres. act. part. nepimatew Oeteite pres. imp. act. vovdetew (# 3805) to admonish, to
(# 4344) to work around, to waste one’s energy, to be a correct (s. 1 Thess. 5:12). 16 Sqn aor. opt. act. 5t5wp
busybody. Here Paul uses a play on words, “busybod- (# 1443) to give. Opt. is used to express a wish or desire.
ies instead of busy.” These people were not simply idle, tpotoc (#5573) manner, way. @ 17 conaouos
they were meddling in the affairs of others (Morris; (# 833) greeting. Paul’s greeting in his own hand sug-
Best; Moore), either wasting time or, being trouble- gests that the autographs of these letters exhibited two
makers (BBC). neptepyaCopeévovc pres. mid. (dep.) part. hands, one in the body and the other in the subscrip-
neprepyacouat (# 4318) to do something unnecessary or tion. Paul may have used an amanuensis (Richard N.
useless, to be useless. 12 tovwvtotc (#5525) such a Longenecker, “Ancient Amanuensis,” ND, 290f. s.
one. NapayyeAAopev pres. ind. act. napayyéArw (# 4133) Rom. 16:22). onpetov (# 4956) sign, mark, token, signifi-
to instruct, direct or command (BAGD). napaxaAotpev cation; the means of authentication. This is the way he
pres. ind. act. napaxahkew (#4133) to encourage, to indicates that his letters are genuine (Morris; BBC).
 1 Timothy
1 Timothy 1 nents in the pastoral epistles were not gnostic, but
@ Lémitayn (# 2198) command, commission. The rather Jews or Jewish Christians who were teachers of
word connotes an order, and is used of royal com- the law who taught Jewish myths and genealogies and
mands which must be obeyed; in the papyri it occurs in that the Resurrection had already occurred, and who
commands given by a god (NDIEC, 2:86; 3:23, 68; MM; forbade marriage and enjoined abstinence from food.
Kelly; Spicq; NIDNTT). @ 2 yvtouoc (# 1188) genuine, They may have been quite successful. 4 npooeyeiv
true, legitimate, born in lawful wedlock. Since Timo- pres. act. inf. tpoceyw (# 4668) to turn one’s mind to, to
thy’s father was a Gentile and his mother a Jewess, his pay attention to, to give heed to, to be concerned about,
birth according to Jewish teaching would be illegiti- to occupy oneself w.; obj. in dat. (BAGD). Inf. parallel to
mate, but his relation to Paul, as son to father, was gen- the preceding inf. (s.v. 3). ub@0¢ (# 3680) myth, fable,
uine (Schlatter; Kelly; s. JTJ, 275-76; Spicq; ABD, 558-60; legendary stories, fiction (NIDNTT, 2:643-47; TDNT;
Lea and Griffin). ev miotet (# 1877; 4411) in faith, in the Dibelius). yeveaAoyia (# 1157) genealogy, the tracing of
sphere of Christian faith. The stress is on spiritual char- one’s ancestors or family tree. In postexilic Judaism
acter, faith in and loyalty to Christ (Lock; Ellicott). €A€- there was a keen interest in family trees, and this
0¢ (#1799) mercy, compassion, pity. It is the emotion played a part in controversies between Jews and Jewish
aroused by affliction which comes undeservedly on Christians (Kelly; Jastrow, 1:575; M, Kidd. 4:1-14; Lea
someone else. It has special and immediate regard to and Griffin; for a lengthy discussion of genealogies in
the misery which is the consequence of sin and is the the ancient world s. RAC, 9:1145-268). The dats. are di-
effort, which only the continued perverseness of man rect objs. to the vb. anépavtog (#596) endless, unre-
can hinder or defeat, to assuage and entirely remove strained (Guthrie). ex¢ntnoig (#1700) seeking out,
such misery (TLNT; TDNT; NIDNTT; Trench, Syn- speculation; out-of-the-way researches, useless specu-
onyms, 169). 3 KaOwc (# 2777) just as. Used in an el- lation (Lock; BAGD). napexovot pres. ind. act. napeyw
liptical construction in which the act of writing is (# 4218) to cause, to bring about, to give rise to (BAGD).
understood as the last part of the construction; “as I Gnomic pres., “they always give rise to.” W@AAov
urged, so now I write” (Lock; MM). napexaAeoa aor. (# 3437) rather. olkovopia (# 3873) administration, the
ind. act. napaxarew (#4151) to urge, to exhort. mpoo- entrusting of responsibility to a trusted person, office of
petvat aor. act. inf. tpoopevw (# 4693) to remain, to stay stewardship; they do not help to carry out the steward-
on. Prep. in compound could have a locative sense: “to ship entrusted to them by God (Lock; Kelly; TLNT;
remain with someone” (MH, 324). Compl. inf., here as TDNT). @ 5 dé (# 1254) however, in contrast TeA0¢
obj. of the vb. napexdAeoa. mopevoyevocg pres. mid. (# 5465) goal, purpose. mapayyedia. (# 4132) instruction,
(dep.) part. (temp.) mopevouor (# 4513) to journey, to command (s.v. 3). ovvedqoews (# 5287) conscience. The
travel. Pres. expresses contemporary action to the main word indicates self-judgment (Guthrie; s. Rom. 2:15;
vb. (“when or while I was going”), and may indicate PAT, 458f). &vunoxpttog (# 537) without hypocrisy (s. 2
that he left Timothy enroute to Ephesus and charged Cor. 6:6). 6 Gotoynouvtes aor. act. part. (circum.)
him to abide there (Guthrie). If Paul were not the au- aotoyew (# 846) to miss the mark, to swerve, to fail to
thor it would seem very strange to mention such spe- aim at. The word suggests taking no pains to aim at the
cific geographical information and _ instructions. right path (Lock; Kelly). Josephus wrote that the Ess-
mapayyetAye aor. subj. act. napayyedAw (# 4133) to com- enes seldom err (Gotoxovo1v) in their predictions (Jos.,
mand, to charge, to instruct, to pass on commands JW, 2:159; CCF], 1:256; for other uses of the word s. NW,
from one to another. It is a military term meaning to 2, 1:819; MM; Spicq). Aor. indicates antecedent action to
give strict orders and emphasizes that the command- the main vb. Nominal use of part. to emphasize a par-
ing was to be done authoritatively (Guthrie; Kelly; El- ticular trait. é&etpd&mnoav aor. ind. pass. extpenw
licott). Subj. w. iva, (# 2671) to express purp. Etepodt- (# 1762) to turn or twist aside, to turn away. The word
daoKxaAeiv pres. act. inf. etepodidacKkarew (# 2281) to was used as a medical t.t., “to be dislocated” (BAGD:
teach another doctrine, to teach something totally dif- MM). patardroyia (#3467) vain or useless talk, idle
ferent (Ellicott). Compl. inf. to the main vb. The oppo- chatter, empty argument (Kelly; MM). 7 @€dovtec

487
1 Timothy 1 488

pres. act. part. 0€Aw (#2527) to desire, to want. Part. cludes all who exploit other men and women for their
could be concessive (“although they desire”), or causal own selfish ends’ (RWP; EGT; BBC). webvotns (# 6026)
(“because they desire”). Pres. expresses a contempora- liar. ExiopKos (# 2156) one who commits perjury, perjur-
neous action. elvat pres. act. inf. et (#1639) to be. er. The force of the prep. in compound may be
Compl. inf. to the preceding part. vopodidaoKaA0c “against”; ie., against one’s oath (MH, 314f). by:avov-
(#3791) law teachers, a term from Judaism (s. Luke On pres. act. part. vytatvw (# 5617) to be healthy, to be
5:17; Acts 5:34). They sought popularity not only in sound. The word denotes the wholesomeness or
their subtle and detailed exegesis, but also in a strict le- healthiness of true Christian teaching (Guthrie; Kelly).
galism and ascetic demands (Jeremias), using the Law diSacKkoAig (#1436) teaching. avtixetat pres. ind.
as a means to produce righteousness (LIF, 174). mid. (dep.) avtiketor (# 512) to sit against, to be con-
voodvtEes pres. act. part. voew (# 3783) to understand, to trary, to be opposite. @ 11 paxaptog (# 3421) blessed. It
comprehend. Pres. w. the neg. pf (# 3590) stresses their describes God as containing all happiness in Himself
continuing inability to understand. Part. has a slight and bestowing it to men (Lock). 50&N¢ gen. sing. 50a
antithetical or perhaps even concessive force (Ellicott). (#1518) glory. Attributive gen. describes an attribute
A£yovow pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Cust. pres. or quality: “glorious gospel.” Frequently viewed as a
describing an iterative or ongoing action. d1afe- Semitic influence (BDF, #165). 600 (# 2536) of God.
Borodvta1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) dioPeBaroopor (# 1331) This gen. describes the source. emotev@nv aor. ind.
to confidently affirm, to strongly affirm, to speak confi- pass. miotevw (# 4409) to believe; pass., to be entrusted
dently, to insist. Cust. pres. The vb. means to make as- w. theol. pass. indicating God is the agent. 12 yw
sertion, or to give one’s opinion in a firm, dogmatic (# 2400) pres. ind. act. to have. yaptv €xw “I thank.” év-
tone (BAGD; Fairbairn). Prep. in compound means Svvapwoavtt aor. act. part. evdvvauow (# 1904) to em-
“thoroughly” (MH, 302). @ 8 otScpev pres. ind. act. power, to give strength, to enable. Aor. suggests that
olda (#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. the writer’s thoughts pass back to the particular time
KaA0¢ (# 2819) good, suitable, useful (NIDNTT; TDNT). when he received increasing inward strength (EGT). It
vopipws (# 3789) lawfully; i.e., agreeably to the design expresses antecedent action to the main vb. There may
of the law (Ellicott) yptjta. pres. subj. mid. (dep.) be a causal nuance (“to him, because”). muot0g (# 4412)
xpaonar (# 5968) to use, to make use of, followed by the faithful, trustworthy. Tynoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) nye-
dat. asthe obj. 9 e180 perf. act. part. o15a (# 3857) ouwat (# 2451) to consider, to reckon, to count. Used w. a
to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Used to express double acc., “to consider someone something.” B&nev0G
knowledge grasped directly by the mind (ND, 344; VA, aor. mid. (dep.) part. ttOnut (#5502) to place, to ap-
281-87). Keita. pres. ind. pass. (dep.) Keiwar used as point. Aor. expresses antecedent action. SiaKovia
pass. of ti@nut (# 3023) to place (BAGD). Here used for (# 1355) ministry, service (TDNT; NIDNTT). @ 13 xpo-
the introduction or enactment of a law “to establish” tepov (# 4728) formerly, previously; acc. of general ref-
(Fairbairn). &vunotaxKtog (#538) not made subject, in- erence of the articular comp.: “as to the former time”
dependent, undisciplined, disobedient, rebellious (RWP). Ovta pres. act. part. ewt (#1639) to be. Part.
(BAGD). does (# 815) ungodly, irreverent, irreligious. could be temp. (“while,” “when I was”) or concessive,
apoptwrocg (#283) sinful. dvoowog (#495) unholy. It “though I was” (Ellicott). BAdopnuog (#1067) blas-
speaks of one’s lack of inner purity (Ellicott; NIDNTT; phemer, one who slanders God. In Jewish teaching
TDNT). BéBrAog (# 1013) that which is accessible to ev- they were condemned to hell (BBC). 5uoKtn¢ (# 1502)
erybody, the opposite of inaccessible or sacred, profane one who pursues as a hunter, persecutor. bBpiotns sa-
(TLNT; Spicq). It speaks of irreverent and contemptu- dist, a violent person. The word indicates one who in
ous behavior toward the things more particularly asso- pride and insolence deliberately and contemptuously
ciated w. the name of God (Fairbairn). natpoAwas mistreats, wrongs, and hurts another person just to
(# 4260) one who kills one’s father, one who smites hurt and deliberately humiliate the person. It speaks of
one’s father. untpoAwas (#3618) one who smites or treatment which is calculated publicly to insult and
strikes one’s mother. The words speak of a most unnat- openly to humiliate the person who suffers it. The
ural and shameful violation of the honor due to par- word is used in Rom. 1:30 to describe a man of arrogant
ents; whether or not it might issue in fatal con- insolence, and pictures one of the characteristic sins of
sequences, it is considered a transgression of the fifth the pagan world (MNTW, 77-85; TDNT; NIDNTT;
commandment (Fairbairn). avépopovoc (# 439) murder- EDNT). The LXX uses the word to translate the Heb.
er. 10 n0pvoc (#4521) one who practices sexual im- a, which is arrogance manifested as contempt for
morality, an immoral person (BAGD; TDNT; other people and their ideas (Michael V. Fox, “Words
NIDNTT). a&poevoxoitns (# 780) homosexual (s. Rom. for Folly,” ZAH 10 [1997]: 4-12, esp. 7-8). NAen@nv aor.
1:26-27; 1 Cor. 6:9; DPL, 413-14). avdpanodiotns (# 435) ind. pass. &heew (# 1796) to show mercy, to show com-
to catch a man by the foot, manstealer, kidnapper. It in- passion and pity, pass. to obtain mercy, to be shown
489 1 Timothy 2

pity (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). Theol. pass. indicating that TapatiOnut (# 4192) to place beside; mid., to entrust, to
God showed mercy. ayvod@v pres. act. part. wyvotw pledge, to deposit w. another. The term here is a bank-
(# 51) to be ignorant. Paul is availing himself of the dis- ing figure suggesting that one is depositing something
tinction, conventional in Judaism (Lev. 22:14; Num. valuable (RWP; MM). mpoayovous pres. act. part.
15:22-31) and also in the Qumran sect, between unwit- mpocyw (# 4575) to go before, to lead before. The phrase
ting and presumptuous sins, linking unbelief w. his ig- may be translated “relying on the prophecies once
norance. He does not claim that as a result he was made about you,” or “the prophecies which pointed
without guilt, but mentions the fact as explaining how me to you” (Kelly; Lock). otpatevyq pres. subj. act. otpa-
his career prior to his conversion became the object tevw (#5129) to fight as a soldier, to war as a soldier.
of God’s compassion rather than His wrath (Kelly). Subj. w. iva. (#2671) to express purp. otpateta, (# 5127)
énoinoa aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do, to make. military expedition, or campaign, warfare. Here, cog-
@ 14 bnepenAcOvacev aor. ind. act. dmependeovatw nate acc. or acc. of content: “to fight a fight” (MT, 245;
(#5670) to abound over and beyond, to be present in BD, 84f; RG, 477f). 19 é€ywv pres. act. part. éxw
great abundance, to abound exceedingly. Prep. in com- (# 2400) to have, to possess (M, 110). &mwodpevot aor.
pound means “above its usual measure” and is an at- mid. part. anmwGew (#723) to push away from oneself,
tempt to express the superabundance of divine grace to push aside, to reject, to repudiate. In the NT it occurs
(Lock; Guthrie). 15 niotog 0 Adyog faithful saying. only as mid. The word implies a violent rejection
This is the first of the five faithful sayings in the Pasto- (Guthrie; BAGD). évavaynoay aor. ind. act. vavayew
ral Epistles. For a discussion s. George Knight III, The (# 3728) to make shipwreck, to suffer shipwreck. Paul
Faithful Sayings in the Pastoral Epistles (Grand Rapids: himself had suffered shipwreck at least four times by
Baker, 1979). The art. could refer back or better to the the time he wrote this epistle. He had on each occasion
following (GGBB, 220). anodoxn (# 628) reception, ac- lost everything except his life (EGT; Acts 27).
ceptance, approval. In Koine Greek the word indicates 20 nopédwxe. aor. ind. act. rapadiswur (# 4140) to de-
the acceptance and recognition which someone or liver over to (TLNT). nmatdev8@orv aor. subj. pass. mo1-
something has found (Dibelius; MM). o@ oat aor. act. devw (#4084) to train through discipline. The word
inf. owtw (# 5392) to rescue, to save. Inf. here to express conveys the idea of stern punishment rather than in-
purp. Aor. looks at the whole process of salvation. struction (Kelly). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp.
m™patoc (#4755) first, foremost, chief. Here the word is and/or result. BAaopnpetv pres. act. inf. BAaopnew
used in the sense of greatest (Fairbairn). Pres. “I am,” (# 1059) to ridicule, to slander, to slander God, to blas-
not “I was.” The sinner remains a sinner even if forgiv- pheme (TLNT). Inf. as obj. of the vb. matdev8dorv.
en; the past is always there as a stimulus to deeper pen-
itence and service (Lock; Kelly). @ 16 NAenOnv aor. ind. 1 Timothy 2
pass. edeew (#1796) to have mercy; pass., to receive @ 1 Mlapaxad® pres. ind. act. napaKxarew (# 4151)
mercy. evdeiEntat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) evdetkvupt to urge, to exhort (s. Rom. 12:1). xp@tov navtwv first of
(# 1892) to point out, to demonstrate. Prep. in com- all. The words relate not to primacy of time but to pri-
pound suggest a more complete demonstration than macy of importance (Guthrie). moveto8a1 pres. mid.
the simple vb. It is the laying of the index finger, as it (dep.) inf. novew (#4472) to make, to do. The word is
were, on the object (MH, 305). Subj. w. iva (#2671) to used in a causative sense (BAGD; s. 1 Thess. 1:2). Com-
express purp. paxpo@upia (#1892) longsuffering, pa- pl. inf. to the main vb.: “I beseech you to do.” S€nors
tience (s. Gal. 5:22). weAAOvtwv pres. act. part. LeAAw (# 1255) intercession, petition. The vb. from which the
(# 3516) to be about to. Used w. inf. to express the du- noun is derived had the meaning “to chance upon”;
rative fut. (MKG, 307). muotevetv pres. act. inf. miotevw then, “to have an audience w. a king”; to have the good
(# 4409) to trust. Compl. inf. to the part. Used w. the fortune to be admitted to an audience, so “to present a
prep. w. the dat. to mean, “to repose one’s trust upon,” petition.” The word was a regular term for a petition to
suggesting more of the state, whereas the acc. empha- a superior and in the papyri it was constantly used of
sizes more the initial act of faith (M, 68; Lock). aimviog any writing addressed to the king (Lock; Guthrie; MM;
(# 173) eternal, everlasting. Everlasting life emphasizes BS, 121f; Preisigke; TDNT). évtevétc (# 1950) prayer, in-
life of the age to come, containing a temp. reference, tercessory prayer (BAGD). evyopiotiacg (#2374)
but stressing the qualitative character. Although Paul thanksgiving. 2 dnepoyq (#5667) prominence, a
regards eternal life as predominately eschatological, he place of prominence or authority, used of prominent
also sees it as a pres. possession of the believer, the re- officials. The word was used in Hellenistic Gr. to indi-
sult of the indwelling Spirit (GW, 118ff). 17 d@ap- cate the prominent position of a person (BAGD; MM;
tog (#915) incorruptible; ie, immune from decay, Dibelius; Spicq; NW, 2. i:841-42). Since Jews did not
immortal (Kelly). @opatoc (#548) not able to be seen, worship the Roman gods they were to pray for the em-
invisible. 18 nopati®epo1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) peror (BBC). Ovtwv pres. act. part. est (# 1639) to be.
1 Timothy 2 490

Subst. part. to emphasize a quality. iva (# 2671) intro- (dep.) to lie. For the import of Paul’s statement s. Gal.
duces the result or purp. of the prayer (Lock). For ref- 1:20. &6vv gen. pl. E8vog (# 1620) nation; pl., Gentiles,
erences to Jewish prayers for those in authority s. non-Jews. Obj. gen. év (# 1877) in. The prep. indicates
Dibelius. tpepog (#2475) quiet, tranquil. novyiog the sphere in which the apostle performs his mission
(# 2485) quiet. For the desire in the ancient world to (Ellicott). @ 8 BobAopar (# 1089) pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
live a peaceable life, s. NW, 2. i:842-47. 5uaywpev pres. to purpose, to determine, to will, w. inf. The apostolic
subj. act. diayw (#1341) to lead, to conduct. eboeeig authority is represented in this expression (Bengel).
(# 2354) godliness, religious devotion. It refers to the Mpooevyecbo1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. mpocevyouor
true reverence toward God which comes from knowl- (# 4667) to pray. tov<¢ avbpac acc. pl. avnp (# 467) man,
edge. It is a right attitude to God and to God’s holiness, male. The word is used here to emphasize the respon-
majesty, and love (Lock; MNTW, 66-77; Trench, Syn- sibilities of the male members of the congregation.
onyms, 172ff; TDNT; NIDNTT; RAC, 6:985-1052). oep- tomog (#5536) place. The expression is used for public
votng (#4949) gravity. The word denotes moral worship (RW). emaipovtasg pres. act. part. exaipw
earnestness, affecting outward demeanor as well as in- (# 2048) to lift toward, to raise up. Pres. expresses con-
terior intention (Kelly; Trench, Synonyms, 347f). 3 temporaneous action. Part. of means, “I desire all to
tovto (# 4047) this. The word refers to the idea of uni- pray by lifting up hands.” The most general attitude
versal prayer for all men (Guthrie; EGT). KaAov for prayer in antiquity for pagans, Jews, and Christians
(#2819) good (s. 1 Tim. 1:8; Lock, 22f). anodextoc alike was to stand w. hands outstretched and lifted up,
(# 621) acceptable. évwmov (# 1967) before, in the pres- the palms turned upward (Kelly; SB, 2:261; 4:645;
ence of. @ 4 6€Ae1 pres. ind. act. 6€\w (#2527) to wish, DGRA, 16; MM). While there were specific prayer
to desire, w. inf. ow@f\vau aor. pass. inf. owGw (# 5392) to times there were also daily prayers in the home and
save. Compl. inf. w. the vb. @€A€t (Guthrie). extyvwoig frequent spontaneous prayers. The expectation was
(# 2106) recognition, knowledge, knowledge directed that God does hear and answer prayers (ABD, 5:449).
to a particular object. €A@eiv aor. inf. act. épyouar Gotoc (# 4008) holy. The word stood for what was in ac-
(# 2262) to come, to go. Compl. inf. parallel to the pre- cord w. divine direction and providence. The word de-
ceding inf. @ 5 peoitns (# 3542) mediator, go-between scribes the pious, pure, and clean action which is in
(s. Gal. 3:20). &vOpwnoc (# 476) man. The lack of the ar- accordance w. God’s command. The hands are holy
ticle emphasizes the character: one possessing the na- which have not been given over to deeds of wicked
ture and in his work manifesting the attributes of lust (Huther; NIDNTT; Trench, Synonyms, 328; TDNT).
humanity (Fairbairn). @ 6 5006 aor. act. part. dtdwp1 opyn (#3973) anger, wrath. Siaroyiopog (#1369) a
(# 1443) to give. Aor. expresses antecedent action. Ar- thinking back and forth, deliberation. The word then
ticular part. used as a noun. avtiAvtpov (#519) ransom, came to mean doubting or disputing. In relation to
the price paid for the release of a slave. Prep. in com- prayer in this section the meaning “doubting” is possi-
pound implies an exchange (EGT; s. Matt 20:28 or ble (Guthrie); or in relation to the idea of holy hands it
Mark 10:45; TDNT; I. Howard Marshall, “The Develop- could have the meaning “disputing,” “quarrelsome-
ment of the Concept of Redemption in the New Testa- ness” (Kelly). #9 woavtwe (# 6058) just as, likewise.
ment,” RH, 153-69; Dibelius). paptopiov (#3457) KaTAOTOAT (# 2950) clothing, apparel. The word could
witness. ka1poc (# 2789) time, opportunity, season. The be understood in a wider sense: demeanor, deport-
dat. here is locative: “in its due seasons” (RWP). 7 ment (MM; Ellicott; ABD, 2:235-38). For a discussion of
eéteOnv aor. ind. pass. ttOnW1 (#5502) to place, to ap- this passage s. Craig S. Keener, Paul, Women and Wives
point, to commission. Kfpv— (# 3061) herald, preacher. (Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson, 1992), 101-32. For the
The herald was someone who had important news to status of women in Judaism and the ancient world s.
bring. He often announced an athletic event or reli- Tal Ian, Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine (Tiibin-
gious festival, or functioned as a messenger, the bring- gen: J. B. C. Mohr, 1994); Eva Cantarella, The Role of
er of some news or command from the king’s court. He Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity (Baltimore: The
was to have a strong voice and proclaim his message w. John Hopkins University Press, 1987); J. P. V. D. Bals-
vigor, without lingering to discuss it. The herald’s most don, Roman Women: Their History and Habits (London:
important qualification was that he faithfully represent The Bodley Head, 1977). xoowwg (#3177) well-
or report the word of the one by whom he had been arranged, well-ordered, moderate, modest. aid00¢
sent. He was not to be original; his message was to be (# 133) modesty. The word connotes fem. reserve in
that of another (Victor Paul Furnish, “Prophets, Apos- matters of sex. In the word is involved an innate moral
tles, and Preachers: A Study of the Biblical Concept of repugnance to the doing of the dishonorable. It is
Preaching,” Inter. 17 [1963]: 55; TDNT; NIDNTT; “shamefastness” which shrinks from transgressing the
TLNT). For the use of the nom. in this construction, €1g limits of womanly reserve and modesty, as well as
6 eteOnv, s. RG, 40. wevddouor (#6017) pres. ind. mid. from dishonor would justly attach thereto (Kelly;
491 1 Timothy 3

Trench, Synonyms, 68; 71f). owppoovvn (# 5408) sobriety, points to an abiding attitude. It could also be a gnomic
self-control. It stands basically for perfect self-mastery pres. (GGBB, 525). For a discussion of the passage s.
in the physical qualities; as applied to women it too Ann Bowman, “Women in Ministry: An Exegetical
had a definitely sexual nuance. It is that habitual inner Study of 1 Timothy 2:11-15,” Bib Sac 149 (1992): 193-213;
self-government, w. its constant reign on all the pas- DPL, 590-92; HSB, 665-71. ab@evteiv pres. act. inf.
sions and desires (Kelly; Trench, Synonyms, 72; TDNT; avbevtew (# 883) to act on one’s own authority, to exer-
TLNT; GELTS, 467). xoopeiv pres. act. inf. Koopéw cise authority, to have mastery, to be an autocrat, to be
(# 3175) to put in order, to arrange, to adorn. Compl. dominating (AS; MM; Preisigke; Dibelius; LAE, 88f;
inf. to the main vb. BovAouat (s.v. 8). mAEYWOL (# 4427) G.W. Knight, “AYOENTEQ in Reference to Women in 1
that which is woven or plaited. Here it refers to hair- Tim 2:12,” NTS 30 [1984]: 143-57). Compl. inf. to the
styles; i.e., plaited hair. Instr. dat. Both Jewish and Gen- main vb. €lvan pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639) to be. Compl.
tile women were noted for their elaborate hairstyles inf. to the main vb. @ 13 €xAdoOnN aor. ind. pass. TAGCOW
(SB, 3:428ff; DGRA, 328-30; BBC). In Philo’s description (# 4421) to form, to fashion, to mold, to create. This an
of pleasure coming in the guise of a prostitute, he de- argument from the chronological order of creation
scribes such a woman as having her hair in curious and (BBC). 14 qnatHOn aor. ind. pass. dnataw (# 572) to
elaborate plaits, her eyes w. pencil lines, her eyebrows deceive, to trick, to mislead. e€anatnOeion aor. pass.
smothered w. paint, her costly raiment embroidered part. efanataw (#1987) to deceive completely, to de-
lavishly w. flowers, and w. bracelets and necklaces of ceive successfully (MH, 311; A.C. Perriman, “What Eve
gold and jewels hanging around her (Philo, The Sacri- Did, What Women Shouldn’t Do,” TB 44 [1993]: 143-57;
fices of Abel and Cain, 21). papyapitng (#3449) pearl. BBC). napa&Paoic (# 4126) stepping over the boundary,
Pearls were considered to have had the top rank transgression. yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivouar (# 1181) to
among valuables, worth three times the value of gold. become. Perf. expresses an abiding state (Guthrie).
Pearls were esp. prized by women, who used them to 15 owOnoeta fut. ind. pass. owfw (# 5392) to save, to
adorn their hair, as rings and earrings, or to decorate rescue. Rescue from the penalty of sin. texvoyovia
their garments and even their sandals (Pliny, Natural (#5450) childbearing. The use of the definite article
History, 9:106-23; KP, 3:1020-21; TDNT). woatiopoc here may be a reference to the birth of the Savior (Elli-
(# 2669) garment, clothing. moAvteAns (#4500) very cott; but also s. Guthrie). For a survey article s. Andreas
costly, very expensive. The best garments could cost as J. Kostenberger, “Ascertaining Women’s God-
much as seven thousand denarii. For those of inferior Ordained Roles: An Interpretation of 1 Timothy 2:15,”
quality for commoners and slaves the cost would be Bulletin for Biblical Research7 (1997): 107-44; R.C. and C.
between eight hundred and five hundred denarii (the C. Kroeger, I Suffer Not a Woman: Rethinking 1 Timothy
average wage of the working man was one denarius a 2:11-15 in Light of Ancient Evidence (Grand Rapids: Bak-
day). Tarsus was an important weaving center and its er, 1992); BBC; Lea and Griffin. ayiaopoc (# 40) sanctifi-
garments were classified as some of the best in the an- cation. The word is used here in the act. sense and
cient world. For information regarding clothes and the would refer to the living of a godly life.
cloth industry in the Roman Empire s. Jones, 350-64.
10 npéner pres. ind. act. mpenw (# 4560) to be clearly 1 Timothy 3
seen, to resemble, to be fitting or becoming, to suit 1 Emioxonn (#2175) office of bishop (NIDNTT;
(AS). EnayyeAAopEVas pres. mid. (dep.) part. enayyerAaw TDNT; ABD, 2:768-69; ZPEB, 1:617-20; DPL, 131-37;
(# 2040) to announce, to proclaim, to profess, to lay BBC). opeyetot pres. ind. mid. opeyw (# 3977) to stretch
claim to, to give oneself out as an expert in something oneself out, to aspire to, to desire. In the NT it only oc-
(BAGD). Pres. emphasizes continual action. Adj. part. curs in the mid. w. dat. (TLNT; Guthrie; BAGD).
emphasizes a trait. @eooePeto. (# 2537) reverence toward emiOvpet pres. ind. act. exiWvuew (#2121) to set one’s
God. The emphasis in this section is on the fact that heart on, to desire (Guthrie). @ 2 det (# 1256) pres. ind.
true beauty and beautification is not in the outward ap- act. Impersonal vb., it is necessary. The word speaks of
pearance (Dibelius). @ 11 novytg (# 2484) quietness, si- logical necessity according to the needs or circum-
lence. The word expresses quietness in general (T). For stances (TDNT; AS). éxioxonoc (# 2176) overseer, bish-
the relation of this command to the commands of Paul op, pastor. The art. here is generic (GGBB, 229). In the
in 1 Cor. s. PWC, 74ff. pavOavetw pres. imp. act. 3rd LXX it was used of one who watches over something or
pers. sing. wavOavw (#3443) to learn. In that culture someone, guardian, supervisor, inspector (GELTS, 174;
most women were not well educated (BBC). bxotayf| Num. 4:16, 31:14; Judg. 9:28; 2 Kings [2 Sam.] 11:15; s.
(#5717) submission (PWC, 72f). @ 12 &15doxKetv pres. also CCFJ, 2:174; JosAsen, 15:7; 21:11; for the use in the
act. inf. 5i5c0Kw (# 1438) to teach. Compl. inf. to the papyri s. BS, 230-31; MM). In the early Church Fathers
main vb. émitpénw (# 2205) pres. ind. act. to allow, to it was used to denote function rather than the status of
permit. Pres. emphasizes the continual action and anyone who exercised supervision or control, as well
1 Timothy 3 492

as to denote a member of a body exercising oversight idea of natural respect (Guthrie). @ 5 mpootijvat aor.
and government in a church, equivalent to mpeoBvtepoc act. inf. npototnut (# 4613) to rule, to manage, to gov-
(PGL, 532-33). dveniAnuntocg (#455) not able to be ern. Inf. as obj. of the vb. oldev. EneATOEtaL fut. ind.
taken hold of, irreproachable, beyond reproach, be- mid. (dep.) eniedew (# 2150) to care for, to exercise
yond criticism, unimpeachable (LN, 1:436; CCF, concern for. Prep. in compound is directive (RW).
1:120). The word implies not only that the man is of 6 veogutocg (#3745) newly planted, recent convert.
good report, but that he is deservedly so (AS; MM; The word was used in a literal sense of newly planted
Priesigke; Spicq). Plutarch used the word to describe trees (BS, 220f). tupwOeig aor. pass. part. tup0w (# 5605)
the character of one who teaches children (Moralia, The to wrap in smoke, to puff up; pass., to be clouded w.
Education of Children, 4b-c; 7; also NW 2, i:866-68). pride (AS). The part. could be causal or temp. Kpipa
avépa acc. sing. avnp (# 467) man. “A husband of one (#3210) judgment. éunéon aor. subj. act. eunintw
wife,” “one-woman man.” The difficult phrase proba- (# 1860) to fall into. 5vaPoAog (# 1333) slanderer, devil
bly means that he is to have one wife at a time (Robert (DDD, 463-73; DPL, 865). Gen. here could be obj.
L. Saucy, “The Husband of One Wife,” Bib Sac 131 gen.—condemnation reserved for the devil (the judg-
[1974]: 229-40: SB, 3:647-50; Eldon Glasscock, “’The ment meted out for the sin of pride)-or subjective
Husband of One Wife’ Requirement in 1 Timothy 3:2,” gen.—condemnation wrought by the devil (the con-
Bib Sac 140 [1983]: 255; C.E. B. Cranfield, “The Church demnation brought about by the further intrigues of
and the Divorce and Remarriage of Divorced Persons the devil when a man is lured into his grasp by pride).
in Light of Mark 10:1-12,” The Bible and the Christian Life @ 7 E€wOev (# 2033) outside; “those outside” is a term
[Edinburgh: T. &. T. Clark, 1985], 229-34; Craig S. Keen- used for unbelievers (s. Col. 4:5). ovediopos (# 3944) re-
er, ...And Marries Another: Divorce and Remarriage in the proach, disgrace, insult. mayida acc. sing. nayic
Teaching of the New Testament [Peabody, Mass: Hen- (# 4075) trap, snare. Here the gen. tov d51af0Aov is sub-
drickson, 1991], 83-103). The phrase could mean “faith- jective gen. “the snare made by the devil” (Ellicott).
ful to his one wife” (Lea and Griffin). vnoaAoc (# 3767) @ 8 woavtwes (# 6058) likewise. oepvoc (# 4948) serious,
sober, sober-minded, clearheaded. The word originally dignified, stately (s.v. 4). d5idoyog (#1474) double-
connotes abstinence from alcohol, but here it has a tongued. The word could mean “tale-bearer,” suggest-
wider, metaphorical sense (Kelly). owdpwv (#5409) ing the idea of gossiper (Guthrie: Lock); or it could be
self-controlled (MM; TDNT). xoop0¢ (# 3177) orderly “consistent in what one says”; i.e., not saying one thing
(s. 1 Tim. 2:5). It implies well-ordered demeanor, the while thinking another, or not saying one thing to one
orderly fulfillment of all duties, and the ordering of the man and a different thing to the next (Kelly). npootxov-
inner life from which these spring. @iA0EEvos (# 5811) TAC pres. act. part. mpoeyw (# 4668). Used w. the dat., to
hospitable. In his official capacity he has the duty of turn one’s mind to, to occupy oneself w. Here, to be ad-
keeping open house both for delegates traveling from dicted to much wine (BAGD). Pres. points to an habit-
church and for ordinary needy members of the congre- ual action. aloypoxepins (#153) greedy of gain. The
gation (Kelly; BBC). 518axtixog (# 1434) able to teach, gain may become shameful when a man makes the ac-
skillful in teaching. The suffix stresses the verbal force quisition of it, rather than the glory of God, his prime
and can be either intransitive or causal; here, “apt at object (EGT; Plutarch, Moralia, On Love of Wealth).
teaching” (MH, 379). 3 ndpoivoc (#4232) one who @ 9 tic miotews gen. miotic (# 4411) the faith, referring
sits long at his wine, one who is a slave of drink (RW; to a known body of belief. Gen. gives the content or
Kelly). nanktns (# 4438) not a giver of blows, not given substance of the mystery; i.e., the mystery, the sub-
to violence (Kelly). exten (#2117) equity, lenient, stance of which is Christian faith (Guthrie; Schlatter).
kindly, forebearing (s. 2 Cor. 10:1; Phil. 4:5). cayog ovvetdnoic (#5287) conscience (s. Rom. 2:15; TDNT;
(# 285) without fighting, not a fighter, not contentious AT, 402ff; 458f). ® 10 5oxyoleodwouv pres. imp. pass.
(RW; Guthrie). apirapyupos (# 921) not a lover of mon- 3rd. pers. pl. doxwacw (# 1507) to approve after testing
ey. 4 id10¢ (# 2526) one’s own. Kaddic (#2822) adv., or examining (TDNT; MM). eita (#1663) then. 1axKo-
well. mpoiotdpevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpototnut veitwoav pres. imp. act. 3rd pers. pl. diaKxovew (# 1354)
(# 4613) to stand before, to rule over, to manage. In that to serve as a deacon, to minister. aveyKAntoc (# 441)
culture the authority of the father was exceedingly without charge, blameless, without accusation, irre-
great (BBC). €yovta pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. proachable. For examples of this word in the papyri s.
onotayi (#5717) submission. oeuvotn, (#4949) digni- MM; Preisigke. Ovtec pres. act. part. cyst (# 1639) to be.
ty, stateliness. It describes the characteristic of the one Part. could be cond. (“if they are beyond reproach”),
who carries himself w. the perfect blend of dignity and subst. (“those who are blameless”) (GGBB, 633), or
courtesy, independence and humility toward his fel- causal (“because they are beyond reproach”). In either
lowmen (MNTW, 143; Trench, Synonyms, 344f). The case the qualifications are met. @ 11 51GBoAog (# 1333)
word avoids the suggestion of sternness yet retains the slanderous. 12 Eotwoay pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. pl.
493 1 Timothy 4

eli (# 1639) to be. © 13 &akovhoavtes aor. act. part. ki, the meaning is “declared righteous and shown to be
diaxovew (# 1354) to serve, to minister. Ba@uos (# 957) in fact Son of God, in respect to his spiritual nature,”
step, base, foundation (e.g., pedestal). The word is used and a reference to the Resurrection is implied. If the
here in a fig. sense and may refer to standing in the word mvevpatt denotes the Holy Spirit, it means “he
sight of God; or it may refer to the reputation and influ- was declared righteous through, or by means of, the
ence of the deacons in the congregation (Guthrie; Holy Spirit” (Kelly; MRP, 371f). 67 aor. ind. pass.
Kelly). nepirovodvtat pres. ind. mid. nepinoiew (# 4347) opcw (# 3972) to see; pass. to be seen, to appear. Exnpvy-
to make besides; mid. to achieve, to gain for oneself, to @n aor. ind. pass. knpvoow (# 3062) to reach, to proclaim
acquire for oneself (RW). mappnoia (#4244) speaking as a herald. emvotev6n aor. ind. pass. miotev-w (# 4409) to
all, confidence, assurance, boldness (TDNT). #14 believe. d&veAThON aor. ind. pass. dvoAauBavw (# 377)
eAniCwv pres. act. part. éAniCw (# 1827) to hope. Part. to receive up. The vb. is used of the ascension (Acts 1:2,
may be concessive, “although I hoped” (Ellicott). Pres. 11, 22). Aor. points to a specific action that is completed.
gives a contemporaneous action. €Aeiv aor. act. inf.
epxouar (# 2262) to come. Compl. inf. to the preceding 1 Timothy 4
part. Aor. . points toa specific act. tayet dat. sing. Tax0¢ @ 1 pntiic (# 4843) adv., expressly, clearly, unmis-
(# 5443). €v tayet means “quickly, at once without de- takably; “in express terms.” The word indicates that
lay” (BAGD); “sooner than I at one time thought” (Fair- the elements of fut. events have been distinctly made
bairn). ® 15 Bpadvvw (# 1094) pres. subj. act. to hesitate, known (Guthrie; Lock). botepog (#5731) later, latter,
to delay. Subj. in a third-class cond. cl. expressing that last. kaip0¢ (#2789) period of time, season (TDNT;
which may be possible (RW). etfi¢ perf. subj. act. o1da Trench, Synonyms, 209; NIDNTT). Gmoothoovta fut.
(# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. The word ind. mid. (dep.) &biotnyi (# 923) to go away, to with-
was used to describe know-how; i.e., the possession of draw, to fall away, to become apostate. Gen. Tig
knowledge or skill necessary to accomplish a desired mlotews indicates that which they leave and is used in
goal (ND, 347f). It is followed by an indirect question. the obj. sense-Christian doctrine, sound teaching
avaotpepedbar pres. mid. (dep.) inf. dvaotpedw (# 418) (Kelly). mpootyovtes part. act. part. mpooeyw (# 4668).
to conduct oneself, to behave. Compl. inf. to the imper- Used w. the dat. to give one’s attention to, to devote
sonal det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary, w. inf. It oneself to, to give heed to (s. 1 Tim. 1:4). mvedpa
refers fig. to human conduct; acting or behaving in the (# 4460) spirit. Here, dat. pl. These are evidently super-
sense of practicing certain principles. The principle is natural evil spirits who work through individuals and
often more exactly described with a following they stand in contrast to the Spirit mentioned immedi-
phrase—at times w. a prep. phrase as here or in 1 Pet. ately before (Guthrie; EGT; Fairbairn). nAdvog (# 4418)
1:17 (BAGD). The word could well apply to the dis- leading astray, deceptive, deceiving, seducing. 61-
charge of official duties and aptly covers conduct ex- SaoKaria (# 1436) teaching. Sayoviov (# 1228) demon.
pected from, and the mutual relations of, all the groups @ 2 vmoxpioer dat. DmoKpioig (# 5694) hypocrisy, play-
discussed (Guthrie; Kelly; Lock; MM). fitig (# 4015) acting, deception (TLNT). Instr. dat. wevdor0yo¢
which indeed; the explanatory use of the indef. rel. (El- (# 6016) false speaker, a speaker of that which is not
licott; RG, 960). @vtog pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to true. This word expresses perhaps more than “liar” by
live. Adj. use of the part., “living God.” otbiog (# 5146) the notion of definite false statements. Kexavotnpiao-
pillar. 5paiwpo. (# 1613) foundation, buttress, bulwark. wévwv perf. pass. part. Kavotnpdacw (# 3013) to brand w.
For various views related to this v. s. Guthrie; Kelly; a red hot iron, to sear. The idea of the word may be that
Lock. @ 16 OyoAoyoupEvuc (# 3935) adv. confessedly, by these are people in the service of Satan and conse-
common consent. The word is a pres. part, expressing quently have their conscience stamped w. the brand
the unanimous convictions of Christians (Kelly; ECC, marking his ownership (BBC; Lea and Griffin). Anoth-
129f). evoeBera, (# 2354) godliness, piety, religion. The er possible interpretation is that their conscience has
word may include the thought of doctrine as well as of been cauterized, i.e., made insensible to the distinction
life (Lock; Kelly). For a discussion of the rhythm of this between right and wrong (Kelly). Perf. looks at the
hymn s. GGBB, 341-42. epavepw6n aor. ind. pass. dave- completed action and its lasting effects. ovveténoig
pow (#5746) to make visible, to manifest. oupxi dat. (# 5287) conscience (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT). 3 xwAv-
sing. oaps (# 4922) flesh; He appeared on earth as a real Ovtwv pres. act. part. kwivw (#3266) to hinder, to for-
man (Kelly). The word does not indicate the nature of bid. youieiv pres. act. inf. yauew (# 1138) to marry. Inf. in
natural man opposed to God, but in connection w. the indir. discourse as obj. of the part.: “forbidding to mar-
OT use of the word it indicates the earthly existence of ry.” amexeoba1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. aneyw (#600) to
Jesus (Jeremias). e5ixa1w0n aor. ind. pass. diKka10w hold oneself apart from, to abstain from, w. gen. These
(# 1467) to justify, to declare righteous, to vindicate. If people may have insisted that the new age had already
the word nvevpati (# 4460) is taken to be parallel to cap- been introduced by Christ, and so failed to distinguish
1 Timothy 4 494

the present times which the resurrection of Jesus had pertains to the body. yupvaota (# 1215) exercise. Bodily
initiated from the consummation to be inaugurated by exercise refers back to the errors of the heretics against
the yet fut. resurrection (William L. Lane, “First Timo- which the author has been warning. It is best to see in
thy IV.1-3: An Early Instance of Over-Realized Escha- this phrase not the Hellenistic culture of the body, but
tology,” NTS 11 [1965]: 164-69). Bp@pa (#1109) that an external dualistic asceticism as propounded by the
which is eaten, food. éxtioev aor. ind. act. KtiGw (# 3231) heretics and reflected in the warnings contained in v. 3
to create. petaAnpwic (#3563) receiving, reception, (AM, 173; TDNT; Jeremias). OAiyos¢ (# 3900) little, that
sharing. (MH, 318). ebyapiotia (# 2374) thanksgiving. which is numerically small and lasts only a short time
emeyvwKoot perf. act. part. enyivwoxw (# 2105) to recog- (Schlatter). wéAYWLog (# 6068) useful, profitable. enayye-
nize, to know, to know thoroughly. Prep. in compound dia. (# 2039) promise. The struggle of Paul and Timothy
is directive. 4 x«tiowa (#3233) creation, creature. is not to gain eternal life, but to honor and glorify God,
aropAntos (# 612) to be thrown away, rejected, refused. to proclaim and demonstrate His faithfulness to the
Verbal adj. here has a pass. sense (RW). 5 nav promise of life. The promise of life to all men is the
(#4246) everything, used w. the sing. xtiowa (# 3233) basis and motive for their life’s task (AM, 175ff).
creation, created thing. This suffix refers to the product €xovoa. pres. act. part. yw (#2400) to have. peddovons
of the verbal action. AapPavopevov pres. pass. part. Aau- pres. act. part. yedAw (# 3516) to be about to; “the com-
Bavw (# 3284) to take, receive. &yiafetat pres. ind. pass. ing age” (Lane, NTS 11 [1965]: 166). #9 Gog (#545)
ayiatw (#39) to cause to be set apart, to remove from worthy, w. a following gen. anodoxn (#628) reception,
profane or common use; to sanctify (TDNT; NIDNTT). acceptance; ie., acceptance as true. 10 Komi@pev
Evtevéic (# 1950) prayer, request (s. 2:1). @ 6 bnotE- pres. ind. act. komiaw (#3159) to work hard, to work
evo pres. mid. (dep.) part. bmotiOnut (#5719) to lay until one is weary. @ywviGope8a pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
down something; mid., to suggest or point out some- aywvitonar (# 76) to struggle, to exert oneself. The two
thing (BAGD). Part. could have a cond. force (“if you words speak of Paul’s tremendous effort and exertions
suggest” [Ellicott]) or it could be modal (“by suggest- in the proclamation of the gospel (AM, 171-77). Pres.
ing”). €oq fut. ind. act. eipi (# 1639) to be. Evtpepopevoc describes the continuous action. Nnikopev perf. ind.
pres. pass. part. evtpepw (#1957) to nourish in. The act. edniGw (#1827) to hope. Perf. implies a state of
metaphor is that of feeding, w. the idea of reading and hope: “because we have fixed our hope” (Guthrie).
inwardly digesting. Pres. part. suggests a continuing C@vtt pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Pres. indicates
process (Lock; Guthrie). 5iaoKxaAia (# 1436) teaching. that God is living and therefore able to give life now
NapnKorAovenkas perf. ind. act. napakorovbew (# 4158) and hereafter (Lock). padtota (#3436) especially.
to follow, to follow beside. The word combines the idea 11 nopayyeAre pres. imp. act. mapayyerAw (# 4133) to
of understanding w. that of practicing perseveringly transmit a message, to order, to command (s. 1 Tim.
(Lock). @ 7 BeBnAog (# 1013) permitted to be trodden, 1:3). 5t5aoxKe pres. imp. act. SisaoKw (# 1438) to teach.
accessible to everyone, profane, unhallowed (BAGD; Pres. indicates the continuation of an action and the
AS; s. 1 Tim. 1:9). ypawdng (# 1212) characteristic of old continual, habitual carrying out of the command (Bak-
women. It is the sarcastic epithet frequent in philo- ker; MKG, 271ff): “continue to command and to teach.”
sophical polemic that conveys the idea of limitless cre- @ 12 veotns (#3744) youth. Katadpoveitw pres. imp.
dulity (Kelly). pb@0¢ (# 3680) myth, tale; here such as act. 3rd sing. katappovew (# 2969) to think down, to de-
old women tell children but quite unfit for strong spise, to underrate. In the ancient world a person be-
young men who have been trained to discipline them- tween 30 and 40 years old could be considered young
selves (Lock; Spicq). nmapoitod pres. imp. mid. (dep.) (Kelly). One rabbi said that a person at 30 was fit for
Topatteonat (# 4148) to refuse, to turn away from, to authority and at 40 he was fit for discernment (M,
decline, to have nothing to do w. The word suggest a Aboth 5:21). tomog (#5596) type, example, thus taking
strong refusal. yopvate pres. imp. act. yuuvaCw (# 1214) the role of a father (BBC). yivov pres. imp. mid. (dep.)
to exercise. It is not the self-centered ascetic struggle of yivoua (# 1181) to become. &vaotpod7| (# 419) behavior.
the individual for his moral and religious perfection, Here dat. of sphere w. prep. ev ayvetg (# 48) purity. The
but the training necessary for the unhindered pursuit word covers not only chastity in matters of sex, but
of God’s purposes. Enemies may have accused Paul of also the innocence and integrity of heart denoted by
moral laxity since he refused to follow their demands the related noun in 2 Cor. 6:6 (Kelly). The word refers
of abstention, but his exercise was a rigorous develop- to purity of act and thought (Lock). ® 13 mpooeye pres.
ment and application of all his strength and ability to imp. act. mpooexw (# 4668) (s.v. 1), to give attendance to,
serve the glory of God w. every thought and action w. dat.; implies preparation in private (Guthrie). Pres.
(AM, 174f). evoeBera, (# 2354) godliness, piety (TDNT; calls for a continual action. avayvworg (# 342) reading,
NIDNTT; MNTW, 66-77; EDNT; Spicq, 1.482-92; s. 1 audible reading. Used w. the vb. it implies a wise
Tim. 2:2). 8 owyatikos (#5394) bodily, that which choice of the passages to be read; a power of correct ex-
495 1 Timothy 5

position (Lock). mapaKAnois (# 4155) exhortation, en- and implies that an action is not yet existent and
couragement (TDNT; NIDNTT). 8SaoKariga (#1436) should not arise (MKG, 273). mapaxaAet pres. imp. act.
teaching, doctrine. Dat. w. the vb. @ 14 ede pres. napaKarew (# 4151) to encourage, to exhort. vewtépovg
imp. act. apedrew (#288) to be unconcerned about comp. veog (#3742) young, comp., younger. “The
something, to neglect. For the pref. as a neg. s. Moor- younger men.” @ 2 adedpac acc. fem. pl. aderon (# 80)
house, 47ff. Pres imp. could mean, “do not immediate- sister. &yveig (# 48) purity, chastity (s. 4:12). 3 ynpa
ly,” “do not always,” “do not continue” (MKG, 272). (# 5939) widow. Care and protection of widows and or-
xapropa (# 5922) a result of grace, free gift, grace gift. It phans had long been recognized as an ethical obliga-
denotes special endowment of the Spirit enabling the tion in Judaism and the same view had been adopted
recipient to carry out some function in the community by the church from the beginning (HOG, 162; JPF, 787-
(Kelly; TDNT; NIDNTT; DPL, 341). €506n aor. ind. pass. 91; BBC; Bruce W. Winter, “Providentia for the Widows
didwp1 (# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. indicating that God of 1 Timothy 5:3-16,” TB 39 [1988]: 83-99; J. M. Bassler,
was the giver. npopnteia (#4735) speaking for some- “The Widow’s Tale: A Fresh Look at 1 Tim. 5:3-16,” JBL
one, prophecy (DPL, 755-62). peta (#3552) with. The 103 [1984]: 23-41). tia pres. imp. act. tudw (#5506) to
prep. does not express instr. or means but merely ac- honor, to show respect; The word would also carry the
companiment (RWP; EGT). éxi®eo1g (# 2120) placing idea of support in this context (EGT; Schlatter). 6vtwe
upon, laying on. npeoButéptov (# 4564) assembly of el- (# 3953) actually, really; adv. from the pres. part. of et.
ders, presbytery. This may be the rendering of a Heb. Paul means widows who have no other means of sup-
t.t. which meant the leaning or the pressing on of el- port, no opportunity for marriage, and who have given
ders, which in effect meant the leaning of elders upon themselves to the service of the Lord (Jeremias; Guth-
someone w. the object of making him an elder or rabbi. rie; HOG, 162). @ 4 Exyovog (# 1681) descendant, grand-
In a Christian context it would mean elder ordination child (Guthrie). pavOavetwoav pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers.
or formal ordination to an office (Kelly). 15 pedreta pl. pavOave (# 3443) to learn. The subject of the pl. vb.
pres. imp. act. weAetaw (# 3509) to take care, to practice, is “such children and grandchildren” (Lock). 18t0¢
to cultivate, to take pains w. something, to think about, (#2625) one’s own. evoePeiv pres. act. inf. evoeBew
to meditate upon (BAGD). io@1 pres. imp. act. ei (#2355) to show piety, to show reverence, to fulfill
(# 1639) to be; “be in them.” It is a construction express- one’s religious obligations (s. 1 Tim. 2:2; MM). apoipag
ing absorption in anything. The mind is to be as im- acc. pl. cuoBn (# 304) return, recompense (MM). &1081-
mersed in these pursuits as the body in the air it Sova pres. act. inf. c051Swt (# 625) to give back, to re-
breathes (Guthrie). tpoxonn (# 4620) advance, progress turn, to render. Used w. the noun it means to make a
(s. Phil 1:12). The expression is a favorite word in Stoic worthy requital (Guthrie). mpoyovog (#4591) parent,
writers of a pupil’s progress in philosophy (Lock). oa- forefather, ancestor (BAGD). a&nd8extog (# 621) accept-
vepoc (# 5745) clear, obvious, manifest. q pres. subj. act. able. 5 pepwovwpévn perf. pass. part. povow (# 3670) to
et (#1639) to be. Subj. w. iva (#2671) is used to ex- leave alone; pass., to be left alone. Perf. looks at the con-
press purp. 16 Emeye pres. imp. act. eneyw (# 2091) to tinual cond. or state. TAmiKkev perf. ind. act. ernifw
hold upon, to give heed to, to give attention to, to fix at- (# 1827) to hope. Perf. conveys the meaning “has fixed
tention upon. For examples from the papyri s. MM; her hope and keeps it in the direction of God” (RW;
Preisigke. 518a0KxoAig (#1436) teaching. The article Guthrie). mpoopévet pres. ind. act. tpoouévw (# 4693) to
may refer to Timothy’s ability to teach, if the word is remain w. something, to remain, to continue, to abide
understood in an active sense. In the pass. sense it re- in. Pres. emphasizes the continual action. d€no1g
fers to that which is taught or a body of teaching (# 1255) request. ® 6 onatadmoa. pres. act. part. onata-
(BAGD). éxipeve pres. imp. act. empevw (#2152) to re- Aaw (# 5059) to live a luxurious life, to give oneself to
main upon, to continue. Prep. in compound is directive pleasure. The word connotes abandonment to pleasure
indicating the concentration of the vb.’s action upon and comfort (Kelly; BBC; s. James 5:5). (@0a pres. act.
some object (MH, 312). noudv pres. act. part. novew part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Part. expresses contempora-
(# 4472) to make. Pres. expressing continuing action. neous action. te6vnkev perf. ind. act. 6vnoKw (# 2569) to
Part. is modal (“by doing this”). owoeg fut. ind. act. die, perf. to be dead. 7 napayyeAre pres. imp. act.
owtw (# 5392) to rescue, to save. &kovovTUG pres. act. napayyerAdw (# 4133) to command, to instruct (s. 1 Tim.
part. (subst.) &dxovw (# 201) to hear, here w. gen. as obj. 1:3). dveriAnuntog (#455) without reproach, irre-
proachable; (s. 1 Tim. 3:2). wow pres. subj. act. et
1 Timothy 5 (# 1639) to be. 8 1810 (# 2625) one’s own; the near
@ 1 EmimAnENs aor. subj. act. eximANoow (# 2159) to relatives (EGT). paAtota (#3436) especially. oiKetog
strike upon, to strike at, to rebuke sharply. The word (# 3858) household. It refers to the members of one’s
contains a note of severity; to censure severely (MM; household and immediate family circle (Guthrie; EGT).
Guthrie). Aor. subj. is used w. the neg. in a prohibition mpovoei pres. ind. act. mpovoew (# 4629) to think of be-
1 Timothy 5 496

forehand, to provide for. The obj. of the vb. is in the gen. @ 13 Gua (#275) at the same time. Used here in the
For examples in the papyri s. MM; Priesigke; esp. phrase Gua 8€ Katt (BAGD). apyog (# 734) not working,
NDIEC, 8:106-16. fipvntar perf. ind. mid. (dep.) apveo- idle. wavOavovoly pres. ind. act. pavedavw (# 3443) to
wor (#766) to deny. ariotog (# 603) unbeliever; here, learn. The vb. w. a substitutive denoting a profession or
gen. of comparison. xetpwv (#5937) comp. KaKos bad; occupation was an idiomatic construction signifying
comp., worse. He is worse than an unbeliever because qualification as such and such (e.g., a doctor, wrestler,
unbelievers perform their duty (both Jew and Gentile), etc.). (Kelly). meprepyowevar pres. mid. (dep.) part.
and because he not only has the law of nature but the meprepyouat (#4320) to go about, to go around. The
law of Christ to guide him (Lock; JFC, 2:761; M, word may mean that the younger widows were going
Ketuboth 5:8-9; Epictetus, 3, 18f). Provision for widows around misusing their opportunities in visitation
is part of everyday kinship and has become for Paul the (Guthrie; EGT). ¢Avapos (# 5827) gossipy, loose talkers;
crowning expression of genuine faith in action within ie., babbling out whatever might come into their mind
the Christian household (NDIEC, 8:115). 9 KatoAe- (Fairbairn). meptepyos (# 4319) overcareful, taking need-
yeo8w pres. imp. pass. Katareyw (# 2899) to write down less trouble, busybodies (Kelly). The word marks a
ina list, to enroll. It is a t.t. for being placed on a recog- meddling habit, a perverted activity that will not con-
nized list or catalogue (Kelly). €Aattov (# 1781) comp. tent itself w. minding its own concerns, but must busy
wixpos little; comp., less than. €tog (# 2291) year. Here itself about those of others (Ellicott; s. 2 Thess. 3:11).Aa-
gen. of comparison or gen. of quality (RG, 516; BD, 99). Aodoat pres. act. part. (adj.) AaAew (# 3281) to speak. de-
yeyovvia perf. act. part. nom. fem. sing. yivowar (# 1187) “ovta pres. act. part. Set (# 1256) it is necessary. ta 5€0vta
to become. To the Jews old age began w. the 60th year; things which are necessary; w. the neg. pn (#3590)
Orientals regarded it as the time for retiring for quiet things which are not proper (EGT). 14 BovAopar
contemplation (SB, 3:653; BBC; Lock). 10 paptv- (# 1089) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to will, to desire to, w. inf.
POovLEVT pres. pass. part. paptuopew (# 3455) to witness, Jewish formal law and accepted Jewish custom un-
to testify. Etexvotpopnoev aor. ind. act. texvotpopew doubtedly agreed that a widow’s remarriage was both
(#5442) to rear children. e€&evodoxnoev aor. ind. act. permissible and desirable and she was only required to
Eevodoxew (# 3827) to welcome strangers, to show hos- wait long enough for it to be ascertained that she was
pitality (ABD, 3:299-301). évwev aor. ind. act. vintw not already pregnant at the time of the second mar-
(# 3782) to wash. The washing of the feet was a service riage. There were in Judaism, however, some groups
to visitors which occupied a great place in Eastern hos- which considered a widow’s abstinence from remar-
pitality. The mistress of the house would act as a ser- riage to be a pious and proper act (JFC, 2:787-88f).
vant to the servants of God (Kelly; EGT). 8A1Bopévotc tekvoyovetv pres. act. inf. texvoyovew (#5449) to bear
pres. pass. part. @AiBw (# 2567) to put under pressure, to children. oixodSeonotetv pres. inf. act. oikodSeornotew
bring about distress; pass., to be in distress. EnnpKeoev (# 3866) to rule over the house, to manage the house-
aor. ind. act. emapKew (# 2064) to help, to aid, to assist, hold, to be master of a house. aopyn (# 929) a starting
to relieve. EmnxoAovenoay aor. ind. act. EmaKxorAovbEew point, a base of operation, opportunity (AS; s. 2 Cor.
(# 2051) to follow after. Prep. in compound is directive 5:12). &vtiKeyevw pres. mid. (dep.) part. (subst.) avtixe-
(MH, 312). The vbs. in this v. are used in first class cond. wor (# 512) to lie against, to oppose, to be an adversary.
cls. which assume the reality of the cond. Aovdopia (#3367) abuse, reproach, railing, insult
#11 napaitod pres. imp. mid. (dep.) napartéonar (TLNT). xepw (# 5920) prep. w. gen., on account of, be-
(# 4148) to decline, to refuse; here, to refuse to put on cause of. 15 eetparnoav aor. ind. pass. éxtpemouar
the list entitled to special guardianship and sustenance (#1762) to turn from, to go astray, to turn out of the
on the part of the church (Fairbairn). 6tav (# 4020) w. true path (Lock). omtow (# 3958) w. gen., after, behind;
the subj., when, whenever. kataotpnvidowov aor. subj. i.e., they follow behind or after Satan (EGT).
act. KataoTpHvidw (# 2952) to feel the impulse of sexual @ 16 enapKeitw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. EmapKew
desire; here, to feel sensuous impulses that alienate (# 2064) to help, to assist. Bapeio®w pres. imp. pass.
from Christ (RW; BAGD). @€Aovov pres. ind. act. b&w Bapew (#976) to burden; pass., to be burdened. The
(# 2527) to desire. yopetv pres. act. inf. yauew (# 1138) to word is used of financial burdens and refers here to fi-
marry. Compl. inf. to the preceding vb. @ 12 Exovoa1 nancial support (Kelly). emapxeoq aor. subj. act.
pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. Kpiya (# 3210) judg- enapkew (#2064). 17 Kado (#2822) adv. well.
ment. The meaning is that the widows who forsook TMpoeot@tes perf. act. part. mpototnut (# 4613) to stand
their sacred obligation in order to marry would be de- first, to rule. The word means general superintendence
serving of censure. For such action would amount to and describes the duties allotted to all presbyters
casting aside their first faith, i.e., their pledge of service (Guthrie). dimA¢ gen. sing. Simdov<g (#1486) double.
(Guthrie). NEtNOav aor. ind. act. abetew (# 119) to set tun (#5507) honor (Schlatter), remuneration (Kelly;
aside, to regard as void, to annul (s. Gal. 2:21). EGT). a&ovo8woav pres. imp. pass. aELow (#546) to
497 1 Timothy 6

consider worthy, to hold as worthy. xonudvtes pres. (# 4593) s.v. 24. GAAWS (# 261) otherwise. Exovta pres.
imp. pass. Komiow (#3159) to work, to labor, to work act. part. yw (# 2400) to have; “those having it other-
until one is exhausted. Aoyog (# 3364) word; here, those wise” (RW). 50vavto1 pres. ind. pass. (dep.) S0vopo1
who preach and teach (Guthrie). diSacKkaria (# 1436) (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. KpvBfiva1 aor. pass. inf.
teaching, doctrine. 18 ypapn (# 1210) writing, Scrip- Kpvmtw (# 3221) to hide. Compl. inf. to the main vb.
ture (TDNT). Botd¢ (# 1091) ox, cow. &Aowvta pres. act.
part. (adj.) ahodw (#262) to thrash. dymdets fut. ind. 1 Timothy 6
act. dyow (#5821) to muzzle (1 Cor. 9:9, dAodw). The @ 1 d00¢ (# 4012) as many as. The pron. indicates
fut. is used to express a prohibition and is used in the those who belong to a particular class or group. Cvyo¢
legal language of the OT almost always as a categorical (# 2433) yoke. The metaphor “under the yoke” indicat-
imp. (BS, 118; RW). pr080¢ (#3635) wage, salary. ed slavery by capture, since the captives were made to
# 19 xatnyopia (#2990) that which is brought against pass underneath three spears lashed together to form a
someone, charge, legal accusation (MM; Priesigke). doorway outline, thus requiring them to bow their
Tapadsexou pres. imp. mid. (dep. ) mapasexouar (#4138) heads and “pass under the yoke” (SCS, 31; ABD,
to entertain. EKTOG El LN except when (BS, 118). 6:1026-27). For ancient discourses on slavery s. DC 10.
20 cuoptdvovtac pres. imp. act. opaptavw (#279) to 14, 15; Seneca, Epistle 47; 1 Cor. 7:21; Philemon 21; DPL,
miss the mark, to sin. &\eyye pres. imp. act. eheyyw 881-83). Seonotns (#1305) master. tyyeto®woav pres.
(# 1794) to bring to light, to expose, to demonstrate or imp. mid. (dep.) nyéouo (# 2451) to consider, to reckon,
prove to convince or convict someone, to reprove or to deem. d1d00Ko0Aia (#1436) teaching, doctrine.
correct. Here it may have the connotation of refuting PAaopntitar pres. subj. pass. PAaodnuew (#1059) to
(BAGD). Aoundg (#3370) remaining, rest. Exwouv pres. slander, to blaspheme. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express
subj. act. €yw (#2400) to have. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to purp. or result. 2 €yovteg pres. act. part. yw (# 2400)
express purp. 21 dS1opaptopoya (# 1371) pres. ind. to have. Katapovettwoav pres. imp. act. Katappovew
mid. (dep.) to charge solemnly; to declare solemnly. (# 2969) to think down upon, to despise. The word
Prep. in compound has the idea of “thoroughly” (MH, means to treat without the full consideration due to the
302). ExAeKtoc (#1723) chosen, elect. iva (#2671) w. other man’s station (Kelly). Pres. imp. w. the neg. is to
subj., that. It introduces the content of Paul’s charge to prohibit a continual or habitual action (MKG, 272f).
Timothy. gvAGENS aor. subj. act. dbvAdcoow (#5875) to LGAAOv (# 3437) comp., rather, more. The word is inten-
guard, to observe, to keep. mpoxpipa (#4622) a judg- sive and indicates that the Christian master should be
ment before hand, prejudice. mowv pres. act. part. served more, i.e., better (Ellicott; RW). S0vAEvetwoav
movew (# 4472) to do, to make. Part. of manner or epex. pres. ind. act. dovAebw (#1526) to serve. evepyeoia
part. explaining the command. mpooxAtorg (# 4680) in- (# 2307) working well, good service, good deed, bene-
clining toward, partiality (RW). @ 22 tayéws (#5441) fit. The word refers to the human kindness not of mas-
quickly, adv. tayug. EnitiBer pres. imp. act. exitiOnyr ters but of slaves as shown by their better service
(# 2202) to place upon, to lay hands upon. Kowover (Lock). This benefit is a gift to the master (BBC). avt-
pres. imp. act. kowwwvew (#3125) to have fellowship w., AauBavoyevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. avtidcpBavy
to participate. GAAOTpLOG (# 259) belonging to another, (# 514) to take part in, to devote oneself to, to practice;
not one’s own. ayvog (#54) pure (s. 1 Tim. 4:12). thpet here, “those who devote themselves to kindness”
pres. imp. act. tnpew (#5498) to keep. @ 23 unxett (BAGD). Stace pres. imp. act. di5c0Kw (#1438) to
(# 3600) no longer. b&ponotet pres. imp. act. LdponotEw teach. napaxdAe1 pres. imp. act. mapaxoAew (# 4151) to
(# 5621) to drink water. The command to abstain from encourage, to exhort. Pres. imp. calls for a continual or
drinking water exclusively may have been due to the habitual action. 3 etepodidacKxadei pres. ind. act.
fact that contaminated water contributed to Timothy’s EtepodtdaoKaAew (# 2281) to teach another doctrine, to
indigestion (Guthrie). Epictetus used the word in a teach a completely different doctrine, to teach a false or
positive command-drink only water to show one’s heretical doctrine (Fairbairn). mpooépyeta. pres. ind.
ability in restraint (Epictetus, 3:13, 21). Xea pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mpooepyouoa1 (# 4665) to come to, to ap-
mid. (dep.) YPcoport (#5968) to use. otouayxos (# 5126) proach, to attach oneself to, to consent (Guthrie). The
stomach. muxvoc (#4781) often, frequently. do@evero. vbs. in the ind. are used in a first-class cond. cl. which
(# 819) sickness, weakness. For the text of a memoran- assumes the reality of the cond. vyaivovow pres. act.
dum requesting the purchase of a jar of wine according part. vyiaiva (#5617) to be in good health, to be
to the doctor’s orders s. SP, 1:396-97. @ 24 npodndoc healthy, to be sound (s. 3 John 2). eboePeia (# 2354) god-
(# 4593) clear, evident, openly plain before all. (RW). liness (s. 1 Tim. 4:7). @ 4 tetbpwto perf. ind. pass. tv-
mpowyovoa pres. act. part. nom. fem. pl. mpocwyw ow (#5605) to be puffed up, to be proud (s. 1 Tim. 3:6).
(#4575) to go ahead. xptoig (#3213) judgment. EMLOTOLEVOG pres. pass. (dep.) part. entotopar (#2179)
@ 25 Woabtws (# 6058) likewise. mpodnAa n. nom. pl. to know, to understand. vood@v pres. act. part. vocew
1 Timothy 6 498

(# 3796) to be sick, to be ailing w., to have a morbid (kax@v apynyé) destroyer of life, crushing ail things,
craving for something (BAGD). The disease is intellec- would that you Were not a desirable calamity to mor-
tual curiosity about trifles (EGT). Gntnors (# 2428) seek- tals! For your sake there are battles and plunderings
ing, speculation. It denotes the preoccupation w. and murders, and children become enemies of their
pseudo-intellectual theorizing (Kelly; s. 1 Tim. 1:4). parents and brothers (the enemies) of their kinsmen”
AoYouayia (#3363) word war, strife of words. o80v0¢ (The Sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides, 42-45; SPP, 91; for
(# 5784) envy. épig (#2251) strife. BAaopnpia (# 1060) other parallels to this proverbial saying s. Lock; Kelly;
slander, blasphemy (TLNT). bxovoia (#5707) suspi- Dibelius; NW, 2, i:953-59; DCNT, 211; s. 1 Tim. 3:8). ope-
cion, conjecture. Prep. in compound suggests the idea youevot pres. mid. part. opyew (# 3977) to reach out after
of thoughts making their way into the mind (MH, 327). something, to desire something. Obj. is in the gen. (s. 1
@ 5 dianopatpibn (# 1384) a mutual rubbing or irrita- Tim. 3:1). a&menAavnOnoayv aor. ind. pass. amonAavaw
tion alongside, protracted quarreling, persistent wran- (#675) to lead astray. mepiéneipav aor. ind. act. nepin-
gling (RW; EGT; Kelly; MH, 303). 5vep@appévwv perf. eipw (#4345) to pierce completely (RW). #11
pass. part. diapGeipw (# 1425) to corrupt. Perf. empha- gedye pres. imp. act. devyw (#5771) to flee. Pres. imp.
sizes the completed state or cond. vod¢ (# 3808) mind, suggests a continual or habitual action. 5iwKe pres.
understanding. aneotepnévwv perf. pass. part. anoo- imp. act. d10xw (#1503) to hunt, to pursue. bropovy
tpéhw (# 691) to steal, to rob, to derive. vowifovtwv pres. (#5705) patience, endurance (s. 2 Thess. 1:4). tpavna-
act. part. voutCw (# 3787) to suppose. mopiopos (# 4516) Bia (#4557) gentleness, meekness (s. 2 Cor. 10:1; Gal.
means of gain. elvan pres. act. inf. cipi (# 1639) to be. 5:23). @ 12 &ywvifov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) wywviGonar
@ 6 avtapKela (#894) contentment, self-sufficiency. (#76) to carry on a contest, to strive, to struggle, to
The word was a t.t. in Gr. philosophy used to denote fight. The word includes the effort put forth in the
the wise man’s independence of circumstances (Kelly; proclamation of the gospel (AM, 178f). a&ywv (#74)
Dibelius; Spicq; Phil. 4:11). 7 evonveyKopev aor. ind. struggle, contest. In opposition to those who crave ma-
act. elodepw (# 1650) to bring into. e€eveyxKetv aor. act. terial riches, Timothy is to strive after righteousness,
inf. exepw (# 1766) to carry out of. For Jewish and Gen- godliness, faith, love, patience, and meekness (AM,
tile parallels s. Kelly; SB, 3:655; NW, 2, i:944-48. 178). €midafod aor. imp. mid. (dep.) exranPavw
@ 8 EyovtEes pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. Adj. (# 2138) to lay hold on, to get a good grip on (RW). This
part. to emphasize a quality or characterizing trait. d1a- does not appear as a fut. prize lying at the end of the
tpoon (#1418) food, nourishment. oxénaopwa (# 5004) aywv, but as that to be grasped and retained in the pres.
that which covers, clothing. d&pxeo@nooueba. fut. ind. struggle of faith (AM, 179f). &kAn@ng¢ aor. ind. pass.
pass. apKew (# 758) pass., to be content, to be satisfied. KaA€w (# 2813) to call. wporoynoas aor. ind. act. du0A0-
The fut. probably has an imp. sense as used in the legal yew (# 3933) to agree to, to confess. opodoyia (# 3934)
language of the OT (BG, 94; EGT). 9 BovAdpevor pres. agreement, confession. It is the acknowledging of Jesus
mid. (dep.) part. BovAopat (# 1089) to will, to purpose, as the Messiah (ECC, 133). 13 napayyeAAw (# 4133)
w. inf. tAovtEtv pres. act. inf. tAoutEew (# 4456) to be rich, pres. ind. act. to instruct, to command, to charge (s.
to be wealthy. Compl. inf. to the preceding part. (DPL, 1:3). (yoyovotvtos pres. act. part. Gwoyovew (# 2441) to
826-27; BBC). eunintovow pres. ind. act. eunintw give life to, to make alive. waptupnoavtos aor. act. part.
(# 1860) to fall into. Pres. indicates that which always or waptupew (#3455) to give witness to, to testify.
normally happens. neipaopoc (# 4280) temptation. ma- 14 tnpijoa aor. act. inf. tnpew (# 5498) to keep. Inf. is
yiéa sing. acc. mayic (#4075) snare, trap. emOupia used to express the obj. of the vb. mapayyeAAw and is
(# 2123) strong desire. &vontos (# 485) irrational (s. Gal. used in a indir. command (RW). dondoc (# 834) with-
3:1). BAaBepoc (#1054) harmful, injuring. Bvdifovotv out spot. dveniAnumtos (# 455) irreproachable (s. 3:2).
pres. ind. act. Bv0igw (# 1112) to drag to the bottom, to exupavera (#2211) manifestation, appearance. The
submerge, to drown. The image is of drowning some- word was a t.t. in the language of contemporary Helle-
one in the sea (Kelly; RW). 6Ae@poc (# 3897) destruction. nistic religion for the self-disclosure of a god or king
GnwArE1a (# 724) ruin. The two words are used in the (Kelly; also 2 Thess. 2:8). 15 Kaipoc (# 2789) time,
sense of ruin that suggests irretrievable loss (Guthrie). season, opportune time. det&1 fut. ind. act. detkvuyr
@ 10 pita (# 4844) root. Pred. nom. without the article (#1259) to show. paxdpiog (#3421) happy, blessed.
emphasizes the character or quality (s. John 1:1; also Suvaotns (# 1541) potentate. The word was used of one
GGBB, 265). kaxdg (# 2805) evil. The pl. here emphasiz- who exercised sovereignty in his own power (Guthrie).
es evils of all kinds (Kelly). @rAapyupia (# 5794) love of BaolAevovtwv pres. act. part. (subst.) Baovrevw (# 995)
money. The writer of The Sentences of Pseudo-Phocylides to be a king, to rule as king. kuptevovtwv pres. act. part.
says, “Love of money is the mother of all evil (q (subst.) kupievw (# 3259) to be a lord, to rule as a lord.
bir0ypNLOOvVH UNTHp KakKOTHtOSs anaoNS). Gold and sil- @ 16 dPavaota, (# 114) not able to die, immortality (BS,
ver are always a lure for men. Gold, originator of evil 293). oiK@v pres. act. part. oikew (#3861) to dwell.
499 1 Timothy 6

a&mpoortos (# 717) unapproachable (SB, 3:656). eldev aor. store up, to amass a treasure. Prep. in compound im-
ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. 1Seiv aor. act. inf. opdw plies that the rich are to take from their own plenty, and
(# 3972) to see. Compl. inf. to the following vb. dbvatar by devoting it to the service of God and the relief of the
pres. ind. pass. (dep.) d5vvapat (# 1538) to be able to, w. poor, actually to treasure it up as a good foundation for
inf. Kpatog (# 3197) power (s. Eph. 1:19). @ 17 mdovo10g the future (Ellicott; Kelly). @eyéAtog (#2529) founda-
(#4454) rich, wealthy. mapdyyedde pres. imp. act. tion. HéAAov pres. act. part. wédAw (#3516) to be about
napayyerAw (# 4133) to give orders, to instruct, to com- to. Here, for that which is coming, for the future.
mand (BAGD; s. 1:3). twynAogpoveiv pres. act. inf. émtaBwvtor aor. subj. mid. exrapupavw (#2138) to
Dynroppovew (#5735) to think exalted, to think highly, grasp, to take hold of. Ovtwe (# 3953) adv., truly (from
to be proud and haughty. nAmucevat perf. act. inf. €- the part. of eit). © 20 napadnkn (# 4146) that which is
nitw (# 1827) to hope. Perf., to place one’s hope upon placed beside, deposit, trust. It is a legal term connot-
something or someone and rest there-to have hope and ing something which is placed on trust in another
continue to hope (Ellicott). d&ndrotng (# 84) uncertainty. man’s keeping (Kelly; BBC; MM). @vAaEov aor. act ind.
From the adj. meaning, unseen, unobserved, not man- dvicoow (#5875) to guard. éxtpenopevoc pres. mid.
ifest, indistinct (AS). mapéyovtt pres. act. part. napexw (dep.) part. extpenw (# 1762) to go out of the way, to run
(# 4218) to give, to grant, to cause, to bring about some- away from. Part. describes manner or means. BeBr\0G
thing for someone (BAGD). mAovotws (#4455) richly, (# 1013) that which is accessible to all, profane (s. 1:9).
ady. mAovotos. anoAavOIg (# 656) enjoying, enjoyment, Kevogwvia (#3032) empty talking, uttering emptiness
pleasure. 18 aya@oepyeiv pres. act. inf. cyaboepyew (RWP). avtibeorg (# 509) opposition, objection, contra-
(# 14) to do that which is good, to do good works, to do diction. wevdwvopoc (#6024) falsely named. yv@otg
deeds inherently noble and praiseworthy (Fairbairn). (#1194) knowing, knowledge. 21 enayyeddOpevor
evpetadotos (# 2331) sharing well, generous, ready to pres. mid. (dep.) part. enayyeAAw (# 2040) to announce,
impart (MM). xowwviKos (#3127) ready to share, giv- to proclaim, to profess. Notoxnoav aor. ind. act. dotoxew
ing or sharing generously (BAGD; MH, 378). @ 19 a.no- (# 846) to miss the mark, to fail, to deviate (s. 1:6).
Onoavpifovtas pres. act. part. dmoOnoavpiCw (# 631) to
 2 Timothy
2 Timothy 1 bering, reminder. The word is used properly of an ex-
1 Kav’ (#2848) according to. It gives the stan- ternal reminder (Lock). AaPov aor. act. part. AopBavw
dard by which God chose him and to which his apos- (# 3284) to receive. Aor. suggests a logically antecedent
tleship must be true (Lock). Prep. also denotes the obj. action to the main vb. The phrase, “having received a
and intention of the appointment: to further, to make reminder,” may suggest that Paul had just had news of
known, the promise of eternal life (Ellicott). emayyeAia Timothy (Guthrie). avunoxpitog (# 537) without hypoc-
(# 2039) promise. Cw (# 2437) life. Gen. here gives the risy, genuine. It was a genuine principle, the opposite
content of the promise. For a study of the concept of of a hypocritical or wavering profession (Fairbairn).
eternal life s. GW, 163-201; TDNT; NIDNTT. €v (# 1877) évw@Knoev aor. ind. act. EvoiKew (#1940) to live in, to
in. Prep. indicates that the source and sphere of life is dwell in (s. Col. 3:16). poy (# 3439) grandmother. The
in Christ Jesus. 2 Gyanntos (#28) beloved. téKvov mother and grandmother played a vital part in the
(#5451) child. A term of endearment. EAeo¢ (# 1799) early training of the young children (JTJ, 102; BBC). For
mercy (s. 1 Tim. 1:2). @ 3 €yw pres. ind. act. (#2400) to the use of the names Lois and Eunice s. Spicq. méne10-
have. yapi Eyw tH 8e@ “I have thanks to God,” “I give pa. perf. ind. pass. mei@w (#4275) to persuade, to be
thanks to God.” The word, indicating the gratitude of persuaded; perf., I stand persuaded (RWP). Perf. em-
the one who receives a favor from a benefactor, was a phasizes the continuing result. 6 aitta. (# 162) cause,
common expression of that day (TLNT; Spicq). Aa- reason. dvapyivjoKw (#389) pres. ind. act. to remind,
tpevw (# 3302) pres. ind. act. to serve. The word, used to cause to remember. Prep. in compound is causative
esp. of carrying out religious duties—particularly of a (MH, 295). avofwnupeiv pres. act. inf. avatwrvpew
cultic nature—-was used in the sense of worship (BAGD; (#351) to stir up smoldering embers into a living
TDNT; TLNT). Pres. emphasizes the continual unbro- flame, to keep at white heat (Lock). The word means ei-
ken habit of life: “I have been serving” (RWP). mpoyovoc ther “to kindle afresh” or “to keep a full flame” (AS;
(# 4591) forbearer. The statement must be understood MH, 296; RWP). Paul’s statement does not necessarily
to mean that Paul thought of Judaism in such close con- contain a censure since fire in the ancient world was
nection w. Christianity that his present worship of God never kept at a continual blaze, but rather kept alive
is in a sense a continuation of his own Jewish worship through glowing coals which were then rekindled
(Guthrie). €v (# 1877) in. Local prep. giving the spiritu- through a flame by a bellows whenever the situation
al sphere in which the worship was offered (Ellicott). demanded flame (TDNT; OCD, 439; Lev. 6:9). Compl.
ovvetdnois (# 5287) conscience (s. Rom. 2:15). a5iAEit- inf. to the preceding vb. yapioya. (#5922) gift, grace
tog (# 89) without interruption, unceasing (s. 1 Thess. gift. entBeors (#2120) laying on. 7 €Swxev aor. ind.
1:2; Josephus, Wars, 5:71; 279; 298; MM). uveia (# 3644) act. -515wut (# 1443) to give. Sevia (# 1261) cowardice,
remembrance, mention (s. 1 Thess. 1:2). 8enoug (# 1255) timidity, lack of courage, faintheartedness, fear (TLNT;
request, prayer. vuKtog Kai Nepas (# 3816; 2779; 2465) Spicq). owppoviowog (#5406) self-discipline, the power
night and day. Here gen. of time indicating within to keep oneself in hand, free from all excitement or hes-
which or during which an action takes place (GGBB, itation (Lock; TDNT; EDNT; GPT, 179-80; TLNT). It has
122-24). 4 eninoOdv pres. act. part. enimobEw (# 2160) to do with character and conduct and is the general vir-
to have a strong desire for, to yearn after (Spicq). Prep. tue or knowledge of what to do and what to avoid
in compound is directive (s. Phil. 1:8). tev aor. act. inf. (TLNT). 8 ovdv (# 4036) therefore, drawing a logical
opaw (#3972) to see. Compl. inf. to the preceding part. conclusion from the preceding. enaroxvvefic aor. subj.
HeLVTEVOG perf. pass. (dep.) part. wyvnoKopon (# 3630) pass. Enoroxvvopc (# 2049) to be ashamed of, to expe-
to remind oneself, to recall to mind, to remember, w. rience or feel shame or disgrace, w. attention focused
gen. Perf. emphasizes the continuing state. Temp. or upon that which causes shame (LN: 310). Aor. subj. w.
causal part. 5axpvov (# 1232) tear. iva (# 2671) w. subj., a neg. wn (#3590) to form a prohibition designed to
that. Introduces the purp. of Paul wanting to see Timo- prevent an action from arising (MKG, 273). paptopiov
thy (Kelly). nAnpw0@ aor. subj. pass. mAnpow (# 4444) to (# 3457) witness, here in the sense of witness through
fill; pass., to be filled. © 5 tnxopvnots (#5704) remem- the proclamation of the gospel leading to his imprison-

500
501 2 Timothy 2

ment. 5€o110¢ (# 1300) prisoner. To show sympathy to a (Guthrie; Kelly). @vAdEa1 aor. act. inf. bvAcoow (# 5875)
prisoner and to offer him help could be very dangerous to guard, to protect, to keep watch over, to keep guard.
since it involved one in the charges against the prisoner For references s. LS; TDNT. Compl. inf. to the adj. 5v-
(BAFCS, 3:388-92). ovykaxonaOnoov aor. imp. act. ovy- vatog (#1543) able; “he is able to keep.” 13 dnotv-
Kaxonadew (# 5155) to suffer evil together, to take one’s mwoig (#5721) model, example. The word denotes an
share of evil treatment (AS). Disciples were to share in outline sketch or ground plan used by an artist, or in
the sufferings of the teacher (BBC). Aor. imp. calls for a literature the rough draft forming the basis of a fuller
specific act w. a note of urgency (MKG, 272). 9 ow- exposition (Kelly; Spicq). éye pres. imp. act. éxw
Oavt0¢ aor. act. part. owlw (#5392) to save, to rescue. (# 2400) to have, to hold. bytavovtwv pres. act. part.
Both parts. are logically antecedent to the governing bytatvw (# 5617) to be healthy, to be sound. jKovoas aor.
imp. (v. 8). Both describe saving and calling as charac- ind. act. &dkovw (#201) to hear. ev (#1877) in. Prep.
terizing traits of God. kaAéoavtos aor. act. part. KorEw specifies the principles in which the example is to be
(# 2813) to call. KARoug (# 3104) calling. 10g (# 2625) held (Ellicott). 14 pbAGEoV aor. imp. act. PvAdoow
one’s own. mpoeaig (# 4606) facing before, purpose. (#5875) to guard (s.v. 12). evoikodvt0g pres. act. part.
S08eioay aor. pass. part. d5tSwpt (# 1443) to give. aiwviog evoixew (# 1940) to dwell in. @ 15 olda¢ perf. ind.
(# 173) eternal. This may be a reference to the earliest act. 2nd. pers. sing. 0180. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w.
promise of triumph for the woman’s seed (Gen. 3:15), pres. meaning (VA, 281-87). G&meotpapnoav aor. ind.
or to the grace of the preexistent Christ (Guthrie). pass. (dep.) amootpedw (#695) to turn away from, to
10 davepwOetoay aor. pass. part. pavepow (# 5746) to desert. Vb. is a pass. deponent and has its obj. in the
make visible, to make clear, to manifest. Emupavero acc. (RG, 484f). 16 Sw aor. opt. act. StSwy1 (# 1443)
(#2211) manifestation, appearing (s. 1 Tim. 6:14; 2 to give, to grant. Opt. expresses a wish or prayer. €A€0¢
Thess. 2:8; TDNT; Dibelius). Here are two thoughts, the (# 1799) mercy (s.v. 2). dvewveev aor. ind. act. dvayoyw
divine intervention of a Savior in an hour of need and (# 434) to cool again, to refresh. The idea is that the
the dawning of a new light (Lock). katapynoavtos aor. presence of his friend provided a special tonic (Guth-
act. part. katapyew (#2934) to render inoperative, to rie; RWP). @Avotg (# 434) chain. For prisons and prison
make inactive, to annul. pev ... 5€ (# 3525; 1254) on the conditions in the ancient world s. RAC, 9:318-45;
one hand ... on the other hand. The particles indicate BAFCS, 3; CIC, 27-95. enaroxdven aor. ind. pass. ena-
connection and contrast (Fairbairn). dwtioavtosg aor. oxvvouor (#2049) s.v. 12. 17 yevouevog aor. mid.
act. part. pwtiCw (# 5894) to illuminate, to flood w. light, (dep.) part. yivouct (# 1181) to become, to be, to arrive.
to bring to light (Kelly). The two parts. indicate the Temp. part., “when he arrived and was there” (Elli-
meaning or manner in which the manifestation was ac- cott). Aor. points to a specific action. onoviaiws
complished. &0apota (# 914) incorruptibility, immor- (# 5081) adv., diligently, eagerly. e€ntnoev aor. ind. act.
tality. 11 Ete6nv aor. ind. pass. tiOnyt (# 5502) to Cntéw (# 2426) to seek; effective aor. (RWP). edpev aor.
place, to appoint, to commission. Khpv§ (# 3061) pro- ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to find. 18 87 aor. opt.
claimer, herald, preacher (s. 1 Tim. 2:7). @ 12 xai act. didwyt (# 1443) to give (s.v. 16). evpetv aor. act. inf.
(#2779) also. naoxw (#4248) pres. ind. act. to suffer. evptokw (#2351) to find. Compl. inf. to the main vb.:
Pres. indicates a continual action going on at the pres. “May God give to find.” 600g (#4012) as many as,
time. Enacybvouat pres. ind. mid. (dep) (#2049) s.v. 8. which one, those belonging to this class or group. 61n-
oda (#3857) perf. ind. act. to know. Def. perf. w. KOvNOEV aor. ind. act. SiaKkovew (# 1354) to minister, to
present meaning (s. VA, 281-87). @ dat. d¢ (# 4005) who; serve. BéAtiov (#1019) adv. comp. cyab0g good. The
“whom,” rel. pron. used as obj. of the vb., but the ante- word can be taken as a true comp., “better than I” (RG,
cedent is not expressed. Paul knows Jesus Christ 165), or it can mean “well” (BAGD; BD, 127).
whom he has trusted (RWP). neniotevKa perf. ind. act.
nmiotevw (# 4409) to believe, to trust in. Perf. indicates 2 Timothy 2
“in whom I have put my trust, and still do put it” (Elli- @ 1 Evévvopod pres. imp. pass. Evuvap0w (# 1904)
cott). mapaénkn (# 4146) that which is committed to an- to empower; pass. to be strong. €v (#1877) in. Prep. is
other, deposit. It is a legal term connoting something probably instr., “by means of” or “in the power of”
one person places in trust to another’s keeping; e.g., (Kelly). 2 Kxovoas aor. ind. act. axovw (#201) to
money, a person, a harvest of grain, a secret. The de- hear. napaéov aor. imp. mid. (dep.) rapattOnur (# 4192)
posit belonged to the one making it and the one receiv- to place to another’s trust, to entrust, to deposit, to
ing it was obligated to be faithful and guard it like commit for safe keeping (MM). ixavog (#2653) that
something sacred and divine (TLNT; Kelly; BBC; Lock, which reaches or arrives at a certain standard, suffi-
90f; Lea and Griffin; s. 1 Tim. 6:20). The word is best un- cient, capable (GEW 1:719f; TDNT; LS). éoovtar fut.
derstood as that which God entrusted to Paul and the ind. mid. (dep.) cyst (# 1639) to be. 818dEox aor. act. inf.
present vb. focuses attention on God's ability to guard 518c.0Kw (# 1438) to teach. Compl. inf. to the adj. ucavot.
2 Timothy 2 502

Here w. the inf., “capable to teach.” 3 ovykaxonaén- pres. imp. act. voew (#3783) to understand, to think
ov aor. imp. act. ovykaKkonabew (#5155) to suffer evil over, to consider; i.e., “work out what I am getting at”
together, to endure affliction together, to take one’s (Kelly). 801 fut. ind. act. 5t8wyt (# 1443) to give. obve-
share of rough treatment (Kelly). otpatiwtns (#5132) aig (#5304) insight, understanding. 8 pvnpoveve
soldier. The Roman soldier-always ready to faithfully pres. imp. act. pvnovebw (# 3648) to remember, to call
obey his commander without grumbling and com- to memory. Eynyeppevov perf. pass. part. eyeipw (# 1586)
plaining; constantly in training whatever hardships to rise; pass., to be raised. Perf. points to the continual
must be endured; fighting bravely, never leaving his state; i.e., he was raised and continues to live. Timothy
post even if it meant death; working with his company was to remember not just the mere fact of the Resurrec-
as a unit, carrying out his specific task-was the one tion, but was to keep Christ in mind as a living, risen
who received the praise from his commander and was Lord who is able to give His life to the believer (Lock).
rewarded for his service. He was a good soldier! (TJ, @ 9 kaKota8@ pres. ind. act. kakomaGEw (# 2802) to suf-
114; also DPL, 952-53). @ 4 otpatevouevoc pres. mid. fer trouble. Pres. emphasizes that which is continually
(dep.) part. otpatevonar (# 5129) to be a soldier. For a taking place. 5eouog (# 1301) bond. kaxodpyoc (# 2806)
description of the life, training, and discipline of evil worker, criminal. The word is used for the crimi-
Roman soldiers s. Jos. JW, 3:70-109; TJ, 101-14. This em- nals who were crucified alongside Jesus (Luke 23:32f),
phasizes the total commitment required of a follower and in technical legal parlance it was reserved for bur-
(BBC). eumAéxeto pres. ind. mid. eumdexw (# 1861) to glars, murderers, traitors, and the like (Kelly; TLNT;
entangle; mid., to entangle oneself. Lit. of sheep; fig. of Spicq). Se5eto1 perf. ind. pass. Sew (#1313) to bind.
worldly pursuits (BAGD). The word pictures a sol- Perf. emphasizes that the Word of God is not bound,
dier’s weapon entrammelled in his cloak (Guthrie). i.e., has not been and is not now bound (Ellicott).
mpayateia (#4548) affair, pursuit. The soldier does @ 10 vropévw (#5702) pres. ind. act. to remain under,
not let himself get involved in the preoccupations of to endure, to endure patiently (s. 1 Thess. 1:3). Pres. in-
civil life (Kelly). As applied to ministers this command dicates a habit of life. exAexto¢ (# 1723) elect, chosen.
requires wholehearted devotion to their work (Lock). TVYWOLV aor. subj. act. tuyyavw (# 5593) to reach, to ob-
OTPATOADYNOaVTL aor. act. part. (subst.) otpatoroyew tain, followed by the gen. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to ex-
(# 5133) to enlist soldiers. Aor. expresses logically ante- press purp. @ 11 miotoc (# 4412) faithful, trustworthy.
cedent action. It was the general’s duty to see that his ovvaneOdvouev aor. ind. act. cvvanoOvyjoKw (# 5271) to
soldiers were well equipped and provided w. food and die together. Ind. is used in a 1st. class cond. cl. which
shelter (DC, 3:67f). &péoq aor. subj. act. apeoxw (# 743) assumes the cond. as a reality. ovnoopev fut. ind. act.
to please. The Christian soldier has only one goal and ovCaw (#5182) to live together, to live w. someone.
purpose—wholehearted devotion to the given task, the @ 12 ovpPaoievdoopev fut. ind. act. ovpfaoievw
effort to please his Lord (PAM, 169). Subj. w. iva (# 5203) to be king together, to rule w. someone. a&pvn-
(#2671) used in a purp. cl. 5 G6Af pres. subj. act. oope8a fut. ind. mid. (dep.) apveowat (# 766) to deny.
a8Aew (# 123) to compete in a contest. Subj. in a 3rd. Redundant mid. (GGBB, 419). @ 13 &miotobpev pres.
class cond. cl. which assumes the possibility or proba- ind. act. amotew (# 601) to be unfaithful, to be untrust-
bility of the cond. otepavottat pres. ind. pass. otepavow worthy. For the alpha prefix s. Moorhouse, 47ff. pévet
(#5110) to crown one w. a victor’s crown. vopipnws pres. ind. act. wevw (#3531) to remain. &pvjoaoban aor.
(# 3789) adv., lawfully. The athlete’s adherence to the mid. (dep.) inf. (# 766) (s.v. 12). @ 14 bxopipvpoxe pres.
laws of the contest was mandatory; he was not allowed imp. act. bron yvjoKw (#5703) to call to remembrance,
to lighten his struggle by bypassing the rules. When to remind someone of something. dropaptupdpevoc
applied to Timothy this meant that he as an athlete of pres. mid. (dep.) part. d1apaptopouar (# 1371) to sol-
Christ must also be prepared to suffer. The word also emnly charge someone (s. 1 Tim. 5:21). Aoyouayetv pres.
suggests the rejection of the heretics who do not con- act. inf. Aoyouayew (# 3362) to wage a word war. To
tend lawfully (PAM, 170f). The training period could argue or quarrel about the meaning or use of words
last 10 months out of a year (BBC). &@ANon aor. subj. (LN, 1:440). Inf. is used to give the content of the
act. 06A€w (# 123) to compete in a contest. Subj. in a 3rd. charge. Pres. w. the neg. could indicate the stopping of
clas cond. cl. 6 Konidvta pres. act. part. Komiaw an action in progress or it could prohibit the carrying
(# 3159) to work, to work until one is exhausted. Adj. on of such an action. ypnowos (# 5978) useful. Kata-
use of the part.: hard-working farmer, farmer who is otpoy] (# 2953) dat. sing. turning against, overturning,
exhausted from his work. yewpy0c (# 1177) farmer. dei subverting, demoralizing (Kelly). axovovtwv pres. act.
(# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary to, impers. vb. w. part. axovw (#201) to hear. Subst. part. is an obj. gen.
the acc. and inf. giving a logical necessity. petoAapBa- @ 15 onovdaoov aor. imp. act. onovdacw (# 5079) to give
velv pres. act. inf. petaAauBavw (# 3561) to partake, to diligence. The word contains the notion of persistent
share. Compl. inf. to the preceding impers. vb. @ 7 voet zeal (Guthrie). 5oxyocg (# 1511) approved after exami-
503 (2 Timothy 2

nation or testing (TDNT; BS, 259-62; TLNT; MM; Pre- inscription or other sign to indicate its owner’s pur-
isigke). mapaotijoar aor. act. inf. napiotnut (#4225) to pose (Kelly). €yvw aor. ind. act. yivwoxw (#1182) to
stand alongside of, to present. Compl. inf. to the main know (ND, 344ff). 6vtag pres. act. part. eit (# 1639) to
vb.: “be diligent to present.” epyatnc (# 2239) worker. be. Gnoothtw aor. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. abiotnyt
avenoioxvvtoc (# 454) not being ashamed, having no (#923) to depart, to leave; “let everyone stand off
occasion to be ashamed of (Fairbairn). opSotoodvta from” (RWP). Aor. calls for a definite break. ddicio.
pres. act. part. op8otopew (# 3982) to cut along a straight (#94) unrighteousness. Ovoydtwv pres. act. part.
line, to cut a straight road, to handle correctly (TLNT). ovouatw (#3951) to name. @ 20 oxedn pl. oKedog
The metaphor could be that of plowing a straight fur- (#5007) vessel. In a household there were various
row, or of a road foreman making his road straight, or kinds of vessels, some for cooking, some for water or
of a mason squaring and cutting a stone to fit in its wine, some for lamps, but all had a specific use (s. Erika
proper place, or the cutting of a sacrifice or household Brodner, Wohnen in der Antike [Darmstadt: Wissen-
food (Lock; EGT; Kelly; Spicq; MM). Part. of manner. schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1989], 87-92; DPL, 966-
16 BeBnAog (# 1013) available for everyone, profane 67). xpvaods (#5997) golden. apyvpots (# 739) silver.
(s. 1 Tim. 4:7). kevogwvia (#3032) empty or vain talk- EvAtvos (# 3832) wooden. The suf. of the adj. signifies
ing. In the ancient world useless talking was believed material (MH, 359, 378). ootpaxivoc (# 4017) made out
to be caused by a sickness of the soul that demonstrat- of clay, earthenware, pottery. atyia (#871) dishonor.
ed itself either in the quantity or quality of speech @ 21 exxaddpy aor. subj. act. exxadaipw (#1705) to
(RAC, 10:829-37). neptiotaco pres. imp. act. mepttotnut clean out, to cleanse completely. Subj. in a cond. cl. w.
(# 4325) to shift around, to avoid, to shun (MH, 231). éav (# 1569). The purging out relates either to the false
Eni Meiov (# 2093; 4498) far the more; i.e., they will ar- teachers or to inward purification (Guthrie). oto fut.
rive at an ever greater measure of, become more and ind. mid. (dep.) et (#1639) to be. Tytaopevov perf.
more deeply involved in, godlessness (BAGD). npoxo- pass. part. ayia¢w (# 39) to separate, to sanctify, to set
yovotv fut. ind. act. npoxontw (# 4621) to set before, to apart for holy use (TDNT; NIDNTT). Perf. looks at the
advance, to make progress (s. Gal. 1:14). coéPevo completed state or condition. ebdypnotocg (# 2378) for
(# 813) godlessness (TDNT). 17 yayypoiva. (# 1121) good use, useful. 5eonotyg (# 1305) master, ruler, lord.
gangrene, cancer, spreading ulcer. It is a disease by The term denotes absolute ownership and uncon-
which any part of the body suffering from inflamma- trolled power. Ntoysaopevov perf. pass. part. etomdcw
tion becomes so corrupted that unless a remedy be sea- (# 2286) to prepare. 22 vewtepixoc (# 3754) youthful,
sonably applied the evil continually spreads, attacks that which pertains to youth. For the suffix s. MH, 378.
other parts, and at last eats away at the bones (T). The emOvpia (#2123) strong desire, passion. dedye pres.
metaphor illustrates insidiousness. Nothing could imp. act. ¢evyw (#5771) to flee. Pres. imp. could have
more suitably describe the manner of advancement of an iterative force; it calls for a continuous action which
most false teachings, whether ancient or modern indicates a habit of life. Siwxe pres. imp. act. diwKw
(Guthrie). voun (# 3786) pasture, grazing, feeding. It is (# 1503) to pursue. eiphvn (# 1645) peace. Emikadoupe-
used of a spreading sore (AS). €&€1 fut. ind. act. éyw vwv pres. mid. part. emikoAew (#2126) to call upon.
(# 2400) to have. It will spread further into the church 23 wwpdc (# 3704) foolish, stupid. &matéevtos (# 553)
and corrupt others (Lock). "Ypévatog kai Biantog Hy- without discipline, without training, uninstructed, un-
menaeus and Philetus. They may have been ringlead- . educated (BAGD). Chtnots (# 2428) questioning, specu-
ers of the trouble in Ephesus (Lea and Griffin; ABD, lation. mapaitod pres. imp. mid. (dep.) maparteonar
3:348-49). @ 18 notoxnoav aor. ind. act. cotoyew (# 846) (# 4148) to refuse, to reject. e1dw¢ perf. act. part. (causal)
to miss the mark, to go astray (s. 1 Tim. 1:6). A€yovtec o1da. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning; “be-
pres. act. part. (modal) Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to claim. ye- cause you know that....” yevv@owv pres. ind. act. yevvaw
yovévat perf. act. inf. yivouo1 (# 1181) to become. Inf. (# 1164) to give birth to, to produce. Pres. points to that
used in indir. discourse. avaotaoi1g (# 414) resurrec- which happens continually. payag acc. pl. (#3480)
tion. &vatpenovorvy pres. ind. act. avatpenw (#426) to fight, strife. 24 det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is neces-
over turn, to upset, to break down, to ruin (MM). sary, w. a following inf. uaxeo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf.
@ 19 pévtor (#3530) however. The particle gives a wayouo. (# 3481) to fight. Compl. inf. to the preceding
strong adversative sense (RWP; Blomqvist, 27). OTEPEOG impers. vb. The word was generally used of armed
(# 5104) solid, hard, firm, steadfast, strong (BAGD). 6€- combatants, or those who engage in hand-to-hand
weéA10¢ (# 2529) foundation. éotnkev perf. ind. act. totnt struggle. It was then used of those who engage in a war
(# 2705) to stand; perf., to remain standing. éywv pres. of words; i.e., to quarrel, to wrangle, to dispute (T).
act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. Causal part., “because it Hoc (# 2473) gentle. Elva pres. act. inf. ett (# 1639) to
has.” oppayis (# 5382) seal. The allusion is to the prac- be. This inf. is parallel to the first one. dSaxtiK0¢
tice of placing on a building, or its foundation stone, an (# 1434) skillful in teaching (s. 1 Tim. 3:2). aveEixaxoc
2 Timothy 3 504

(# 452) bearing up evil, ready to put up w. evil, patient speech, slanderer. yovedow (#1204) parents. amevOns
of wrong. The word denotes an attitude of patient for- (#579) disobedient. ayapiotos (#940) not thankful,
bearance toward those who are in opposition (Guthrie; ungrateful. &voovog (#495) unholy, wicked (s. 1 Tim.
Kelly; Ellicott; RWP). @ 25 npaitns (# 1877) meekness, 1:9). 3 dotopyos (# 845) unloving, without family af-
gentle, submissiveness. It denotes the humble and gen- fection, without love of kindred, destitute of love to-
tle attitude which expresses itself, in particular, in a pa- ward those whom nature itself loves. The vb. without
tient submissiveness to offense, a freedom from malice the neg. pref. denotes primarily and properly the love
and desire for revenge (s. 2 Cor. 10:1). maSevovta pres. between parents and children (Ellicott; AS). domovéo¢
act. part. madevw (# 4084) to train, to train by disci- (# 836) without a truce. It denotes a hostility that al-
pline, to instruct. dvtSiatBepévous pres. mid. (dep.) lows no truce (Guthrie). The word denotes a man who
part. (subst.) a&vtidiattOnpt (#507) to place oneself in cannot bring himself to come to terms w. other people
opposition, to oppose (MH, 297). whrote (# 3607) if per- (Kelly; Trench, Synonyms, 193f). &uaBodog (# 1333) slan-
haps, in the hope that (Ellicott; BD, 188). mq aor. opt. derous (s. 1 Tim. 3:11). Those who promote quarrels in
act. d15wyt (# 1443) to give. The problematic construc- hope that they may gain from them (Lock). a&Kpatng
tion may mean “it may be that he will give” (IBG, 15; (# 203) without power, without self-control, w. respect
MT, 129; BD, 118; RWP). petavora. (# 3567) a change of to tongue, appetite, and everything else. avnwepoc
mind or attitude, repentance (Kelly; TDNT; NIDNTT). (# 466) not tamed, uncivilized fear, savage. a@iAdyaboc
émiyvwoig (#2106) recognition, acknowledgment, (#920) without laws for good, haters of good.
knowledge. 26 d&vavnywou aor. subj. act. avavnyw @ 4 npodotng (#4595) traitor, betrayer. The word was
(# 392) to sober up, to return to sobriety, to return to used of one who is a traitor to his oath or one who
one’s senses. The metaphor implies some previous abandons another in danger (LS; MH, 323). TPOTETNS
duping by evil influences, as in the case of intoxication; (# 4637) one who falls before or ahead, hasty, reckless,
the devil’s method is to numb the conscience, confuse one who is ready to precipitate matters by hasty speech
the senses and paralyze the will (Guthrie; Kelly). nayic or action (Fairbairn; Lock). It indicates lack of control
(#4075) snare, trap. eCGwypnpévor perf. pass. part. or quickness, whether good or bad; and with respect to
Cwypew (# 2436) to capture alive, to make captive (Lea action it refers to those who are impulsive, who get car-
and Griffin). ried away (hotheads!) like a bolting horse; people who
make themselves known by their violence, who wreck
2 Timothy 3 everything, who take wild chances (TLNT). tetvdw-
#1 yivwoxe pres. imp. act. yiwwoxw (#1182) to weévot perf. pass. part. tudow (# 5605) to fill with smoke,
know; to recognize (Lock). The pres. imp. is used in an to be conceited (s. 1 Tim. 6:4; BAGD; MM). oiAndovoc
idiomatic way (s. VANT, 352-53). €oxatog (# 2274) last. (#5798) pleasure-lover. waAAov (#3437) rather.
évothoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eviotnut (#1931) to 1A08E0¢ (# 5806) God-lover. @ 5 Exovtes pres. act. part.
stand on, to be at hand, to set in (RWP; Ellicott). ka1pog €xw (# 2400) to have. poppworg (# 3673) shaping, bring-
(# 2789) period of time, season, a particular time. yoAe- ing into shape, embodiment, outline, outward form,
mog (#5901) difficult, dangerous. The demon-pos- resemblance (Phil. 2:6; LS; BAGD; TDNT; EDNT). ev-
sessed of Gadara were dangerous (Matt. 8:28); Herod oePera (# 2354) reverence of God, godliness (s. 1 Tim.
the Great resisted the seduction attempts of Cleopatra, 2:2). Npvnyevor perf. mid. (dep.) part. apveowar (# 766)
knowing how vicious (yoAennv) she was to everyone to deny. The word involves always more than an act of
(JJos., Ant., 15:98; CCF], 4:343-45; TLNT; Spicq). The ref- the mind; it means putting into practice (EGT). Kat
erence is not merely to the outward dangers, but the (#2779) and; the word here seems to retain its proper
evils that mark them (Ellicott). For the Jewish teachings force by specifying those in particular who were to be
and description of the difficulties of the last times s. SB, avoided (Ellicott). amotpenov pres. imp. mid. anotpenw
4:977-1015; b. Sanh. 97a. @2&oovtai fut. ind. mid. (# 706) to turn from, to turn oneself away from. The vb.
(dep.) ewt (#1639) to be. gtAavtog (#5796) lover of is a strong one, implying that Timothy is to avoid them
oneself, self-loving. This was a trait rejected by Stoics w. horror (Kelly). Pres. imp. indicates that this should
and others (BBC). @iAdpyupog (#5795) money-loving. be a continual habit of life. 6 €vbvovtes pres. act.
aratwv (#225) bragger, boaster. It is one who brags part. evdvvw (#1905) to enter in, to creep in, to run
and boasts about his accomplishments and in his one’s way in. The word implies insidious methods
boasting overpasses the limits of truth, stressing the (Guthrie). otynadwrtiovtes pres. act. part. aiyuarwticw
fact to magnify himself in his attempt to impress others (# 170) to take captive at spear point, to make a prison-
(MNTW, 38-42; Trench, Synonyms, 98-102; TDNT; er of war, to capture. The word here denotes getting
TLNT; Spicq). brepnpavoc (#5662) haughty, arrogant, complete possession of (Huther). yuvaixkdptov (# 1220)
one who shows himself above his fellow (Trench, Syn- little woman, silly or idle woman. Perhaps since
onyms, 101f; TDNT). BAdopnpog (#1061) abusive women in that culture were often uneducated, they
505 2 Timothy 3

were easy prey for false teachers (BBC). The word is a of his life and work (Kelly). woxpo@upig (# 3429) long-
diminutive and expresses contempt (Fairbairn). suffering, patient endurance (s. Gal. 5:22; Rom. 2:4).
OEOWPEVLEVG. perf. pass. part. owpedbw (# 5397) to heap bropovi} (# 5705) bearing under, patience, patient and
or pile up, to overwhelm. Perf. emphasizes the contin- hopeful endurance (2 Thess. 1:4; RAC, 9:243-94;
ual state or condition. &yopeva pres. pass. part. &yw TLNT). @ 11 Swydc (# 1501) persecution. naoqLa
(# 72) to lead, to drive. emOvpia. (# 2123) strong desire, (# 4077) that which is suffered, suffering. ota. pl. n. otoc
lust. Here, instr. dat. used w. the pass. nouxiAoc (# 4476) (# 3888) which kind, which sort of. &yéveto aor. ind.
many-colored, variegated, various, diversified. mid. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become, to be. trnveyKa.
© 7 navtote (# 4121) always. wavOdvovta pres. act. part. aor. ind. act. bnootpepw (# 5722) to bear by being under,
(adj.) acc. n. pl. wavOave (# 3443) to learn through in- to carry or be under a heavy load, to hold out, to en-
struction (BAGD). Part. in n. pl. refers to the women of dure. (For examples s. LS.) epptoato aor. ind. mid.
v. 6, who apparently desired to listen to other people’s (dep.) pdonor (#4861) to rescue. @ 12 Kat...6€
advice, but their minds had become so fickle and (#2779; 1254) but even, yea (Ellicott). @€Aovtes pres.
warped that they had become incapable of obtaining act. part. 6€Aw (# 2527) to desire, to want to, to wish, w.
the knowledge of the truth (Guthrie). Pres. points to inf. Civ pres. act. inf. Caw (# 2409) to live. Compl. inf. to
their continual habit. pndenote (# 3595) never. éxtyvw- the preceding part. eboeBic (#2357) adv. godly, god-
o1g (# 2262) recognition, knowledge (s. Col. 1:9). &A@eiv fearingly. It denotes living in the right attitude to God
aor. act. inf. Epyouat (#2106) to go. Compl. inf. to the and things divine. It can sometimes have the meaning
following part. Svvdpeva. pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) of loyalty or true religion (MNTW, 66-76; s. 1 Tim. 2:2).
dvvapyat (# 1538) to be able to. The adj. part. without diwxOjoovtat fut. ind. pass. SwwKw (#1503) to hunt, to
art. stresses the character. @ 8 tponog (# 5573) manner; follow after, to persecute. 13 yonteg nom. pl. yons
adverbial acc.: in which manner (RWP). Idwvn¢ Kai (#1200) sorcerer, juggler; here more in the sense of
ToyBptic For Jewish references concerning Jannes and swindler; to give incantations by howling, one who
Jambres s. SB, 3:660-64; CD 5:18; ABD, 3:638-40; ZPEB, practices magic art, sorcerer, cheat (Ellicott; MM;
3:403-5. &vtéotnoav aor. ind. act. dvOiotnu (# 468) to BAGD; TDNT; Spicq; DPL, 580-83). Josephus uses the
stand against, to withstand, to oppose. obtwe (# 4048) word to describe Theudas, who during the time of
so. It refers rather to the degree of their hostility than to Fadus persuaded a large number of Jews to sell their
the manner in which it was expressed (EGT). possessions and follow him in rebellion against Rome
KatepOappévor perf. pass. part. katabeipw (# 2967) to (JJos., Ant. 20:97; for other examples of the word in Jos.
corrupt, to corrupt completely, to ruin; pass., to be per- s. CCFJ, 1:390). mpoxowovotv fut. ind. act. tpoxontw to
verted, to be depraved (BAGD; for examples in the pa- advance. xeipov acc. yeipwv (#5937) worse. TAAVMVTES
pyri, s. MM). votd¢ (#3808) mind, understanding. pres. act. part. mAavaw (#4414) to lead astray, to de-
adoxw0¢ (# 99) rejected after trial, disqualified (s. 1 Cor. ceive. TAGVOpPEVOL pres. pass. part. TAavaw (# 4414) to
9:27). miotig (#4411) faith. W. the art. the word may lead astray, to deceive. Adj. part. or part. of means ex-
refer to the body of Christian teaching and indicate that plaining how they make their advancement. @ 14 péve
these had examined the faith and rejected its teaching. pres. imp. act. pévw (# 3531) to remain. Pres. imp. calls
@ 9 mpoxowovoty fut ind. act. mpoxontw (# 4621) to cut a constant and continual habit of life. &0@e¢ aor. ind.
before, to make progress, to advance (s. 2:16). ETi TAEiOV act. wavOdvw (# 3443) to learn. emrotwOne aor. ind. pass.
(# 2093; 4498) “farther, very far” (Lock). &voa (# 486) miotevw (# 4413) to make reliable; pass., to be assured
without understanding, foolishness, faithlessness. of, to be convinced of (RWP). eléw¢ perf. act. part. 0150
Exdndoc (# 1684) clear, evident, very clear. Prep. in com- (# 3857) to know (ND, 344ff; VA, 281-87). Def. perf. w.
pound is perfective (MH, 311). oto fut. ind. mid. pres. meaning. @ 15 O11 (# 4022) that; it introduces the
(dep.) eipi (# 1639) to be. éyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) obj. of the vb. ot8a¢ and presents a second fact which
yivowor (# 1181) to become. @ 10 napnKoAovenoas aor. Timothy was to take into consideration (Ellicott). Bpé-
ind. act. napaKoArov0ew (# 4158) to follow along, to fol- go¢g (#1100) child. The Jewish parents’ duty was to
low closely, to accompany, w. dat. The word is also a t.t. teach children in their fifth year the Law (Lock; M,
defining the relation of a disciple to his master-study Aboth 5:21; SB, 3:664-66). tep@ acc. pl. iepd¢ (# 2641) sa-
at close quarter, follow in spirit, carefully note w. a cred. The term t& lep& ypdyyata is the name for the
view to reproducing, and so “take as an example” Holy Scriptures of OT used among Greek-speaking
(Kelly; TDNT; EDNT). St8a0KaAig. (# 1436) teaching, Jews (Dibelius; but s. also Guthrie; Lock). Suvépeva
doctrine. Here dat. w. the vb. napnKxodovenoas. aywyii pres. pass. part. Svvopoi (#1538) to be able, w. inf.
(# 73) manner of life, the way one leads his life. The (“which are able to”). Adj. part. used as a subst. copioat
word denotes general behavior, which a man’s closest aor. act. inf. copifw (# 5054) to impart wisdom, to make
associate can never fail to know in all its aspects (Guth- wise. Compl. inf. to the preceding part. 16 ypagn
rie). mpoBeors (# 4606) purpose; i.e., the guiding motive (#1210) writing, Scripture (TDNT; Schlatter; Guthrie;
2 Timothy 4 506

Lea and Griffin). @e0nvevotoc (# 2535) God-breathed, ing of the victorious arms of the truth, as to bring one
breathed into by God, inspired. The rabbinical teach- if not always to a confession, yet at least toa conviction
ing was that the Spirit of God rested on and in the of sin (Trench, Synonyms, 13; TDNT; EDNT). énitipnoov
prophets and spoke through them, so that their words aor. imp. act. em1tydw (# 2203) to rebuke. The word de-
did not come from themselves but from the mouth of notes in the NT usage the idea of censure and sharp re-
God; they spoke and wrote in the Holy Spirit (Lea and buke (Guthrie; Trench, Synonyms, 13; TDNT).
Griffin). The early church was in entire agreement with TOpaKdAEoov aor. imp. act. tapaxadew (# 4151) to urge,
this view (Kelly; SB, 4:435-51; ZPEB, 2:286-93; TDNT; to encourage, to exhort, to admonish (s. Rom. 12:1).
Schlatter; Gerhard Delling, “Die biblische Prophetie paKpobupia (# 3429) longsuffering, patient endurance
bei Josephus,” JS, 109-21; TLNT). Pred. adj. without the (s. 2 Tim. 3:10). 3 Eotot fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ei
art. indicating the character: “every Scripture is in- (# 1639) to be. Kaipoc (# 2789) season, period of time.
spired and profitable” (GGBB, 313-14; Daniel B. Wal- bylaivovones pres. act. part. Dytatvw (#5617) to be well,
lace, “The Relation of Adjective to Noun in Anarthrous to be in good health, to be sound. 5t8acKxoAia (# 1436)
Constructions in the New Testament,” NovT 26 [1984]: teaching, doctrine. avéEovto1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
128-67). wEAYOG (# 6068) profitable. EAeyydc (# 1791) aveyw (#462) to bear up, to endure, to put up w.
proving, convicting, reproof; i.e., for refuting error and émOupia (# 2123) strong desire, lust. Emiowpevoouciv
rebuking sin (Kelly; Lock). exavop@worc (#2061) set- fut. ind. act. eniowpevw (# 2197) to pile upon, to heap
ting up straight in addition, setting right, correction. It upon. KvnOopevor pres. mid. part. kvnPopa1 (# 3117) to
is the setting upright on their feet (Lock; for examples tickle, to scratch, to itch; pass., to feel an itching. It is
in the papyri s. MM; Preisigke). natSeia. (# 4082) train- used fig. of curiosity that looks for interesting and
ing, instruction, discipline. 17 dptiog (#787) fit, spicy bits of information. This itching is relieved by the
complete, capable, sufficient; ie., able to meet all de- message of the new teachers (BAGD; MM). axon
mands (BAGD). q pres. subj. act. cyt (# 1639) to be. (#198) hearing, ear. Here, acc. of general reference:
Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. e&nptiopévos perf. being tickled in reference to the hearing (Kelly).
pass. part. eEapti¢w (# 1192) to completely outfit, fully @ 4 anootpewovo.v fut. ind. act. a&nootptdw (#695) to
furnish, fully equip or supply. The word was used of turn away from. pd80c (# 3680) myth (s. 1 Tim. 1:4). €x-
documents-or of a wagon or rescue boat—-which were tparnoovtar fut. ind. mid. txtpenw (#1762) to turn
completely outfitted, or of a machine sold in good con- away from, to turn aside from (s. 1 Tim. 1:6). @ 5 vibe
dition; i.e., capable of performing the service expected pres. imp. act. vnow (#3768) to be sober; i.e., to be ina
of it (MM; Preisigke; LS; TLNT). Prep. in compound is vigilant, wakeful, considerate frame of mind, taking
effective (MH, 308ff). heed of what is happening and pursuing a course w.
calm and steady aim (Fairbairn). Kaxond@noov aor.
2 Timothy 4 imp. act. Kaxonabew (# 2802) to suffer evil, to suffer
1 Stapaptopopar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) (#1371) hardship (Se2etimenlsS): Epyov (# 2240) work, activity.
to solemnly charge (s. 1 Tim 5:21). weAAovtos pres. act. Toinoov aor. imp. act. toiew (#4472) to do. Aor. im
part. 1£\Aw (# 3516) to be about to. The word was used calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. ebaryeAtoriic
w. the inf. to express a durative fut. (MKG, 307). kpivetv (# 2296) one who proclaims the good news, evangelist.
pres. act. inf. kptvw (# 3212) to judge. Compl. inf. to the The word was found on a non-Christian inscription w.
preceding part. (@vtac pres. act. part. (subst.) Caw the meaning, “a proclaimer of oracle” (TDNT). The
(# 2409) to live. emupavera (#2211) appearance, mani- word, however, occurs primarily of those who preach
festation. The word was used in reference to the ap- the gospel (TDNT; PGL; TLNT). dtaxovia. (# 1355) min-
pearance of a god (s. 1 Tim. 6:14). @ 2 «npv§ov aor. imp. istry, service. MAnpopopnoov aor. imp. act. TANpodopew
act. Knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim as a herald, to preach (# 4442) to carry full, to make full, to fulfill, to accom-
(s. 1 Tim. 2:7). Not “begin to preach,” but “preach as plish (LAE, 86f). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a
your first priority” (GGBB, 721). éntotné: aor. imp. note of urgency. 6 onév6ouat pres. ind. pass. (# 5064)
pass. edtotnut (# 2392) to take one’s stand, to stand by, to offer, to pour out as a drink offering (Phil. 2:17;
to be at hand. The word was also used in a military Kelly). Pres. points to an action in progress. dvor vows
sense-to stay at one’s post-but here it means to be at gen. dvadvorg (# 385) lifting up, departure. The word
one’s task and indicates that the Christian minister is used as a euphemism for death and evokes the pic-
must always be on duty (Kelly; Guthrie). ebxaipwe ture of a ship weighing anchor, or of a soldier or trav-
(# 2323) adv., well-timed, suitably, conveniently; i.e., eler_ striking camp (Kelly). Departure after a
when it is convenient (BAGD). dKxaipws (# 178) not meaningful and fruitful life (BAGD). Gen. of descrip-
well-timed, inconveniently; ie., when it is inconve- tion. &€otnKev perf. ind. act. EpLOTHL (# 2392) to be
nient (BAGD). éAeyEov aor. imp. act. eke yyw (# 1794) to present, to be at hand (s.v. 2). @ 7 aywv (# 74) struggle,
prove w. demonstrative evidence, to convict, to re- fight. Ny®viopan perf. ind. mid. (dep.) &ywviConoan (# 76)
prove. It is so to rebuke another, w. such effectual feel- to struggle, to exert effort (PAM, 182ff). Perf. conveys a
507 2 Timothy 4

sense of finality (Guthrie) w. the results extending to OT Scriptures (Charles C. Ryrie, “Especially the Parch-
the present. 5pon0¢ (# 1536) foot race, race (PAM, 1836). ments,” Bib Sac 117 [1960]: 246f). In a late Christian pa-
tetédeKa perf. ind. act. tedéw (# 5464) to finish, to com- pyrus letter the writer sends parchments worth 14
plete, to arrive at the goal. tetnpnka perf. ind. act. tpew talents of silver to a Christian brother as well as a tunic
(# 5498) to keep. The expression means to remain faith- and cloak (Oxyrhynchus Papyri #2156). 14 yaAKevs
ful or true (PAM, 183). 8 Aownov (# 3370) finally. Adv. (#5906) one who works w. copper; coppersmith,
acc. &MOKELTAL pres. ind. pass. &moKe wor (# 641) to be smith. The word does not mean that he only worked in
laid away (RWP). The word appeared not only in an copper. The term also came to be used of workers in
athletic context, but was also used of the award made any kind of metal (EGT). évedeitato aor. ind. mid.
to loyal subjects by oriental sovereigns for services ren- (dep.) evdetkvupt (# 1892) to show, to demonstrate, to
dered (Guthrie; Dibelius; Kelly). This, however, is not do something to someone. &mo0dwoe1 fut. ind. act. cn0-
the certainty of the man who now looks forward to a dtdwpt (# 625) to give back, to repay in kind. @ 15 ov-
merited reward. It is rather the certainty of faith and Aaooov pres. imp. mid. dvAdoow (#5875) to guard;
hope (PAM, 184). otépavog (#5109) crown. &nodacet mid., to guard oneself, to be on one’s guard. Atav
fut. ind. act. anodtdwyt (# 625) to give, to give back, to (# 3336) greatly, violently. avtéotn aor. ind. act. dv-
recompense. Prep. in compound does not necessarily Oiotnut (#468) to stand against, to oppose.
convey any sense of due. Here the prep. only seems to 16 amodoyia (#665) legal defense. napeyeveto aor.
allude to the reward having been laid up and being ind. mid. (dep.) mapayivoyai (#4134) to be alongside
taken out of some reserve treasure (Ellicott). Kpitns¢ of, to stand by, to support. Aor. points to a specific act.
(# 3216) judge. nyannxoo perf. act. part. cyancw (# 26) The vb. is a t.t. for a witness or advocate standing for-
to love. @ 9 onovdaoov aor. imp. act. omovddCw (# 5079) ward in court on a prisoner’s behalf (Kelly). Aoyo8ein
to make haste, to be zealous or eager, to give diligence, aor. opt. pass. AoyiGouar (# 3357) to reckon, to place to
to do one’s best (AS; Kelly; s. 2 Tim. 2:15). Aor. imp. one’s account. Opt. used to express a_ wish.
calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. €A@etv aor. % 17 napéotn aor. ind. act. naptotnut (# 4225) to stand
act. inf. €pxouo (# 2262) to go. Compl. inf. to the pre- by one’s side. éveévvdwoev aor. ind. act. evdvvapow
ceding vb.: “hurry to come.” tayew¢ (#5441) adv., (#1904) to empower, to strengthen. Knpvyua (# 3060)
quickly. For help to those in prison s. B. M. Rapske, proclamation, that which is proclaimed or preached.
“The Importance of Helpers to the Imprisoned Paul in NANpopopnet| aor. subj. pass. (# 4442) s.v. 5. Subj. w. iva
the Book of Acts,” TB 42 (1991): 3-30; esp. 23-29. (# 2671) to express purp. or result. dkobowovv aor. subj.
@ 10 éyKatéArnev aor. ind. act. EyKkatoarettw (# 1593) to act. &Kkovw (# 201) to hear. €ppvo@nv aor. ind. pass. pvo-
abandon, to desert, to leave one in the lurch, to forsake. wor (#4861) to rescue. otoya (#5125) mouth. A€éovto¢s
ayannous aor. act. part. wyandw (# 26) to love. EmopevOn gen. sing. Aewv (#3329) lion. For a discussion of the
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) mopevouar (#4513) to travel. problems involved in the words of Paul s. Guthrie.
@ 11 GvoAaBov aor. act. part. advaropuBavw (#377) to @ 18 pboeto fut. ind. mid. (dep.) pdouai (# 4861) to
take up, to pick up (RWP). Aor. describes a logically an- save. movnpog (#4505) evil, active evil. owoet fut. ind.
tecedent action to the following vb. Temp. part., “After act. owlw (#5392) to save, to rescue. Emovpaviocs
picking up ....” &ye pres. imp. act. &yw (# 72) to lead, to (# 2230) heavenly (s. Eph. 1:3). @ 19 &omaoar aor. imp.
take, to bring. evypnotoc (# 2378) useful, serviceable mid. (dep.) conafoua (# 832) to greet. @ 20 Eyetvev aor.
(Guthrie). 12 dmnéotetAa aor. ind. act. amooteddw ind. act. pevw (# 3531) to remain. &néAunov aor. ind. act.
(# 690) to send. 13 da1d0vn¢ cloak. It was a large, (#657) s.v. 13. aoBevotvta pres. act. part. cobevew
sleeveless outer garment made of a single piece of (# 820) to be weak, to be sick. Pres. expresses contem-
heavy material w. a hole in the middle for the head. It poraneous activity to the main vb. Causal part., “be-
was used for protection against cold and rain, particu- cause he was sick.” 21 onovdaoov aor. imp. act.
larly by travelers. It may have been that Paul needed it (# 4704) s.v. 9. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note
because winter was at hand and his dungeon was cold of urgency. yewov (# 5930) winter. Shipping was com-
(Kelly; DGRA, 848; BAFCS, 3:199). &méAinov aor. ind. pletely closed down from November 10 to March 10. It
act. omodetnw (# 657) to leave behind. gépe pres. imp. was extremely hazardous from September 15 to No-
act. dépw (#5770) to carry, to bring. BiBAta acc. pl. vember 10 and March 11 to May 26. The danger was
BiBAiov (# 1046) book. paArota (# 3436) especially. pep- due to the winter storms sweeping the Mediterranean.
Bpd.va, (#3521) parchment, pergament. The word A delay by Timothy would cause him to have to wait
denotes a piece of skin or vellum prepared for writing until spring (BBC; ABD; SSAW, 270-96). €A@etv aor. act.
purposes and was a t.t. for a codex or leaf book made inf. Epyouat (# 2262) to come, to go. Compl. inf. to the
of parchment (Kelly). Paul may have been referring to governing vb.
 Titus

Titus 1 luxurious living, extravagant squandering of means

@ 1 Kata (#2848) according to; i.e., “for (the fur- (Lock; Trench, Synonyms, 53f; TDNT; Eph. 5:18). &vuno-
therance of the faith of God’s elect” (Ellicott). Faith taxoc (# 538) independent, unruly, insubordinate. ® 7
could indicate reasonable faith in Christ, faithfulness, det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary to, w. inf. giv-
trustworthiness, or faith as a creed or body of truth ing a logical necessity. enioxonocg (#2176) overseer,
held as the revelation of God. For miotig (# 4411) in the bishop (1 Tim. 3:1, 2). aveykAntos (# 441) blameless, ir-
Pastoral Epistles s. Quinn, 271-76. exAextog (#1723) reproachable (BAGD; MM; 1 Tim. 3:10). Elva pres. act.
chosen, elect. The concept occurs often in the DSS (1 Qp inf. et (# 1639) to be. Compl. inf. to the impersonal vb.
Hab 10:13; 4Q 171:1; 4Q 164; 1QH 14:15; Quinn). dei. oixovopos (# 3874) manager of household or family,
eniyvwors (# 2106) recognition, knowledge (Quinn, 276- steward. The word emphasizes the commitment of a
82; Col. 1:9). evoeera. (# 2354) godliness, reverence for task and its responsibility to someone. It is a metaphor
God (Quinn, 282-90; 1 Tim. 2:2). @ 2 x’ = ent (# 2093) drawn from contemporary life and pictures the manag-
upon. The prep. suggests that such hope is the basis on er of a household or estate (Guthrie; TDNT; HOG; 1
which the superstructure of Christian service is built Cor. 4:1; Gal. 4:2). ab0G8n¢ (# 881) self-willed, obstinate
(Guthrie). émnyyetvato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) enayyerAo- in one’s own opinion, arrogant, refusing to listen to
war (# 2040) to promise. awevdis (# 950) not a liar, one others. It is the man who obstinately maintains his own
who does not lie, without deceit, truthful (GELTS, 75; opinion or asserts his own rights and is reckless of the
Quinn). It was used in the discussion of the Greek ora- rights, feelings, and interests of others (Lock; Trench,
cles as to whether the gods could lie (Quinn; NW, 2, Synonyms, 349f; MM; TDNT; TLNT). Theophrastus de-
ii:1012). For the negating pref. s. Moorhouse, 47ff. scribes such a person as one who, when asked a ques-
@ 3 Epavepwoev aor. ind. act. davepow (# 5746) to make tion, answers, “Leave me alone!”; or when he is
clear, to manifest. ka1p0¢ (# 2789) time, season of time, greeted, he expresses no thank you; or when he sells
opportune time. 1810¢ (#2625) one’s own. Knpvypa something, he does not give the price but says, “What
(#3060) that which is proclaimed, proclamation. do I get?”; or when he stumbles on the street, he curses
émiotevOnv aor. ind. pass. miotevw (# 4409) to believe, to the stones; he is not willing to wait for anyone and is
trust; pass. to entrust (1 Tim. 1:11). emitayn (#2198) even capable of not once praying to the gods (Theo-
command (1 Tim. 1:1). @ 4 yoig (# 1188) legiti- phrastus, Characters, 15:1-11; NW, 2, ii:1013-14). opyidocg
mate, true. Kown (# 3123) common, that which all share (#3975) inclined to anger, quick-tempered (BAGD).
in. 5 yap (#5921) prep. w. gen.: because of, on ac- Words w. this ending often denote habit or custom (El-
count. &méAunov aor. ind. act. dmodAeinw (# 657) to leave licott). maipoivoc (# 4232) given to drink, heavy drinker
behind. Aeinovta. pres. act. part. Aeinw (# 3309) to leave; (Kelly; 1 Tim. 3:3). Dionysus’ drunken worship was
Subst. part.; ie., “the things remaining,” “the things well known on Crete. A leader in the church should not
that are lacking.” énvSv0pOwoy aor. subj. mid. emSop6ow be confused w. a worshiper of this pagan god (BBC).
(# 2114) to set straight thoroughly in addition to; to set mANKTNS (#4438) one who strikes, fighter. The word
in order. For the prep. in compound s. RWP; MH, 313. could be quite literal: “not hasty to strike an opponent”
Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. Kataothons aor. (Lock; 1 Tim. 3:3). atoxpoxepSnsg (#153) greedy of
subj. act. ka8iotny (#2770) to appoint. npeoPutEpovs shameful gain; i., making money discreditable,
(# 4565) elder. For elders in the Pastorals and today s. adopting one’s teaching to the hearers in hope of get-
Lea and Griffin, 159-62; TDNT; EDNT. d5vetoEaynv aor. ting more from them; or perhaps it refers to engaging in
ind. mid. (dep.) 5ata&oow (# 1411) to give orders to, to discreditable trade (Lock; 1 Tim. 3:8). 8 ovA0EEvoG
appoint, to arrange, to ordain. 6 aveyKAntoc (#5811) lover of strangers, hospitable (BBC: ABD,
(#441) without indictment, unchangeable, above re- 3:299-301). oiAd@yabos (#5787) lover of that which is
proach. éywv pres. act. part. éyw (# 2400) to have. xatn- good. It denotes devotion to all that is best (Kelly).
yopia. (# 2990) accusation. dowtia, (# 861) inability to Oorog (#4008) devout, holy (1 Tim. 2:8). owdpova
save, one who wastes his money often, w. the implica- (# 5409) holy, devout (1 Tim. 2:8). €yxpatns (# 1604) con-
tion of wasting it on pleasures and so ruining himself; trol over oneself. It means complete self-mastery, con-

508
509 Titus 2

trolling all passionate impulses and keeping the will be healthy, to be sound. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express
loyal to the will of God (Lock, esp. 148; Gal. 5:23). purp. @ 14 npooéyovtes pres. act. part. mpooexw
© 9 dvtexouevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. avtexw (#504) (# 4668) to give heed to, to devote oneself to (1 Tim. 1:4).
to hold on to, to hold fast. Prep. in compound appears 000¢ (# 3680) myth (1 Tim. 1:4). EvtoAais dat. pl. evtorAy
to involve a faint idea of holding out against something (#1953) command, rule. d&mootpepopévwv pres. mid.
hostile or opposing. This, however, passes into stead- part. dnootpepw (# 695) to turn away; mid., to turn one-
fast application (Ellicott). It could also mean to take an self from something, to reject; to repudiate (BAGD).
interest in, to pay attention to (BAGD; MM). mioto¢ @ 15 peproypievoic perf. pass. part. wiaivw (#3620) to
(#4412) reliable, trustworthy (Guthrie). Svvatoc stain, to defile, to pollute. Perf. points to a past complet-
(# 1543) able. q pres. subj. act. cyt (# 1639) to be. Subj. ed action w. a continuing result, state or condition. vot¢
w. iva. (#2671) in a purp. cl. mapaxadeiv pres. act. inf. (# 3808) mind, understanding. ovveténaig (# 5287) con-
napaKxarew (#4151) to exhort, to urge. Compl. inf. to science. 16 dyoAcyodotv pres. ind. act. duoroyew
preceding verbal adj. &vvatd¢, “to be able to exhort.” (# 3933) to confess, to profess. evéévan perf. act. inf. 0180
(Rom. 12:1). dSacKxarig (#1436) teaching, doctrine. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Compl.
Here, instr. dat. byiaivovoy pres. act. part. byiaive inf. to the preceding vb. dpvodvtat pres. mid. (dep.) ind.
(#5617) to be well, to be healthy, to be sound. avt- apveonat (# 766) to deny. BSeAvKt0¢ (# 1008) detestable,
Agyovtas pres. act. part. avtiAéyw (#515) to speak abominable. It is an expression of disgust at their hy-
against, to oppose, to object. Subst. part., “those who pocrisy (Guthrie). 6vteg pres. act. part. elut (# 1639) to
speak against.” heyyetv pres. act. inf. eAeyyw (# 1794) to be. anevOns (# 579) disobedient. ddoxyos (# 99) rejected
convict, to reprove (2 Tim. 4:2). Compl. inf. parallel to after trial, disqualified (2 Tim. 3:8).
the preceding inf. @ 10 elotv pres. ind. act. eysi (# 1639)
to be. yap (# 1142) “for” giving the reason for the neces- Titus 2
sary traits. pataioAdyor (# 3468) worthless words, evil @ 1 AcAe1 pres. imp. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to speak.
talkers; i.e., using impressive language w. little or no Pres. imp. calls for a habitual action. & acc. pl. 0¢
solid content of truth (Kelly; 2 Tim. 2:16). ¢pevandtng (#4005) who, which. Here, “the things,” “the things
(# 5855) deceiver of the mind, deceiver of thinking, de- which.” mpeémet pres. ind. act. npénw (# 4560) it is fitting.
ceiver, seducer. paAtota (# 3436) especially. meprtopn The word indicates that which is fitting or suitable to a
(# 4364) circumcision. 11 emtotopitery pres. act. inf. particular context. byiaivovoy pres. act. part. bytaivw
emiotoutCw (#2187) to put something on the mouth, to (# 5617) to be well, to be healthy, to be sound. dida0Ka-
muzzle, to silence. Compl. inf. to the impersonal vb. det Aig (#1436) teaching, doctrine; here dat. of respect.
(# 1256) pres. ind. act. “It is necessary to muzzle them.” Correct doctrine should produce correct relationships.
avatpenovoty pres. ind. act. avatpenw (#426) to turn This counteracts any suspicion against the believers
upside down, to upset (2 Tim. 2:18). &t5doxKovtes pres. (BBC). 2 npeoButns (# 4566) one who is older, an
act. part. diSaoxw (#1438) to teach. Part. gives the older man. This does not refer to the office of elder, but
means or manner. aioypog (# 156) shameful, ugly, dis- to an age group (HOG, 171). vnpaAtog (# 3767) sober. It
honest (BAGD). xépS0g (# 3046) gain, profit. 12 & refers here to general restraint in indulging desires
avt@v from them. Paul quotes from Epimenides of (Kelly; 1 Tim. 3:2). eivon pres. act. inf. ei (# 1639) to be.
Cnossus, in Crete, a religious teacher and worker of Inf. used as an imp. (Quinn), or epex. (GGBB, 607).
wonders of the sixth century B.C. (ABD, 1:1206; Kelly; oeuvos (# 4948) dignified (1 Tim. 3:8). @ 3 npeo-
Lock; Dibelius; OCD, 399; KP, 2:319). 110g abtav mpo- Biotic (#4567) older woman. woavtwe (# 6058) like-
ontN¢ one of their own prophets. Epimenides, a famous wise. Kata&otnwa (#2949) demeanor, deportment, be-
figure of Crete, was considered a prophet. Because a havior. The word describes a state of mind (Guthrie).
well-known Cretian condemns his own people, the tepompenns (# 2640) that which is suitable to holiness,
apostle cannot be charged w. censoriousness for his ex- reverence, temple-like; like people engaged in sacred
posures (Guthrie). For the character of the Cretan as duties, like those employed in sacred service. They are
seen by ancient writers s. NW, 2, ii:1017-27; Callima- to carry into daily life the demeanor of priestesses in a
chus, Jov. 8; BBC; ABD, 1:1206. yevotng (#6026) liar. temple (Lock; MM; Dibelius). 5uaBoAo0g (# 1333) slan-
@npiov (# 2563) wild animal, beast. yaotepes pl. yaotnp derer (2 Tim. 3:3). de50vAmpevac perf. pass. part. 50vA0w
(# 1143) stomach. apyat pl. apyoc (# 734) inactive, lazy. (# 1530) to be enslaved. Perf. emphasizes the complet-
The expression “lazy belly” describes their uncon- ed state or condition. The warning against slanderous
trolled greed (Guthrie; for gluttony in the ancient talk and addiction to wine reflect a popular stereotype
world s. RAC, 9:345-90). 13 aitia (#162) reason, of an old woman. Drunkenness among women was es-
cause. EA€yye pres. imp. act. edeyyw (# 1794) to reprove pecially abhorred in Roman tradition (Spicq; HOG,
(2 Tim. 4:2). a&motowws (#705) adv., severely, sharply. 172; Quinn). KadodiaoKaA0g (# 2815) teacher in good.
bylaivworvy pres. subj. act. vytatvw (# 5617) to be well, to The word does not refer to formal instruction, but rath-
Titus 3 510

er the advice and encouragement they can give pri- act. koovew (# 3175) to put in order, to adorn. The word
vately, by word and example (Kelly). @ 4 owppoviCwotv is used of the arrangement of jewels in a manner that
pres. subj. act. owppoviGw (#5405) to teach someone sets off their full beauty (Guthrie). @ 11 éxegavn aor.
self-control, to train someone in self-control (Lock, ind. pass. emipatvw (# 2210) to appear; pass., to be made
148f; TDNT; TLNT; Quinn, 304-15; esp. 314-15). Subj. clear, to be made manifest. The essential meaning of the
w. iva (#2671) to express purp. véag acc. pl. véog word is “to appear suddenly.” It is used particularly of
(# 3742) young; young women. $iAavpoc (#5791) hus- divine interposition, especially aid, and of the dawning
band-loving @1A0texvog (#5817) children-loving. of light upon darkness (Lock; MM). owtnptos (#5403)
@ 5 ayvoc (#54) chaste (1 Tim. 5:22). oixovpyog (# 3877) saving, delivering, bringing salvation. Followed by the
working at home, housekeeping. In a Jewish house- dat., the word means “bringing deliverance to”; the
hold the married woman had to grind flour, bake, phrase n&ow avépwnors (“to all men”) belongs to the
launder, cook, nurse children, make the beds, spin noun showing the universal scope of Christian salva-
wool, keep the house and be responsible for hospitality tion (Guthrie; BAGD; DPL, 858-62). 12 naisdevovca
and the care of guests (M, Ketuboth 5:5; JPF, 2:761ff; SB, pres. act. part. nasevw (# 4084) to train by discipline, to
3:667). DNOTAOOOPEVAS pres. mid. (dep.) part. brotACO0- train a child, to instruct. iva. (# 2671) so that. The parti-
wo (# 5718) to be in subjection (Eph. 5:21). BAaopnpitar cle w. subj. introduces the purpose of the training.
pres. subj. pass. BAaopnuew (# 1059) to slander, to speak Gpvnocpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. dpveouat (# 766) to
lightly of sacred things, to blaspheme (AS; TDNT; deny, to say no to. aotPe1a (# 813) godlessness, the re-
EDNT; TLNT). 6 vewtépovg comp. véoc (#3742) jection of all that is reverent and has to do with God
young; comp., younger. woadtw<¢ likewise. napaxdAet (TDNT). éxv6vpia (# 2123) strong desire, lust. cwppovws
pres. imp. act. mapaxadrew (#4151) to urge, to exhort (#5407) adv., w. self-control (s.v. 6). 5ukaiws (# 1469)
(Rom. 12:1). Pres. imp. calls for a repeated action. ow- adv., righteously. evoeBdic (#2357) adv., godly, rever-
ppovetv pres. act. inf. cwhppovew (# 5404) to be of sound ently. Chowpev aor. subj. act. Cow (# 2409) to live. Subj. in
mind, to exercise self-control, to have one’s total life the iva (# 26717) cl. Aor. calls for a specific act w. a note
under control of the mind (s.v. 4; Lock. 148ff; TDNT). of urgency. @ 13 npoodexouevor pres. mid. (dep.) part.
Compl. inf. to the preceding vb. @ 7 mapeyxopevoc pres. npoodexonat (#4657) to expect, to wait for, to eagerly
mid. part. napexw (# 4218) to show oneself to be some- wait for. paKxapiav acc. waxaptog (#3421) blessed, hap-
thing (BAGD); mid. w. a double acc. tomog (# 5596) ex- py. emupavero, (#2211) appearance (2 Thess. 2:8).
ample, type, model. SSaoKadia (#1436) teaching, @ 14 €Swxev aor. ind. act. 5i5w1 (# 1443) to give. The act
doctrine. a&0opia (#917) not corrupt, sincerity, not of giving himself indicates Christ’s willing, gracious
tainted. It is purity of motive, without desire of gain or gift of himself. Aor. points to the act of giving Himself.
respect of persons and purity of doctrine (Lock; Guth- AvtTpwWoNTaL aor. subj. mid. AvtpOWw (# 3390) to obtain re-
rie; MM). oenvotng (#4949) dignity (1 Tim. 2:2). lease by the payment of a price, to redeem, to ransom
8 AOyos (# 3364) word, speech. The word denotes the (Matt. 20:28; RAC, 6:54-219). Aor. points to the specific
content of what is said (Guthrie). byij¢ (# 5618) healthy, act. &vopia, (# 490) lawlessness. kaSapion aor. subj. act.
sound. dkata&yvwotos (# 183) without accusation, un- KabapiCw (# 2751) to cleanse. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) used
able to be accused, that which cannot be condemned; in purp. cl. meptodorog (# 4342) chosen, special; i.e.,
beyond reproach, preaching beyond reproach (BAGD; something that belongs in a special sense to oneself
MM). 0 (#3836) the; “he that is on the contrary part” (Guthrie). Cndwtns (#2421) zealous. 15 napaxKdAer
(Lock). €vtparf| aor. subj. pass. evtpedw (# 1956) mid., to pres. imp. act. napaxarew (# 4151) to encourage, to ex-
turn one on himself and so be ashamed (to blush) hort. Aeyye pres. imp. act. eXeyyw (#1794) to convince,
(RWP; 2 Thess. 3:14). €ywv pres. act. (causal) part. yw to convict, to reprove (2 Tim. 4:2), emitayn (# 2198) com-
(# 2400) to have. Aéeyetv pres. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to mand, order; here, “w. all impressiveness” (BAGD).
say. Compl. inf. gadAog (#5765) bad, worthless. mepippoveitw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. nepidpovew
@ 9 Seonotns (# 1305) master. evapeotos (# 2298) well- (# 4368) to think around someone, to despise someone,
pleasing. avtAeyovtas pres. act. part. avtiAeyw (#515) to overlook, to disregard (MH, 321).
to speak against, to answer back, to talk back.
10 voopiopuévovc pres. mid. (dep.) part. voopifouar Titus 3
(# 3802) to set apart for oneself, to separate or lay on @ 1 dnopipvpoxe pres. imp. act. bron wvhoKw
one’s side, to embezzle (RWP; Kelly). evdeuxvupeévouc (# 5703) to call to remembrance, to remind someone of
pres. mid. (dep.) part. evdetkvupt (# 1892) to show one- something. Pres. imp. could be iterative (Quinn).
self, to demonstrate, to show forth. a@ya@nv acc. fem. apxaig dat. pl. apyn (# 794) ruler. EEovoia (# 2026) au-
sing. wya8oc (# 19) good. The adj. could be attributive thority. bxotd&ooeo801 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. bnot&oo0-
(“good faith”) or it could be the predicate (“showing wo. (# 5718) to be in subjection. newWapyetv pres. act. inf.
faith to be good”) (GGBB, 188-89). kooydov pres. subj. mevwWapxyew (#4272) to be obedient. Infs. in indir. dis-
511 Titus 3

course after the vb. dnopipvpoxe. Etoyog (# 2289) pre- result or purp. For an attempt to explain the teaching in
pared, ready. 2 BAaopmpetv pres. act. inf. BAaobnwéew light of Philo s. Stephen Charles Mott, “Greek Ethics
(# 1059) to slander, to treat w. contempt, to blaspheme. and Christian Conversion: The Philonic Background of
Infs. parallel to the infs. in the preceding v. GLarxos Titus II 10-14 and Ill 37,” NovT 20 (1978): 22-48.
(# 285) without fighting. €lvar pres. act. inf. cipi @ 8tovtwv gen. pl. odtoc (#4047) this. Here, these
(# 1639) to be. emekns (# 2117) forbearing, reasonable, things; refers to all that has been included in the previ-
fair (2 Cor. 10:1; Phil. 4:5). evSeucvupevoug pres. mid. ous part of the letter (Guthrie). BovAopon (# 1089) pres.
(dep.) part. evdetkvupt (# 1892) to demonstrate, to dis- ind. mid. (dep.) to determine, to will. dvapeParodobar
play. npodtns (#4559) meekness, mildness, patient pres. mid. (dep.) inf. d:aPeBaroouor (#1331) to speak
trust in the midst of difficult circumstances (2 Cor. confidently, to insist, to confirm, to make a point of
10:1). #3 Tpev impf. ind. act. ewt (# 1639) to be. noté (Lock; 1 Tim. 1:7). Compl. inf. to the main vb.: “I desire
(# 4537) formerly. avontog (# 485) without understand- to insist.” Pres. calls for a continual action. dpovtiGwow
ing, foolish. amevng (#579) disobedient. mravadpevor pres. subj. act. ppovtigw (#5863) to take thought of, to
pres. pass. part. mAavaw (#4414) to deceive, to lead give heed to. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express result or
astray. The word suggests a false guide leading astray purp. mpototac@a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. mpototnpt
(Guthrie). dovAevovtes pres. act. part. SovAevw (# 1526) (# 4613) to stand before, to take the lead in, to be careful
to be in slavery to. Adj. part. as pred. adj. emOvpia to busy oneself w. The word has a technical meaning:
(# 2123) strong desire, lust. nNéovai¢g dat. pl. néovn “to practice a profession” (RWP; Kelly). Compl. inf. to
(# 2454) pleasure. nouxidoc (# 4476) many-colored, var- the preceding vb. nemtotevKotes perf. act. part. miotevw
iegated, various. Kaxig (#2798) evil (TDNT; NIDNTT). (# 4409) to believe. wéAyLoc (# 6068) useful, profitable,
$80voc (#5784) envy. Sudayovtes pres. act. part. didyw serviceable. @ 9 wwpdc (# 3704) dull, stupid, fool-
(# 1341) to live, to spend time. otvyntog (# 5144) hated, ish (AS). Gntnog (# 2428) questioning, speculation (1
hateful, detestable. proobvte¢ pres. act. part. jew Tim. 1:4). yeveoAoyia, (#1157) genealogy (1 Tim. 1:4).
(# 3631) to hate. HAANAOUS acc. pl. GAANAWV (# 253) one Epic (#2251) strife. wayas acc. pl. wayn (# 3480) fight,
another. 4 ypnototns (#5983) kindness, goodness controversy. vouikos (#3788) pertaining to law, legal.
(Gal. 5:22). ¢avOpwrta (# 5792) love of mankind, love The word here refers to the Mosaic Law (Guthrie).
toward men, generosity. While generosity was some- NEPtiotaGO pres. imp. mid. 2nd. pers. sing. neptiotnyt
times attributed to God inscriptions show that in the (# 4325) act, to place around; mid., to go around so as
Hellenistic age it was the most prized of the stock vir- to avoid; to step around, to stand aside, to turn oneself
tues acclaimed in rulers (Kelly; TLNT). énepdvn aor. about; to avoid, to shun (RWP; MM; 2 Tim. 2:16).
ind. act. enipaivw (# 2210) to appear. Often used of the avwpernes (# 543) useless, unprofitable. patarog (# 3469)
sun or stars appearing (BAGD). 5 dv gen. pl. o futile. 10 aipetixos (# 148) heresy, heretical; having
(# 3836) The definite article is used here as a rel.; i.e., the power of choice, a self-chosen party, sect, or faction.
“not as a result of works, those in righteousness which devtepog (#1311) second. vovOecia (# 3804) admoni-
we did” (RWP; GGBB, 213-15). €mounooev aor. ind. act. tion, warning. It is the attempt to cause a person to cor-
movew (# 4472) to do. EA€og (# 1799) mercy (1 Tim. 1:2). rect his wrong by warning or counsel (TDNT; 1 Cor.
Eowoev aor. ind. act. owtw (#5392) to rescue, to save. 10:11; Eph. 6:4). napoitod pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mapat-
Aovtpov (# 3373) bath, washing (Eph. 5:26; Fairbairn). teouat (# 4148) to ask from, to beg off, to avoid (RWP; 1
maAryyeveota (# 4098) a birth again, regeneration, new Tim. 4:7; 5:11). @ 11 et6W<¢ perf. act. part. oda. (# 3857)
birth. The term was current in Stoicism for periodic res- to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. e&eotpantat perf.
torations of the natural world. It was also used in an es- ind. mid. exotpedw (# 1750) to turn from, to turn inside
chatological sense-especially by the Jews—of the out, to twist, to divert (RWP). tovodtocg (# 5525) such a
renewing of the world in the time of the Messiah; but one. opaptavet pres. ind. act. Guaptdvw (# 279) to sin.
here the word takes on a new meaning in view of the @v pres. act. part. nom. masc. sing. ewi (# 1639) to be.
Christian new birth, which is applied not cosmically avtoKataKpitos (# 896) condemnation of oneself, self-
but personally (Guthrie; BAGD; Lock; Dibelius; TDNT; condemned; he is condemned by his own action
NIDNTT; RAC, 9:43-171; Matt. 19:28). dvaxaivwots (Lock). 12 6tav (#4020) used w. the subj., when,
(# 364) renewing, making new (Col. 3:10). @ 6 &€yeev whenever. mew aor. subj. act. téunw (# 4287) to send.
aor. ind. act. t€€yw (#1772) to pour out. mAovotwe onovdaoov aor. imp. act. onovdacw (# 5079) to hurry, to
(# 4455) adv., richly. @ 7 Siko1wbevtes aor. pass. part. endeavor, to do one’s best (Kelly). Nicopolis was on the
dika1ow (#1467) to declare righteous, to justify (Rom. Greek side of the Adriatic coast, 200 miles east of Italy
2:13; 5:1). Either temp. part. (“after having been justi- (BBC; ABD, 4:1108). €AGeiv aor. act. inf. Eoyoun (# 2262)
fied”), or causal (“because we have been justified”). to go. Compl. inf. to the main vb., “Hurry to come!”
KAnpovoyos (# 3101) heir. yevnOd@pev aor. subj. pass. yev- Kexptka. perf. ind. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge, to deter-
vow (# 1181) to be born. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) to express mine, to decide. Perf. looks at the settled decisions al-
Titus 3 Diz

ready reached. nopayeyidoo1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. (Rom. 15:24; 1 Cor. 16:6). Aeiny pres. subj. act. Aeinw
nopayeyacw (#4199) to spend the winter (BAGD; (# 3309) to leave behind, to lack. Subj. w. tva. (# 2671)
MM). Inf. in indir. speech as obj. of the vb. Const. aor. expresses result. The word suggests that Titus was in a
views the action in its totality. 13 vowiKxog (# 3788) position to provide material assistance (Guthrie).
pertaining to the law, lawyer. The word may be used of 14 povBaveTwouy pres. imp. act. pavOavw (# 3443) to
an expert in either Heb. or Roman law. Here it proba- learn. Tpoiotaobat pres. mid. (dep.) inf. Tpoiortnpt
bly refers to a Roman lawyer (ABD, 6:1074-75; LAW, (# 4613) s.v. 8. avayKaros (# 338) necessary. @ow pres.
3:2532-59). If one did not know the laws of a city, he subj. act. elt (# 1639) to be. Subj. w. tva. (# 2671) to ex-
consulted a lawyer (Guthrie; TDNT; MM; Preisigke). press purp. or result. dkapmoc (#182) fruitless. 15
onovbaiwg (# 5081) speedily, hurriedly, earnestly, dili- conafovtat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) conaCouai (# 832) to
gently. mponepwov aor. imp. act. mponeunw (# 4636) to greet. Gomaoan aor. imp. mid. (dep.) donaCouar (# 832).
send forth, to send on. The word often had the idea of gUodvtas pres. act. part. piAEw (#5797) to love.
supplying one w. money for material needs for a trip
 Philemon

Philemon 1 nifies direction: forward to, toward. Here it is used of

@ 1 Sequ10¢ (# 1300) prisoner (CIC). Xprotod ‘Inood faith which aspires toward Christ (Lightfoot; Vincent;
“of Jesus Christ.” Gen. could be gen. of cause, gen. of Ellicott). €ig mavtag tods cyiovs unto all the saints. The
purpose, or gen. of possesion (CIC, 151-57). Poss. gen. prep. denotes arrival and so contact (Lightfoot, but s.
expresses to whom Paul belonged and indicates that also MT, 256). 6 6nwe (# 3968) that, in order that.
the writing is not simply to be looked at as a private let- The particle introduces either the aim and purpose of
ter, but w. a message which those who receive it are Paul’s prayer (Lightfoot) or else simply gives the con-
obligated to obey (Lohse). It also indicates that Paul tent of Paul’s prayer (Lohse; Bruce; O’Brien). kowwvia
was a “willing prisoner,” who gave up his freedom vol- (# 3126) fellowship, sharing. The word could mean
untarily (CIC, 155-57). &yanntog (# 28) beloved. ovvep- generosity or participation; the main idea is that
Og (# 5301) fellow worker. The term is a frequent name Philemon’s faith is to show itself in loving service (Mar-
given to Paul’s colleagues in the work of the gospel. tin, NCB; TDNT; NIDNTT; RAC, 9:1100-45). niotews
Just how Philemon had labored w. Paul in missionary (# 4411) faith. Gen. here can be an obj. gen. For a discus-
service is unclear (Martin, NCB). @ 2 ddeAoq (# 80) sis- sion of the various problems and interpretations s.
ter. Since at that time the women had to do w. the busi- Moule; Stuhlmacher. evepyng (# 1921) active, effective,
ness of the house, it was important to her what Paul productive. (TDNT; MNTW, 46-54). yevntoa aor. subj.
had to say about the slave Onesimus (Stuhlmacher; mid. (dep.) yivowor (#1181) to become. eéntyvworsg
Lohse; s. Titus 2:5; DPL, 881-83). ovotpatwwtys (# 5369) (#2106) recognition, acknowledgment, knowledge.
fellow soldier; one who engaged in the same conflicts, TAVtOG ayadod (# 4246; 19) of every good. The words
faced the same dangers, fought for the same goals, and may refer to that which is God’s will and generally
was loyal, refusing to desert his post, regardless of the refers to something which is done or performed
consequences he might face (CIC, 164-70, 172-74; (Moule; Stuhlmacher). 7 €oyov aor. ind. act. Eyw
TDNT). tA Kat’ oiKov cov ExkANoi@ to the church in (# 2400) to have, aor. to get, to receive (M, 110). Aor.
your house. For the house church s. Col. 4:15; Harris; expresses forcibly the moment of joy which Paul expe-
Stuhlmacher, 70-75. 3 yapic (#5921) grace (EDNT; rienced when he heard this good news about Philemon
CPP); the undeserved help from God. tpiv dat. pl. od (EGT). mapdxAnois (#4155) encouragement, comfort.
(# 5148) you; here, “to you.” Dat of advantage. @ 4 ev- onAayxvov (# 5073) the inner organs, heart. The term is
yapiotd pres. ind. act. evyapiotew (# 2373) to give used here to denote the total person and his personality
thanks. It was a common feature of Hellenistic letters at the deepest level (Martin, NCB; Lohse; TLNT;
that the sender praised the gods for the health and TDNT). avanéravtot perf. mid. (dep.) inf. dvanavdopar
well-being of his addressees, and assured them of his (# 399) to cause to rest, to refresh. The word implies
prayers on their behalf. Paul gives a distinctly Christian relaxation, and refreshment as a preparation for the
content to the formula by the way in which he goes on renewal of labor or suffering (Lightfoot). Hospitality
to describe the reason for his thankfulness (Martin, was a necessary virtue (BBC). GdeAGE voc. A5EAO¢
NCB; Lohse; LAE, 184f; P.T. O’Brien, Introductory (# 81) brother. The place of the word here makes it
Thanksgivings in the Letters of Paul (Leiden: E.J. Brill, emphatic (EGT). @ 8 810 (#1475) therefore. nappnoia
1977]). navtote (# 4121) always. peta (# 3644) mention, (# 4244) speaking all things, openness, boldness, frank-
remembrance. novovpevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. novew ness, candor (TLNT; TDNT; O’Brien). €ywv pres. act.
(# 4472) to make. The construction means “to make part. €yw (# 2400) to have. Concessive part., “although”
mention in prayer” (Moule; s. 1 Thess. 1:2). @ 5 dxobwv (IBG, 102). emitc&ooetv pres. act. inf. exitdacow (# 2195) to
pres. act. part. aKkovw (#201) to hear. Part. could be command. Compl. inf. to the preceding part. When a
causal (“because I hear”), and indicates the cause of slave ran away, he could be sought through a wanted
Paul’s giving thanks (Vincent; O’Brien). niotig (# 4411) list, and if anyone recognized him and caught him he
faith, faithfulness, loyalty (Bruce). €ye1g pres. ind. act. was to bring him back to his owner, who could punish
éyw (#2400) to have. Pres. indicates the present con- the slave as he wished. In such a case it was also possi-
tinuing possession. mpoc (# 4639) toward. The prep. sig- ble for one to intercede w. the master for the slave. For

913
Philemon 514

examples and references s. Lohse; s. also John M.G. KOTEYEL pres. act. inf. Katexw (# 2988) to retain, to keep.
Barclay, “Paul, Philemon and the Dilemma of Christian Although the word is capable of several meanings, the
Slave-Ownership,” NTS 37 (1991): 161-86. For a text idea in this construction js “to keep w. me” (Lohse;
describing two runaway slaves s. Moule, 34ff; and for LAE, 331; TDNT; Stuhlmacher). dtaKovi] pres. subj. act.
two similar letters written in behalf of a slave s. NW, 2, diaKxovew (# 1354) to wait on, to minister to, to minister
ii:1059-60; Pliny, Letters, 9:21; 24. For texts concerning (TDNT). evayyeArov (# 2295) good news, gospel. Gen.
the crucifixion of a slave, a curse against a fugitive here may be subjective, indicating that his bonds arise
slave, and the government'’s pursuit of runaway slaves from the gospel (Lohmeyer), or it may mean “my
s. NDIEC, 8:1-46. For a text much similar to Paul’s letter imprisonment for the gospel” (Moule). 14 ywpic
to Philemon, except the slave is to be caught, bound (# 6006) w. the gen., without. yv@pn (# 1191) opinion,
hand and foot and returned to the owner s. NDIEC, consent. The word was used often in the papyri in this
8:24-26. It could be, however, that Onesimus was not a sense (Stuhlmacher; Dibelius; Priesigke; MM). n6eAnoa
runaway slave (fugitivus), but someone who appealed aor. ind. act. 6€Aw (#2527) to wish, to desire. Aor.
to Paul as a friend of his master (amicus domini), asking describes a definite completed action (Lightfoot; EGT).
for intersession on his behalf (Peter Lampe, “Keine moifjoar aor. act. inf. novew (# 4472) to do. avayKn (# 340)
‘Sklavenflucht’ des Onesimus,” ZNW 76 [1985]: 135-37; pressure, necessity, compulsion. &ya8ov cov (# 19; 5148)
Brian M. Rapske, “The Prisoner Paul in the Eyes of (the benefit arising from you; i.e., the good I should get
Onesimus,” NTS 37 [1991]: 187-203; s. also Dunn; Sara from the continued presence of Onesimus, which
C. Winter, “Paul’s Letter to Philemon,” NTS 33 [1987]: would be owing to you (Lightfoot). 4 pres. subj. act.
1-15). &vfiKov pres. act. part. dvnKkw (# 465) to come up et (# 1639) to be. exovorog (# 1730) voluntary. Used
to, to pertain to; that which is required, that which is fit- here w. the prep.: “of one’s own free will” (BAGD;
ting, ie. one’s duty (Martin, NCB). @ 9 uGAXAov GELTS, 139). @ 15 tayo (# 5440) perhaps. exwpio8n
(# 3437) rather. napaKaAd@ pres. ind. act. mapaxarew aor. ind. pass. ywpiGw (# 6004) to separate, to depart (by
(# 4151) to urge, to beseech. The vb. contains the idea of escaping). Pass. may be a divine pass, in Heb. a mode
a request (TDNT; Lohse). totobtog -525) such a one. of expression to denote the hidden action of God (Mar-
For the construction of this sec.Jun s. Lightfoot; tin, NCB). aiaviog (#173) eternal. In this context it
O’Brien; Harris. wv pres. act. part. et (#1639) to be. appears to mean permanently, for good (Moule).
Causal part., “because I am.” mpeoButns (# 4566) old GnEXNS pres. subj. act. anéyw (# 600) to have. The word
man, ambassador. The sense requires Paul’s invoking was a commercial t.t. meaning to receive a sum in full
his authority as an ambassador (Martin, NCB; O’Brien; and give a receipt for it. Here the idea is “to keep,” “to
Bruce; Harris), or he may appeal to his position as an keep for oneself” (BAGD; Ellicott). @ 16 ovKETI
“old man,” who would be dependent on others, as well (# 4033) no longer. vnep S0dAov (# 1528) beyond a slave,
as have a right to demand respect and honor (CIC, 157- more than a slave (RWP). a&yanntos (# 28) beloved (s.v.
64). vovi (#3815) now. S€op10¢ (#1300) prisoner. 1). paALOTA (# 3436) especially. nOow 5é waAAOV (# 4531;
@ 10 napaKxar® pres. ind. act. napaKxarew (# 4151) to 1254; 3437) how much rather. Having first said “most
beseech. Used w. the prep. here in the sense of making of all to me,” he goes a step further: “more than most of
a request on behalf of someone (Lohse; Stuhlmacher). all to thee” (Lightfoot). €v oapKi (#1877; 4922) in the
eyevvno aor. ind. act. yevvow (# 1164) to bear, to give flesh; i.e., “as a man” (Martin, NCB). 17 €yetg pres.
birth. Here it is the metaphor of fatherhood: “of whose ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. Ind. is used in a first class
conversion I was the instrument” (Vincent; Moule). For cond. cl. which assumes the cond. as a reality. Ko.wwvocg
references to the DSS and rabbinical literature concern- (# 3128) sharer, partner. The word denotes those who
ing the metaphor of spiritual parenthood s. Stuhlma- have common interest, common feelings, and common
cher; SB, 3:340f; TDNT; BBC. #11 note (#4537) work (Lightfoot; s.v. 6). tpooAafod aor. mid. imp. mpoo-
formerly. Gypnotog (#947) useless, unserviceable. AopBavw (# 4689) mid., to take to oneself, to receive or
evypnotos (# 2378) useful, serviceable, profitable. Per- accept into one’s society, home, or circle of acquaintan-
haps a word play on the Latin name Onesimus. ces(BAGD). 18 nduxnoev aor. ind. act. &diKew (# 92)
12 avérepwa aor. ind. act. dvaneunw (# 402) to send to act unjustly, to wrong someone, to injure. opetier
again, to send back (BAGD; Moule). Epistolary aor., pres. ind. act. operew (# 4053) to owe someone a debt.
which is translated by the pres. in English. It indicates ehAOya. pres. imp. act. ehAoyaw (#1823) to place on
that Onesimus carried the letter (Lightfoot; Stuhlma- someone’s account. Imp. is a polite request. The word
cher; BD, 172). ondayyvov (#5073) inward organs, was a commercial t.t. meaning, “to charge to someone’s
heart, “my very heart” (Lightfoot; s.v. 7; s. Phil 2:1). account” (MM; Preisigke; BAGD; Dibelius; Lohse;
@ 13 eBovAounv impf. ind. mid. (dep.) BovAouat (# 1086) O’Brien; BBC). 19 €ypaya aor. ind. act. ypdow
to desire, to wish. The word involves the idea of pur- (#4211) to write. Epistolary aor. (“I am writing”).
pose, deliberation, desire, mind (Lightfoot; TDNT). Gnotiow fut. ind. act. aroti@nur (# 702) to repay, to pay
315 Philemon

back. The word is a legal t.t. and appears in promissory 48; DC, 1-15; Seneca, Letters to Lucilus, 47; DGRA, 1034-
notes (Lohse; LAE, 331f). Ae&yw (# 3306) pres. subj. act. to 42; KP, 5:230-34; CC, 109-112; SCA, 27-46; also 1 Cor.
say. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. mpooodeiretc 7:21). 22 Gya (#275) at the same time, besides.
pres. ind. act. mpocoderrew (# 4695) to owe a debt beside, etoipate pres. imp. act. EtodCw (# 2286) to prepare, to
to owe in addition to (Ellicott). 20 vai (#3721) yes. prepare a guest room (Stuhlmacher). Imp. as a polite
Ovaipny aor. opt. mid. (dep.) ovivnut (# 3949) to benefit, request. Eevia (#3825) lodging, a place of entertain-
to profit. Opt. here to express a wish; it was used in the ment. It may denote quarters in an inn or a room ina
formula “may I have joy, profit or benefit” and w. the private house (Lightfoot). €AntGw (# 1827) pres. ind. act.
gen. of the person or thing that is the source of the joy to hope. xapio8joopua fut. ind. pass. yaptCowor (# 5919)
or profit (BAGD; MM). avaravoov pres. imp. act. to give graciously, to grant somebody to someone
(# 399) (s.v. 7). @ 21 menovOwc perf. act. part. (causal) (Lightfoot; Moule). Pass. suggests that it is God alone
meiOw (#4275) to persuade, perf. to be persuaded, to who can secure Paul’s release, though Paul relies on the
have confidence (Dunn; s. Phil. 1:6). braxof (# 5633) lis- prayers of the community to entreat God for this favor
tening to, obedient. €ypawa. aor. ind. act. ypadw (# 1211) (Martin, NCB). 23 donafetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
to write. eléwe perf. act. part. (causal) ota (# 3856) to condCouat (# 832) to greet. ovvaryaAwtos (# 5257) fel-
know. Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. (Harris). novnoets low captive. @ 24 ovvepyoc (# 5301) fellow worker (s.v.
fut. ind. act. novew (#4472) to do. For general discus- 1). For a discussion of churches in homes in the ancient
sions of slavery in the ancient world, and esp. of slaves Christian world s.v. 2.
obtaining their freedom s. FCS; Lohse; Stuhlmacher, 42-
 Hebrews

Hebrews 1 to be used for dividing the property that a father left to

@ 1 noAvpepic (#4495) adv., in many ways, in his children when he died. Only one son meant only
many parts. The word points to the fragmentary char- one heir. Christ is the heir of all things precisely be-
acter of former revelation; it came in multiple segments cause God has only one Son, so only one heir (Buchan-
or portions (Attridge; Weiss). The revelation of God an; Hughes; TDNT). énotnoev aor. ind. act. novew
was essentially progressive (EGT). modvtponws (# 4472) to make, to create. aiwv (# 172) age. According
(#4502) adv. in many ways, in various manners. It to rabbinical use, the word refers not only to the peri-
could refer both to the various geographical locations ods of time, but also to the content of the world (Michel;
of the revelation as well as to the various methods of SB, 3:671f; Bruce). 3 dv pres. act. part. (circum.) et
disclosure—direct revelation, dreams, visions, etc.—thus (# 1639) to be. The word refers to the absolute and time-
stressing the diversity of God’s Word (Buchanan; West- less existence (RWP). &navyaoua (# 575) radiance. The
cott; Michel; Attridge). m&Aa. (#4093) formerly, of active meaning has the idea of emitting brightness, so
time. The word describes something completed in the it means that the shekinah glory of God radiated from
past. Here the thought is of the ancient teachings long Him. Pass. idea is not so much that of reflection, but
since sealed (Westcott). The alliteration of the words w. rather the radiation through the source of the light. It is
n is difficult to reproduce in translation, but alliteration as the sun radiates its rays of light (RWP; Hughes;
was a common practice of that time (Attridge; Lane; Michel; Westcott; Attridge; Weiss; TDNT). 680€a
Braun). AoANoas aor. act. part. (temp.) AarEw (# 3281) (# 1518) glory. Here, obj. gen. or gen. of content. It re-
to speak; w. dat., to speak to. Aor. indicating antecedent fers to the brilliant radiancy from the person of God
time, “after he had spoken.” Aor. points to a completed (TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT; DLNT, 396-98). yopaxtnp
act. natpao dat. pl. matnp (# 4252) father; here, “to the (#5917) impression, stamp. It refers to an engraved
fathers.” €v toig npopntaic (#1877; 4737) by means of character or impress made by a die or a seal. It also in-
the prophets. The prep. is instr. and could refer to the dicates the characteristic trait or distinctive mark. It
teaching of inspiration which viewed the prophets as was used w. special reference to any distinguishing pe-
being indwelt by the Holy Spirit (Michel; Westcott). culiarity and hence indicated an exact reproduction
The prep. could also be taken as local, indicating that (Hughes; BAGD; MM; TDNT; GELTS, 513). bxootao1g
God spoke in the prophets as His authorized speakers (#5712) essence, substance, nature, reality (Grasser; s.
(Weiss). @2€n’ éoxatov (#2093; 2274)at the end. én’ 11:1; GELTS, 495). Here, gen. of description: “the exact
ECYATOV THV THEP@V todtwWV the last of these days. The representation of his substance.” ¢€pwv pres. act. part.
rabbinic term indicated the time of the Messiah (SB, (circum.) gépw (#5770) to carry. “He carries all things
3:617; Buchanan; Hughes; Lane; Attridge). &’dAnoev continually.” The concept is dynamic and not static.
aor. ind. act. AaA€ew (# 3281) to speak. Aor. used both of The Son’s work of upholding involves not only sup-
God speaking by the prophets and also His speaking port, but also movement. He is the One who carries all
by Christ, indicates that God has finished speaking in things forward on their appointed course (Hughes;
both cases (Hughes). Christ is the ultimate Word of Bruce; Michel). Pres. indicates continual action (At-
God (BBC; s. also DLNT, 111-15). év vi@ (#1877; 5626) in tridge). ta mavto. (#4246)all things. phat dat. sing.
one who is a son. The absence of the article fixes atten- pra (#4839) word, spoken word. Dat. of instr, “by
tion upon the nature and not upon the personality of means of His word.” ka@apiopoc (#2752) cleansing,
the mediator of a new revelation. God spoke to us in purification. mownoopevos aor. mid. part. (temp.) movew
one who has this character-that He is Son (Westcott; (#4472) to make. The use of the mid. suggests that
GGBB, 245). For other examples of this in Heb. s. 3:6; Christ Himself in His own person made the purifica-
5:8. €@nxev aor. ind. act. ti@n (#5502) to place, to ap- tion (Westcott). Aor. points to the completed action.
point. KAnpovoyoc (#3101) heir. The word is derived Aor. expresses action which occurred before the main
from the term “lot” and referred to a situation in which vb. €xa@10ev aor. ind. act. Ka@iGw (# 2767) to sit down,
lots were drawn to divide property or select a winner; to take one’s seat. This indicates that his work is fin-
the one who drew the lot was the heir. The word came ished. Se&va. (# 1288) right, w. prep. év in a local sense:

516
O17 Hebrews 1

“on the right hand.” For the concept of Christ sitting at the fut. world. Here it refers either to the Incarnation or
the right hand, s. Eph. 1:20. For a discussion of Christ’s to the enthronement (Michel; Riggenbach). npwtdtoKo¢
exaltation s. DLNT 360-61; BBC; Kistemaker; Hughes; (# 4758) firstborn. In this context the word is a title of
ABD, 5:724. peyoAwovvn (#3488) majesty. év dymoic honor expressing priority in rank (Lane; Michel;
pl. (# 1877; 5734) high; equivalent to the term “in heav- TDNT; Hughes; Weiss; TLNT; BBC). oixovpevn (# 3876)
en” (Michel). @ 4 tooodtoc (# 5537) so great, so much. world, inhabited world. The context requires the word
Dat. of instr. used w. the comp., “by how much more” to be understood as the heavenly world of eschatolog-
(RWP). xpetttwv (# 3202) comp. ayab0g good; comp., ical salvation into which the Son entered at His ascen-
better, superior. The word is characteristic of this epis- sion (Lane). npookvvnoatwoay aor. imp. act. TpooKkvvEew
tle (13 times) and the idea is superiority in dignity, (# 4686) to fall on the knees before someone, to wor-
worth, or advantage, the fundamental idea being ship, w. the dat. (TDNT; NIDNTT). © 7 mp0
power and not goodness (Westcott; Grasser). The fol- (# 4637) w. acc., to. noudv pres. act. part. novew (# 4472)
lowing gen. is the object to which the comparison is to do. Part. as subst. nvedwa. (# 4460) wind. Aevtovpyos
made-" greater than angels.” yevouevoc aor. mid. (dep.) (# 3313) minister. The description here may be under-
part. yivouat (# 1181) to become, to be. Part. could be stood in two ways, either as personification, as when
causal. 60m dat. d00¢ (# 4012) as great, how great, as the wind storm and fire do His word, or as referring to
much, how much. Used as a correlative w. the comp. in real persons; i.e., the angels can take the form of wind
the sense, “by as much ... as” (BAGD; RWP). &yyedog or fire (Delitzsch; Hughes; SB, 3:678-79). nip (# 4786)
(# 34) angel. Angels and demons played a significant fire. PAOya. acc. sing. PAOE (# 5825) flame. There are two
part in Judaism (AVB, 62-73; DDD, 81-96; Moore, Juda- points the writer makes: (1) angels are changeable and
ism, 1:401-13; TS, 135-83; TDNT; EDNT; NIDNTT; RAC, temporal, but the Son is eternal and unchangeable;
5:53-258; TRE, 9:580-615; Attridge; Grasser; 1 Enoch 40; (2) angels are servants, but the Son is Master (Grasser).
64-69; Jub. 2:2; 10:1-14; 10S 3:20, 21, 24; 4:12; 1OSb 4:25- In Jewish lit. “angels” serve the Creator, here they serve
26; GCDSS, 397). Saopwtepov comp. ducdopog (# 1427) the Son (EJH, 225; BBC). #86 @e0¢ (#2436) voc., O
different; comp. excellent, more excellent. nap’= napa God. The art. w. the voc. is due to Semitic influence
(# 4123) than. Prep. w. acc. after a comp. (MT, 251; IBG, (BG, 11; MT, 34). The Son is called “God” by God (EJH,
51). KeKAnpovoynkev perf. ind. act. kAnpovoyew (# 3099) 228; BINT, 376) aiwv (#172) age. Used here in the ex-
to inherit, perf. to have inherited, to be an heir (Bucha- pression to mean eternal (TDNT). paBdog (# 4811) scep-
nan; Michel; TDNT). For a discussion of a ring struc- ter. ev0dtI¢ (# 2319) strictness, uprightness. 9 nyG-
ture beginning and ending with the Son’s exaltation s. mous aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. ayanaw (#26) to
John P. Meier, “Structure and Theology iin Heb. 1:1-14,” love. Sika1oobvn righteousness. (#1466) Eutonoas aor.
Biblica 66 (1985): 168-89. @ 5 eimev aor. ind. act. AEyw ind. act. 2nd. per. sing. picew (# 3631) to hate. Aor.
(# 3306) to speak. note (# 4537) ever. El pres. ind. act. could apply to the life and ministry of the incarnate
2nd. pers. sing. cyst (# 1639) to be. ob (#5148) you, em- Son on earth (Westcott; Hughes; Riggenbach). &vopia.
phatic. onpepov (# 4958) today. A quotation from Ps. 2:7. (# 490) lawlessness. 51a todto because of this. Exypioev
The day spoken of here is the day of His glorious victo- aor. ind. act. ypiw (#5987) to anoint. The idea is the
ry and vindication. The resurrection, ascension, and crowning of the sovereign w. joy as at the royal banquet
glorification should be viewed as forming a unity, each (Westcott; TDNT). €Aav (#1778) oil. ayoAAIaors
one contributing to the exaltation of the Son to tran- (# 21) joy, gladness. Here, gen. of description indicat-
scendental heights of power and dignity (Hughes) For ing the oil which was used on occasions of gladness.
a discussion of the OT quotes, probably from the LXX mapa (# 4123) more than, above, used in a comp. pEt0-
s. EJH, 121-47; DLNT, 841-50; Leonhard Goppelt, Typos: x0¢ (# 3581) partner, comrade, colleague. The reference
The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament in the here is not to angels but to believers who will share His
New (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982), 161-97. yeyewvn- reign in the age to come (Kent). 10 Kat’ apyac
ka perf. ind. act. yevvaw (#1164) to give birth to, to (# 2848) at the beginning, in the beginning. e@epe-
bear. This begetting is the begetting of the incarnate Aiwoas aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. Beued10w (# 2530)
Son that marks the completion and acceptance of His to lay a foundation. elow pres. ind. act. et (# 1639) to
redeeming mission to our world (Hughes). Eoopan fut. be. For the OT quotation s. Heb. 1:10-12. Indirectly pre-
ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to be. oto fut. ind. mid. dictive “Messianic Prophecy,” OTN, 81-94, 106-8.
(dep.). (# 1639) The vb. eit w. the prep. etg (# 1650) can 11 drodrodvta1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) &moAA vp (# 660)
have the idea of “to serve as ....” (KVS, 65). 6 6tav to perish. S1opeévets pres. ind. act. diayévw (# 1373) to
(#4020) when, whenever. etomyayn aor. subj. act. remain, to continue throughout. Pres. w. prep. in com-
e1ocyw (# 1652) to lead into. The word is probably a He- pound emphasizes the permanent continual existence
braism w. the meaning, “to bring something into the (MH, 301f). ywatiov (# 2668) garment. nadAawéenoovtar
world,” referring either to a birth or to the entrance into fut. ind. pass. maAaiow (# 4096) pass., to grow old, to
Hebrews 2 518

become old, frequently in the sense of becoming use- subj. mapappew (# 4184) to flow by. The word was used
less (BAGD). 12 woei (#6059) just as. mepiBoAcov to describe a river that flows by a place or flows aside
(# 4316) that which one wraps around oneself, cloak. from its normal channel, flooding or escaping it. It was
The word suggests a costly robe (Westcott). €At&e1g fut. used of something slipping from one’s memory, of a
ind. act. eAicow (# 1813) to roll up, to fold together. ring slipping from one’s finger, or of a crumb going
aAAayNoovtat fut. ind. pass. HAAcoow (# 248) to change, down the wrong way. It also indicated a ship drifting
to change clothes. ei pres. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. eyit away (Hughes; Buchanan; Moffatt; Michel; Westcott;
(# 1639) to be. Used in the sense of “remain”; i.e., “but Weiss; BAGD; MM). In Prov. 3:21 (LXX) it means to lose
you remain (are) the same.” €ty nom. pl. étog (#2291) sight of advice and wisdom (Lane). Pass. means to get
year. €xAeiwovov fut. ind. act. éxXeinw (#1722) to leave or to find oneself in a state of flowing or passing by; i.e.,
off, to fail. For the prep. in compound s. MH, 309. @ 13 referring to an object that requires close attention (Del-
eipnkev perf. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306) to speak. KaGov itzsch). Subj. w. wnmote (# 3607) in a neg. purp. cl. to ex-
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) ka6iCw s.v. 3. Imp. as an invita- press anxiety or apprehension and to ward off
tion. Se&vo¢ (# 1288) right, right hand; here, “on the something still dependent on the will (BD, 188; GGBB,
right (hand).” The right hand was a place of privileged 676). @2AaAnGEtg aor. pass. part. AarEw (# 3281) to
honor (s. Eph. 1:20; Heb. 1:3). @@ aor. subj. act. TON speak. Subst. part., “that which was spoken.” It refers
(# 5502) to set, to place. &y0pdc (# 2398) one who active- to the Law of Moses which was given through angels
ly hates, enemy. bronoddi0v (#5711) footstool, double (Weiss; s. Gal. 3:19; Acts 7:38, 53). &yeveto aor. ind. mid.
acc. used w. the vb. (Michel). noda@v gen. pl. mov (dep.) yivowor (# 1181) to become. Ind. in a Ist. class
(# 4546) foot. The figure arose from the oriental custom cond. cl. assuming the reality of the cond. BéParoc
of the victor putting his foot on the neck of the defeated (#1010) firm, dependable, reliable, guaranteed. The
enemy (N. Lightfoot). @ 14 AettoupyiKog (# 3312) min- word was used in the papyri in a technical sense for a
istering. The suf. of the word suggests belonging to, legal guarantee (BS, 107; BAGD; TDNT; TLNT,; s. 1 Cor.
pertaining to, w. the characteristic of (MH, 378). aKxo- 1:6). mapaBaorg (#4126) stepping beside, transgres-
via. (# 1355) service (TDNT). The rabbinical term, “an- sion, infringement (Lane). mapaxon (#4157) hearing
gel of service or ministry,” was used of angels who beside, disobedience. It implies an unwillingness to lis-
protected or accompanied a person (SB, 3:608f). amo- ten to the voice of God and relates to the hearing men-
OTEAAOLEV. pres. pass. part. dnooteAAw (# 690) to send tioned in v. 1 (Lane). Both expressions here involve an
out, to commission, to send as an authoritative repre- expressed rejection of the divine will (Riggenbach).
sentative (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). 51a (# 1328) w. the €XaPev aor. ind. act. AapBavw (# 3284) to receive. Ind. in
acc., because of. WéAAovtasg pres. act. part. WedrAw a Ist. class cond. cl. assuming the reality of the cond.
(# 3516) to be about to. The word is used w. the inf. to EvdiKxoc (# 1899) just, that which conforms to the right.
express the fut. (MKG, 307f). KAnpovopetv pres. act. inf. Prep. in compound indicates that the word stands in
KAnpovonew (# 3099) to inherit. Angels ministered on antithesis to the term adiKkoc (MH, 307). pro8arodocia
behalf of the one who inherited a greater name (“for (# 3632) giving back w. payment, a paying back, rec-
those who inherit salvation”). There was a common ompense, retribution. The word indicates a full recom-
concept of guardians assigned to the righteous by God pense as punishment (Riggenbach). @ 3 Expevto-
(BBC). owtnpia (# 5401) salvation. Here it is salvation pe8a. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) expevyouat (#1767) to flee
in its ultimate and broadest sense (Michel; TDNT; from, to escape. The rhetorical question used in the
NIDNTT; NTW, 114f). For the use of the OT by the au- apodosis involves an a fortiori argument: “If the earlier
thor of Hebrews s. Lightfoot, 63; BE; Weiss, 171-81; message of God is such a serious matter, then how can
Lane, cxii-cxxiv; esp. EJH; DLNT, 1072-75. the readers avoid their just desserts for neglecting
what was delivered by the Son?” (Attridge). tnAiKkav-
Hebrews 2 TS gen. mnAlkovtOG (# 5496) so great, so large, so im-
@ 1 de1 (# 1256) pres. ind. act. impersonal, it is nec- portant. GweAToavtes aor. act. part. cuerew (# 288) to be
essary, used w. the acc. and the inf. The word marks the unconcerned about, to neglect, not to put oneself out,
logical necessity (“we must” [Westcott]). mepiacotepws to be indifferent to, to lose interest in, w. gen. (TLNT).
(# 4359) adv., more abundantly, more earnestly (BD, Cond. part., “if we neglect.” Aor. indicates a logically
33). The word here could have almost an elative sense, antecedent action. owtnpia (#5401) salvation s. Heb.
“w. extreme care” (Moffatt). mpooeyewv pres. act. inf. 1:14. AaPodoa aor. act. part. nom. fem. sing. AapuPavw
mpoceyw (# 4668) to give heed to, to give attention to, w. (#3281) to take. AoAEio@a1 pres. pass. inf. AarEew
dat. Compl. inf. to the impersonal vb. The word is com- (# 3284) to speak. Epex. inf. describing the beginning.
monly used of bringing a ship to land (EGT), or to Pass. here is the divine pass, implying that it is God
mean “to remain on course” (Weiss). &Kovoetotv aor. who spoke (Hughes). apxynv AaPodoa AoAcio#an lit.,
pass. part. akovw (# 201) to hear. napapvd@pev aor. pass. having received a beginning to be spoken, “having
519 Hebrews 2

begun to be spoken” (RWP). &kovodvtwv aor. act. part. pers. sing. LvnoKouor (# 3630) to remember, w. gen.
a&Kovw (#201) to hear. This came to the author and his emiokenty pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers. sing.
contemporaries from those who heard, and probably emoKxentouat (# 2170) to look upon, to visit, to consider,
means that they received it from the ear and eyewit- to watch over. The word is used almost exclusively in
nesses, those who saw and heard the very words of the LXX, as in the NT, of a visitation for good (Westcott;
Jesus (Buchanan). This information plainly rules out GELTS, 174; Attridge). 7 NAattwoas aor. ind. act.
the possibility of any firsthand apostle or disciple as Edattow (# 1783) to make less, to make lower, to reduce
the writer of our epistle (Hughes). €BeBa1w6n aor. pass. in rank (Buchanan). It could mean to make lower than
ind. BeBa.ow (# 1011) to make firm, to confirm, to guar- God, or as the LXX takes it, “lower than the angels, or
antee. A t.t. indicating legal security and validity (s.v. 2; heavenly beings” (Lane; Donald R. Glenn, “Psalm 8
TLNT; MM). 4 ovvenyaptupotvtos pres. act. part. and Hebrews 2: A Case Study in Biblical Hermeneutics
(temp.) ovvertwaptupew (# 5296) to witness together w. and Biblical Theology,” in Walvoord: A Tribute, ed.
someone, to join in giving additional testimony. Gen. Donald K. Campbell [Chicago: Moody Press, 1982], 46-
abs. Pres. indicating contemporaneous action, “while 47). Bpayds (#1099) -a little. The word could have a
God endorsed their witness” (RWP; Lane). onpeiov temp. force, “for a little while” (Bruce; Grasser). map’ =
(# 4956) sign. The word indicates that the event is not napa (#4123) w. the acc., than. For the prep. used in a
an empty ostentation of power; it is significant in comp. construction, s. 1:4, 9. 50&% (#1518) glory
pointing beyond itself to the reality of the mighty hand (TDNT; TLNT). Here instr. dat. ote@d&vwous aor. ind.
of God in operation (Hughes; DPL, 875-77; DLNT, act. otepavow (#5110) to crown. 8 dnetaéas aor.
1093-95). tépacg (# 5469) wonder. mouKkidoc (# 4476) var- ind. act. bnotdoow s.v. 5. bmoKa&tw (#5691) under. bro-
ious, variegated, manifold. Sdvapig (# 1539) power, tagéat aor. act. inf. brotéoow s.v. 5. Articular inf. is used
miracle. The word emphasizes the dynamic character w. a prep. to express time (“when”). Although the aor.
of the event, w. particular regard to its outcome or ef- inf. w. the prep. év (#1877) generally expresses ante-
fect (Hughes). wepiopog (# 3536) dividing, distribution. cedent time, while the pres. inf. expresses contempora-
The following gen. could be a subjective gen. (“distri- neous time, the context must decide; here it could be
bution which the Holy Spirit gives”), or perhaps better translated, “putting everything in subjection” (MT,
obj. gen. (“distribution of the Holy Spirit”); the refer- 145; GGBB, 595). aofKev aor. ind. act. adinui (# 918) to
ence is God’s distribution of spiritual gifts to His peo- leave out, to omit. dvumotaKtog (# 538) not subjected.
ple (Bruce). Kata (#2848) w. acc., according to, in The verbal adj. here has a pass. sense and can indicate
accordance w. @€Anotg (#2526) will, willing. The word a possibility as well as a reality (Attridge; RWP). ovnw
describes the active exercise of will (Westcott). 5 (# 4037) not yet. The phrase indicates that there will
onetatev aor. ind. act. brotuoow (#5718) to subordi- come a time when this is a reality. op@pev pres. ind. act.
nate, to subject to one’s authority. oikovpévn (# 3876) in- opaw (# 3972) to see. DnotETAYpLEVG. perf. pass. part. Dr0-
habited earth. weAAovoav pres. act. part. WeEAAW (# 3516) taoow s.v. 5. Compl. part. w. vb. opdpev. Perf. empha-
to be about to. The world to come was considered by sizes the completed state or cond. 9 Bpayd (# 1099)
the rabbis to be the age of Messiah, the time when the temp., a little while (s.v. 7). map’ = napa s.v. 7. NAattw-
Messiah would rule as king from His throne at Jerusa- weévov perf. pass. part. €Aattow (# 1783) to make less
lem (Buchanan; SB, 5:799-976; Michel). The term refers (s.v. 7). Perf. emphasizes the completed state or condi-
to the coming age, when Christ at His return shall es- tion and that the human nature Christ assumed He still
tablish His rule as the promised Davidic king (Kent). retains (Westcott). BAémowev pres. ind. act. Brenw
AGAoDpEV pres. ind. act. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. Pres. (# 1063) to see. naOna (# 4077) suffering. 50E0 (# 1518)
indicates the action in progress, i.e., the subject matter glory (s. 1:3). €otepavwpevov perf. pass. part. otepavow
about which he is writing. 6 Sepaptvpato aor. ind. s.v. 7. Omw¢ (# 3968) in order that. Particle introduces a
mid. (dep.) dtapaptvpoyo (# 1371) to testify, to solemn- purp. cl. which is to be taken w. m&@nua (Moffatt;
ly testify, to solemnly declare (MH, 302). For a discus- Bruce). xapitt 8e0d by the grace of God, instr. dat. For a
sion of the quotations showing the inadequacy of the discussion of the textual variant, ywpic ., s. Michel; TC,
old order s. George B. Caird, “The Exegetical Method 664. bnép (# 5642) w. the gen., for, for the benefit of. yev-
of the Epistle to the Hebrews,”Canadian Journal of The- ontat aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yevoua (# 1174) to taste, to
ology 5 (1959): 47ff. nob (# 4543) where, somewhere. It taste of, w. gen. The vb. is used in this common idiom-
is characteristic of the author that he is not concerned atic sense to mean, “to experience something to the
to provide a precise identification of the sources from full” (Hughes). 10 €mpenev impf. ind. act. npenw
which he quotes. It is sufficient for him that he is quot- (#4560) used impersonally, it is fitting, it is appropri-
ing from Holy Scripture, whose inspiration and au- ate, w. inf. It was appropriate that action taken to help
thority he accepts without question (Hughes). t1¢ man should include suffering, since suffering is man-
(# 5516) someone. ipvpoKy pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 2nd. kind’s common lot (Montefiore; Westcott). 5’ = 81a
Hebrews 2 520

(# 1328) w. the acc., because of. 6v’ = 610 (# 1328) w. the (dep.) ewt (# 1639) to be. menov8uc perf. act. part. meiOw
gen., through. The phrases indicate that the sufferings (# 4275) to persuade; perf., to be persuaded, to be con-
and death of Jesus are not accidental; they form part of vinced (s. Phil. 1:6). Perf. part. is used in a periphrastic
the eternal world purpose of God (Moffatt). ayayovta fut perf. construction (RWP). nardtov (# 4086) child, lit-
(#72) aor. act. part. &yw to lead. Part. could refer to tle child. €5wxev aor. ind. act. 5151 (# 1443) to give.
Christ who leads sons into glory, or it could refer to the @ 14 nei (#2075) since. nadia pl. (#4086) children
subject of the inf.: God the Father who leads sons into (s.v. 13). It refers to men and women, creatures of flesh
glory (Hughes, 101f; Michel). Aor. part. could express and blood (Bruce). Kexowwvnkev perf. ind. act. Kot-
coincident action (“by bringing in” [MT, 80]), or it vwvew (# 3125) to share in, w. gen. Perf. describes the
could be explained as a proleptic aor. which envisages constant human situation (Hughes; Westcott). aipo
the work of Christ and its consequences for mankind (# 135) blood. oupKog gen. ocpé (#4922) flesh. The ex-
as a unit (Hughes, 102). apynyoc (# 795) leader, pioneer. pression “flesh and blood” was the post-biblical Heb.
In Gr. writings it was used of a hero who founded a designation for men or human beings (Delitzsch).
city, gave it its name, and became its guardian. It also nopanrnoiws (# 4181) adv., coming near. nearly, resem-
denoted one who was head of a family or founder of a bling, in like manner, likewise (Attridge). petéoyev aor.
philosophic school. The term also had a distinct mili- ind. act. peteyw (#3576) to have a part in, to share
tary connotation referring to a commander of an army (TLNT; TDNT). Aor. points to the historical event of
who went ahead of his men and blazed the trail for the Incarnation, when the Son of God assumed this
them. The idea here is of a leader who opens up a human nature and thus Himself became truly man and
new way (N. Lightfoot; TDNT; EDNT; GELTS, 64; MM; so truly one w. mankind (Hughes; VANT, 136-40).
Preisigke; Michel; Weiss; Lane; Attridge; Grasser; J. Ju- abtav gen. avt0c (# 899) self; here gen. used as obj. of
lius Scott, “Archegos in the Salvation History of the the vb., referring to flesh and blood. katapynon aor.
Epistle to the Hebrews,” JETS 29 [1986]: 47-54; George subj. act. katapyew (#2934) to render inoperative, to
Johnston, “Christ as Archegos,” NTS 27 [1980/81]: 381- nullify, to make idle or ineffective, to render impotent
85; BBC). Acc. is to be taken as the obj. of the inf. as though no longer existing (Hewitt). The depiction of
TeALMoat aor. act. inf. tekevow (# 5457) to complete, to Jesus as champion (0 apynyoc¢) who crushed the tyrant,
initiate, to perfect, to qualify. To make Jesus fully qual- who possessed the power of death in order to rescue
ified as the pioneer of their salvation required passing those whom he had enslaved, may call to mind the ex-
through suffering (Buchanan; Michel; Weiss; Attridge; ploits of Hercules (Lane). kp&tog (#3197) power, con-
Lane; TDNT; EDNT). Christ’s perfection may be un- trol (TDNT; s. Eph. 1:19). €yovta pres. act. part. Eyw
derstood as a vocational process by which He is made (#2400) to have. For rabbinical teaching regarding
complete or fit for His office (Attridge; Moisés Silva, Satan and his angels and their power over death s.
“Perfection and Eschatology in Hebrews,” WT] 39 Michel; SB 1:144f; Buchanan. Here is a paradox—Jesus
[1976]: 60-62). 11 ayiatwv pres. act. part. ayiatw suffered and overcame death; the devil, wielding
(#39) to sanctify, to consecrate (TDNT; EDNT; death in his hand, succumbed (Bengel). 81006
NIDNTT). ayvafopevor pres. pass. part. ayiatw. With (#1333) adversary, devil (DDD, 463-73; Grdasser).
the double use of the vb. there is an emphasis on the ac- @ 15 anoAAGEN aor. subj. act. adnoAAGKoOw (#557) to
tion of both the sanctifier and the sanctified. Evoc gen. change from, to set free from (Grasser). The word was
€1c (# 1651) one. && Evoc from one, from one source. The used in the papyri for the release from a position of re-
one could refer to God, indicating that He is the source sponsibility; e.g., a marriage contract, the superinten-
(Bruce); or it could refer to Abraham or Adam, indicat- dence of land under lease, the release from a municipal
ing the humanity of Christ (Hughes). aitia (#162) office, or the release of a slave (MM; Preisigke; CCF],
cause, reason. 6 fv aitiav for this reason, because, 1:159-61; Weiss. 600g (# 4012) as many as (BAGD). ooBw
since. Enaroyvvetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) maroxdvopar dat. sing. poBoc (#5832) fear. Instr. dat. (RWP). 8avatoc
(# 2049) to be ashamed. @ 12 anayyerd fut. (#2505) death. Here, obj. gen., “fear of death.” Dio
ind. act. anayyéAAw (#550) to proclaim, to announce Chrysostom speaks of the fear of death as being so in-
(NIDNTT). péoog (# 3545) middle. éxxAnota (#1711) tense that many have anticipated it, and that tyrants
assembly, congregation. In the OT context of Ps. 22:22, constantly live in this fear (DC, 6:42-45). Epictetus asks,
it was not the church but the community of friends in- “Where can I go to escape death?” and answers by say-
vited to share in the thanksgiving meal. byvnow fut. ing, “I cannot avoid death” (Epictetus, Discourses, 24,
ind. act. vuvew (# 5630) to praise, to sing the praise of 28:9). Seneca says, “When death is feared, the fear is al-
someone (AS). The fut. is a Semitic impf. expressing ways there” (Ita si timenda mors est, semper timenda est)
confidence. The psalmist is confident that God will de- (Seneca, Epistles, 30:17). For other views of the fear of
liver him and promises to recount this deliverance be- death in the ancient world s. NW, 2, ii:1084-88; DRU,
fore his friends at a banquet. @ 13 €oopa1 fut. ind. mid. 1:68-76; Attridge. Civ pres. act. inf. Caw (# 2409) to live.
521 Hebrews 3

Inf. as subst. 51 mavtoc tod Civ through the whole of to help, to help someone in need (Michel). Compl. to
life, all through the living. For the prep. and the inf. the main vb., “He is able to help.”
heres. IBG, 56; RWP; MT, 144; Attridge. EVOXOC (# 1944)
held in, subject to. hoav impf. ind. act. eit (#1639) to Hebrews 3
be. SovAeia. (# 1525) slavery, bondage. @ 16 5hnov #1 00ev (#3854) wherefore, therefore; lit., from
(# 1327) certainly, surely. entAopPdvetar pres. ind. mid. which, meaning that the following argument could be
(dep.) entrap Pavopar (# 2138) to take hold of, to seize, deduced from the conclusion reached above (Buchan-
to take to oneself. The word may have in this context an). KAnjoug (#3104) calling. Here gen. w. the word
the sense of, to help, to assist, to draw someone to one- weétoxou. Emphatic by its position. énoupa&viog (# 2230)
self to help, to take hold of to help (Bruce; Moffatt; heavenly (s. Eph. 1:3). wetoxog (# 3581) one who shares,
Lane; TDNT; for a discussion of the various meanings partner, associate (TLNT; TDNT; Grasser; RAC, 10:142-
and implications of the word s. Hughes). 17 6@ev 52). Katavonoate aor. imp. act. Katavoew (# 2917) to put
(# 3854) from there, therefore, wherefore. This seems to the mind down on a thing, to fix the mind on some-
be a favorite word of the writer of this epistle (Riggen- thing, to consider. The word expresses attention and
bach). wpevev impf. ind. act. oeirw (# 4063) to be obli- continuous observation and regard (RWP; Westcott).
gated (“one must”). The word often implies moral Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. °
necessity (AS; TDNT). Kata navta (#2848; 4246) in a@noat0A0G (# 693) one who is commissioned as an au-
every respect. Onova aor. pass. inf. ou01ow (# 3929) thoritative representative, apostle (s. 1 Cor. 1:1; TLNT;
to make like; pass., to become like. This likeness is EDNT; TDNT; Hughes; Michel; Lane). apyvepea. acc.
nothing less than complete identification—assimilation, apyiepevc (# 797) high priest (s. 2:17). owoAoyia (# 3934)
not simulation (Hughes). tAenuwv (#1798) merciful, confession, contract, agreement. It denotes a binding
sympathetic (TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT). yevntoa aor. expression of obligation and commitment, the re-
subj. mid. (dep.) yivouo1 (# 1181) to become. The vb. sponse of faith to the action of God (Lane; Attridge;
ECC; Weiss; TDNT; EDNT). @ 2 Ovto pres. act. part.
suggests the notion of a result reached through the ac-
(adj.) masc. acc. sing. ewt (# 1639) to be. noinoavtt aor.
tion of what we regard as a law (Westcott). Subj. w. iva
act. part. movew (# 4472) to do, to make. Here the word
(# 2671) to express purp. apyiepevs (# 797) high priest.
has the idea, “to appoint.” The word could be used of
For the term in Judaism s. Michel, 165f; Westcott, 137-
action that one undertakes or states of being that one
41; Attridge, 97-103; SB, 3:696-700; TDNT; NIDNTT;
brings about (BAGD: Hughes; Moffatt). Part. as subst.
Mikeal C. Parsons, “Son and High Priest: A Study in
Dat. of personal interest after the adj. miotov.
the Christology of Hebrews,” Evangelical Quarterly 60
@ 3 mAeiovos comp., Tors (# 4498) great; comp., great-
(1988): 200-208; William R. Loader, Sohn und Hoher-
er, followed by the gen. of comparison. 50& (# 1518)
priester: Eine traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zur glory. napa (# 4123) than. For the prep. used in a comp.
Christologie des Hebrderbriefes (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neu- construction s. Heb. 1:4. n&iwtot perf. ind. pass. a€10w
kirchner Verlag, 1981). t& mpo¢ tov Ge0v w. reference to (#546) to consider worthy. Perf. looks at the state or
the things that pertain to God; acc. of reference. The ex- condition. Pass. could be a theol. pass. indicating that
pression points to all man’s relations towards God God is the agent. 600¢ (# 4012) how much, as much as.
(Westcott; Riggenbach). ei¢ (# 1650) used w. the articu- Used in a comp. expression denoting measure and de-
lar inf. to express purp. \AdoKeo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) gree (AS). ka0’ = kata (# 2848) according to. Used in the
inf. doKxoua (#2661) to satisfy, to render well dis- comp. construction w. the meaning, “as much more ...
posed, to conciliate, to propitiate (Hughes, APC, 125- as” (BAGD). mAgiova comp. (# 4498). tq (#5507) hon-
85; TDNT; NIDNTT; Riggenbach). @ 18 nemovev perf. or. ouKog (# 3875) house, dwelling; here gen. of comp.,
ind. act. naoxw (# 4248) to suffer. Perf. serves to empha- “than the house.” KataoKevaous aor. act. part. (subst.)
size that though the temptation Christ suffered in the Kataokevacw (#2941) to equip, to make ready, to con-
flesh is a thing of the past, yet its effect-compassion struct, to furnish. The word expresses more than the
and understanding as He aids us in the hour of our mere construction of the house. It includes the supply
temptation-is permanent (Hughes). meipao@eic aor. of all necessary furniture and equipment and was used
pass. part. neipatw (#4279) to test, to tempt (TLNT). of God’s creative activity (Westcott; Michel; Attridge;
Part. describes the manner in which the suffering took Mary Rose D’Angelo, Moses in the Letter to the Hebrews,
place (Moffatt). Aor. points to the completion of the ac- SBL Dissertation Series #2 [Missoula, Mont.: Scholars,
tion. &bvatoi pres. ind. pass. (dep.) dvvapar (# 1538) to 1976], 164-77; MM). 4 kataoxevdfetat pres. ind.
be able to, w. inf. neipaCopévotc pres. pass. part. meipatw pass. kataoxevatw (# 2941) (s.v. 3). Gnomic pres. indi-
(# 4279) to tempt. Pres. part. points to the continuous cating that which, as a general rule, always occurs
action taking place at the time. Part. as subst. Ind. obj. (SMT, 8). 860g (# 2536) God. pred. nom. (“... is God”).
of following vb. Bon@tjoon aor. act. inf. Bon8ew (# 1070) The lack of the article w. the pred. nom. emphasizes
Hebrews 3 522

character or quality (s. John 1:1). 5 Oepanwv (# 2544) years” could be taken either w. what precedes (“your
server, minister. The word suggests a personal service fathers put me to the test and saw my works for forty
freely rendered. It denotes both the willing service ren- years”), or it could be taken w. what follows (“for forty
dered as well as the relationship between the one serv- years I was provoked”) (Hughes). mpoowy@t00. aor. ind.
ing and the one served. It also emphasizes an act. Tpoowy81Cw (# 4696) to loath, to be burdened down,
honorable and dignified office. In this case it may have to be laden w. grief, to be exhausted, to be indignant
been taken over from the LXX as a translation of the (Buchanan). The vb. is followed by the dat. nAavavtat
Heb. word “servant” (13 ‘ebed) (TDNT; EGT; Hughes; pres. ind. pass. thavaw (# 4414) to lead astray; pass., to
Riggenbach; NIDOTTE, 3:304-9; BBC; DLNT, 777-82). go astray, to wander astray. Iterative pres., “They re-
AAANONoopévwv fut. pass. part. Aadew (# 3281) to speak. peatedly err.” €yywoav aor. ind. act. ywwwoKw (# 1182) to
The word indicates that the position of Moses pointed know. The word here is not so much the understanding
beyond itself to a future and higher revelation (Mof- of the revelatory acts of God and His leading as it is
fatt; Michel). 6 Xpiot0¢ (# 5986) Anointed One, ee obedience to God’s command (Riggenbach). 080¢
siah, aun Subject of the unexpressed pres. vb. (# 3847) way; here in the sense of God’s demands.
faithful” (Westcott). owev pres. ind. act. ewt (# 1639) as @ 11 we (#6055) as, according as. dpoou aor. ind. act.
be. Neig nom. pl. eyw (# 1609) we. Emphatic and con- duvow (#3923) to swear. opyt (# 3973) wrath, anger. et
trastive. mappnoia (#4244) saying all, freedom of (# 1623) if. The word is the translation of the Heb. par-
speech, boldness, confident (Michel; Grasser; Lane; ticle and the equivalent of a strong neg. (MT, 333; MH,
TDNT; TLNT; S.B. Morrow, “Tlappnoia and the New 468). This construction is in accord w. the Semitic idiom
Testament,” CBQ 44 [1982]: 431-46; GELTS, 361). Be- used in the taking of an oath (Buchanan; Michel; At-
cause Jesus is a faithful high priest in the service of tridge). eloeXevoovtar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eioepyopor
God, Christians have the right to approach God and (# 1656) to go into. kata&mavorg (#2923) rest (TDNT;
can openly acknowledge their faith as the basis of an Michel, 183f; Weiss, 268-73; O. Hofius, Katapausis. Die
unshakable hope (Lane). kavynua (# 3017) boasting. Vorstellung vom endzeitlichen Ruheort im Hebrdaerbrief
The following gen. &Antéog may be described as a gen. [Tiibingen, 1970]; GELTS, 241; Kaiser, 153-75). pov gen.
of content or definition. The Christian’s hope described eyw (# 1609) I. Subjective gen., “the rest which I pro-
is the theme of our boasting or glorying (Hughes). vide.” 12 BAenete pres. imp. act. Brexw (# 1063) to
pexpt (# 3588) w. gen., until. BeBarog (# 1010) firm; here see, to see to it, to beware. When the word is followed
adverbial acc., firmly. For the variant readings and tex- by the neg. whmote (#3607) and ind., it expresses a
tual problem here s. TC, 665. kata&oywpev aor. subj. act. warning and fear regarding a pres. inevitable reality,
Katexyw (# 2988) to hold down, to hold fast to. @ 7 610 indicating the warning should be taken very seriously
(# 1475) wherefore, therefore. The particle introducing (MT, 99; Riggenbach). €ota1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit
the quotation looks backward as well as forward (# 1639) to be. movnpog (#4505) evil, wicked. amtotia
(Michel). Aéyeu pres. ind. act. 4€yw (# 3306) to say. &Kov- (# 602) unbelief; here gen. of quality, indicating that un-
onte aor. subj. act. &Kovw (# 201) to hear. Subj. w. &av belief characterizes the evil heart (Westcott). dmootivar
(# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. where the cond. is con- aor. act. inf. aptotnut (# 923) to fall away, to depart, to
sidered as possible. | 8 oxAnpbvnte pres. /aor. subj. leave, to step aside from. Articular inf. w. the prep. €v
act. oxAnpuvw (#5020) to dry out, to dry up, to make (# 1877) is used here epexegetically to indicate the con-
hard, to harden (Michel). Both pres. and aor. forms are tent of an evil heart (MT, 146; RG, 1073). €@vtog pres.
the same. napamixpaopoc (#4177) embittering, exas- act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live. The construction without
peration, rebellion. The word is a translation of the the article fixes attention upon the character (Westcott).
Heb. name Meribah which in Heb. means “conflict” or Pres. part. indicates the unending existence of God.
“rebellion.” Kata (# 2848) w. the acc. used in a temp. # 13 nopaxoreite pres. imp. act. napaKarew (# 4151) to
sense, at (IBG, 58). meipaopog (# 4280) test, trial. It is a encourage, to beseech (Attridge; s. Rom. 12:1). Pres.
translation of the Heb. name Massah meaning “tempt- imp. calls for a repeated or continual action. éavtob<¢
ing” or “testing” (Buchanan; Montefiore; Hughes). acc. pl. €avtod (# 1571) oneself. The reflex. pron. is de-
#900 (# 4023) where, adv. of place. éneipaoay aor. ind. liberately used here instead of the reciprocal pron. GA-
act. neipacw (# 4279) to try to test, to tempt (TLNT). na- Aniwyv w. the purp. of emphasizing the close unity of
Tepes nom. pl. natnp (# 4252) father. Used here to estab- the Christian body (Westcott), but it may be that the
lish a close identity w. the readers. €v Soxaoig (# 1877; two pron. are used interchangeably (Hughes). xa@=
1508) by temptation, proof, testing; instr. use of the Kata (# 2848) w. the acc. used distributively. xa’
prep. The word implies a testing which is intended to EKGOTHY TEpav at each day; ii.e., every day, daily (IBG,
bring out the good (TDNT). etéov aor. ind. act. opaw 59; Westcott; Hughes). xpic ob (# 948; 4005) as long as,
(# 3972) to see. 10 tecoapaKovta (#5477) forty. Em while (RWP). kaAeitat pres. ind. pass. kaAew (# 2813) to
acc. pl. tog (# 2291) year, acc. of time. The words “forty call. oKAnpvv0q aor. subj. pass. okAnpvvw (#5020) to
523 Hebrews 4

harden (s.v. 8). Subj. w. iva (#2671) in a neg. purp. cl. after a vb. of fear expressing anxiety, and w. subj. indi-
Pass. could perhaps be understood as a pass. of permis- cating fear of an uncertain thing (MT, 99). katoAeuto-
sion (“allow or permit oneself to be hardened”). anaty Wévng pres. pass. part. Katoreimw (#2901) to leave
(# 573) deceitfulness. Here dat. of means used w. a pass. behind; pass., to be left behind. Here the sense is of
vb. @ 14 pétoxoc (# 3581) partner, sharer, partaker. being left open (Bruce). Gen. abs. Part. could express
For a discussion of this phrase s. Hughes; Michel. cause or could be concessive (Riggenbach). émayyehia.
yeyovapev perf. ind. act. yivowat (#1181) to become. (# 2039) promise (TDNT; NIDNTT; Michel). evoerBeiv
Perf. signifies that the readers have become and conse- aor. act. inf. eloepyouar (# 1656) to enter, to go into.
quently now are partakers of Christ (Hughes). é&vnep Epex. inf. explaining what the promise is. Kat&movot
(# 1570) if at least (Westcott). bxd0taOI1g (#5712) that (# 2923) rest (s. 3:11). 80x pres. subj. act. doxew (# 1506)
which underlies, ground, basis. The word then means to appear, to seem, to suppose. The word could also
confidence, assurance, conviction and refers to the real- have a forensic idea, “to be found” (Michel; Riggen-
ity, essence, or nature of something; or to the ground- bach). Subj. in a cl. of fear (GGBB, 477). botepnKevat
work or basis of hope (Bruce; Buchanan; Grasser; perf. act. inf. botepew (# 5728) to fall short, to be late, to
Attridge). Here it is the foundation of the Christian’s come behind, to fall behind. The vb. pictures someone
assurance of faith (Weiss). Kat&oxwpev aor. subj. act. in a company marching together w. others who march
Katexw (#2988) to hold down, to hold fast. faster than he can. He cannot keep up, so he falls be-
@ 15 AeyeoBa pres. pass. inf. A€yw (# 3306) to speak. Ar- hind. Falling behind in religious matters means not
ticular inf. w. the prep. ev (#1877) could be temp. or being able to fulfill all the demands or commandments,
causal (MT, 146). &kovonte aor. subj. act. &Kovw (#291) being negligent, failing to qualify or measure up
to hear. oxAnpbvnte pres./aor. subj. act. okAnpovw (Buchanan). Perf. marks not only a present or past de-
(#5020) to harden. 16 tiveg nom. pl. tig (#5515) feat, but an abiding failure (Westcott). @ 2 Eopev pres.
who? Interrogative pron. introducing a rhetorical ques- ind. act. eiui (# 1639) to be. ebnyyedtopevot perf. pass.
tion. akoboavtes aor. act. part. akovw (#201) to hear. part. evayyerifouor (#2294) to proclaim good news;
Part. could be concessive: “although they had heard.” pass, to have good news proclaimed to someone. Part.
Aor. describes antecedent action. napenixpavav aor. is used to form the periphrastic perf. ind. pass. Perf.
ind. act. napamikpatvw (#4176) to provoke, to exasper- emphasizes the completeness of the evangelization
ate, to be disobedient, to rebel (BAGD). e&A80vtEs aor. that has taken place, and thus leaves no room for any
act. part. e€epyouat (#2002) to go out. 17 npoowy- excuse that evangelization had been inadequate or de-
@toev aor. ind. act. mpoowy8ifw (# 4696) to loathe (s.v. ficient (Hughes). ka®anep (#2749) just as. KaKeivor =
10). Gwapthioaot aor. act. part. masc. pl. dat. cpoptavwy Kat ekeivot (#2797) those also. whéAnoev aor. ind. act.
(# 279) to sin. K@Aov (# 3265) body, corpse. Emeoev aor. wherew (# 6067) to profit, to be profitable. axon (# 198)
ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. Const. aor. looking at the hearing. Here descriptive gen. emphasizes that the
process over forty years. ephuw dat. sing. épnuoc word or message is associated w. hearing; the implica-
(# 2245) desert. Loc. dat. 18 dpooev aor. act. ind. tion is that the message is intended for people to hear
Suvoyt (# 3923) to swear. etoerevoeoOat fut. mid. (dep.) and so must be proclaimed (Hughes). ovyKeKxepao-
inf. eloepyouct (# 1656) to enter. Inf. in indir. discourse; weévouc perf. pass. part. ovvKepavvuut (# 5166) to mix to-
used in an abbreviated Semitic cond. cl. expressing an gether, to blend, to unite. For the textual problem here
oath: “If they shall enter ...” ie., “they shall surely not s. PC; TC, 665; Hughes. d&xovoaot aor. act. part. dKovw
enter into....” &mevOfoaotv aor. act. part. ametOw (# 578) (# 201) to hear. Aor. part. describes antecedent action.
to be disobedient; unbelief passed into action Subst. part. used as ind. obj.: “to those who have
(Westcott). @19PAemouev pres. ind. act. Brexw heard.” 3 eloepyoueda. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) eioepyo-
(# 1063) to watch. névvnOnoav aor. ind. pass. Svvopat wo. (# 1656) to enter. Although pres. could be used as a
(# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Their exclusion from futuristic pres., it is better to take it as an expression of
Canaan was not only a fact but a moral necessity (West- a pres. fact (Westcott). Pres. could express the idea, “we
cott). eloeAGeiv aor. act. inf. ercepyouct (# 1656) to enter. are already in process of entering” (Montefiore).
amotio (#602) unbelief. Used w. the prep. 8V = 510 MLOTEVOMVTES aor. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to believe.
(# 1328) and the acc.: “because of disbelief.” eipnkev perf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to speak. dpooa. aor.
ind. act. Ouvont (#3923) to swear, to take an oath. opyn
Hebrews 4 (#3973) anger, wrath. eloedevoovtar fut. ind. mid.
#1 doPnO@pev aor. subj. pass. (dep.) opeouar (dep.) evogpxoua (# 1656). For the Semitic expression of
(# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. Cohortative subj. is used the oath implying a strong negative s. 3:11. katd&mavoic
to express a command or excitation in the Ist. pers.: “let (# 2923) rest. s.v. 3:11. kattor (#2792) used w. the part.
us fear.” obv (# 4036) therefore, drawing the logical im- expressing a concessive idea: although. xatapPorn
plication from the preceding. whnote (# 3607) lest. Used (# 2856) laying down, foundation. yevnOevtwv aor. pass.
Hebrews 4 524

(dep.) part. yivowor (# 1181) to become. Here contains falling into destruction as a result of disobedience
the sense, “to be completed,” “to be finished.” (BAGD). néoq aor. subj. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. Subj.
@ 4 eipnkev perf. ind. act. Aeyw to say. mov (# 4543) w. iva, (# 2671) to express purp. &met8e1a disobedience
where, somewhere. €PSop0¢ (#1575) seventh. Day is s.v. 6. © 12 Gav pres. act. part. (adj.) aw (# 2409) to be
implied; “the seventh day,” i.e., the Sabbath. In the syn- alive, living; without the art. expressing the quality.
agogue liturgy for the beginning of the Sabbath, the re- The word is emphatic by its position. evepyng (# 1921)
cital of Ps. 95:1-11 was followed by Gen. 2:1-3 (Lane). energetic, active, productive. The word is used of activ-
KQtETAVOEV aor. ind. act. Katanavw (# 2924) to rest. ity that produces results and often for divine activity
@ 5 év tovtw (# 1877; 4047) in this, here. eioedevaovtat that produces results (MNTW, 46ff; TDNT). TOMWTEPOG
fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eioepyouai (#1656) to enter. © 6 comp. touog (#5533) sharp; comp., sharper. bnép
enei (#2075) since, because. anoAeinetor pres. ind. (# 5642) than. The word is used in a comp. construc-
Pass. &moAeinw (# 657) to remain over, to leave behind; tion: sharper beyond, sharper than. payaipa (# 3479)
pass., to be left over. etoeAeiv aor. act. inf. elogpxyouat sword (s. Eph. 6:17). m&oav acc. sing. tac (# 4246) any;
(# 1656) to enter. Compl. inf. explains what remains to pl., all. diotopog (#1492) double-edged, two-edged.
be done. npotepov (#4728) formerly. ebayyeArobevtes d5iixvovpevoc pres. mid. part. dtixveowat (# 1459) to pass
aor. pass. part. s.v. 2. elofABov aor. ind. act. eloepyonar through, to pierce, to penetrate (cf. Exod. 26:28; LXX).
(# 1656) to enter. 5 = 614 (# 1328) w. acc., because, be- pepropos (# 3536) dividing. appog (# 765) joint. pvEedoc
cause of. amei®era (#577) unpersuaded, disobedient. (# 3678) marrow. The expressions serve to convey ef-
Active expression of unbelief is manifested in disobe- fectively the notion of the extreme penetrative power
dience (Westcott; BBC). @ 7 opi{et pres. ind. act. opitw of the word of God, to the very core of one’s being
(# 3988) to mark out w. a boundary, to appoint, to des- (Hughes; Lane). xpitixog (# 3217) capable of making a
ignate. onpepov (# 4958) today. A€ywv pres. act. part. decision, discerning, able to judge, followed by the obj.
Aeyw (# 3306) to say. tooodtoc (# 5537) so long. Used in gen. évOdpnoig (#1927) thought, reflection, feelings,
the temp. expression, “after so long a time.” mpoeipntar idea (BAGD). The word refers to the action of the affec-
perf. ind. pass. mporeyw (#4625) to say before, to say tions and is related to the will (Westcott; Michel).
previously. akovonte aor. subj. act. aKkovw (#210) to Evvoug (# 1936) thought, intent. The word refers to the
hear. oxAnpovnte aor. subj. act. oxAnpvvw (#5020) to action of reason (Westcott). @ 13 Ktiow (#3232) crea-
harden (TLNT, GELTS, 429). Aor. subj. w. the neg. pn ture. dodavng (#905) hidden, not manifest. yopvoc
(# 3590) to express a prohibition. @ 8 ‘Inootc (# 2652) (# 1218) naked, open. tetpaynAiopéva perf. pass. part.
Joshua. Katénavoev aor. ind. act. Katanabvw (#2924) to TpaynrICw (# 5548) to lay bear, to expose. The figure of
give rest. Ind. is used here in a 2nd. class cond. cl. ex- speech behind the word is not clear. It has been sug-
pressing that which is contrary to fact. €AdAe impf. gested that it refers to bending back the neck of a sacri-
ind. act. AaAew (#4246) to speak. “He would not ficial victim to make ready for the final stroke; or it may
speak,” “he would not be speaking” (RWP). #9 dpa refer to the wrestler’s art of seizing one by the throat,
(# 726) so then. The word draws a conclusion from the rendering him limp and powerless. For these sugges-
preceding argument. Gmodeinetot pres. ind. pass. tions w. references to usage s. Riggenbach; Michel;
GTOAEinw s.v. 6. caPBatiopos (# 4878) sabbath rest. The Hughes; Bruce; Delitzsch; Grasser; Weiss; Attridge.
term stresses the special aspect of festivity and joy, ex- Tp0c Ov NyLiv 0 AOYOS w. whom our matter is, w.whom
pressed in the adoration and praise of God (Lane; s. our final reckoning has to be made (Bruce). For the
also the various essays on the Sabbath in FSLD). Aa@ meaning, “w. reference to which our message applies,”
dat. AW0c¢ (# 3295) people. Dat. ind. obj., “for the people “which word applies to us,” as well as a discussion of
of God.” 10 €ioedOwv aor. act. part. eioepyouar other interpretations s. Buchanan. @ 14 Exovtes pres.
(# 1656) to enter. Katémavoev aor. ind. act. Katanadw act. part. (causal) éyw (# 2400) to have, to possess. Pres.
(#2924) to rest, to cease. i810¢ (# 2625) one’s own. indicates contemporaneous action to the main vb. &p-
11 onovdcowpev aor. subj. act. onovdatw (#5079) to xuepevs (#797) high priest. This could be a contrast w.
beina hurry, to make haste, to be in earnest, to concen- the high priest of the OT, or w. the high priest of Juda-
trate one’s energies on the achievement of a goal, to en- ism at the time of writing (BBC; DLNT, 962-67). péyac
deavor (Hughes). Subj. is hortatory expressing a (# 3489) great, indicating might (Grasser). dveAnAvE0T.
command (“let us”). obv (# 4036) therefore, drawing a perf. act. part. dépxouar (# 1451) to pass through, to go
logical conclusion from the preceding. evoedAeiv aor. through. Perf. indicates that he has passed through the
act. inf. evoepyouat (# 1656) to enter. Compl. inf. to the heavens and is still there. kpata@pev pres. subj. act. kpa-
preceding main vb., “let us endeavor to enter.” bm08ety- téw (# 3195) to be in control of, to exercise power over,
pa (#5682) example. The word is used here in the to hold to, to hold fast, followed by the gen. opodoyia
sense of a warning sign (Michel). The word refers not (# 3934) confession, profession. @ 15 Exouev pres. ind.
to an example of disobedience, but to an example of act. €yw (# 2400 ) to have, to possess. Svvépevov pres.
O29 Hebrews 5

mid. (dep.) part. Svvapa1 (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. cess, either of enthusiasm or impassivity. The word in-
ovpnasTooa aor. act. inf. cvpmabEew (#5217) to share the dicates that an earthly high priest is not to pass over the
experience of someone, to sympathize w. someone. sin of his passion and pity for the sinner but rather to
Compl. inf. to the preceding part. The word is not to be have a controlled feeling of sympathy (Michel; Bucha-
understood in a psychological, but in an existential nan; Hughes). It indicates that compassion or sympa-
sense. The exalted one suffers together w. the weakness thy is innate to the priest’s nature (TLNT). Compl. inf.
of the one tempted (Michel). dgovevera (# 819) weak- to the following part. &vvdpevog pres. mid. (dep) part.
Ness. NENEIAOpEVOV perf. pass. part. meipacw (# 4279) to dvvayat (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Adj. part. used to
tempt, to test, to try. Perf. emphasizes the completed describe the character of one who is taken or appointed
state and continuing results. owo1otNs (# 3928) likeness. to be a high priest. &yvootow pres. act. part. dat. masc.
The word emphasizes exact correspondence (Michel; pl. ayvoew (# 51) to be without understanding, to be ig-
GELTS, 332; TDNT). 16 xpooepywpe8a pres. subj. norant. NAGVvwWpEVOIG pres. pass. part. Mavaw (# 4414)
mid. (dep.) mpooepxouat (#4665) to come to, to draw to go astray, to wander (BAGD). The two parts. used w.
near. The word was used in the LXX for the priestly ap- a single article refer to a single class or category of
proach to God in service (Westcott; GELTS, 400). Co- those sinning; i.e., those who erred through ignorance
hortative subj., “let us always come near.” Pres. (N. Lightfoot; Monteriore; Westcott). mepixettat pres.
emphasizes that the privilege is always available. ind. pass. mepixerat (# 4329) to be surrounded by, to be
Tapproia (# 4244) speaking all things, boldness, confi- encompassed by. It is like a millstone around his neck
dence, assurance (s. 3:6; TLNT). t@ @povw tic yapitos (Mark 9:42; Luke 17:2), or like a chain around him (Acts
throne of grace; i.e., a throne characterized by grace. 28:20) (RWP). cobévera. (# 819) weakness. 3 Opeirer
AGPwpev aor. subj. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to receive. pres. ind. act. oethw (# 4053) to be obligated. The word
Subj. used to express purp. EA€0¢ (# 1799) mercy, com- speaks of moral obligation; ie., “he must,” “he is
passion, compassionate help (TDNT; TLNT; s. 1 Tim. bound” in the very nature of things, in virtue of his
1:2). e¥pmpev aor. subj. act. evpioxw (#2351) to find. constitution and of his office (Westcott). Gnomic pres.,
Subj. w. tva (# 2671) to express purp. evKarpos (# 2322) indicating that which is always true (SMT, 8). Ka@wc
convenient, good time, well timed; at the right time, at (# 2777) just as, as. mpoogepery pres. act. inf. mpoodepw
the right moment (Delitzsch; Michel; Preisigke; MM; (#4712) to offer (s.v. 1). 4 twH (#5507) honor. The
TLNT; GELTS, 186; Luke 22:6). Josephus uses the word word was used in Josephus to describe the honor of the
of Herod the Great waiting for the right time to talk to office of high priest (Josephus, Ant., 3:188; Michel).
his sons about who would succeed him (Jos., Ant. KaAovMEVOS pres. pass. part. Karew (#2813) to call.
16:80; for other examples s. CCFJ, 2:232). PonGera Kadwonep (# 2778) just as. The author may have had in
(# 1069) help, help given to one in need (s. 2:18). mind the leading sacerdotal families of Jerusalem in his
day, who were not descendants of Aaron but had
Hebrews 5 sought for themselves the high priestly office and been
#1 yap (# 1142) for. It introduces the grounds for elevated to it by Herod the Great. Such men, though
the preceding and gives an explanation of how Christ approved by the state, were not approved by God
was tried (Attridge). AopBavoyevoc pres. pass. part. (Hughes). @ 5 €60Eaoev aor. ind. act. 50&6Cw (# 1519) to
AnuBavuy (#3284) to take. KaBiotatot pres. ind. pass. glorify. yevn@7va aor. pass. (dep.) inf. yivowat (# 1181)
Kadiotnut (#2770) to constitute, to appoint. Pass. im- to become. Inf. may be epex. explaining the main vb.;
plies that he does not appoint himself (Hughes). Adj. i.e., “Christ did not take for Himself the honor of be-
part. without the art. stresses the character. Gnomic coming high priest.” Or it may be used to express re-
pres. referring to that which is always true. t& ™p0¢ TOV sult, “that He might become a high priest” (IBG, 127).
@eov in reference to things pertaining to God, in refer- AOANOaS aor. act. part. Anew (# 3281) to speak. Part. as
ence to things in relation to God. mpooepy pres. subj. subst. Aor. indicates the completed action of the event.
act. mpoodepw (#4712) to carry to, to offer. The word El pres. act. ind. 2nd. pers. sing. ewt (# 1639) to be. ye-
was used in a religious sense of bringing an offering or yewvnka. perf. ind. act. yevvaw (# 1164) to beget, to be-
sacrifice to God. Subj. w. iva (# 1142) to express purp. come the father of. Perf. indicates the state or condition.
Sapov (# 1565) gift. @vota (# 2602) sacrifice. The expres- @ 6 Ev Etepw (# 1877; 2283) in another place. A€yet pres.
sions are best understood here as a general description ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. thEg (# 5423) rank, order.
of the offerings over which the high priest officiated @ 7 5enoig (# 1255) prayer. ixetnpta (# 2656) supplica-
(Hughes; DLNT, 1069-72). @ 2 petpionabeiv pres. act. tion, petition. The word properly denotes an olive
inf. petpiomabew (# 3584) to moderate one’s feelings, to branch entwined w. wool borne by suppliants. The
have feelings in the right measure. The word was used olive branch was the sign of the suppliant (Westcott;
in Aristotelian philosophical tradition in the sense of BAGD; MM; Attridge; TDNT). Svvapevov pres. mid.
moderating one’s feelings or passions so as to avoid ex- (dep.) part. 5vvopon (# 1538) to be able. owfetv pres. act.
Hebrews 5 526

inf. owCw (# 5392) to save. Saxpvov (# 1232) tear. Later (MM). yeyovate perf. ind. act. yivowo1 (#1181) to be-
rabbinic piety identified three kinds of prayers; i.e., en- come. It is not a question of what they are by nature,
treaty, crying, and tears. It is said that entreaty is of- but of what they have become by default, the implica-
fered in a quiet voice, crying w. a raised voice, but tears tion being that this was not the case w. them originally
are higher than all (Moffatt). mpooeveyKac aor. act. part. (Hughes). Perf. signifies the state or condition. axKoaic
(adj.) mpooepw to offer s.v. 1. eloaxovobeig aor. pass. dat. pl. axon (#198) hearing; dat. of reference, “in ref-
part. (adj.) eioakovw (# 1653) to hear, to answer; pass., erence to hearing.” @ 12 OgeiAovtec pres. act. part. Oet-
to be heard. a0 (# 608) from; to be understood here in Aw (# 4053) to be obligated, one must. Concessive part.,
the sense of “arising from,” “as the result of” (Hughes). “although you are obligated.” elvan pres. act. inf. eit
evacpera (#2325) godly fear. The word marks that (# 1639) to be. Compl. inf. to the preceding part. 61a tov
careful and watchful reverence that pays regard to ypovov (# 1328; 5989) because of the time. Because of
every circumstance (Westcott; Michel; for various in- the length of time that they had been believers, they
terpretations of the passage s. Hughes; Bruce). #8 should have made progress in their religious condition
Kainep (# 2788) w. the part., although. @v pres. act. part. (Grasser). ypetav Eyete you have need. 6i5doxetv pres.
et (# 1639) to be. Concessive part. vlog (#5626) son; act. inf. 515dc0Kw (# 1438) to teach. Articular inf. w. gen.,
the honored position as the heir and future owner (s. indicating the area of need: “you have need that some-
Heb 1:2). &ua8ev aor. ind. act. pavOdvw (# 3443) to learn. one teach you.” otouzetov (# 5122) basic element (Mich-
Discipline-even physical-was an essential part of el; TDNT). apyn (#794) beginning. Here, gen. of
Greek education (BBC). &’ ®v = dnd tovtTwWV & from definition (Bruce) or descriptive gen. (“original ele-
these things which. éma@ev aor. ind. act. naoyw (# 4248) ments”). Here it denotes the foundational teaching
to suffer. bmaKxon (# 5633) obedience. The article indi- (Spicq; EGT). tév Aoyiwv tod Bod the oracles of God.
cates the particular obedience required of him in the The phrase might refer to the new revelation given by
days of his flesh (EGT). @ 9 teAewéeic aor. pass. part. Christ to His apostles; but it more naturally seems to
tede10ow (# 5457) to complete, to perfect. Part. could be refer to the collected writings of the OT (Westcott). ye-
temp. or causal. His perfection consisted in the reten- yovate perf. ind. act. yivowat (# 1181) to become. ExovtEs
tion of his integrity in the face of every kind of assault, pres. act. part. €xw (# 2400) to have. ypetav Exovtes hav-
thereby establishing his integrity (Hughes; for a study ing need. The following gen. indicates the area of need.
of this word and its contextual backgrounds s. Michel; yada. (# 1128) milk. The word can be compared to the
TDNT, A. Wikgren, “Patterns of Perfection in the Epis- rabbinical term “suckling,” referring to young stu-
tle to the Hebrews,” NTS 6 [1960]: 159-67). €yéveto aor. dents (EGT; Spicq; TDNT; DLNT, 736-38). otepedg
ind. mid. (dep.) yivouo.r (#1181) to become. braxKov- (# 5104) solid. tpon (# 5575) food. @ 13 petéywv pres.
ovotv pres. act. part. bnaKkovw (#5634) to obey, to be act. part. petexw (# 3576) to partake of, to partake, fol-
obedient. aitiog (# 165) cause, reason, author. For vari- lowed by the gen. Used here of eating and drinking
ous examples of the word esp. from Philo s. Bruce; N. (BAGD). Subst. use of the part. Ww. Rac (# 4246) to em-
Lightfoot; Westcott; Attridge; NW, 2, ii:1105-6. 10 phasize a defining trait: “any one who partakes.”
Mpoomyopeveic aor. pass. part. tpocayopevw (# 4641) to Gneipoc (#586) unskilled. It describes a person who
designate, to greet, to salute, to hail. The word contains lacks experience, is untried, or ignorant (Buchanan).
the idea of a formal and solemn ascription of a title Aoyou Sixa1oddvns word of righteousness. The phrase
(BAGD; MM; EGT; Westcott; for a milder sense of the has been taken to refer to an infant's inability to speak
word—” mention” or “greet”—s. NDIEC, 1:61-62; 64- 66; correctly (Riggenbach), or in the sense of the righteous-
4:245-50). kate thy tuELw after the order of. @ 11 nepiov ness of Christ imputed to the believer (Hughes). 14
(# 4309; 4005) concerning whom, concerning which. téA€10g (# 5455) perfect, mature. It refers to those who
The author refers to the priesthood of Christ in the should assume adult responsibilities. The author is
order of Melchizedek (Hughes). For a discussion s. using terms of human development to describe the
BINT, 380-93; ABD 4:684-88; DDD, 1047-53; DLNT, readers’ development in faith (Buchanan; BBC; for a
729-31. Npiv dat. pl. eyw (#1609) I. Here, “to us,” “for parallel in the DSS s. 1QS 1:10-11). €€1g (# 2011) habit. It
us.” Dat. indicates the obligation, what it is incumbent refers to a habit of body or mind indicating not the pro-
on us to undertake (EGT). dvoeppnvevtos (# 1549) diffi- cess but the result; the condition, produced by past ex-
cult to explain, difficult to interpret, hard to explain ercise, is now habitual, the disposition of character
(Moffatt; Michel; EGT). Aéyew pres. ind. act. AEyw (EGT; Westcott; Spicq; Attridge). It could be taken as
(# 3306) to say. Epex. inf. explaining the adj. vw8poc referring to the ability gained through exercise (Weiss).
(# 3821) dull, slow, sluggish. The word was used of the aicOntipiov (#152) faculty, sense organ like seeing,
numbed limbs of a sick lion (EGT). In the LXX it is used tasting, smelling, hearing (Attridge; NW, 2, ii:1110-11).
of one who is lazy (GELTS, 320; Prov. 22:29; TLNT). In Used here of spiritual sensitivity (Hughes). yeyuuvao-
the papyri the corresponding vb. is used of sickness Héva perf. pass. part. youvatw (# 1214) to exercise, to
527 Hebrews 6

train by exercise. The word gives an athletic image of act. Enitpemw (# 2205) to allow, to permit. @ 4 d60vatog
exercising naked (Attridge). &yovtwv pres. act. part. (# 105) impossible. The word is forceful, emphatic, and
(adj.) yw (#2400) to have. diaxKpioig (# 1360) distin- the affirmation is unequivocal (Attridge; TLNT; Spicq).
guishing, deciding, making a judgment between two The adj. is used w. the inf. that occurs in v. 6. &nog
things. The goal of the training is distinguishing good (#562) once, once for all. pwtiobevtas aor. pass. part.
and evil (Attridge). For the force of the prep. in com- dwtitw (# 5894) to enlighten, to illuminate. Aor. looks at
pound s. MH, 303. Because the readers had been be- the completed event. Illumination indicates that God
lievers for a time, they should have known that to gives understanding and spiritual light (Michel; Hugh-
return to Judaism was a bad choice-they would not be es; BBC; HSB s. for the different options BINT). Temp.
able to go on to maturity! S. Barnabas Lindars, “The part. (“after”). yevoopévoug aor. mid. (dep.) part. yevo-
Rhetorical Structure of Hebrews,” NTS 35 (1989): 382- wot (# 1174) to taste of, to taste, w. gen. The vb. express-
406; esp. 384-90. es a real and conscious enjoyment of the blessings
apprehended in their true character (Westcott; Hugh-
Hebrews 6 es). Temp. part. (“after”). 5wped (#1561) gift. exov-
@ 1610 (#1475) therefore. &evteg aor. act. part. paviosg (# 2230) heavenly (s. Eph. 1:3). wetoyog (# 3581)
Ahinut (#918) to leave. The part. could be means, “in sharer, participant. yevn@évtacg aor. pass. (dep.) part.
that we leave.” The leaving does not mean to despise yivoua. (#1181) to become. Temp. part. (“after”).
or abandon the elementary doctrines. The point is that 5 yevoopévous aor. mid. (dep.) part. yevoua to taste
the beginning is not a stopping place; it is the door to of (s.v. 4). pia. (# 4839) that which is spoken, word. péA-
progress and the springboard to achievement (Hugh- Novtos pres. act. part. adj. weAAW (#3516) to about to,
es). TOV ... TOD Xpiotod Adyov the word of the beginning coming. 6 napamecovtas aor. act. part. (cond.) napa-
of Christ. The gen. tod Xptotovd could be subjective mintw (#4178) to fall beside, to go astray, to miss; later
gen.; i.e., Christ’s initial teachings (Buchanan; Hughes; in a theological use, to fall away, to commit apostasy
J.C. Adam, “Exegesis of Hebrews 6:1f,” NTS 13 [1967]: (BAGD; GELTS, 355). It implies nothing of their previ-
378-85). thig apxtis (# 794) of the beginning, elementary. ous spiritual condition. It only suggests that they are
tereiotns (#5456) perfection, maturity (s. 5:14). The going astray or missing what Christ has provided
word goes back to the motif of babes and adults (5:12- (Hughes; BBC; DLNT, 73-76). This is parallel to all the
14), and denotes that maturity of thought and commit- preceding parts. It could refer to those who might turn
ment the writer attempts to inculcate in the addressees back to Judaism and try to make a “new start” in order
(Attridge). depwpe6a pres. subj. pass. pepw (#5770) to to avoid persecution. G&vaKatvifetv pres. act. inf. avo-
carry; pass., to be carried. Cohortative subj., “let us be Kaivitw (#362) to renew again, to make new again.
carried.” The pass. gives the thought of personal sur- Epex. inf. explaining what is impossible. cig (# 1650)
render to an active influence (Westcott). It is not a mat- unto. Prep. gives the direction or the goal. advaotav-
ter of the learners being carried by their instructors, but podvtac pres. act. part. acc. masc. pl. avaotavpow
of both being carried forward together by God. It is a (# 416) to crucify again, to lift up ona cross. Causal part.
divine pass. implying the agency of God (Hughes; BG, indicates why it is impossible for such people to repent
76). Sepédtov (# 2529) foundation, basis. KataPoAAo- and make a new beginning (Hughes; Bruce). For the
wevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. kataPparAw (# 2850) to cast force of the prep. in compound, meaning “again” s.
down; mid., to lay a foundation. petavoie (#3567) MH, 295; (or perhaps better “up,” in the sense of “to
change of mind, repentance. Here, gen. of description put up on a stake” [Lindars, “The Rhetorical Structure
or gen. of apposition. vexpo¢ (#3738) dead. Epyov of Hebrews,” NTS 35 (1989): 37; Braun; Weiss; CCF],
(# 2240) work, deed. 2 Bartiopdav (# 968) washing. 1:109]). Eavtoig dat. pl. Eavtog (# 1571) oneself; dat. of
The pl. here evidently refers to the various washing to advantage, “for themselves.” napaderyatifovtacs pres.
be found in Judaism (BBC). For this as well as evidence act. part. mopaderywaticw (# 4136) to expose publicly, to
that the matters here refer primarily to Judaism s. J.C. make a public example of, to expose to disgrace (RWP;
Adam cited in v. 1; Lane; for various interpretations of BAGD; Weiss). If the readers were to return again to Ju-
the pl. s. Hughes. 66axn (# 1439) teaching. éniBeorc daism, no possibility existed for them to begin their
(# 2120) placing upon, laying on. For the Jewish teach- spiritual life anew. This would require a recrucifixion
ing regarding the laying on the hands s. SB, 2:647f; of Christ, putting Him to open shame. For this reason
TDNT. d&veotaoic (# 414 ) resurrection. Kpiva (# 3210) they must continue toward maturity despite the diffi-
judgment. 3 novnoopev fut. ind. act. novéw (# 4472) to culties, problems, and persecutions that attend their
do. tavnep (# 351) if. The 2nd. particle used w. the cond. walk. 7 mwotoo. aor. act. part. (adj.) mivw (#4403) to
particle emphasizes that the action is in spite of oppo- drink. Gnomic aor. Epxoyevov pres. mid. (dep.) part.
sition: “if, in spite of opposition, God permits,” if in- (adj.) Epyouc (# 2262) to come, to go. Iterat. pers. bEtOG
deed, if after all (RG, 1154; BD, 237). enitpenp pres. subj. (# 5624) rain. tixtovoa. pres. act. part. tiktw (#5503) to
Hebrews 6 528

bear, to bring forth, to produce. Botdvn (# 1083) vegeta- tience, patient endurance (s. Gal. 5:22; Rom. 2:4). kAnpo-
tion, green plants. eb@etoc (# 2310) well-suited, conve- VoWOvVTWY pres. act. part. KAnpovopew (#3099) to
niently placed, suitable, useable (BAGD). 8’ = dia inherit. Part. as subst. énayyeAta (#2039) promise.
(# 1328) w. acc., because of, on whose account. The 13 EnayyeiAcuevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. enayyeAonat
owners are intended or it refers to those whom the (# 2040) to promise, to make a promise. Temp. part.,
owners meant to supply (EGT). yewpyeitar pres. ind. contemporaneous action, “when God promised.” For
pass. yewpyew (# 1175) to cultivate. petoAopPaver pres. this concept s. DLNT, 967-70; C. Rose, “Verheissung
ind. act. petorauBavw (#3561) to receive w. someone, und Erfillung: Zum Verstandnis von exayyed1a im He-
to partake, to share in. Gnomic. pres. 8 Exdépovoa braerbrief,”Biblische Zeitschrift 33 (1989): 178-91; R.
pres. act. part. expepw (#1766) to carry out, to bring Worley, “God’s Faithfulness to Promise: The Hortatory
forth, to produce. Part. could be cond., “if it produces.” Use of Commisive Language in Hebrews,” (Ph. D. dis-
akavOa (#180) thorn. tpiBodog (#5560) thistle; lit., sertation, Yale University, 1981). énei (# 2075) since, be-
“three-pointed.” For the use of these terms in the LXX cause. etyev aor. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have petCwv
s. EGT; GELTS, 480; GELRS, 295. &S0xog (# 99) disap- (# 3505) greater. On00a1 aor. act. inf. ouvow (#3923) to
proved, rejected after examination (s. 1 Cor. 9:27). swear by followed by the prep. KaQ’ = kata (# 2848) w.
Katopa. (# 2932) curse. tyyvg (# 1584) near; “nigh unto a the gen. apooev aor. ind. act. (# 3505) The fact that God
curse,” in Gen. 3:17ff. Thorns and thistles follow the swore by Himself indicates that He binds Himself to
cursing of the land for man’s sake (Bruce). Kado His word by His eternal person (Cleon Rogers, “The
(# 3011) burning. 9 neneiopeba. perf. ind. pass. netbw Covenant with Abraham and Its Historical Setting,”
(# 4275) to persuade; pass., to be persuaded; perf., to Bib Sac 127 [1970]: 214-56; Michel; Buchanan; Attridge;
have confidence (s. Phil. 1:6). xpetooova. (# 3202) pl. Philo, The Sacrifices of Abel and Cain, 91-94; BBC). Con-
comp. &ya00g good; comp., better. “Better things.” €x0- cerning God’s oath Philo says, “And it is so that while
eva. pres. mid. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. Mid. to hold with us the oath gives warrant for our sincerity, it is it-
oneself fast, to belong to, to accompany. The mid. is self guaranteed by God. For the oath does not make
used of inner belonging and close association; the “to God trustworthy; it is God that assures the oath. Why
of belonging and the “w.” of association are expressed then did it seem well ... to represent God as binding
by the gen. (BAGD). et Kat (#1623; 2779) if also, al- Himself by an oath? It was to convince created man of
though. The words introduce a concessive condition of his weakness and to accompany conviction with help
the Ist. class (RWP). AaAodpev pres. ind. act. Aarkew and comfort” (Philo, The Sacrifices of Abel and Cain, 93-
(# 4246) to speak. @ 10 emtAabéo8a1 aor. mid. (dep.) inf. 94). 14 X€ywv pres. act. part. Aeyw (#3306) to say.
emiraveavouar (#2140) to forget, w. the gen. Epex. inf. Used as quotation marks for dir. discourse. pnv
explaining the word Géikoc. evedei—aobe aor. ind. mid. (# 3605) surely. ebAoyav pres. act. part. edAoyew (# 2328)
evoetkvupt (# 1892) to demonstrate. The prep. in com- to bless. ebAoynow fut. ind. act. edAoyéw. Part. and the fi-
pound suggests more than the simplest demonstra- nite vb. are used as a translation of the Heb. inf. abs.,
tion-laying the index finger, as it were, on the object giving emphasis and certainty to the expression; “I
(MH, 305). eg (# 1650) for. This implies that their com- shall certainly bless you” (BG, 128; BD, 218). rAn@bvwv
ing to the assistance of their brethren is evidence of pres. act. part. mAnOvvw (# 4437) to increase, to mullti-
their willingness to identify themselves w. the stigma ply. nAn@vv@ fut. ind. act. TAnOvvw. 15 paxpoevpt-
attached to the name of Jesus, and thus of the genuine- oa aor. act. part. paxpoOupew (# 3428) to endure pa-
ness of their love for Him (Hughes). Staxovfoavtes aor. tiently, to be longsuffering (s. Gal. 5:22). emetvyev aor.
act. part. dvakovew (# 1354) to minister, to serve, per- ind. act. enitvyyavw (# 2209) w. gen., to arrive at, to ob-
haps to offer financial help (BBC). dvaxovodvtec pres. tain. EnaryyeAia. (# 2039) promise. # 16 duvdovow pres.
act. part. Suaxovew. Pres. part. emphasizes the continu- ind. act. ouvovw (# 3923) to swear. Gnomic pres. &vtiAo-
ous action going on at the pres. time. @ 11 em18vpodpev yia (#517) controversy, dispute, contradiction (EGT).
pres. ind. act. em vpew (# 2121) to long for, to yearn for, mepac (#4306) end, boundary; “(as) an end of all dis-
to give a strong desire (Attridge). Exaotoc (# 1667) each puting” (BAGD). BeBaiworg (# 1012) confirming, con-
one. avtocg (# 899) the same. onovdn (#5082) earnest- firmation, legal guarantee. The word was a technical
ness, endeavor, diligence, great zeal (Attridge). ev- expression for a legal guarantee (BS, 104-9; TDNT;
Seixvvo8a1 pres. mid. inf. évdetkvupr s.v. 10. Inf. MM; Hughes). 0 dpxog (# 3992) oath. W. the article the
expresses the object of what is desired. minpopopia oath just mentioned, the oath God swore to Abraham.
(# 4443) fullness, full assurance (TLNT; MM; Michel). @ 17 év @ (# 1877; 4005) in which, wherefore, wherein,
@ 12 vw6pd0c (#3821) dull (s. 5:11). yewno8e aor. subj. i.e., in this method of appeal to remove all doubt and
mid. (dep.) yivopa (# 1181) to become, to be. Subj. in a gainsaying (Westcott; EGT). neproootepov (# 4358) adv.,
neg. purp. cl. pysntns (# 3629) imitator. 51a (# 1328) w more abundantly, more convincingly. It is probably
gen., through. paxpo@vpia (#3429) longsuffering, pa- best to take the adv. in its emphatic and elative sense,
529 Hebrews 7

“especially” (Hughes). BovAdpevog pres. mid. (dep.) Hebrews 7

part. BovAowon (# 1086) to purpose, to will, w. inf. ém- @ 1 o0vt0¢ (# 4047) this one. byrotos (#5736) su-
Beizat aor. act. inf. emidetxvupt (# 2109) to point out, to perl., highest, most high. In this case, the most high
demonstrate. Compl. inf. to the preceding part.: “desir- God was not the title of some heathen deity, but the
ing to demonstrate.” Prep. in compound may be direc- same sovereign God whom Abraham worshipped;
tive (MH, 312), or it may suggest, “to show in addition” used in the LXX of God (Hughes; Attridge; Lane). ovv-
(RWP). KANpOVvOLOLS dat. pl. KAnpovoyocg (#3101) heir. avthoas aor. act. part. (subst.) cvvavtiw (#5267) to
Here, dat. ind. obj. cet&Betos (# 292) not able to be re- meet. DrootpEpovTL pres. act. part. (temp.) DrootpEdw
moved, unchangeable, immutable. The word belongs (#5715) to return. Dat. here is used because the vb.
to the legal terminology of the time and signifies a rul- ovvavtnoas takes its object in the dat. konn (# 3158)
ing or contract incapable of being set aside or annulled. slaughter; here defeat or defeating (BAGD; Bruce;
Here it refers to God’s irrevocable purpose as ex- EGT). evroynjous aor. act. part. (subst.) evroyew (# 2328)
pressed in the promise and confirmed by the oath to bless. @ 2 @ kat to whom also. Sexatn (# 1281) tenth.
(Hughes). ueoitevoev aor. ind. act. weoitevw (# 3541) to The offering of a tithe of the spoils to the gods was a
intervene, to act as a mediator, sponsor, or surety. In- custom of antiquity (EGT; Grasser; NW, 2, ii:1126-30).
transitively it is used to pledge oneself as surety (RWP; In the Testament of Levi it is reported that as Jacob had a
Riggenbach, Michel). 6pKxoc (# 3992) oath (BBC). #18 vision and made Levi a priest, he paid a tenth of all he
mMpaya. (#4547) thing, matter. dyeta@etog unchange- had (T. Levi 9:1-4; 1021:14-22; AT, 196-97). guepioev aor.
able. a&vvatog (# 105) impossible. yedouobar aor. mid. ind. act. wepiGw (# 3532) to divide. epunvevopevos pres.
(dep.) inf. wevdouar (#6017) to lie. Exwpev pres. subj. pass. part. (adj.) epunvevw (# 2257) to interpret. 5ixa1o-
act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) in a purp. ovvn (#1466) righteousness. Josephus also interprets
cl. Katapvyovtes aor. act. part. Katabvyw (#2966) to the name of Melchizedek, the founder of Jerusalem, as
flee, to flee for refuge. In the LXX (Deut. 4:42; 19:5; Josh. Righteous King, and adds, “in virtue thereof he was
20:9) used for fleeing from the avenger to the asylum of the first to officiate as priest of God” (Jos., JW., 6:438;
the cities of refuge (EGT). kpatijoo aor. act. inf. kpatew Ant., 1:180). éneita. (# 2083) then. LoAnp (# 4889) Salem.
(# 3195) to hold fast, to seize. The idea is to lay hold on
The word refer to the city of Jerusalem (Riggenbach;
and cling to that which has been taken (Westcott). Inf. Bruce; Jos., Ant., 1:180). Baotreds eipnvng (# 995; 1645)
expresses either purp. or result. The obj. of the vb. is in King of Peace. Philo has the same view: “Melchizedek,
the gen. &Ami80¢ (# 1828) hope (TDNT; EH). mpoxewévns
too, has God made both king of peace, for that is the
pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpoxeipat (# 4618) to set before,
meaning of ‘Salem,’ and His own priest (Philo, Allegor-
to lie before. © 19 &yKvpa. (# 46) anchor (SSAW, 250-58).
ical Interpretation, 79; SB, 3:692-93). @ 3 anatwp (# 574)
In the Gr. Hellenistic world the anchor represented
hope (Moffatt; EGT; Michel; RAC, 1:440-43; BBC).
without a father. ayntwp (# 298) without a mother. The
words indicate that father and mother were unknown
GopaAns (# 855) safe. The word indicates what is out-
wardly safe (Michel). BeBatav fem. acc. BeBaoc (# 1010)
(Riggenbach; NDIEC, 1:90-91). In rabbinical writings
such expressions could mean that the father and moth-
firm, established, steadfast. The word indicates what is
firm within itself (Michel; TLNT). ELCEPYOLEVTV pres.
er had died and the child was an orphan (SB, 3:693).
mid. (dep.) part. etoepyonar (# 1656) to go into. EOWTEPOV ayeveadoyntos (#37) without genealogy. The fact that
(# 2278) within, inside of. katanétaoua. (# 2925) curtain, his genealogy was not known would have disqualified
veil. The reference is to the Holy of Holies (Hughes; him for a Levitical priesthood (SB, 3:693). The argu-
Michel; Weiss). Clearly the veil is understood primarily ment from silence plays an important part in rabbinical
as enclosing the presence of God (Attridge). @ 20 dxov interpretation of Scripture where, for exegetical pur-
(# 3963) where. mpodpoyoc (# 4596) one who runs before, poses, nothing must be regarded as having existed be-
forerunner. The word was used esp. of the men or fore the time of its first biblical mention (Bruce; SB,
troops which were sent to explore in advance of an 3:694; BBC). wrte ... wnte (# 3672) neither ... nor. apyn
army or firstfruits (Westcott; Bruce; Spicq; BBC). (# 794) beginning. Exywv pres. act. part. Eyw (#2400) to
ELonAGev aor. ind. act. eloepxouar (#1656) to go into. have. G&wpouwpévoc perf. pass. part. cpou010w (# 926) to
taéic (# 5423) order. For literature and a discussion of make like, to produce a facsimile or copy. The likeness
the priesthood of Melchizedek, s. Hughes; Lane; Weiss; is in the picture from Genesis, not in the man himself
Attridge; ABD, 4:684-86; Bruce Demarest, A History of (RWP). pevet pres. ind. act. wevw (#3531) to remain, to
Interpretation of Hebrews 7:1-10 from the Reformation to the continue. Sinvexng (# 1457) without interruption, con-
Present (Tiibingen: Mohr, 1976); NIDOTTE, 4:934-36; tinually. In referring to a dynasty this word means that
DLNT, 129-31. the family would never fail to have a male heir to rule
(Buchanan). @ 4 Oewpeite pres. imp. act. Bewpew
(# 2555) to see, to observe, to consider. The word ex-
presses the regard of attentive contemplation (West-
Hebrews 7 530

cott). Although the form of the vb. can be ind. or imp., found in Philo. Here it could mean, “one might almost
the imp. would be stronger in this context (Hughes). say” or “to use just the right word” (BAGD). The
mnAixoc (#4383) how great. Sexatn (#1281) tenth. phrase is used to limit a startling statement and the inf.
ESwxKev aor. ind. act. dtd (# 1443) to give. axpoBiviov could express conceived result (RWP); or it could be an
(# 215) the top of the heap, spoils, the best part of the example of the so-called inf. abs. (MT, 136). AopBavewv
spoils. After a victory the Greeks gathered the spoils in pres. act. part. (subst.) AouBdve (# 3284) to receive. 5ed5e-
a heap and the top or the best part of the heap was pre- Katwta1 perf. ind. pass. dekatow (# 1282) to collect, to
sented to the gods (EGT; Riggenbach; NW, 2, ii:1138- receive tithes; pass., to pay a tenth. 10 d0bd¢
39). natpiapyng (# 4256) the one who ruled a tribe, pa- (# 4019) loins. fv impf. ind. act. eivi (# 1639) to be. ovv-
triarch. The definite article used w. the word contains TvtNoev aor. ind. act. cvvavtcw (# 5267) to meet (s.v. 1).
the sense of the great patriarch or our great patriarch @ 11 tedetworg (#5459) perfection, reaching the goal.
(Hughes). @ 5 epateia (# 2632) priesthood. The word The OT law and the Levitical system could not produce
emphasize the worth or honor of the office (Michel; forgiveness or an eschatological completion or the ho-
TDNT; Lane; DLNT, 963-67). AapBavovtes pres. act. liness of heart demanded by God (Michel; TDNT).
part. AopBavw (# 3284) to receive. evtoAn (# 1953) com- tepwovvn (#2648) priesthood. abtng (# 899) “on the
mand, commandment. €yovow pres. ind. act. éyw basis of it,” i.e., “the Levitical priesthood” “in associa-
(# 2400) to have. anodexatodv pres. act. inf. anodexatow tion w. it” (Hughes). hv impf. ind. act. ewi (# 1639) to
(# 620) to take a tenth from someone, to receive a tithe. be. Ind. ina 2nd. class cond. cl. which is contrary to fact
Used in Gen. 28:22; Matt. 23:23; Lk. 11:42. Epex. inf. to (Attridge). vevouodetntat perf. ind. pass. vowob_eteouat
explain the content of the command. Kata. (# 2848) w. (# 3793) to enact a law, to furnish w. law (RWP; BAGD).
acc., according to, in accord w. the standard of. vowocg aviotaobat pres. mid. (dep.) inf. dviotnut (# 482) to rise
(# 3795) law. It refers to the Law as the sum of the com- up. Mid. is used intransitively (RWP). If the form is
mandments (Lane; DLNT, 646-47). kainep (# 2788) al- taken as pass., the meaning of the vb. is trans.: “to be
though. &&eAnaveotas perf. act. part. e&epyouar (# 2002) raised up” (BAGD). Aeyeo8o pres. pass. inf. AEyw
to go out, to descend from. dogg (# 4019) waist, hip, (# 3306) to say. 12 petatiepevng pres. pass. part.
loins. The Hebrews considered this the place of the re- petattOnur (# 3572) to change, to transfer. For the idea
productive organs and the expression, “to go forth of change involved in the compound prep. s. MH, 318.
from someone’s loins,” means to be someone’s son or Gen. abs., either cond. or temp. &vayKn (# 340) necessi-
descendant (BAGD; GELTS, 341; T). @ 6 yeveadAoyov- ty. kat (# 2779) also. wetaBeorg (# 3557) changing, trans-
wevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. yeveaAoyeouar (# 1156) to fer, change. yivetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopor
trace one’s genealogical descent, to have one’s genea- (# 1181) to become. @ 13 &f’ = emt (# 2093) upon, con-
logical descent from someone, to count or reckon cerning, w. reference to (EGT). Aéyetor pres. ind. pass.
someone’s genealogy from another (EGT). deexatwKev A€yw (# 3306) to say. PvAT (# 5876) tribe. weteoxnKev perf.
perf. ind. act. dexatow (# 1282) to take or receive the ind. act. wetexw (# 3576) to share w., to be a partaker of,
tithe. €yovta pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. enayye- to belong to, w. gen. The choice of this word points to
Nia (# 2039) promise. ebdAOynxev perf. ind. act. evAoyew the voluntary assumption of humanity by the Lord. It
(# 2328) to bless (s.v. 1). That this higher status is per- is not said simply that He was born of another tribe: He
manent may be indicated by the two perfs. here in v. 6. was born that way of His own will (Westcott; s. 2:14).
(Bruce). For the so-called perf. of allegory, used of a The perf. expresses a condition of fact, both historic
past but still relevant event s. IBG, 15ff; GGBB, 582. and official; undoubtedly it is intended to accentuate
© 7 ywpic (# 6006) w. gen., without. dvtiAoyiag (# 517) the abs. incompatibility, resulting from His birth, be-
contradiction, opposition, quarrel (MM). é\attov tween Christ and the priesthood as far as the O.T.
(#1781) comp. ptkpog little; comp., lesser, inferior. requirements were concerned (Spicq; Hughes).
Kpeittovos (# 3202) comp., (s. 6:9); better, superior. ev- Mpooeoynkev perf. ind. act. npoceyw (# 4668) w. dat., to
Aoyeitar pres. ind. pass. evaAoyew to bless (s.v. 1). give attention to, to attend to, to serve at. @votaoTNpLoV
8 anoOvfoKovtEs pres. act. part. anobvnoKw (# 633) to (# 2603) the place of sacrifice, altar. 14 mpodnroc
die. Anarthrous part. is used as an attributive and em- (#4593) before all, obvious. It is an intensified adj.
phasizes the character; “mortal men” (RG, 1105f; which means “it is perfectly obvious” (Hughes). a&va-
Hughes). Pres. indicates an action that occurs repeated- tétaAKev perf. ind. act. dvaterAw (# 422) to spring up, to
ly. AapBavovow pres. ind. act. AauBavw (# 3284) to re- arise. The word refers to rising as the sun, moon, and
ceive. Laptupovuevos pres. pass. part. (adj.) waptupew stars arise, and is also used to describe the sprouting or
(# 3455) to witness; pass., to be witnessed, to be report- growing of plants, hair, and disease; it was used meta-
ed (BS, 265; BD, 164). Gf pres. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) to phorically where the imagery reflects the rising or
live. @ 9 eineiv aor. act. inf. A€yw (#3306) to speak. wg growth of stellar bodies or planets, the idea being that
EMG Elmeiv so to speak; an idiomatic expression often the subjects would arise or had arisen to prominence or
531 Hebrews 7

prosperity, and would increase in prominence. For this said. dmooev aor. ind. act. Ouvdw (# 3923) to swear, to
reason the word easily applied to a king or to the ex- take an oath. petopeAn@noetoar fut. ind. pass. (dep.)
pected Messiah (Buchanan; Michel). The Messiah arose etoperouar (# 3564) to be sorry, to repent out of sor-
from the tribe of Judah, not from Levi (s. references to row (EGT; Trench, Synonyms, 241; TDNT). @ 22 kata
the Jewish lit. in Weiss; Braun; Gen 49:10). ig (# 1650) tooovto (# 2848; 5537) “according to so much,” “by so
to, unto, concerning. The prep. is applied to the direc- much.” xpeittovog (#3202) better (s.v. 19). S1aONKNS
tion of the thought (EGT). €Aa@Anoev aor. ind. act. AaAEW (#1347) contract, covenant, agreement, testament
(# 3282) to speak. 15 nepioootepov (#4358) comp. (Michel; TDNT; NIDNTT). yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivo-
mepioo0s (#4356) more; comp., especially. KatddnA0¢ pat (#1181) to become. €yyvog (# 1583) surety, guaran-
(# 2867) quite clear, evident. Prep. in compound is per- tee. The word means a bond, bail, collateral, or some
fective. Owo1otns (# 3928) likeness. dviotatai pres. ind. kind of guarantee that a promise will be fulfilled. The
mid./pass. aviotnut (#482) to rise up (s.v. 11). 16 word was used in the papyri in legal and promissory
odpKivoc (#4921) fleshly. Adjs. w. this ending signify documents to designate a guarantor or one who stands
material, origin, or kind (MH, 359). The enactment was security. Jesus Himself is our security that there will be
fleshly inasmuch as it had to do only w. the flesh. It no annulment of this new and better covenant (Bucha-
caused the priesthood to be implicated w. and depen- nan; Bruce; TDNT; TLNT; Spicq; Michel, MM; BBC).
dent on fleshly descent (EGT; Michel). yeyovev perf. ind. 23 mAetoves comp. pl. norvc (# 4498) many, many in
act. yivowa1 (#1181) to be, to become. d&Katé&AvTOG number-not many at one and the same time but many
(# 186) not able to be destroyed, indestructible. 17 in succession (EGT). eloiv yeyovotes (s.v. 20). Sa
Loptupeitar pres. ind. pass. paptupew (#3455) to bear (# 1328) used w. the acc. of the inf. to express cause.
witness, to testify. Pass. may be the divine or theol. Bavatw dat. sing. Pavatog (#2505) death; instr. dat.,
pass. used to imply God as the subject (BG, 76). 611 “by death.” napopévetv pres. act. inf. tapapevw (# 4169)
(# 4022) used as quotation marks to introduce dir. dis- to remain alongside of, to continue, to remain in office
course. 18 dEtHOIc (# 120) setting aside, annulling, or serve (Moffatt; for its use in the papyri s. MM;
cancellation. The word was a legal term used in the pa- NDIEC, 4:98-99). Epex. inf. explaining what was pre-
pyri for the cancellation or annulment of a legal enact- vented. kwAveobat pres. pass. inf. kwivw (# 3266) to
ment. Here it suggests cancellation has taken place (BS, hinder, to prevent. @ 24 péveww pres. act. inf. pévw
228f; Preisigke; MM; Hughes; Bruce). yivetou pres. ind. (# 3531) to remain, to continue. Pres. indicates the un-
mid. (dep.) yivoyar (#1181) to become. mpowyovons ending and continuing action or state. Articular inf. is
pres. act. part. tpocyw (#4575 ) to go before, to precede. used w. prep. 51d (# 1328) to express cause or reason.
Part. used in an adjectival sense to mean “former.” €v- anopapatoc (#563) not able to be passed on to another,
toAn (#1953) commandment. avwderns (#543) use- intransmittable, nontransferable. The priesthood of
lessness, without profit. The commandment was Christ does not pass to another precisely because it is a
useless in that it was unable to help men draw near to perpetual priesthood (Hughes; Bruce; Moffatt). tepw-
God or to effect the justification of sinners before God ovvn (# 2648) priesthood. @ 25 O8ev (# 3854) therefore.
(EGT; Hughes). @ 19 €teAgiwoev aor. ind. act. teAeiow Kai (#2779)also. ower pres. act. inf. owtw (#5392) to
(# 5457) to perfect, to bring to perfection, to bring to the rescue (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). Compl. inf. to the main
goal. enetoaywyn (# 2081) bringing in, introduction. vb. mavtedns (# 4117) complete. The phrase e€ig to mav-
The word was used in Josephus w. the idea of “replace- teres (“unto completeness”) can have a temp. sense
ment.” It is said that King Artaxerxes would quell his (“for all time”), a qualitative sense that emphasizes full
love for his former wife by replacing (enevoaywyn) her completeness (“fully and completely”); or both ideas
with another (Jos., Ant., 11:196; Moffatt). Prep. in com- may be contained and expressed in the phrase (Hugh-
pound connotes “in addition to,” “over and beyond”; es; Michel; Attridge). 50vato pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 50-
i.e., a bringing in, in addition to (Bruce). Kpeittovog gen. vopo. (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. npocEpYoEvOUG pres.
sing. Kpeittwv (# 3202) comp., better. kpeittovoc EAnIb0¢ mid. (dep.) part. mpooepyouo. (# 4665) to approach, to
better hope, obj. gen. eyyiGowev pres. ind. act. eyyiCw come to, w. dat. Part. as subst. Pres. emphasizes the
(# 1581) to come near, to draw near. Pres. indicates that continual activity. mavtote (#4121) always. C@v pres.
which is continually possible. 20 xa’ doov (# 2848; act. part. Gc.w (# 2409) to live. Causal part. w. pres. indi-
4012) according to, how much, inasmuch as. opKwpoota cating a continued action, “because He continually
(# 3993) taking of an oath. etolv ... yeyovotes. Perf. act. lives.” etc (# 1650) w. articular inf. to express purp. év-
part. of yivowo1 (# 1181) is used in a periphrastic perf. TUYYAVEL pres. act. inf. Evtvyyavw (# 1961) to make in-
act. construction. The periphrasis marks the possession tercession, to intercede for another. It was sometimes
as well as the impartment of the office: they have been used of bringing a petition before a king on behalf of
made priests and they act as priests (Westcott). another (EGT; Hughes; TDNT; MNTW, 54-56). Pres. in-
@ 21 51a tod AEyovtOs (# 1328) through the one who dicates a continual action; or it is iterative indicating a
Hebrews 8 ayy7

repeated action. Since rabbinical scholars assigned an 1:2. teteAeumpévov perf. pass. part. teAetow (#5457) to
intercessory function to the angels, it may be that the perfect, to make perfect, to bring to the goal (s. 5:9).
readers were tempted to worship angels as interces-
sors. Therefore the writer makes it perfectly plain that Hebrews 8
Christ is the sole mediator and intercessor. To rely @ 1 KepaAarov (# 3049) pertaining to the head. The
upon angels or saints or any other finite being for inter- word can refer to the sum, as of numbers added up
cession is not only futile, but also betrays a failure of from below to the head of the column, where the result
confidence in the adequacy of Christ as our intercessor is set down as the summary or synopsis. However, the
(Hughes). @ 26 to.odtog (#5525) such a one; “such a word could also mean the chief point, as of a capstone
high priest.” The word refers to what preceded, indi- or capital of a pillar, and thus mean main thing, main
cating the one who is absolute in power and eternal in point (Buchanan; EGT; Michel; BAGD; Westcott; Lane;
being (Westcott). Kai (#2779) indeed. The word em- NTNT, 227-28). ent (# 2093) w. dat., in the matter of
phasizes the thought: “Such a high priest exactly befit- (RWP). Aeyopévos pres. pass. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say;
ted us” (Hughes; Westcott). Empenev impf. ind. act. here, “that which is being discussed,” “the things
mpemtw (# 4560) w. the dat., to be suited for, to be fit for. being talked about.” tovodtov (# 5525) such a one. Adj.
apyepevs (# 797) high priest. d010¢ (# 4008) holy, pious looks forward, but is also retrospective (Attridge).
(TDNT; NIDNTT). a&kaxog (#179) without evil. The Eyouev pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Pres. points
word describes the absence of all that is bad and wrong to the continual possession. &ka610eVv aor. ind. act. Ka-
(Hughes). Gpiavtoc (#299) without defilement, stain- 8ifw (#2767) to take one’s seat, to sit down. For the
less, untainted. The word implies not merely ritual pu- concept of sitting at the right hand s. Eph. 1:20. de&@
rity, but real ethical cleanliness (RWP; BBC). (# 1288) right; “on the right hand,” the place of honor
KEYWPLOpEVOG perf. pass. part. ywpitw (# 6004) to sepa- (also s. Heb. 1:13). peyoAwobvn (#3488) majesty.
rate. The separation is due to His perfect qualities; he @ 2 tv ayiwv (# 41) n. gen. pl., the holy things; i.e., the
sanctuary (Hughes; Michel). Aevtovpyog (# 3313) minis-
is separated in a class separate from sinners. Perf. sug-
ter, one who ministers in religious matters; a word
gests that He is permanently separated from them
used in the LXX and Jewish lit. for the priest (TDNT;
(Hewitt). bwnAdtepog comp. of bynddc (#5734) high,
TLNT; Grasser; Attridge). oxnvn (# 5008) tent, taberna-
lofty; comp., higher, followed by the gen. of compari-
cle. The word is used in the fourth gospel in contrast
son. yevouevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) yivopor
not to what is false, but to what is symbolic (EGT; for
(#1181) to become. 27 &ye. pres. ind. act. eyw
an extended discussion of this v. in relation to Heb. 9:11
(#2400) to have. Kad’ nyepav (#2465; 2848) daily. s. Hughes, 283-90). Emngev aor. ind. act. nnyvuut (# 4381)
avoyKn (# 340) necessity. mpotepov (# 4728) first, first of to fix, to fasten as the pegs of a tent, to pitch a tent
all. The adv. is used for comparison between two (RWP). Kvpioc (# 3261) Lord. @ 3 ei (# 1650) w. the ar-
things (RWP). 18vo¢ (# 2625) one’s own. a&vaséepetv pres. ticular inf. to express purp. mpoogépet pres. act. inf.
act. inf. dvadepw (# 429) to bring up, to offer. Epex. inf. Tpoohepw (# 4712) to bring to, to offer. Pres. emphasizes
explaining the necessity. The high priest does not offer an action repeatedly done. ka®iotatat pres. ind. pass.
the daily sacrifices personally, but he is responsible Kabiotnut (#2770) to appoint. Gnomic pres. 6@€v
(BBC). éneita. (# 2083) then; “after that.” éxoinoev aor. (# 3854) whereafter, and so. &vayxKaiios (# 338) necessi-
ind. act. movew (# 4472) to do. Aor. points here to the ty, necessary. Exew pres. act. inf. yw (# 2400)to have.
one-time completed action. eganak (# 2384) once for The so-called subject of the inf. in the acc. case is tobtov
all. dveveyKac aor. act. part. c.vapepw (# 429) to offer up, (# 4047) this one (this priest), and refers to Christ. Kat
to sacrifice. Temp. part., aor. indicating logically ante- (#2779) also. mpooeveyKt aor. subj. act. mpoodepw
cedent action (“after”). Aor. points to a specific and (#4712) to offer, to bring to. Aor. emphasizes that
complete act. @ 28 ka8iotnov pres. ind. act. Kabtotnpt Christ’s offering was once for all, consistent w. the au-
(# 2770) to constitute, to appoint. Pres. indicates that at thor’s repeated emphasis on the singularity of Christ’s
the same time this epistle was being written the Levit- sacrifice offered (Bruce; Spicq; Hughes). Subj. in an in-
ical priesthood was still functioning, w. the implication def. rel. cl. @ 4 qv impf. ind. act. eyt (# 1639) to be. Ind.
that the Jerusalem temple was still standing (Hughes). in a 2nd. class cond. cl. expresses here a contrary-to-
apyiepevs (# 797) high priest. Here acc. pl. in a double fact statement. 6vtwv pres. act. part. (causal) ei
acc. construction: “appoint men as high priests.” éyov- (# 1639) to be. Gen. abs. (“Since there are”) mpoode-
tag pres. act. part. éyw (#2400) to have. dobevera povtwv pres. act. part. tpocdepw to offer (s.v. 3). Substan-
(# 819) weakness. opxwpoota (# 3993) oath, taking of an tival use of part. to emphasize their actions as priests
oath, oath taking (Westcott). peta (# 3552)w. the acc., offering sacrifices. Iterat. pres. kata (# 2848) w. the acc.,
after. vig (# 5626) son. The lack of the article empha- according to, according to the standard of. It was the
sizes the character or quality: one who is a son; s. Heb law which regulated all that concerns the earthly
533 Hebrews 8

priesthood, and by this law Christ is excluded from es the continuing result. For this word s. Hughes.
priestly office, not being of the tribe of Levi (EGT). #7 npwtn fem. nom mpiHt0¢ (# 4755) first, i-e., the first
@ 5 oitives (# 4015) which one; i.e., those belonging to covenant. Gyeuntocg (#289) blameless, faultless. 5e0-
this class. The qualitative rel. pronoun emphasizes the tepoc (# 1311) second. For a summary discussion of the
character of the Levitical priesthood (Westcott). b16- new covenant s. Kaiser, Toward an Old Testament Theol-
derypo. (# 5682) pattern, copy (Grasser; Attridge; Lane). ogy (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), 231-35; ABD,
ox1g (# 5014) shadow. It could be taken w. the preced- 4:1088-94; BTNT, 400-3; DLNT, 248-50; ABD; Susanne
ing dat. as a hendiadys: a shadowy outline, a shadowy Lehne, The New Covenant in Hebrews, JSNTSS 44 (Shef-
reflection, or a shadowy suggestion (Lane). Aa- field: JSOT, 1990). e€nteito impf. ind. pass. Cntew
tpevovov pres. ind. act. Aatpevw (# 3302) to minister, to (# 2426) to seek. The vb. is used in the second part of a
perform religious service. Emovpaviog (# 2230) heaven- contrary to fact cond. cl. tomog (# 5536) place, room, oc-
ly; here, “the heavenly things” (s. Eph. 1:3). xa@a¢ casion, followed by the gen (“room for,” “occasion
(#2777) just as. Keypnatiotar perf. ind. pass. for”). @ 8 peupopevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. weppopor
xpnuatifw (#5976) to warn, to instruct. The word used (# 3522) to blame, to find fault w. abtoc¢ (# 899) self;
in the papyri of official pronouncements by magis- here, acc. pl. them; ie., the Israelites. 1800 pres. imp. act.
trates and of a royal reply to a petition as well as an an- opdw (#3922) to see. Used to draw attention. épyovtar
swer of an oracle. In the NT it is used of divine pres. ind. mid. (dep.) épyowar (# 2262) to come. Pres.
communications (AS; BS, 122; MM). yéAAwv pres. act. used to emphasize the certainty of the future event.
part. wéAAw (# 3516) to be about to, w. inf. Part. used to ovvtekéow fut. act. ind. ovvterew (# 5334) to bring to
express an imp. It is a future under Semitic influence completion, to accomplish, to establish. ent (# 2093) w.
and a translation of the Heb. imp. (BG, 94). enteAeiv acc., upon. @ 9 Kata (# 2848) w. acc., according to. The
pres. act. inf. enitedew (#2200) to end, to complete, to second covenant was not only to be second, but of a
bring to completion; here, to erect the tent. Esp. of the different type (Westcott). The people were not able to
performance of rituals and ceremonies (BAGD). oxnvn fulfill the condition for the Mosaic covenant; therefore
(# 5008) tent, booth, lodging or dwelling for nomads. God changes the conditions for receiving blessing.
Here tabernacle (BAGD). Opa pres. imp. act. opaw émoinoa aor. ind. act. mo1éw (# 4472) to do, to make; here
(# 3972) to see. pnotv pres. ind. act. pnt (# 5774) to say, in the sense of establish. emAaPowévov aor. mid. (dep.)
introducing direct discourse. novnoetg fut. ind. act. part. exthauBavw (#2138) to grasp, to take hold of, w.
moiew (# 4472) to do. thnog (# 5596) type, pattern. This gen. indicating the part affected (RWP). Temp. part.,
was the stamp or impression struck from a die or seal; gen. abs. indicating the time (BD, 218): “when I took
hence, a figure, draft, sketch, or pattern (EGT; TLNT; them ....” €&ayayetv aor. act. inf. e&&yw (# 1974) to lead
TDNT; Leonhard Goppelt, TYPOS: The Typological In- out. Inf. to express purp. Evewetvav aor. act. ind. gupevw
terpretation of the Old Testament in the New, 161-70). dery- (# 1844) to remain in, to continue in. Israel was contin-
@€vta aor. pass. part. (adj.) Seixvupt (# 1259) to show. ually disobedient. nyéAnoa aor. act. ind. aperew (# 288)
Pass. here is the divine or theol. pass. indicating God as to have no concern for, to neglect (s. Heb. 2:3).
the One who did the action (Hughes; BG, 76). Aor. in- 10 adtn (# 4047) this. The pron. is used as the subject
dicates the completed action. 6 vuvi (#3815) now. of the vb. to be supplied (eotiv); “this is ....” SvaBHoopar
The particle is logical rather than temp., but the temp. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) dvatiOnur (# 1416) to make a cove-
factor is inevitably involved in the argument (Hughes). nant. Used w. dat. 818006 pres. act. part. dtu (# 1443)
Siahopwtepas comp. diadopoc (# 1427) differing, excel- to give. Part. may be temp. or manner or means of mak-
lent, comp. more excellent. tétuyev perf. ind. act. tuy- ing the covenant: “I will make a covenant even by put-
yavw (# 5593) to attain, to obtain. Perf. emphasizes the ting...” (Westcott). 5iavore. (# 1379) mind, understand-
continual possession. The vb. is followed by the gen. of ing, intellect (EGT; RWP). ent (#2093) w. acc., upon.
AEtoupyia. (# 3311) service, ministry, religious or sacred emiypayw fut. act. ind. enrypapw (# 2108) to write upon.
service (TDNT; TLNT). 600g (#4012) as much; here, Eoopwor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (#1639) to be. Eig
“by how much”; instr. case of the rel. (RWP). Kai (#1650) to. Prep. is used with the vb. ewt for the
(# 2779) also. xpeittovos (# 3202) better (s. 7:19). peoitns thought, “to serve as.” Although this is a Hebraic use
(#3542) mediator, arbitrator, go-between (Michel, of the prep., there are also examples in Koine apart
Bruce). qt1g (# 4015) which. The antecedent of the rel. from Semitic influence (LAE, 120f; M, 71f). €oovta fut.
pron. is diaOqKy (#1347) covenant. The new priest ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to be. por dat. eyw (# 1609)
brings a better ministry based on a new covenant. This I. “To me,” dat. of advantage. 11 818d&wovw aor. subj.
rel. properly indicates the class or kind to which an ob- act. 5iSaoKxw (# 1438) to teach. moAitns (# 4489) citizen,
ject belongs (RG, 727). émaryyedia (#2039) promise. fellow citizen. yv@01 aor. imp. act. yiwwoxw (#1182) to
VevowoseTntat perf. ind. pass. vouobetew (# 3793) to leg- know. Ott (#4022) because. etéqoovotv fut. perf. act.
islate, to enact by law, to ordain by law. Perf. emphasiz- ind. o160 (# 3857) to know; def. perf. w. pres. meaning.
Hebrews 9 534

For the fut. perf. form s. RG, 361. pixpdg (# 3625) small. ing the showbread s. SB, 3:719-28). G&yla n. pl. GyLo¢
pweyaAov gen. sing. peyac (# 3489) great. Two adjs. used (# 41) holy. The Holy Place (Hughes). ® 3 peta. (# 3552)
in a superlat. sense: “from the least to the greatest.” w. the acc. “after,” “behind.” d5ebtepov (# 1311) second.
@ 12 iAews (# 2664) gracious, merciful. Eoopon fut. ind. Katanétaoua, (# 2925) curtain, veil. Aeyopévn pres. pass.
mid. (dep.) eiut (# 1639) to be. adicta (#94) unrigh- part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say; pass., to be called. “Ayo.
teousness. .vn06@ aor. subj. pass. pvnoKopat (# 3630) ‘Ayiwv The Holy of Holies. The translation of the Heb.
to remember. Divine pass. indicating God as the agent. idiom equivalent to a superl.: the most Holy Place
13 nenadaiwKev perf. ind. act. naArAaow (#4096) to (EGT; Attridge). @ 4 ypvootc (#5997) golden. Exovoa
declare or treat as old or obsolete; pass., to become old pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. @upiatnprov (# 2593)
or obsolete. The word was used in the papyri for a tem- altar of incense. The word has also been understood to
ple and a wall that had become old and obsolete and mean the censer, or incense shovel, and some have
needed repair (Priesigke, 2:224; MM; BBC). kaivhv fem. thought to connect the altar of incense to the Holy Place
acc. Kavoc (# 2785) new. RaAGLODpEVOV pres. pass. part. in a theol. sense and point out a special doctrinal asso-
Tarnow (#4096). ynpa&oKov pres. act. part. ynpaoKw ciation between the altar of incense and the Holy of Ho-
(# 1180) to grow old. The word refers to the decay of lies. For a discussion of this problem s. Hughes; SB,
old age (RWP). eyybsg (# 1584) near. dbaviopos (# 907) 3:728ff; Lane. xiBwtd¢ (# 3066) box, chest, ark (EGT). 51-
disappearing, vanishing away. The word is suggestive a6nKn (#1347) covenant. Here gen. of content: “box
of utter destruction and abolition and was used in the which contained the covenant” (SB, 3:737-41).
LXX of God destroying the enemies in the Promised TEPIKEKOADMEVTVY perf. part. pass. mepikaADTTW
Land (Deut. 7:2) (EGT; GELTS, 72; HR, 1:182). Josephus (# 4328) to cover, to cover on all sides. mavtoev (# 4119)
used the word of cities that disappeared by destruction all around. ypvotov (# 5991) gold. Here, instr. dat.: “cov-
(Jos., Ant., 17:306) or of attempts to destroy (“cause to ered on all sides w. gold.” otdpvog (#5085) pitcher, jar.
disappear”) the ancestry or heritage of the Jews (Jos., The rabbis believed that in the fut. Elijah would restore
Ant., 19:174; CCF, 1:275). to Israel the container of manna, the flask of sprinkling
water, and the jar of anointing oil (Buchanan). papdoc
Hebrews 9 (# 4811) stick, staff. BAaotnoaoa. aor. act. part. BAaotavw
@ 1 eiye impf. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. mpwtn (# 1056) to sprout, to bud. Aor. part. indicating anteced-
(# 4755) first. The word is to be understood as modify- ent action. tAaKes nom. pl. TAGE (# 4419) flat stone, tab-
ing the unexpressed word 81a@nkn (Hughes). duxaiwpa let. @5dnepdavw (#5645) w. gen., above. Xepovp
(# 1468) that which is demanded by righteousness, reg- (# 5938) cherub. The cherubim are the carriers of the di-
ulation, ordinance (Westcott; Michel; Lane). Aatpeta vine glory and shekinah. (Michel; SB, 3:168f; TDNT;
(# 3301) worship, ministry, religious service. Rather NIDOTTE, 2:717; DDD, 362-67; ABD, 1: 899-900). The
than the acc. pl. (“regulations for cultic worship”), the cherubim were two figures made of beaten gold stand-
word is to be understood as a gen. sing. modifying the ing at either end of the mercy seat, with which they
word dika1wpata (Hughes; Riggenbach; Lane). @ytoc were integrally connected, and facing inward toward
(# 41) holy place, sanctuary. For a study contrasting the each other, their wings stretched out and overarching
old order w. the work of Christ s. Norman H. Young, the mercy seat (Exod. 25:17ff; Hughes). katacxiafovta
“The Gospel according to Hebrews 9,” NTS 27 pres. act. part. kataokiactw (#2944) to overshadow.
(1980/81): 198-210. koopiKds (# 3176) pertaining to the Waotnprov (# 2663) place of propitiation (s. Rom. 3:25);
world, earthly. Here the word could mean mundane or mercy seat. The mercy seat was a slab of pure gold, two
material (Bruce). 2 oxnvn (#5008) tent, tabernacle. and one-half cubits long by one and a half cubits wide,
KATEOKEVaOON aor. ind. pass. kataoKevatw (# 2941) to which fit exactly over the top of the ark of the covenant
outfit w. vessels, to equip, to prepare, to furnish (s. 3:3). (Hughes; Bruce; SB, 3:165-85). mepi ov (# 4309; 4005)
1) fem. dat. sing. 6¢ (#4005) rel. pron., which; “in concerning which things. Kata wepog (# 2848; 3538) in
which.” Avyvia (#3393) lampstand. It refers to the detail; the distributive use of the prep. (RWP).
menorah placed at the south side of the Holy Place; it @ 6 Kateokevaopévwv perf. pass. part. KataoKevdcw
was made of gold, w. three branches springing from ei- (# 2941) to prepare, to make ready; here in the (temp.)
ther side of the main stem; the main stem and all six sense of furnish, equip (BAGD). Gen. abs. Perf. indi-
branches each supported a flower-shaped lamp holder cates the resulting condition or state. 81a navt0s
(Exod. 25:31ff; 37:17ff; Bruce; ND, 708; SB, 3:705-18; (# 1328; 4246) through all, i.e., continually. The phrase
ABD, 4:141-43). tpdnefa. (#5544) table (SB, 3:718-19). seems to express the continuous, unbroken perma-
mpobecic (#4606) placing before, setting out. dptoc nence of a characteristic habit (Westcott). etotaow pres.
(# 788) bread. The expression lit. means “the setting out ind. act. 3rd. pers. pl. eioey (# 1655) to go into. Aatpeta
of the bread (loaves)”; “the bread set forth in two rows” (# 3301) religious service (s.v. 1; TDNT; TLNT). énite-
(Lightfoot; for a discussion of the regulations concern- AodvtES pres. part. act. emitedew (# 2200) to bring to con-
535 Hebrews 9

clusion, to complete, to fulfill, to perform. The vb. is washing. Sikaiwya regulation s.v. 1. pexpr (# 3588) w.
used by various writers for the accomplishing of reli- gen., until. SopOworg (# 1451) setting straight, restoring
gious services (EGT). @ 7 devtEpoc (# 1311) second; that which is out of line, improvement, reformation,
i.e., the second tent or the Holy of Holies. &ma& (#562) new order (Hughes; BAGD). énikeipeva pres. part. mid.
once. Eviavtoc (# 1929) year. Here gen. of time: “once (dep.) or pass. exikewo. (# 2130) to lay upon, to impose
for each year” (RWP). xwpic (# 6006) w. gen., without. 6 (RWP). @ 11 napayevouevos aor. part. mid. (dep.) napa-
nom. sin. 0s (# 4005) which, referring to the word aiva- yivonat (# 4134) to come, to appear (Hughes; Westcott).
TOG. MPOopepet pres. ind. act. pochepw (# 4712 ) to bring Temp. part., “when Christ appeared.” Aor. suggests
to, to offer, to offer a sacrifice, to sacrifice. Pres. custom- logically necessary activity preceding the main vb. ap-
ary or iterat., indicating what continually happened xepevs (# 797) high priest. Pred. nom. (“in his role as”).
year after year. bmep (#5642) w. gen., on behalf of. yevouévwv aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivoua (# 1181) to be-
ayvonpa. (#52) ignorance, sin of ignorance, error. The come, to be. aya6dg (#19) good. 61a (# 1328) w. gen.,
word refers to those sins committed inadvertently or in through. The prep. is best understood not in the local
ignorance, unintentionally or through human frailty sense, but in the instr. sense (“by means of” [EGT]).
(Lev. 4:1f; 5:17f), as distinct from those who sin in delib- wetfovoc comp. peyas (#3489) great; comp., greater.
erate and rebellious defiance of God and His law TEAELOTEPAS Comp. TEAELOG (# 5455) perfect; comp., more
(Hughes; Michel; Moffatt; SB, 3:176-78; Attridge). perfect. yeiponointog (#5935) made w. hands, thus
@ 8 dnAodvtOS pres. act. part. now (#1317) to make pure, perfect, changeless (BBC). xtiowg (#3232) cre-
clear. Gen. abs. Used here to express attendant circum- ation. Here gen. of source or origin. 12 tpd&yoc
stance (“and thus”). pnw (#3609) not yet. nepa- (#5543) goat, male goat, he-goat. wooyoc (# 3675) calf.
vep@ova perf. pass. inf. bavepow (# 5746) to make plain, The goat was used for the people’s sacrifice. The calf
to manifest. Inf. is used in indir. discourse explaining was used for the sacrifice for the high priest and his
the part. of the gen. abs. tév ayiwv (#41) sanctuary. house (Michel; Grasser; Attridge; SB, 3:175-78; Lev. 16;
Here the word is used to comprise the Holy Place and M, Yoma, 3-7; b Yoma, 61a; BBC). 8€ (# 1254) but, adver-
the Holy of Holies together (Bruce). €yovong pres. act. sative. 15106 (# 2625) one’s own, own. elonAgev aor. ind.
part. (temp.) €yw (# 2400) to have. Gen. abs. expressing act. elogpyouat (# 1656) to go in. Epanaé (# 2384) once
contemporaneous action, “while the outer tabernacle is for all. The prep. in compound gives a directive
standing.” otdog (# 5087) standing. Used w. the previ- strengthening (MH, 315). &ya sanctuary (s.v. 8).
ous part., the phrase means “retaining its status” aiwvios (#173) eternal. Adtpworg (# 3391) redeeming,
(Bruce; Westcott). © 9 napaBoAn (# 4130) parable, sym- releasing by the payment of a price (s. Rom 3:24; Bruce;
bol, figure (TDNT). etg (#1650) unto (Riggenbach). Hughes). ebpopevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. evptoxw
Ka1pog (# 2789) time, time period. éveotnKota. perf. part. (# 2351) to find, to obtain, to secure. Aor. part. means
act. éviotnut (# 1931) to be present. Kad’
tv (# 2848; 4005) that Christ entered into the heavenly sanctuary after
according to which. The rel. pron. refers to the word He had secured an eternal redemption; the securing of
mapaporn (# 4130). It is in accordance w. the parabolic our eternal redemption took place at the cross and was
significance of the tabernacle and its arrangements that followed by His entry into heaven (Hughes).
gifts and sacrifices were offered which could purge @ 13 tadpoc (#5436) steer, young bull. Here gen. of
only the flesh, not the conscience (EGT). TMPOOPEPOVTAL source (“blood coming from”). omo50g¢ (#5075) ashes.
pres. ind. pass. nmpoodepw to offer. Pres. implies that the Sapadtis (# 1239) young female calf, heifer. pavtiGovoa
temple ritual has not yet been discontinued (Hughes). pres. act. part. (adj.) pavtiGw (# 4822) to sprinkle. The
Svvapeva pres. pass. (dep.) part. dvvapor (# 1538) to be ashes of a heifer were obtained by burning a red heifer
able to, w. inf. Adj. part. used to emphasize a particular outside of the camp according to a specially prescribed
trait. Pres. stresses the continual inability. cvvetinows process. The ashes were mixed w. water, as necessity
(# 5287) conscience (s. Rom. 2:15; 1 Cor. 8:7). A defiled arose, to be sprinkled on persons who had become de-
conscience is an obstacle to worhsip that the Aaronic filed by touching a corpse or being in a tent where there
priesthood could not overcome (DLNT, 242). tederaoat was a corpse (Num. 19). This ceremonial impurity dis-
aor. act. inf. teXetow (# 5457) to perfect (s. 5:9). Compl. qualified one for intercourse w. men or God (Buchanan;
inf. to the preceding part. Aor. indicates the total inabil- Moffat; Lane; Grasser; ABD, 3:115-16; J. Bowman, “Did
ity to reach the intended goal. Aatpebovta pres. act. the Qumran Sect Burn the Red Heifer?” RQ 1 [1958]: 73-
part. Aatpevw (# 3302) to worship, to perform religious 74; D.P. Wright, “Purification from Corpse Contamina-
services (TDNT). 10 povov (# 3667) only. ent (# 2093) tion in Numbers 31:19-24 ,” VT 35 [1985]: 213-33; M
w. dat., in the matter of (RWP). Bpdwa (# 1109) food. Para). KeKoivwpévous perf. part. pass. kowvow (# 3124) to
TOWLO. (# 4503) drink. Sudaopog (# 1427) different. The ex- make common, to defile. Perf. part. looks at the state or
pression “meats and drink” denotes food laws in gen- condition. a&yiaer pres. ind. act. ayaCw (# 39) to sancti-
eral (Bruce; Moffatt; JBP, 214-17). Bamtiopocg (#968) fy, to set apart, to remove from the common or profane,
Hebrews 9 536

thus qualifying the person again for worshipping God énet (# 2075) since, because. wnnote (# 3607) never. 10xv-
(EGT; EDNT; TDNT). Gnomic (“always cleanses”) or el pres. ind. act. 1ox0w (# 2710) to have strength, to be in
iterative (“cleanses repeatedly”). mpog (# 4639) w. acc., force. For the legal term s. Michel; Riggenbach; Hugh-
w. a view to, for. kaBapotns (# 2755) purity, cleanliness. es. Cf| pres. ind. act. Caw (#2409) to live. The presents
@ 14 LGAdov (# 3437) more. For this type of rabbinical here are gnomic, indicating what is always true.
argument (from the lesser to the greater) s. Rom. 5:9; @ 18 68ev (# 3854) wherefore. ywpig (# 6006) w. gen.,
Attridge; Lane. mpootveyKev aor. ind. act. npoodepw without. tyKkexaiviotat perf. ind. pass. eykaivitw
(#4712) to bring a sacrifice. &wpog (#320) unblem- (# 1590) to renew, to inaugurate. The idea of the word
ished, without blemish (Hughes; s. Col. 1:22). The is to introduce something new, to initiate, w. the con-
word was used of the Levitical sacrifices, but now has cepts of inauguration and dedication closely related
an ethical significance explaining how the blood of (Hughes). Perf. not in an aoristic sense, but rather to de-
Christ should not merely furnish ceremonial cleansing scribe what stands written in Scripture-a marked fea-
(EGT). xa®opret fut. ind. act. kabapitw (#2751) to ture of the author’s style (M, 142; Michel; Riggenbach).
cleanse. The word marks what the object is itself—clean, @ 19 AGAnNGEIONGS aor. pass. part. (temp.) Aarew (# 3281)
ceremonially or morally (Westcott). Logical fut. used in to say, to speak. Gen. abs. Aor. indicating antecedent
this type argument (Riggenbach; Buchanan). The word time (“after”). Evtoan (#1953) commandment. Kata
was used in the papyri for religious cleansing (BS 216f). (# 2848) w. acc., according to. AaPwv aor. act. part. Aap-
ovveténoig (#5287) conscience. &mO veKp@v Epywv Bavw (# 3284) to take. pooxos (# 3675) calf (GELTS, 310).
(# 608; 3738; 2240) from dead works; i.e., “from works The Heb. term “oxen” (15) used in Exod. 24:5 is ap-
that lead to death” (Lane). Aatpevetv pres. act. inf. Aa- plicable to bovine animals of any age (Hughes;
tpevw (# 3302) to serve, to do religious service, to min- NIDOTTE, 3:670-72). The related word is used in the
ister (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT; AS, 226). Articular inf. w. Ugaritic language w. the meaning “young cow” (Jo-
the prep. €ig (# 1650) to express purp. Gavtt pres. act. seph Aisleitner, Worterbuch der Ugaritischen Sprache,
part. (adj.) Caw (# 2409) to live. Dat. follows the vb. Aa- 259f; Cyrus H. Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook, #2122, prr II;
tpevetv. For the use of the ashes of a heifer in relation to 3:471). tpayog (# 5543) goat. The text is unclear. Despite
the death of Christ s. v. 13; Hughes, 326ff. @ 15 51a an impressive combination of witnesses, many manu-
todto (# 1328; 4047) because of this. It refers to Christ’s scripts omit this word. To omit is probably the best
effectiveness in offering sacrifice and cleansing from reading (Hughes; Bruce; TC, 668-69). If the omission is
sin so that the believer might worship the living God original, there is an imitation of v. 12. If the omission
(Buchanan). peoitns (# 3542) mediator. Onw< (# 3968) w. is not original there is either an accidental omission
subj. to express purp. (MT, 105). yevopévov aor. mid. through a homeoteleuton or a deliberate omission in
(dep.) part. (causal) yivouar (# 1181) to be, to become. order to conform to Exod. 24:5. peta (#3552) w. gen.
Gen. abs., “because death has occurred.” &noADTPWO1G with. Eptov (#2250) wool. KO«xtvoc (#3132) scarlet.
(# 667) a releasing by the payment of a price, redemp- boownos (#5727) hyssop, marjoram. The hyssop was
tion (s. Rom. 3:24). ent (# 2093) w. dat, upon; here, by, apparently tied w. the scarlet wool to a cedar stick, thus
under. napaPaoic (#4126) transgression. Here, gen. forming a sprinkling implement which was dipped in
(ablative) expresses the idea of separation (Riggen- the blood diluted with water. Although water and scar-
bach). A&Pwotv aor. subj. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to re- let wool and hyssop are not mentioned in the Exodus
ceive. Subj. w. Omw¢ (# 3968) to express purp. or result. account, there is no reason why this common method
KekAnpevot perf. part. pass. kaAew (# 2813) to call. Perf. of sprinkling should not have been used by Moses in
indicates the completed state or condition. KAnpovopia the procedure described in Exod. 24 (Hughes; Del-
(# 3100) inheritance. Gen. here is to be taken w. the itzsch; POB, 160-62; PB, 96-97; NIDOTTE, 1:334-35).
word énayyeAia. (# 2039) promise, giving a further def- épavtioev aor. ind. act. pavtitw (# 4822) to sprinkle (SB,
inition or content of the promise (Westcott). 3:742). @ 20 évetetiato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) EvtéAAonar
@ 16 avayKn (#340) necessity. p€peobar pres. pass. inf. (# 1948) to command. 21 oxedos (#5007) vessel. AEt-
bepw (# 5770) to bring; pass., to be brought. Compl. inf,, toupyia (# 3311) ministry, worship service (TLNT). 16
“it is necessary to be brought.” The word is probably aipati (# 135) w. the blood, dat. of instr. botwe (# 3931)
used here in the legal technical sense: to be registered adv., likewise. €pavtioev aor. ind. act. pavtiGw (# 4822)
or to be publicly known (Bruce; Michel; MM; TDNT). to sprinkle. @ 22 oyed0v (#5385) almost. kaBapitetar
Siabepevov aor. mid. (dep.) part. SvatiOnyt (# 1416) to pres. ind. pass. kaBapiGw (#2751) to purify (s.v. 14).
make a covenant, to make a testament. For a detailed Gnomic pres., indicating what is always true. aatex-
discussion of the meaning of the word 81a6nxn here s. xvoia (# 136) blood shedding, shedding of blood. The
Hughes; Bruce; Lane; Buchanan; Attridge. word may have been coined by the author, but is relat-
@ 17 BéBaroc (#1010) firm, guaranteed. Used here in ed to the expressions éxyeiv ata (to pour out blood)
the legal sense of valid (BAGD; TLNT; Riggenbach). and Exxvoig aivatog (the pouring out of blood), which
537 Hebrews 10

appear in the LXX (Bruce; Michel; Grasser; DLNT, 274- (# 5746) to appear. The vb. indicates a public manifesta-
78). yiveta pres. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowo (# 1181) to be- tion and appearance of Christ before the world similar
come. Gnomic pres. indicating what is always true. to the emergence of the high priest out of the sanctuary
ders (#912) releasing, forgiving, forgiveness. The ex- (Michel; BBC). Perf. emphasizes the completed action
pression here may have been a proverbial expression w. continuing results. ® 27 Ka’ = Kata (# 2846) accord-
since it occurs in the rabbinical writings; i.e., “does not ing to so much; i.e., inasmuch as, just as. &MOKEITAL pres.
atonement come through the blood?” or “surely atone- ind. mid. (dep.) &noxeyo (# 641) to be put away, to ap-
ment can be made only w. the blood” (Bruce; Buchan- point, to reserve for someone, to destine (BAGD). It
an). 23 avayKn (# 340) necessity, necessary. bno- was used on a tombstone which reads, “After a good
Setya, (#5682) pattern, copy. Tovtor< dat. pl. ovto¢ life Ideparted home, where a place of piety has been re-
(# 4047) instr. dat., “by these things.” By these rites or served for me” (NDIEC, 4:23). Pres. indicates a truth
by the different materials of cleansing depicted from which is continually true. nak (#562) once, one time.
Heb. 9:19ff. (Hughes; Michel). caSapi{eo@a1 pres. pass. ano8aveiv aor. act. inf. ano8vnoKw (# 633) to die. Epex.
inf. Kabapicw (# 2751) to cleanse. Epex. inf. describing inf. explaining what is appointed. Aor. points to the fact
avayKn. Emovpavoc (# 2230) heavenly; here pl., “the of death as a conclusive act. peta (# 3552) w. the acc., af-
heavenly things.” xpeittoow dat. pl. (#3202) comp. ter. Kptoig (#3213) judging, judgment. The rabbis
ayabog good; comp., better. napa (# 4123) used in the taught that those born are appointed to die and those
comp. sense, than. @ 24 yeiponointos (# 5935) made w. who die to live again and those who live again to be
hands. evonAev aor. ind. act. elogpyouc (# 1656) to en- judged (Michel; Buchanan; M, Aboth 4:11, 22).
ter. ayia sanctuary s.v. 2. avtitunog (#531) copy, anti- @ 28 obtw¢ (# 4048) so. The comparison extends to both
type. The word lit. means “answering to the type” and terms, the dying once and the judgment. The results of
here means a counterpart of reality (Moffatt). aAn@ivog Christ’s life are settled. In Christ’s case the result is that
(# 240) true, genuine. eupavio8fjvor aor. pass. inf. é- He appears a second time without sin unto salvation,
davitw (# 1872) to make visible; pass., to become visi- the sin having been destroyed by His death (EGT).
ble, to appear to someone. Prep. in compound is local: TpooevexGetc aor. pass. part. mpoapepw s.v. 7. Temp. part.
“to appear in the presence of.” Inf. to express purp. (“after”). &veveyKeiv aor. act. inf. dvadepw (# 429) to take
mpoownov (#4725) face, presence. bnep Nav (#5642; up and carry away, to take away. Articular inf. w. €i¢
1609) for us, on our behalf. For Christ’s appearing in (# 1651) to express purp. &« dSevtepov (# 1666; 1311) a
the presence of God s. Hughes, 329-54, esp. 349f. second time. Prep. is used temporarily (IBG, 72f). ywpig
25 npoodépy pres. subj. act. tpoodepw (# 4712) to bring (# 6006) ae ie., “without any further sin laid
to, to offer a sacrifice. (s.v. 7). Subj. w. iva (#2671) ina upon Him,” “unburdened further by any sin” (Del-
neg. purp. cl. Pres. emphasizes the continuous action itzsch). Aeoteeet fut. ind. pass. opaw (#3972) to see;
and may be viewed here as iterat: “to offer Himself pass., to appear. &mexdSexopuevoic pres. mid. (dep.) part.
over and over again.” wonep (# 6061) as, just as. eLoepye- anexdexouo (# 587) to eagerly but patiently expect or
tol pres. ind. mid. (dep.) eicepyonar (# 1656) to enter. await (s. Phil. 3:20). The word is used in the NT to refer
eviervt0¢ (#1929) yearly; the distributive use of the to a fut. manifestation of the glory of Christ (Westcott).
prep-"year after year,” “every year the same thing.”
GAAOTpLOG (# 259) belonging to another, not one’s own. Hebrews 10
The blood provided by our high priest for the atone- @ 1 ox1a (# 5014) shadow. It refers to the outline or
ment of mankind was human blood—moreover, His shadow cast by the object which is the reality (Grasser;
own blood (Hughes). @ 26 énet (# 2075) since, since in Riggenbach; Michel; BBC). €ywv pres. act. part. Eyw
that case (Westcott). The word introduces causal cls. (# 2400) to have. Part. could be taken as causal. weA-
(MT, 318). €6€1 impf. ind. act. det (# 1256) it is necessary; AOvtwv pres. act. part. weAAw (#3516) to be about to.
impf., it would have been necessary. The construction Part. is used as a substitutive: “the future things,” “the
is a 2nd-class cond. cl. (contrary to fact) w. the cond. things about to come.” eiKdva. acc. sing. eikwy (# 1635)
omitted in an elliptical construction: “since, if that were image. The image is the real object that casts the law’s
true, it would be necessary for Him to suffer often” shadow (Buchanan; Hughes; Michel). xpd&ypo (# 4547)
(RWP; RG, 963). na@eiv aor. act. inf. macyw (# 4248) to that which is done, matter, thing; i.e., the real object. It
suffer. Inf. is used to explain the necessity. KkatoPoAn expresses the good things which are coming so far as
(# 2856) foundation. Koopog (# 3180) world, here in the they were embodied (Westcott). Kat’ eviavtov (# 2846;
sense of creation. &ma& (#562) once for all. ovvtedciq 1929) yearly (s. 9:25). mpoopepovow pres. ind. act. npoo-
(#5333) completion, consummation (Grasser; s. 5:9). pepw (# 4712) to bring a sacrifice, to offer. Pres. points to
aOETHOIG (# 120) putting away (s. 7:18). Gpaptio. (# 287) the continually repeated sacrifices. Eig tO dSinveKéc
sin. Here obj. gen. Prep. etg (# 1650) indicates the aim, (# 1457) continually, without interruption (s. Heb. 7:3).
goal, or purpose. nepavepwtat perf. ind. pass. pavepow ddvatat pres. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvapyai (# 1538) to be
Hebrews 10 538

able to. mpooepxowevous pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpooep- the digging or hollowing-out of the ears is part of the
xouat (# 4665) to come to, to approach. Part. is used as total work of fashioning a human body (Bruce). Or the
a substitutive: “those approaching,” “those who con- ears may have been taken as a symbol of obedience as
tinually draw near” (s. 4:16). teAewoor aor. act. inf. the organ that receives the divine will w. the body the
tedew (#5457) to perfect, to complete, to bring to the organ that fulfills the divine will (Riggenbach). Per-
goal (s. Heb. 5:9). Compl. inf. w. vb. S0vato1. @ 2 engi haps there is an illusion to the custom of piercing a
(# 2075) since, for otherwise. Used in an elliptical con- slave’s ears, the sign he had voluntarily refused his lib-
struction of a contrary to fact cond. cl. (s. 9:26; BD, erty and was willing and ready to hear and execute
238f). €mavboavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mavoua (# 4264) God’s command (s. Exod. 21:1-6; Deut. 15:17; Hughes;
to cease. MPOopEpopeva. pres. pass. part. mpoodEpw s.v. 1. Attridge; TLNT: GELTS, 243; Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. “The
Part. is used supplementarily to complete the action of Abolition of the Old Order and Establishment of the
the vb. enavoavto. This sentence should be taken as a New: Ps. 40:6-8 and Hebrews 10:5-10,” in Tradition and
question: “For if it were otherwise, would they have Testament: Essays in Honor of Charles Lee Feinberg, ed.
not cease to be offered?” (Bruce). 51a (# 1328) used w. John S. and Paul D. Feinberg [Chicago: Moody, 1981],
acc. of the articular inf. to express cause. €yetv pres. act. 19-37). For a very good study of this passage from a ty-
inf. Eyw (# 2400) to have. wndepia (# 3594) not one, no. pological view, w. a discussion of the textual problems
The word is to be taken as negating the noun ovvet6n- s. OTN, 53-67. @ 6 oAoKavtwWLA (# 3906) total or whole
ow. Et (# 2285) yet, any longer. Used in the neg. ex- offering, burnt offering. mepi apaptiag (# 4309; 281)
pression meaning “more”; i.e., “no more.” ovvetdnois concerning sin; i.e., sin offering. The phrase occurs fre-
(#5287) conscience, consciousness. The expression quently in Lev. to denote sin offering (EGT). ebSoxnoas
connotes the Hebrews sense of a burdened, smitten aor. ind. act. 2nd. pers. sing. evdoxew (#2305) w. the
heart, which became most pronounced on the Day of acc. to be pleased w. 7 €inov aor. ind. act. AEyw
Atonement (Lane). Aatpevovtac pres. act. part. Aatpevw (# 3306) to say. 1600 aor. imp. act. Opdw (# 2627) to see.
(# 3302) to worship (TLNT; TDNT). Part. is used as a Here in the sense of “behold!,” “look!” fxw pres. ind.
substitutive and is the so-called subject of the inf. &ma& act. (# 2457) The vb. has the meaning of a perfect: “I
(#562) once for all. KexaSapiopévous perf. pass. part. have come,” “I am present” (BAGD; Westcott). Keoa-
KkadapiGw (#2751) to cleanse. Part. could be cond. or Aidt dat. sing. kepartc (#3053) roll, diminutive of the
causal. Perf. suggests a cleansing that is permanent word xedaAn. It points to the head or knob of the rod
(Hughes). @ 3 €v avdtaic (# 1877; 899) in these; i.e., “in around which the scroll was wound (Bruce; Attridge;
the sacrifices.” d&vopvnoig (#390) remembering, re- Grasser). For various interpretations regarding the lit-
minder. The word means a calling to mind of sins eral meaning of the word s. Hughes; Michel. The
whereby men are put in remembrance of them by a di- words Kepadtét BiBAiov signify the books of Moses in
vine institution (Westcott). 4 Gdvvatocg (#105) im- which the will of God and the way of obedience were
possible. ipa. (# 135) blood. tabpog (# 5436) steer, bull. written (Hughes). yeypamto. perf. ind. pass. ypadw
tpayos (# 5543) goat, male goat. aarpeiv pres. act. inf. (# 1211) to write; perf., it stands written. Perf. signifies
ahatpew (# 904) to take away from, to take away, to re- the legal binding at .ority of a document (MM). nepi
move. Pres. points to a continual action and emphasiz- eu0d (# 4309; 1609) concerning me. motfjoat aor. act. inf.
es what is always true. 5610 (#1475) wherefore. novew (#4472) to do. Articular inf. is used to express
Eloepxouevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. eioepyouc (# 1656) purp. It indicates that which is closely connected w. the
to enter, to go into. The expression in Jewish lit. could action as its motive (Westcott, 342). BEAna (# 2525)
refer to one’s birth (Michel; Attridge; Braun). Temp. will. 8 Gvatepov (#542) adv., higher up. Here it
part., w. pres. indicating contemporaneous time: means, “in the former part of the quotation” (EGT).
“when He came.” The words are considered prophetic, A€ywV pres. act. part. Aeyw (#3306) to say. oti (# 4022)
depicting beforehand the mind of Christ regarding OT used to introduce a direct quotation and the equivalent
sacrifice and His own mission (EGT). A€yet pres. ind. of quotation marks. Kata (# 2848) w. acc., according to,
act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Christ Himself speaks from Ps. according to the standard of. npoopépovtai pres. ind.
40:6-8 (Hewitt). @vota (# 2602) offering. It refers to the pass. Tpoodepw s.v. 1. @ 9 EipnKev perf. ind. act. Aéyw
Heb. non-bloody offering-the meal offering (EGT). (# 3306) to speak. Perf. expresses completed action, in-
mpoopopa (# 4714) offering. NOEANoas aor. ind. act. b&Aw dicating that what the speaker said stands henceforth
(# 2527) to desire. katnptiow aor. ind. mid. 2nd. pers. on permanent record (Bruce). 100 aor. ind. act. (s.v. 7).
sing. kataptiCw (#2936) to prepare. The words, “a TKw pres. ind. act. to come s.v. 7. motfjoat aor. act. inf.
body you have prepared for me,” were evidently taken novew (# 4472) to do, to accomplish. Articular inf. to ex-
from the LXX and are an interpretative paraphrase of press purp.: “I have come to do your will.” d&vatpei
the Heb. text. The Gr. translators could have regarded pres. ind. act. advoipew (# 359) to lift up, to take away, to
the Heb. word as an instance of a part for the whole; remove, to abolish. The word was used in classical Gr.
539 Hebrews 10

of the destruction, abolition, or repeal of laws, govern- perfective idea, indicating that one is ready and pre-
ments, customs, etc. (EGT; Westcott; Michel; Weiss; pared to deal with the situation when it arrives (MH,
Grasser). TMPGtos (# 4755) first. Sevtepog (# 1311) sec- 310). Temp. part. (“while He waits”). te@@ov aor. subj.
ond. otnon aor. subj. act. tot (# 2705)to place, to es- pass. (dep.) ti®nut (# 5502) to place, to put. Subj. in a
tablish. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. 10 év purp. and indef. temp. cl. (RWP). bnond6t0v (# 5711)
(# 1877) in, by. Instr. use of the prep. can also have a footstool (Jam. 2:3; Isa. 66:1). Here fig., to subject him to
causal tinge (BD, 118). @ dat. sing. 0¢ (# 4005) rel. pron., the other, so that the other can put his foot on the sub-
who, which. “By which will” means bytthe will of God ject’s neck (BAGD; MM). Here it is the death and aton-
thus fulfilled by Christ (Bruce). Nyiaopevor perf. pass. ing sacrifice of the high priest that enables victory, not
part. ayiatw (# 1639) to set apart, to sanctify (TDNT; the death or defeat of the enemy. 14 11@ mpoopope
EDNT). Part. is used in a perf. pass. periphrastic con- (# 1651; 4714) by one offering; dat. of instr. teteAciwKev
struction emphasizing the completed state or condi- perf. ind. act. tede1ow (# 5457) to complete, to perfect (s.
tion (RWP). gopuév pres. ind. act. cyt (#1639) to be. Heb. 5:9). Perf. indicates a one-time event w. a continu-
Tpoopopa (# 4714) offering. Eoamakt (# 2384) once for all. ing result completed in the process depicted by the
Prep. in compound gives a directive strengthening part. (Michel). wytafopévoug pres. pass. part. ayiatw to
force (MH, 315). The word is found in the papyri where sanctify (s.v. 10). @ 15 paptupel pres. ind. act. uaptupew
the context may suggest a meaning, “at one time” (# 3455) to witness, to bear witness. For the writer of
(MM; Preisigke). @ 11 mac (# 4246) every. Eotnkev perf. Hebrews the truth of one kind of testimony required
ind. act. totmut (#2705) perf. to stand. The idea of confirmation by another; in this case, by the testimony
standing is of a work still to be done, of service still to of the Scriptures. The testimony of the Scripture is the
be rendered (Westcott). ka0’ nuépav (# 2846; 2465) dai- testimony of God (NTCW, 218, 221). eipnxévan perf. act.
ly. Ae.toupyav pres. act. part. Aertoupyew (# 3310) to per- inf. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Inf. w. peta (# 3552) expressing
form religious service. The word was used in classical time (“after”). For the significance of the perf. s.v. 9.
Gr. to mean, “to supply public offices at one’s own @ 16 abtn nom. fem. ovt0< (# 4047) this. The vb. ewi
cost”; then generally, “to serve the state,” “to do a ser- must be supplied; i.e., “this is the covenant.” 51a6nKn
vice.” It was then used of service done by a priest and (# 1347) covenant. SixOhoouo. fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
indicated the fulfillment of an office. The word has a diatiOnyr (#1416) to make an agreement, to make a
definite representative character and corresponds to treaty, to make a covenant. mpog (# 4639) w. acc., with.
the function to be discharged (AS; NTW, 72f; BS, 140; peta (#3552) w. acc., after. Aéyet pres. ind. act. AEyw
TDNT; TLNT; Westcott, 230-33). Part. of manner. ta¢ (# 3306) to say. &1800¢ pres. act. part. diSwur (# 1443) to
abta¢g the same. noAAGKic¢ (#4490) frequently, time give. Part. could be temp. or it could express means or
after time. mpoopepwv pres. act. part. npoodepw (# 4712) manner. emt w. the acc., upon. vowog (#3795) law.
to offer. Pres. suggests contemporary action to the main diavora (# 1379) mind (s. 8:10). éxtypawo fut. act. ind.
vb. The action of presenting the sacrifice is continually Emrypaow (# 2108) to write upon. adtog (# 899) oneself;
repeated. aitives fem. pl. oot1¢ (# 4015) which, which them (the laws). It is not just the writing but the inner
one. Rel. pron. properly indicates the class or kind to ability to know and obey the laws. 17 dpaptia
which an object belongs (RG, 727). obddenote (# 4030) (#281) sin. d&vopia (# 490) lawlessness, iniquity. pvno-
never. Svvavtat pres. ind. pass. (dep.) dvvapar (# 1538) @joowa fut. ind. pass. LvnoKw (# 3630) w. the gen., to
to be able to, w. inf. mepveAeiv aor. act. inf. mepiaipew remember. Fut. is used here instead of the subj. of the
(# 4311) to take from around, to remove utterly (RWP). LXX and 8:12 because the writer emphasizes the exten-
Aor. expresses finality. @ 12 mpooeveyKas aor. act. part. sion of the forgetting to all futurity (EGT). It is not just
mpoodepw (#4712) to sacrifice. Temp. part. (“after”). tg forgetting in the sense of not remembering, but in the
to Sinvexés (# 1457) continually, unbroken, perpetually, sense of not holding the sins against the believer. Thus
forever (s. 7:3; AS). é[email protected] aor. ind. act. Kadicw there is no need to atone for sin. 00 uf ... Et. no longer,
(#2767) to take one’s seat. be&1G@ dat. sing. SeC10c no more. @ 18 Onov (# 3963) where. dheorg (# 912) for-
(# 1288) right; here, “on the right.” This is the position giveness. od«ett (#4033) no longer. npoodopa. (# 4714)
of honor (s. Eph. 1:20; SB, 4, i:452-65). His place in heav- offering. nept (#4309) w. gen., concerning, for.
en, enabling Him to exercise the ministry of the new 19 Eyovtes pres. act. part. (causal) éxw (#2400) to
covenant, is the basis of the assurance that the commu- have. Pres. indicates a continual possession. mappnoia
nity now possesses full access to God (Lane). 13 TO (# 4244) boldness, confidence, assurance (s. 3:6). €10080¢
Aounov (# 3370) henceforth; i.e., “for the rest,” “for the (# 1658) entrance. t@v wyiwv (#41) sanctuary (s. 9:1).
future’—all the remaining time till the end of the pres. The expression designates the innermost sanctuary of
world. Here, acc. of the extent of time (Delitzsch; the Holy of Holies into which, under the old dispensa-
RWP). exdexopuevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. exdexouor tion, the people were forbidden to enter (Hughes). év
(# 1683) to await, to wait for. Prep. in compound has a (#1877) by. 20 tv fem. acc. 0¢ (#4005) rel. pron.,
Hebrews 10 540

which, referring to the entrance. évexatvioev aor. ind. simply the regular gathering together of Christian be-
act. eykatviw (#1590) to inaugurate, to dedicate. The lievers for worship and exhortation in a particular
word is used in the LXX of the inauguration or dedica- place (Hughes; BBC). Part. of manner or part. as imp.
tion of the altar, of the temple, of the kingdom (1 Sam. Customary pres. indicates an habit of life (GGBB, 521-
11:14), or of a house (Deut. 20:5) (GELTS, 126; TLNT; 22). &60¢ (#1621) custom, habit. tiotv dat. pl. tig
Grasser; Westcott; Heb. 9:18). mpoagatog (# 4710) fresh- (#5516) someone, some (pl.). The dat. may be posses-
ly slaughtered, fresh, new, recent. The word means not sion (“the custom of some”) or dat. of reference (“the
only newly fresh, but also retaining a freshness that custom in reference to some”). napaxadotvtes pres.
cannot grow old (Grasser; Westcott; Buchanan; GELTS, act. part. mapakarew (# 4151) to encourage, to entreat
406). (@oav pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live. It is liv- (s. Rom. 12:1). tooovtw dat. tooodtos (# 5537) so much.
ing as a way of being in fellowship w. a person (West- Used in the expression p&AAov dow (#3437; 4012)
cott; Michel). Kkatanétaoyo. (# 2925) that which falls meaning, “by so much more.” It is a instr. dat. or dat.
down, curtain, veil. 21 epéa acc. sing. LepEvs of measure or degree: “by so much the more as”
(# 2636) priest. peyac (# 3489) great. Great in position (RWP). BAémete pres. ind. act. BAenw (# 1063) to see. Ey-
as the Son of God and in his effective sacrifice that yiGovoay pres. act. part. eyyiGw (# 1581) to draw near, to
atones completely. émi (#2093) w. acc., over. O1KOG come near. 26 éxovoiwe (#1731) adv. willingly, vol-
(# 3875) house, household; referring here to the wor- untarily, deliberately, intentionally. dpaptavovtwy pres.
shipping community. 22 npocepywpeia pres. subj. act. part. duaptavw (# 279) to sin. Gen. abs. used to ex-
mid. (dep.) nmpooepyouat (# 4665) to come to, to draw press a cond. Aafetv aor. inf. act. AouPavw (# 3284) to
near (s. 4:16). Cohortative subj., “let us draw near.” take, receive, to obtain. Inf. w. prep. peta, (# 3552) w.a
GAnNO1voc (# 240) truthful, in the sense of sincere. mANpO- temp. meaning (“after”). émiyvwoig (#2106) knowl-
dopia. (# 4443) full assurance. pepavticevor perf. pass. edge, recognition. &ANGe1a (# 237) truth. Here obj. gen.,
part. pavti~w (#4822) to sprinkle, to cleanse. Some “knowledge of the truth’; the truth that is known.
would see this going back to the cleansing through the anodeinetat pres. ind. pass. anoreinw (# 657) to leave
red heifer (Num. 19; BAGD; Attridge). The word oc- off, to leave behind; pass., to be left behind, to remain.
curs in Lev. 6:27; Ps. 51:7; 2 Kings 9:33 (4 Kings 9:33 The concept of a willful sin without a sacrifice is an OT
LXX), each time associated w. blood (HR, 2:1248). In teaching also reflected in Judaism (s. Num 15:31; Mich-
the first two references it refers to blood in the sacrifi- el; Moffat; Hughes). 27 ooBepdc (# 5829) fearful. Ex-
cial system for the cleaning of sin; in the latter it refers do0xn (#1693) expectation. CiAog (#2419) zeal. The
to Jezebel’s blood splattered on the wall. Perf. indicates phrase may be translated, “zeal of fire” or “fiery zeal”
a completed state or condition. AeAovopevot perf. pass. (Hughes). eo@tew pres. act. inf. o8iw (#2266) to eat.
part. Aovw (# 3374) to wash. The parts. do not express Compl. inf. w. the following part. to express the fut.
‘conditions of approach to God yet to be achieved, but pEAAOVtOS pres. act. part. weAAw (#3516) to be about.
conditions already possessed (EGT). béati (#5623) bnevavtiog (#5641) one who opposes, adversary.
dat. sing. béwp water. Instr. dat., “w. water.” @ 23 Kat- 28 dBetHous aor. act. part. adetew (#119) to place
EYWpEV pres. subj. act. katexyw (# 2988) to hold down, to aside, to reject, to annul. tig (#5516) anyone. ywpicg
hold fast. Cohortatory subj. owodoyia (# 3934) confes- (# 6006) w. gen., without. oixtippoc (# 3880) compas-
sion, agreement (ECC; TDNT). dKAtvis (#195) unwa- sionate mercy, heartfelt mercy (s. Phil 2:1; TDNT). 6v-
vering, not leaning (RWP). emayyedpevos aor. mid. oiv dat. 5v0 (# 1545) two. tpiotv dat. tpéc (# 5552) three.
(dep.) part. enayyedAou01 (#2040) to promise. Subst. anoOvpjoKer pres. ind. act. anoOvnoxw (#633) to die.
use of the part., “the one who promised.” Aor. indi- Gnomic pres. indicating that which is generally true.
cates antecedent action. @ 24 xatavodpev pres. subj. @ 29 nooo (#4531) how much? The argument from
act. katavoew (# 2917) to place the mind down upon, to the less to the greater was common in rabbinical argu-
consider, to consider thoughtfully (s. Heb. 3:1). Horta- ments (Moffatt; s. Rom. 5:9). doxeite pres. ind. act.
tory subj. (“let us”). @AANAODUGS acc. pl. HAANAWV (# 253) doxew (#1506) to suppose. xeipovoc gen. of comp.
one another, refl. pron. napoEvopoc (# 4237) irritating, xelpwv (# 5937) worse. GEwOnoetan fut. ind. pass. dE10w
inciting, stimulation (EGT; RWP; Michel). &yann (#27) (# 546) to consider worthy of, followed by the gen.
love. Here, obj. gen. KaAGv Epywv (# 2819; 2240) good TLWpiA (# 5513) punishment. Katamatnoas aor. act.
works. Here, obj. gen. This is to be the result of the part. katanatéw (#2922) to trample, to stomp upon.
stimulation. 25 €yKkatoAeinovtes pres. act. part. The word indicates treatment w. the utmost contempt
eyKatareinw (# 1593) to leave in the lurch, to forsake. (Hughes). Kowv0cg G# 3123) common, profane. It denotes
Part. of manner describing the main vb. katavod@pev. the opposite of d&yiog (Michel). hynodpevog aor. mid.
emiovvaywyn (#2191) a gathering together, assembly. (dep.) part. nyeouar (#2451) to consider, to count as.
Prep. in compound indicates the common responsibil- NyLao0n aor. ind. pass. wy1atw (# 39) to separate, to set
ity (Michel). The term here should be understood as apart for divine use, to sanctify. vuBptoms aor. act. part.
541 Hebrews 11

evuppitw (#1964) to treat w. utter contempt, to arro- sense, implying that the action does not yet exist and
gantly insult (TDNT; MNTW, 77-85). @ 30 oiSapev should not arise (MKG, 273). nappnoia (#4244) bold-
pres. ind. act. oi8a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. ness, confidence (s. 3:6). €yeu pres. ind. act. éyw (# 2400)
meaning. €lNOVtO aor. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. &K- to have. Fut. pres. indicating the certainty of the com-
dixnois (#1689) avenging, revenge. avtanoda@ow fut. ing reward. p1o8anodoocta (# 3632) payment, reward,
ind. act. avtanodiSwyt (#500) to pay back. Prep. in recompense. @ 36 bxopovi (# 5705) patient endurance.
compound indicates payment back w. the same thing It is the spirit that can bear things not simply w. resig-
or in the like manner. xpivei fut. ind. act. Kpivw (#3212) nation but w. blazing hope; it is not the spirit that sits
to judge. 31 oBepdc (#5829) fearful. euneoeiv aor. statically enduring in one place, but the spirit that
act. inf. eunintw (# 1860) to fall in, to fall into. Inf. is bears all things because it knows that these things are
used as the subject of the vb. et, which is understood. leading to a goal of glory (NTW, 60; TDNT; NIDNTT;
G@vtog pres. act. part. Caw (#2409) to live. Adj. part. TLNT; DLNT, 326-30; GELTS, 494). This sets the stage
without the art., indicating the quality of character. for Heb. 11, recounting those who had received God's
32 dvopyivfjoKeobe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) dvoyt- promises but who had to patiently wait in faith for the
uvjoKw (#389) to remind oneself, to remember. mpote- fulfillment. €yete pres. ind. act. yw (#2400) to have.
pov (# 4728) former, first. Since the distinction between ypeta (#5970) need; followed by the gen., “to have
comp. and superl. had been weakened in Koine, the need of something.” movjoavtes aor. act. part. (temp.)
phrase may be translated “the first days”; i.e., the time movew (# 4472) to do. Aor. expressing logically anteced-
when they first responded to the message of the gospel ent action (“after”). kopionode aor. subj. mid. (dep.) Ko-
(Hughes). pwtio8évtes aor. pass. part. dwtigw (# 5894) utCoua (#3152) to receive. Here the word indicates
to make light, to enlighten. aAnoig (# 124) fighting, receiving the fulfillment of a promise (Hughes).
conflict, struggle. bmepetvate aor. ind. act. vnouevw © 37 Et1 [LIKpov Ooov doov a very little; “only for a very
(# 5702) to remain under, to patiently bear, to patiently little while” (BD, 160). €pyopevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part.
and hopefully endure (s.v. 36). maOnya (# 4077) suffer- (subst.) épxouor (#2262) to go. net fut. ind. act. T#Kw
ing. @ 33 todto pev ... todto S€ partly so ... and partly (# 2457) to come. xpovioet fut. ind. act. ypovitw (# 5988)
so. By being made a public spectacle through reproach to delay. @ 38 Choetat fut. ind. act. Caw (#2409) to live.
and tribulations, and partly by becoming sharers with bmootetAntar aor. subj. mid. vrooteAAw (#5713) to
those who were so treated. The acc. of general reference draw oneself back, to withdraw oneself, to shrink back.
is used w. the particles for contrast (RWP). ovevdi0p0¢ Subj. w. av (# 1569) in a third class cond. cl. that as-
(# 3944) reproach, revile, insult. @Atwi¢ (# 2568) pres- sumes the possibility of the cond. evdoxei pres. ind. act.
sure, trouble, affliction. Geatpifopevor pres. pass. part. evdoxew (#2305) to delight in, to have pleasure in.
Seatpitw (# 2518) to bring upon the stage, to hold up to 39 éopév pres. ind. act. ett (# 1639) to be. bxootoAnH
derision, to put to shame, to dispose publicly. It means (#5714) shrinking, timidity. Used here in the expres-
that they had been held up to public derision, scoffed sion, “we do not belong to those who are timid”
and sneered at, accused of crime and vice, unjustly sus- (BAGD). a&nwAera (# 724) ruin, destruction. nepitoinoic
pected and denounced (RWP; BAGD; Moffat; Michel). (#4348) possession. The term indicates what one
Koiwvwvoc (# 3128) partner, sharer. GVAOTPEPOLEVWV pres. makes one’s own, either by keeping or by gaining
pass. (dep.) part. avaotpepopo (# 418) to conduct one’s (Hughes).
life, to be treated. yewnOévtes aor. pass. (dep.) part. yivo-
war (# 1181) to become. 34 S€op10¢ (# 1300) prisoner. Hebrews 11
ovvena@noate aor. act. ind. ovuinabew (# 5217) to suffer @ 1 ott pres. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to be. The em-
together, to suffer w. someone. aprayn (# 771) seizing, phatic position of the word may suggest a definition
plundering. The word implies that their own property style (Michel). miotig (# 4411) faith. It is the holding
either had been confiscated by the authorities or plun- fast, in patient waiting, to what Christ has done as high
dered in some mob riot (Moffatt). bxapyovtwv pres. act. priest, and it refers retrospectively to Heb. 10:39 where
part. vnapyw (#5639) n. pl. part., possessions. Yapa the context gave the nuance of steadfast faithfulness to
(# 5915) joy. mpooedéEaobe aor. ind. mid. (dep.) npoosde- God and His word of promise (Weiss; Lane; Attridge;
youn (# 4657) to accept. ywwwoKovtes pres. act. part. y1- Dieter Lihrmann, “Pistis im Judentum,” ZNW 64
vwokw (# 1182) to know. €yew pres. act. inf. éyw (# 2400) (1973): 19-38; DLNT, 364-65; BBC). &AniGopévwv pres.
to have. Inf. in indir. disc., as the object of the part. pass. part. €Anicw (# 1827) to hope (EH, 628-32). Subst.
yivwoKovtEs. Kpeittova. (# 3202) better; comp. aya80¢ (s. part., “things hoped for.” txdotacig (#5712) assur-
9:23). trapEig (# 5638) possession. pevovoay pres. act. ance. The word has a number of connotations and us-
part. neve (# 3531) to remain, to abide. 35 dmopaAnte ages: essence, reality, substance, foundation, or
aor. subj. act. anoBaArdw (#610) to throw away. Aor. confidant assurance, hope or guarantee, attestation, as
subj. is used w. the neg. pn (#3590) in a prohibitive in documents that attest or provide evidence of owner-
Hebrews 11 542

ship. For these meanings as well as other references s. act. part. dnoOvjoKkw (# 633) to die. Part. could be con-
Hughes; Michel; Attridge; Grasser; TDNT; TLNT; MM; cessive, “although He died.” AaAei pres. ind. act. AaAEw
GELTS, 495; GELRS, 303. npa&ypo. (# 4547) matter, thing. (#4246) to speak. Pres. indicates a continual action,
Ereyyx0c (# 1793) evidence, proof. The word was used in “Although he died, he continues to speak.” @ 5 pe-
the papyri of legal proofs of an accusation (MM; tete6n aor. ind. pass. petatiOny (# 3572) to change, to
Preisigke; TDNT). Faith offers the full certainty of transpose, to transfer, to remove from one place to an-
proof for what is not seen (Grdsser). BAemopévwv pres. other, to translate (EGT). i8eiv aor. ind. act. opaw
pass. part. (subst.) BAenw (# 4063) to see. @ 2 Ev (# 1877) (# 3872) to see. Here used ina fig. sense, “to see death”;
by. Instr. prep. tavty (# 4047) this, ie., faith. guaptuph- i.e., to die. Articular inf. to express result. nbpioxeto
@noay aor. ind. pass. haptupew (# 3455) to bear witness. perf. ind. pass. evptoxw (#2351) to find; pass., to be
Pass. may be the so-called theol. pass., indicating that found, to be. The Jewish view was that Enoch was
it is God who bears witness concerning the elders (BG, taken to heaven and did not die (SB, 3:744-45; Jos., Ant.,
76). mpeoBPbtepos (#4565) elder. These were the men 1:85; ABD, 2:508; BBC). pepoptopntat perf. ind. pass.
and women of old who received the divine commen- Laptupew to witness. (s.v. 2). ebapeotnKevat perf. act.
dation for faith of this kind (Bruce; DLNT, 38-40). Jose- inf. evapeotew (# 2297) to be well pleasing to. Inf. in in-
phus tells of Judas Maccabaeus, who saw his troops dir. discourse. © 6 ywpic (# 6006) w. gen., without. &60-
shrinking from the battle because of their small num- vatog (# 105) impossible. evapeotijoat aor. act. inf. s.v.
ber, and encouraged them w. the example of their fore- 5. Epex. inf. explaining what is impossible. muotedoor
fathers, “who because of their righteousness and their aor. act. inf. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. Inf. explains
struggles on behalf of their own laws and children had what is necessary. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is neces-
many times defeated many tens of thousands” (Jos., sary to, w. inf. Impersonal vb. The word speaks of the
Ant., 12:290-91). 3 niote dat. sing. mtoticg (# 4411) binding and logical necessity. mpooepyopevov pres. mid.
faith (s.v. 1). Dat. of instr., “by faith.” The use of this (dep.) part. mpooepyouar (#4665) to come to, to ap-
word in the chapter will serve as an introductory or a proach. Subst. part., “the ones approaching God,” used
transition marker. voodpev pres. ind. act. voew (# 3783) of the worshipers of God (Attridge; s. 4:16). ex¢€ntotoiv
to understand. The word expresses a mental percep- pres. act. part. exCntew (# 1699) to search out, to seek af-
tion in distinction from a sensuous perception (West- ter. Prep. in compound always seems to denote that the
cott). Katnptio#=a1 pres. pass. inf. kataptiCw (#2936) to seeker finds, or at least exhausts his powers of seeking
outfit, to perfect. The word expresses the manifoldness (MH, 310). pro8anodotns (# 3633) one who gives a re-
and the unity of all creation. The tense suggests that ward, one who pays back a reward. yivetat pres. ind.
the original lesson of creation remains for abiding use mid. (dep.) yivowai (#1181) to become. 7 ypnya-
and application (Westcott). The word was used in Hel- tiodets aor. pass. part. xpnuaticw (# 5976) to give divine
lenistic literature to describe the act of creation and in instruction, to warn (s. 8:5). wndenw (#3596) not yet.
this sense has a solemn tone (Michel). Inf. is used in in- BAEnovevwv pres. act. part. BAenw (# 1063) to see. EvAG-
dir. disc. aimv (# 172) age, world (TDNT). pio. (# 4839) Bneic aor. pass. (dep.) part. evrAaPew (# 2326) to be
that which is spoken, word. Here instr. dat. da1voLevwv afraid; to reverence, to respect out of reverence, re-
pres. mid. (dep.) part. atvowat (# 5743) to appear, to be spect, or regard (BAGD); to take hold well or carefully,
visible. BAemopevov pres. pass. part. BAenw (#4063) to to act circumspectly or w. reverence, to beware, to rev-
see. yeyovevat perf. inf. mid. (dep.) ytvouar (#1181) to erence (RWP; AS; Michel). Kateoxevaocev aor. ind. act.
become. Inf. to express results (RG, 1003; BD, 207f). The Kataokevatw (#2941) to make ready, to build, to con-
neg. should be taken w. inf. so the translation would struct, to erect, to create. It is a favorite word for the
be, “so that what is seen has not come into being from construction of a ship (BAGD). xiBwtdg (# 3066) ark.
things which appear” (Hughes). @ 4 mAgiova comp. KateKpivev aor. ind. act. KataKpivw (#2891) to pass
morAvg (#4498) much, great; comp., better. TOP judgment against, to condemn. Kata miotiv (# 2848;
(# 4123) than. For the prep. used in a comp. construc- 4411) according to the standard of faith. The prep. can
tion s. 1:4. npoonveyKev aor. ind. act. mpoodepw (# 4712) also connote “by virtue of,” “on the ground of,” “in
to bring to, to offer, to sacrifice. t@ 6e@ (# 2536) to God, consequence of” (IBG, 59; EGT). eyéveto impf. ind. mid.
dat. ind. obj. For the textual problem s. TC, 671. guap- (dep.) yivonar (# 1181) to become. KAnpovoyos (# 3101)
tupryen aor. ind. pass. waptupew (# 3455) to witness. heir. @ 8 KaAovpEVOG pres. pass. part. KaAEw (# 2813) to
Aor. points to the event in the narrative. €tvat pres. act. call. Part. could be temp., “when he was called.” For
inf. cyt (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. disc. waptupotvtos the call of Abraham according to Jewish tradition s. The
pres. act. part. (temp.) waptupew to testify, to bear wit- Apocalypse of Abraham, 1-8, Jub. 12:1-31. For Abraham in
ness. Gen. abs. Pres. indicating contemporary action. Hebrews s. DLNT, 1-6. brqKovoev aor. ind. act. bna-
eri (# 2093) concerning, w. respect to. For the textual Kovw (# 5634) to listen to, to obey. E&eA@etv aor. act. inf.
variations in this v. s. Bruce; TC, 671-72. anoBavev aor. e€epxouat (#2002) to go out, to go forth from. Inf. is
543 Hebrews 11

used to explain the obedience. twedAev impf. ind. act. dead” (RWP; Bruce). xaOw¢ (#2777) just as. cotpa
wedAw (# 3516) to be about to, w. inf. The word is used nom. pl. cotpov (# 849) constellation; star. mANOet dat.
w. inf. to express the future, and the impf. w. the inf. ex- sing. mANB0c (# 4436) quantity, number. Dat. is either
presses futurity or intention reckoned from a moment loc. (“in number”) or dat. of reference (“in reference to
in the past (MKG, 307). AapBavew pres. act. inf. Ao- quantity”). Gpog (#302) sand. napa (#4123) w. the
Bavw (# 3284) to receive. Compl. inf. to the main vb. etg acc., along, alongside of. yetAog (#5927) lip, shore.
(#1650) for. KAnpovopia. (#3100) inheritance. &&fAGev avapiduntoc (#410) unable to be counted, innumera-
aor. ind. act. e&epyouor (# 2002) to go out. Emrotd&pevog ble. 13 kata (# 2848) w. the acc., according to; i.e., in
pres. mid. (dep.) part. extotapor (# 2179) to know, to accordance w. the principle of faith (Hughes). &mé8avov
understand. Concessive part, “even though he did not aor. ind. act. dnoOvjoKkw (# 633) to die. AmPovtEs aor. act.
know.” Aor. describes antecedent time. nod (# 4544) part. AopBavw (# 3284) to receive, to obtain; i.e., to ob-
where? épyetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Epxoucr (# 2262) tain the fulfillment of the promise (Michel). noppw8ev
to go. Pres. used to describe vivid action. (# 4523) from afar, from a long distance away. OvtEs
9 napwxnoev aor. ind. act. napoixéw (# 4228) to dwell aor. act. part. opaw (#3972) to see. Gonaodpevor aor.
alongside of, to be a foreigner residing in a foreign mid. (dep.) part. aoncCouor (#832) to greet. They
country. Such foreigners had certain legal rights, even hailed them from afar, as those on board ship descry
though they were considered only temporary or for- friends on shore and wave in recognition (EGT); or
eign residents (TDNT; NIDOTTE, 1:836-39; Michel; s. they greet the fulfillment still far off, as a wanderer
Eph. 2:19). &AdOtpiog (# 259) foreigner, stranger. oxn- who sees his native city on the horizon (Riggenbach).
vaic dat. pl. oxnvn (#5008) tent. Kkatounous aor. act. OLOAOyHOavtEs aor. act. part. oLoAOyEw (# 3933) to agree,
part. katoikew (#2997) to reside, to dwell, to be at to confess. Aor. indicates logically antecedent action.
home. ovyKAnpovouos (#5169) fellow heir. Gen. here Eevoc (# 3828) foreigner. napentSnyos (# 4215) one who
due to the preceding prep. peta (#3552) with. makes his home alongside of, one from another coun-
10 e&e5eyet0 impf. ind. mid. (dep.) exdexouar (# 1683) try, pilgrim, one who stays for a while in a strange
to await expectantly. Prep. in compound means to be place. The word was used in the LXX and in the papyri
ready, to be prepared to deal w. the situation (EGT). 8€- for those who settled in a particular district only for a
WEG (# 2529) foundation. Eyovoay pres. act. part. Eyw time (MM; BS, 149; Preisigke; BAGD; TLNT). 14
(# 2400) to have. teyvitng (#5493) craftsman, artificer, toiadta acc. pl. toodtos (#5525) such a one. A€yovtEes
designer, maker (Bruce; Michel; Hughes; Attridge). 5n- pres. act. part. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Eupavifovow pres.
wovpyoc (# 1321) public workman, constructor, maker. ind. act. Eudavitw (#1872) to manifest, to show, to
The first word refers to the plan and this word to its ex- make clear. natpi6a acc. sing. matpic (#4258) father-
ecution (Westcott; Bruce; Michel; Attridge). The vb. land. éni€ntodow pres. ind. act. enigntew (# 2118) to
was used in a Christian papyrus of Jesus Christ as the seek after. Prep. in compound indicates direction
Creator of all things (0 Snpiovpynoacg ta mavta) (EGT). @ 15 exeivog (# 1697) that one; i.e., the earthly
(NDIEC, 2:149-51; PGL, 343) @ 11 abdth (# 899) herself. country. Gen. here is used after the vb. &vnpovevov
Kataporn (#2856) casting down. Used as a t.t. for the impf. ind. act. uvnuovevw (# 3648) to remember, to be
sowing of seed and here in the idiom, “to receive the mindful of something. Ind. used in a contrary to fact
sowing of the seed,” meaning “to conceive.” oteipa cond. cl. €€€Bnoav aor. ind. act. exBaivw (#1674) to go
(# 5096) barren, incapable of bearing children. onéppo. out. evyov aor. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to have. dvaxdwyat
(#5065) seed, sperm. éAaPev aor. ind. act. AouBavw aor. act. inf. Gvaxopnttw (#366) to bind back, to turn
(# 3284) to receive. napa (# 4123) beyond, past. NAiKkto, back again. Inf. used to explain the word xatpov.
(# 2461) age; “beyond the season of age” (RWP). nynoa- @ 16 viv (#3814) now; ie., “the truth is,” “as it is”
to aor. ind. mid. (dep.) nyeoua1 (# 2451) to consider, to (Bruce). Opéyovtat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) opeyouat
reckon as, to count as. €mayyelAdpevov aor. mid. part. (# 3977) to stretch oneself out for; fig., to desire, to as-
emayyerArw (# 2040) to promise. Subst. part., “the one pire, to strive for, to yearn for (RWP; BAGD; s. 1 Tim.
who promised.” @ 12 810 (# 1475) therefore. Evog gen. 3:1). Present vbs. in this context indicate the continual
€ic (#1651) one; one who stands at the beginning of a habitual attitude of life. emovpdaviog (# 2230) heavenly
long series. Abraham was known as “the One” (Mich- (s. Eph. 1:3). emaroydvetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) éxat-
el; Delitzsch). It serves to contrast the small beginning oxovopat (#2049) to be ashamed. émixadeiobar pres.
w. the abundant result (Attridge). eyevvn@noav aor. ind. mid./pass. inf. enicaAew (# 2126) to call upon, to name.
pass. yevvo.w (# 1164) to bear; pass., to be born. (For the If the vb. is taken as mid., the meaning is, “God is not
variant reading eéyevn@noav aor. ind. pass. [dep.] yivo- ashamed of them to call Himself their God.” If pass.,
wa. [# 1181] to be, to become s. Delitzsch; Bruce.) “God is not ashamed of them to be called their God.”
vevexpwlévov perf. pass. part. vexpow (# 3739) to make Epex. inf. explaining the main vb. ftotpaoev aor. ind.
dead, to treat as dead, to consider dead; “as good as act. etowctw (#2286) to prepare, to make ready.
Hebrews 11 544

@ 17 mpooevivoyxev perf. ind. act. mpoohepw (# 4712) to DLNT,778-82; ABD, 4:918-20.tpipnvog (#5564) three
offer, to offer as a sacrifice. Perf. indicates this as an months; acc. of time, “for three months.” matépwv gen.
abiding example (BD, 177). meipaXopevog pres. pass. pl. natnp (# 4252) father, parent. 510t1 (# 1484) because.
part. neipacw (# 4279) to try, to examine, to test (TLNT; eldov aor. ind. act. op (# 3972) to see. doteiog (# 842)
TDNT). Pass. is divine pass. indicating that Abraham beautiful, handsome, pretty, charming (GELTS, 67). It
was tested by God (Hughes; BG, 76). povoyevns describes an attractive comeliness that is uncommonly
(# 3666) unique, only one of the kind, only (TDNT; striking (Hughes; Bruce). eoBn@noav aor. ind.
NIDNTT). npooedepev aor. ind. act. tpoodépw (# 4712) to pass.(dep.) pofeonor (#5828) to be afraid, to fear.
offer. enayyeAia. (# 2039) promise. Here, w. the def. art., Siataywa (#1409) command, order. 24 peyas
“the well-known promises.” dvadeEGpevos aor. mid. (# 3489) large; here in the sense of adult, mature. yevo-
(dep.) part. avadsexyouor (# 346) to receive, to gladly re- wevoc aor. mid. (dep.) part. yivoyar (# 1181) to be, to be-
ceive. Temp. or causal part. Aor. indicates logically an- come. Aor. part. describes antecedent action. Npvnoato
tecedent action. The idea suggested here seems to be of aor. ind. mid. (dep.) apvéowat (# 766) to say no to, to
welcoming and cherishing a divine charge that in- deny, to refuse. A€yeo@a pres. inf. pass. Aeyw (# 3306) to
volves a noble responsibility (Westcott). “After having say; pass., to be called. 25 pGAAov (# 3437) rather.
received the promises,” or “because he had received EAOLEVOS aor. mid. (dep.) part. aipew (# 145) to lift up;
the promises”; or adj. part., “who received...” 18 mid., to choose. ovyKakovxeio8ar pres. pass. inf. ovy-
EAQANON aor. ind. pass. AaAEW (# 3281) to speak. KANON- kakew (# 5156) to suffer evil together, to suffer w. some-
oetot fut. ind. pass. karew (#2813) to call. onéppa one. Inf. is used to explain the choosing. mpooxaipog
(# 5065) seed. 19 Aoyiocpevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. (# 4672) for a time, temporary, fleeting. éyew pres. act.
AoyiCopar (# 3357) to consider, to reckon. Vb. is used by inf. €yw (# 2400) to have. appatia (# 281) sin. Here sub-
Paul in the sense of calculating or reckoning on the jective gen., emphatic by its position. a&mdAavots
basis of firm evidence. The word denotes inward con- (#656) enjoyment, pleasure; w. éyw (“to have plea-
viction, persuasion, not simply a more or less reliable sure”). For the meaning of the word as “enjoyment” in
opinion (Hughes). Part. could be used to express the the papyri and inscriptions s. MM; Preisigke; BAGD;
cause or reason and explains why Abraham had the NDIEC, 2:195, 205. @ 26 peifova (# 3505) greater. Hyn-
courage to sacrifice Isaac, even though the action Odpevos aor. mid. (dep.) part. Nyeouar (# 2451) to con-
seemed certain to ruin the fulfillment of God’s promise sider, to reckon. @noavpdc (# 2565) treasure; here gen.
(Moffatt). éyeipetv pres. act. inf. éyeipw (# 1586) to raise. of comp. dvevdiopog (# 3944) reproach, reviling, dis-
Compl. inf. to the following adj. &uvatdc (# 1543) capa- grace, insult. ameBAenev impf. ind. act. dnoBAenw (# 611)
ble, able; “that God was able to raise.” 00ev (# 3854) to look away from. Used w. the prep. etg (# 1650): to
wherefore. mapaBoAt (#4130) dat. parable, analogy; look to. Impf. emphasizes the continuous action in the
used here adverbially—” figuratively speaking” (Hugh- past time. The word was used of keeping one’s atten-
es; Michel; Westcott). Exopioato aor. ind. mid. Kopitw tion fixed upon something, as an artist fixes his atten-
(# 3152 ) to obtain or get, to receive. @ 20 nepi (# 4309) tion on the object or model he is reproducing in
concerning. H£AAOvtwV pres. act. part. LEAAw (# 3516) to painting or sculpture (Bruce). p1o8anodooia (# 3632)
be about to. Subst. part: “future, coming things.” ebA0- recompense, reward. 27 KatéAumev aor. ind. act.
ymoev aor. ind. act. evdroyew (#2328) to bless. Katareinw (#2901) to leave behind, to leave. doBnOeic
21 anoOvpjoKwv pres. act. part. (temp.) ano8vjoKw aor. pass. (dep.) part. poBeowat (# 5828) to able afraid, to
(# 633) to die. Pres. indicates that he was in the process fear (BBC). Aor. indicates logically antecedent action.
of dying when he spoke; “while he was dying,” “on his Ovpog (#2596) anger, wrath (TDNT). Baotdéwe gen.
death bed.” Exaotosg (# 1667) each one. EevAOYNOEV aor. sing. Baoievg (#995) king. Gen. of source, “of the
ind. act. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless. mpooexdvnoev aor. king” “the wrath from the king.” dopatog (# 548) invis-
ind. act. mpooxvvew (# 4686) to worship. ent (# 2093) w. ible, not able to be seen; here, “the invisible one”; i.e.,
the acc., on, upon. a&xKpov (#216) top. papSoc (# 4817) God. opéiv pres. act. part. (causal) paw (# 3972) to see.
stick, staff. 22 tedevtm@v pres. act. part. (temp.) Pres. expressing contemporaneous action to the main
tedevtaw (# 5462) to come to the end, to expire, to die. vb., “because he could see.” exaptepnoev aor. act. ind.
Pres. indicates that he was in the process of dying. Kaptepew (# 2846) to be strong, to hold out, to endure.
0506 (# 2016) way out, departure. euvmpovevoev aor. © 28 nenoinxev perf. ind. act. nove (# 4472) to do. Here
ind. act. uvnuoveow s.v. 15. dotéov (#4014) bone. in the sense of celebrating the Passover. Perf. indicates
évetetAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) evteAAopat (# 1948) to that the celebration was the inauguration of a divine
instruct, to command. @ 23 yevvn@eic aor. pass. part. institute (Spicq; Westcott; Bruce). mpooxvoig (# 4717)
yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; pass., to be born. Temp. part., pouring, sprinkling, followed by the obj. gen. dA0-
“when (after) he was born.” éxpvBn aor. ind. pass. Opevwv pres. act. part. oA0@pedw (#3905) to destroy.
Kpvntw (#3221) to hide. For a discussion of Moses s. Subst. part., “destroyer,” “the one who destroys.” npw-
545 Hebrews 11

totoKos (#4758) firstborn. Giyn aor. subj. act. O1yyavu make to bend, to bow, to turn to flight (AS). GAAOtpLOS
(# 2566) to touch, w. gen. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) in a neg. (#259) foreign. 35 €AaPov aor. ind. act. AopBavw
purp. cl. ® 29 &Bnoay aor. ind. act. d:aPoatvw (# 1329) (# 3284) to take, to receive. avaotaots (# 414) resurrec-
to go through, to pass through. epvpoc (#2261) red. tion. Etypnaviobnoawv aor. ind. pass. tupnavitw (# 5594)
Enpoc (# 3831) dry. neipa (# 4278) attempt, try. AaBovtes to torture. The root meaning of the word is “to beat,”
aor. act. part. AopPavw (#3284) to take. Temp. part., “to strike,” or “to pound.” A related noun means a ket-
“when the Egyptians made an attempt.” Kateno@noav tle drum w. a skin stretched taut for striking. Those
aor. ind. pass. katanivw (#2927) to swallow down, to who were tortured might either be beaten directly or
engulf. The prep. in compound is intensive: “they were stretched over a wheel and whirled while being afflict-
totally engulfed,” “overwhelmed” (Hughes). 30 tet- ed w. rods to break their limbs until they died (Bucha-
xn nom. pl. telxoc (# 5446 ) wall; pl., of circular walls nan; Westcott; Attridge; Michel; BBC; BAGD). mpoo-
(BAGD). €neoav aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. Aor. deEdpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. npoodexoua (# 4657) to
viewing the event in a narrative. kukAw@Evta aor. pass. accept, to receive. anoAdtpwotg (#667) release by the
part. kvKA0w (#3240) to encircle. Temp. part., “after payment of a price, release (s. Rom. 3:24). kpeittovog
they were encircled.” 31 nopvn (#4520) prostitute, (# 3202) comp., better (s. 9:23). toywotv aor. subj. act.
whore. ovvanwAeto aor. ind. mid. ovvanoAruut (# 5272) toyyavw (#5593) to receive, to obtain. 36 EtEpoc
to destroy together, to be destroyed together. anev8qoa- (# 2283) other. gumaryyoc (#1849) mocking, heaping
Ow aor. act. part. aneWew (# 578) to be disobedient. 5e- derision upon a person by sarcastically imitating him.
Eapevn aor. mid. (dep.) part. deyouar (#1312) to Haotiywv gen. pl. uaoté (# 3465) scourging, whipping
welcome, to receive. KataoKxonos (#2946) spy. 32 w. a scourge. neipav EAaPov (# 4278; 3284) s.v. 29. The ex-
A€yw (# 3306) pres. ind. act. to say. Pres. suggests contin- pression “received the trial” is the same idiom used in
uous activity: “Why do I still speak?” The form could the LXX Deut. 28:56 to describe a woman so delicate
be taken as pres. subj. and be deliberative (Attridge). that she would not risk setting her foot on the ground.
entreiwer fut. ind. act. emretnw (# 2142) to fall upon, to These “others” were not that delicate (Buchanan). €t1 5€
fail. Sinyovpevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. dinyeouar yea, moreover. The expression is commonly used to in-
(# 1455) to narrate, to tell about, to carry a discussion dicate a climax (EGT). Seo0¢ (# 1301) bonds. ovAaKn
through. The words are lit., “will leave me telling (#5871) prison (BAFCS, 3:9-112, 195-392; CIC).
about” (RWP). This is a common rhetorical device, al- 37 EABGoOONOaV aor. ind. pass. AWAtw (#3342) to
lowing the author to summarize (BBC). Part. could be stone. emeipdoOnoay aor. ind. pass. neipatw to try, to
cond., “If I were to tell about”(GGBB, 633). Pres. indi- tempt. For the suspected textual variation s. Hughes;
cates incomplete action. @ 33 katnywvioavto aor. ind. Riggenbach. This could be an inadvertent scribal dit-
mid. (dep.) katnywvitw (# 2865) to struggle against, to tography of the following. The more general word
overcome, to subdue. Prep. in compound not only car- “tempted” seems somewhat out of place in the midst of
ries the idea of “against,” but also that the action is un- the enumeration of the violent deaths suffered (TC).
favorable to an object (MH, 316). Aor. in a narrative empioOnoay aor. ind. pass. mpitw (#4569) to saw into.
pointing to the completed action. eipyaoavto aor. ind. The tradition that the prophet Isaiah suffered death by
mid. (dep.) epyaouoar (# 2237) to work effectively. The being sawed in two w. a wooden saw is found in other
vb. is used w. the noun dika1oovvnv in the LXX to mean writings, as well as the Talmudic books and the
“to practice justice” (Ps. 15:2), and is used of doing pseudepigraphic Jewish work, The Martyrdom of Isaiah,
what is right in reference to personal integrity (Hugh- in which it is recounted that during this terrible ordeal
es). ENETVYZOV aor. ind. act. Emitvyyavw (# 2209) to obtain, “Isaiah neither cried aloud nor wept, but his lips spoke
to receive, w. gen. Eppagav aor. ind. act. ppacow (# 5852) w. the Holy Spirit until he was sawn in two” (The Mar-
to fence in, to block up, to stop (RWP). otopa (#5125) tyrdom of Isaiah, 5:14; Hughes; SB, 3:747). ovog (# 5840)
mouth. @ 34 éofeoav aor. ind. act. oBevvuyt (# 4931) to murder. Instr. prep. €v (#1877); “by murder of the
quench, to put out a fire. Epvyov aor. ind. act. devyw sword.” ané8avov aor. ind. act. cnoOvnoKw (#1877) to
(#5771) to flee. Perfective aor. indicates the success in die. mepifAGov aor. ind. act. neprepyouar (# 4320) to go
fleeing; ii.e., “to escape.” otoata mouth, edge (s.v. 33). about. wndwtnh (# 3603) sheepskin, used of the cloak
wdxarpa (#3479) sword. eS5vvapwOnoay aor. ind. pass. worn by prophets (BAGD). atyevog (#128) of a goat.
dvvapyow (# 1540) to make strong, to be strong. Ingres- Adjs. w. this suf. “of, or belonging to” (MH, 336). Sepa.
sive aor., “to become strong,” “they became mighty.” (# 1293) skin; i-e., animal hide that was processed. vote-
Gobevera. (# 819) weakness. EyevnOnoav aor. ind. pass. povpevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. botepew (# 5728) to lack,
(dep.) yivowon (# 1181) to become. nodepw dat. sing. n0- to suffer need. @A1Boyevor pres. pass. part. OAipw
Aeuoc (# 4483) war, battle. napepBords acc. pl. TopeLBo- (# 2567) to put under pressure, to cause distress, to af-
An (#4213) encampment, barracks, armies in a battle flict. KaKOVXODPEVOL pres. pass. part. KAKODYEW (# 2807)
line, army (RWP). €xAtvav aor. ind. act. KAivw (# 3111) to to mishandle, to treat evilly, to ill treat. @ 38 dv gen.
Hebrews 12 546

masc. pl. og (#4005) who, which, rel. pron., of “s

would be a hindrance in running. For this word s. MH,
whom.” Tv impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. Koopnog 282; Michel, Westcott; MM; Hughes; Grasser; Attridge;
(#3180) world. épnia (#2244) desert. mAavwpevor TLNT. bzopovn (#5705) patient endurance (s. 10:36).
pres. mid. (dep.) part. nAavaw (# 4414) to wander, to TPEXWHEV pres. subj. act. tpeyw (# 5556) to run. Cohorta-
wander aimlessly; they wandered like lost sheep hunt- tive subj., “let us run.” Pres. calls for the continuing of
ed by wolves (RWP). opeowv dat. pl. (#4001) dpog hill, the action in progress, “let us continue to run,” “let us
mountain. Used here as a remote or isolated place keep on running.” mpoxeipevov pres. mid. (dep.) part.
(BAGD). onndorov (#5068) cave. onaig dat. pl. ony mpoKeat (#4618) to lie before. wywv (# 74) struggle,
(# 3956) opening, hole, den. They were unfit for civi- contest, race (PAM; Grdasser; Attridge; Weiss).
lized society; the truth was that civilized society was @ 2 ahopdvtes pres. act. part. apopaw (#927) to look
unfit for them (Bruce). For an account of the persecuted away from one thing and concentrate on another, to
who lived in caves and dens and wandered about the look away to. Part. of manner describing how we are to
mountains s. 1 Macc. 2:29-38; Jos., Ant., 12:271-78. run. apynyog (#795) pioneer, author, leader (s. 2:10;
@ 39 paptupnevtes aor. pass. part. paptupew (# 3455) Michel; Westcott; Grasser; NDIEC, 4:217). He is the
to witness; pass., to be witnessed, to be attested by wit- leader of those who run faith’s race (Attridge). teAet-
ness (Hughes; Westcott). Concessive part. (“al- wins (# 5460) perfecter, one who brings to the goal (s.
though”). €xopioavto aor. ind. mid. kouitw (#3152) to Heb. 5:9; Grasser). Christ is the Perfecter of the faith in
get back, to recover (s.v. 19). @ 40 npoBAewopévov aor. which the readers share (Attridge). avtt (#505) for the
mid. part. (causal) mpoBAenw (# 4587) to see before, to sake of, because of. Prep. can also have the idea of ex-
exercise forethought, to foresee, to provide. gen. abs. change or substitution. For a discussion of the meaning
ywpic (# 6006) w. gen., without. teAewwOdow aor. subj. of the prep. here s. Hughes; NIDNTT, 3:1179-80. mpo-
pass. teAetow (# 5457) to bring to the goal, to complete, Kewévn pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpoxeyiar (# 4618) to lie
to perfect (s. 5:9). about, to be set before. bméyetvev aor. ind. act. browevw
(#5702) to patiently endure. otavpog (#5089) cross.
Hebrews 12 The addressees are called to follow in Christ’s foot-
@1tovyapodv (#5521) therefore, then, conse- steps; with this in view, Christ endured a far more se-
quently. A triple compound inferential particle to draw vere trial—a cross-than Moses or the addressees had to
a conclusion of emphasis, making Heb. 12:1-3 the cli- face (Attridge). aioydvn (# 158) shame, disgrace. kata-
max of the whole argument about the better promises gpovtjous aor. act. part. Katadpovew (# 2969) to think
(RWP; Lane). tooodtocg (#5537) such a one, so great. down on something, to despise, to treat as contempt-
€yovtes pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. Causal ible; or in a positive sense, to brave, to be unafraid
part., “because we have....” mepikeipevov pres. mid. (Lane). Part. may be concessive (“although”) or ex-
(dep.) part. nepikeyia (# 4329) to lie around, to spread press manner, indicating how He endured. tv Se&lG
around, to surround. The competitors feel the crowd (# 1288) on the right. The noun “hand” is to be sup-
towering above them (Westcott). vépog (#3751) cloud. plied. xexd@uKev perf. ind. act. kaditw (#2767) to take
Aristophanes in his play, The Frogs, uses concept of one’s seat, to sit down. Perf. indicates that He is still
clouds as witnesses. The picture of a cloud describing there (s. 1:3). 3 dvadoyioaobe aor. imp. mid. (dep.)
a crowded group of people is a common classical fig- avahoyiCouar (# 382) to reckon up, to count up, to con-
ure and expresses not only the great number of people, sider. The vb. can also include the idea of meditation
but also the unity of the crowd in their witness (Michel; (Michel). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of
Grasser; NW, 2, ii:1209-10). poptopwv gen. pl. uaptus urgency. towavty (#5525) such a one. browepevnKota
(# 3459) witness, spectator (BAGD; Attridge). The wit- perf. act. part. vmoueévw s.v. 2. Perf. part. suggests the
ness was to confirm and attest to the truth of a matter abiding effect of Christ’s redemptive suffering (Hugh-
(NTCW; DLNT, 1204-5; TDNT; Grdsser; ‘Attridge). es). Opaptwrog (#283) sinful, sinner. ei¢ (#1650)
dyKog (# 3839) bulk, mass, weight. An athlete would against. avtiAoyla (#517) speaking against, hostility
strip for action both by the removal of superfluous (Hughes). koynte aor. subj. act. kapew (# 2827) to grow
flesh through rigorous training and by the removal of weary. Ingressive aor. to become weary. Subj. w. va
all clothes (Hughes). &mo@épevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (# 2671) in a neg. purp. cl. kw pres. pass. part. éx-
arotiOnut (# 700) to lay aside from oneself, to lay aside Avowc (# 1725) to untie, to dissolve, to release; pass., to
one’s clothing. Part. w. force of an imp. (Lane; VANT, become weary or slack, to give out (BAGD). The word
385-88). ebnepiatatos (#2342) The word could have a was used in a number of contexts: to spill water; to be
variety of meanings: (1) easily avoided; (2) admired, physically weak—-described as having limp, soft, or life-
lit., well-surrounded; (3) easily surrounding, besetting; less hands-to have a weak heart; or to be morally lax.
(4) dangerous, lit., having easy distress. The picture Here, “do not slacken” when you undergo trials at
here may be that of putting off a long heavy robe that God’s hands. Providential training through correction
547 Hebrews 12

is designed for your good (TLNT). Part. further de- on children the discipline that fits his legitimate chil-
scribes the weariness of the main vb. @ 4 obmw (# 4037) dren (Moffatt); it also is to be taken in the legal sense,
not yet. HExpIG (# 3588) w. gen., unto, unto the point of. that an illegitimate child does not enjoy the inheritance
GQVTUKATEOTHTE aor. ind. act. dvtiKabiotnur (#510) to rights and the rights to participate in family worship
stand in opposition against (in line of battle) (RWP). (Spicq; Hughes; Lane). @ 9 eta (# 1663) then, besides
Tpoc (# 4639) against. avtaywviCopevor pres. mid. (dep.) this (Hughes). etyowev impf. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to
part. Avtoyovigonor (#497) to struggle against. The have. Customary impf., “we are used to having”
metaphor is still that of the athletic contest, but now (RWP). madevtns (# 4083) one who exercises disci-
shifts from the race track to the boxing ring (Hughes). pline; one who instructs through discipline. The acc. is
@ SeKxreAnobe perf. ind. mid. (dep.) exravOcvopar a double acc.: “fathers as ones who discipline.” évetpe-
(#1720) to cause to forget; mid., to forget, to forget mopeda impf. ind. mid. (dep.) evtpenw (# 1956) to fear,
completely. Prep. in compound is perfective w. the to reverence. Customary impf. brotaynooueba fut. ind.
perf. indicating a complete forgetting (MH, 311; Grass- pass. Dnotacow (#5718) to subject, to be in subjection,
er). NapaKAnors (#4155) encouragement, exhortation to be in submission, to submit oneself. Cnoopev fut. ind.
(s. Phil. 2:1). SvaA€yetor pres. ind. mid. (dep.) S1aAéyo- act. Caw (# 2409) to live. 10 Kata (# 2848) w. acc., for.
wa. (# 1363) to reason w., to converse w. followed by The prep. indicates the purp. of a few days and is a de-
the dat. The utterance of Scripture is treated as the scription for the whole earthly life (Michel). d0xobv
voice of God conversing w. men (Westcott). OAtywpet pres. act. part. acc. n. sing. doxew (#1506) to seem, to
pres. imp. act. oAvywpew (#3902) to think little of, to seem to be good; “according to the thing seeming good
think lightly, to make light of something, to neglect to them” (RWP). énaiSevov impf. ind. act. mardedw
(BAGD; MM; Preisigke). nadia, (# 4082) discipline, in- (# 4084) to discipline. ovppepov pres. act. part. ovpndepw
structive discipline. In Judaism a father was required to (# 5237) to differ, to be better. Part. is used as a substi-
provide for the instruction of his sons and daughters tutive, “that which is best,” “for our advantage” (EGT).
and to teach them good behavior. Whipping was ac- wetoAapetv aor. act. inf. uetarAauBavw (#3561) to par-
cepted, along w. other disciplinary measures (JPF, take of,to have a share in, w. gen. Articular inf. w. the
2:770f; TDNT; BBC; Grasser; SB, 3:747; DNP, 2:663-74). prep. et¢ (# 1650) to express purp. ayiotn (#42) holi-
€kAVOV pres. imp. pass. EKADw (# 1725) to release (s.v. 3). ness. @117p0c¢...t0 mapov (#4639; 4205) for the
Pres. imp. w. the neg. unde (#3593) could call for the present. doxei pres. ind. act. Soxéw s.v. 10. eivan pres. act.
stopping of an action in progress, or it could call for a inf. ey (# 1639) to be. Compl. inf., “it seems to be.”
general attitude of life. eAeyyowevog pres. pass. part. Ann (#3383) pain, sorrow. Sotepov (#5731) after-
ereyyw (#1794) to reprove, to rebuke, to reproach, to wards. kapmoc (# 2843) fruit. elpnviKdc (# 1646) pertain-
state that someone has done wrong, w. the implication ing to peace, peaceful. yeyupvaopevots perf. pass. part.
that there is adequate proof of such wrongdoing (NL, youvacw (# 1214) to exercise, to train (s. 5:14). Perf. part.
1:436). Temp. part., “when you are reproved.” @ 6 ma1- indicates the completed state or cond. dnodidwov pres.
Sever pres. ind. act. nadevw (# 4084) to discipline, to ind. act. ano0diSwyut (#625) to give back, to repay, to
chasten. The word can refer to instruction, even to the yield. For rabbinical parallels regarding the results of
actual dealing out of blows (MM). For the concept of suffering s. Bruce; Braun; Weiss. Stka1ocbvn (# 1466)
suffering being the chastisement or discipline from righteousness. Here attributive gen. describing the
God s. Michel; TDNT. paottyot pres. ind. act. waotiyew kind of fruit. 12 napeweévas perf. pass. part. (adj.)
(# 3463) to beat w. a whip, to scourge. napadexetar mapinut (#4223) to let fall at the side, to slacken, to
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) napadexouo (# 4138) to accept, to weaken; pass. to be listless, drooping (BAGD). napare-
receive. @ 7 bmopevete pres. ind. act. Wnopneva (#5702) Avpéeva. perf. pass. part. (adj.) tapadrvw (# 4168) to loos-
to patiently endure (s. 10:36) npoogépetar pres. ind. en on the side, to dissolve, to paralyze, to undo; pass.,
mid. (dep.) npoopepw (#4712) to carry oneself toward, to be weak, to be lame (RWP; BAGD). yovata. acc. pl.
to deal w. someone. matSever pres. ind. act. nardevw yovv (# 1205) knee. The figure of the boxer, wearied and
(# 4084) to discipline. Gnomic pres. showing the gener- beaten, who drops his hands in weakness was com-
al expectation; or iterative, that the discipline is repeat- monplace in antiquity (Lane; Attridge; NW, 2, ii:1220-
edly given. 8 éote pres. ind. act. eipt (# 1639) to be. 21). &vopOwoa.te aor. imp. act. cvopow (# 492) to set up
Ind. in a 2nd. class cond. cl. giving a contrary to fact straight, to set upright or straighten again, to revive
statement. pétoxog (# 3581) participant, partner. yeyova- (EGT). Aor. imp. calls for a specific action w. a note of
ow perf. ind. act. yivowar (#1181) to become. Perf. urgency. 13 tpoxia, (#5579) track of a wheel, track
shows that the chastisement was personally accepted made by the feet of runners. Here it could have the
and permanent in its effect (Westcott). dipa (#726) meaning “running lane,” developing the athletic imag-
therefore. v000g¢ (#3785) illegitimate. The word not ery (Hughes; Attridge; Lane). 0p60¢ (# 3981) straight.
only indicates a father insufficiently interested to inflict MOUeite pres. imp. act. novew (# 4472) to do, to make.
Hebrews 12 548

nootv (# 4546) dat. pl. novc foot; dat. of advantage, “for (#4894) trumpet. hxog (#2491) sound. dwvh (# 5889)
your feet.” ywoc (# 6000) lame. éxtpanfj aor. subj. pass. voice. pha (#4839) word. a&Kxoboavtes aor. act. part.
extpemw (# 1762) to turn from, to turn aside. The word &.KovW (# 201) to hear. napttnoavto aor. ind. mid. (dep.)
could have the idea of turning aside in a race or it could rapaiteowat (# 4148) to beg, to ask for, to request. mpoo-
be a medical image of putting a limb out of joint teO7var aor. pass. inf. tpoottOnut (# 4707) to place to, to
(Hughes; Westcott; Michel). 1067 aor. subj. pass. 1.001 add to. Inf. in indir. discourse (DUR). @ 20 Epepov impf.
(#2615) to heal; pass., to be healed. Subjs. w. iva ind. act. pepw (#5770) to carry, to bear, to endure. 610-
(# 2671) are used here to express purp. @ 14 dwxete OTEAAOLEVOV pres. act. part. 5iaoteAAw (# 1403) to com-
pres. imp. act. diwKw (# 1503) to hunt, to follow after, to mand, to order. Pres. presents the command as ringing
pursue. Gylaopoc (#40) holiness, in this epistle ex- constantly in their ears (Westcott). kav (# 2829) = kai dv
plained as a drawing near to God w. a cleansed con- if even. @npiov (# 2563) animal. @iyn aor. subj. act. 61y-
science (10:10, 22), a true acceptance of Christ’s yavw (#2566) to touch, w. gen. ABoPoAn@noetar fut.
sacrifice as bringing the worshiper into fellowship w. pass. inf. A1GoBoAEw (# 3344) to throw stones at, to stone.
God (EGT; EDNT). Owetou fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw © 21 boBepoc (#5829) terrible, fearful. hv impf. ind. act.
(#3972) to see. 15 énioKonodvtes pres. act. part. et (# 1639) to be. davtatopevov /pres. mid. (dep.) part.
emiokonew (# 2174) to watch over, to watch out for. The gavtacopat (#5751) to appear. eimev aor. ind. act. Aeyw
word expresses the careful regard of those who occupy (# 3306) to say. ExpoBoc (# 1769) terrified. Prep. in com-
a position of responsibility as a physician or a superin- pound is perfective. ey pres. ind. act. cyst. Evtpopoc
tendent (Westcott). botepdv pres. act. part. votepew (# 1958) trembling. 22 npooeAnAvOate perf. ind. act.
(#5728) to lack, to come short, to fail. pia (# 4844) Tpoocepyoua. (# 4665) to come to (s. Heb. 4:16). Oper dat.
root. mixpia (# 4392) bitterness. The root of bitterness in sing. opoc (# 4001) mountain. €@vto¢ pres. act. part. Caw
Deut. 29:18 probably referred to anything that led to (#2409) to live. Adj. part., “living God.” pupiacg
idolatry and apostasy (Buchanan; BBC). Here gen. of (# 3689) myriad, ten thousand. It indicates a number
description. dvw (#539) up. @vovoa pres. act. part. pow that cannot be counted, “tens of thousands” (Hughes).
(# 5886) to sprout, to spring up. €voxAq} pres. subj. act. Tavnyupic (# 4108) festive gathering. The word indicat-
evoyAew (# 1943) to trouble, to trouble w. a crowd, to ed the great gathering for a festival occasion. In the OT
annoy, to harass (s. Acts 15:19; RWP; Hughes). Subj. in it was for the religious festivals. In the Gr. world it was
a neg. purp. cl. piavOdow aor. subj. pass. piaivw a gathering for large athletic contests (Michel; At-
(# 3620) to stain, to defile. @ 16 mOpvoc (# 4521) tridge). 23 mpwtotoKos (#4758) firstborn (TDNT).
immoral. BeBndoc (# 1013) profane, irreligious, impi- They are firstborn ones, enjoying the rights of firstborn
ous (TLNT). 'Hoad (# 2481) Esau. Bp@org (# 1111) food. sons because of their union w. Christ, the firstborn
aneédeto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) &nodiSmpi (# 625) to sell. (Kent). Gnoyeypoppévwv perf. pass. part. amoypadw
mpwtotokia (#4757) birthright, the privilege of the (#616) to write off, to enroll. kpitng (# 3216) judge.
firstborn son (TDNT; EDNT; Attridge; Lane). 17 lote TETEAELWHEVWV perf. pass. part. TeAELOW (# 5457) to bring
perf. ind. act. 2nd. pers. pl. ota (# 3857) to know. Def. to the goal, to perfect (s. 5:9). @ 24 weottng (# 3542) me-
perf. w. a pres. meaning. petéreita (# 3575) afterwards. diator. pavtiopoc (# 4823) sprinkling. xpeittov (# 3202)
GEAwv pres. act. part. 6€Aw (# 2527) to desire to, to want better (s. 9:23). AaAodvTI pres. act. part. Andrew (# 3281)
to, w. inf. Concessive part. KAnpovoyjoat aor. act. inf. to speak. napa (#4123) used in a comp. to mean
KAnpovouew (# 3099) to inherit. eddAoyia (# 2330) bless- “than.” @ 25 BAénete pres. imp. act. BAenw (# 1063) to
ing. &nedoxycaoen aor. ind. pass. anodoxacw (# 627) see, to beware, to take heed. napaitnonove aor. subj.
to reject after examination, to reject completely. mid. (dep.) mapartéowar (# 4148) to ask, to request, to
petavoia (#3567) change of mind, repentance. TOTOG refuse (s.v. 19). Subj. in a neg. purp. cl. AaAodvta pres.
(# 5536) room, place, opportunity. edpev aor. ind. act. act. part. AaAew (# 3281) to speak. e&€gvyov aor. ind. act.
evptoxw (# 2351) to find. kainep (# 2788) although. Par- expevyw (#1767) to flee from, to flee from successfully,
ticle is used in a concessive cl. axpvov (#1232) tear. to escape. Prep. in compound is perfective. Aor. is com-
exCntnous aor. act. part. exCntéew (# 1699) to seek out, to plexive, emphasizing the completion of the action.
look for. 18 npooeAnAvOate perf. ind. act. npocEpyxo- Tapoaitnocpevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. napartéowar to
wat (# 4665) to come to, to draw near (s. 4:16). wnAapw- beg, to ask for. ypnatiovta pres. act. part. yonuaticw
WéEvwW pres. pass. part. yndraow (#6027) to handle, to (#5976) to give divine instruction, to warn (s. 8:5).
touch; here, to the mountain which may be touched Gnootpepoevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. Gnrootpepw
(Hughes). kexavpévw perf. pass. part. katw (#2794) to (# 695) to turn away from, to turn from; mid., to turn
burn. nop (# 4786) fire. yvooos (# 1190) darkness, black- away from someone, to repudiate, reject (BAGD).
ness, thick darkness (Westcott). Codo¢ (#2432) dark- 26 EomAEvOEV aor. ind. act. carevw (# 4888) to shake.
ness, deep gloom (AS). @veAAa (#2590) storm, tote (# 5538) formerly, at that time. €ntyyyeAtat perf. ind.
hurricane (RWP). 19 odAntyyosg gen. sing. oaAnt mid. (dep.) emayyedouat (# 2040) to promise. Perf. indi-
549 Hebrews 13

cates that the promise is still valid. A€ywv pres. act. part. Pres. imp. suggests that the action should continue.
Aéyw (# 3306) to say. Used here to introduce direct dis- ovvéedepevor perf. pass. part. ovvdéw (#5279) to bind
course. Gag (#562) once; “yet once more.” oeiow fut. together; pass., to be bound w. another, to be a fellow
ind. act. oetw (# 4940) to shaken, to cause to tremble (s. prisoner. Perf. views the completed state or condition.
Matt. 21:10). povov (# 3667) alone. @ 27 5nAoi pres. ind. KOKOVYOVHEVWY pres. pass. part. KaKovYEW (# 2807) to
act. dndow (#1317) to make clear. caAevopevwv pres. mishandle, to treat evilly. 6vteg pres. act. part. elt
pass. part. s.v. 26. petaBeoig (# 3557) removing. nexoun- (# 1639) to be. Causal part., “because, since you are.”
pévwy perf. pass. part. novew (#4472) to do, to make. @ 4 tiptog (#5508) honorable. yapog (# 1141) marriage.
petvy aor. subj. act. wévw (# 3531) to remain. Subj. w. iva, Koitn (#3130) bed, figuratively, marriage bed, sexual
(#2671) to express purp. or result. ooAevopeva. pres. intercourse. Gytavtos (# 299) undefiled. nopvoc (# 4521)
pass. part. s.v. 26. @ 28 aodAevtos (# 810) not able to be immoral. The word designates those persons who in-
shaken, unshakable. ToporopuBdvovtes pres. act. part. dulge in sexual relationships outside the marriage
TAporAcUBOvoy (# 4161) to receive. Exwpev pres. subj. act. bond, both heterosexual and homosexual (Hughes).
€xw (# 2400) to have. Used in the expression yaptv &xw woixos (#3659) adulterous. This word indicates those
(to be grateful). Horatory subj., “let us be grateful.” who are unfaithful to their marriage vows; thus the
AATPEDWHEV pres. subj. act. atpevw (# 3302) to worship, two adjs. cover all who licentiously engage in forbid-
to serve. Hortatory subj. ebaptotws (#2299) well- den practices (Hughes). xptvei fut. ind. act. kpivw
pleasing. ebdaBera (#2325) reverence (s. 5:7). 8€0¢ (# 3212) to judge. 5 d&pirdpyupos (# 921) without a
(# 1290) awe. It is the apprehension of danger, as in a love for money (s. 1 Tim. 6:10). tpomog (#5573) manner,
forest (RWP). 29 ndp (#4786) fire. KatavaAioxov manner of life, disposition. “Let your turn of mind be
pres. act. part. katavadtoxw (# 2914) to consume com- free from love of money, content w. what you have”
pletely. Prep. in compound is perfective. (EGT). apKkovpevor pres. pass. part. (circum.) apKew
(# 758) to have enough; pass., to be content. mapodoiv
Hebrews 13 pres. act. part. napet (# 4205) to be present, to be at
@ 1 pir.05eApIa (#5789) brotherly love, referring hand. eipnxev perf. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to speak. Perf.
to the affection of natural siblings; used also of the love indicates that the statement has been made and its au-
among believers (Attridge; Grasser; BAGD; TDNT; s thority continues. &v@ aor. subj. act. avin (#479) to
Rom. 12:10). wevetw pres. imp. act. wevw (# 3531) to re- send up, to send back, to let go, to leave without sup-
main. The use of the vb. suggests that the bond had port (AS). €yKkatoAinw aor. subj. act. eykatoreinw
been in danger of being severed (Westcott). Pres. calls (# 1593) to leave someone in distress, to leave in the
for a continual and consistent action. @ 2 oiA0EEvia lurch, to desert. Subj. in emphatic neg. cls. @ 6 dote
(#5810) entertaining of strangers, hospitality. Since (# 6063) w. inf. to introduce a result cl. @appodvtac pres.
there were very few inns, the entertainment and show- act. part. Bappew (# 2509) to be courageous, to be bold,
ing of hospitality to travellers was an important part of to be confident. Modal part. describing the manner in
Jewish home life (JPFC, 2:762; RAC, 8:1061-123; TDNT; which one can speak. Aeyetv pres. act. inf. Aeyw (# 3306)
TLNT; DLNT, 501-7; BBC; NW, 2, ii:1231-36; Grasser; to say; “so that we can confidently say.” Bon8dg (# 1071)
Weiss; s. Rom. 12:13). An inscription from a Christian helper, one who brings help in the time of need. goBnén-
grave in Cappadocia tells of the Deaconess Maria, who conor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) poPeonor (#5828) to be
“in accordance w. the statement of the apostle reared afraid. nownoet fut. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do. 7
children, practiced hospitality (eEevodoynoev), washed Lvnovevete pres. imp. act. uvnovevw (# 3648) to re-
the feet of the saints, distributed her bread to the afflict- member, to be mindful of, w. gen. Here in the sense,
ed” (NDIEC, 2:193-95). emtAavOaveobe pres. imp. mid. “remember to honor them.” tyoupevwv pres. mid.
(dep.) emtravOc.vw (# 2140) to forget, w. gen. Pres. imp. (dep.) part. nyeouo (# 2451) to lead. Subst. use of part.,
w. the neg. un (# 3590) means, “do not go on being un- “leaders.” oitiveg nom. pl. dotts (# 4015) rel. pron. gen-
mindful” of hospitality (Hughes). €\a@ov aor. ind. act. eralizing or generic rel. pron. Here indicating belong-
AavOavw (#3291) to escape notice, to do something ing to a certain class: whoever, such a one (BAGD).
without knowing it (BAGD). evioavtes aor. act. part. EAGANoav aor. ind. act. Aadew (#3281) to speak; here,
EeviCw (# 3826) to entertain strangers, to show hospital- perhaps, to proclaim. avaSewpotvtes pres. act. part.
ity. Part. is used compl. to the main vb. to give the avadewpew (#355) to look back upon, to scan closely
meaning, “some escaped notice when entertaining an- (Moffatt), to look back carefully on, to contemplate
gels” (RWP). Those who entertained heavenly beings (Hughes; Attridge). Part. as imp. or manner explaining
include Abraham and Sarah, Lot, Gideon, Manoah, how they are to be remembered. éxPaotc (# 1676) going
and others (Attridge; Grasser; Weiss). ® 3 pysvjoKeode out, away out, end. The phrase can mean either the end
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) pyvjoKxopyar (# 3630) to remem- of one’s life or, more probably, the successful outcome
ber; here in the sense, “remember to care for them.” or result of one’s way of life (BAGD). avaotpoon (# 419)
Hebrews 13 550

manner of life. pyeto8e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) peouor Cohortative subj., “let us offer up.” @vota. (# 2602) sac-
(# 3628) to imitate. niotic (# 4411 ) faith; here not just in rifice. aiveots (#139) praise. 51 navtog (# 1328; 4246)
the sense of their body of beliefs, but their practice in through all, continually. A rabbinical tradition teaches
daily life. @8&y8¢ (#2396) yesterday. onpepov that all the Mosaic sacrifices would end except the
(# 4958) today. The formula “yesterday and today” is a thank offering, and all prayers would cease except the
common expression in the OT for continuity (Attridge; prayer of thanksgiving (Hughes; Michel; SB, 1:246).
Exod. 5:14; 2 Sam. 15:20). aiwv (#172) age. ei¢ tovs Kapnoc (#2843) fruit. yeewv gen. pl. yetdoc (# 5927)
aidvas (# 1650; 172) into the ages; i.e., forever. Both the lip. OpodoyovvtwV pres. act. part. OWoAoyew (# 3933) to
person of Jesus remains the same (Grasser), and the confess, to profess. The word carries the idea of procla-
gospel message proclaimed by the deceased leaders mation (Michel) as well as praise (MM). @ 16 edrotia
(Lane). 9 mouxtdog (#4476) varying, diverse. Gevaig (# 2343) good deed, doing good. xowwvia. (# 3126) fel-
dat. pl. E€vocg (#3828) foreign, strange. napapépecbe lowship, sharing (s. Phil. 1:5). €mtAavOdveove pres. imp.
pres. imp. pass. nmapadepw (#4195) to carry along, to mid. (dep.) emtrAavOavouar (#2140) to forget some-
lead away. Pass. would be permissive pass. KaA0G thing, w. gen. Pres. imp. w. the neg. un (# 3590) is used
(# 2819) good. The words “it is” are to be supplied. to forbid a habitual action. tovabtaig dat. pl. toiodtos
BeBarovo801 pres. pass. inf. BeBarow (# 1011) to make (# 5525) such, of this kind; “w. such sacrifices.” ebvape-
firm, to confirm, to make stable (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT). oteitat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) evapeotew (# 2297) to be
Bpdpa (# 1109) food. wheAnBnoav aor. ind. pass. oethu well-pleased w. Pres. indicates what is always true.
(# 6067) to be profitable, to be useful. nepinatobvtes @ 17 nei8eoe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) met@w (# 4275) to
pres. act. part. nepimatew (#4344) to walk about, to obey. Tyoupevors pres. mid. (dep.) part. nyeowat (# 2451)
conduct one’s life. 10 €xopev pres. ind. act. éyw to lead. Subst. part., “leaders.” bmetkete pres. imp. act.
(# 2400) to have. @vo1aotHptov altar, place of sacrifice. bnetkw (# 5640) to give in, to yield, to submit. aypun-
payetv aor. act. inf. eoOiw (# 2266) to eat. Epex. inf. ex- vovolv pres. ind. act. aypunvew (#70) to be without
plaining what is lawful. éyovow pres. ind. act. éyw sleep, to seek after sleep, to be watchful (RWP). anodw-
(#2400) to have. e€ovota (# 2026) that which is legal, oovtes fut. act. part. dmodidwpt (#625) to give an ac-
lawful, authority, prerogative. oxnvn (#5008) tent, tab- count, to render account. mowWow pres. subj. act. movew
ernacle. Aatpevovtes pres. act. part. Aatpevw (# 3302) to (#4472) to do. otevatovteg pres. act. part. otevatw
serve religiously, to perform religious service (TDNT; (#5100) to groan. GAvoiteAns (#269) unprofitable,
EDNT). 11 €topepetor pres. ind. pass. elodepw harmful. 18 npooevyeove pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mpoo-
(#1662) to bring in. Cwov (# 2442) living creature, ani- evyouat (#4667) to pray. mevWoue8a pres. ind. mid.
mal. kataKatetat pres. ind. pass. Katakaiw (# 2876) to (dep.) mei@w (#4275) to be persuaded, to have confi-
burn, to burn completely, to burn down, to burn up. dence, to be confident. ovvetSnore (# 5287) conscience
éw (#2932) outside. moapepBorn (#4213) camp. (s. Rom. 2:15). €yowev pres. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to
@ 12 510 (# 1475) therefore, wherefore. wyiao7 aor. subj. have. Kadc (#2822) adv., good, clear. O€AovtEs pres.
act. ayiatw (#39) to set apart, to sanctify (EDNT; act. part. 6€Aw (#2527) to desire. avaotpEpEeobat pres.
TDNT). t8tog (# 2525) one’s own. nvAN (# 4783) gate. mid. (dep.) inf. avaotpedw (# 418) to conduct one’s life.
He refers to the gate of the city of Jerusalem which, @ 19 nepiocotépws (# 4359) adv., more earnestly. napa-
bounded by its walls, corresponds to the holy ground KOA@ pres. ind. act. mapaxadrew (#4151) to beseech.
of the wilderness camp (Hughes). €maev aor. ind. act. Tovijoa aor. act. inf. movew (# 4472) to do. Compl. inf., “I
naoyw (#4248) to suffer. Christ’s suffering outside the beseech you to do ....” taxtov comp. taxews (# 5441)
city gates is for the sanctification of His people. soon. Adj. is used as an adv., “sooner.” &noKataotaea
@ 13 toivev (#5523) therefore. The inferential particle aor. subj. pass. anoxaOiotnut (#635) to restore back
draws a conclusion from the preceding. e&epywpeba again. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. @ 20 dva-
pres. subj. mid. (dep.) e€epyoua1 (#2002) to go out. yaywv aor. act. part. avayayw (#343) to lead up, to
Hortatory subj., “let us go out.” Pres. expresses vividly bring again. mowéva. acc. sing. noyny (#4478) shep-
the immediate effort (Westcott). This could be a call for herd. mpoBatov (#4585) sheep. peyac (# 3489) great, in
the readers to refuse to go back into Judaism (Hughes; terms of his position and effectiveness. aiwvioc (# 173)
Westcott). overdiop0¢ (# 3944) reproach, insult. pepovtec eternal. @ 21 kataption: aor. opt. act. Katapticw
pres. act. part. depw (#5770) to bear. 14 Exopev pres. (# 2936) to equip. The word includes the thoughts of
ind. act. éyw (#2400) to have. pévovoeav pres. act. part. the harmonious combination of different powers, the
(adj.) wevw (# 3531) to remain. péAAovoa pres. act. part. supply of that which is defective, and the amendment
WeEAAW (#3516) to be about to. Adj. part., “coming.” of that which is faulty (Westcott). Opt. used to express
emiCntodvpev pres. ind. act. enigntew (#2118) to search a wish for the future (RWP). notfjoat aor. act. inf. mo1ew
for. Pres. indicates a continual action. @ 15 dvadepwpev (# 4472) to do. Articular inf. is used w. the prep. eig
pres. subj. act. avadepw (# 429) to bring up, to offer up. (#1650) to express purp. mowv pres. act. part. movew
551 Hebrews 13

(# 4472) to do. ebapeotog (#2298) well-pleasing. évu- release. Although the word has a variety of meanings,
mov (# 1967) before, in the presence of. @ 22 napaxoAd its most frequent sense in the NT is that of releasing
pres. ind. act. napaxarew (# 4151) to beseech. &vexeove from custody persons who were under arrest or in pris-
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) aveyouc. (# 462) to hold oneself on (Hughes). taxiov (# 5441) soon. Epyntar pres. subj.
back from (RWP), to endure, to bear w. paxéwv gen. pl. mid. (dep.) Epyouo1 (#2262) to come. Subj. w. &dv
Bpaxvc (# 1099) short. Used w. the prep. 81a (# 1328) to (# 1569) to express cond. Owopar fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
mean “in few words” (Westcott). €méote1Ao. aor. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. 24 Gondouobe aor. imp. mid.
emioteAdw (#2182) to send a letter to, to write. (dep.) condCouor (# 832) to greet. hyoupevouc pres. mid.
@ 23 ylvWoKETE pres. imp. act. ywwokw (#1182) to (dep.) part. nyeopo1 (# 2451) to lead (s.v. 7). Subst. part.,
know. &moheAvpevov perf. pass. part. anoAvw (# 668) to “leaders.”
 James
James 1 letter w. a new subject (Davids; Martin). 2 yapa
@ 1 IdxwBoc (# 2610) James. This James was the (#5915) joy. This is not the detachment of the Greek
half-brother of Jesus (s. Mark 6:3-5; Mayor; Martin, philosopher, but the eschatological joy of those expect-
xxxi-lxix; JMM; DLNT, 545-47). He grew up in a poor ing the intervention of God at the end of the age
family w. at least 7 children, but before the resurrection (Davids; TLNT; GELTS, 513; Adamson, 88-89).(tyn-
of the Lord Jesus, he was not a believer (John 7:5; 1 Cor. oaove) aor. imp. mid. nyeowar (# 2451) to consider, to
15:7). He was evidently small in stature (Mark 15:40) deem as, to reckon as. Obj. of vb. is placed first for em-
and led a very austere life (Eusebius, Church History, phasis (Mussner). Aor. is perhaps used because the
2:23). After his conversion he became a leader in the writer is thinking of each special case of temptation
church at Jerusalem (Gal. 2:9; Acts 15). He was called (Ropes; Mayor). It could be ingressive aor., “begin to
“the righteous (Just) one” and it was said of him that consider ...” (GGBB, 720). &deAoi pov (# 81; 1609) “my
“his knees grew hard like a camel’s because of his con- brothers”; a term of affection and inclusion. 6tav
stant worship of God, kneeling and asking forgiveness (# 4020) w. subj., whenever, indicating an indef. temp.
for his people” (Eusebius, Church History, 2:23). While cl. neipaopos (# 4280) trial, temptation. Sometimes the
Ananus (Annas) was the high priest, just after the word is used regarding outward trials and inward
death of Porcius Festus, James was killed for his faith temptations (Tasker; Mayor; TDNT; NIDNTT; TLNT).
by being thrown down from the pinnacle of the temple TEPINEOTITE aor. subj. act. mepinintw (# 4346) to fall into,
in Jerusalem, then stoned and hit in the head with a to encounter; usually of misfortunes, robbers, tortures,
club. As he was being stoned, he cried out, “I beseech sickness; here, “become involved in various kinds of
thee, O Lord, God and Father, forgive them, for they trials” (BAGD; Martin). Subj. w. 6tav (# 4020) in an in-
know not what they do!” One of the priest called out, def. temp. cl. indicating that the trails may occur at any
“Stop! What are you doing? The Just (0 5ika0¢) is pray- time. noucidog (# 4476) many-colored, variegated, vari-
ing for you” (Eusebius, Church History, 2:23; Jos., Ant., ous, varied. 3;yiwwoKovtes)pres. act. part. (causal)
20:197-207). He was a man of righteousness, faith, pa- yiwwoKkw (#1182) to know. Pres. describes contempora-
tience, obedience, and prayer, as reflected in his life neous action. The content of the knowledge is given in
and letter. For a summary of the theology of the book s. the following ti (#4022) cl. Soxipiov (# 1510) trying,
Davids, 35-57; Martin, Ixxvii-xcviii). 8600 Kai Kvpiov testing, proving, means of testing (Davids; Mayor).
‘Inood Xpiotod of God and the Lord Jesus Christ. Em- Pass. has the idea of “approved after testing,” “tested
phatic by the position. Gen. indicating ownership of and approved,” “the genuine part” (BS, 259ff; IBG, 96;
the slave. He calls his half-brother “Lord.” 80dA0¢ Ropes; Dibelius; BTNT, 418; TLNT).xatepyaetou pres.
(#1528) slave, one owned by another who stands in ind. mid. (dep.) katepyafopa (# 2981) to accomplish, to
service to his master (DLNT, 1098-1102). Here he does bring about, to produce, to create (BAGD). Epictetus
not call himself “righteous” (“just”) (6tka10¢), as others wrote, “It is difficulties (mepiotaoeic) that show what
had, but rather “slave” (60bA0c). Without the art. the men are” (Epictetus, 1:24). Gnomic pres. indicating a
character is stressed. 8W5exa (#1557) twelve. ovAaic general truth, or iterative pres. indicating that this hap-
dat. pl. dvAn (# 5876) tribe. &iaonope (# 1420) scattering, pens repeatedly. bropovn (# 5705) patience, faithful en-
dispersion, diaspora. The term indicates one living in a durance (Martin; s. Heb. 10:36; TLNT). @ 4 tédevov
foreign country (Mussner; Dibelius; s. 1 Pet. 1:1). The (# 5455) perfection. Here James continues the OT idea
term could refer to Jewish Christians living outside of of perfection as a right relationship w. God expressed
Palestine (Mayor; Martin; Ropes; DLNT, 287-300). The in undivided obeedience and unblemished life (Adam-
article is used here since the dispersion, though not son; Martin) éyétw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. exw
mentioned earlier, is well known (GGBB, 225). yaipetw- \
(# 2400) to have. Pres, calls for the continuation of
pres. act. inf. yaipw (# 5897) to greet. Independent use an action in Nes cos Soe subj. act. cyt (# 1639) to
of inf. noun according to the letter style of the day: be. Subj. w. iva (#2671) to express purp. OAOKANpOS
“greetings!” Perhaps there is a play on the words ya- (# 3908) complete in all its parts, entire; used of sacrifi-
petv and yapav forming a transition to the body of the cial animals without any defect, or of good health

552
553 James 1

(TLNT; CCF], 3:196; NDIEC, 1:132-35; 4:161-62; MM). son; Oscar S. J. Seitz, “Antecedents and Significance of
The word indicates the entirety of all the Christian vir- the Term Dipsychos,” JBL 66 [1947]: 215). axataotatosg
tues (Mussner). Aes) pres. mid. part. heinmw (# 190) not having stability, unsettled, unstable. Poly-
(# 3309) to be left behind, to lack. Circum. part., per- bius uses it both of political disturbance and of individ-
haps indicating the result. @ 5 Neimetat pres. ual character (Mayor). The word indicates vacillation
ind. pass. Aeimw (# 3309) s.v. 4. It picks up the part. of v. in all activity and conduct (Dibelius). 060¢ (#3847)
4 to form a transition (Davids). Ind. w. et (# 1623) in a ways, here manner of life, conduct. 9 kavyaoc8w
1st. class cond. cl. which presupposes a standing fact pres. imp. mid. (dep.) kavyaouo1 (# 3016) to boast, to
(Martin). aitettw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. aitéw boast over a privilege or possession. The word is used
(#160) to ask, to petition. Imp. as a command, “He in the OT of any proud and exulting joy (Ropes).
must ask God” (GGBB, 486). 5180vtog pres. act. part. tamewvoc (#5424) low, low degree, humble position.
5idwy1 (# 1443) to give. Adj. part. “God who gives free- The word is used in the LXX to translate the Heb. word
ly.” Iterat. pres. suggests that He gives over and over "1Y for “poor,” “without possessions” (Dibelius;
again. amh@>o (#607) adv., simply, unconditionally, GELTS, 468; TLNT). There were many poor people in
without bargaining. Here the word could possibly Jerusalem at that time and a large section of the popu-
mean “generously,” derived from the noun meaning lation lived chiefly or entirely on charity or relief. Many
“liberality,” from the idea of frankness and open-heart- begged in order to survive (JTJ, 11-12, 109-19). tet dat.
edness (Mayor). Perhaps the best translation here is sing. Dwosc (#5737) height, exaltation. It refers to the
“freely” (Adamson), or perhaps “purely and simply,” pres. spiritual status which, by virtue of his relation to
emphasizing that it is a pure gift (TLNT, 1:172-73); for Christ, the Christian now enjoys (Adamson). @ 10
the meaning “simplicity” used in a text concerning TAovOLOG (# 4454) rich, very rich, wealthy. There were
worshippers of men who approach him “in simplicity” some very rich people in Jerusalem at that time as evi-
s. NDIEC, 3:20-21. m&ow dat. pl. mac (# 4246) all. Dat. denced by their elaborate homes, clothing, slaves, ban-
indir. obj., “to all”; anyone can ask, wisdom will be quets, etc. This was especially true among some of the
given to all who ask. ovetSifovtog pres. act. part. ovet- religious leaders, such as the Sadducees in line to be
d51¢w (# 3943) to rebuke, to reprove, to reproach, to in- high priest (JTJ, 87-99; JMM, 230-58). The family of
sult. S0@joetat fut. ind. pass. dtdwyut (# 1443) to give. Ananus, the high priest at the time of James’ death, was
Pass. would be the divine pass., indicating that God is very rich, but ruthless (Jos., Ant., 20:207). tameivwoug
the giver (BG, 236). 6 aiteitw pres. imp. act. 3rd. (#5428) lowliness, humiliation. avOo¢g (# 470) flower.
pers. sing. aitéw (#160) to ask (s.v. 5). miotig (# 4411) xoptoc (#5965) grass. napedevoetan fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
faith. Here it does not denote constancy in the Chris- Tapexouo.r (#4216) to pass along the side of, to pass
tian religion as in v. 3. Here it means confidence in away, to disappear (Ropes). @ 11 avetetiev aor.
prayer-the petitioner’s faith, his belief and trust that ind. act. dvateAAw (#422) to rise up, to rise. Gnomic
God will heed his prayer and grant it, or only in His su- aor., indicating that which generally happens (Ropes).
perior wisdom deny it (Adamson; Ropes). For the Kavowv (#3014) burning heat. The word may refer to
grammatical structure of the cond. cl. followed by the the blistering east wind called Sirocco (Mayor; Ropes;
imp. s. Mussner; Beyer, 238. SuaKxpivopevoc pres. mid. Adamson). This wind came out of the eastern desert,
(dep.) part. dtaxpivw (# 1359) to divide, to be at vari- scorching all plant life in its way. Frequently the He-
ance w. oneself, to waver, to doubt (Ropes). éouKxev perf. brew equivalent 8°"P occurs as a sign of divine judg-
ind. act. w. pres. meaning éoixa. (# 2036) to be like, to ment (Ezek 27:26; NIDOTTE, 3:872; GELTS, 251).
resemble, w. dat. (BAGD; MM). KAvéwv (#4 3114) wave; e=npavev aor. ind. act. Enpaivw (#3830) to dry, to dry
ie., “the surge of the sea,” “the billowing sea” (Ropes). out, to wither. t€€meoev aor. ind. act. exnintw (# 1738) to
BaAcoNS gen. sing. 8aAAaCou (# 2498) sea. Gen. of de- fall off. The word was used in the LXX of flowers fall-
scription. aveniouevw pres. pass. part. (adj.) avepitw ing from the stem (Mayor). evmpeneta (# 2346) outward
(# 448) to drive w. the wind (Dibelius). putifopévw pres. beauty. The word is used to suggest fitness between the
pass. part. (adj.) prntCw (# 4847) to fan, most often of object and its relations, sometimes gaining a stateliness
fanning a flame (Mayor); here, to toss (Dibelius). or majesty (Ropes). &mwAeto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) an0A-
@ 7 ol€06w pres. imp. mid. (dep.) 3rd. pers. sing. olopor Avut (#660) to ruin, to come to ruin, to be destroyed.
(# 3887) to suppose. The word is often used in a neg. mopeta, (#4512) way. The word could be used in the
sense, indicating wrong judgment or conceit (Ropes). sense of business journey, but here it refers to the rich
Anpwetor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) AopuPavw (# 3284) to re- man’s whole way of life (Dibelius). papavénoetat fut.
ceive. 8 avnp (#467) male, man. The word is used ind. pass. papaveew (# 3447) to wither, to waste away.
here in the sense of a person (Dibelius). d5iwvyxoc¢ The picture of the rich withering continues the simile of
(#1500) double-souled, double-minded; i.e., “w. soul the fading flower; the picturesque vb. may depict the
divided between faith and the world” (Ropes; Adam- dying of a flower or the decaying of plants like roses or
James 1 554

ears of corn (Adamson; Ropes). The reference is to the strong desire directed toward an object, lust (TDNT;
loss of riches and earthly prosperity, not to eternal des- DNP, 2:542-44): .e&eAKoyevog pres. pass. part. ef€Akw
tiny (Ropes). 12 paxaptiog (# 3421) blessed, happy (# 1999) to draw out, to draw away, to lure. 5eAeaCo-
(TDNT; TLNT; GELTS, 286). The idea expressed here is evo pres. pass. part. dedeatw (#1284) to entice or
familiar in Judaism: “Happy is the man who can with- catch by the use of bait. These words were applied to
stand the test, for there is hone whom God does not the hunter or, esp., the fisherman who lures his prey
prove” (Adamson; s. for example Prov. 8:32, 34; TDOT from its retreat and entices it by bait into his trap, hook,
1:445-48; also Matt. 5:3). Dmopévet pres. ind. act. browevw or net (Ropes; Adamson). In like manner the first effect
(#5702) to endure, to patiently and triumphantly en- of lust is to draw the man out of his original repose, the
dure, to show constancy under (Ropes). It is not the pa- second to allure him to a definite bait (Mayor). For the
tience that can sit down and bow its head, letting comparison of James’ teaching regarding lust and de-
things descend upon it in passive endurance until the sire w. the Jewish teaching regarding the “evil inclina-
storm is passed. It is the spirit that can bear things, not tion” s. Mussner; SB, 4:466-83; PRJ, 17-35. 15 Elta
simply w. resignation, but w. blazing hope (NTW, 60). (# 1663) then. The word introduces the practical result
Teipaopoc (#4280) trial. S0Kyocg (#1511) approved of the temptation arising from lust (Ropes). ovA-
after testing (s.v. 3). yevowevog aor. mid. (dep.) part. AaPovoa, aor. act. part. (temp.) ovAAGLBavw (# 5197) to
yivoat (#1181) to become. Temp. part. (“after being become pregnant, to conceive. If the previous words
approved”), not cond. (Dibelius; Ropes). Anpwyetar fut. refer to the enticement of a prostitute, then this word
ind. mid. (dep.) AauBavw (#3284) to receive. OTEPAVOV pictures the result of yielding to her seductive tempta-
THs Gwiis (# 5109; 2437) crown of life. The crown spoken tions (Mussner). Aor. indicates logically antecedent ac-
of here, a head wreath or circlet, was the victor’s prize tion. tiktet pres. ind. act. tiktw (#5503) to give birth, to
in the Gr. games; it might also be given to someone the bear. Gnomic pres. anotedeobeioa aor. pass. part.
public wished to honor and worn in religious and sec- amoterew (# 699) to come to completion, to come to ma-
ular feasts (Adamson; Ropes; TDNT). Gen. here could turity, to be fully grown. The word connotes complete-
be descriptive (a living crown), in contrast to a perish- ness in parts and function accompanying full growth
able crown, or it could be an appositional gen. (the as opposed to a rudimentary or otherwise incomplete
crown is life). For a discussion of the various possibili- state (Adamson; Ropes). &moxvet pres. ind. act. dmoKvw
ties s. Dibelius; Mayor. ennyyetiato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) (# 652) to cease being pregnant, to give birth to. The
enayyerAdw (#2040) to promise. &yam@ow pres. act. word is frequently used of animals; otherwise it is a
part. ayanow (#26) to love (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). medical rather than a literary word (Ropes). Prep. in
Part. used as a noun to emphasize the verbal notion as compound denotes cessation (Mayor; MH, 298).
a trait. Little did James know as he wrote these words @ 16 mAavaoGe pres. imp. mid./pass. TAavaw (# 4414)
that he too would soon be a martyr. @ 13 neipaCopevos to lead astray, to deceive. Mid. or pass. could be per-
pres. pass. part. (temp.) meipacw (#4279) to try, to missive: “Don’t allow yourselves to be deceived.”
tempt (TDNT; TLNT). Here the word is used to mean, ayanntos (#28) beloved, a term of endearment.
“temptation to sin” (Ropes). Pres. indicates a contem- @ 17 S001¢ (# 1521) giving. Swpnua (# 1564) that which
poraneous action, “while in the temptation.” Aeyetw is given, gift. teAewog (#5455) perfect, in the sense of
pres. imp. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. om (# 4022) that, complete. dvw6ev (#540) from above. katoBaivov pres.
used as quotation marks to introduce a dir. quotation. act. part. katoBaivw (#2849) to come down. The part.
ano Oeob (# 608; 2536) from God. The prep. expresses can be adj. or periphrastic (GGBB, 648). Pres. is gnomic
the remoter rather than the nearer cause (Mayor). met- or pictures an action that is repeated. matpdc gen. sing.
patowar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) mewdatw (#4279) to natnp (#4252) father. dw@twv gen. pl. diac (# 5890) light.
tempt. Gnomic or iterative pres., indicating that which The word generally refers to the light given heavenly
generally happens or happens over and_ over. bodies; and it describes God as the cosmic Father and
aneipaotos (#585) not able to be tempted; invincible to Creator of the heavenly bodies (Mayor; Ropes; Dibel-
assault of evils (Ropes; Peter H. Davids, “The Meaning ius; Martin; BBC). €vi = Eve (# 1928) pres. ind. act. to
of Apeirastos in James 1:13,” NTS 24 [1978]: 386-92). be in, to be present (on this contracted form, which also
KaK@v gen. pl. kaKo¢ (#2805) evil thing. Subjective may be considered a strengthened form of the prep. s.
gen., “not tempted by evil things”; or gen. of means, in- BAGD; BD, 49; MH, 306; RG, 313). It is not just the fact
dicating the means by which God is tempted (GGBB, that is negated but also the possibility (Mayor). mapaA-
125). nerpater pres. ind. act. neipatw (#4279) to tempt. Aayn (#4164) variation. It is used in Gr. for the setting
Gnomic pres. abtog (#899) he, himself; used to of the teeth in a saw, for stones set alternately, or for a
strengthen the contrast. 14 €xaotoc (#1667) each. sequence of beacons or seasons; generally it denotes
meipacetar pres. ind. pass. meipacw (#4279) to tempt. some regularity or system in change (Adamson). tpomj
180g (#2625) one’s own. EnWvpia (#2123) desire, (#5572) turning. Here gen. of definition, “a variation
DOD: James 1

consisting in turning.” anookiaowa (#684) shadow. trast to the term opyn (Mussner; Gal. 5:23; 2 Cor. 10:1;
The word can mean the shadow cast by an object, as in Matt. 5:5). d€6ao08e aor. imp. mid. (dep.) déxopno1
an eclipse, or the act of overshadowing; or it can mean (# 1312) to receive, to accept. Eudutog (# 1875) implant-
a reflected image (Adamson; Dibelius; Mayor; Ropes). ed. It is the word for an implanting not at birth, but
God's benevolence is like a light that cannot be extin- later in life. It is used metaphorically for what is sent
guished, eclipsed, or “shadowed out” in any way at all. into a man to be, or for what he grows to be, a part of
Nothing can block God’s light, interrupt the flow of his nature (Adamson, 98-100). 5vvdpevov pres. pass.
His goodness, or put us “in shadow” so that we are out (dep.) part. Svvapoar (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. cdoa1
of the reach of His radiance (Adamson). @ 18 Bov- aor. act. inf. owfw (#5392) to rescue, to save. @ 22
AnOets aor. pass. part. BovAouar (# 1089) to counsel, to yiveo@e pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivouai (# 1181) to be-
decide after counsel, to will. Here it refers to the free come. Pres. indicating continual action calls for a habit
sovereign, creative will or decision, decree of God of life; thus, “become and continue to be ....” mowntat
(Mussner; TDNT). Temp. part. (“after deciding”), or nom. pl. nountys (# 4475) one who performs an action,
causal (“because he decided”). Aor. indicates a logical- one who does something, doer. The expression would
ly antecedent action. &mexbnoev aor. ind. act. dnoKvéEw = be the same as the Semitic phrase “to do the law,”
amokvw (# 652) to give birth, to bear (s.v. 15). Although meaning to observe the law or to fulfill the law. For ex-
the contract vb. generally refers to birth through a amples s. Dibelius. &kpoatis (# 212) one who hears. In
woman, it is used hereiin reference to God giving birth the Jewish home, the education process, and in the syn-
(Mussner; Adamson). elvan pres. act. inf. elt (# 1639) agogue worship, the hearing of the Law read aloud
to be. Articular inf. w. etg (# 1650) used to express purp. played an important part in Jewish life (JPFC, 2:800f,
or result. adnapyn (# 569) firstfruit. Collective noun re- 945-77; Dibelius). The rabbis also stressed very strong-
ferring to the group (Martin). Pred. acc. in with the inf., ly the necessity of keeping the Law (M, Aboth 1,17;
“that we should be firstfruits.” twa acc. sing. t1¢ 5:14; for other examples s. Mussner; SB, 3:84-88, 753).
(# 5516) as it were, so to say, a kind of (BD, 158). KtIoLO TaparoyiCopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. maparoyifonar
(# 3233) creation. Here partitive gen., “which is a part (# 4165) to reason beside the point, to misjudge, to mis-
of His creatures” (GGBB, 85-86). 19 iote pres. imp. calculate, to deceive oneself, to cheat in reckoning, to
act. 2nd. pers. pl. oida. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. deceive through fallacious reasoning (MM; MH, 319;
pres. meaning. €otw pres. imp. act. eyt (# 1639) to be. GELTS, 354). @ 23 €oiev perf. act. ind. éouwca (#2036)
taxvG (#5444) quick, swift, fast. &xodoo aor. act. inf. to be like (s.v. 6). Katavoobvtt pres. act. part. KatavoEW
akovw (#201) to hear. Articular inf. w. the prep. €i¢ (# 2917) to put the mind down upon, to consider atten-
(# 1650) can express purp. or result, or it can mean, “w. tively, to take note of, to look at (RWP; Ropes). Tp00W-
reference to hearing” (Ropes). Bpaduc (# 1096) slow. Xa- nov (# 4725) face. yeveots (# 1161) birth, origin, natural,
Afoat aor. act. inf. A}adEw (#3281) to speak. Articular mortal. The word indicates the face one received at
inf. w. the prep. etg (# 1650) in the sense of “w. refer- birth and the gen. here is either gen. of attribute or per-
ence to” (Ropes). opyn (# 3973) anger, wrath. It refers to haps of source (Mussner; Adamson; Ropes). éoontpov
deep-seated anger (TDNT). @ 20 G00 gen. sing. 6e0¢ (#2269) mirror. Mirrors were generally highly pol-
(# 2536) God. Here the gen., “God's righteousness,” re- ished metal, frequently w. an ivory or bone handle as
fers not to the righteousness that is part of His charac- well as with a decorated covering (s. 1 Cor. 13:12; May-
ter, but to the way of life, in deed and thought, that He or; BBC; LAW, 2859). For the “mirror of remembrance”
requires in us (Adamson; Lenski). epyaetat pres. ind. s. DLNT, 815-16. @ 24 katevonoev aor. ind. act. Kata-
mid. (dep.) epyafouor (# 2237) to work, to do, to prac- voew (# 2917) to consider attentively (s.v. 23). ameAnAv-
tice (Ropes). Pres. indicates what is continually true. Gev perf. ind. act. anepyouor (#599) to go away. The
@ 21 816 (# 1475) therefore. d&moGepevor aor. mid. (dep.) force of the perf. here is to express an immediate, a
part. &notiOnt (# 700) to put off, to strip off. It is a met- swift result (Adamson; Ropes). ev0éws (# 2311) adv.,
aphor for the putting off of clothes (Mayor). puxapia immediately. émeAaGeto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) enirav-
(# 4864) dirtiness, filthiness. The word was used of Ocvouar (# 2140) to forget. omoiog (# 3961) what sort of,
dirty clothes and moral defilement (Mayor; Ropes). what kind of. fw impf. ind. act. eyt (# 1639) to be.
mepiooeia (#4353) overabundance, excess. KaKia @ 25 napaxdyas aor. act. part. napakvrtw (#4160) to
(# 2798) evil, wickedness. Here gen. of apposition. The stoop down and look into in order to see something ex-
phrase calls attention to the fact that wickedness is in actly and recognize (Mussner). Here it means “bending
reality an excrescence on character, not a normal part of over the mirror in order to examine it more minutely,”
it (Ropes). mpadtns (# 4559) meekness, mildness, gen- “hearing into it” (Mayor). teAevov (# 5455) perfect. &Aev-
tleness. It is the humble and gentle attitude expressing Gepia (# 1800) freedom (Adams, 33f). Here gen. of at-
itself in a patient submissiveness to offense, free from tribute (Mussner). tapapeivas pres. act. part. rapayevw
malice and desire for revenge. The word stands in con- (#4169) to stay beside, to remain, to continue (s. Phil.
James 2 556

1:25). EmtAnopovy (# 2144) forgetfulness. yevouevoc aor. cial status of a person could be noted by the quality of
mid. (dep.) part. yivouai (#1181) to become, to be. his ring (DGRA, 95-97; M, Kelim 11:8, 12:1; Pliny, NH,
mointns (# 4475) doer. Epyov (# 2240) work. Gen. here is 33:24-25; NW 2, ii:1276-81). Eo087¢ (#2264) garment,
a certain emphasis, “a doer who does” (Ropes). noinots clothes. Aoympoc (#3287) shining. Some robes were
(# 4472) doing. €ota fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to said to have been made from silver that would glisten
be. 26 doxet pres. ind. act. doxew (#1506) to seem. in the sunlight (s. Acts 12:21). The word here could
OpnoKoc (# 2580) religious, pious. The word denotes the refer to elegant and luxurious clothes or of fresh and
scrupulous observance of religious exercise-in action clean clothes without any reference to costliness
or words-sincerely or hypocritically performed in the (Ropes). elo€A@y aor. subj. act. evoepyouo. (# 1656) to
guise of devout religion. The word describes one who come. Subj. w. &av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. ex-
stands in awe of the gods and is tremendously scrupu- pressing probability. ntwx0¢ (#4777) poor, abject pov-
lous in regard to them (Adamson; Mayor; Ropes; erty, poor as a beggar (NTW, 109-11; BAGD; TDNT; s.
TDNT). €ivat pres. act. inf. ei (# 1639) to be. yaAiva- 1:9). punapos (# 4865) filthy, dirty. The normal toga of
ywyOv pres. act. part. yaAvaywyew (#5902) to lead w. a the Romans was white, as was the robe of the Jews, and
bridle, to bridle. The picture is that of a man putting the political candidates wore even brighter white pro-
bridle in his own mouth, not in that of another (RWP). duced by rubbing the garment with chalk. The white
G@natav pres. act. part. anataw (#572) to deceive. toga had to be cleaned and when this was neglected
wataros (# 3469) vain, empty, nonproductive, useless, the Romans called it sordida, and those who wore such
dead (Mussner; TDNT). ®pnoxetia (#2579) piety, reli- garments sordidati s. DGRA, 1137; Mayor; Mussner.
gious worship. The word expresses the worship of © 3 ExiPprewnte aor. subj. act. exiprenw (# 2098) to look
God, religion, especially expressed in religious service upon, to direct one’s attention te, to look w. attention
or cult (BAGD; MM; s. also the adj. in this v.). or interest or respect or favor (Adamson). dopodvta
@ 27 Gyiavtos (# 299) without defilement, undefiled, pres. act. part. (adj.) popew (# 5841) to carry, to wear, to
free from contamination (AS). émioxénteo@an pres. mid. wear clothes. éo@fjta pl. (#2264) garment, clothes (s.v.
(dep.) inf. entoxentouat (# 2170) to look upon, to visit, 2). elmnte aor. subj. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say, to speak to.
to provide help for. The word often was used for the Subjs. in this section are used in a third-class cond. cl.
visiting of the sick (Mayor; Ropes). oppavoc (# 4003) or- assuming the possibility of the cond. xa8ov pres. imp.
phan. ynpa (#5939) widow. For the needs of the or- mid. (dep.) kaOnuwat (#2764) to sit. Imp. as an invita-
phans and widows particularly in Judaism s. Mussner; tion or polite request to take an honored seat. It has
Mayor; JPFC, 2:78ff; DLNT, 1220-21. @Aiyig (# 2568) been supposed that in the type of synagogue referred
stress, pressure, affliction. agomuroc (# 834) without a to here the cultic center was located close to the en-
spot, unstained. tnpeiv pres. act. inf. tnpew (#5498) to trance, so the distinguished person is immediately pro-
observe, to keep, to guard. Epex. inf. explaining the na- vided a seat “here,” while the poor man must either
ture of true piety or worship. Koopoc (#3180) world take his seat near the sanctuary or else be satisfied w. a
system (TDNT; NIDNTT). place to stand over “there” in that part of the building
further from the entrance and the cultic center (Dibel-
James 2 ius). KOAWS (# 2822) adv., well, rightly. Here, “please,”
@ 1 mpoownoAnpwia. (# 4721) the receiving of one’s or “in a good place” (Adamson). ntwy@ dat. sing.
face, partiality (s. Rom. 2:11; Davids; Mayor). éyete (# 4777) beggar (s.v. 2). Dat. indir. obj. Art. indicates it
pres. imp. act. €yw (#2400) to have, to possess. Pres. is the poor man previously mentioned. etxnte aor. subj.
imp. w. the neg. pn (# 3590) could call for the stopping act. AXeyw (#3306) to say, to speak to. Subjs. w. éav
of a habit or an action in progress. 80Eng gen. sing. S06a (# 1569) in this section are used in a 3rd. class cond. cl.
(# 1518) glory. Gen. has been variously interpreted as assuming the possibility of the cond. otf@1 aor. imp.
having an obj., a subjective, or a qualitative force and act. lotnut (#2705) to stand; ingressive aor., “to take
has been connected to the various substitutives in the one’s stand” (RWP). bn0 (#5679) w. the acc., under,
sentence. For various interpretations s. Mayor; Adam- down against, down beside (RWP). bnonddvov (# 5711)
son; Dibelius; Ropes; Davids; Martin. @ 2 e10€A6q aor. footstool. This could have been something like what
subj. act. €voepyonat (# 1656) to come into. Subj. w. dv was found in a synagogue of the 2nd. or 3rd. century—a
(# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. indicating the possibil- stone bench running along the walls, w. a lower tier for
ity or probability of the cond. ovvaywyn (#5252) gath- the feet of those sitting on the bench (Adamson).
ering, assembly meeting (Davids; Martin). ypvoodax- @ 4 dvexpi6nte aor. ind. pass. Siaxpivw (# 1359) to judge
tvALOs (#5993) w. a golden ring on the finger. It was between two, to face both ways, to be divided against
common to wear rings in the ancient world either as a oneself, to waiver, to distinguish. The vb. has numer-
signet ring or as a piece of jewelry for adornment. ous meanings; here the best seems to be “to make a dis-
Sometimes more than one ring was worn, and the so- tinction,” “to make differences.” The neg. ob (# 4024),
507 James 2

“not,” used in the question expects the answer “yes” (BG, 94). mAnotov (#4446) neighbor. KaAdc (#2822)
and the words could be translated, “You have made adv. well, acceptable, morally good, pleasing to God,
differences, haven't you?” tv tavtoic (# 1877; 1571) “in unobjectionable (BAGD). noveite pres. ind. act. novew
(among) yourselves”; can mean either distinctions be- (#4472) to do. Pres. indicates a practice in progress. .
tween church members or the subjective opinion one @ 9 NpoownoANNTtEIte pres. ind. act. npoownoAnuNtew
makes within himself (Mussner; Adamson; Dibelius; (# 4719) to show partiality (s.v. 1 for the noun). Ind. is
MM). éyéveo@e aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouor (# 1181) to used in a Ist. class cond. assuming the reality of the
become. xpitai nom. pl. xpitng (#3216) judge. d1aA0- cond. It is possible to sin in other ways than by show-
yionoc (# 1369) reasoning. The word includes purpose ing partiality (GGBB, 686). epyafeo8e pres. ind. mid.
as well as deliberation, and the gen. here is gen. of (dep.) epyaouor (#2237) to work, to do. edeyyxouevor
quality, “judges w. evil thoughts” (Ropes). 5 d&xov- pres. pass. part. edeyyxw (# 1794) to convict, to convince
oate aor. imp. act. akovw (#201) to hear. &€eAéEato aor. w. overwhelming evidence. napapatng (# 4127) trans-
ind. mid. (dep.) exAeyouar (#1721) to pick out, to gressor, one who steps across a boundary (TDNT).
choose out; mid. to choose for oneself. ttwyx0¢ (# 4777) @ 10 dot1¢ (# 4015) w. subj., whoever. For this use w.
poor, poor as a beggar. t@ Koop (# 3180) world. Dat. subj. s. RG, 956f; BD, 192. tnpqon aor. subj. act. tnpew
could be locative indicating the place (“in the world”), (# 5498) to guard, to keep. ntaton aor. subj. act. rtaiw
dat. of respect (“those poor in respect to worldly (#4760) to stumble, to trip. Stumbling means to make
goods”) [Dibelius; GGBB, 145-46]), or it could be an a mistake, to go astray, to sin (BAGD). tv evi (# 1877;
ethical dat. (“poor in the opinion of the world,” i.e., in 1651) in one point. The word is n. since vopov is not
the world’s judgment (Mayor; BD, 103; MT, 239; Mar- used of single precepts (Ropes). yeyovev perf. ind. act.
tin]). tAovot0s (# 4454) rich, wealthy. ev niotet (# 1877; yivouai (# 1181) to become. Perf. indicates the continu-
4411) in faith. The phrase could mean “abounding in ing results of the action (“he has become guilty of all
faith” (Mayor) or “in virtue of faith” or better “in the points”), ever remaining so (Lenski). voyog (# 1944) in
realm of faith” (Ropes; Adamson). kAnpovopog (# 3107) the power of, guilty, liable to the penalty (BAGD; Mar-
heir. Baowdeiag (#993) kingdom. Gen. here gives con- tin). Here the following gen. indicates the authority or
tent of the inheritance. mnyyeiAato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) law against which one has transgressed (Dibelius;
emayyedouor (#2040) to promise. &yan@otw pres. act. Mayor). Stricter rabbis taught that the Torah, even in its
part. wyanaw (# 26) to love. Adj. part. as subst. Dat. of separate statutes, is immutable and indivisible (Adam-
personal interest. 6 Ntydoute aor. ind. act. dtdtw son; SB, 3:755). @ 11 eimwv aor. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306)
(# 869) to treat without honor, to dishonor. tov Ttwx0v to speak. Part. as a subst. powyebons aor. subj. act.
(# 4777) the poor. The art. could point to a specific per- wovzevw (# 3658) to commit adultery. povebors aor. subj.
son or used w. the adj. to stress the quality, not simply act. dovevow (#5839) to murder. For e... od (# 1623;
generic (GGBB, 233; RG, 408; Ropes; Martin). katadv- 4024) s.M, 171. The sense of the expression may be con-
vaotevovoly pres. ind. act. katadvvactevw (#2872) to cessive (“although”) (SNT, 179f). yeyovacs perf. ind. act.
exercise power against someone, to oppress. For a de- yivoua (# 1181) to become. 12 AaAEitE pres. imp. act.
scription of the wealthy class as well as the middle class AaAEwW (#3281) to speak. noveite pres. imp. act. mo1ew
and poor class in Jerusalem (to which the teachers of (#4472) to do. thevOepiag (#1800) freedom, liberty.
the law or the scribes often belonged) at this time s. JTJ, Here gen. of description. The prep. 81a (# 1328) here in-
87-119. €AKovovv pres. ind. act. €Axw (# 1816) to drag. dicates the state or condition in which one does or suf-
Kpitnpiov (# 3215) place where cases are judged, tribu- fers something; i.e., “under the law of liberty” (Ropes).
nal, law court, court of justice. ® 7 adtoi nom. pl. wbt0¢ HEAAOvtES pres. act. part. yeAAw (# 3516) to be about to,
(# 899) self; “they themselves”; perhaps for emphasis. w. inf. describing a certain fut. action (Martin).
BAaopnpodow pres. ind. act. BAaopnuew (# 1059) to slan- Kpiveo@a pres. pass. inf. kpivw (#3212) to judge. Part.
der, to blaspheme. émuxAn@ev aor. pass. part. emicahew w. the inf. means “those who are going to be judged by
(#2126) to call upon; pass., to be called upon, to be the law of liberty,” signifying not just a fut. event but a
named. @ 8 pévtor (#3530) indeed. The particle has deliberate choice of the law of liberty (and mercy) in
both an adversative meaning (but, nevertheless, how- preference to the old ruthless rigor of the Law (Adam-
ever) and an affirmative meaning (verily, really) son). 13 xptoig (#3213) judgment. avéreog (# 447)
(Ropes; Adamson). tedeite pres. ind. act. tedew (# 5464) without mercy, merciless (on the form s. Mayor; MM).
to fulfill, to keep. BaouKdc (# 997) pertaining to a king, Nowmoavt aor. act. part. movew (# 4472) to do; here, to
royal, sovereign, excellent, supreme, an imperial edict. show mercy. €A€0g (# 1799) mercy, pity (TLNT; TDNT;
For various interpretations of this word s. Adamson; EDNT). katakavyato pres. ind. mid. (dep.) kataKxav-
Mayor; Ropes; Dibelius; Davids. &yamnoeg fut. ind. yaona1 (#2878) to boast against someone, to triumph
act. wyandw (#26) to love (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). Fut. over (Mayor; Dibelius; Mussner). For rabbinical paral-
under Semitic influence is used as a categorical imp. lels and Jewish emphasis on mercy and pity s. Adam-
James 2 558

son; SB, 1:203. 14 0eA0¢ (#4055) profit, use, 1571) in itself, in reference to itself, inwardly (Dibelius;
advantage. The expression was commonly used to in- Mayor; Adamson). 18 épei fut. ind. act. Aéyw (# 3306)
troduce a rhetorical dialogue (Davids; Martin). Aeyn to say. A common way to introduce the opinion of an
pres. subj. act. Xeyw (# 3306) to say. It is used in present- imaginary opponent (BBC). éyetg pres. ind. act. éyw
ing this one’s claim to be approved of men and of God (# 2400) to have. Pres. indicates the present possession.
(Ropes). Subj. w. av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. in- deiEov aor. imp. act. detkvupt (# 1259) to show. For a dis-
dicating the possibility of the cond. Pres. stresses the cussion concerning the ones referred to here by the per-
continual claim, “if a person keeps on saying he or she sonal prons. Lv, kayw “you and I’; s. Ropes; Adamson;
has faith but keeps on having no works” (Martin). €yew Martin. 5ei&w fut. ind. act. Setkvoyr. (# 1259). Aor. imp
pres. act. inf. €yw (#2400) to have. Inf. in indir. dis- w.fut. used as a type of Semitic cond. cl. (Beyer, 238-55).
course. €pya acc. pl. épyov (#2240) work. The word @ 19 miotevetg pres. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to be-
seems here to be a recognized term for good works lieve. Pres. indicates the condition or state of belief. 6t1
(Ropes; Mayor; Adamson, 34-38). For discussions on (# 4022) that, giving the content of the belief and used
faith and works in this section s. Martin, 82-84; Davids; w. the vb. here to suggest this is not a call to personal
HSB, 696-99; DPL, 457-61; JMM, 195-227. €yn pres. subj. trust in God, but simply a belief that God exists (Mar-
act. £yw (# 2400) to have, to possess. 50vatat pres. ind. tin). moveic pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. KaAwS
mid. (dep). S0vapo1 (#1538) to be able to. n miotic Moleic idiomatic expression meaning, “you do well”;
(# 4411) the faith. The art. could be the art. of previous “that is good.” Saoviov (# 1228) demon, evil spirit.
reference meaning, “the previously mentioned faith” MLotEvOVvOL pres. ind. act. miotevw (# 4409) to believe.
(IBG, 111). ooo aor. act. inf. owlw (# 5392) to rescue, to gpiccovotv pres. ind. act. pptcow (#5857) to bristle. It
save. Compl. inf. to the main vb., “is not able to save.” was used of the physical signs of terror, esp. of the hair
Aor. signifies ... “achieve salvation for him” (Adam- standing on end. The word often expresses only a high
son). 15 aderon (# 80) sister. yupvdc (# 1218) naked. degree of awe or terror (Mayor; GELTS, 507-8). The de-
The term does not necessarily imply absolute naked- mons go even further than the one who makes the
ness; it was used of a person wearing only an undertu- claim concerning his faith. Gnomic pres. indicates
nic and meant someone poorly clad (Mayor). what is always true. @ 20 6€\et¢ pres. ind. act. 0€.w
DNGPYWOLV pres. subj. act. brapyw (# 5639) to exist, to (# 2527) to desire. yv@vau aor. act. inf. yiwwokw (# 1162)
be. AeimOpevol pres. pass. part. Aeinw (#3309) to lack; to know. Compl. inf. to the main vb. &v@pwme voc. sing.
pass., to be lacking (followed by the gen.). &pnpepos avOpwnos (#476) man. The term is used here in a de-
(# 2390) for the day. The phrase implies food for the day rogatory sense. Kevé voc. sing. Kevoc (#3031) empty,
or the day’s supply of food (MM; for examples s. Dibe- deficient. The word is used of a man who cannot be de-
lius). 16 €iny aor. subj. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. pended upon, whose deeds do not correspond to his
bnayete pres. imp. act. brdyw (# 5632) to go away, to de- words; hence, of boasters and impostors (Mayor). &pyn
part. €v eiptvq (# 1877; 1645) “in peace.” The expression fem. nom. apyoc (# 734) inactive, barren, unprofitable,
“go in peace” is a Jewish expression for good-by and as unproductive of salvation (Ropes). @ 21 &61Kka106n aor.
an address to beggars; the Hebrew expression may still ind. pass. 5xka10w (# 1467) to declare righteous, to pro-
be heard today in the streets of Jerusalem w. the same nounce to be in the right, to justify (TDNT; Rom. 2:13;
effect. It signals the end of the encounter (Ropes; Ad- Bengel; Lenski). dveveyKag aor. act. part. avadépw
amson). Sepyativeobe pres. imp. mid./pass. Seppaivw (#429) to offer up, to sacrifice. #Bvovaothpiov (# 2603)
(# 2548) to warm oneself, to be warm. The word was place of sacrifice, altar. 22 ovvnpyet impf. ind. act.
commonly used of the effect of warm clothes (Ropes). ovvepyew (#5300) to cooperate, to work together.
yoptaceove pres. imp. pass. xoptatw (#5963) to feed EteAewOn aor. ind. pass. tedevow (#5457) to bring to
until one is full; pass., to be filled. The word has the completion, to bring to maturity, to perfect, to consum-
general meaning of satisfying hunger (Mayor; MM). mate. As the tree is perfected by its fruits, so faith is by
date aor. subj. act. 515 (# 1443) to give. Subj. in a 3rd. its works (Mayor). Works do not animate faith; but
class cond. cl. dependent on the éav (# 1569) in v. 15 faith produces works, and works perfect faith. Faith it-
(Martin). enitndera acc. pl. enrtnderoc (# 2201) necessity; self is perfected; i.e., shown to be true, by works (Ben-
pl., the necessities of the body, the necessaries of life gel). 23 ExAnpwOn aor. ind. pass. nAnpow (# 4444)
(RWP). cpa (#5393) body. Here, obj. gen. (“for the to make full, to fulfill. Aeyovou pres. act. part. AEyw
body”) or gen. of description (“bodily needs”). OpeAoc (#3306) to say. emtotevoev aor. ind. act. miotevw
(# 4055) benefit, good; here, “what good does it do?” (# 4409) to believe. eXoyio@n aor. ind. pass. AoyiGouar
(BAGD; s.v. 14). The expected answer to this rhetorical (#3357) to place to one’s account, to reckon. Aor.
question is negative-there is no benefit in simple points to a specific act. €kAN@n aor. ind. pass. Kareéw
words. 17 ovtwe (#4048) likewise. This is used in (#2813) to call. @24&& Epywv (#1666; 2240) from
making the application (Ropes). a6’ eauthy (# 2848; works. Though neither ignored nor belittled, faith is re-
009 James 3

garded as complementing works, w. which it must be word yaAvovc but is put first because it contains the
combined. The contrast is between faith minus works, new emphatic idea (Ropes). yaA1voc (# 5903) bridle, bit.
and works minus faith-not between faith and works The word is used of the bridle proper (or reins), the bit,
(Adamson). 5txa10dta1 pres. ind. pass. 5ka10w (# 1467) and, as perhaps here, of the whole bridle, including
to justify. 25 Owoiws (#3931) adv., in like manner. both (Ropes). For a description of bridles and bits in the
nopvn (#4520) whore, prostitute. For the view that ancient world s. DGRA, 548. The word used here was
Rahab (Josh. 2:1-21) provided lodging for strangers or also used of a particular type of rope connected to sails
travelers s. D.J. Wiseman, “Rahab of Jericho,” TB 14 of a ship (DGRA, 790). net@e0801 pres. mid. (dep.) inf.
(1964): 8-11; for the Jewish views on Rahab s. Adamson; metOw (#4275) to obey. Articular inf. w. prep. €i¢
Davids; SB, 1:20-23. €81ka1w6n aor. ind. pass. Siko10w (#1650) to express purp. weta&youev pres. ind. act.
(# 1467) to justify. bmode—oyevn pres. mid. (dep.) part. wetayw (#3555) to change the direction, to guide
vrodexyouct (# 5685) to receive, to welcome, to entertain (RWP). Pres. used to express what is always true. 4
as a guest. &xBaAodou pres. act. part. EKBOAAW (# 1675) Sov pres. imp. act. opdaw (# 3972) to see. It calls atten-
to send out, to lead out without the connotation of force tion to the following. mAotov (# 4450) ship. tThAiKkadta,
(BAGD). The part. could be causal or circum. @ 26 yap nom. pl. tnAtkodioc (#5496) so great. Ovta pres. act.
(# 1142) for. The particle is used to introduce the sup- part. eyt (# 1637) to be. ¥n0 (#5679) w. gen., by. The
porting argument. The relationship between vs. 25 and frequent use of the prep. in connection w. the word
26 is this: Rahab was justified by works; she could not avéwwv and similar words suggest that here it retains
have been justified in any other way, for without works something of its local force, not simply “by,” but “un-
faith is dead. Therefore, the faith of Rahab is presup- der” (Mayor). dvenoc (# 449) wind. oxAnpog (#5017)
posed (Dibelius). mvedpa (# 4460) spirit, breath. The harsh, stiff, strong (Ropes). €A\avvopeva, pres. pass. part.
word refers to the vital principle by which the body is edavvw (# 1785) to drive. The word is used of wind or
animated (Ropes). A dead faith is like a corpse and of sailors rowing or sailing a boat (AS). pet&yetat pres.
therefore cannot save (Mussner). ind. pass. petayw (# 3555) to steer. EAGYLOTOSG (# 1788)
The superl. of uikpdg (small) is used in an elative sense,
James 3 “very small” (BAGD; BD, 33). mndaArov (# 4382) rud-
@ 1 d1dcoKaAo0c (# 1437) teacher. The word is used der. The rudder of an ancient ship was like an oar w. a
perhaps in the sense of rabbi, indicating one who had very broad blade; ships generally had two rudders
studied the law and its application to life and was en- placed on each side of the stern, not at the ship’s ex-
gaged in teaching others (TDNT; Adamson; Herschel tremity. Both rudders were managed by the same
Shanks, “Is the Title ‘Rabbi’ Anachronistic in the Gos- steersman to prevent confusion (DGRA, 788-89; Pliny,
pels?” JQR 53 [1963]: 337-45). yiveo@e pres. imp. mid. NH, 7:57; SSAW, 224-28). opun (# 3995) impetus, im-
(dep.) yivowon (# 1181) to become. e18tes perf. act. part. pulse. The word was used of the origin of motion either
oda (#3857) def. perf. w. pres. meaning, to know. moral or physical. The word could mean here either
Causal part., “because you know ....” petfov comp. the pressure or touch of the steersman or it could refer
uéyas (#3489) great; comp., greater. Kpiya (#3210) to his impulse (Mayor; TDNT; MM). ev@dvovtos pres.
judgment, results of a judicial decision, condemnation, act. part. ev00vw (#2316) to direct, to guide, to steer.
sentence of punishment (Dibelius). The teacher’s con- BovAetot pres. ind. mid. (dep.) BobAopat (# 1089) to de-
demnation is greater than that of others because hav- cide, to will. For examples of the use of the two figures
ing, or professing to have, clear and full knowledge of of the control of a horse and a ship s. Dibelius; Ropes;
duty, he is the more bound to obey it (Ropes). Anwyo- Martin; NW, 2, ii:1302-3. 5 obtwe (# 4048) so, thus.
we8a fut. ind. mid. (dep.) AopuBavw (# 3284) to take. The word introduces the application of the examples.
James uses the Ist. pers. pl. because he himself is a yAdoou (#1185) tongue. wiKpdg (# 3625) small. werog
teacher in the church and knows that he must some (# 3517) member. peyada. nom. pl. peyas (# 3489) great,
day give account to the divine Judge for his teaching great thing. Sometimes the adj. is written in connection
(Mussner). 2 0AAG acc. pl. morvc (#4498) great, w. the following vb. abyet pres. ind. act. abyew (# 902)
much; “many.” This may be acc. of general reference, to boast. The phrase is used here in the sense not of an
“in reference to many things” (RWP). mtaiopev pres. empty boast, but of a justified, though haughty, sense
ind. act. ntaiw (#4760) to stumble, to offend (s. 2:10). of importance (Ropes; Dibelius; Mussner). 1800 pres.
Pres. could be iterat., indicating an action that occurs imp. act. opdaw (#2627) to see. NAikog (#2462) what
over and again. obtog (# 4047) this one. tédevog (# 5455) size. In this context the n. means “how small” and the
perfect, mature. 5vvatocg (#1543) able to. yoAtva- fem. “how much,” “how large” (Ropes; Mayor). rtp
yoryijoat aor. act. inf. yadwaywyew (# 5902) to bridle (s. (# 4786) fire. BAN (#5627) woods, forest. It has been
1:26). Compl. inf. to the preceding verbal adj. #3 suggested that the word means thicket or brush (L.E.
innos (# 2691) horse. The gen. here is dependent on the Elliott-Binns, “The Meaning of vA in James III.5,” NTS
James 3 560

2 [1956]: 48-50; Dibelius). For examples paralleling mid. (dep.) e&€pyouo. (#2002) to go out. Katépa
James’ illustration of fire s. Dibelius; Ropes. avartet (# 2932) curse. yp (# 5973) pres. ind. act. impersonal
pres. act. ind. avantw (# 409) to set on fire, to ignite. vb., it is necessary, it ought to be, there is a need. Fol-
@ 6 ykoou, (#1185) tongue. Koowog (#3180) world, lowed by inf.; occurs only here in the NT (BAGD; BD,
here followed by the gen. tig dbuxiac (#94) (world) of 181; MM). The necessity expressed by this word signi-
injustice. For the various interpretations of this phrase fies a need resulting from time or circumstances or
s. Mayor; Ropes; Dibelius; Davids. ka®iotata pres. from the fitness of things (AS; T; Mayor). Here it de-
ind. mid. or pass. ka@totnut (#2770) to place, to set. notes the incongruity of blessing and cursing coming
Pass. means “is constituted” and the mid. means “pre- out of the same mouth (RWP). yiveo®o1 pres. mid.
sents itself” (RWP; Mayor). omiAodoa pres. act. part. (dep.) inf. yivoyo. (#1181) to become. 11 pq
oniAow (#5071) to stain, to defile. #AoyiGovea, pres. act. (# 3614) Particle used in a question which expects the
part. pAoyiGw (# 5824) to set in flames, to inflame, to set answer “no” (Mussner). mnyn (# 4380) spring, fountain,
on fire. tpoxyog (#5580) wheel, cycle, circle (GELTS, well. The word is used w. the definite article; it is sug-
482). yeveots (# 1161) origin, birth. The phrase has been gested that among country folk the spring or well has
variously interpreted; e.g., “the cycle of the coming,” a prominent individuality (Adamson). om (# 3956)
signifying little more than life (Dibelius), the whole cir- opening. The word is used elsewhere of a cleft in a rock
cle of life (Mussner). Others see the phrase as eschato- (Mayor; s. Heb. 11:38). Bpver pres. ind. act. Bpvw
logical, signifying the course (of time) ordained by (# 1108) to gush forth. The word, meaning “to teem,”
God for the present era, now in its last days, so the “full of bursting,” is ordinarily used of the swelling
phrase means “sets afire all that revolving time brings buds of plants and so figuratively of various kinds of
to birth” (Adamson). For examples s. Ropes; Mayor; fullness. Here the thought is of the gushing forth of
Martin; Dibelius; SB, 1:820. oAoy.Copévn pres. pass. part. water (Ropes; Mayor). yAuKvs (#1184) sweet. miKpoc¢
broyitw (#5824). yeevvng gen. sing. yeevva (# 1147) (#4395) bitter. Here the word may suggest a case
(Heb.) the valley of Henna, Gehenna, hell. The valley where a salty source above the outlet has contaminated
of Henna just outside Jerusalem was the city garbage the good water (Adamson). 12 &vvatai pres. ind.
dump used as a picture of hell, the place of punishment pass. (dep.) dvvopna1 (#1538) to be able to. ovKi
for the wicked (TDNT; s. Mk. 9:43; Luke 12:5). (#5190) fig, fig tree. €Aaia (#1777) olive. novfjoar aor.
@ 7 dvo1¢ (# 5882) nature. Onpiov (# 2563) wild animal. act. inf. novew (# 4472) to produce. &unedog (# 306) vine,
metevov (# 4374) bird. epmetov (#2260) crawling ani- grapevine. These three fruits-fig, olive, and
mal, reptile. €vaA1og (# 1879) sea creature (Adamson). grape-found all over the Near East, are particularly as-
Sopatetor pres. ind. pass. doyacw (#1238) to tame, sociated w. Palestine (Adamson; Martin). &AvKOc¢
gnomic pres. Pres. points to the continual possibility of (#266) salty. 13 oog0g (#5055) wise. A t.t. for the
taming wild animals. 5e5apaoto1 perf. pass. inf. 5a- teacher; in Jewish usage one who has a knowledge of
watw (#1238). Perf. points to the completed action and practical moral wisdom resting on a knowledge of God
the two tenses could be translated, “is from time to (Ropes). By contrast, the Gr. philosophical term meant
time, and has actually been, tamed” (Ropes). gv01¢ theoretical wisdom (GPT, 179). emothpwv (# 2184) un-
(# 5882) nature. Dat. here is used in the sense of “in derstanding. The word implies expert or professional
subjection to,” and the term itself here denotes “hu- knowledge (Tasker). The use of the interrogative is a
mankind” (Ropes). Both pagan and Heb. was proud of Semitic construction taking the place of a condition
man’s lordship over the animal world (Adamson). av- (Mayor; Mussner; Beyer, 167). Sev&&tw aor. imp. act.
Opwrivos (# 474) human. @ 8 Soy.d0a1 aor. act. inf. 5a- deikvupt (#1259) to show, to demonstrate. dvaotpoon
watw (#1238) to tame. Compl. inf. to the main vb. (# 419) manner of life, conduct. npattns (# 4559) meek-
S0vata1 pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 5vvapor (# 1538) to be ness, gentleness. The opposite of arrogance, it indicates
able to, w. inf. &kataotatos (#190) restless, not quiet, the submissiveness to offense that is free from malice
like the least tameable beasts (Mayor). peoth fem. nom. and desire for revenge (Matt. 5:5; 2 Cor. 10:1; Gal. 5:23).
wets (# 3550) w. gen., full. 10d gen. sing. 10¢ (#2675) @ 14 Cirog (# 2419) zeal, envy, jealousy, resentment, a
poison. Bavatnpopos (# 2504) death bearing. 9 ev- particularly strong feeling of resentment and jealousy
Aoyovpev pres. act. inf. evAoyew (# 2328) to bless. Pres. is against someone (LN, 1:760). The idea is of a fierce de-
customary, indicating what one usually does (s. Eph. sire to promote one’s own opinion to the exclusion of
1:3). Katapwpe8a pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Kkatapow others (Ropes). muxpdg (#4395) bitter, embittered,
(# 2933) to curse. Opoiworg (# 3932) likeness. Be0d gen. harsh. €xete pres. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have; to have
806 (# 2536) God. Attributed gen., “ (likeness) of God.” bitter jealousy in one’s heart (BAGD). épeia (# 2249)
yeyovotas perf. act. part. yivouat (# 1181) to become, to selfish ambition. The word suggests the vice of a leader
be. Perf. looks at the completed action or state of man who creates a party for his own pride: it is partly ambi-
being in the image of God. 10 &&€pyetot pres. ind. tion, partly rivalry (Dibelius; NTW, 39f; TDNT; Phil.
561 James4

2:3). KatAKavLYGOVE pres. imp. mid. (dep.) KataKkav- James 4

xGcowar (#2878) to boast against, to boast arrogantly. #1 n08ev (#4470) where, from where. mOAELOG
The word is used sometimes w. the gen. to denote the (# 4483) war. payor nom. pl. payn (# 3480) battle, fight.
triumph of one principle over another. Prep. in com- The first word pictures the chronic state or campaign of
pound is either intensive or indicates an unfavorable war while the second presents the separate conflicts or
action (Mayor; MH, 316). Pres. imp. w. the neg. ph battles of the war (RWP). évtedOev (# 1949) from here. It
(# 3590) indicates either the stopping of an action in is used to indicates the reason or source (BAGD).
progress or prohibits the habitual action. wevdeo0e Ndovav gen. pl. ndovn (# 2454) lust, pleasure. Although
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) wevdoucr (#6017) to lie. the word has a strong philosophical flavor (GPT, 75-78;
#15 copia (#5053) wisdom. dvwev (#540) from TDNT), it is to be taken here in a practical and bad
above. katepyouévn pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) katép- sense (Adamson; Mussner). otpatevopévwv pres. mid.
xouat (# 2982) to come down. entyetos (# 2103) earthly, (dep.) part. otpatevowo (#5129) to carry on a cam-
on the earth (Adamson). woyiKds (# 6035) natural; i.e., paign, to fight a military battle. wedeotv dat. pl. peroc
pertaining to the natural life of men and animals alike; (# 3517) member. Here the pl. is used collectively as the
unspiritual (Ropes; Adamson). da movmsns (#1229) abode of the passions (Adamson). @ 2 éx1Ovpeite pres.
demonic (Adamson). @ 16 dxataotacia (# 189) disor- ind. act. em10vpew (# 2121) to desire, to long for. Exete
der, disturbance, trouble, instability. The word some- pres. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have; here, to possess. 60-
time had political associations in the meaning vevete pres. ind. act. povevw (#5839) to murder. CnAodtE
“anarchy.” Here it would refer to the disorder caused pres. ind. act. CnAow (# 2420) to be zealous, to hotly de-
by those who w. their false wisdom trouble the group sire, to possess, to covet (Ropes; s. James 3:14). Sbdvacbe
of believers by demanding their own rights and exer- pres. ind. pass. (dep.) &vvapya (# 1538) to be able to, w.
cising a party spirit (Ropes; Adamson; Mussner). inf. €mitvyetv aor. act. inf. exitvyyavw (# 2209) to obtain
gadAog (#5765) bad, foul, vile. np&yya (# 4547) matter, (Mayor). Compl. inf. to the main vb. wayeove pres. ind.
thing. 17 ayvq fem. nom. ayvoc (#54) pure. The mid. (dep.) wxxouar (# 3481) to fight a battle. moAepeite
word implies sincere, moral and spiritual integrity pres. ind. act. modenew (# 4482) to wage war. Exete pres.
(Adamson). eipnvixds (# 1646) peaceable, loving, and ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have; here, to possess. aiteiobat
promoting peace. emveixns (# 2117) gentle, reasonable pres. mid. inf. aitew (# 160) to ask, to ask for one’s self.
in judging. The word signifies a humble patience, a
For a discussion of the significance of the mid. voice s.
steadfastness able to submit to injustice, disgrace, and
Mayor; M, 160. Articular inf. is used w. the prep. 516
maltreatment without hatred and malice, trusting in
(# 1328) w. acc. to express cause. @ 3 aiteite pres. ind.
God in spite of all of it (s. 2 Cor. 10:1; NTW, 386). ev-
act. aitew (# 160) to ask; mid. = “to ask for one’s self.”
me1611¢ (# 2340) easily persuaded, willing to yield, com-
pliant. The opposite of the word is “disobedient.” The
AapBavete pres. ind. act. AouBavw (#3284) to receive.
word is used of submission to military discipline and
KaKds (# 2809) adv., evilly, wrongly. aiteto8e pres. ind.
mid. oitéw (# 160) to ask. 5anavnonte aor. subj. act. 5a-
for observance of legal and moral standards in ordi-
mavew (# 1251) to spend, to spend freely. The obj. of this
nary life; i.e., one who willingly submits to a fatherly
will (MM; Adamson; Mayor). peoth nom. fem. peot0¢
vb. is the means of securing enjoyment for which they
(# 3550) full. Full in the sense that it is characterized by
pray; throughout the passage money is esp. in mind
what follows. tAéovg (#1799) merciful. d&&idKpitos (Ropes). Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express the purp. of the
(# 88) undivided, unwavering, wholehearted w. refer- asking and at the same time indicating the reason or
ence to the evil situation described in vs. 9 and 10 cause for asking (Mussner). @ 4 powyaAises voc. pl.
(Ropes). &vunoKpitog (#537) without hypocrisy, not woryartc (# 3655) adulteress, one who is unfaithful to
hypocritical. 18 dixa1osbvn (#1466) righteousness. the marriage vows. The term was a figure of speech,
The gen. here could be gen. of definition or apposition, particularly in the OT (esp. in Hosea; THAT, 1:518-20;
indicating that the fruit is righteousness (Mayor). Some TDOT, 4:99-104) to indicate unfaithfulness to God and
view it as a subjective gen. or gen. of source, indicating the practice of idolatry, here the false god is the world
that fruit is the product of righteousness and the source (Adamson). ot5ate perf. ind. act. 0180 (# 3857) to know.
of the fruit (Ropes). omeipeto pres. ind. pass. oneipw Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. Ott (# 4022) introducing
(#5062) to sow (Dibelius). novodow pres. act. part. the content of the knowledge. ota (#5802) friend-
nmovew (# 4472) to do. The dat. is either dat. of agency ship. The word involves the idea of loving as well as of
(“sown by those who do peace” [Mussner]) or it is dat. being loved (Mayor). xoopog (# 3180) world. Here obj.
of advantage (“for peaceable people” [Dibelius; May- gen., friendship to or with the world. éy@pa. (# 2397) en-
or; Martin]). mity, active hostility. tod Geod (# 2536) obj. gen., “(hos-
tility) against God.” BovAn@q aor. subj. pass. (dep.)
BovAonar (# 1089) to will, to want, to desire to, w. inf.
The word has the connotation of preference or choos-
James 4 562

ing one thing before another (Mussner; TDNT). EVOL laughter. The word indicates the leisurely laughter of
pres. act. inf. eit (# 1639) to be. kabtotatat pres. ind. gods and men in their pleasures. It is the laughter of a
pass. ka8totn (#2770) to be constituted, to be ren- fool who believes in his own autonomy and who re-
dered (RWP; s. 3:6). 5 doxeite pres. ind. act. doxew jects God as the one determining reality (Mussner;
(# 1506) to suppose, to think. Kevéd¢ (# 3036) adv., emp- TDNT). névOoc (# 4292) sorrow, mourning. petatpann-
tily; ie., “without meaning all that it says” (Ropes). Tw aor. pass. imp. 3rd. pers. sing. wetatpenw (# 3573) to
ypaon (#1210) writing, Scripture. For a discussion of turn about, to turn into. Prep. in compound has the
the source of the quotation s. Mayor; Ropes; Adamson; idea of change (MH, 318). catnpera (# 2993) dejection,
Davids; Martin. @0vog (#5784) envy, malice, or envy downcast, dismay. It describes the condition of one w.
arising out of ill will, jealousy (Mayor; Adamson; eyes cast down like the publican in Luke 18:13 (Mayor;
Trench, Synonyms, 34). €mimo@ei pres. ind. act. enim0bEw Adamson). @ 10 taneww@nte aor. imp. pass. tanevow
(# 2160) to strongly desire. katwxtoev aor. ind. act. Kat- (# 5427) to make low, to humble. The form is pass. but
oixiGw (#3001) to cause to dwell, to take up one’s the meaning is reflex., “to humble oneself” (Adamson).
dwelling. For a discussion of the difficulties of this v. s. bywoer fut. ind. act. byow (# 5738) to make high, to ex-
Adamson; S.S. Laws, “The Scripture Speaks in Vain; A alt, to make high, to lift up. Imp. followed by the fut. is
Reconsideration of James IV.5,” NTS 20 (1973-74): a Semitic cond. construction (Beyer, 252f). 11 Kkata-
220ff; Martin; Davids. @ 6 pet{ova acc. comp. peyas AGA€ite pres. imp. act. kataraArew (#2895) to talk
(#3505) great; comp., greater. Siwoww pres. ind. act. against, to defame, to speak evil of. It usually is applied
dtdwyt (# 1443) to give. Iterat. pres., “to give over and to harsh words about the person who is absent
again,” or gnomic indicating what is always true. (Ropes). KataAGAGV pres. act. part. katadadew. Part. as
dmepnpavos (#5662) haughty, one who thinks above subst. Kpivwv pres. act. part. kpivw (#3212) to judge.
and beyond that which is proper, arrogant. The word KOTOAGAEL pres. ind. act. Kataroarew (# 2895). Kpiver
sometimes signifies the arrogant rich (Adamson; 1QH, pres. ind. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge. ei pres. ind. act.
6:36; CD, 1:15). a&vtitd&ooeto1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to be. nountng (# 4475) one who performs
avtitacow (#530) to stand against, to oppose. Pres. in- an act, doer. The construction nowntng vowov means
dicates what is always true. tameivOc (#5424) low, “lawgiver” (Ropes). 12 €ic (# 1651) one, used em-
humble. 7 vnotéynte aor. imp. pass. brotdoow phatically. vowobetys (# 3794) lawgiver, one who makes
(# 5718) to submit, to align oneself under the authority a law. 8vvapevocg pres. pass. (dep.) part. Svvapar
of another. &vtiotnte aor. imp. act. dvOtothuL (# 468) to (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. o@oa1 aor. act. inf. oww
oppose. Ingressive aor., “take one’s stand against.” (# 5392) to rescue, to save. G&moA€oat aor. act. inf. dn0A-
Aor. imp. calls for urgent action (RWP). 51dPoAo0¢ Avut (# 660) to destroy, to ruin. et pres. ind. act. eit
(# 1333) slanderer, devil. pevEeto1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) (# 1639) to be. Kpivwv pres. act. part. Kpivw (#3212) to
devyouat (#5771) to flee. The use of the imp. followed judge. mAnoiov (#4446) the next one, neighbor.
by the fut. forms a Semitic cond. cl.: “When you take 13 Gye pres. imp. act. dyw (#72) to lead. Imp. here is
your stand against the devil, then he will flee from an interjection w. the meaning “come now!” “see
you” (Beyer, 253; Mussner). ® 8 éyyioate aor. imp. act. here!” and a somewhat brusque address (Mayor;
eyyiGw (# 1581 ) to come near, to draw near. €yytet fut. Ropes). Aéyovtes pres. act. part. Ae yw (# 3306) to say. on-
ind. act. eyyi¢w. For the construction of an imp. fol- wepov (# 4958) today. t (# 2445) or. The word indicates
lowed by the fut., building a type of cond. cl. s.v. 7. the choice in planning. avpiov (#892) tomorrow.
Ka8apioate aor. imp. act. Ka8apiCw (# 2751) to cleanse, Topevoopeda fut. ind. mid. (dep.) nopevouar (# 4513) to
to purify. Gpaptwroc (# 283) sinful, sinner. wyvioate travel, to go on a journey. There were three kinds of
aor. imp. act. wyvitw (#49) to purify, to make pure. merchants: the old Hellenistic mariners, sea and cara-
Stwoyos (# 1500) doubleminded (s. 1:8). @ 9 tadoinw- van traders, and those who combined domestic w. for-
pfoate aor. imp. act. taraimwpew (#5415) to undergo eign trade (Adamson). tg thvde thy NOAL into this city.
hardship, to endure misery. Here it is used intransitive- The old demonstrative form thvSe (# 3840) this has the
ly-be miserable, feel miserable—and refers to the inner force of the particular as opposed to the general-”we
attitude of repentance (Mayor; Dibelius; Mussner; Ad- will go to this city”—pointing it out on the map (May-
amson). mevOnoate aor. imp. act. mevOew (#4291) to or). mownoouev fut. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do, to
mourn. The word expresses a self-contained grief, spend time. eviavt0c (# 1929) year. Eunopevodpebe. fut.
never violent in its manifestation (Ropes). The word is ind. mid. (dep.) eumopevouar (# 1864) to conduct busi-
often connected w. KAaiw and describes the mourning ness, to carry on business as a merchant. KepSnoopev
that cannot be hidden. It describes not only a grief fut. ind. act. kepdew (# 3045) to make a profit, to profit,
bringing ache to the heart, but also a grief bringing to gain. @ 14 entotaode pres. ind. mid. (dep.) éxtotnur
tears to the eyes (MNTW, 137; Mussner). KAavoate aor. (# 2179) to know, to understand. notog (# 4481) of what
imp. act. KAaiw (# 3081) to cry, to weep. yeAwes (# 1152) character; is it secure or precarious? (Ropes). &tpig
563 James 5

(# 874) vapor, steam, smoke. The word was used of corroded (BAGD; s. Strabo 16, 2, 42; Epictetus 4, 6, 14;
steam from a kettle or of smoke the wind carried away; NW, 2, ii:1336-39). Prep. in compound is perfective, “to
it graphically depicts the transience of life (Adamson; rust through down to the bottom” (RWP). 10g (# 2675)
Mussner; Mayor). €ote pres. ind. act. eiut (# 1639) to be. poison, rust (Mayor). €oto1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eipi
daivopévn pres. mid./ pass. part. datvw (#5743) to (#1639) to be. gayetor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eo0iw
show. Mid. to show oneself; pass. to be shown, to re- (# 2266) to eat. dp (# 4786) fire. EBnouvpioate aor. act.
veal. Here it is used in the sense, to appear. ddavitopévn ind. OnoavpiCw (# 2564) to treasure up, to store up. For
pres. pass. part. adavitw (# 906) to render invisible or rabbinical and DSS parallels of fire being God’s judg-
unrecognizable. @ 15 AEyew pres. act. inf. rAEyW ment s. Mussner; SB, 4:866f. Eoxata1g Nwepats (# 2274;
(# 3306) to say. avti tod A€yewv Duds instead of your say- 2465) last days. There may be irony here, for the trea-
ing. The thought of v. 13 is resumed (Adamson; Dibel- sure in mind is not their riches, but the misery that
ius). SeANoD aor. subj. act. 6€Aw (# 2527) to will. Choopev awaits them (Martin; Davids) @ 4 1600 pres. imp. act.
fut. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) to live. novnoopev fut. ind. act. opcw (# 2627) to see. y1080¢ (# 3635) wage, pay. epyo.tdv
moiew (#4472) todo. 16 viv 8& (# 3814; 1254) but gen. pl. epyatng (# 2239) one who works, worker. on-
now, but actually, in point of fact; in contrast to what OdvtwV aor. act. part. (adj.) dudw (#286) to reap, to
they ought to do (Ropes). kavyGo8_e pres. ind. mid. mow. Aor. points to the specific act which they do.
(dep.) kavyxcopo1 (# 3016) to boast, to glory. aafoveia xapo. (#6001) field. dneotepnyevoc perf. pass. part.
(#224) bragging, pretentious, arrogant, arrogant amootepew (# 691) steal, to hold back. The vb. indicates
words. The word refers to empty boasting that seeks to not just delay, but complete default (Adamson; RWP).
impress. It is extravagant claims which one cannot ful- Perf. looks at the completed state or condition. a’
fill (BAGD; MNTW, 38-42; TDNT). xabynoig (# 3018) bud@v (# 608; 5148) from you, by you. Kpacet pres. ind.
boasting. 17 180t1 perf. act. part. ola (#3857) to act. kpaCw (# 3189) to cry out. Pres. indicates the contin-
know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. notetv pres. act. inf. ual crying out. Both the OT (Lev. 19:13; Deut. 24:14)
noew (#4472) to do. Inf. explains the knowledge, “He and rabbinic teaching required that the workers be
knows to do.” novodvtt pres. act. part. moiew (# 4472) to paid at the end of the day (SB, 1:832; Matt. 20:87). The
do; here in the sense of practice. The dat. is dat. of dis- withholding of wages is one of the four sins that are
advantage and indicates that such a one is guilty of sin said to cry to heaven (Mayor, Adamson). Boai nom. pl.
(Mayor). Pres. indicates a habit of life. Bon (#1068) cry. Gepiodvtwy aor. act. part. Sepitw
(# 2545) to reap, to harvest. WTO acc. pl. ovg (# 4044) ear. ©
James 5 oofpawé (#4877)(Heb.) armies, hosts (TWOT; TDOT;
#1dye pres. imp. act. wyw (#72) to lead; here, NIDOTTE, 4:1297-98). eiceAnADBacw perf. ind. act.
come now! (s. 4:13). tAovot01 voc. pl. mAOvOLOG (# 4454) evoepxoua (# 1656) to come into. Perf. emphasizes that
rich (s. 1:10). Adj. as subst. KAavoate aor. imp. act. the cries that come to the ears of the Lord remain, so
KAatw (# 3081) to cry, to weep. Aor. imp. calls for a spe- that He does not forget and they are not in vain.
cific act w. a note of urgency. OAoAWovtES pres. act. part. @ 5 Etpvdnoate aor. ind. act. tpvddaw (# 5587) to live in
OAOALCW (#3909) to howl, to cry aloud. The word is luxury. The word literally means “to break down” and
used in the LXX as the expression of violent grief (May- denotes soft luxury, not necessarily wanton vice
or; Joel 1:5, 13; Isa. 13:6; 14:31; 15:3; 16:7; Jer. 4:8; Muss- (Ropes). Const. aor. summarizes their total life (M,
ner; TDNT; NIDOTTE, 1:976-77; 4:866-84; BINT, 434- 109). €onataAnoate aor. ind. act. onataraw (# 5059) to
35). Part. of manner describing the crying. toAaitwpta. give oneself to pleasure. The prominent idea is that of
(#5416) misery. Enepyouévaig pres. mid. (dep.) part. self-indulgence without distinct reference to squander-
(adj.) enepyouar (# 2088) to come upon. Fut. pres. show- ing (Mayor; s. 1 Tim. 5:6). €@pewate aor. ind. act. tpedw
ing the certainty of a fut. event, or progressive pres. (#5555) to feed, to fatten, to nourish. Kapdia (# 2840)
picturing the action in progress. @ 2 oéonnev perf. ind. heart. Here heart refers to stomach; cf. Ernst Lerle,
act. onnw (# 4960) to be rotten. Perf. indicates the state “Kapdta als Bezeichnung fiir den Mageneingang,”
or condition: “is rotten” (Ropes). yatiov (# 2668) gar- ZNW 76 (1985): 292-94. opayn (#5375) slaughter. The
ment. The wealth of the rich was often evident in their imagery of the slaughter of the rich is found in 1 Enoch
type of clothes (s. James 1:10). ontoBpwtog (# 4963) 94:7-9: 1QH 15:17-18; 1QS 10:19; 10M 1:9-12; CD 19:15,
moth-eaten. The word occurs in a papyrus that refers 19; Martin; Davids. 6 Katedikd&oate aor. ind. act.
to moth-eaten files (NDIEC, 1:77). yeyovev perf. ind. act. Katadixaw (# 2868) to give a sentence against someone,
yivoua1 (# 1181) to become. The perfs. are of prophetic to condemn. éhovevoate aor. ind. act. povedw (# 5839) to
anticipation rather than historical record (Adamson; kill, to murder. &vtita00ETMI pres. ind. mid. (dep.) avtt-
Martin). 3 xpvodg (# 5996) gold. apyupos (# 738) sil- taoow (# 530) to stand against, to oppose. Pres. brings
ver. katiwtat perf. ind. pass. kati0w (# 2995) to rust, to the action before our eyes and makes us dwell upon
rust out, to rust through, of gold and silver tarnished, this, as the central point, in contrast w. the accompany-
James5 564

ing circumstances (Mayor). 7 paxpoOvptoate aor. MNTW, 156f; TDNT; Davids). oixtippwv (# 3881) com-
imp. act. wakpo@vuew (# 3428) to patiently endure. The passion. Both words stand in sharp contrast to the nor-
word describes the attitude that can endure delay, bear mal reaction of someone undergoing trials similar to
suffering, and never give in (NTW, 84; TDNT; Gal. Job’s. 12 ouvvete pres. imp. act. ouvow (# 3923) to
5:22). Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of ur- swear. OpKoc oath (s. Matt. 5:33). Pres. imp. w. the neg.
gency. nmopovoia (#4242) arrival, coming. The word uh (# 3590) prohibits an habitual action. ftw pres. imp.
was used of the appearance of a god, or the arrival of act. et (#1639) to be. méonte aor. subj. act. nintw
someone of high rank (BAGD; TLNT; LAE, 372). yewp- (# 5679) to fall; here used in a fig. sense, to come under
yog (#1177) farmer. exdSeyetor pres. ind. mid. (dep.) condemnation (BAGD) and thus face ruin. Subj. w. iva
exdexouat (#1683) to wait for something or someone. (# 2671) in a neg. purp. cl. 13 Kaxonaet pres. ind.
Gnomic pres. indicating what is common to farmers. act. kaxonadew (# 2802) to suffer misfortune, to suffer
tipiog (#5508) precious, valuable. Kkapnog (#2843) trouble. npooevyéo@w pres. imp. mid. (dep.) mpooevyo-
fruit. yj (#1178) earth. paxpo@vpev pres. act. part. pat (# 4667) to pray. Pres. imp. calls for an habitual ac-
LaKkpodupew (#3428) to be patient. AGB aor. subj. act. tion. ev@vpet pres. ind. act. evOvuew (#2313) to be
AapBavw (# 3284) to receive. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl. happy, to feel good. woAXetw pres. imp. act. yorrAw
TMpOipos (#4611) early. dyyog (# 4069) late. The early (# 6010) to sing, to sing praises, to play on a harp (Ad-
rain normally begins in Palestine late October or early amson). @ 14 dodevei pres. ind. act. ao8_evew (# 820) to
November, and is anxiously awaited because, as a ne- be weak, to be sick. mpooxaAeodo8w aor. imp. mid.
cessity for the germination of seed, it is the signal for mpooxarew (#4673) to call one alongside, to summon.
sowing. In the spring the maturing of the grain de- mid., to call to one’s side. For a discussion s. BINT,
pends on the late rain, light showers that fall in April 433-34. npooevgao8woav aor. imp. mid. (dep.) npocevxo-
and May. Without these even heavy winter rains will wa (# 4667) to pray. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w.
not prevent failure of crops (Ropes; Mayor; Martin; GB, a note of urgency. GAetwavtes aor. act. part. aretow
41-66;" SB; 3:758-59;, BBC;” ABD,~°5:119, 122-25). (# 230) to anoint. The word is used basically for an out-
8 paxpoOvpnoate aor. imp. act. paxpobupew (# 3428) ward anointing of the body (TDNT; Martin). Aor. part.
to patiently endure. ompiate aor. imp. act. otnpitw can express antecedent time (“after anointing pray”),
(# 5114) to strengthen, to make stable. fyyicev perf. ind. or it can express contemporaneous time and be a cir-
act. eyyiCw (#1581) to come near, to draw near. cum. part in the sense of an imp. (“anoint and pray”)
@ 9 otevatete pres. imp. act. otevatw (#5100) to groan. (Mussner; BG, 129f; Martin; DLNT, 48-50). EAaov
Pres. imp. w. the neg. pn (# 3590) calls for the discon- (# 1778) oil, olive oil. Generally, oil was used as a cura-
tinuing of a action in progress or prohibits habitual ac- tive by the ancients, including the rabbis (Adamson;
tion. Kpv67te aor. subj. act. kpivw (# 3212) to judge. Subj. TDNT; Mayor, Ropes; SB, 4:553; Martin). #15 ebyn
w. iva (#2671) in a neg. purp. cl. 1600 aor. imp. act. (# 2376) prayer. niotews gen. sing. motic (#4411) faith.
opaw (#3972)to see. éotnKev perf. ind. act. totnt Gen. of description. owoet fut. ind. act. owtw (# 5392) to
(# 2705) to stand. 10 brdSeryya. (# 5682) example. Ad- rescue, to save, to heal. Here the word has the idea, “to
Bete aor. imp. act. AopBavw (# 3284) to take. kaxonaGera restore to health” (Ropes). K&pvovta pres. act. part.
(# 2801) suffering, hardship, suffering evil. paxpoOvpia (subst.) acc. masc. sing. k&uvw (# 2827) to be ill. Eyepet
(# 3429) patient endurance. &\GAnoay aor. ind. act. \a- fut. ind. act. eyetpw (# 1586) to raise. The word means,
A€w (# 3281) to speak. dvopati Kupiov (# 3590; 3261) “in “raise from the bed of sickness to health” (Ropes). kav
the name of the Lord.” The prophets were messengers (# 2829) = kai av and if, and. q pres. subj. act. eit
of the Lord and consequently had to face suffering; yet (# 1639) to be. menounkws perf. act. part. no1ew (# 4472)
they waited patiently and expectantly (Martin). to do. Perf. part. is used in a periphrastic perf. subj. act.
#111500 aor. imp. act. opaw (#3972) to see. in a condition of 3rd. class, which indicates the possi-
paxapiCopev pres. ind. act. paxaptCw (# 3420) to consid- bility of sin being related to the sickness (RWP). d&pe6n-
er happy, to consider blessed. The word refers to the oetar fut. ind. pass. cpinur (# 918) to forgive. The pass.
prevalent habit of considering constancy worthwhile is the so-called theol. or divine pass., indicating that
(Ropes). bropetvavtas aor. act. part. bropevw (#5702) God is the one who forgives (BG, 76). 16 &oL0-
to remain under, to be patient in adverse circumstances Aoyeioe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) eEouoAo0yew (# 2018) to
(NTW, 60; TDNT; NIDNTT; Heb. 10:36). qxobdoate aor. openly agree to, to confess. The confession is to be not
ind. act. &Kovw (# 201) to hear. teA0¢ (#5465) goal, pur- only to the elders but to one another, i.e., probably to
pose, outcome, result. tédog Kupiov the conclusion those they have wronged (Adamson). evyeode pres.
wrought by the Lord to his trouble (Rope; Adamson; s. imp. mid. (dep.) evyouo1 (# 2377) to pray. LaOfte aor.
Job 42:12-17). etSete aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. subj. pass. iowa (# 2615) to heal. Theol. pass. indicat-
moAvonAayyvos (#4499) very kind, very pitiful, very ing that God is the one who heals (s.v. 15). Subj. w.dnw¢
sympathetic, extremely compassionate (Mayor; (# 3968) may give the content of the prayer, or express
565 James 5

purp. loyvet pres. ind. act. ioxbw (# 2710) to be strong, the content of the prayer. éBpetev aor. ind. act. Bpexw
to be powerful, to have power, to be competent, to be (#1101). Eviavtocg year (#1929). whv (#3604) month.
able (BAGD). denoig (#1255) request, prayer. évep- #18 mpoonv&ato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) mpooevyouor
youpévn pres. mid./pass. part. évepyew (# 1919) to be ef- (# 4667) to pray. vetOg (# 5624) rain. ESwKev aor. ind. act.
fective, to produce (MNTW, 46; TDNT). For a Stdwur (# 1443) to give. EBAGotNoEV aor. ind. act. Bra-
discussion of whether the form is mid. or pass., and the otew (# 1056) to sprout, to bring forth. 19 mAavneq
suggested translation—”the prayer of a righteous man aor. subj. pass. thavow (# 4414) to go astray. Entotpeyn
is very powerful in its operation” s. Adamson 205-10; aor. subj. act. emrotpepw (# 2188) to turn around, to turn
Mayor; Ropes; Martin; Davids). 17 dpo1orad7s to convert. Aor. points to a specific act. The two subjs.
(# 3926) like feelings, of similar feelings, circumstances, are in a 3rd. class cond. cl. assuming the possibility of
experiences w. the same nature as someone (BAGD). the cond. 20 yivwoKetw pres. imp. act. yiwwoKw
The word indicates that the power of Elijah’s prayer lay (# 1182) to know, to recognize. Emotpewas aor. act. part.
not in his supernatural greatness, but rather in his hu- enrotpedw (# 2188) to turn away. Aor. points to a specific
manity—-the prophet was only a human being like we act. wAGvn error (#4415). owoer fut. ind. act. owtw
are (Mussner; s. 1 Kings 17:1; 18:41-45); for references to (# 5392) to save. KaADwe fut. ind. act. KaADTTW (# 2821)
Elijah in Judaism, s. Davids; ABD, 2:465-66. npooevyn to cover, to hide, to veil. nANBo¢ (# 4436) a great number,
(# 4666) prayer. Here instr. dat. mpoonvtato aor. ind. multitude; many. Gwaptidv gen. pl. duaptia (# 287) sin.
mid. (dep.) mpocevyouat (# 4667) to pray. BpeEat aor. act. Gen. of content, “a multitude of sins.” This suggests the
inf. Bpexw (# 1101) to rain. Inf. in indir. disc. indicating extent of the forgiveness (Davids; Martin).
 1 Peter

1 Peter 1 because many in every age group, every status of life,

@ 1 Gnoot0A0¢ (# 693) apostle, an official represen- and both male and female are now in danger and will
tative who was appointed and authorized by the one be in the future. This plague of superstition has spread
sending (TDNT; Best; TLNT; EDNT; 1 Cor. 1:1). For the over cities and over the fields and villages, but I believe
omission of the article, w. all of the substantives in this that its advance can be stopped” (Pliny the Younger,
v. indicating a stereotype epistolary introduction s. BD, Letters, Book 10, Letter 16) @ 2 npoyvwoig (# 4590)
137. exAextocg (# 1723) elect. Verbal adj. from the vb. knowing beforehand, foreknowledge. God’s fore-
eKAEKTW Meaning “to pick out, to select” (RWP). The knowledge is much more than knowing what will hap-
word was used in the papyri in our sense of the word: pen in the future; it includes, as reflected in the
select, choice (Beare). napenténnos (# 4215) one who language of LXX (s. the LXX w. the aor. ind. act. “He
lives alongside of, sojourner, foreigner temporarily liv- knows (knew)...” in Num. 16:5; Judg. 9:6; Amos 3:2),
ing in a place; staying for a while in a strange place His effective choice (Kelly; Michaels; Rom. 8:28-29).
(BAGD; TLNT; GELTS, 358). The word is used of tem- aylaop0c (# 40) holiness, sanctification. W. the prep. ev
porary residents, not permanent settlers who have a (# 1877) as instr. nvedpa (# 4460) spirit. The word could
deep attachment and a higher allegiance in another refer to the human spirit, but by the analogy of the
sphere (Beare). The word emphasizes both alien na- other cls., it refers to the Holy Spirit (Hort). Subjective
tionality and temporary residents (Stibbs; Hort, 154-56; gen. here indicates that the Spirit produces the sanctifi-
BS, 149; NIDNTT; TDNT; TLNT; TDOT, 2:443-48, DCH, cation (Michaels). braKxon (#5633) obedience. pav-
2:372-73; NIDOTTE, 1:836-39; ZPEB, 2:119-22). 5uaono- tiopov (# 4823) sprinkling. It is probably a reference to
po. (# 1402) dispersion, scattering, diaspora. The Jewish Exod. 24:3-8 (Best). nAn@vvGein aor. opt. pass. TANBvVW
diaspora came about through deportation and volun- (# 4437) to multiply. Opt. to express a wish or desire
tary movement to a foreign land. The people generally (MT, 120f). Peter prays for the multiplication of grace
lived in their own settlement or quarters in a foreign and peace that the trials through which the Asiatic
land but were still vitally joined to the land of Palestine Christians are about to pass may result in a manifold
and the city of Jerusalem w. her temple. There was al- increase of grace and peace (Hort). 3 ebvdoyntos
ways the hope for the eschatological regathering of (# 2329) blessed (s. Eph. 1:3). avaryevvqous aor. act. part.
those who had been scattered. Peter uses the term for avayevvaw (#335) to regenerate, to cause to be born
believers who are scattered throughout the world, yet again. The idea of a new beginning through a new birth
have a heavenly fatherland and a hope of one day w. the infusion of divine life was a widespread idea in
being gathered in to this land (Goppelt; SB, 2:490; the ancient world. It was present in the mystery reli-
TDNT; RAC, 3:972-82; DLNT, 287-300; JPF, 1:177-215; gions and in Judaism. A proselyte to Judaism was re-
HJP, 3, i:1-176; BAFCS, 5). Mévtov, Taratiac, Kannasdo- garded as a newborn baby (Best; RAC, 9:153-55;
xiasc, ‘Aociac, kai Biévviac Pontus, Galatia, Cappado- Schelkle; Goppelt; SB, 3:763; for a parallel in the DSS s.
cia, Asia, and Bithynia. These were all Roman 1QH3, 19-23). Part. gives the reason why God is
provinces in Asia Minor and the order of the listing blessed (Schelkle). G@oav pres. act. part. (adj.) Caw
here may have been the route of the one who delivered (# 2409) to live. Life is a quality or characteristic of the
the letter (Hort; Davids; Michaels; GAM, 89-426; DNP, hope here spoken of, not its obj. (Hort). Pres. indicates
2:698-702; ABD, 1:750-53; 1:870-71; 2:870-72; 5:401-2). an abiding quality. A living hope is never extinguished
Years after Peter had written this letter, Pliny the by untold circumstances, just as living waters flow
Younger was put in charge of Bithynia and wrote to the fresh from a perennial spring (Selwyn). @ 4 KAnpovopia.
Emperor Trajan concerning the Christians (Christiani). (# 3100) inheritance. The word can mean a property al-
He tried to make them recant by force and have them ready received as well as one that is expected. But here
acknowledge the pagan gods, bow down before the the inheritance is kept for the believer, not on earth but
image of the emperor, and curse (maledixerunt) Christ. in heaven, and is another name for that salvation which
Some did, others did not, so Pliny asked for advice. He is ready to be revealed (Bigg; Hort; Kelly). &p@aptoc
writes, “It seems to me to be necessary to get advice, (# 915) imperishable, not corruptible, not liable to pass

566
567 1 Peter 1

away (Beare). It has been suggested that the main idea approved after trial, genuineness. The genuine element
of the word is “to injure, to spoil,” and the chief idea in in their faith was proven by a process similar to that of
mind is the ravaging of a land by a hostile army (Hort). metal refining and is found to be something more pre-
Gyiavtos (# 299) unstained, undefiled; here, being un- cious than these precious metals (Selwyn; s. also Jam.
stained by evil (Beare). &pdpavtos (#278) unfading. 1:3; BS, 259f; TLNT). miotig (# 4411) faith. Obj. gen. here,
The word was used of flowers and suggests a supernat- denoting the obj. of the process of testing (Michaels), or
ural beauty that time does not impair. The three verbal it could be an attributed gen., “genuine faith” (GGBB,
adjs. indicate that the inheritance is untouched by 90). ToAUTILOTEpOV comp. TOAVTILOS (# 4501) costly, pre-
death, unstained by evil, unimpaired by time. It is com- cious; comp., more precious, of greater price. ypvatov
posed of immortality, purity, and beauty | ei (#5992) gold. In the ancient world gold was consid-
TETNPTNWEVNV perf. pass. part. (adj.) tnpéw (#5498)t ered the most expensive and rarest of all metals. It was
guard, to keep, to take care of, to reserve. Perf. pidieets used in the worship of the gods, and was very promi-
the state or condition and underlines the fact that the nent in the temple of Jerusalem, where the true God
inheritance already exists and is being preserved for was worshipped. Emperors and heros were known for
those who are now being guarded (v. 5) (Best). their lavish use of gold. Under Augustus and Nero the
© 5 bpovpovpevovuc pres. pass. part. dpovpéw (# 5864) to price of the Roman gold coin, the aureus, was worth 45
guard, to watch over. The term is a military term indi- denarii (a Roman soldier got 225 denarii a year and one
cating the guarding done by soldiers. Pres. emphasizes denarius was considered to be a day’s wage (RAC,
our need for continual protection in the unending 11:895-930; KP, 2:841-42; RE, 190-227; Pliny, NH, 33:4-
struggle of the soul. They are being guarded by God’s 94; NW, 2, ii:1343-49). All of this indicates that a tried,
power, the guarantee of the final victory (Beare; Stibbs; genuine faith is extremely valuable! The known quan-
Grudem). owtnpia (#5401) salvation. The word indi- tity in this statement is the preciousness of gold—a gen-
cates deliverance or preservation bestowed by God, uine faith is much more precious than that (GGBB,
more specifically deliverance from His wrath at the 112). Gen. of comparison. &moAAvpEvov pres. mid.
final judgment (Kelly). The term here suggests salva- (dep.) part. amo0AA vt (# 660) to destroy, to ruin, to per-
tion in its broadest sense (TDNT; NIDNTT). étowoc ish. ndp (# 4796) fire. Pliny describes how metals are
(# 2289) ready, prepared. dnoxaA.voOFivat aor. pass. inf. mined, cleaned, fired, and ground to a powder, then
anokaArAvntw (# 636) to unveil, to reveal. (BAGD). Pass. put in a smelting furnace. The slag (scoria) from gold
would be the theol. or divine pass., indicating that God was pounded again and fired a second time; “the cru-
is the one who does the action. Inf. to express purp. Aor. cibles for this are made of tasconium, which is a white
points to a specific event. kaip@ toyatw (#2798; 2274) in earth resembling clay. No other earth can stand the
the last time. The word kaip@ indicates the fit or ap- blast of air, the fire, or the intensely hot material”
pointed time or moment (Bigg). The word toxdtw (Pliny, NH, 33:69). 5oxyaCopévov pres. pass. part. SoK1-
(“last”) means simply *‘last in order of time” (Bigg). wc.Cw (# 1507) to approve after examination (TLNT). ev-
© 6 év 0 (# 1877; 4005) in which, in which circumstance, pe6q] aor. subj. pass. evpioxw (#2351) to find. Subj. w.
wherefore. For a discussion of the antecedent of the rel. iva (# 2671) used to express purp. &noKaAvyic (# 637)
pron. s. Selwyn; Brox; Michaels. #yoAA1do8e pres. ind. unveiling, revelation. W. the prep. ev (# 1877) used in a
mid. (dep.) ayaAAdouor (#22) to rejoice, to be glad. temp. sense, “at the revelation of Jesus Christ.” Inood
This vb. appears to be used always w. the connotation Xprotod (# 2652; 5986) of Jesus Christ, gen. sing. Obj.
of a religious joy, a joy that springs from the contempla- gen. indicating that He will be revealed. @ 8 180vte¢
tion of God or God’s salvation (Beare; TDNT; Hort; aor. act. part. opcw (# 3972) to see. For the variant read-
Kelly). oAtyog (# 3900) a little, a little while, a short ing s. TC, 687. Aor. indicates a completed action, but
while (Kelly). 5€0v pres. act. part. det (# 1256) it is neces- logically antecedent to the main vb. Part. is concessive
sary. Part. is used w. the cond. particle et (# 1623), which (“although”). The word here refers to physical or eye-
can be taken as a concessive cl. (“although” [Beare]), or sight (Selwyn). &ya&te pres. ind. act. wyandw (# 26) to
it can be taken as a 1st-class cond. cl. bordering on a love (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). Pres. indicates the contin-
causal cl. (“since” [BD, 189; Kelly]). Aunn@evtes aor. ual and contemporary action. Op@vteg pres. act. part.
pass. part. Aunew (#3382) to cause pain, to cause sor- opaw (#3972) to see. Pres. indicates the continual ac-
row, to put to grief. The word expresses not suffering tion. Concessive part. (“although”). The first statement
but the mental effect of suffering (Hort). Part. could be (S0vtes) indicates that Christ and the salvation he
concessive, “although.” mouxtAoc (# 4476) various, di- brings are hidden until his revelation; the second state-
versified, manifold, different kinds. neipaopos (# 4280) ment (op@vteg) focuses more on the various ordeals
trial. The word here could mean the undeserved suffer- now confronting Peter and his readers (Michaels).
ing from without (Bigg). For a discussion of persecu- MLOTEVOVTES pres. act. part. (circum.) miotevw (# 4409) to
tion s. DLNT, 907-15. #7 S50xipiov (#1507) tried, believe. The neg. un (# 3590) used w. the part. here is in-
1 Peter 1 568

troduced as it were hypothetical, merely to bring out Bib 55 [1974]: 211-32. na&@nua (#4077) suffering. For
the full force of believing (Hort; Selwyn). &yaAAdobe suffering as a theme in 1 Peter s. DLNT, 1135-38. 800.
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) ayadAtcopat (# 22) to rejoice (s.v. (# 1518) glory; pl., glorious deeds, triumphs (Selwyn).
6). yapa (#5915) joy. Here instr. dat. GveKAGANtoS 12 axexad067 aor. ind. pass. anokaAdnTw (# 636) to
(# 443) unspeakable, inexpressible, ineffable, vb. adj. reveal, to unveil (Selwyn, 250ff). Theol. pass. indicat-
The word contains the sense of a divine mystery ex- ing that God did the revealing. 5unkovovv impf. ind. act.
ceeding the powers of speech and thought (Beare; diakovew (# 1354) to serve, to minister to, to render ser-
Davids). This joy defies all human efforts at under- vice to, to help by performing certain duties (LN,
standing or explanation (Michaels). The joy is based on 1:460). It was used of delivering a message (Michaelis).
the expectation of future deliverance. de50Eaouevy perf. Impf. points to the continual or customary action in the
pass. part. 00.Gw (# 1519) to glorify; pass., to be glori- past. avnyyeAn aor. ind. pass. avayerAw (# 334) to re-
fied. Here the idea is to be endowed w. glory from port, to set forth, to tell, to declare, to proclaim (Selw-
above (Selwyn, 253-58; TDNT; NIDNTT; EDNT; yn; NIDNTT). evayyedtcopévwy aor. mid. part.
TLNT). © 9 kouiopevor pres. mid. part. Kopitw evayyedrttw (# 2294) to proclaim good news, to evan-
(# 3152). mid., to receive, to obtain. tog (# 5465) goal. gelize, to preach the gospel (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT).
woxzOv gen. pl. yuxn (# 6034) soul. Obj. gen., “salvation ANOOTHAEVTL aor. pass. part. (subst.) dat. sing. &mooteA-
of your souls.” This is not a special part of man’s struc- Aw (# 690) to send, to send as an official authoritative
ture, but is man as a whole; it is a Jewish rather than a representative of the one sending (TDNT; NIDNTT;
Gr. or modern usage of the word (Best). @ 10 e€e¢qtn- EDNT; TLNT). exv@vpotow pres. ind. act. exidvuew
oav aor. ind. act. ex¢ntew (# 1699) to seek out. Prep. in (# 2121) to desire, to long for, to eagerly desire. The vb.
compound is intensive. e&npabvnoay aor. ind. act. &&- is fairly strong and consistent w. a longing not yet ful-
epavvaw (#2001) to search out. Prep. in compound is filled (Kelly). Pres. indicates the continual action that
intensive. “Seeking out” is the more general term, has not reached fulfillment. &yyedog (# 34) angel, heav-
“searching out” the minute and sedulous process of enly messenger, heavenly being. napaxbya aor. act.
thought and investigation which subserve the seeking inf. napaxontw (#4160) to stretch forward the head,
(Hort). The two vbs. taken together give emphatic ex- esp. through a window or door, sometimes inward,
pressing to the earnestness w. which enlightenment more often outward. When used figuratively, it com-
was sought (Beare; MH, 310). npogntevoavtes aor. act. monly implies a rapid and cursory glance. The word
part. (adj.) npopntevw (#4736) to speak for, to speak means to bend down to look and often suggests a fleet-
forth, to prophesy (TDNT; EDNT; DLNT, 670-76). ing glance; ie., “to peep,” “to catch a glimpse of”
@ 11 Epavvdvtes pres. act. part. epavvaw (#2236) to (Hort; Kelly). The main idea here rests on their intense
search. Part. of manner. tiva acc. sing. tig (#5515) interest in what has taken place and on the limitations
what? notog (# 4481) what sort of. Indef. pron. suggests of their power and knowledge (Michaels). 13 810
a definite period, almost a date to be fixed, while this (# 1475) therefore. This is the usual particle when an
word suggests the general outward circumstances to author passes from statement to inference (Selwyn).
be expected (Beare; BS, 155). For the view that the avaCwoopevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. dvatwvvupt (# 350)
words should be translated “what person or time” s. to bind up, to gather up, to gird up. The word refers to
Grudem. €6nAov impf. ind. act. now (# 1317) to make the habit of the Orientals, who quickly gather up their
clear, to make plain. Though the word is often used of loose robes w. a girdle or belt when in a hurry or at the
declarations through articulate language, it is still start of a journey because the easterners’ long flowing
more often used of any indirect kind of communication robes would impede physical activity unless tucked
(Hort). Impf. indicates continual action in the past under the belt (RWP; Best; BBC; Michaels). One worker
time. mpowaptvpopevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. tpopaptv- describes tavern keepers who worked in front of their
pout (#4626) to testify beforehand (Selwyn). ta etc taverns w. their tunics belted high (DC, 72:2). d0oba¢
Xpiotov radnpata (# 1650; 5986; 4077) the sufferings to acc. pl. ootc (# 4019) hip. Savoia (# 1379) mind. More
Christ; i.e., the sufferings in store for Christ (Kelly). It than mere intellectual faculties, the word indicates that
is quite possible that we have a reference to the words which guides and directs conduct (Best). This is a call
recorded in Luke 24:26-27 (Bigg). For a discussion of for the readers to be alert and ready in their whole spir-
the passages in 1 Peter that point to the words of Christ itual and mental attitude (Kelly). vnovtes pres. act.
and support Petrine authorship of the epistle and the part. vnow (# 3768) to be sober. In the NT the word gen-
authenticity of the gospel passages s. R.H. Gundry, erally denotes self-control and the clarity of mind
“Verba Christi’ in 1 Peter: Their Implications Concern- which goes w. it (Kelly; s. 2 Tim. 4:5; 1 Thess. 5:6).
ing the Authorship of 1 Peter and the Authenticity of tedeiws (#5458) adv., perfectly, unreservedly. The adv.
the Gospel Tradition,” NTS 13 (1967): 336-50; R.H. is best taken w. the main vb. &Antoate (Selwyn). EA-
Gundry, “Further Verba on “Verba Christi’ in 1 Peter,” Tioate aor. imp. act. EAnifw (# 1827) to hope, to set one’s
569 1 Peter 1

hope upon something. depopévny pres. pass. part. épw napoikia (# 4229) temporary residency, temporary stay.
(#5770) to carry, to bear, to bring. Pres. part. pictures The word denotes residence in a place without taking
ineprocess, “that is being brought” (RWP). Although a out or being granted citizen rights (Kelly; Hort; s. 1:1;
pres. part. can have a fut. force, it is used here in keep- TDNT; EDNT; GELTS, 360). avaotpapnte aor. imp.
ing w. the writer’s conviction that the object of their pass. avaotpedw (#418) to conduct one’s life (s.v. 15).
hope is already virtually within his readers’ grasp @ 18 e150tes perf. act. part. oid. (# 3857) to know. Def.
(Kelly). xapic (#5921) grace (TDNT; EDNT). The word perf. w. a pres. meaning. Part. may be causal. Christian
is used here concretely of the eschatological consum- reverence rests upon the knowledge of redemption,
mation (Beare). anoKkaAdwer ‘Incod Xpiotod (# 637; four aspects of which are now enumerated; (1) its cost
2652; 5986) at the revelation of Jesus Christ (s.v. 7). @ 14 in the death of Christ, (2) its transcendent origin, (3) its
braKon (#5633) obedient hearing, obedience (Brox). certification in Christ’s resurrection, (4) its fruit in the
Gen. of description, “obedient children,” a trait highly church’s faith and hope in God (Selwyn). $@aptog
valued (BBC). ovoxnpatifopevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. (#5778) subject to decay, corruptible. apybpiov (# 736)
ovoxynuatiCouor (#5372) to form together, to conform silver; here instr. dat. or dat. of means (Beare). ypvoiov
(s. Rom. 12:2). The mid. could be is a direct mid., “do (#5992) gold; instr. dat. or dat. of means. Silver and
not fashion yourselves” (RWP). Mid. could also be a gold were used as money to set slaves free (BAGD;
permissive mid., “do not allow yourselves to be fash- RWP). The price of a slave in the Roman Empire ran
ioned.” Part. is used to convey a command and con- from 700,000 to 200 sesertii (a worker in Rome could
forms to the rabbinic Heb. practice of using part. to earn 3 sesertrii a day) (ERE, 348-50, 354). eAvtpwOnte
express rules of conduct and even religious precepts aor. ind. pass. Avtpow (# 3390) to release, to procure a
(Kelly; for this use of the part. w. imp. sense s. David release by a ransom, to deliver by the payment of a
Daube in Selwyn, 467-88; GI, 165-68; MT Style, 128f; price, to redeem. For the Jews the picture of redemp-
VANT, 386). npotepov (# 4728) former, previous. &yvowm tion would be God’s deliverance from Egypt. For the
(#53) ignorance; it is a moral and religious defect, Gentiles it would be the picture of a slave whose free-
nothing less than rebellion against God (Hort; dom was purchased w. a price (Hort; Beare; TDNT;
Michaels). 8 vpia. (# 2123) strong desire, lust (TDNT; NIDNTT; GW, 70f; APC; NTW, 76-83; LAE, 319-27;
DNP, 2:542-44). @ 15 kata (# 2848) according to, prep. NTRJ, 268-84; LDC; ABD, 6:71-72; TLNT; NDIEC, 3:72-
W. acc. KaAEGavTG aor. act. part. KaAEw (# 2813) to call. 75; GELTS, 286). wataros (# 3469) vain, vanity. The idea
ayloc (# 41) separate, marked off, holy. The word indi- is that which lacks reality (Beare). avaotpopn (# 419)
cates the display of the character of God whose perfect manner of life (s.v. 15). natponapasdotoc (#4261) that
attributes separate Him from His creation (Kelly; which is passed on from fathers, inherited. 19 tiptog
NIDNTT; TDNT). Pred. adj. used in the cl., “just as the (#5508) valuable, precious, costly. dvog (# 303) lamb.
one who called you is holy.” nag (#4246) every, each. Gpwpoc (#320) blameless. Gonos (#834) spotless,
All inclusive here, referring to all aspects of life. ava- without stain. Perhaps Peter has the Passover lamb in
otpoon (# 419) conduct, active life. The word is used of mind (Hort). It was required to be without blemish.
public activity, life in relation to others. Being holy as 20 mpoeyvwouevov perf. pass. part. adj. npoyivwoxw
members of a holy people, they were to show them- (# 4589) to know beforehand, to foreknow (s. 1:2). Ka-
selves holy in every kind of dealing w. other men taporAn (#2856) foundation. Kdono¢ (#3180) world.
(Beare; Hort; BS, 194). yevn@nte aor. imp. pass. (dep.) gavepwOevtos aor. pass. part. (adj.) bavepow (# 5746) to
yivouat (# 1181) to become. Aor. may be taken as in- make clear, to make plain, to manifest. én’ oyatov TOV
gressive: began to be, become (Beare; RWP). @ 16 51011 ypovwv (# 2093; 2274; 5989) in the last times. 5’ pac
(# 1484) therefore. yeypanto1 perf. ind. pass. ypapw (# 1328; 5148) because of you, for your sake. @ 21 éyet-
(#1211) to write. Perf. emphasizes the continuing re- pavta aor. act. part. (adj.) eyeipw (# 1586) to raise up.
sults, “it stands written.” The word was used of legal Aor. points to a specific act that is complete. 50vta. aor.
documents whose validity continued (MM). éoeo@e fut. act. part. 5iSwy (# 1443) to give, to grant. Wote (# 6063)
ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639) to be. The fut. here is voli- w. inf. can express intended or contemplated results
tive and is used like an imp. (RWP; BG, 94). Ott (# 4022) (Selwyn; BD, 197). Since the book deals w. the believ-
causal, because. Gylog (#41) holy. This trait of God er’s pilgrim life and persecution on earth, w. emphasis
should also characterize the believer’s life. 17 €m- on faith and eschatological hope, it is felt that this cl. is
Kadeiove pres. ind. mid. enikadew (# 2126) to call, to call a sort of climax to the whole passage (William J. Dal-
upon, to invoke, to appeal to (Selwyn). axpoowno- ton, “’So That Your Faith May also Be Your Hope,’” RH,
Anuntws (# 719) adv., impartially, without showing re- 262-74; s. esp. 272f). thy niotw dpdv Kai EAnida your
spect or favoritism, (Bigg). Kpivovto pres. act. part. faith and hope; could be taken as the subject to the inf.
(adj.) kpivw (#3212) to judge. Without the article the (“so that your faith and hope may be in God”), or the
character is stressed. Epyov (#2240) work, here deed. word €Anida, may be considered as the pred. (“so that
1 Peter 2 570

your faith may also be your hope in God”) (Dalton, born. Bpédog (# 1100) baby, infant. The word is used of
RH, 272). elvan pres. act. inf. et (# 1639) to be. Inf. is a nursing baby (Goppelt). AoyiKog (#3358) that which
used to express intended results. @ 22 hyvixotes perf. pertains to a word. There are three possible renderings
act. part. ayvitw (#49) to make pure, to purify, to of this word: (1) of the word; (2) reasonable, rational;
cleanse. In the LXX the word generally has a ceremoni- (3) spiritual (Best; TDNT; Michaels). However, it seems
al reference, but it can also have the sense of moral pu- hardly creditable that he is not also consciously refer-
rification (GELTS, 4; TDNT; EDNT). Perf. emphasizes ring back to God’s Word, about which he was so con-
the completed state or condition (Selwyn; Beare). cerned in 1:22-25 (Kelly). &50A0¢ (# 100) without deceit,
bnaxon (#5633) obedient. Dat. w. ev (# 1877) expresses pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated. The word is
sphere of the purification, or better, it is instr., giving commonly used in this sense of corn, wheat, barley, oil,
the means. GAnOeia (# 237) truth. Here obj. gen., “obe- wine, and farm products (Beare; Kelly; MM; BBC;
dient to the truth.” @iAadeArpia (# 5789) brotherly love. DLNT, 737-38). yoAa. (# 1128) milk. The many-breasted
avunoKpitoc (# 537) unhypocritical, without hypocrisy. goddesses of the heathen religions who were to sustain
ayannoate aor. imp. act. cyanaw (# 26) to love (TLNT; and nourish life were widespread in the ancient world.
TDNT). Aor. imp. calls for a specific action w. a note of The rabbis also compared the Law to milk (Goppelt;
urgency. extevic (#1757) adv., earnestly. The funda- Beare; TDNT; Montefiore, 163f; Selwyn, esp. 308; RAC,
mental idea is earnestness, zealousness (doing a thing 2:657-64). EmimoOnoate aor. imp. act. emimobew (#7730)
not lightly and perfunctorily, but, straining, as it were) to long for, to desire, to crave. Prep. in compound indi-
(Hort; TLNT). @ 23 d&vayeyevvnpevor perf. pass. part. cates intensive desire directed toward an object (s. Ps.
avayevvaw (#335) to regenerate (s.v. 3). omopa (# 5076) 42:1). avEnéfite aor. subj. pass. avénbew (# 889) to cause
seed. The contrast is between human seed that produc- to grow; pass., to grow. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express
es mortal human life and divine seed that produces purp. 3 éyevouobe aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yevouat
eternal life (Best). ¢8aptog (#5778) perishable, subject (# 1174) to taste. The ind. is used in a cond. cl. of the 1st
to decay and destruction (BAGD). &p@aptog (# 915) in- class which accepts the reality of the cond. xypnotog
corruptible (s.v. 4). (@vtog pres. act. part. Gaw (# 2409) (#5982) useful, good, gracious. 4 mpocepxopevor
to live (s.v. 3). wévovtos pres. act. part. pevw (# 3531) to pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpooepxouai (# 4665) to come to.
remain. 24 yoptos (#5965) grass. &vO0¢ (# 470) flow- Pres. part. is used because stones keep coming, one
er. €EnpavOn aor. ind. pass. Enpatvw (# 3830) to dry up; after another (Bigg). (@vta pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409)
pass., to be withered. &€€neoev aor. ind. act. exnintw to live. For the figure of a living stone s. Beare; Selwyn.
(#1738) to fall off. Aor. vividly expresses the rapid anodesoxyaouevov perf. pass. part. cnodoKxmacw
blooming and fading of herbage (Kelly). @ 25 ebayye- (#627) to reject after examination, to examine and
MoGEv aor. pass. part. evayyeritw (#2294) to proclaim deem useless. napa be@ (# 4123; 2536) by the side of
the good news. God, who looks at it, in contrast w. the rejection by men
(RWP). €xAeKxt0c (# 1723) chose, choice, select, elect (s.
1 Peter 2 1:1; Hort). Evtytog (# 1952) precious, costly, expensive,
@ 1 GmoGepevor aor. mid. (dep.) part. arotiOnr valuable, highly valued (Hort; GELTS, 155). #5 abtoi
(# 700) to put off, to put away. The part. shares the imp. Ws At@or (# 899; 6055) you also are yourselves like liv-
force of the governing vb. (Beare; s. 1:14). The word is ing stones (Kelly; Hort). (@vte¢ pres. act. part. (adj.)
applied to any kind of rejection, esp. of what is in any Caw (#2409) to live. otxodousiobe pres. ind. pass.
way connected w. the person, body, or mind, whether oixodopeéw (# 3868) to build, to erect a building. nvevpa-
clothing or hair (Hort). kaxta (#2798) wickedness. The tuK0G (# 4461) spiritual, pertaining to the Spirit; “suited
word is an all-inclusive term (Kelly). 50A0g (#1515) for the Spirit.” tepd&tevpa (#2633) priesthood. dvevey-
cunning, deceit by using trickery and treachery (LN, Kat aor. act. inf. avahepw (# 429) to bring up, to offer, to
1:759). It comes from a vb. meaning, “to catch w. bait” offer sacrifice. mvevpatixas Bvoias spiritual sacrifices.
(RWP). bnoKproig (# 5694) hypocrisy, pretense. p@0voc These are sacrifices which consist of praise and thanks-
(# 5784) envy. The vb. was used often in secular Gr. to giving, charity and mutual sharing, and which are in-
express the envy that makes one man begrudge anoth- spired by the Spirit (Kelly). evxpdoSextog (# 2347)
er something he himself desires but does not possess. acceptable. 661011 (#1484) therefore. mepiéyer
It is sadness occasioned by the thought of another’s pres. ind. act. mepiexyw (# 4321) impersonal, it is includ-
good and aggression in seeking to do harm, at least ed. The word was used in the papyri concerning a will,
through slander (NIDNTT; TLNT). xatoAaAre (# 2896) as “in the will as it stands written” (MM; Beare). PAH
speaking against someone. The vb. means “to run (# 1210) writing, Scripture. 1800 pres. imp. mid. opdaw
down,” “to disparage,” and was used by Aristophanes (#3972) to see. Imp. used to draw attention. TOLL
of a slave who blabs his master’s secrets (Selwyn; (# 5502) pres. ind. act. to lay. aKpoywviciog (# 214) lying
Bigg). 2 aptiyewntoc (#786) recently born, new- at the extreme corner. Ai8ov GKpoywviaiov foundation
o/1 1 Peter 2

stone, cornerstone, chief cornerstone, capstone. The to call. The word refers to the effective call of God. @av-
word refers either to a massive cornerstone placed at waotos (# 2515) wonderful, marvelous. The marvelous
the upper corner of the building in order to bind the light could refer to the future revelation of the glory at
walls firmly together, or to the keystone in the middle the coming of Jesus Christ (Michaels). 10 note
of an archway (Beare; TDNT). motebwv pres. act. part. (#4537) then, at that time, formerly. NAenpeévor perf.
subst. miotevw (# 4409) to believe. ob un (# 3590; 4024) pass. part. ereew (# 1796) to be merciful; pass., to obtain
not at all. The two negatives form a strong denial (M, mercy, to have mercy and pity showed upon one. Perf.
187ff). Katoroxvve7] aor. subj. pass. Kataroyvvw (# 2875) emphasizes the completed state or cond. The contrast
to put to shame. Subj. w. the double neg. O77 of the perf. w. the following aor. stresses the contrast
tun (# 5507) the honor. The honor includes their privi- between the long antecedent state and the single event
leged status here and now as well as triumph over their of conversion that ended it (Hort). &Aen@evtes aor. pass.
mocking assailants and their salvation on the last day part. creew (#1796). 11 Gyanntog (#28) verbal adj.
(Kelly). For a discussion of the grammatical difficulties loved one, beloved. napaxad® pres. ind. act. napaKa-
and various interpretations s. Hort; Michaels. muotev- Aew (#4151) to urge, to encourage, to beseech (s. Rom.
ovolv pres. act. part. miotevw (#4409) to believe; “to 12:1). m&poicosg (# 4230) alien. It denotes a man who
you who are believing.” Part. is in apposition to the lives in a foreign country (Kelly). napenidnuos (# 4215)
personal pron. bytv dat. pl. ob (# 5148) you. Dat. is per- foreigner, stranger, temporary sojourner. This word
sonal advantage or possession. &tiotodot pres. act. suggests a visitor making a brief stay (Kelly; s. 1:1). As
part. amiotevw (# 601) to be unbelieving. dredoxipacav long as we are in this world, our lives as Christians
aor. ind. act. anodoxwatw (# 627) to reject after exami- should display a certain detachment (Stibbs). ané-
nation (s.v. 4). owxoSopobvtes pres. act. part. oicodSouew xeo8a1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. ameyouor (# 600) to hold
(# 3868) to build. Subst. part., “the builders.” eyevnen oneself away from, to abstain. Inf. in indir. disc. after
aor. ind. pass. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become. ywvia the main vb. The obj. of the vb. is in gen., indicating
(#1224) corner. 8 mpookopya (#4682) stumbling. what one is not to indulge in (Beare). capKixos (# 4920)
The stone of stumbling is the loose stone lying in the fleshly, that which pertains to the flesh; i.e., the impuls-
way against which the traveler strikes his foot (Hort). es belonging to the selfish and lower side of human na-
MPOOKONTOVOLV pres. ind. act. tpocKoNtw (# 4684) to cut ture (Selwyn). For the significance of the suf. s. MH,
against, to stumble. &nevotvtes pres. act. part. ameWew 378f. En1Ovpia. (# 2123) strong desire, lust. otpatevovtat
(#578) to disobey. The word carries a strong sense of pres. ind. mid. (dep.) otpatevoua (#5129) to fight, to
refusal to believe (Kelly). eg 6 (#1650; 4005) unto carry on a military campaign, to wage war. Pres. em-
which. ete8noay aor. ind. pass. tint (# 5502) to place, phasizes the continual warfare. 12 d&vaotpopn
to put, to appoint. @ 9 yéevog (# 1169) generation, race. (# 419) manner of life, conduct, behavior (s. 1:15). 0ve-
Baoiretoc (#994) kingly, royal. The word could be ow pl. e0voc (#1620) nation; pl. heathen-those who
taken as an adj. modifying tepa&tevpa, or it can be taken have no knowledge of the true God, Gentiles. EXOVTES
as a substantive, either w. the meaning royal house, pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. Pres. indicates the
palace, or a group of kings (Best; Kelly; Goppelt; J.H. continual possession and could have an imp. force
Elliott, The Elect and Holy. An Exegetical Examination of I (Beare). KatoAMAODOIV pres. ind. act. Katararew
Peter 2:4-10 [Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1966]). epatevpa (# 2633) (# 2895) to speak evil of (Hort). kaxonoudg (# 2804) evil-
priesthood (E. Best, “Spiritual Sacrifice: General Priest- doer. It denotes the doing of mischief or injury, either to
hood in the New Testament,” Interp. 14 [1960]: 273-99). a specific person or object, or else absolutely. It is a
TEpimoinoic (#4348) possession, private possession wicked man who does evil in such a way that he is lia-
(TLNT; GELTS, 371) . apetas acc. pl. apetn (# 746) vir- ble for punishment from the magistrate (Hort; Bigg).
tue, the ability to do heroic deeds. When the word is ENONTEVOVTEG pres. act. part. Enontevw (#2227) to look
applied to deity it does not denote virtues or intrinsic upon, to observe, to be a spectator, to view carefully, to
qualities, but the manifestations of divine power; Le., watch over a period of time. Pres. indicates a longer pe-
His mighty and glorious deeds, the virtue needed riod of time and includes the observer’s memory and
when virtue was called for (TDNT; Goppelt; Kelly; reflection upon the deeds. The thought is of spiritual
Hort; Beare; BS, 95f; MM; NDIEC, 4:67-69; PIGC, 1:1-2). insight to be gained in the future, through the influence
bEayyetAnte aor. subj. act. e&ayyerdw (# 1972) to tell out, of the good works (RWP; Selwyn; Beare). Part. could be
to tell forth. The word often has the additional force of temp. (“when”) or causal (“because they observe”).
declaring things unknown (Hort). In the LXX the word SoEGowo aor. subj. act. 0&6w (# 1519) to hold a high
is used w. the sense of cultic proclamation, or the re- opinion of, to glorify. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) is used to ex-
hearsal in adoring language of God’s righteousness press purp. €mioxonn (#2175) visitation. The word is
and praises (Kelly). Subj. w. Onwg (# 3968) to express used in the OT either in the sense of visit, or a visitation
purp. KaA€oavtos aor. act. part. (subst.) karew (# 2813) for blessing (GELTS, 175); here, however, the visitation
1 Peter 2 1S, t

must be one of judgment (Hort; Best). @ 13 bxotaynte w. imp. force. Kaxia (#2798) evil. Obj. gen. here, indi-
aor. imp. pass. vtotaGow (# 5718) to be in subjection, to cating that which is covered up. &Aev@epta (# 1800)
submit oneself, to be subject to. The believer is to sub- freedom, liberty. 6e0d SodA01 slaves to God. A freedman
mit to civil authority (DLNT, 230-33). avépwmivog could become the slave of the one freeing him (DLNT,
(# 474) human, that which is made by human beings, 1086-87). @ 17 tTynoate aor. imp. act. Twwaw (# 5506) to
that which proceeds from men. For the suf. of the word honor. Const. aor. denotes the total action w. special
s. MH, 378f. xttoig (# 3232) creation, institution. The emphasis on carrying it to its final point (RWP; VANT,
word may refer to institutions men have created (Best), 375-77), but it may be better to view the aor. imp. as ex-
or to creation by God, w. the previous adj. having the pressing a more urgent and authoritative force than the
force “among man,” so that the phrase means, “to pres. (VANT, 374-75; Hort). adeAgotn¢ (# 82) brother-
every (divine) institution among men” (Hort). 81a tov hood. The word has the concrete sense of a band of
Kvptov because of the Lord, for the Lord’s sake (Kelly). brothers (Hort; RAC, 2:631-40; TDNT; NIDNTT; DC,
Baowet dat. sing. Bacttev¢ (#995) king, emperor 38:15; NW, 2, ii:1357). @yamGte pres. imp. act. dyaraw
(Beare). bmepeyovti pres. act. part. Dmepexw (#5660) to (#26) to love. doBetoBe pres. imp. mid. (dep.) doBeowar
send out above, to have it over, to be supreme. The (# 5828) to fear, to be afraid. tte pres. imp. act. TUAW
word refers to the head of public administration, not (# 5506) to honor. Pres. imp. calls for a continual atti-
deity (Beare). 14 Nyeyoow dat. pl. nyewwv (# 2450) tude. @ 18 oixetat voc. pl. oixetn¢ (# 3860) household
governor. The word has various applications but was servant. The word denotes household slaves, many of
specially applied about this time to governors of prov- whom might be well-educated and hold responsible
inces, or proconsuls, whether appointed by the emper- positions in their households (Best; Goppelt; s.Philem-
or or the senate (Hort; Best; BBC). meymopevotg pres. on). The nom. w. the article is used as a voc. (Beare; M,
Pass. part. meumw (# 4287) to send. Gnomic pres. stating 70). brotaAooOEvo: pres. mid. (dep.) part. LrOTaCOW
a general truth. exSixnoic (# 1689) punishment, legal (#5718) to submit. Part. is used as an imp. (Selwyn;
punishment, avenging (Bigg). kaxomoWv (# 2804) evil- Daube in Selwyn, 467-88). navti (# 4246) used w. o0Bo
doer (s.v. 12). obj. gen., “punishment for evildoers.” (#5832) in all fear. Not fear of the masters to whom
Emaivoc (# 2047) praise. Governors demanded order in they are subject, but fear of God. It is the spirit of rev-
the home because many thought that the house is like erence toward Him that induces respect and faithful-
a small city, and insubordination in one led to insubor- ness to duty in the sphere of human relationships
dination in the other (Balch, 94). wya@oroids (# 18) (Beare). Seonotns (# 1305) master, ruler, one who has
doing good, upright, one who does right as opposed to complete authority. metxeow dat. pl. emieucne (# 2117)
an evildoer (BAGD). Here, obj. gen., “praise for those mild, gentle (s. Phil. 4:5). «at (#2779) even. oxoA10¢
who do good.” 15 &ya@onoobvtas pres. act. part. (#5021) bent, crooked, severe, hard to deal w., harsh
ayaboro1ew (# 18) to do good, to do right. Part. further (Kelly; Selwyn; Phil. 2:15). 19 yapig (#5921) grace,
defines the will of God and gives the manner or means thanks, excellence. The word is used here in the sense
“by showing yourselves to be good subjects,” “by ac- of that which is admirable, enhancing the esteem in
tive beneficence” (Beare). dyodv pres. act. inf. drow which those who display it are held (Beare; TDNT).
(# 5821) to muzzle, to put to silence, to gag, to restrain ovvetSnoic (#5287) conscience (s. Rom. 2:15; RAC,
(Hort). Epex. inf. explaining the will of God. &pev 10:1025-107). brogeper pres. ind. act. Drodepw (#5722)
(# 933) foolish, without reason, those who are senseless to bear up under, to endure, to put up w. (Kelly; Gop-
in what they are prone to say about Christianity pelt). Abmag acc. pl. AUT (#3383) pain, sorrow. RaTYWV
(Stibbs). Here, gen. of description. &yvwota (# 57) igno- pres. act. part. tacyw (#4248) to suffer. Part. could be
rant. The word suggests culpable ignorance rather temp. Mere endurance is no cause for pride. Slaves,
than mere lack of knowledge (Best). @ 16 EXevOepog like school boys, sometimes vied w. one another in the
(#1801) free, freedman. To describe the ideal life in ability to endure corporal punishment without flinch-
terms of freedom meant much for the ancient world ing. If the beating is deserved, there is no glory in bear-
because of its clear distinction between the slave and ing it; but to show patience in the face of injustice is
free man. The freedman could live with the family of true evidence of Christian character (Beare). adixw¢
the one freeing him, take the family name, and even re- (# 97) adv., unjustly. @ 20 motog (# 4481) what kind of,
ceive his part of the inheritance, but he was always in- what sort of. KA€0¢ (# 3094) reputation, prestige, glory,
debted to the one freeing him and was to always show credit (Kelly; Selwyn). Gwaptavovtes pres. act. part.
respect (Best; LLAR, 114-15; ABD, 2:855-59; DPL, 881; (temp.) Quaptavw (#279) to sin, to do wrong (Bigg).
A.M. Duff, Freedmen in the Early Roman Empire, Oxford, KoAapifouevor pres. pass. part. Kodaditw (#3139) to
1928). énixdAvppa (# 2127) that which covers over, veil, strike w. the fist, to beat, to treat roughly. Since the
cloak. Here it signifies “pretext” (Hort). Eyovtes pres. word was used of Christ and His suffering (s. Matt.
act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. Circum. part., perhaps 26:67; Mark 14:65), Peter may be comparing the beating
573 1 Peter 3

of a slave to the suffering Christ endured (Selwyn, @ 24 abt0g (#899) himself. GviveyKey aor. ind. act.
Schelkle; TDNT). Temp. or circum. part. bnopeveite fut. avaepw (# 429) to bear up, to bear away. Peter stresses
ind. act. bropevw (#5702) to endure, to patiently en- the redemptive significance of Jesus’ death by his use
dure. &yaBonowbvtes pres. act. part. Gyobororew (# 16) of OT sacrificial language (Best; Selwyn). EbAov
to do good, to do that which is right. m&ayovtes pres. (# 3833) wood, tree. This is referring to His death on
act. part. maoxw (#4248) to suffer. Both temp. parts, the cross (TDNT; Gal. 3:13). Gmoyevoyevor aor. mid.
Pres. indicates an action in progress. 21 tovt0 (dep.) part. anoyivoyas (# 614) to get away from, to die,
(# 4047) this; i.e., the patient and cheerful endurance of to depart. The word is followed by the dat. of reference;
maltreatment when you least deserve it (Kelly). €xAn- i.e., to die in reference to sin (Selwyn; RWP). Chowpev
Onte aor. ind. pass. kakew (# 2813) to call. The divine aor. subj. act. Gow (# 2409) to live. podwm dat. sing. yo-
pass. indicates that it is God who calls. In calling us “to Mwy (# 3698) whelp, bruise, wound caused by blows.
his eternal glory” (5:10), “out of darkness into his mar- The word denotes the welt or discolored swelling left
velous light” (2:9), God also calls us to the exercise of by a blow from a fist or whip. The word strictly means
this patient endurance of suffering that we have done a cut that bleeds; he thinks here of the lashing that
nothing to deserve. In this very respect, Christ has draws blood (BAGD; Kelly; Beare). Instr. dat. a@nte
given us a model of Christian conduct (Beare). émaSev aor. ind. pass. aoa (# 2615) to heal. Peter, like Isaiah,
aor. ind. act. naoyw (#4248) to suffer. bnoAwndvoy uses physical healing as a metaphor for religious con-
pres. act. part. bnoAnavw (#5701) to leave behind. version; s. v.25 (Michaels). @ 25 tte impf. ind. act. et
vnoypayy.og (# 5681) copy, example. The word is used in (# 1639) to be. npoBatov (# 4585) sheep, echoing per-
2 Macc. 2:28 of the outlines of a sketch the artist fills in haps Isa. 53:6. mAavayevor pres. pass. (dep.) part.
w. detail. It is also used as the model of handwriting to travaw (#4414) to wander, to wander away, to go
be copied by the school boy, then fig. of a model of con- astray. Part. is used in periphrastic construction em-
duct for imitation (Bigg; Beare). enaxoAovOnonte aor. phasizing the continual action in the past: “you were
subj. act. emaxoAovbew (# 2051) to follow after, to follow going astray” (Beare). eneotpapnte aor. ind. pass. eni-
upon, to follow closely (RWP). Subj. w. tva. (#2671) is otpepw (# 2188) to turn, to return. nmoweva. acc. sing.
used to express purp. (RWP). or the cl. is epex. explain- nowny (#4478) shepherd (TDNT). enioxonog (# 2176)
ing the pattern or example (Beare). tyveow dat. pl. tyvoc overseer, guardian, bishop (Best; Kelly; TDNT;
(#2717) footprint. In the pl. it means the line of foot- NIDNTT; DLNT, 224-25; 1 Tim. 3:1). The word inter-
prints. To follow a man’s footprints is to move in the di- prets the metaphor of shepherd, combining the ideas of
rection he is going (Kelly). 22 dpaptio. (#281) sin. God's close and tireless scrutiny of the human heart w.
émoinoev aor. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to do. The phrase the protecting care of His people (Michaels).
Gpoptiayv enotnoev (“to do sin”) means to sin. ebpéOn
aor. ind. pass. evpioxw (# 2351) to find. 60d0¢ deceit (s.v. 1 Peter 3
1). otoya (#5125) mouth. 23 Ao1S0povpeEvos @ 1 Opoiws (# 3931) adv., likewise, in like manner,
pres. pass. part. orvsopew (# 3366) to abuse, to revile, to referring to the passage on slaves. brotacoopeva pres.
use vile and abusive language against someone, to mid. (dep.) part. bnotacooua1 (# 5718) to be in subjec-
heap abuse upon someone, to insult (TLNT; TDNT; T; tion, to subject oneself. Circum. part. as imp. (s. 1:14;
GELTS, 284). Pres. part. indicates something done over Balch, 97-98). Submission of wives to their husbands
and over. Part. could be concessive (“although he was should be viewed in the light of the society of that day,
repeatedly being ridiculed”), or it could be temp. esp. in the light of the wild activities of women in the
(“while he was continually being ridiculed”). dvte- worship of Dionysus (Lat. Bacchus) and Isis (Balch, 63-
Aovsoper impf. ind. act. avtiAodopew (# 518) to return 80; DDD, 855-60; NP, 3:651-64). 18vog (# 2625) one’s
abuse, to give back abusive language in return. For the own. avépaoiv dat. pl. avnp (#467) husband. Alex-
prep. in compound indicating reciprocal action s. MH, ander the Great told his mother that it is proper for the
297. Impf. is used for repeated incidence (RWP). wife to be submissive to her own husband; and Plutar-
TAOXWV pres. act. part. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer. Nether ch says that wives are to subordinate themselves, and
impf. ind. act. anethw (# 580) to threaten. Impf. is either the man is to exercise control “as the soul controls the
inchoative (“he did not begin to threaten”) or iterative, body, by entering into her feelings and being knit to her
emphasizing the repeated action (RWP). napedibov through goodwill” (Balch, 98-99; s. Col. 3:18). iva
impf. ind. act. napaéiéwpt (# 4140) to deliver over, to (# 2671) w. fut. (BD, 186-87). aneWodovv pres. ind. act.
give over to, to entrust, to commit. Kpivovtt pres. act. anebew (#578) to be disobedient, to disobey (s. 2:8).
part. xpivw (#3212) to judge. Sikatws (#1469) adv., The ind. is used in a Ist. class cond. cl. assuming the re-
righteously, according to justice. Christ accepted with- ality of the cond. This reference to pagan husbands
out rebellion the unjust treatment meted out to Him, should be understood against the social background in
confident of vindication before God _ (Beare). which a wife was expected to accept the customs and
1 Peter 3 574

religious rites of her husband (Balch, 99). avaotpoon band (Balch, 103). bxnKovoEv aor. ind. act. DraKODW
(#419) conduct, behavior; proper relations w. associ- (# 5634) to listen to, to obey. kaAodoa. pres. act. part. Ka-
ates (Balch, 100; BBC; s. 1:15; Tal Ilan, Jewish Women in Aew (#2813) to call. Temp. part. (“when she called
Greco-Roman Palestine, [Tibingen: J. C. B. Mohr: 1994], him”), but it also gives an explanation of her obedi-
59-61, 128-29; Tal Ilan, “How Women Differed,” BAR ence. For the example of Sarah calling Abraham lord in
24 [1998]: 38-39, 68). dvev (#459) w. gen., without. Jewish lit. s. Balch, 103-5; Michaels. &yevnOnte aor. ind.
There is a play on the word Aoyos. The wives are to re- pass. (dep.) yivoyat (# 1181) to become. The vb. yivopat
main silent—“without a word”-so that the husbands insinuates that they were formerly pagans (Kelly). Aor.
disobedient to “the word” may be converted (Balch, points to a one-time act (Goppelt). wya@onotodoat pres.
99). KepdnOjoovtar fut. ind. pass. KepSew (# 3045) to act. part. aya8onoiew (#16) to do good. doPobpevar
win, to gain. Here the vb. means to win over to a point pres. mid. (dep.) part. poPeowor (# 5828) to be afraid, to
of view (Selwyn; TDNT; Goppelt; David Daube, “Kep- have fear. Parts. provide proof that they have become
daivw as a Missionary Term,” HTR 40 [1947]: 109-20; Sarah’s children, “in that you do good and are not a
Balch, 99-100). @ 2 Emontevoavtes aor. act. part. prey to terror” (Beare; Goppelt). mtonoic (#4766)
emnontevw (#2227) to look at, to observe (s. 2:12). Temp. frightening, terrifying. The word means fluttering, ex-
or causal part. &yvqv acc. sing. ayvog (#54) pure, clean, citement, perturbation of spirit caused by any passion,
chaste. Here it indicates the irreproachable conduct of but more esp. by fear (Bigg). The acc. seems to be used
the wife (Kelly). 3 €otw pres. imp. act. et (#1639) as a cognate acc. (Beare). Wives must fear God and not
to be. EEwOev (# 2033) outward. eundoxn (# 1862) plait- be terrified of those in house or city who oppose their
ed, braiding. tpiy@v gen. pl. Opis, tpiyoc (# 2582) hair. faith (Balch, 105). 7 ovvoixotvtes pres. act. part.
The braiding of the hair, along with bright clothes, was ovvoiKkew (# 5324) to live together. Part. used as an imp.
important in the cult of Artemis of Ephesus and the (Selwyn). [email protected] (#1194) understanding. Here it
cult of Isis (Balch, 101-2). mepi@eorg (# 4324) placing means Christian insight and tact, a conscious sensitiv-
around, wearing. ypvotov (#5992) gold, gold jewelry. ity to God’s will (Kelly; Beare). co@eveotépw comp.
For references of writers in the ancient world who also aod_evns (# 822) weak; comp., weaker. Here it may be
spoke against the superficial preoccupation of women weaker in the physical sense (Selwyn; Best; Beare;
w. dress, jewelry, etc., s. Kelly; Goppelt; Selwyn, 432-39; BBC). oxedoc (# 5007) vessel, jar, instrument. The word
Balch, 101f. évévo1g (#1906) putting on. weatiov may refer to the physical body (Selwyn; Schelkle). Dat.
(# 2668) garment, clothes. 4 kpumtdg (#3220) hid- here could be the obj. of the part. ovvotxotvtec or be
den. &8aptog (# 915) incorruptible (s. 1:4). mpaéws gen. taken w. the part. amovepovtes (Michaels). yuvaiKeios
sing. mpaic (# 4558) meek, gentle, controlled strength. (# 1221) female, woman. The n. adj. is used w. the arti-
The word refers to the humble and gentle attitude that cle to denote an abstract noun (Selwyn). &movepovtes
expresses itself in a patient submissiveness; it could be pres. act. part. amoveuw (#671) to assign, to show, to
used in the context of a meek and quiet spirit as a re- pay respect. Used here in the sense of showing honor
sponse to slander (Balch, 102-3; s. Matt. 5:5; Gal. 5:23). to someone (BAGD). Used in the papyri in the sense of
novyios (# 2485) quiet. nvebwa (#4460) spirit, disposi- rendering one his dues, or showing gratitude (MM;
tion (Selwyn). Here gen. of definition (Beare). €vwmiov NDIEC, 1:61-62; Preisigke, 1:190). Josephus uses the
TOD Beod (# 1967; 2536) in the presence of God. This word to describe the honors Titus paid his troops after
stands in sharp contrast to the normal human experi- the destruction of Jerusalem (Jos., JW, 7:15; for other
ence. moAvteAns (#4500) very valuable, costly. # 5 ov- uses in Josephus s. CCFJ, 1:201). ovykAnpovowoc
tws (#4048) so, thus, in this way. note (# 4537) at that (#5169) fellow heir, joint heir; followed by the obj.
time, formerly. @&yva1 nom. pl. aytoc (# 41) holy. ednifov- gen., “fellow heirs of the grace of life,” i.e., God’s gra-
oat pres. act. part. (adj.) nom. fem. pl. eAnigw (# 1827) cious gift of eternal life (Bigg). &ykonteoBa1 pres. pass.
to hope. €xdopovv impf. ind. act. koopew (# 3175) to put inf. €ykontw (# 1601) to cut in on, to hinder (s. Gal. 5:7;
in order, to adorn. Here it refers to the correctness of a 1 Thess. 2:18; TDNT; NIDNTT). Articular inf. w. the
well-fitted garment, in no way outlandish or provoca- prep. et¢ (#1650) to express purp. (RWP). npooevyac
tive. Christian women should dress themselves in acc. pl. mpocevyn (# 4666) prayer. @ 8 tO téAOG (# 5465)
good taste, appropriately (TLNT, 2:322; Col 3:18). For used adverbially, finally. In this adverbial sense the
clothing in the ancient world s. ABD, 2: 235-38. Impf. word always seems to introduce a fresh point, not sim-
indicates customary action, “they used to adorn them- ply summarize what has gone before. Here it affects
selves” (RWP). bxotaccopevar pres. mid. (dep.) part. the transition from specific ethical duties to a general
vrotaoooual (#5718) to submit. Part. of manner indi- statement of Christian character (Selwyn). Oy0opwv
cating how they adorned themselves. 6 Zappa (# 3939) like-minded; i.e., of that inward unity of atti-
(#4925) Sarah. Sarah is used as an example of this tude in spiritual things which make schism unthink-
adorning w. a quiet spirit and of submission to her hus- able (Beare); peace in all relations at home (BBC).
575 1 Peter 3

ovpnaens (#5218) full of sympathy, sharing in feeling. this statement and 1 Peter 4:12ff, and no evidence that
The word denoted a readiness to enter into and share the letter should be divided into different writings. For
the feelings of others and to unite alike in sorrow and arguments against viewing 1 Peter 4:12ff as a separate
in joy (Kelly; Beare). pid5eXb0¢6 (# 5790) love of broth- writing s. Kelly. paxdpiog (# 3421) happy, blessed, for-
er, brotherly love. evomdayyvog (#2359) compassion- tunate (TDNT; BAGD; NIDNTT). doBn67te aor. subj.
ate, compassionate tenderness (s. Eph. 4:32; TDNT; pass. (dep.) poBeouat (# 5828) to be afraid, to fear. Subj.
MNTW, 156f). tanewogpwv (#5426) humble minded (s. w. the neg. un (# 3590) used to form a prohibition. ta-
Phil.2:3; TONE TUNT): @ 9 amodid50vtes pres. act. paxyO7te aor. subj. pass. tapaoow (#5429) to shake, to
part. arodidwut (#625) to give back, to pay back. Part. disturb, to trouble. 15 ayiaoate aor. imp. act. ayiacw
is used as an imp. Aowopia Gi 3367) railing, abuse, in- (# 39) to sanctify; to venerate and adore Him, thus dis-
sult. tobvavtiov (# 5539)= 10 evavtiov on the contrary pelling all fear of man (Beare). étoysog (# 2289) ready,
(RWP). evAoyodvtes pres. act. part. EvAoyew (# 2328) to prepared. det (# 107) always. amodoyia (# 665) defense.
bless. Part. of manner. exAn@nte aor. ind. pass. KaAEw The word was often used of the argument for the de-
(# 2813) to call (s. 2:21). Const. aor. w. the emphasis on fense in a court of a law, and though the word may
the event and no reference to time. ei¢ todto (# 1650; have the idea of a judicial interrogation in which one is
4047) for, unto this. It could refer to the previous con- called to answer for the manner in which he has exer-
text, or look forward to the inheritance of a blessing cised his responsibility (Beare), the word can also mean
(Davids). KAnpovounonte aor. subj. act. KAnpovowew an informal explanation or defense of one’s position.
(# 3099) to inherit. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) to express purp. The word would aptly describe giving an answer to the
The idea here is of an inheritance as a free gift that skeptical, abusive, or derisive inquiries of ill-disposed
comes, unmerited, to the recipient (Kelly). 10 6&Awv neighbors (Kelly). aitobdvtt pres. act. part. aitéw (# 160)
pres. act. part. (subst.) 6¢Aw (# 2527) to desire to, w. inf. to ask. Pres. would be iterative, “every time someone
ayanGv aor. act. inf. cyandw (# 26) to love. eiv aor. act. asks.” Part. as subst., “the one asking.” A0yog (# 3364)
inf. opaw (#3972) to see. Compl. inf. to the preceding account, a rational account of (Selwyn). éAnidog gen.
part. mavoctw aor. imp. act. tavw (# 4264) to cease, to sing. ents (#1828) hope (EH). In this letter hope is
stop. Here, to keep the tongue from evil (BAGD). For used almost as an equivalent for faith (s. 1:21; Best).
the change from the 2nd. pers. imp. of the LXX to the @16GAAG (#247) but, however. npaitng (#4559)
3rd. pers. s. Selwyn. A@AToo aor. act. inf. Aarew meekness, gentleness. ovvetdnoig (#5287) conscience.
(# 3281) to speak. Compl. inf. to the preceding vb. 60A0¢ €yovtEs pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. Pres. can
(#1515) deceit (s. 2:1). 11 €xxAtvatw aor. imp. act. mean to possess, to maintain. Part. is used as an imp.
3rd. pers. sing. exkAivw (#1712) to turn from, to turn (Beare). KatoAaAeloBe pres. ind. pass. Katadahew
away from. moinoatw aor. imp. act. mo1ew (# 4472) to do. (# 2895) to speak evil against. Pres. could be iterat., in-
Cntnoatw aor. imp. act. Cntew (# 2426) to seek. SiwEatw dicating an action that occurred repeatedly: “every
aor. imp. act. 5iwxw (#1503) to hunt, to pursue. The time you are slandered.” Kato1oxvvO@oiv aor. subj.
words enjoin the same active and persistent effort on pass. kataioyvvw (#2875) to put to shame. Perhaps
behalf of peace as enjoined iin the beatitude iin Matt. 5:9 Peter was thinking of his personal experience at Pente-
(Selwyn). @ 12 og8aAp0¢ (# 4057) eye. @ta nom. pl. ov cost, when the Jews first scoffed but then were pierced
(# 4044) ear. S&noig (# 1255) request, prayer. novodvtac to the heart (Acts 2:13, 37) (Hort). Subj. w. tva (# 2671)
pres. act. part. novew (# 4472) to do. Pres. emphasizes in a purp. cl. emnpedfovtes pres. act. part. ennpectw
the continual doing of something. Subst. part. without (# 2092) to threaten, to mistreat, to abuse, to insult, to
the art. stresses the character. @ 13 kat (# 2779) besides. treat wrongfully, to deal despitefully w. someone. For
After the quotation from Psalm 34, the resumption is examples from the papyri s. MM. a&vaotpoon (# 419) be-
rapid and effects a swift and easy entrance into the new havior, conduct (s. 1:15). 417 «xpeittov (#3202) n.
theme (Selwyn). kaxwowv fut. act. part. (subst.) kakow comp. aya00¢g good; comp., better. wyabonovotvtac
(# 2805) to do evil to someone, to harm someone. The pres. act. part. cya@onovew (# 16) to do good. Part. is acc.
fut. part. has the idea, “who is going to harm you?” pl., agreeing w. the subj. of the inf.; and causal, giving
(Kelly). €nAwtnyg (#2421) zealot, enthusiast, one who the reason for suffering. @€A01 pres. opt. act. bérw
exercises zeal for an object (Selwyn; Best; DJG, 696-97). (# 2527) to desire. Opt. is used in a 4th class cond. cl.
yevnove aor. subj. mid. (dep.) yivopor (#1181) to be- (s.v. 14). maoyxet pres. act. inf. ra0xw (# 4248) to suffer.
come. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which Compl. inf. to main vb. Kkaxonovodvtas pres. act. part.
views the cond. as possible. @ 14 ndoyoute pres. opt. (causal) kaxonovew (# 2803) to do evil, to do wrong. For
act. naoyw (#4248) to suffer. The opt. is used in a cond. interpretation of this v. as referring to eschatological
of the 4th class to imply that there is no certainty of ful- judgment s. J.R. Michaels, “Eschatology in 1 Peter
fillment of the condition, “if perchance” (RWP; Best; 3:17,” NTS 13 [1967]: 394-401. @ 18 6t1 kai Xprotos be-
BD, 195; BG, 111). There is no contradiction between cause Christ also. This introduces a new application of
1 Peter 4 576

the imitation of Christ-we pass from the patient Christ son is affirming willingness to share in the known ex-
to the victorious Christ (Selwyn). ané8avev aor. ind. act. perience of baptized persons-suffering and treatment
anoOvnokw (#633) to die. For the variant reading w. suspicion and hostility. This indicates that the main
émadev aor. ind. act. naoyw (# 4248) to suffer s. TC, 692f; theme of 1 Peter is not baptism, but rather suffering
Selwyn; Kelly; Goppelt. mpooayayn aor. subj. act. mpoo- (David Hill, “On Suffering and Baptism in 1 Peter,”
bepw (# 4642) to lead or bring to, to introduce, to pro- Nov T 17 [1976]: 181-89; for those who attempt to make
vide access for, to bring about a right relationship. Subj. this v. the key to 1 Peter and view the book as a baptis-
w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp. or result. The word had mal instructional sermon s. Oscar S. Brooks, “I Peter
various usages. It could denote the bringing of a person 3:21-The Clue to the Literary Structure of the Epistle,”
before a tribunal or presenting him at a royal court; it Nov T 16 [1974]: 290-305; for Jewish parallels related to
also denoted the ritual act of bringing a sacrifice to God baptismal catechism for Jewish proselytes s. NTRJ, 106-
or the consecration of persons to God's service (Kelly; 40). dnOBeo1g (# 629) putting off, putting away. pdnoc
TDNT; Eph. 2:18). @avatwOeic aor. pass. part. (circum.) (# 4866) filth, dirt. eneputnwa (# 2090) question, inquiry,
Bavatow (#2506) to put to death. oapxi dat. sing. cape pledge, declaration of commitment. In the papyri there
(#4922) flesh. The expression refers to the reality of is evidence that this word was a t.t. in making a con-
Christ’s physical death; the dat. is dat of reference (Sel- tract, denoting the pledge or undertaking given by one
wyn). GworoinOeic aor. pass. part. Cwonorew (# 2443) to of the parties in answer to formal questions. The word
make alive. The expression “in reference to spirit” then implies the registering of agreement to conditions
could refer either to the Holy Spirit or to the spirit of or demands. Baptism is a response or commitment to
Christ (Best). @ 19 év @ (# 1877; 4005) in which. The rel. God (DLNT, 117-19). Here the pledge is an assent to
pron. could refer to the word mvevpatt or it can refer to certain conditions; it may imply a confession of faith as
the state or circumstances (Selwyn, 315f; Reicke, 138; well as the willingness to accept the new duties (David
Best). @vAaKT (#5871) prison. nvedpa (# 4460) spirit. Hill, NovT 17, 187f; Reicke; Kelly; Michaels; TLNT;
For a discussion of the identity s. DLNT, 1118-19. nopev- MM; Preisigke, 1:538). 8 d&vaotacews (# 1328; 414)
Getic aor. pass. (dep.) part. mopevouat (# 4513) to go. exn- through the resurrection. Baptism is a symbolic picture
pvéev aor. ind. act. knpvoow (#3062) to proclaim, to of the resurrection of Christ as well as our own spiritual
preach. For various discussions and literature on this renewal (RWP). @ 22 de&o¢ (#1288) right hand. For
difficult passage s. Goppelt; Best; Selwyn, 314-62; Sher- the meaning of being on the right hand s. Eph. 1:20.
man E. Johnson, “The Preaching to the Dead,” JBL 79 TopevOeic aor. pass. (dep.) part. nopevopnar (# 4513) to
[1960]: 48-51; Bo Reicke, The Disobedient Spirit and Chris- go. Temp. part., “after he went.” bnotayévtwv aor. pass.
tian Baptism (Copenhagen, 1946); W.J. Dalton, Christ's part. (circum.) vmotacow (#5718) to subject, to be in
Proclamation to the Spirits (Rome, 1965); Michaels; subjection, w. dat. Gen abs. ayyéAwv Kai EEovoi@v Kai
Davids; Brox; Grudem. 20 &revnoaov aor. act. part. dvvepewv angels and authorities and powers. The des-
anetdew (#578) to be disobedient (s. 2:8). ameked5exeT0 ignations embrace all ranks of spiritual beings (Beare;
impf. ind. mid. (dep.) anexdexoua1 (# 587) to earnestly TDNT).
and eagerly await w. expectancy, to wait out the time
(Beare; Gal. 5:5). paxpo@upia (# 3429) longsuffering, pa- 1 Peter 4
tience (s. Rom. 2:4; Gal. 5:22). kataoxevatopevns pres. @ 1 ovv (#4036) therefore. This word introduces
pass. part. (temp.) katacKkevatw (# 2941) to make ready, the main lesson to be drawn from 3:18-22 (Bigg). ma6ov-
to build, to construct. Gen. abs. Pres. expressing con- TOG aor. act. part. taoxw (# 4248) to suffer. Gen. abs., cir-
temporaneous time. Kipwt0¢ (# 3066) box, ark. 5e0w0n- cum. or temp. Evvoww (#1936) thought, principle,
oay aor. ind. pass. d:a0ww (# 1407) to save through, to counsel, mind, resolve. The principle of thought and
bring safe through (RWP; Acts 27:43). &V téatoc feeling here referred to is the dying life voluntarily ac-
(# 1328; 5623) through water. Prep. could be taken in a cepted and put on as armor, and finding expression in
local sense—"they were brought to safety by passing the meek and courageous pursuit of the spiritual life
through water’—or it could be taken in an instr. sense (Selwyn; Bigg). For the philosophical meaning of the
(Kelly). @ 21 avtitunos (# 531) antitype, n. adj. used as word s. GPT 57. onAtoaobe aor. imp. mid. (dep.) 6m iCo-
a noun (Goppelt). The word connotes the exactness of wot (# 3959) to arm oneself w. weapons. The idea of the
correspondence between the stamp and the die (Sew- word is, “put on as your armor” (Selwyn), “arm your-
lyn; MM; Heb. 9:24). ower pres. ind. act. oww (# 5392) selves w. the same insight” (Goppelt). ma@v aor. act.
to save, to rescue. The saving by baptism Peter men- part. maoyw (#4248) to suffer. Part. used here as a
tions here is symbolic not actual, as Peter hastens to ex- noun, “the one who has suffered.” For a discussion of
plain (RWP). Baptism is the occasion and sign of this as a reference to Christ s. Michaels. nenavtan perf.
transition from an old way of life to another that is ind. mid. (dep.) mavouar (# 4264) to cease. The word
marked by a new ethic. In accepting baptism the per- seem to have been a proverbial expression related to
577 1 Peter 4

Romans 6:7 w. the suffering taken to mean dying in the together. The metaphor suggests joining in a mad race
sense of dying to sin (Best; Beare; Stibbs). Perf. stresses (Beare). Gen. abs. describes that which is considered to
the cond. or state. @ 2 €1¢ tO in order that. The words be thought strange. dowtia (#861) wasteful, riotous
introduce a purp. cl. (RWP). pnxett (# 3600) no longer. living, dissipation (TDNT; s. Eph. 5:18). dvayvorg
émOvpia. (#2123) strong desire, lust, passion. b€AnLa (#431) pouring forth. The word was used of the rock
(# 2525) will. Here dat. of advantage, indicating per- pools filled up by the sea at high tide (Selwyn), or of a
sonal interest. These two dat. could also express the swamp formed by the pouring of waters. Here it has
rules by which man shapes his life (Bigg). eniAounocg the active verbal sense followed by the obj. gen. (“out-
(# 2145) remaining. Budo aor. act. inf. Bow (# 1051) to pouring of profligacy”), w. the thought of the life of pa-
live. 3 apxetocg (# 757) sufficient. The sense of the ganism as a feverish pursuit of evil wherein men vie to
word is “more than sufficient,” “far too much” (Beare). pour forth profligate living (Beare). PAaopnodvtes
The word may be used ironically to mean “more than pres. act. part. BAaopnuew (# 1059) to defame someone,
enough” (Kelly; Goppelt). mapednAvOwe perf. act. part. to injure the reputation of someone, to blaspheme
mapepyouar (# 4216) to go by, to pass by. One after an- (BAGD). Circum. part. to be translated as a main vb.,
other, the three perfs. in this v. emphasize the thought “they consider it strange and defame you.”
that this past of theirs is a closed chapter; that part of 5 anodwcovorv fut. ind. act. dmodidwyt (# 625) to pay
the story is over and done w. (Beare). BobAnwa (# 1088) back, to give account. etoipwe (# 2290) adv., ready. Exov-
will, wish. kateipyao8a1 perf. mid. (dep.) inf. katepya- TL pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. Dat. here indi-
Cowor (# 2981) to produce, to work, to accomplish. ne- cates to whom account is rendered, “to the one who
Topevplevouc perf. mid. (dep.) part. mopevouar (# 4513) to stands ready.” For this construction s. Kelly; RWP; Acts
go. The word is used here in sense of the Hebrew word 21:13. kpiva aor. act. inf. kpivw (# 3212) to judge. Inf. is
son (“to walk,” “to conduct one’s life”) (Bigg; Selwyn; epex. explaining the readiness. (@vtac¢ pres. act. part.
TDNT; TDOT, 3:391-92). aoeryera (#816) unbridled (subst.) Caw (# 2409) to live. vexpog (# 3738) dead. The
and unrestrained living. The word describes the spirit phrase, “the living and the dead” means “all men”
that knows no restraints and dares whatever caprice (Best). 6 vexpoic dat. pl. (# 3738) s.v. 5 “to the dead.”
and wanton insolence suggest (NTW 26; TDNT; Gal. The reference may be to those who are spiritually dead,
5:19). em@vpia ( #2123) lust, passion. oivopAvyia but it seems better to understand the term as referring
(# 3886) wine bubbling up, drunkenness. The context to those to whom the gospel was preached and have
shows that the word means habitual drunkards (RWP; since died (Stibbs). ebnyyeAio€n aor. ind. pass. evayye-
Selwyn). K@pog (#3269) drunken party, reveling. The Aitw (# 2294) to proclaim the good news, to evangelize,
word originally referred to a band of friends who ac- to preach the gospel. xpv@@o1 aor. subj. pass. Kpivw
companied home a victor in the games. They rejoiced (# 3212) to judge. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) is used ina purp.
and sang his praises. But the word degenerated until it cl. (@ou pres. subj. act. Caw (# 2409) to live. For the omis-
came to mean a carousal, a band of drunken revellers sion of the moveable nu (v) s. GGP, 1:114. xat& 6edv
swaying and singing their way through the streets (# 2848; 2536) according to God. The phrase either
(NTW, 27; BBC; LLAR, 49-51). The public parties and could mean “in the eyes of God” (Kelly) or “in God’s
revelings were associated w. the cult of certain gods, likeness,” “as God lives,” i.e., eternally (Selwyn).
esp. Dionysus (Selwyn; DDD, 480-90; s. Eph. 5:18). 20- @ 7 Hyyixev perf. ind. act. eyyitw (# 1581) to come near;
toc (# 4542) drinking, drinking parties. a@ep1t0¢ (# 116) perf., to be at hand. owppovnoate aor. imp. act. ow-
abominable, unrighteous, lawless. et8wioXatpia bpovew (#5404) to be sound in mind. The word con-
(# 1630) worship of idols, idolatry. The prominence notes the cool head and balanced mind to exercise self-
here is on sexual and alcoholic excess, w. the stress on control or moderation (Beare; Selwyn; GPT, 179f;
idolatry (Kelly). @ 4 &v @ in which thing, wherein, in TDNT; TLNT). vqyyate aor. imp. act. vytw (# 3768) to be
which manner of life (Bigg). EeviGovta pres. ind. pass. sober, to keep a clear head (Kelly). 8 xpd navtwv
Eevicw (# 3826) to entertain, to entertain strangers, to (#4574; 4246) before all things, above all. extevng¢
astonish, to surprise; pass., to be entertained as a guest (# 1756) strenuous, intense (s. 1:22). €yovtes pres. act.
(BAGD). The word has the idea of being surprised or part. €yw (#2400) to find. KaAbntet pres. ind. act. ka-
entertained by the novelty of a thing or being surprised AotW (# 2821) to cover, to hide. The proverbial expres-
or upset at a new turn of events (Selwyn). The word sion may be a quotation or adaptation of Prov. 10:12
also includes the thought of taking offense, as ignorant (Best; Beare). Gnomic pres., indicating that which is
people often feel an unreasonable resentment at any- constantly true. mAjGo¢ (# 4436) multitude. 9 p1d0-
thing that does not fit into the pattern of life familiar to Eevoc (# 5811) hospitality, entertaining of strangers. The
them. The matter of this resentful astonishment is ex- lack of a network of decent hotels for ordinary people
pressed by the gen. abs. that follows (Beare). ovv- resulted in a readiness to provide board and lodging
Tpexovtwy pres. act. part. ovvtpeyw (#5340) to run for friends and other suitable sponsored travelers that
1 Peter 5 578

was more highly esteemed than it is today (Kelly; for act. 3rd. sing. maoxw (# 4248) to suffer. poveds (# 5838)
Jewish parallels s. SB, 3:297; and in general RAC, murder. KAéntn¢ (# 3095) thief. kaKoro10g (# 2804) evil-
8:1061-123; TDNT). yoyyvonoc (#1198) murmuring, doer. GAAotpiemtoxonos (# 258) one who looks after the
complaining, grumbling. These words add a sharp affairs of another, agitator, mischief maker, meddling
twang of realism. Then as now guests could overstay in domestic affairs (Kelly; Best; Michaels; Balch, 93-94).
or otherwise abuse their host’s welcome; it is a good re- 16 aioxvvéo®w pres. imp. pass. aloxvvw (#159) to
minder that hospitality can be an exasperating chore, put to shame; pass., to be put to shame. So0€aCetw pres.
to be shouldered cheerfully if it is to be worthwhile imp. act. d0gaCw (#1519) to glorify. 17 ap—acba1
(Kelly). @ 10 Exaotog (#1667) each one. Kabwe pres. mid. (dep.) inf. dpyouc (# 806) to begin. The con-
(# 2777) just as. EXaBev aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) struction of the inf. is unusual and may be in apposi-
to receive. yapiopa (# 5922) gift, gracious gift, grace gift tion or epex. (RWP). aneWobvtwv pres. act. part.
(s. 1 Cor. 1:7; DPL, 339-47; TDNT; NIDNTT). dtaKo- anebew (#578) to be disobedient (s. 2:8). 18 LOAIg
vodvtEes pres. act. part. duakovew (# 1354) to minister, to (# 3660) w. difficulty, scarcely. The words do not imply
serve. oikovoyos (# 3874) steward. The word denotes a doubt about the salvation of Christians, but emphasize
slave who was responsible for managing his master’s the greatness of God’s effort in saving them (Best).
property or household and for distributing wages, owtetat pres. ind. pass. owCw (#5392) to save. doeBns
food, etc. to its members (Kelly; s. 1 Cor. 4:1; TDNT; (# 815) ungodly. cpaptwr0oc (# 283) sinner. paveitoat fut.
TLNT). nouxidog (# 4476) many-colored, manifold, var- ind. mid. (dep.) datvowai (# 5743) to appear. @ 19 dote
iegated. 11 AaAei pres. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to (# 6063) therefore, wherefore. The word sums up the
speak. Ind. in a Ist. class cond. assuming the truth of thought of the entire paragraph (Beare). kai (#2779)
the cond. Aoyov (# 3359) utterance, oracle. The word also. The word introduces a new thought; the certainty
sometimes means “Scripture,” and in classical Gr. it of divine justice is a call to a complete serenity of faith
means any divine utterance (Selwyn). 5vaKovet pres. in God (Selwyn). maoyovtes pres. act. part. (subst.)
ind. act. diaxovéw (#1354) to serve. ioxbds (#2709) naoyw (# 4248) to suffer. ktioths (# 3234) creator. napa-
strength, might. yopnyet pres. ind. act. yopnyew (# 5961) TIWECBWOGV pres. imp. pass. TapatiOnur (#4192) to de-
to supply. The word originally meant to be in a chorus. liver over to, to entrust, to entrust for safe keeping.
Then it meant “to supply a chorus” and so produce a cyaSorotig (# 17) active well-doing (Kelly).
play at one’s own risk. Finally it simply meant to fur-
nish or supply anything (Selwyn). S0€afnta1 pres. subj. 1 Peter 5
pass. 50€0Cw (#1519) to glorify. Subj. w. tva (#2671) @ 1 napoKoA® pres. ind. act. napaKxarew (# 4151)
used to express purp. @ 12 ayanntoc (# 28) one loved, to beseech, to encourage (Rom. 12:1). ovupmpeopdtepos
beloved. Eevi{eo@e pres. imp. pass. Eevitw (#3826) to (#5236) fellow elder. Here the word mpeopitepoc
entertain, to entertain strangers (s.v. 4). m0pwotc (# 4565) elder, denotes the officials who acted as pasto-
(# 4796) burning, fiery. The word was often used in the ral leader of the congregations (Kelly; TDNT; Michaels;
sense of a purifying or refining fire (Goppelt). meipao- BBC; DLNT, 1090-93). paptuc (#3459) witness. na6n-
0c (#4280) trial, ordeal. ywowévy pres. mid. (dep.) Watwv gen. pl. na0nua (#4077) suffering. pedrAovons
part. (subst.) yivopat (# 1181) to become. E€voc (# 3828) pres. act. part. (subst.) weddw (#3516) to be about to.
strange, foreign. ovpBatvovtos pres. act. part. (temp.) anoKadvntEo8a1 pres. pass. inf. dmoKarvmtTw (# 636) to
ovuBaivw (#5201) to happen, to occur. Gen. abs. 13 reveal. Compl. inf. to the preceding part. Kowwwvog
Ka00 (# 2771) insofar; far as, according to which thing (# 3128) partner, sharer. @ 2 noydvate aor. imp. act.
(RWP). xowwveite pres. ind. act. kowwvew (#3125) to noatvw (#4477) to shepherd. Aor. may be ingressive
share in, to have fellowship. na@nya (# 4077) suffering. (“take up the task of shepherding” [Beare]), or it may
yaipete pres. imp. act. xaipw (# 5897) to be happy, to re- call for a specific act w. a note of urgency (VANT, 371-
joice. Pres. imp. calls for continual rejoicing. amoxdAv- 79). EmvoKonodvteEs pres. act. part. Enioxonéw (# 2174) to
wig (#637) revelation. yapfite aor. subj. act. yaipw oversee (s. 1 Tim. 3:1). dvayKaotds (# 339) forced, con-
(# 5897) to rejoice. Subj. w. iva. (#2671) in a purp. cl. strained. exovoiws (#1731) willingly. aioypoxepdac
G@yaAAWpEVOL pres. mid. (dep.) part. cyaAAOopan (# 22) (#154) adv., shameful gain, shamefully greedy (LN,
to be exuberantly happy (s. 1:6). Part. w. the imp. is em- 1:292; TLNT). npo8vpws (#4610) zealously, eagerly.
phatic, “rejoice w. rapture” (Selwyn). 14 oveidiCeobe The word is extremely strong and expresses enthusi-
pres. ind. pass. ovetdiCw (# 3943) to revile, to insult. The asm and devoted zeal (Kelly). 3 xataxvpievovtes
word, used in the LXX for reproaches heaped on God pres. act. part. kataxupievw (#2894) to lord it over
and His saints by the wicked, in the NT becomes asso- someone, to domineer, to exercise complete control.
ciated w. the indignities and maltreatment Christ had Prep. in compound indicates that the action is unfavor-
to endure (Kelly). avanavetat pres. ind. mid. dvanavw able to an object (MH, 316). KAfpog (# 3102) lot, charge.
(# 399) to give rest, to refresh. @ 15 naoyetw pres. imp. The word probably refers to the flock or those who
579 1 Peter 5

were put in charge of the flock (Best; Beare). tomoc¢ ner), showing that the true Christian attitude is not
(#5596) pattern, example. yiwopevor pres. mid. (dep.) neg. self-abandonment or resignation, but involves as
part. yivouat (# 1181) to become. @ 4 hovepwbevtoc aor. the expression of one’s self-humbling the trusting of
pass. part. davepow (#5746) to appear. dpyinoipny oneself and one’s troubles to God (Kelly). This is prob-
(# 799) chief shepherd, master shepherd. The designa- ably a quotation from Ps. 55:22 (54:23 LXX; 55:23 Heb.).
tion on a wooden mummy label, as well as in other The aor. imp. of the LXX enxippryov (Heb. win), is the
writings, indicates it was not an uncommon designa- part. emiptyavtes in Peter and the word “all” (naoav)
tion (LAE, 99-101; Michaels). kopveto8e fut. ind. mid. has been added. pédet (# 3508) pres. ind. act. to have
(indir. mid) kouitw (#3152) to bring; mid., to get for concern, to have a care, impersonally w. the dat.
oneself, to receive, to obtain (BAGD). dpapavtivoc (BAGD). abt@ dat. sing. abtog (# 899) self; “(there is
(#277) unfading (s. 1 Pet. 1:4). 5 dpotws (# 3931) constant care and concern) to him.” 8 viwate aor.
adv., likewise. vedtepot voc. pl. comp. vedc (#3742) imp. act. vnnw (#3768) to be sober. ypnyopnoate aor.
new, young; comp., younger. Adj. as subst., “young imp. act. ypnyopew (# 1213) to stay awake, to be watch-
men.” OmoTayNTE aor. imp. pass. (dep.) brotaooopat ful, to be on the alert. Aor. imp. rings sharply: “be
(#5718) to submit, to be in subjection. tamewoppoovvn alert!” Confidence in God must not lead to slackness;
(#5425) lowly thinking, humility (TDNT; TLNT). the spiritual warfare that they wage demands vigilance
eyKouBwoaobe aor. imp. mid. (dep. or dir. mid.) eyKopBo- (Beare). &vtiSiKkog (# 508) legal adversary, opponent in
oat (# 1599) to tie or fasten something on oneself firm- a law suit. The word then denotes an enemy in general
ly w. a clasp, knot, or bow. The word was also used of a (Kelly). &éBoAog (#1333) slanderer, devil (TDNT;
slave who tied on an apron; then the idea may be that DDD). Aéwv (# 3329) lion, the most ferocious animal
of wearing humility as a slave’s apron (TLNT; Selwyn; (BBC). wpvopevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) apvowar
Beare). bnepnpavog (#5662) showing oneself above (# 6054) to roar. Pres. pictures the continual roaring of
others, proud, arrogant (AS). The proud person has a Satan as a lion. mepimatet pres. ind. act. nepimatew
heart that is puffed up, who compares himself to others (#4344) to walk about. €nté@v pres. act. part. Cntew
and, reckoning he is above them, scorns them (TLNT). (# 2426) to seek, to look for. katamtetv aor. act. inf. Kata-
GQVTITACOETAL pres. ind. mid. (dep.) dvtitdK0ow (# 530) to mivw (#2927) to swallow down, to eat up, to devour.
line up against, to oppose, to resist. tameivocg (#5424) The word lit. means “to drink down,” but it can be
lowly, humble. 6 tanewwOnte aor. imp. pass. used of an animal swallowing its prey (Jonah 2:1;
tamewow (#5427) to make low, to humble; pass., to Kelly). Epex. inf. explaining his seeking, or it could ex-
humble oneself, to humble (TLNT; TDNT; EDNT; press purp. @9avtiotnte aor. imp. act. avtiotnpt
DLNT, 961-63). Aor. calls for a specific act w. a note of (# 468) to stand up against, to withstand, to resist. Aor.
urgency. Kpata1og (# 3193) strong, mighty (Eph. 1:19). could be ingressive, “take your stand against.” otepedg
bdwor aor. subj. act. vy #5738) to exalt, to lift up, to (# 5104) compact, solid, firm, steadfast (Selwyn; Kelly).
make high. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. or re- edotes perf. act. part. (causal) oda (#3857) to know.
sult. Aor. points to the event. @ 7 m&oav thy pépyvav Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. adeApotng (# 82) brother-
budv (# 4246; 3533; 5148) your total care. The adj. mac hood (s. 2:17; MM). emiteAeioba1 pres. mid./pass. inf.
w. noun and its art. stresses the total aspect of the noun emitedew (# 2200) to complete, to perform, to lay some-
(BAGD). The word pépyivav indicates worry, anxiety. It thing upon someone (BAGD); mid. the meaning can
is the translation for the Heb. 377” (yehab) in Ps. 54:23 be, “is required,” “to pay in full” (MT, 55), w. the idea
(LXX) (55:23 Heb.), where the meaning of the Heb. is of knowing how to pay “the same tax of suffering”
uncertain. The meaning would be, “a burden, load of (Bigg). The mid. could also mean “to fulfill a religious
trouble that comes from our lot in life.” The meaning of duty,” “to perform the obligations of piety.” The gen.
the word “care” is uncertain and may mean, “casting TAONLAtwWV would be a gen. of definition and the mean-
all your troubles that come from your lot in life on the ing would be “to make the same fulfillment (of duty to-
Lord” (BDB; Marvin Tate, Psalms 51-100, Word Biblical ward God) of sufferings” (Beare). If the pass. is
Commentary [Dallas: Word, 1990]. Note the Vulgate adopted, the phrase might be translated, “knowing
translation of the Heb. in Ps. 54:23, curam tuam [“your that the same tax of suffering will be paid by our broth-
trouble”].) The words are emphatic by their position in erhood” (Best). The inf. is used as the obj. of the vb.
the cl. émipiwavtes aor. act. part. emipintw (#2166) to eldotes. 10 KaAgoas aor. act. part. (subst.) Karew
throw at, to throw something upon something else; (# 2813) to call. Aor. points to a completed action.
e.g., to throw clothes on an animal for riding (Luke MaBOvtac aor. act. part. naoxw (# 4248) to suffer. Temp.
19:35); to throw a mantle on someone (Jos., Ant., 8:353 part., “after you have suffered.” kataptioet fut. ind. act.
[Elijah throws his mantle on Elisha]; BAGD; for the KataptiCw (# 2936) to put in order, to mend, to reestab-
LXX s. GELTS, 173). Part. is to be closely connected w. lish, to make whole. The word could be used in a med-
the imp. tanewwOnte (either as imp., or as part. of man- ical sense of setting a broken bone, or of repairing and
 580

refitting a damaged vessel (Sewlyn; Beare; TDNT; Gal. Inf. in indir. discourse. otfite aor. imp. act. totnt
6:1). otnpiget fut. ind. act. ommptéw (# 5114) to set up, to (#2705) to stand; ingressive aor., “take your stand”
fix firmly, to establish, to strengthen (BAGD; MM). (RWP). For the structure of the v. s. Michaels.
ogevwoet fut. ind. act. cBevow (# 4964) to strengthen, to @ 13 aonaletat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) donafouor
make strong (Kelly; BAGD). SeyeA weet fut. ind. act. (# 832) to greet. BaBudwv (#956) Babylon. This could
Geuer10w (# 2530) to make a foundation, to provide a be the literal city of Babylon, a designation for the city
solid foundation, to ground firmly (Goppelt). @ 12 Ao- of Rome, or a metaphor for both the actual city (Rome)
yitown1 (+ 3357) pres. ind. act. to reckon, to count as, to and for an experience of alienation not necessarily
regard. This does not imply that others have doubted linked to any place (Michaels; Davids; Brox; DLNT,
the ability of Silvanus, but it emphasizes Peter’s confi- 111-12). ovvexAexth (#5293) fem. adj., fellow elect. The
dence in his fidelity (Best; Michaels). €ypawa. aor. ind. fem. could refer to the local church from which the let-
act. ypadw (# 1211) to write; epistolary aor., “I am writ- ter was written (Kelly). M@pxog (#3453) Mark. John
ing” (Beare). mapaxoAd@v pres. act. part. napaxarew Mark is intended, but was not the physical son but
(= 4151) to encourage (s.v. 1). emyaptupdv pres. act. rather the spiritual son of Peter (Best). @ 14 dondouobe
part. exuaptupew (# 2148) to testify, to affirm, to sup- aor. imp. mid. (dep.) conafouar (# 832) to greet. piAnLO
ply evidence that, to confirm that fact by evidence (Sel- (# 5799) kiss (s. 1 Cor. 16:20). &yann (#27) love. Here
wyn; Goppelt). evar pres. act. inf. ei (# 1639) to be. gen. of description.
 2 Peter

2 Peter 1 (dep.) part. dwpeopnor (# 1563) to give as a gift, to grant,

@ 1 dnootoA0¢ (# 693) apostle, one appointed by to bestow (BAGD; GELTS, 124; MM). Gen. abs., circum.
another to carry out a task on behalf of, in the name of, part. translated as a main vb. Perf. emphasizes the con-
and with the authority of the one who appoints (TDNT; tinuing nature of what was given. KaAéoavtos aor. act.
EDNT; TLNT; s. Rom. 1:1). Nom. in apposition to part. karew (# 2813) to call. apeth (# 746) virtue, excel-
Simon Peter and without the art. stresses the character. lence, the display of divine power and divine acts (s. 1
wotyog (#2700) w. the same honor, equal in value, Peter 2:9). Dat. here could be either instr. (“by”) or dat.
equal in privilege, status or rank in civil life. Here the of advantage (“to,” “for”) (RWP). 461 wv (# 1328;
word could have the meaning “equal privilege” or 4005) through which things. The antecedent of the rel.
“equally privileged”; i.e., a faith that carries equal priv- pron. would be the words 80En and apett (Bigg). tii10¢
ileges (Mayor), or equal in status or rank (Bauckham; (#5508) honorable, precious, valuable. péyiotos
Grundmann). piv dat. pl. yw (# 1609) I; “w. us.” The (#3492) greatest, magnificent; elative superl., very
contrast could be between Jews and Gentiles who have great. emayyedwa (#2041) that which was promised,
equal privileges; but it is almost certainly between the promise. Se5wpnto1 perf. ind. mid. (dep.) dwpeopar
apostles, who had been eyewitnesses of the original (# 1563) to give as a gift (s.v. 3). yevnoGe aor. subj. mid.
revelation (cf. 2 Pet. 1:16), and the Christians of the sec- (dep.) yivouai (#1181) to become, to be. Subj. w. tva
ond or even third generation (Kelly; Bigg). Aayotowv (# 2671) is used to express purp. Kowwvoc (# 3128) part-
aor. act. part. Aayyavw (# 3275) to obtain by lot, to ob- ner, sharer, partaker (TDNT; EDNT). ovot¢ (# 5882) na-
tain. The word implies a gift of favor, and God gives to ture. Peter does not mean that man is absorbed into
all Christians equal privileges in His city (Bigg). mlot1¢ deity but rather that they who partake of Christ will
(# 4411) faith. Here it is not the faith as a body of doc- partake of the glory to be revealed (Green; Kelly).
trine, but the faith or God-given capacity to trust Him Gnopvyovtes aor. act. part. anopevyw (#709) to escape,
that brings a man salvation (Green). 5ixo1o0bvy to escape completely. ex1@vpia (# 2123) strong desire,
(# 1466) righteousness. tod God (# 2536) of God. Sub- lust, passion (DNP, 2:542-44). ¢@0pa (#5785) corrup-
jective gen., God is the one who dispenses righteous- tion. The basic meaning of the word denotes not a sud-
ness. The one definite art. governing the two nouns den destruction owing to external violence, but a
Geod, ‘Inood indicates that they are the same person, dissolution brought on by means of internal de-
thus stressing the deity of Jesus (GGBB, 270-77). cay—"rottenness” (Mayor, 175-79). 5 onovdn (# 5082)
@ 2 nmANOvvGeiN aor. opt. pass. TANODVw (# 4437) to mul- haste, effort (TLNT; Bauckham). napevoeveyKavtes aor.
tiply, to increase; pass., to be multiplied, to grow, to in- act. part. maperopepw (# 4210) to bring in alongside of.
crease as here—may grace and peace be yours in ever Used idiomatically w. the word onovénv to express the
greater measure” (BAGD). Opt. is used to express a idea of bringing in every effort. We are to bring into this
wish or desire (RWP; GGBB, 483; s. 1 Peter 1:2). ent- relationship, alongside what God has done, every
yvwots (# 2106) knowledge directed toward a particular ounce of determination we can muster (Green; Bigg;
object which can imply a more detailed or fuller knowl- Kelly; Mayor; BS, 361). emyopnynoate aor. imp. act. ém-
edge (Mayor, 171-74; Bauckham). @ 3 6eiag gen. sing. xopnyew (# 2220) to supply in addition to, to outfit the
eiog (#2521) godly, divine. The term “divine power” chorus w. additional (complete) supplies (RWP). Aor.
was a phrase used for God. A parallel expression is imp. calls for a specific action w. a note of urgency.
found in the decree of Stratonicea, an inscription in Prep. in compound seems to have an accumulative
honor of Zeus and Hekate (BS, 460-68; MM). duvapews force: “to add further supplies,” “to provide more than
gen. sing 5uvayts (# 1539) power. Gen. as subject of the was expected or could be demanded” (Mayor), “to
part. dedwpnyevns. evoePera. (# 2354) godliness, true re- give lavishly, w. generosity” (Kelly; Green; Bigg; s. Gal.
ligion that displays itself in reverence before what is 3:5; 1 Peter 4:11). €v (#1877) w. dat., in. The sense is:
majestic and divine in worship, and in a life of active since you have faith, let it not be wanting in virtue, etc.
obedience which befits that reverence (MNTW, 67ff; (Huther). miotig (# 4411) faith. Here it is to be under-
TDNT; NIDNTT,; s. 1 Tim. 2:2). Se5wpnpeévng perf. mid. stood subjectively of loyal adhesion to Christian teach-

581
2 Peter 1 582

ing rather than that teaching itself (Kelly). apeth BéBatoc (# 1010) firm, secure. Used w. inf. in the sense
(# 746) virtue, moral energy. In classical times the word of, to make firm, to certify, to confirm, to attest. In the
meant the god-given power or ability to perform hero- papyri the word was at.t. for a legal guarantee (Mayor;
ic deeds—whether military, athletic, or artistic accom- BS, 107; TDNT; TLNT; s. 1 Cor. 1:6). Kano (# 3104)
plishments or the conducting of one’s life. This ability calling. exAoyn (#1724) selection, election, choosing.
needed to be demonstrated again in each situation that moveiobar pres. mid. inf. mo1ew (# 4472) to do, to make.
presents a challenge. The basic meaning of the word in- Mid. could indicate “to make,” or “to do something for
dicates the quality by which one stands out as being or of oneself” (BAGD). Used w. the adj. in the sense of
excellent. In ethics Aristotle held that it was the right “to make certain,” “to give a guarantee.” The holy life
behavior, or mean, between two extremes. The Stoics is the guarantee demonstrating one’s calling and elec-
connected it w. nature, teaching that the excellency of tion to others. The inf. is epex. or compl. explaining the
virtue was living harmoniously w. nature (Mayor; vb. onovdaoute. mootvtes pres. act. part. movew (# 4472)
TDNT; BBC; GPR, 25; KP, 1:530-31). y@o1g (# 1194) to make. Part. could be means (“by doing this”) or
knowing, knowledge. 6 EyKpatera (# 1602) self- cond. (“if you continually do this”). od pn (#4024;
control; lit., “holding himself in” (RWP; Gal. 5:23). #7 3590) never in any wise. mtaionte aor. subj. act. rtaiw
piraderpia (#5789) brotherly love, affection for one’s (# 4760) to stumble. Subj. w. double neg. for a strong
fellow believer in Christ. In the NT the term has ac- negation. mote (# 4537) ever; after ov 1, not ever, never.
quired a highly specialized meaning which restricts @ 11 mhovoiws (#4455) adv., richly. enryopnynOnoetar
the range of reference to fellow believers (LN, 1:292; for fut. ind. pass. exryopew (# 2220) to supply in addition to
references to the word oiAadeApog from Bithynia in a (s.v. 5). etoodog (# 1658) the way in, entrance. Baovdeta
non-Christian context s. NDIEC, 2:103; 3:87). @ 8 tad- (#993) kingdom. 12 pedAnow fut. act. ind. yedArAw
ta nom. pl. obtog (# 4047) this; “these things;” i-e., “the (# 3516) to be about to, to be on the point of doing
possession of these qualities and their continued in- something. The vb. is used w. the inf. to express the
crease” (Mayor). bmapyovta pres. act. part. brapyw idea, “I shall take care to remind you.” This thought of
(# 5639) to be, to exist. tAeovafovta. pres. act. part. me- the duty of reminding his readers appears again in
ovatw (#4429) to abound, to increase. In the classical verses 13 and 15, and in 3:1 (Mayor; RWP). cet (# 107)
writers the word is a term of disparagement implying always, ever. The word implies a prospect of frequent
excess-to be or to have more than enough, to exagger- communication between them (Mayor). DropyvnoKetv
ate. But to fervent Christianity there can be no excess of pres. act. inf. bmoumvnoxw (#5703) to remember.
good (Mayor). Pres. emphasizes the continual action. Kainep (# 2788) although. Used w. the part. to express
apyos (# 734) not active, inactive, idle. dxkapnog (# 182) concession. ev8otag perf. act. part. oida (# 3857) to
not fruitful, unfruitful. Ka@iotnow pres. ind. act. Ka- know (ND, 344f). Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. €otnpty-
8totnut (#2770) to bring a person to a place, to make wevouc perf. pass. part. otnpitw (# 5114) to set up, to for-
(Bigg). 9 ma&peotiv pres. ind. act. nape (# 4205) to mally establish, to strengthen. Perf. indicates the
be by, to be present. tugddg (#5603) blind. puwnatwv settled state or condition. Part. is used to express con-
pres. act. part. pwownatw (#3697) to be short-sighted. cession. mapovoy pres. act. part. mapeut (# 4205) to be
The word refers to the involuntary contraction of the present. @ 13 hyodpor pres. ind. mid. (dep.) jyeonar
half-closed eyes of a short-sighted man; the word may (# 2451) to consider, to think. &6’doov (# 2093; 4012) for
be a correction or limitation of the idea of being blind as long as. oxnvwe (# 5013) tent. For the concept of the
(Mayor; for eye diseases s. DNP, 2:277-79). On the other tent picturing the body s. 2 Cor. 5:1; Mayor. dieyeipetv
hand, the meaning may be “shutting the eyes to the pres. act. inf. dieyetpw (# 1444) to wake out of sleep, to
truth,” the intention being to emphasize the responsi- stir up. Prep. in compound is perfective: to stir up or
bility of the believer (Kelly; NW, 2, ii:1387; Bauckham). wake up thoroughly (RWP; Mayor). Epex. inf. to ex-
Anén (# 3330) forgetfulness. AaPwv aor. act. part. Aap- plain that which Peter considers to be right. DNOLVTOIS
Bavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. Used in the expres- (#5704) remembering, reminder. @ 14 evda¢ perf. act.
sion, “having received forgetfulness,” i.e., “to forget.” part. oisa (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres. mean-
Part. could be causal, “because he has forgotten” ing. Causal part., “because I know.” tayivog (#5442)
(Bigg). kaBapiopoc (# 2752) cleansing, purifying. maAar speedy, soon, swiftly. The word here could mean either
(# 4093) old. 10810 pGAdAov (# 1475; 3437) where- suddenly or soon (Bigg). &m08Eorc (# 629) putting off.
fore the more (Bigg). onovdaoate aor. imp. act. onov- The word could be used for the idea of putting off
daw (#5079) to be in a hurry, to give diligence, to exert clothing (Bigg; Kelly; TDNT). e5nAwoev aor. ind. act.
effort, to apply oneself to, to actively involve oneself w. dnAow (# 1317) to reveal, to make clear (BAGD). For a
(TLNT). The word stresses the urgency of his plea that discussion of the prophecy to which he refers s. Bauck-
they should determine to live for God (Green). Aor. ham. @ 15 onovdaow fut. ind. act. onovdatw (# 5079) to
imp. calls for a specific action w. a note of urgency. give diligence (s.v. 10). kat (#2779) even. Here he
583 2 Peter 1

speaks of making provision for them after his death TLNT; NDIEC, 2:108-9). It was common for the Jews to
(Mayor). éxdotote (# 1668) every time, on each occa- use such statements when referring to God Himself
sion; i.e, whenever there is need (Mayor). &050¢ (Schelkle; Bauckham). 50&n¢ gen. sing. 50&a (#1518)
(# 2016) departure, exodus. The word is used to indi- glory. Gen. of description. &yanntog (# 28) one who is
cates death (Bigg; Green). noveio®or pres. mid. inf. loved, beloved. ev80Knoa aor. ind. act. evdoxéw (# 2305)
novew (# 4472) to do, to make. Used w. the noun pynpn to be well-pleased, to be satisfied w. The word suggests
(# 3647) remembering, w. the meaning, to recall, to re- the good pleasure of the Father alighting and remain-
member. Inf. is used to complete the idea of the main ing on Jesus (Green). 18 Nkovoopev aor. ind. act.
vb., “to make an effort to recall.” 16 cecodiopévoic aKovw (# 201) to hear, to listen to. €vex8eioav aor. pass.
perf. pass. part. (adj.) copi€w (#5054) to make wise, to part. pepw (#5770) to carry, to take. Temp. part., “when
be wise, to behave wisely, to cleverly contrive, to con- we were taken.” Ovtec pres. act. part. ew (# 1639) to be.
coct subtly, to reason out subtly (Mayor; Kelly; BAGD). Temp. part., “when (while) we were on the holy moun-
Here in the sense of cleverly devised, calculated to ma- tain.” Pres. points to the event as taking place at the
nipulate. Perf. indicates a state or condition. pd00¢ same time as the main vb. 19 €yoev pres. ind.
(# 3680) myth, fable. The word stood for mythical sto- act. €yw (#2400) to have. BeBarotepov comp. BEBaos
ries about gods, the creation of the world, miraculous (# 1010) firm, certain; comp., more certain, more sure.
happenings, etc. (Kelly; NIDNTT; TDNT; Bigg; Mayor; For this word, s.v. 10. Peter is saying that the Holy
GPT, 120f). Apparently the mockers of 2 Pet. 3:3 said Scriptures are more certain than experience. He is say-
the Christian hope of the glories to come rested on fac- ing, “If you don’t believe me, go to the Scriptures”
titious prophecies (Mayor). e&akoAovOnoavtes aor. act. (Green). npopntixds (# 4738) prophetic, that which per-
part. eaxoArovdew (# 1979) to follow after, to follow out, tains to the message of a prophet. The prophetic word
to rest upon, w. dat. Josephus uses the word to indicate was a current expression embracing the OT as a whole
that Moses did not give the Law like others did who and not simply the prophets proper (Kelly). KaAw<¢
followed myths (toig pvOo01g eEakorAovOnoavtes) (Jos., (# 2822) adv., well. noveite pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472)
Ant., 1:21-23; NW, 2. ii:1389-91; for the papyri usages s. to do. mpooéyovtes pres. act. part. mpooeyw (#4668) to
MM). Aor. indicates that the action was not done at all. hold the mind on something, to give heed to (RWP).
Eyvwpioopev aor. ind. act. yvwpitw (#1192) to make The part. could be understood either as cond. (“if you
known. Aor. points to a completed action. napovoia give heed”), or it could express the manner or means of
(# 4242) coming. The word was often used as a term for doing well (“by giving heed to”). Abyvw dat. sing. Avy-
the appearance of a god or arrival of a king or ruler voc (#3394) lamp. datvovtt pres. act. part. daivw
(Schelkle; TDNT; TLNT; 1 Thess. 3:13). exontn¢ (# 2228) (#5743) to shine. Pres. emphasizes the continual shin-
one who sees w. his eyes, eyewitness (s. Luke 1:2). ye- ing. abynpocg (#903) dry and parched, dirty, dark,
vnOévtes aor. act. part. yivoua (# 1181) to become, to be. murky. The word does not imply absolute darkness,
Aor. points to the specific event. peyadevotng (# 3484) but dingy and dusky obscurity, in contrast to the
majesty. The word means divine majesty and is used brightness of Messiah’s rising (Isa. 60:3; Rom. 13:12;
here to express it as revealed in the transfiguration of Mayor; BBC; RWP; MM). The word may also connote
Jesus (Green). 17 AaPwv aor. act. part. (temp.) Aap- “dirty” since that which is dirty is destitute of bright-
Bavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. Aor. points to the com- ness; thus light shows up the dirt and makes possible
pleted event. tun (#5507) honor. Here the word its removal (T; Green). tonog (# 5536) place. The phrase
denotes the exalted status which the proclamation of avyunp® tonw describes the world as it at exists at
sonship implies, while 50&av points to the ethereal ra- present, which in the NT is regularly characterized as
diance of the transfigured Jesus, a participation in that darkness (Kelly). wg ob (#2401; 4005) until, until
splendor of light which according to OT conceptions which time. Temp. conjunction w. subj. is a normal con-
belongs to God’s very being (Kelly; Mayor). évex8eions struction for fut. (RWP; Mayor). 5tavyaoq aor. subj. act.
aor. pass. part. bepw (# 5770) to bring, to bear. The sense diavyatw (# 1419) to shine through, to break, to dawn
of the word is to make a word, speech, announcement, (BAGD). The word is used of the first streaks of dawn
charge, and it is used of a divine proclamation, wheth- breaking through the darkness (Mayor). Subj. in an in-
er dir. or indir. (BAGD). tovode (# 5524) such, such as def. temp. cl. dwapdopog (# 5892) light bringing, light
this, of this kind. The word refers to what follows as so bringer, the morning star; i.e., the planet Venus. The
unique (BAGD). peyadonpenns (#3485) magnificent, imagery lay ready at hand, for the famous prophecy in
sublime, majestic. The word was used in the papyri as Num. 24:17—"there shall come a star out of Jacob”—was
a term of honor and respect for political personalities. understood in Judaism to point to the Messiah (Kelly);
As preparations were made for the reception of a the coming of the Messiah is also compared to the
Roman senator in Egypt the instructions were, “let him dawn in Malachi 4:2 (Mayor). For the eschatological
be received w. special magnificence” (MM; Mayor; and messianic interpretation of Num. 24:17 in the DSS
2 Peter 2 584

s. 1 QM11, 6-7f. In Greek and Roman times the term prophet. The compound in the word may either mean
was applied not only to the morning star (Venus), but falsely named-a sham or counterfeit-or it may mean
also to royal and divine persons (Green; KP, 5:1179-80; falsely doing the work implied-to speak falsely, and ei-
MM). avatetaq aor. subj. act. avateAAw (# 422) to rise, ther meaning would suit the word, for to prophesy
to arise. €v taig¢ Kapdiats in your hearts. This phrase falsely in the narrow sense was one of the marks of a
could possibly be connected w. the part. of v. 20 to pretender prophet (Mayor). éoovto1 fut. ind. mid.
mean, “knowing this first and foremost in your (dep.) ewt (#1639) to be. yevdobSdoKaAoc (#6015)
hearts.” Or the rising of the morning star in Christian false teacher (Mayor, CLXII-CLXXX). They are the an-
hearts at the dawning of the day may mean the glow of tithesis of the apostles, teaching a false message of
anticipation in Christian hearts when “the finds of the human invention rather than the apostolic message
approaching Day are manifest to Christians” (Green; based on the divine words (Bauckham). oitiveg nom.
Mayor). 20 ywwoxKovtes pres. act. part. yiwwoKw pl. ooti¢ (# 4015) whoever; who belongs to a particular
(# 1182) to know. Part. could be causal, or else contin- class or group. napetodgovotv fut. ind. act. naperonyw
ues the construction of v. 19 (“you do well giving (# 4206) to bring into alongside of, to smuggle in. The
heed”), defining the spirit and feeling w. which the word may signify to bring in secretly, w. the 1st prep.
Scriptures should be read: “recognizing this truth first in compound giving the idea of creeping along under
of all...” (Mayor). Pres. indicates a continuing knowl- some sort of cover (Bigg; s. Gal. 2:4). aipeoig (# 146)
edge. n&oa nom. sing. mac (# 4246) all. Used w. the neg. heresy, false teaching. The term was used for a school
ov (# 4024) in the sense of “not even one” (BG, 151; RG, of thought and could designate the particular teaching
753). In the sing. the word na@¢ without the article of such a school (Bauckham). a&mwAeva (# 724) destruc-
means “every,” in a distributive sense: “every single tion. Here gen. of product, indicating what the teach-
one” (BG, 61). mpognteta (#4735) the message of a ings produce (GGBB, 106-7). &yopd&oavta. aor. act. part.
prophet, prophecy. ypaon (#1210) writing, Scripture. (adj.) &yopatw (#60) to buy at the marketplace, to buy,
Normally in the NT the word denotes the OT (Kelly). to purchase, to redeem, to pay a price for buying
1810¢ (#2625) one’s own. It was the mark of a false (TDNT; TLNT; DLNT, 1001-4). The price of their re-
prophet to speak “his own thing” of from himself demption had been paid, but they had not taken it by
(Mayor). éniAvoig (# 2146) releasing, solving, explain- faith (Blum). deonotng (# 1305) lord, master, one who
ing, interpreting. The word almost comes to mean in- holds authority over another. dpvovpevot pres. pass.
spiration (Green; Mayor; MM). The gen. (ablative) here part. (adj.) apvew (# 766) to deny. emayovtes pres. act.
indicates source. Peter is talking about the divine ori- part. enayw (#2042) to bring upon. tayiwog (#5442)
gin of Scripture, not about its proper interpretation quick, sudden, soon. @ 2 &&axoAov@noovoty fut. ind.
(Green). yivetou pres. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoua (# 1181) act. e€axoAovdew (#1979) to follow, to follow after.
to become. @ 21 6eANpLO (# 2525) will. Here instr. dat. avta@v gen. pl. adt0c (# 899) self; “their.” The pron. re-
tvex0n aor. ind. pass. pepw (#5770) to bear. The word fers to the false teachers, whose bad example will be
was used of bearing, conveying, or uttering a divine largely followed (Mayor). aoe yer (#816) unbridled
proclamation and it could also have the sense of “to living. The pl. may denote either different forms or re-
produce,” “to bring forth” (BAGD; T). Aor. indicates peated habitual acts of lasciviousness (Bigg; s. 1 Peter
the completed action. pepopevor pres. pass. part. pepw 4:3; Gal. 5:19). 8V od¢ (# 1328; 4005) because of whom.
(# 5770) to carry; pass., to be carried, to be borne along. The reference is clearly to the many backsliders (Kelly).
Pres. describes the action as it was in progress. The 1 050¢ THs GANGEtac (# 3847; 237) the way of truth. The
word was used of a ship carried along by the wind (s. phrase refers to the teaching of the truth, the correct
Acts 27:15, 17). The metaphor here is of prophets rais- teaching, the correct religion (Schelkle). Here the ex-
ing their sails, the Holy Spirit filling them and carrying pression denotes the Christian message and way of life
their craft along in the direction He wished. Men that are inevitably brought into discredit when their
spoke; God spoke (Green). The part. expresses contem- adherents identify themselves w. patently immoral
poraneous time. €AGANoav aor. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) courses (Kelly). Gen. of description. BAaopnunOnoetar
to speak. For references to the inspiration of the Scrip- fut. ind. pass. BAaopnuéw (# 1059) to injure the reputa-
ture s. 2 Tim. 3:16. tion of someone, to defame, to blaspheme (TDNT;
TLNT). 3 mAgoveEig (# 4432) uncontrolled greed, in-
2 Peter 2 satiable greed (TDNT; NTW, 97; Rom. 1:29; 2 Cor. 9:5; 1
@ 1 Eyevovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowat (#1181) Thess. 2:5). mAaotOs (#4422) made up, factitious. The
to become, to appear, to arise. kai (# 2779) also, too. In word was used in the papyri of a forged contract (MM;
addition to the holy men who spoke the inspired Word Mayor), and Josephus uses the word for falsified docu-
of God there were also some in Israel-now history was ments or writings (Jos., Life, 177, 337; CCF], 3:419). ép-
repeating itself (Green). wevdonpogntns (#6021) false mopevoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) gumopevouar (# 1864)
585 2 Peter 2

to travel as a merchant, to travel on business, to carry and being reduced to ashes so that the center section
on business, to trade in, to cheat, to make a gain of, to over time settled and became concave (Dio Cassius,
exploit (Kelly; Mayor). kpiwa (# 3210) the decision of a Roman History, 66:21, 2). cataotpoon (# 2953) overturn-
judgment, verdict, condemnation, judgment. EknaAar ing, destruction. Here, instr. dat. Katéxpivev aor. ind.
(# 1732) for a long time, from of old. apyei pres. ind. act. act. KataKptvw (#2891) to pronounce a verdict against
apyew (# 733) to be not working, to be idle. The judg- someone, to sentence to punishment, to condemn. The
ment is not idle, but already active in the punishment vb. continues the cond. of the 1st. cond. cl., beginning
of others, and gathering up for these false teachers w. v. 4, which assumes the reality of the cond. (RWP).
(Mayor). vuotatet pres. ind. act. vuotatw (# 3818) to bnoderywa (#5682) pattern, example. peAdOvtwv pres.
nod, to sleep, to nap. The word was used of God’s act. part. (adj.) wedAw (# 3516) to be about to. used w.
judgement which would come on the unrighteous (Isa. the inf. to form the fut. doeBeiv pres. act. inf. aoeBew
5:27 LXX; Bauckham). Pres. points to an action in (# 814) to live ungodly, to be impious; to commit impi-
progress, “their destruction is not napping.” In the OT, ous deeds (s.v. 5; BAGD). For the variant reading aoe-
implicit in the phrase “God slumbers” is a disbelief in Bnsg (#815) ungodly; here, “ungodly men,” which
his existence (Jerome H. Neyrey, “The Form and Back- would give the sense, “unto ungodly men of things
ground of the Polemic in 2 Peter,” JBL 99 [1980]: 415). about to be,” i.e., of things in store for them s. RWP; TC,
4 Quaptnoavtwv aor. act. part. (adj.) cuaptavw (# 279) 702. teBekw< perf. act. part. ti@nut (# 5502) to place, to
to sin. &petoa.to aor. ind. mid. (dep.) detSouo (# 5767) w. make, to constitute. Perf. emphasizes that the example
gen. to spare. Ind. is used in a 1st. class cond. cl. which still has lasting validity. 7 5ixatog (#1465) righ-
assumes the reality of the cond. oewpa (# 4937) chain, teous. Jewish tradition interpreted Abraham’s plea on
rope. The variant o1poc (# 4987) is properly a pit for the behalf of the righteous in Sodom to refer to Lot and so
storage of grain, but was used for a large bin that held could speak of him as a righteous man (Bauckham; SB,
edible roots or for a pit made for trapping a wolf (May- 3:769-71). KAtTAMOVODPEVOV pres. pass. part. KATAMOVEW
or). Godog (# 2432) dark, darkness. taptapwous aor. act. (# 2930) to wear down through exhausting work, to
part. taptapow (# 5434) to confine in Tartarus. Tartarus trouble greatly. a@eopog (#118) lawless. It pictures
was the name in classical mythology for the subterra- them as being rebels against the law of nature and con-
nean abyss in which rebellious gods and other such be- science, not Moses’ Law (Bigg). goed yea (# 816) licen-
ings, like the Titans, were punished. The word, tiousness, unbridled living; here, “in unbridled living”
however, was taken over into Hellenistic Judaism and (s.v. 2). Prep. phrase (év Goekyeia) indicates the sphere
used in the book of Enoch (1 Enoch 20:2) in connection in which their conduct displayed itself. &vaotpopn
w. fallen angels; it is the angel Uriel who rules Tartarus (# 419) behavior, conduct (s. 1 Peter 1:15). £ppboato aor.
(Kelly; Mayor; Bigg; KP, 5:530-31; NW, 2, ii:1399-1403; ind. mid. (dep.) pbopar (# 4861) to rescue. 8 PAELLA
DLNT, 459-62; GELTS, 469). mapéSwxev aor. ind. act. (# 1062) sight. The word is generally subjective, in that
nmapadidwut (#4140) to deliver over, to hand over, to the eye reveals to outsiders the inner feeling of man.
confine. xpioig (#3213) judging. tnpovpevouc pres. The idea would be, “the righteousness of man showed
pass. part. (adj.) tnpew (#5498) to keep. 5 apyxaiog itself in his shrinking from the sights and sounds
(#792) ancient. Here, gen. as obj. of the vb. detdouar. which met him on every side”; lit., “righteous in look
&petoato aor. ind. mid. (dep.) detdopa (# 5767) to spare. and in hearing he tortured himself at their lawless
dy500¢ (# 3838) eighth; Noah w. seven others, he being deeds while he lived among them” (Mayor). Here instr.
the eighth (BD, 130). dixatoodvn (# 1466) righteous- dat. axon (# 198) hearing. Here instr. dat. eykatoiuKdv
ness. The word denotes here the just or upright moral pres. act. part. (temp.) eykatoukew (#1594) to live or
behavior (Kelly). xnpuka acc. sing. xnpv§ (#3061) dwell among. Pres. describes contemporary action.
preacher, herald (s. 1 Tim. 2:7). épbAaev aor. ind. act. Gvowoc (#491) lawless. Epyotg dat. pl. épyov (# 2240)
dvAdoow (#5875) to guard, to watch over, to protect. work, deed. eBaoavitev impf. ind. act. Baoavitw (# 989)
KataKAvopog (# 2886) flood, deluge. Often as a judg- to torture, to torment. Impf. pictures the continual ac-
ment (BBC). doeBng (# 815) ungodly, impious (s. Rom. tion of the past time. The rabbis generally viewed Lot
4:5). emus aor. act. part. enayw (# 2042) to bring upon. as one who despised God and was given over to immo-
Temp. part., expressing contemporaneous action. % 6 rality (SB, 3:769-71). Compare, however, the statements
Lodouwv Kai Touoppas (# 5047; 2779; 1202) of Sodom recorded in the Genesis Apocryphon (1 Qap Gen, XXI
and Gomorrah; gen. of apposition (BD, 92; Mayor; 5-7): “pasturing his herds he (Lot) reached Sodom and
GGBB, 97; ABD, 6: 99-103). teppwoas aor. act. part. te- he bought himself a house in Sodom and settled in it.
opow (# 5491) to reduce to ashes; or perhaps here, bet- But I remained in the hill country of Bethel, and it
ter, to cover w. ashes (Mayor). The Roman historian grieved me that my nephew Lot had parted from me”
Dio Cassius used the word to describe the inner part of (Aramaic Text from Qumran with Translations and Annota-
Mount Vesuvius that was constantly growing brittle tions by B. Jongeling, C.J. Labuschagne, A.S. Van Der
2 Peter 2 586

Voude (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1976], 105; AT, 165-87; MPAT, (# 4024). BAd&odnwos (# 1061) defamation, railing, blas-
100-127). 9 otdev perf. ind. act. ol5a (# 3857) to know. pheming (TLNT). 12 dAoyog (# 263) without reason,
Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. eboeBng (# 2356) God- irrational. They have physica] but not intellectual life;
fearing, godly, devout (s. 1:3). pbeo®a1 pres. mid. (dep.) they are not better than the brutes that perish (Bigg).
part. pvowor (#4861) to punish. Epex. inf. to the main C@a nom. pl. G@ov (#2442) living creature, animal,
vb., “He knows how to save.” The original sense of the beast. yeyevvnuéva, perf. pass. part. (adj.) yevvaw
word was “to cut short” and was used of pruning a (# 1164) to bear; pass. to be born. Perf. emphasizing the
tree; later it took on the meaning “to correct” and then continuing state of life after birth. gvoiKxog (# 5879) nat-
“to punish” and was used of the punishment of slaves ural, pertaining to nature, in accordance w. nature;
as well as divine punishment (BAGD; MM; Kelly). here used in the sense of “mere creatures of instinct,
KoA.aCopevous pres. pass. part. KoAdCw (#3134) to pun- born to be caught and killed” (BAGD). &Awotg (# 274)
ish. Pres. part could be contemporaneous, describing capture. 980pa (#5785) corruption, destruction. The
the punishment before the last judgement, or it could combination of the vb. w. the noun makes it almost cer-
be a futuristic pres. and refer to the final judgement tain that destruction is meant (Bigg). @yvootov pres.
(Bauckham). tnpeiv pres. act. inf. tnpew (#5498) to ind. act. wyvoew (#51) to be without knowledge, to be
keep. Vs. 4-9 present a list of biblical figures who could ignorant. These have no more knowledge than brute
not hide from God and did not escape divine judge- beasts would have (Kelly). BAaopnpotvtes pres. act.
ment, thus indicating that God’s past judgement are part. BrAaopnew (#1059) to blaspheme. p0aptjoovtar
grounds for His future action (Jerome H. Neyrey, “The fut. ind. pass. p8eipw (#5780) to corrupt, to decay, to
Form and Background of the Polemic in 2 Peter,” JBL destroy, to devastate (Mayor, 175ff; s. 1:4). @ 13 dé1-
99 [1980]: 427-28). 10 pdAtota (#3436) especially. Kovpevot pres. mid./pass. part. &diKew (# 92) to commit
oniow (# 3958) w. gen., after. The phrase tov¢ oniow injustice, to do wrong; mid. or pass., to suffer injustice,
oapKos “them (that walk) after the flesh” suggests sod- to be damaged, to be harmed (Kelly). The phrase “be-
omy (Green). em@vpia (# 2123) strong desire, lust, pas- ing defrauded of the wages of fraud” has been vindi-
sion. 11a0pL0¢ (# 3622) pollution. The gen. here could be cated by a parallel example from the papyri, which
obj. gen. (“in their hankering after pollution”), but if it reads, “when this has been done [in the context, ‘when
is subjective it would mean “in lust which pollutes” a receipt has been given’], we shall not be defrauded”
(Kelly). nopevouévove pres. mid. (dep.) part. mopevopar (Green). It could also mean that they suffer recompense
(# 4513) to walk, to go. kuptotn (# 3262) lordship. kata- for their wrongdoing (Bauckham). p1080¢ (# 3635)
ppovodvtac pres. act. part. katappovew (# 2969) to think wage, recompense. aéikia (#94) unrighteousness,
down upon, to despise. The false teachers despised the fraud. jSovn (# 2454) pleasure. In the NT the word al-
power and majesty of the Lord (Bigg). toApntns ways means sensual gratification (Bigg). tyyobpevor
(# 5532) one who dares, one who is brazen; headstrong pres. mid. (dep.) part. yeoua1 (# 2457) to consider, to
daredevils, shameless and headstrong. The word reckon, to count. tpvon (#5588) indulgence, reveling.
smacks of the reckless daring that defies God and man Daytime debauchery was frowned on even in degener-
(Mayor; Green). av0a5n¢ (#881) self-pleasing, arro- ate Roman society (Green; Kelly). Dio Chrysostom
gant. The word is used for an obstinate fellow deter- quotes Alexander the Great as saying that other men
mined to please himself at all costs (Green; RWP; s. “had all been well-nigh ruined in soul by luxury and
Titus 1:7). 80&a (# 1518) glory; here, “glorious ones.” idleness and were slaves of money and pleasure” (DC
The word could refer to angelic beings, either those 4:6). onthog (# 5070) spot, blot, a disfiguring spot (Bigg).
heavenly beings in God’s service or celestial beings, jLd)10¢ (# 3700) blemish. The accusation is one of riotous
probably the fallen angels (Kelly; HSB, 727-29). tpe- misbehavior at banquets, and since the correspondents
ovow pres. ind. act. tpeuw (#5554) to tremble, to be participated in these it would seem to be some kind of
afraid to (GELTS, 479). The vb. is completed by the community celebration (Kelly) evtpupavteg pres. act.
compl. part. rather than by an inf. (RWP). Pres. indi- part. evtpvpaw (# 1960) to live in luxury, to revel (for the
cates a continual action. ov (#4024) BAaobnnodvtes wild parties, and banqueting s. LLAR, 33-53; Petronius,
pres. act. part. BAaopnuew (# 1059) to defame, blas- Satyrica; Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists). ana&tn (# 573)
pheme (TLNT; TDNT). 11 6nov (#3963) where, in a deception. Perhaps the meaning here is dissipations, so
case in which, whereas, seeing that (Mayor). ioyv¢ the transition from guile or deception to sinful pleasure
(#2709) strength, indwelling strength (RWP; s. Eph. was natural and easy (Kelly). ovvevwyodpevor pres.
1:19). peiGoves (# 3505) comp. weyas great; comp., great- mid. (dep.) part. ovveuwyeouar (# 5307) to feed well, to
er, superior. Ovteg pres. act. part. eit (#1639) to be. feed abundantly, to eat together, to feast w. (RWP). Part.
Concessive part. (“although”). gépovotv pres. ind. act. denotes the circumstances of the preceding action
depw (#5770) to bear, to bring. Pres. emphasizes a con- (Mayor). ® 14 €yovtec pres. act. part. (adj.) Eyw (# 2400)
tinual attitude which is negated by the neg. particle ob to have. peotog (# 3550) full. This is a vivid expression
587 2 Peter 2

which means that their eyes are always looking for a ppovia, (# 4197) beyond understanding, madness. It is
woman with whom to commit adultery (Bauckham). being beside one’s wits (RWP). The v. suggests that he
Plutarch, in discussing compliance says, “And so, as who was bribed by Balak to curse Israel was rebuked
the orator said that the shameless man (avaicyvvtov) tor his own disobedience by the disobedience of the ass
had harlots (nopvac), not maidens (Kopac the word can and thus hindered from receiving the promised reward
also mean “pupils of the eyes), in his eyes, so the com- (Mayor). 17 etow pres. ind. act. et (#1639) to be.
pliant man ....” (Plutarch, “On Compliancy,” Moralia, THyai nom. pl. mnyn (#4380) spring. &vvdpog (# 536)
528, E; NW, 2, ii:1406-07; Bauckham). powyaAtdoc waterless. outyAn (#3920) fog, mist. AatAanog gen.
(# 3655) adulteress. The connotation is probable more AatrAay (# 3278) storm, squall (s. Mark 4:37; Luke 8:23).
general, w. the meaning “loose woman” (Kelly; DJG, EAQVVOLEVOL pres. pass. part. (adj.) EAavvopnar (# 1785)
643; DPL, 871-75). axatanavotos (# 188) without suc- to drive, to blow. Copog (# 2432) darkness, gloom. teth-
cession, not pausing; unable to stop (RWP). 5eAeaCovtec pntor perf. ind. pass. tnpew (#5498) to keep.
pres. act. part. dereatw (# 1284) to trap by using bait, to @ 18 bmepoyKos (#5665) swelling, inflated. The word
ensnare. GotnpiKtos (# 844) without firmness, unstable. means unnaturally swollen. They used big, ponderous
They lack a firm foundation in faith and discipline and words in their discourses. Ostentatious verbosity was
so are liable to be unsettled by scandalous conduct or their weapon to ensnare the unwary and licentiousness
erroneous teaching (Kelly; Green). yeyupvaopevny perf. was the bait on their hook (Green). pato.otn (# 3470)
pass. part. yuwvo.cw (# 1214) to exercise, to do bodily ex- vanity, futility. Their words amount to nothing of sig-
ercise, to be familiar w. Lit., to exercise naked. Here, “a nificance, w. the gen. a descriptive gen. (Green). 0eyy0-
heart trained in greed” (BAGD). Gen. used after the wevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. peeyyouat (# 5779) to make
part. denotes familiarity w. anything (Bigg). mAeoveEta a sound, to speak. (s.v. 16). 5eAedCovov pres. ind. act.
(#4432) greediness, avarice, unsuitableness (TLNT). derectw (# 1284) to bait, to entice. OAtyws (# 3903) adv.,
ExOVtES pres. act. part. (adj.) €xw (#2400) to have. katd- very recently, in a small degree; slightly, a little (Kelly;
pa (# 2932) curse. The Hebraic expression “children of Mayor). aoeryerarg dat. pl. coer yea (# 816) unrestraint
curse” meant “accursed creatures” (Kelly; Bigg); ie greed. unbridled desire. Here instr. dat. &dnopevyovtasg
“God's curse on them.” These men rest under the curse pres. act. part. amodevyw (# 709) to escape from. nAavy
of God, as do all who fail to trust in Christ, who bore (# 4415) error. The word stands specifically for idolatry
man’s curse (Green). 15 Katadeimovtes pres. act. or paganism (Kelly; TDNT). a&vaotpepoyeévous pres.
part. kataretnw (#2901) to leave off, to abandon. ev- mid. (dep.) part. avaotpepouar (# 418) to conduct one’s
OElav acc. sing. evOvc (# 2318) straight. Upright con- life, to live. 19 &hevOeptia (#1800) freedom, liberty.
duct is pictured in the Bible as a straight path (Kelly). EmayyeAdOuevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. emayyéAropot
éndavnOnoav aor. ind. pass. mhavaw (#4414) to go (# 2040) to promise. brapxovtes pres. act. part. bndpxw
astray, to follow the wrong path. &axoAovOjoavtes aor. (# 5639) to be, to exist. The word denotes continuance
act. part. eEaxovdew (# 1979) to follow after (s. 1:16). of an antecedent state or condition (AS; s. 2 Cor. 12:16).
Part. of means (“by following after”) or causal (“be- $80pa (#5785) corruption, destruction. jttHtaI perf.
cause they followed after”). BaAadp tod Booop (# 962; ind. pass. nttaopat (# 2487) to be inferior, to be defeat-
1082) Balaam son of Bosor. Perhaps there is a play on ed, to be overcome. Se50vAwtat perf. ind. pass. S0vA0W
the name Bosor and the Heb. word for flesh ("W2 bsr), (# 1530) to enslave. The imagery derives directly from
indicating Balaam’s immoral character (Bauckham; the ancient practice of enslaving an enemy defeated in
BBC; ABD, 1: 569-72). &éixia, (#94) unrighteousness, battle as a prisoner (Kelly). Perf. indicates the continu-
fraud. Gen. here could be subjective or obj. gen., either ing condition of being a slave. © 20 dnodvyovtEes
reward prompted by fraud or reward which has fraud aor. act. part. anobevyw (# 709) to escape from. pidopa
or unrighteousness as its object. nyamnoev aor. act. ind. (#3621) pollution. eniyvwoig (#2106) recognition,
ayanuw (#26) to love. 16 éreyEtg (#1792) rebuke. knowledge. eumAaKevtes aor. act. part. eunrekw (# 1861)
Eoyev aor. ind. act. yw (#2400) to have; aor., to get. to unweave, to entangle. Ntt@vto1 pres. ind. pass.
mopavouta (# 4175) beyond the law, transgression. The Nttdowar (#2487) to be inferior (s.v. 19). yeyovev perf.
word indicates not a general defiance of law, but rather ind. act. yivouor (#1181) to become, to be. yeipova
a breech of a particular law (Mayor). vnogbyrov (# 5689) (# 5937) worse. They are worse off at the end than they
being under a yoke. The term was used for a beast of were at the beginning; the reference is to a lost apostate
burden, specifically for a donkey (BS, 160f; ABD, 6: (Blum). 21 Kpeittov (#3202) comp. aya8oc good;
1026-27). a&wvoc (# 936) not having a sound, speech- comp., better. émeyvwKevai perf. act. inf. emryiwwoKw
less, dumb. $@eyEGpevov aor. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) (# 2105) to know. Inf. is used epexegetically to explain
o0eyyoua (# 5779) to make a sound, to speak. The vb. is that which is better. emtyvodow aor. act. part. Emyt-
esp. used of a portentous prophetic utterance (Bigg). vwokw (# 2105) to know. Dat. pl. agrees w. the pron. a-
éxwAvoev aor. ind. act. KwAvw (# 3266) to hinder. napa- toig (RWP). bxootpEwan aor. act. inf. bnootpedw (# 5715)
2 Peter 3 588

to turn back. napasdo8etons aor. pass. part. napadidwut promise. Topovoic. (# 4242) coming (s. 1:16). Obj. gen.
(# 4140) to deliver over, to commit. The word was al- gives the content of the promise. éxounOnoav aor. ind.
most a t.t. for the passing on of tradition (TDNT). pass. (dep.) Kocaopat (# 3121) to sleep, to fall asleep.
@ 22 ovpBéeBnxev perf. ind. act. ovpBatvw (#5201) to The term is used as a metaphor for dying (Kelly). Siope-
happen. The dramatic perf. treats what is certain to be- vel pres. ind. act. Sapevw (# 1373) to remain, to remain
fall as already accomplished (Kelly). napowia. (# 4231) through, to continue. Pres. emphasizes the continual
proverb. Kbwv (#3264) dog. Emiotpéwas aor. act. part. unbroken action: “All things continue as they have.”
emiotpepw (#2188) to turn to. The part. needs to be apyn (#794) beginning. xtloews gen. sing. Ktlotc
translated as a finite vb. (GGBB, 55). etepopa. (# 2000) (# 3232) creation. They maintain that God’s promise is
that which is thrown out, vomit (s. Prov. 26:11). t¢ unreliable and God’s universe a stable, unchanging
(# 5725) pig, hog. Both are unclean animals. Aovoopevn system where events like the parousia just do not hap-
aor. mid. part. Aovw (#3374) to wash oneself. Temp. pen (Green). Gen. of description. 5 AavOdvet pres.
part., “after having been washed.” The word means ind. act. AavOavw (# 3291) to escape notice of, to be hid-
“having bathed itself in mud” (Bigg). kvAtopoc (# 3243) den from; “for they shut their eyes to this fact that...”
wallowing. BopBopog (#1079) mud, mire, filth, slime (Mayor; RWP; Kelly). @€Aovtag pres. act. part. b&Aw
(BAGD). Epictetus says of those who refuse to keep (# 2527) to desire, to wish. The part. has here almost an
themselves clean, “go and talk to a pig, that he may adverbial sense (RWP). Toav impf. ind. act. et
wallow no more in mud!” (Epictetus, 4: 11, 29; Bauck- (#1639) to be. ExnaAor (#1732) for a long time, long
ham). ago. ovveot@oa perf. act. part. ovviotnu (#5319) to
consist (s. Col. 1:17). A0yog (# 3364) word. Here dat. of
2 Peter 3 means or instr. 6 KataxAvoGeig aor. pass. part.
1 devtepos (# 1311) second. ypadw (#1211) pres. Katakrvcw (# 2885) to surge over completely, to inun-
ind. act. to write. dvyeipw (# 1444) pres. ind. act. to date, to flood. Part. of means or manner explaining
awaken, to stir up (s. 1:13). bxopvnotg (#5704) remem- how the world was destroyed. amwAeto aor. ind. mid.
bering, reminder. etAicpivng (# 1637) pure, unmixed, (dep.) &no0AAvUL (# 660) to ruin, to destroy. 7 viv
sincere. The word was used of things unmixed, air as (# 3814) now, present. teOnoavpiopevor perf. pass. part.
well as ethical purity (Mayor; s. Phil. 1:10). 5iavo1e Onoavpitw (# 2564) to treasure up, to store up, to re-
(#1379) thinking, understanding. The phrase was serve. The sense of the metaphor here is “to set apart
used by Plato to mean pure reason, uncontaminated by for,” “destined for” (Mayor). Perf. emphasizes the
the seductive influence of the senses (Green; GPT, 37). completed state or condition. etotv pres. ind. act. cyt
@ 2 uvnobtvat aor. pass. inf. wyLvnoKopon (# 3630) to re- (# 1639) to be. nbp (# 4786) fire. tnpodpevot pres. pass.
mind. Inf. to express purp., here the purp. of his writ- part. tnpew (#5498) to guard, to watch. xptotg (# 3213)
ing. Inf. could also be taken as epex. defining the vb. judging. anwaeva (#724) ruin, destruction. doeBns
dieyeipw (Mayor). mpoeipnévwv perf. pass. part. mpo- (#815) ungodly, impious. @ 8 Aav@avetw pres. imp.
AEyw (# 4625) to say before. pra. (# 4839) word. evtoAns act. 3rd Pers. sing. AavOavw (#3291) to escape notice
(# 1953) commandment. The construction of the gen. (s.v. 5). €ty nom. pl. Etog (# 2291) year. This is a quota-
THS TOV GNOOTOAWV DUG EVTOATS TOD KUpioDV is not en- tion from Ps. 90:4. The idea is that in God’s eyes a long
tirely clear, but probably could be translated, “of the period may appear short. God does not reckon time as
commandment of the Lord transmitted by the apos- man does (BBC; Bauckham; also his discussion of the
tles” (BD, 93). ® 3 yiwwoxovteEs pres. act. part. yivwwoxw Jewish background and the various interpretations).
(#1182) to know. Part. could be understood here as 9 Bpadovet pres. ind. act. Bpadvvw (# 1094) to be slow,
having the force of an imp. (Mayor). éAeboovtat fut. to delay. For examples in the papyri s. MM. Bpadotns
ind. mid. (dep.) épyouat (# 2262) to come. eoxatwv TOV (#1097) slowness, delay. nyodvtar pres. ind. mid.
Tep@v (# 2274; 2465) last days. eunorypovi) (# 1848) (dep.) tyeon01 (# 2451) to consider, to think, to count
scoffing, making fun of through mockery. gunaixtns (as if delay sprang from impotence or unwillingness to
(# 1851) one who makes fun through mockery, mocker, perform [Bigg]). paxpo@vpet pres. ind. act. pakpobvpew
scoffer. The phrase “mockers w. (in) mockery,” i.e (# 3428) to be longsuffering and patient. It is the Spirit
“scoffers shall come w. scoffing” reflects a strong He- who could take revenge, but who utterly refuses to do
braic influence on the analogy of the Heb. inf. abs. so (NTW, 84; TDNT; Rom. 2:4). The delay of punish-
(Bigg; MT, Style, 142f). envOvpia (# 2123) strong desire, ment rests on God’s long-suffering, which had an ex-
lust, passion. mopevopevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) tensive history in Jewish tradition and was not
mopevopuai (# 4513) to walk, to come. @ 4 A€yovtEs pres. unknown in Greek thinking (Jerome H. Neyrey, “The
act. part. eyw (#3306) to say. nod (#4544) where? Form and Background of the Polemic in 2 Peter,” JBL
“what has become of?” This is a traditional formula for 99 [1980] :424-27). BovAdpevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part.
expressing skepticism (Kelly). énayyedia (#2039) BovAopa (# 1089) to wish, to desire, to want to, w. inf.
589 2 Peter 3

Gnor€o8ar aor. mid. (dep.) inf. dmoAAvmLt (# 660) to per- pres. pass. part. kavoow (# 3012) pass., to be consumed
ish. petavoue. (#3567) change of thinking, repentance by heat, to burn up. Circum. or temp. part., describing
(s. Matt. 3:2). xywptjoar aor. act. inf. ywpéw (#6003) to what is taking place at the time of the action of the
make room, to have room for. The apparent delay of main vb. thKketat pres. ind. pass. thkw (#5494) to melt,
God is rooted in God’s desire that all have room, i.e., to make liquid; pass., to be melted. Pres. is futuristic
opportunity for repentance. @ 10 Het fut. ind. act. Kw (Bigg). © 13 end&yyeApo. (# 2041) that which was prom-
(# 2457) to come. The vb. is placed for strong emphasis ised, promise. npoodox@pev pres. ind. act. mpoodoKew
at the beginning of the sentence (Kelly). powtndov (# 4659) to await; to look forward to. Inclusive “we”
(# 4853) adv., w. a hissing or crackling sound. The word (GGBB, 398). Katovkei pres. ind. act. katoiKkew (# 2997)
is onomatopoeic, expressing the whizzing sound pro- to settle down, to dwell, to be at home at (s. Rev. 21:1).
duced by rapid motion through the air of shrill rushing @ 14 tadta (# 4047) (s. 1:8); “these things,” i.e., a fresh-
sounds-the hissing of a snake, the whirl of a bird’s ly created heaven and earth where God’s will is para-
wings, the hurtling of an arrow-and then is used for mount (Kelly). mpoodox@vtec pres. act. part. tpocdoKew
the rushing movement itself or the accompanying (# 4659) to earnestly await, to expect (s.v. 12). onov6a-
crash or roar. Here probably the roaring of flame is oate aor. imp. act. onovdatw (# 5079) to give diligence,
meant (Bigg; Mayor; Jos. JW, 3:248). maperevoovtat fut. to make an effort (s. 1:10). domo (# 834) spotless.
ind. mid. (dep.) mapepyouar (# 4216) to pass by, to go Guwuntos (#318) blameless. abt@ dat. sing. avdt0<¢
away, to pass away. ototyetov (#5122) an element. (# 899) self; “him.” The dat. may be taken w. the adj.
Things arranged in a row: the letters of the alphabet, or (“spotless and blameless in His sight”), or w. the inf.
the elements of nature. Here it clearly means physical (“to be found by Him”) (Bigg). ebpe@fvan aor. pass. inf.
elements (Bigg). It could refer to the elements of earth, evptokw (#2351) to find. The inf. is used to complete the
air, fire, and water or the heavenly bodies such as sun, vb. onovddoate. ev eiptvy (# 1877; 1645) in peace. This
moon, and stars (Green); or it may refer to the atomic describes the state of reconciliation w. God the restored
particles that are the basic structure of nature. kavoov- sinner enjoys (Kelly). 15 paxpo@vpta, (# 3429) long-
eva. pres. mid. (dep.) part. kavooouat (# 3012) to burn, suffering, patient endurance (s. Gal. 5:22; RAC, 9:254f).
to melt. The word was employed by medical writers to nyeiove pres. mid. (dep.) imp. nyéouai (# 2451) to con-
express feverish heat. It may be intended to denote a sider, to count, followed by the double acc. 6 &yanntog
conflagration arising from internal heat, such as a vol- TIL@V GdEAGOS (# 28; 1609; 81) “our beloved brother.”
cano (Mayor). Av@noetar fut. ind. pass. Avw (# 3395) to The phrase refers not simply to a fellow Christian, but
loosen, to disintegrate. The word is used of breaking in this case to a fellow apostle (Kelly). d0@etoav aor.
up a structure, as well as of dissolving a compound pass. part. d1dwy1 (# 1443) to give. The pass. is a theol.
into its elements (Mayor). ebpe@noetat fut. ind. pass. ev- or divine pass. indicating that God is the subject (BG,
pioxw (#2351) to find; here, will be found. The mean- 76). Eypawev aor. ind. act. ypadw (# 1211) to write. Peter
ing here may be that the earth and man’s achievements may be referring to Paul’s letter to the Romans, or he
will be discovered and exposed to divine judgment may be alluding simply to Paul’s constant teaching in
(Kelly; Mayor). 11 Avopévwv pres. pass. part. (causal) all his letters (Green). @ 16 AOA@v pres. act. part. AaAEW
Avw (# 3395) to loosen. Gen. abs. Pres. is either the fu- (# 3281) to speak. Svovontos (# 1554) difficult to under-
turistic pres., or else the process of dissolution is pic- stand, hard to understand. d&yaéns (# 276) untaught.
tured (RWP). notandc (# 4534) what sort of, what kind The word brings out the moral value of teaching,
of. In the context the word hints that great things are trained habits of reflection, and disciplined good sense
expected of the readers; “how outstandingly excellent” (Bigg). wotnpixtog (# 844) unstable. otpeBAodovv pres.
(Kelly). Set (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary, used ind. act. otpeBAow (#5137) to twist, to torture. The fig.
w. the acc. and the inf. bmapyev pres. act. inf. vrapyw sense seems to flow from the notion of twisting or
(# 5639) to be, to exist as (s. 2:19). dvaotpoon (#419) warping rather than that of torturing on the rack. The
walk, life’s practice, manner of living, way of life. ev- result is then false and distorted (Mayor; Bauckham;
oeBeva (# 2354) godliness, a life of piety, respect, and BAGD). Aounog (#3370) rest. ypadag acc. pl. ypaon
reverence. 12 mpoodoK@vtac pres. act. part. mpoo- (# 1210) Scripture, referring to the inspired, authorita-
doKxew (# 4659) to await expectantly, to look forward to. tive writings (Bauckham). Peter gives a very high place
onevdovtac pres. act. part. omevdw (# 5067) to hasten, to to Paul’s writings. They are included in “the other
accelerate, to desire, to be eager for (Mayor; Kelly; scriptures” (Green; Bauckham; Blum). amwAeva (# 724)
Bigg; HSB, 731-32). 8v tv (#1328; 4005) because of destruction. 17 npoyivwoxovtes pres. act. part. mpo-
which. The destruction takes place because God’s day yiwwoKw (#4589) to know beforehand, to know in ad-
has arrived (Green). mupovpevot pres. pass. part. mupew vance. Part. could be causal. ¢vAdooeo8e pres. imp.
(# 4792) to set on fire; pass., to be on fire, to burn. AvON- mid. (dep.) dvAdoow (#5875) to guard, to keep watch;
covtat fut. ind. pass. Avw (# 3395) to loose. kavoobpEve. mid. to guard oneself. Pres. imp. calls for a continual
2 Peter 3 590

action. G@eop0¢g (# 118) lawless (s. 2:7). mAdvy (# 4415) firmly established in the faith, is clearly a quality he
error. OUVANAYBEVTES aor. pass. part. covandyw (#5270) greatly esteems (Kelly). 18 ab&avete pres. imp. act.
to lead away together, to carry away together. €xméonte avf&avw (# 889) to grow, to advance. év in. Prep. could
aor. subj. act. exnintw (# 1738) to fall out of, to dislodge. express either the sphere of growth or the means by
Subj. w. (va (# 2671) is used in a neg. purp. cl. otmptyyog which one grows. yvaoe1 dat. sing. yv@ouc (#1194)
(# 5113) fixedness, firmness, steadfastness, firm stance. knowledge. tod xupiov (# 3261) of the Lord. Gen. could
It connotes fixity as opposed to movement, and is used be obj. (“knowledge about...”) or subjective (“knowl-
in conscious contrast to Gotnpiktoi above, the charac- edge from...”).
teristic of heretics and their dupes. Stability, or being
 1 John
1 John1 God in the historical person of Jesus (Marshall). &pave-
#17 impf. ind. act. ew (#1639) to be. dpxh pw6n aor. ind. pass. pavepow (# 5746) to be revealed. @ 3
(# 794) beginning. The beginning here could refer to EwpaKapev perf. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. axnKoa-
the beginning of creation, or beginning in the abs. pev perf. ind. act. dxovw (# 201) to hear. a&movyyeAAopev
sense; word emphasizes the preexistence and divine pres. ind. act. &mayyeddw (#550) to report (s.v. 2). This
character, or beginning of the Christian preaching, or is the main vb. of the sentence began in v. 1. kowwwvia.
the beginning of Jesus’ ministry (Schnackenburg; Mar- (#3126) fellowship. The word indicates the setting
shall; Brown; Klauck; Smalley; Strecker). axnkoapev aside of private interest and desire and the joining in w.
perf. ind. act. axovw (#201) to hear. ewpaxopev perf. another or others for common purposes (TDNT;
act. ind. opdw (#3972) to see. The perfs. express an act NIDNTT; RAC, 9:1100-45; Smalley; Klauck; DLNT, 373-
in the past w. lasting results. It indicates that a revela- 74; NDIEC, 3:19; GELTS, 261). €ynte pres. subj. act. €yw
tion has been made in terms men can understand and (# 2400) to have. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp.
the results are abiding (Marshall; Brooke; JG, 344). The @ 4 tadta nom. pl. ovto¢ (# 4047) this; “these things.”
1st pers. pl. “we” could mean the writer of the epistle The reference is to the entire contents of the letter
and his companions, but it more probably means “we (Brooke; Marshall), or to the apostolic message in vv. 1-
all,” “we disciples of Christ” (JG, 311; Schnackenburg, 3 (Westcott). yp&popyev pres. ind. act. ypaow (#1211) to
52-58; Brown; Klauck, 73-78). op8aApog (# 4057) eye. write. Pres. used w. the emphatic personal pron. Nets
Instr. dat. here, “w. our eyes.” €Geaodpe8a aor. ind. mid. (#1609) (for the text variant s. TC, 709) means the
(dep.) Secouo1 (# 2517) to look at, to behold. The vb. writer is writing the letter in solidarity w. all the repre-
expresses the calm, intentional continuous contempla- sentatives of orthodoxy in the church (Smalley). In v. 5
tion of an object (Westcott; s. John 1:14). EynAdpnoav the “we” refers to the author and other ministers, while
aor. act. ind. ynAapew (# 6027) to grope or feel after in in v. 6 it is inclusive (the author and audience) (GGBB,
order to find, like one blind or in the dark; hence, “to 396). q pres. subj. act. ett (# 1639) to be, used w. part.
handle, to touch.” The idea of searching sometimes dis- TETAT|PWLEVT perf. pass. part. mANpow (# 4444) to fill, to
appears altogether; here it naturally suggest all the evi- make full. Part. in a periphrastic perf. pass. subj. con-
dence available for sense perception other than hearing struction stressing the state of completion in the purp.
and sight. The author is claiming a physical contact w. cl. (RWP). The assurance of knowing that they possess
Jesus (Brooke; Brown; Klauck). Perhaps this is to com- eternal life would make their joy full, so he writes to
bat a type of Docetism (DLNT, 306-9). Cwii¢ gen. sing. the group and presents certain criteria for them to
Cwn (# 2437) life (Strecker; Klauck). Gen. could indicate know that they have this life. The ones who keep them-
the content of the word or, as gen. of quality could indi- selves from habitual sin and idols can know that they
cate “the living word”; it could indicate the object (“the have eternal life. 5 ayyedia (#32) report, message.
life-giving word”), or it could be an epex. gen. (“the The word may suggest that the message contains a
word which is life”) (Stott; Marshall; Brown). @ 2 &a- conception of God men could not have formed without
vepwen aor. ind. pass. bavepow (# 5746) to make clear, to His help. It is a revelation and not a discovery (Brooke).
manifest; pass., to be revealed. The vb. is used of the axnKoopev perf. ind. act. dkovw (#201) to hear. Perf.
revelation of the Lord at His first coming, the Incarna- indicates the abiding results of the hearing. &vayyeA-
tion (Westcott; Schnackenburg; Klauck). éwpaKxopev Aouev pres. ind. act. avayyedAw (# 334) to announce.
perf. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. waptupodpev pres. Prep. in compound has the additional idea of bringing
ind. act. waptupew (#3455) to be a witness, to testify. the tidings up to or back to the person receiving them.
Pres. indicates the continuing action. GmoyyedAopev It is the recipient who is prominent in this vb. (West-
pres. ind. act. anayyerAw (# 550) to report, to declare, to cott). Pres. indicates the action in progress. 6t1 (# 4022)
report w. reference to the eyewitness source of a mes- that. This conj. introduces the content of the announce-
sage (Bultmann). V. 2 forms a parenthesis the writer ment. o@¢ (# 5890) light and oxotia (# 5028) darkness.
inserted to make clear beyond all possible mistake that That God is light is a penetrating description of the
the life to which John bears witness was revealed by being and nature of God, indicating that He is absolute

591
1 John 2 592

in His glory, truth, and holiness (Smalley; Klauck; Christian community (Brown). 9 opodoy@pev pres.
Strecker, 76-83; DLNT, 657-59). @ 6 éav (# 1569) if. The subj. act. oworoyew (# 3933) to say the same thing, to
five cond. cls. introduced by this word are followed by agree, to concede, to admit, to confess, to acknowledge
the aor. subj. or pres. subj. In each case the cond. is a (ECC, 13-20; TDNT; EDNT; GELTS, 332). Iterative
supposition that is possible: “if this should happen” pres., indicating a repeated acknowledgment of sin.
(JG, 371-74; Marshall). etmwpev aor. subj. act. rEyw Subj. may suggest implicit uncertainty or a generaliza-
(# 3306) to say. “If we should say.” In wv. 6, 8, and 10, tion of the “we” (GGBB, 698). motog (# 4412) faithful.
the phrase introduces three statements of false doctrine It refers here to God’s fidelity or reliability in the keep-
(JG, 372). €youev pres ind. act. €xw (# 2400) to have, to ing of His word (Brown). Sikatog (# 1465) righteous,
Possess. MEpiMatMpeEv pres. subj. act. nepinatew (# 4344) just. God acts according to the standard of His holiness
to walk about, to conduct one’s life. The word is com- and can forgive sin because its penalty has been paid
parable to the Heb. word qn, “to walk” (TDOT; by the death of Christ. &f aor. subj. act. cpinur (# 918)
NIDOTTE), and is used in the sense of practical, ethical to release, to forgive (TDNT; NIDNTT). The subject cl.
dealing (Schnackenburg). Pres. indicates an habitual indicates the way in which God expresses His faithful-
manner of life—”to live habitually in darkness’—an atti- ness and justice and is equivalent to an inf. of result
tude of mind issuing in specific acts of wrongdoing, as (Marshall; BD, 198). ka@apion aor. subj. act. ka8apitw
well as a determination to choose sin (darkness) rather (# 2751) to purify, to cleanse. Perhaps John thought of
that God (light) as one’s constant sphere of existence the words of Jesus as He responded to Peter’s request
(Smalley). wevdoue8a pres. ind. mid. (dep.) yevdouar to be completely washed: “A person who has had a
(# 6017) to lie. novodpev pres. ind. act. movew (# 4472) to bath needs only to wash his feet; his whole body is
do, to practice. In Jewish writings “to do the truth” clean” (John 13:10 NIV). adixia (# 94) unrighteousness.
indicated doing right, or being faithful, esp. concern- 10 einwpev aor. subj. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say; here in
ing truth as revealed in the Law; but for Christians the sense “to claim.” NwapthKxopev perf. ind. act. cuap-
Christ has replaced the Law (Brown; Klauck). @ 7 nept- tavw (#279) to sin. Perf. points to the abiding results of
TAT@pev pres. subj. act. mepimatew (# 4344) to conduct a past action (GGBB, 577). For a discussion of sin in 1
one’s life (s.v. 6). The cond. cls. in vv. 7 and 9 introduce John 5:16 s. DLNT, 1095-97. webdotng (# 6026) one who
the hypothesis of pres. and continuous Christian lies, liar. tovodpev pres. ind. act. toew (# 4472) to make;
life—’on the supposition that we are walking or con- here, “to make someone a liar” (Smalley; Brown).
fessing” (JG, 372)—involving a present general reality
(GGBB, 663). “Walking in the light” is the conscious 1 John 2
and sustained endeavor to live a life in conformity w. @ 1 texvia, voc. pl. texviov (#5448) little child,
the revelation of God who is light, esp. as that revela- small child. The dim. form is used for affection: “dear
tion has been made finally and completely in Jesus children” (Marshall). ypapw (#1211) pres. ind. act. to
Christ. And this is the necessary condition of fellow- write. Pres. indicates the writing of this letter. qudaptnte
ship (Brooke). Kowwvia (#3126) fellowship (s.v. 3). aor. subj. act. ouaptavw (# 279) to sin. Aor. indicates a
Eyouev pres. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. pet’ = weta single act, not a state, of sin (Westcott). Subj. w. iva
(#3552) with. GAANAWwv (# 253) one another; “w. one (# 2671) is used in a neg. purp. cl. (GGBB, 472). guapty
another.” Although the phrase could mean fellowship aor. subj. act. captive (#279) to sin. Subj. in an 3rd.
between God and man, John’s general use indicates class cond. cl. which assumes the possibility of the
that he takes the fellowship of Christians as the visible cond. napaKAntos (#4156) helper. In rabbinical litera-
sign of fellowship w. God (Westcott; Schnackenburg). ture the word could indicate one who offers legal aid
ayia (# 135) blood. For a study of the term “blood” in or who intercedes on behalf of someone else; in the
the Scripture s. APC, 108-124; BBC; A.M. Stibbs, The pres. context the word undoubtedly signifies a legal
Meaning of the Word “Blood” in Scripture [London: The advocate or counsel for the defense (Marshall;
Tyndale Press, 1962]. ka®apter pres. ind. act. kabapitw Schnackenburg; Brooke; Klauck; BBC; TDNT; John
(#2751) to cleanse. The vbs. suggest that God does 14:16). €xouev pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Pres.
more than forgive; He erases the stain of sin. Pres. sug- indicates continual possession. mpdg (# 4639) to, with,
gests it is a continuous process (Stott). @ 8 eimwpev aor. by. Prep. denotes both presence with and a relationship
subj. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say (s.v. 6). Exopev pres. ind. towards: “in the presence of the Father” (Brown;
act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Pres., “to possess.” To have no NIDNTT, 3:1204-6). #2 Waopdcs (# 2662) satisfaction,
sin is the equivalent of a sinless character or disposi- propitiation. Since the idea is to placate the wrath of
tion (Smalley). mAav@pev pres. ind. act. mravow God, the pres. passage means that Jesus propitiates w.
(# 4414) to lead astray, to cause to wander, to mislead, respect to our sins (Marshall; Stott; Brown; Smalley;
to deceive (BAGD). To deceive or lead ourselves astray Rom. 3:25). mept concerning, for. The phrase nepi tOv
is either to deceive oneself, or to deceive those in the cpaptidv (# 4309; 281) could refer to sin offering as in
593 1 John 2

the OT, or mean “in reference to sin” (NIDNTT, 3:1203). aor. ind. act. axkovw (#201) to hear. @ 8 GANnOns (# 239)
3 ‘yw@oKopev pres. ind. act. yiwwoKw (# 1182) to know. true, genuine. The word expresses not only the truth of
eyvwkopev perf. act. ind. ywwwoxw (# 1182) to know. The the logical content; it says the newness of the com-
tenses here are significant; we learn to perceive more mandment to love was actually manifested in Christ
and more clearly that our knowledge is genuine and in those who received the letter (Schnackenburg).
through its abiding results in a growing willingness to Ott (# 4022) that. It could be epex., explaining the new
obey (Brooke). Evtohdc ace. pl. evtoAn (# 1953) com- commandment (’‘namely, that the darkness is passing
mandment. tnp@pev pres. subj. act. tmpew (# 5498) to away”), causal (“because the darkness is passing
guard, to keep. The word has the idea of observing or away”); or perhaps both ideas are intended (Brown).
holding something fast in memory (Schnackenburg). mapayeto pres. ind. mid. (dep.) napc&youar (# 4135) to
Subj. w. e&v (# 1569) is used in a 3rd. class cond. cl. pass away. Pres. indicates that the process has already
which views the cond. as a possibility. @ 4 A€ywv pres. begun and the darkness is passing away (Brooke). o@¢
act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Subst. part., to emphasize (#5890) light. GAnBivog (#240) true, genuine. patver
a defining character trait. The change from the pl. to the pres. ind. act. paivw (#5743) to shine. Customary pres.,
sing. suggests that the principle is being applied and indicating that this is an ongoing state (GGBB, 522).
tested in the life of the individual believer (Smalley). @ 9 eywv pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Subst.
éyvwKa perf. ind. act. yiwwoxw (# 1182) to know. Perf. part. to emphasize a defining trait. €lva. pres. act. inf.
stresses the abiding state or cond. tnpév pres. act. part. eyst (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. discourse. p1o@v pres.
tnpew (#5498) to keep. Concessive use of part. Pres. act. part. uicew (# 3631) to hate. Subst. part. to empha-
indicates a continual action. webotns (# 6026) one who size a defining trait. dptt (# 785) now, at the pres. time.
lies, liar. 5 tnpf pres. subj. act. tnpew (# 5498) to keep. 10 ayandv pres. act. part. dyandw (# 26) to love (s.v.
Subj. w. the generalized or indef. rel. pron. 6¢ &v, mean- 5). Subst. part. to emphasize a defining trait, “the one
ing “whoever keeps.” GANO@s> (#242) adv., truly. q who continually expresses loves.” wévet pres. ind. act.
ayann tod Be0d the love of God. The gen. could be sub- uevw (#3531) to remain (s.v. 6). oxavdarov (# 4998)
jective gen. (“God’s love for man”), obj. gen. (“man’s stumbling. @ 11 p0v pres. act. part. wicew (# 3631) to
love for God”), or gen. of quality (“God's kind of love”) hate. mepimatel pres. ind. act. nepinatew (#4344) to
(Marshall). For the meaning of the term “love,” s. 1 Cor. walk about, to conduct one’s life. Pres. pictures the
13:1; Oda Wischmeyer, “Agape in der ausserchrist- pres. continual action, “he is walking about.” otSev
lichen Antike,” ZNW 69 [1978]: 212-38; TLNT; TDNT; perf. ind. act. o1da (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres.
EDNT. teteAeiwtor perf. ind. pass. tedevow (# 5457) to meaning. bmayet pres. ind. act. bnayw (#5632) to go.
bring to the goal, to perfect. Proleptic perf. used to refer The idea is not that of preceding to a definite point, but
to a state resulting from an antecedent action yet to of leaving the pres. scene (Westcott). EtopAwoev aor.
come (GGBB, 581). True love for God is expressed not ind. act. tupArow (# 5604) to make blind, to cause to be
in sentimental language or mystical experience, but in blind, to blind. 12 ypapw (#1211) pres. ind. act. to
moral obedience. The proof of love is loyalty. Such love write. Pres. could indicate the letter that John is now
is perfected (Stott). ywwwoKopev pres. ind. act. yiwwoKw writing, stressing the progressive writing, “I am writ-
(# 1182) to know. éopev pres. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. ing.” Eypa.ya aor. ind. act. ypcpw to write. The aor. could
@ 6 AEywV pres. act. part. (subst.) Aeyw (# 3306) to say. be an epistolary aor., referring to the present writing
pévetv pres. act. inf. wevw (#3531) to remain. The pres. but stressing the completed action as they read the let-
of this vb. indicates a continual abiding in Him (s. John ter; or it could refer to another letter written in the past.
15:4; Schnackenburg, 105-10). Inf. is used as indir. disc. For a discussion of the views regarding the tenses of
after the part. ogetrer pres. ind. act. opetru (# 4053) to the vb. ypapw s. Marshall; Schnackenburg; Plummer;
be morally obligated; “he ought to,” w. inf. Ka@a¢ Brown; Smalley. 6t1 (# 4022) that. This particle is used
(# 2777) just as. exeivog (#1697) that one, i.e. Christ. six times in vv. 12-14. They could be causal (“because”)
MEPLEMATHOEV aor. ind. act. mepinatew (# 4344) to walk, or they could indicate the content of that which John is
to conduct one’s life (s. 1:6). Aor. sums up the total life writing. ab€wvtat perf. ind. pass. abinut (#918) to
of Jesus. otw¢ (# 4048) so, in like manner. nepinateiv release, to forgive. Perf. indicates that the sins have
pres. act. inf. meprtatew (# 4344). Inf. as obj. or comple- been and remain forgiven (Scott). Pass. could be the
mentary to the vb. ogeidet. Pres. indicates a continual theol. pass., indicating that God is the one who forgives
action. 7 &yarntoi voc. pl. ayanntos (# 28) one who the sins. 51 (# 1328) w. acc., because; “because God is
is loved, beloved. koivy acc. sing. Kaivoc (# 2785) new, the one who forgives the sins.” 13 eyvwKate perf.
novel, new in kind (RWP; Trench, Synonyms, 219-25; ind. act. yiwwokw (# 1182) to know. Perf. indicates the
Schnackenburg; John 13:34). madaog (#4094) old, continuing results of the knowledge. tov an’ apxtic
ancient; i.e., old in time. For example Deut. 6:5; Lev. (# 608; 794) the one who was from the beginning. Art.
19:18. etyete aor. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. nkoboate used with a prep. phrase. veavioxos (#3734) young
1 John 2 594

man. The word could indicates either someone young know, to recognize. @ 19 €&f7/Aav aor. ind. act. e&€pyxo-
in the faith or physically young. vevuknkate perf. act. wa. (# 2002) to go out. They either left the doctrine or
ind. vikxaw (# 3771) to bring about a victory, to achieve left the fellowship. For a discussion of the problem in
the victory, to conquer. Perf. indicates the pres. conse- the community and the>purpose of the letter to address
quence of a past event (Stott). tov movnpov (# 4505) the these s. DLNT, 587-99. joav impf. ind. act. et (# 1639)
evil one. It is a clear reference to the devil (Brown). to be. Ind. in a contrary to fact cond. cl. pewevnKeroav
@ 14 Eypaya aor. ind. act. ypcdw (# 1211) to write. Aor. plperf. ind. act. yevw (# 3531) to remain (s.v. 6). Plperf.
could be epistolary aor., referring to the pres. letter; or expresses the continuance of the contingent results up
it could indicates a previous writing (s.v. 12). eyv@Kate to the time of speaking (M, 148). The plperf. often lacks
perf. ind. act. yiwwokw (# 1182) to know. pévet pres. ind. the augment in Koine (BD, 36). avepwOdarv aor. pass.
act. wevw (#3531) to remain (s.v. 6). veviknkate perf. subj. bavepow (# 5746) to manifest, to bring to light, to
ind. act. vikaw (#3771) to conquer (s.v. 13). 15 reveal. Subj. w. (va (#2671) in a purp. cl. Possibly an
ayanate pres. imp. act. wyanaw (#26) to love. Pres. imperatival iva (GGBB, 476-77). John not only relates
imp. commonly used to forbid an action or attitude of the fact of their departure from the fellowship, but dis-
life (GGBB, 487). koopwog (# 3180) world, world system. cerns a purpose in it. The heretics left of their own voli-
The word can signify mankind organized in rebellion tion, but behind the secession was the divine purp. that
against God (Marshall; Schnackenburg, 133-37; TDNT; they should be made manifest. Their departing was
HSB, 733-34). 7 a&yarn tod matpdc the love of the Father. their unmasking. What is counterfeit cannot remain
The gen. could be subjective gen. (“the love from the forever hidden (Stott). && Nav (#1666; 1609) of us.
Father”), obj. gen. (“the love for the Father”), or @ 20 kat (#2779) and yet. The word has here an adver-
descriptive (“fatherly love”). 16 émOvpia (# 2123) sative force (“but”) (Marshall; BD, 227; JG, 135f). yptowa
strong desire, lust, passion (TDNT; DNP, 2:542-44). (# 5984) anointing. The word, which expresses not the
oupKos gen. sing. oap— (#4922) flesh. The word here act of anointing, but that w. which it is performed,
could refer to the fallen human nature in general, to a marks the connection of Christians w. their Head and
disposition of hostility toward God (Smalley; Brown). refers to the Holy Spirit (Westcott; TDNT; Marshell;
Gen. could be gen. of source (“desires arising fr. the Smalley; DLNT, 48-50). oi8ate perf. ind. act. oa
fallen human nature”) or gen. of description (“fleshly (# 3857) to know. Def. pert. W. a pres. meaning. @ 21
desire”). Of0aALGV gen. pl. OpGaALOs (# 4057) eye. Gen. Eypouya. aor. act. ind. pape (# 1211) to write. Epistolary
of source or subjective gen, indicating that the eyes are aor., “I am writing.” Ott (# 4022) that. ot8ate perf. ind.
the agent of the desires (Smalley). adatoveta (# 224) act. oi6a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning.
pride, boasting arrogance. It means the braggadocio weddoc (#6022) liar. 22 yeddoc (#6022) liar. €1 pq
who exaggerates what he possesses in order to impress (#1623; 3590) if not, except. &pvovdpevog pres. mid.
other people. Such a person stood on the pier and told (dep.) part. (subst.) apveopnoar (# 667) to say no to, to
his friends how much he had invested in shipping; deny. Tov matépa Kai tov viOV the Father and the Son.
then sent his boy to the bank although he has only one Art. is par excellence (GGBB, 233). The one who rejects
drachma in his account! (Marshall; MNTW, 38-42; the Son also rejects the Father (Smalley). @ 23 apvov-
Trench, Synonyms, 98-102f; TLNT; Klauck). Bioc wevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. adpveowat (# 667) to say no
(# 1050) life, life substances or goods, possessions. Obj. to, to deny. onoAoydv pres. act. part. OLoAoyew (# 3933)
gen. here, indicating the boasting about one’s goods or to agree, to confess (s. 1:9). Subst. part. w. art. to indi-
livelihood. 17 napayeto. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) cate a defining trait. €ye1 pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to
topayount (# 4135) to pass away (s.v. 8). mowWv pres. act. have. Gnomic pres. (GGBB, 522). @ 24 NKoboate aor.
part. novew (# 4472) to do. Subst. part. to emphasize a ind. act. &dkovw (#201) to hear and accept what has
defining trait. @&Anyo. (# 2525) will. wever pres. ind. act. been heard. peveétw pres. imp. act. 3rd. pers. sing. pévw
uevw (# 3531) to remain (s.v. 6). @ 18 nadtov (# 4086) (#3531) to remain (s.v. 6). wetvy aor. subj. act. pévw
little child, dear child (s.v. 1). Eoyatn wpa. (# 2274; 6052) (# 3531) to remain. Subj. w. €av (# 1569) in a 3rd. class
last hour. Nkovoate aor. ind. act. GKovw (# 201) to hear. cond. cl. which views the cond. as possible (s. 1:6).
avtiyptotos (#532) Antichrist. Prep. could refer either Tkovoate aor. ind. act. dkovw (# 201) to express. peveite
to one who comes instead of Christ or one who fut. ind. act. pevw (#3531) to remain. It is significant
opposes Christ. The lack of the art. stresses the cate- that pevw expresses a continuing relationship (Mar-
gory or quality (Schnackenburg; MT, 132; DLNT, 50- shall). @ 25 enayyeAia (# 2039) announcement, prom-
53). Epyetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) pyouor (#2262) to ise, pledge (BAGD; Schnackenburg). énnyyeiAato aor.
come; “he is coming.” yeyovaow perf. ind. act. yivouo1 ind. mid. (dep.) enayyeAowor (# 2040) to promise, to
(# 1181) to become. Here, “to have come to be,” “to pledge, to pledge oneself to do something. 26
have arisen” (Brooke). 6@ev (# 3854) therefore, for this Eypawa. aor. ind. act. ypcdw (# 1211) to write. TAGVOOVTWV
reason. YivwoKouev perf. ind. act. ywwoKkw (#1182) to pres. act. part. mhavaw (#4414) to lead astray, to
595 1 John 3

deceive. Part. has a conative force, “trying to deceive” and abiding (Brooke; Schnackenburg). téxva nom. pl.
(Marshall). Pres. indicates an unfulfilled attempt. texvov (#5451) child. Nom. w. vb. of calling. It was a
@ 27 eddBete aor. ind. act. hopPaveo ((# 3284) to receive, great privilege to be the child of a kind, loving father.
to accept. pévet pres. ind. act. wevw (#3531) to remain. Because the child had the nature of his father, he
Exete pres. ind. act. tyw (# 2400) to have. diddoKy pres. should behave like his father (BBC; DLNT, 1115-17).
subj. act. didcoKw (# 1438) to teach. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) KANO@pev aor. subj. pass. Kaew (# 2813) to call; pass., to
used epexegetically to explain what the need is. be named. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) could be used here to
e515aéev aor. ind. act. didcoKw (# 1438) to teach. pévere express either purp. (Westcott) or results (RWP). Eopév
pres. imp. act. pevw (#3531) to remain. @ 28 pévete pres. ind. act. ei (# 1639) to be. yiwwoxet pres. ind. act.
pres. imp. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. davepw7 aor. ywwwoKkw (#1182) to know. Pres. indicates a continual
subj. pass. pavepow (# 5746) to appear (s.v. 19). Subj. w. action. €yvw aor. ind. act. ywwwoKkw (# 1182) to know.
éav (# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. and a clear refer- @ 2 o0bnw (#4037) not yet. &pavepwOn aor. ind. pass.
ence to the second coming of Christ at any time (RWP). avepow (# 5746) to make clear, to manifest, to reveal.
Ox@peV aor. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Subj. w. iva eooueda. fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ewt (# 1639) to be. otSapev
(#2671) in a purp. cl. mappnoia (#4244) speaking perf. ind. act. ot80 (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres.
everything, openness, boldness, confidence. The word meaning. avepw67] aor. subj. pass. davepow (# 5746) to
originated from the political scene and meant openness appear. The subject of the vb. could be either Jesus
in speaking. It was soon taken into the ethical area and Himself or it could refer to ti todue80 (Marshall;
closely connected w. the concept of friendship. Philo Schnackenburg; Westcott). 6poiog (#3927) like. This
used the word regarding a slave whose good con- likeness of man redeemed and perfected to God is the
science gave him openness and confidence w. his mas- likeness of the creature reflecting the glory of the Cre-
ter. The person who has been cleansed from sin and ator (Westcott). eoopve8a fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eipi
continues in love also has freedom of speech w. his (#1639) to be. owoueba fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw
Master who rules the whole world (Schnackenburg; (# 3972) to see. For the ambiguous construction s. Mar-
TLNT; TDNT; GELTS, 361; Heb. 3:6). atoyvvOdpev aor. shall; Brown; Smalley. 3 €ywv pres. act. part. éyw
subj. pass. aioyvvw (# 159) to shame; pass., to be put to (# 2400) to have, to possess. Subst. part., “the one hav-
shame, to be made ashamed. Subj. w. tva (# 2671) in a ing hope.” éAnt&a acc. sing. eAmic (# 1828) hope; here in
neg. purp. cl. napovoig (# 5746) presence, coming (s. 1 the sense of confidence, is the confident expectation
Thess. 3:13). @ 29 evdf\te perf. subj. act. 016 (# 3857) to that the believer will share fully in God’s eternal life
know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Subj. in a 3rd. class (Smalley; EH). ayviter pres. ind. act. ayvitw (# 49) to
cond. cl., normally meaning that the cond. is viewed as purify. The word originally had a cultic meaning, indi-
possible. Here the intention may not be to question the cating withdrawal from the profane and dedication to
certainty that He is just, but to turn the audience God-to make ceremonially ready. The term, however,
toward self-interrogation: Have they realized that He also took on an ethical character (Schnackenburg;
is just? (Brown). yiwwoKete pres. ind. act. yiwwoKw TDNT; EDNT; Smalley). The hope of appearing before
(#1182) to know. nov@v pres. act. part. (subst.) novew God’s presence, and of seeing Christ as He is, necessar-
(# 4472) to do. Pres. indicates a continual action. yeyev- ily inspires its recipients w. the desire of putting away
vytat perf. ind. pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; pass., to every defilement that clouds the vision of God
be born. The child exhibits the parents’ character (Brooke). gavtod (#1571) refl. pron., himself. Ka8w¢
because he shares the parents’ nature (Stott). Perf. indi- (# 2777) just as. 4 nov pres. act. part. novew (# 4472)
cates the abiding result. to do, to continue to do, to practice. Subst. part., “the
one practicing.” Gvopto (#281) that which is without
1 John 3 the law, lawlessness. movei pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472)
@ 1 Sete aor. imp. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. The vb. to do. #5 otSate perf. ind. act. 0180 (# 3857) to know.
is followed by an indir. statement as a means of arous- Def. perf. w. a pres. meaning. ott (#4022) that, giving
ing the readers’ attention (Marshall). He invites his the\content of the knowledge. egavepwen aor. ind. pass.
readers to contemplate the same truth as presented davepow (#5746) to appear. &pq aor. subj. act. aipw
before them in an intelligent shape (Westcott). motamnv (# 149) to lift up, to take away, to remove completely.
acc. sing. motanog (#4534) what kind of. The word is Subj. w. tva (# 2671) used ina purp. cl. @ 6 pévwv pres.
used often of something admirable in character act. part. (subst.) wevw (i 3531) to remain. Pres. indi-
(Brooke). The word meant originally “of what coun- cates continual action. Gpoptdvet pres. ind. act. OuLOLp-
try,” and seems always to imply astonishment (Scott; to.vw (#279) to sin. Pres. indicates habitual action. It
Plummer). 5e5wKev perf. ind. act. di5wyi (#1443) to has been suggested that here John intends a potential
give. The word signifies an unearned gift. Perf. indi- view, that the one remaining in Him should not live in
cates that what they had received is permanent sin (Smalley). Gpaptavwv pres. act. part. cuwaptavw
1 John 3 596

(# 279) to sin. €wpaxev perf. ind. act. opdaw (#3972) to been vegetarian, so John may be deliberately pointing
see. Perf. means to see and to experience the continual to the fact that Cain worked the soil (Smalley).
results of having seen. éyvwxev perf. ind. act. yiwwokw 13 Oavpatete pres. imp. act. Gavyatw (# 2513) to be
(# 1182) to know. The vb. opaw lays stress on the obj., amazed, to wonder, to marvel. Aor. would emphasize
which appears and is grasped by the mental vision; the the immediate feeling aroused by a particular thought,
vb. yivwoxw stresses the subsequent subjective appre- or action (s. 3:7). Here the pres. is used of the continu-
hension of what is grasped in the vision, or unfolded ous feeling stirred up by the whole temper of men
gradually in experience (Brooke). 7 mAavatw pres. (Westcott; Brooke). The vb. is followed by the particle
imp. act. tAavow (# 4414) to lead astray, to deceive. et (# 1623) (“if,” “that”) (BD, 237). proet pres. ind. act.
MOWWV pres. act. part. no1ew (# 4472) to do, to practice. uicéw (# 3631) to hate. 14 otSapev pref. ind. act. oida.
Subst. part. indicates habitual action. 8 nowv pres. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. petapPe-
act. part. novew (# 4472) to do. &1aBoAog (# 1333) devil, Brkopev perf. ind. act. petaBaivw (#3553) to pass over
adversary (DDD, 464-73). dpaptdver pres. ind. act. from one place to another, to transfer, to migrate
cuaptavw (#279) to sin. Pres. indicates continual, (RWP). Perf. indicates the permanency of the step of
habitual action. It began in the past but continues in the salvation (Schnackenburg). &yam@pev pres. ind. act.
pres. (GGBB, 519-20). €avepw@n aor. ind. pass. bavepow ayanaw (# 26) to love. Pres. indicates habitual action.
(#5746) to appear. Avoq aor. subj. act. Avw (#3395) to ayand@v pres. act. part. ayandw (#26) to love. Subst.
loose, to destroy. The word suggests destruction by part., “the one (not) loving.” Pres. indicates a habit of
undoing or dissolving that which forms the bond of life. pévet pres. ind. act. wevw (#3531) to remain.
cohesion (Brooke). Subj. w. tva (#2671) in a purp. cl. @ 15 0@v pres. act. part. wioew (#3631) to hate.
@ 9 yeyewvnpevoc perf. pass. part. yevvaw (#1164) to avOpwroxtovos (#475) one who kills a human being,
bear; pass., to be born (s. 2:29). notei pres. ind. act. moew murderer. otate perf. ind. act. oi8a (# 3857) to know.
(#4472) to do. pévet pres. ind. act. yevw (#3531) to Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. yet pres. ind. act. yw
remain. §0vatat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) 50vapor (# 1538) (# 2400) to have, to possess. Pres. points to possession.
to be able. cpaptavetv pres. act. inf. quaptavy (#279) to wévovoay pres. act. part. (adj.) acc. fem. sing. wevw
sin. For a discussion of the use of the pres. here s. (# 3531) to remain. Pres. stresses continuing action.
GGBB, 522, 524; S. Kubo, “I John 3:9: Absolute or 16 eyvwKopev perf. ind. act. y1wwokw (# 1182) to know
Habitual?,” AUSS 7 (1969): 47-56. yeyevvnta. perf. ind. (s.v. 6). €8nKev aor. ind. act. tiOnur (#5502) to place.
pass. yevvaw (# 1164) to be born. Perf. marks not only Used here in the Semitic sense of, “to lay down one’s
the single act of birth, but the continuous presence of life,” “to give one’s life” (Marshall; Brooke; Bultmann;
its efficacy (Westcott). The v. indicates the abiding Gaugler). opetopev pres. ind. act. odetaw (# 4053) to be
influence of His seed within everyone who is born of morally obligated. 8etva aor. act. inf. TON (#5502) to
God, as that which enables John to affirm without fear lay down. Compl. inf. to the main vb. Aor. involves a
of contradiction that one cannot go on living in sin. single action of giving up one’s life. The variant read-
Indeed, “if he should thus continue in sin, it would ing of the pres. t18éva1 would indicate a continuing
indicate that he has never been born again” (Stott); for willingness to do so out of love (Brown). 17 €xq pres.
a discussion of this v. w. various viewpoints s. Mar- subj. act. yw (#2400) to have, to possess. Biog (# 1050)
shall; Smalley; Brown; HSB, 736-39. 10 davepoc life; ie., things pertaining to life, like possessions or
(# 5745) clear, evident, conspicuous (MM). mowdv pres. wealth (Houlden; Schnackenburg). ®ewp7 pres. subj.
act. part. movéw (#4472) to do. ayandv pres. act. part. act. Bewpew (#2555) to see. Exovta pres. act. part. Exw
ayanow (# 26) to love. © 11 wyyeAia (# 32) report, mes- (# 2400) to have. KAeton aor. subj. act. KAeiw (# 3091) to
sage (s. 1:5). Nkoboate aor. ind. act. dkobw (#201) to shut up, to lock. The word perhaps suggests that a bar-
hear. ayandpev pres. subj. act. ayanow (#26) to love. rier raised against the natural human feelings is
Subj. w. iva, (#2671) in a cl. explaining ayyedia (RWP; exposed by the contemplation of such cases (Brooke).
GGBB, 476). Pres. would indicate a continual, habitual omhayxvov (#5073) the inward organs, tender mercy,
attitude of love. GAANAONUG acc. pl. &AANAWV (# 253) one strong compassion (s. Phil. 1:8; TDNT; MNTW, 156;
another, reciprocal pron. @ 12 fv impf. ind. act. eiwi TLNT). ] yarn tod Be0d the love of God; God’s own
(# 1639) to be. yaptv tivos (# 5515; 5920) for the sake of love, which comes and dwells in the genuine believer
what? wherefore? (RWP). €ooaéev aor. ind. act. oacw and is the source of the love in the believing commu-
(#5377) to slaughter, to kill, to butcher, to murder. nity (Holden). pévet pres. ind. act. wévw (#3531) to
Although the word was used often of the slaying of remain. 18 &yan@pev pres. subj. act. cyand&w (# 26)
animals, particularly for sacrifice, this is not the sense to love. Hortatory subj., “let us love.” yA@oou (# 1185)
here. It is used here of violent killing (Schnackenburg; tongue, language, speech; w. mere outward expression
Marshall; RWP). Cain is used here as a typical OT as opposed to the genuine movement of our whole
example of wickedness. The heretical group may have being (Westcott). © 19 yvwooue8a. fut. ind. mid. (dep.)
§97 1 John 4

yivwokw (# 1182) to know. €x tg GANGEtac EOpeV We are their departure (Westcott). 2 yiwwoxKete pres. ind.
from the truth; i.e., “we draw the power of our being act. y_wwoKw (# 1182) to know. The vb. is to be taken as
from the Truth as its source” (Westcott). This is the ori- ind. rather than imp. (Marshall). owoAoyei pres. ind. act.
gin of our belief. gumpooBev (# 1869) before. neicopev oporoyew (# 3933) to agree, to confess. EANAvEOTH perf.
fut. ind. act. ne16w (# 4275) to persuade, to reassure, to act. part. €pyouar (# 2262) to come. Predicated acc. of
set at rest, to appease (Marshall; Stott). capSia (# 2840) the part. used after the vb. oyodoyet (RWP; for this con-
heart. The word is used here in the sense of conscience struction s. Stott; Marshall). Perf. indicates that the
(Marshall). 20 katayiwwoxy pres. subj. act. Katayt- coming of Christ in the flesh was well-known; the
vwoxw (# 2861) to know something against someone, to effects of the Incarnation were lasting (Schnackenburg;
condemn. Subj. w. 611 éav (# 4022; 1569) viewed as a Brooke; McKay). @ 3 oyoAoyei pres. ind. act. oporoyew
generalizing rel., in a 3rd. class cond. cl. w. the cond. (# 3933) to confess. aknkoate perf. ind. act. aKovw
viewed as possible (Smalley). peif{wv (#3505) comp. (# 201) to hear. €pyeta pres. ind. mid. (dep.) épxouor
Leéyas great; comp., greater. W. the gen., “greater than.” (# 2262) to come, to go. Pres. here also has a fut. impli-
Our conscience is by no means infallible; its condemna- cation. @ 4 veviknkate perf. ind. act. vikdaw (#3771) to
tion may often be unjust. We can, therefore, appeal conquer, to be victorious. wetGwv (# 3505) s.v. 20. Koop0¢
from our conscience to God who is greater and more (# 3180) world. In v. 3 the word means more the area
knowledgeable. Indeed He knows all things, including inhabited by man, in v. 4 it refers to sinful mankind,
our secret motives and deepest resolves, and, it is and in v. 5 the stress is more on the sinful principle
implied, He will be more merciful toward us than our found in such people (Marshall; TDNT). @ 5 81a todto
own heart (Stott). yiwwoxKer pres. ind. act. yiwwwoKw (# 1328; 4047) because of this. AaAodotv pres. ind. act.
(# 1182) to know. Pres. indicates God’s knowledge is AoAew (#3281) to speak. dkover pres. ind. act. akovw
continual. 21 xatayiwwoxq pres. subj. act. Katayt- (# 201) to hear. Followed by the gen., “to listen to,” “to
vwoKxw (#2861) to condemn. nmappnoia (# 4244) open- hear.” The world recognizes its own people and listens
ness, confidence, assurance (s. 2:28). Eyoev pres. ind. to a message originating in its own circle. This explains
act. €yw (#2400) to have. @ 22 aitdpev pres. subj. act. their popularity (Stott). @ 6 éopev pres. ind. act. eyi
aitew (# 160) to ask, to request. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. (#1639) to be. ywwoKxwv pres. act. part. yivwoKw
AauBavouev pres. ind. act. AapBavw (#3284) to take. (# 1182) to know. nAGdvn (# 4415) error. Descriptive gen.
Thpobpev pres. ind. act. tnpew (# 5498) to guard, to keep, or obj. gen. The word here can have the meaning,
to obey. apeotoc (# 744) pleasing, vb. adj. Here, “the “cause of error.” For this and other parallels to the spir-
things pleasing.” movobpev pres. ind. act. movew (# 4472) its of truth and perversity s. Marshall; Schnackenburg,
to do. 23 niotevowpev aor. subj. act. tiotevw (# 4409) 211f; TDNT; NIDNTT. 7 &yandpev pres. subj. act.
to believe. Subj. w. tva (#2671) used in an epex. cl. ayancaw (#26) to love. Hortatory subj., “let us love.”
explaining what His commandment is. &yan@pev pres. ayandv pres. act. part. dyandw. yeyevvntar perf. ind.
subj. act. wyamow (# 26) to love. Parallel to the previous pass. yevvaw (#1164) to bear; pass., to be born. Perf.
vb. €5wKev aor. ind. act. Sidwui (#1443) to give. emphasizes the continuing results of the new birth.
24 tnpdv pres. act. part. tnpew (# 5498) to observe, to yivwoxet pres. ind. act. ywwwokw (# 1182) to know. Pres.
hold, to obey. pévet pres. ind. act. wevw (#3531) to indicates continual knowledge. @ 8 a&yandv pres. act.
remain. YyivwoxKopev pres. ind. act. ywwwokw (# 1182) to part. ayamdw (# 26) to love. God has the quality of love
know. od gen. sing. 6¢ (# 4005) who, which; rel. pron. (GGBB, 45, 245, 264). For the term “love” and its rela-
gen. because it is attracted to the case of mvebyatoc tion to the person and nature of God s. 2:5; Schnacken-
(# 4460). €5wxev aor. ind. act. Sidwpt (# 1443) to give. burg, 231-39; Marshall. @ 9 &pavepw6n aor. ind. pass.
davepow (#5746) to make clear, to make evident, to
1 John 4 reveal. The word conveys the thought of the manifesta-
@ 1 motevete pres. imp. act. miotevw (#4409) to tion of what was previously hidden (Marshall). povo-
believe. Pres. imp. w. pq (# 3590) could call for the stop- yeviis (#3666) only one of its kind, single one, only,
ping of an action in progress. &AAG (# 247) but, rather. unique (Marshall; Smalley; Brown; s. John 3:16). ane-
Soxaete pres. imp. act. Soxouatw (# 1507) to prove by otaAKev perf. ind. act. dnooteAAw (#690) to send, to
trial, to test (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). t& mvevpato. send an official authoritative representative to do a
(# 4460) the spirits. Pl. may indicate the spirit of error specific task (TNDT). Perf. indicates that God the
and spirit of truth, or the Holy Spirit and the evil spirit Father sent Him and we now enjoy the blessings of the
(Smalley, Brown; s. 1 Cor. 12:10). For a treatment of the mission (Westcott). Cnowpev aor. subj. act. Caw (# 2409)
word nvedua in 1 John s. Schnackenburg, 209-15. to live. Subj. w. tva (#2671) used in a purp. cl.
wevdorpoontns (#6021) false prophet. e&eAnAvBaolv @ 10 ayann (#27) love; here, the quality of true love.
perf. ind. act. e€€pxouar (#2002) to go out from. Perf. True love is selfless (Brooke). For a discussion of the
expresses the continued agency, not the single fact, of meaning of love s. DLNT, 694-700. nyanthxapev perf.
1 John 5 598

ind. act. ayanaw (# 26) to love. The use of the perf. per- out of doors (RWP). KoAaotg (# 3136) punishment. The
haps stresses that it is not our continuing love for God word indicates the disciplinary chastisement of the
which should be central, but the love revealed histori- wrongdoer (Westcott). poBovpevos pres. mid. part. poBe-
cally to us in Jesus (Marshall). jyannoev aor. ind. act. ova (# 5828) to be afraid, to have fear. tetedetwtat perf.
ayandw (# 26) to love. The change from the perf. to the ind. pass. tedew (#5457) to perfect. 19 dyandpev
aor. stresses the historic manifestation of the love pres. subj. act. @yamaw (# 26) to love. Cohortatory subj.,
rather than the continuing effect of God’s act (Mar- “let us love.” mp@tog (# 4755) first. nyamnoev aor. ind.
shall). a&méoteivev aor. ind. act. anooteAAw (# 690) to act. wyomdaw (# 26) to love. Aor. may point to a specific
send. Aaopos (# 2662) satisfaction, propitiation (s. 2:2). act of love. 20 ein aor. subj. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
@ 11 nyannoev aor. ind. act. ayandw (#26) to love. Subj. w. €av (#1569) is used in a 3rd. class cond. cl.
OpeiAopuev pres. ind. act. Opeidw (# 4053) to be morally viewing the cond. as a possibility. dyan@ pres. ind. act.
obligated, to owe a debt that must be paid, to have to ayandw (#26) to love. pot pres. subj. act. pioew
do something; “we must, ought.” ayanav pres. act. inf. (# 3631) to hate. yeborng (# 6026) liar. wyan@v pres. act.
ayanaw (#26) to love. Compl. inf. to the main vb. part. ayandw. EwpaKev perf. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to
@ 12 nwmote (#4799) at any time, ever. teBeatat perf. see. S0vata1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Svvapar (# 1538) to
ind. mid. (dep.) Gecoucr (# 2517) to see, to behold (s. be able to. wyanday pres. act. inf. wyanaw. Compl. inf. to
1:1). Here the thought is of the continuous beholding the main vb. 21 ێvtoAn (#1953) command. Exouev
that answers to abiding fellowship (Westcott). pres. ind. act. €yw (#2400) to have. a&yan@v pres. act.
ayandpev pres. subj. act. wyamaw (# 26) to love. Subj. w. part. cyanaw (# 26) to love. wyan@ pres. subj. act. wya-
tav (#1569) is used in a 3rd.-class cond. cl. which maw. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) gives the content of the com-
views the cond. as possible. pévet pres. ind. act. wevw mand. This concept was common in the Greek world
(#3531) to remain. teteAewwpevn perf. pass. part. (BBC).
tedevow (# 5457) to bring to completion, to bring to the
goal, to perfect (s. 2:5). @ 13 ywwwoxKopev pres. ind. act. 1John5
yiwwoKw (# 1182) to know. €K tod mvevuatos adtOd from @ 1 motebwv pres. act. part. motevw (#4409) to
His Spirit. The possession of the Spirit indicates that believe. 6t1 (# 4022) that. The particle introduces the
the believer is in Him. 8€5wxev perf. ind. act. 515011 content of what is believed. yeyevvntat perf. ind. pass.
(# 1443) to give. Perf. emphasizes the completed action yevvaw (# 1164) to bear; pass., to be born (s.1 John 2:29;
w. the continuing results. @ 14 teOedpeOa perf. ind. RAC, 9:43-171). &yan@v pres. act. part. ayandaw (# 26)
mid. (dep.) Oecaouar (#2517) to see (s.v. 12). pap- to love. yevwnoavta aor. act. part. yevvaw. wyan& pres.
Tupodpev pres. ind. act. patpvpew (#3455) to witness. subj. act. cyanaw. yeyevvnpevov perf. pass. part. yevvaw.
GnEOTAAKEV perf. ind. act. AnooteAAw (#690) to send This new birth, which brings us into believing recogni-
(s.v. 9). owtnp (#5400) savior; here, double acc., “He tion of the eternal Son, also involves us in a loving rela-
sent the Son as Savior of the world.” Koopos (# 3180) tionship w. the Father and His other children. The part.
world. Obj. gen. here. 15 OpoAoynoyq aor. subj. act. here refers to every child of God (Stott). Perf. indicates
oporoyew (#3933) to confess. Subj. w. edv (#1569) to the continuing state. 2 yiwwoKopev pres. ind. act.
express cond. Aor. points to a specific action. 16 ywwwokw (# 1182) to know. otav (# 4020) w. subj., when-
eyvwKopev perf. ind. act. ywwwokw (# 1182) to know. Perf. ever. @yam@pev pres. ind. act. wyandw (#26) to love
indicates we have come to know and still know (Mar- (following ott). Gyan@pev pres. subj. act. ayandw.
shall). nemiotedkopev perf. ind. act. miotedw (#4409) to TOUMPEV pres. subj. act. novew (#4472) to do. Subjs. are
believe. Perf. indicates that the recognition of the love used in an indef. temp. cl. (RWP; Schnackenburg).
of God is considered to be a lasting and settled convic- @ 3 1 ayann tod BE0d love of God. Obj. gen., love which
tion (Schnackenburg). €xet pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to has God as the object. The main idea here may be that
have. pévwv pres. act. part. pevw (# 3531) to remain. pé- our love for God must find expression in keeping the
vel pres. ind. act. 17 tetedeiwtor perf. ind. pass. commandment to love one another (Brown). TnP@pEV
tekeiow (#5457) to bring to completion (s.v. 12). pres. subj. act. tnpew (#5498) to keep, to observe, to
moppnoia (# 4244) openness, confidence, assurance (s. obey. For a discussion of the commandments s. DLNT,
2:28). Eywpev pres. subj. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Subj. 238-41. Subj. w. iva (#2671) used in an explanatory cl.
used either as ina purp. cl. or in apposition to €v tovtw defining our love for God. Bapeiar nom. pl. Bapv<
or w. the Ott cl., the latter of which would make this cl. (#987) heavy, burdensome. The word suggests the
a parenthesis (RWP; Westcott). kpicews (# 3213) judg- idea of a heavy and oppressive burden (Brooke).
ing, judgment. gopev pres. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. @ 4 yeyevvnpevov perf. pass. part. n. nom. sing. YEVVaW
#18 d0Bog (#5832) fear. teAcia fem. nom. tEAE10G (# 1164) to be born. m&v tO yeyevvnpEvov Ek tod Be0d
(# 5455) perfect. Ew (# 2032) outside, out. Bé&AXEt pres. everyone who has been born of God. The n. phrase is
ind. act. BoAAw (# 965) to cast out, to drive out, to turn possibly meant in a generalizing sense or the use may
ogg 1 John 5

be influenced by the fact that the Gr. words for “child” (RWP). aitapeda pres. ind. mid. (dep.) aitéopar (# 160)
are n. (Marshall). vix@ pres. ind. act. vikaw (# 3771) to mid., to ask for oneself, to request. &xovet pres. ind. act.
conquer, to gain a victory, to overcome. viknoaoa. aor. aKovw (#201) to hear. 15 €av (#1569) if. Particle
act. part. ViK CLO,Aor. could point to a definite act or fact used w. the ind. in a 1st. class cond. cl. has almost a
(Brooke). miotig (# 4411) faith. ) nioti¢ Nev our faith. causal sense (BD, 189; MT 115f; RWP). aitwpeba pres.
Our faith enables us to overcome the world. It acts as a ind. mid. (dep.) aiteowor (# 160) to ask. Mid. suggests
weapon of war, and its force consists in the fact that its asking for oneself. Subj. in an indef. rel. cl. attna
content is the true nature of Jesus (Houlden). @ 5 vikd@v (# 161) that which is asked, request. qthKapev perf. ind.
pres. act. part. vixaw (#377 ’1) to conquer. et un (# 1623; act. aitéonat (# 160) to ask, to request. Perf. indicates
3590) except, if not. miotebwv pres. act. part. motedw the results of asking. 16 15q aor. subj. act. opdw
(# 4409) to believe. 6 &@wv aor. act. part. (subst.) (# 3972) to see. Subj. w. av (#1569) is used in a 3rd.
Epona (# 2262) to come, to go. aiva (# 135) blood. Per- class cond. cl. which views the condition as a possibil-
haps the best explanation of the meaning of the term ity. Gpoptdvovta pres. act. part. Gpaptavw (# 279) to sin.
here is that it refers to the bloody death upon the cross For a discussion of the sin unto death s. Stott; Westcott;
(Plummer; Westcott; Marshall; Brooke; for various Marshall; Smalley; Brown; HSB, 742-44; DNLT, 1095-
explanations of vv. 6-8 s. Brown; Smalley; Ben Wither- 97. aitnoet fut. ind. act. aitéw (#160) to ask. Suoet fut.
ington III, “The Waters of Birth: John 3:5 and 1 John 5:6- ind. act. d15wy1 (# 1443) to give. oaptavovet pres. act.
6,” NTS 35 [1989]: 155-60; HSB, 739-40). waptupotv pres. part. duaptavw (#279) to sin. pwrhon aor. subj. act.
act. part. waptupew (# 3455) to be a witness, to testify. Epwtaw (#2263) to ask about, to request information
@ 7 tpeic (#552) three. paptupotvtes pres. act. part. about (Westcott). Subj. w. tva (#2671) as obj. of the vb.
(# 3455) waptupew to witness. On sale documents often AEyw. @ 17 Gbrxta (# 94) unrighteousness. @ 18 ot5apev
several witnesses signed (BBC). For a discussion of the perf. ind. act. oi5a (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. W. pres.
textual problem in vs. 7 and 8 s. TC, 716-18. 9 Aap-
meaning. yeyevvnpevos perf. pass. part. yevvaw (# 1164)
Bavopev pres. ind. act. AapPavw (#3284) to receive.
to give birth. Gwoptavet pres. ind. act. guaptavw (#279)
weitwv (# 3505) comp. weyas greater (s. 3:20). In John
to sin. yevvn@etc aor. pass. part. yevvow (#1164) to be
5:36 the word indicates the greater credence; in this v. it
born. tnpei pres. ind. act. tnpew (#5498) to keep. novn-
indicates the stronger, obligating power of the divine
poc (# 4505) evil, mean. The word refers to active evil
witness (Schnackenburg). wewaptopnKev perf. ind. act.
yaptupew (# 3456) to be a witness, to bear witness, to
(TDNT; Trench, Synonyms, 315f). Gmteto. pres. ind.
mid. (dep.) amtonat (#721) to touch, w. gen. The vb.
testify. @ 10 miotevwv pres. act. part. miotevw (# 4409) to
means to lay hold of someone in order to harm him
believe. The vb. constructed w. dat. usually expresses
(Marshall). @ 19 otSopev perf. ind. act. 18a (# 3857) to
acceptance of the statement rather than surrender to
the person (Brooke). nenotnkev perf. ind. act. novew know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. 6hog (# 3910) whole,
(#4472) to do. neniotevxev perf. ind. act. motevw total. Keita pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Keipar (# 3023) to lie
(# 4409) to believe. Perf. indicates the abiding affects. (RWP). @ 20 oiSopev perf. ind. act. ola (#3857) to
pepwaptopnkev perf. ind. act. waptvpew (#3456) to wit- know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. jjKet pres. ind. act.
ness. Perf. stresses the continuing results. @ 11 E5wKev Tkw (# 2457) to have come. Perf. pres., “the Son of God
aor. ind. act. Sidwyut (# 1443) to give. @ 12 Exwv pres. has come.” S€5wxev perf. ind. act. 5tdwpt (# 1443) to
act. part. €yw (#2400) to have, to possess. Pres. of the give. diavoia (#1379) knowing, understanding. The
vb. indicates continual possession (M, 110). The word faculty of knowing or discerning the ability to reason
is used to describe our personal possession of the correctly used in Gr. philosophy of \syllogistic reason-
Father through confessing the Son (Stott). yet pres. ing (Brooke, Westcott; GPT, 37). ‘Ywdoxwpev pres. subj.
ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to have. © 13 €ypawa aor. ind. act. act. yivwoxw (# 1182) to know. Subj. w. iva # 2671) ina
ypadw (#1211) to write. The word could be epistolary purp. cl. &An@1voc (# 240) true, genuine. ovtoc (# 4047)
aor., referring to the whole epistle, or it could refer to this one. The pron. clearly refers to Jesus (Marshall; s.
the immediately preceding section, either vv. 1-12 or also GGBB, 326-27). 21 ovAGEate aor. imp. act.
vv. 5-12 (Marshall). et8fte perf. subj. act. oda (# 3857) pvAcoow (# 5875) to guard, to keep. The use of the act.
to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Subj. w. (vo w. the reflex. pron. may be regarded as emphasizing the
(# 2671) in a purp. cl. ov (# 4022) that, giving the con- duty of personal effort (Westcott). evdadwv (# 1631)
tent of the knowledge. motevovoiv pres. ind. act. image, idol, false god. The presence of idols in the
miotevw (#4409) to believe. 14 moppnoia (# 4244) ancient world is witnessed to not only by the geograph-
openness, confidence (s. 1 John 2:28). €yopev pres. ind. ical description of Strabo and Pausanias, but also in lit-
act. yw (# 2400) to have. tav tt (# 1569; 5516) whatever, erature, art, theater, music, and the various archae-
if anything. The particle introduces a 3rd. class cond. cl. ological discoveries (s. Acts 17:16; DPL, 424-26).
 2 John
2 John ters and their form s. DLNT, 649-54. etyouev impf. ind.
@ 1 npeoPitepos (# 4565) old, elder. John may indi- act. Eyw (#2400) to have. &yandpev pres. subj. act. wya-
cate by the term that he was a vernerated old man in maw (# 26) to love. Subj. w. tva, (# 2671) in a cl. describ-
the community, or better that he was an elder, or leader ing the content of the request. GAATAWY (#253)
in the church (Smalley; Brown; TDNT; EDNT; reciprocal pron., one another. 6 ayann (#27) love
NIDNTT; DLNT, 219-26). The art. indicates that he was (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). Love means living according to
well known. eKAextog (# 1723) chosen, selected (s. 1 the Father’s commands (Marshall). nepimat@pev pres.
Peter 1:1). The phrase “to the elect lady” could refer to subj. act. mepitatew (# 4344) to conduct one’s life. Subj.
a specific person or it could be a personification indi- w. iva. (# 2671) in a cl. explaining what the command-
cating some local church (Stott; Westcott; Marshall; ment is. NKOvOaTE aor. act. ind. akovw (# 201) to hear.
Brown; Smalley; HSB, 745-46). texvoig dat. pl. texvov NEPINATHtE pres. subj. act. nepimatew (# 4344) to walk.
(#5451) child. toig téxvoig abdtiis to her children. This Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express the content of the com-
would refer to the members of the church (Marshall). mand. @ 7 mAavos (# 4418) deceiver, one who leads not
ayand@ pres. ind. act. ayandw (#26) to love. Pres. only to wrong opinion but also to wrong action (West-
expresses a continuing love. &yvwKotes perf. act. part. cott). €E7)A8ov aor. ind. act. e€epxouar (# 2002) to go out.
yivwoxw (#1182) to know. Perf. emphasizes the con- OLoAoyotvtEs pres. act. part. (subst.) oworAoyew (# 3033)
tinuing results of having known. For a rhetorical anal- to agree to, to profess. The vb. is used w. the double acc.
ysis s. Duane F. Watson, “A Rhetorical Analysis of 2 and has to do w. the messianic character of Jesus; John
John according to Greco-Roman Convention,” NTS 35 uses the word in order to correct faulty or inadequate
(1989): 104-30. 2 dAnGe1o (# 237) truth. Here the messianic ideas current in his time (ECC, 105). epyoue-
word refers to the divine reality and signifies what is vov pres. mid. (dep.) part. €pyouat (# 2262) to come, to
ultimately real; namely, God himself. Hence, it can go. Here indir. discourse is suggested by the part.
refer to the expression of God in His incarnate Son and (GGBB, 646). 6 RAdVOS Kai 6 avtixpiotos “the deceiver
in the Christian message (Schnackenburg; Marshall). and the Antichrist.” Pred. nom. w. art. indicates that
pevovoay pres. act. part. (adj.) pevw (# 3531) to remain. the nouns are the same as the subject, obtog (# 4047)
Pres. indicates the permanant character of the truth. this one; a generic force here, “such a person is...”
€ota1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) cist (# 1639) to be. €tg tov (GGBB, 332). John identifies the heretical members w.
aidva (#1650; 172) forever. 3 yapic (#5921) grace the deceiver and the antichrist (Smalley; Brown).
(EDNT; TLNT; TDNT). éAgog (# 1799) mercy (s. 1 Tim. @ 8 BAénete pres. imp. act. BAenw (#1063) to see, to
1:2). @ 4 €yapny aor. ind. pass. yatpw (# 5897) to rejoice, beware, to watch out. &moAgonte aor. subj. act. mOAA VEL
to be glad. Aor. is not epistolary, but refers back to the (#660) to lose, to suffer loss. Subj. w. un (# 3590) in a
time when the elder met the members of the church neg. purp. cl. For a discussion of the textual problem s.
(Marshall). Atav (#3336) greatly, very much, very. Ott TC. elpyaodpe8a aor. ind. mid. (dep.) epycfouar
(#4022) that. The word gives not only the content of (# 2237) to work. pro80¢ (# 3635) pay. The metaphor
the rejoicing but also the reason for rejoicing (Bult- seems to be taken from the payment of labor, since this
mann). evpnKa perf. ind. act. evptoxw (#2351) to find. word refers to a workman’s wage (Stott). mAnpns
Perf. strongly suggests personal experience (Marshall). (# 4441) full, complete. a&moAGBnte aor. subj. act. ano-
texvov (#5451) child. nepinatotbvta¢g pres. act. part. AaUBave (# 655) to take away, to receive. The word was
nepimatew (# 4344) to walk about, to conduct one’s life. used in the papyri of receiving what is due (MM).
KaOWs (# 2777) just as. The sentence introduced by this @ 9 npodywv pres. act. part. mpowyw (#4575) to go
word explains how the walk of these church members before, to run ahead. Perhaps this is a sarcastic refer-
can be called a walk in the truth (Schnackenburg). év- ence to the way in which the false teachers themselves
TOAN (# 1953) commandment (DLNT, 238-41). €AGPoyev proudly claim to be offering advanced teaching; the
aor. ind. act. AouBd&vw (#3284) to receive. @ 5 Epwtd elder claims that they have advanced beyond the
pres. ind. act. _pwtdw (# 2263) to ask, to request. ypapwv boundaries of true Christian belief (Marshall). wevev
pres. act. part. (circum.) ypapw (# 1211) to write. For let- pres. act. part. uevw (#3531) to remain. ev tH S18ax7 Tod

600
601 2 John

Xptotod in the teaching of Christ. Gen. subj. (“the to extending them an official welcome rather than
teaching from Christ”) or better, obj. gen. (“the teach- merely private hospitality (Stott). 11 Aéywv pres.
ing about Christ”). &yeu pres. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to act. part. Aeyw (#3306) to say; here, “the one saying,”
have. Pres. indicates a present possession. 10€EPXETOL “the one who says.” yaipew pres. act. inf. yaipw
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) éEpxouat (#2262) to come. déper (# 5897) to rejoice. Kowwvel pres. ind. act. Kko.wwvew
pres. ind. act. pepw to carry. AoyPdvete pres. imp. act. (#3125) to have fellowship, to share in. Housing an
LopBovey (# 3284) to receive, to show hospitality to. apostate was seen as collaborating with him (BBC).
Pres. imp. w. the neg. pn (# 3590) could call for the stop- @ 12 Eywv pres. act. part. Eyw (# 2400) to have. Conces-
ping of an action in progress, or call for a continual or sive part., “although I have.” ypd&ew pres. act. inf.
habitual action (GGBB, 725). It was common in the ypadw (# 1211) to write. EBovANnOny aor. ind. pass. (dep.)
ancient world to receive traveling teachers in the home BovAopa (# 1086) to will, to want to. yaptov gen. sing.
and offer them shelter and lodging (BBC; DLNT, 501- xaptns (#5925) paper. A leaf of papyrus was prepared
7). xaipew pres. act. inf. yatpw (# 5897) to give greeting. for writing by cutting the pith into stripes and pasting
The giving of greetings indicates entering into fellow- together (RWP). wédac (# 3506) black, black ink (s. 3
ship w. the one greeted, and to welcome a false teacher John 13). EAniGw (# 1827) pres. ind. act. to hope. yevéoa
was to express solidarity w. them (Schackenburg; Mar- aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivoyai (# 1182) to become. Inf. to
shall). Inf. is used in indir. discourse as the obj. of the present the content of the hope. AaA‘fjoat aor. act. inf.
vb. Aeyete pres. imp. act. A€yw (# 3306) to speak, to say. Aarkew (#3281) to speak. Compl. inf. to the main vb.
Pres. imp. w. the neg. pq (# 3590) could call for the stop- TETNAN|PWLEVT perf. pass. part. TAnpow (# 4444) to make
ping of an action in progress, or call for a continual or full, to fulfill, to complete. q pres. subj. act. ei (# 1639)
habitual action. Used here in connection w. the inf., to be. Subj. w. perf. part. to form the perf. subj. pass.
meaning “to give greeting.” John’s instruction may 13 aonafeta pres. ind. mid. (dep.) conafopor (# 832)
relate not only to an official visit of false teachers, but to greet.
 3 John
3 John ful to the truth of the Christain gospel (Smalley). The
@ 1 npeopbtepos (#4565) old, older one, elder identity of the brothers is not clear. They may have
comp. of mpeoBus (s. 2 John 1). The use of the article returned to the elder w. a report, or they may have been
indicates he is well known or familiar (GGBB, 225). a group from another area (Brown). ka8we (#2777) as,
ayanntos (# 28) one who is loved, beloved. The name just as, how, that. The word may introduce the content
“Gaius” was very prominent in the Roman Empire and of the report (“how,” “as”), or it may be a statement of
occurs several times in the NT (Acts 19:29; 1 Cor. 1:14) the elder’s assurance (“indeed”) (Smalley; Marshall;
(Plummer; Brooke; Brown). It is not known who this Brown). mepimateic pres. ind. act. nepimatew (# 4344) to
Gaius was, but it is clear from the terms in which John walk about, to conduct one’s life. Pres. indicates con-
writes that he occupied a position of responsibility and tinual or habitual action. @ 4 pefotépav (# 3504)
leadership in the local church (Stott; Smalley; Klauck; greater comp. ending on the comp. petCwv fr. peyas
ABD, 2:869). év GAn@eia (# 1877; 237) in truth. Dat. w. large, great. Used w. gen. to mean “greater than.” The
prep. €v could be used as an adv. (“truly”), or here it Koine Greek has a number of the popular new forma-
may be theological, since belief in Christ as the truth tions of double comp. and double superl. (BD, 33f; M,
makes one a child of God and constitutes the basis of 236; Brown). tobtwv gen. pl. ovtog (# 4047) this; PL.,
love (Brown). 2 ayannté voc. sing. ayanntos (# 28) “these things,” is a gen. of comparison. The todtwv
beloved. mepi navtwv (#4309; 4246) in all respects refers to the content of the tva (# 2671) cl. and would
(Marshall). The phrase is to be taken w. the inf. normally be sing. (GGBB, 331-33). mepinatobvta pres.
evodovodc1. The writer prays for the prosperity of act. part. mepinatew (#4344) to walk about. Pres. indi-
Gaius in all respects. The thought may be of the public cates the continual habitual conducting of one’s life.
and social work of Gaius as well as his personal health Compl. part. completing the vb. axobw (#201) to hear.
(Brooke; Westcott). evyopo. (#2377) pres. ind. mid. @ 5 ayannté (# 28) beloved (s.v. 2). moveig pres. ind. act.
(dep.) to pray, to wish (Marshall; Strecker; DLNT, 941- nmovew (#4472) to do, to practice; w. motov (#4412)
48). o€ acc. sing. ov (# 5148) you, used as the subject of faithful; “to act faithfully.” Pres. may be a futuristic
the inf. evo0to8a1 pres. pass. inf. evodow (# 2338) pass., pres., “you will demonstrate fidelity,” implying that
to be led along a good road, to get along well, to pros- Gaius is being encouraged to offer hospitality to a
per, to succeed (BAGD; MM). Inf. in indir. discourse as group that includes missionaries employed by the
obj. of the vb. edyouar. bytaivetv pres. act. inf. byvaivw Elder (Brown). epya&on aor. subj. mid. (dep.) 2nd. pers.
(# 5617) to be well, to be in good health. It was a com- sing. epyacouar (#2237) to work. The use of the indef.
mon greeting and desire expressed in letters for the rel. pron. 6 (# 4005) w. the subj. implies an unspecified
recipient to be in good health (LAE, 187f; Schnacken- number of ways or occasions of helping the brothers
burg; Strecker; MM; NIDNTT; TDNT,; for the general (Marshall). evog (# 3828) stranger, guest (TLNT). The
concept of health and well-being in the ancient world fact that brethren who were strangers were helped is
s. RAC, 10:902-45). kaOwe (# 2777) just as. The wish is emphasized by the use of the acc. of general reference:
that Gaius’ outward prosperity may correspond to the “and that too,” “especially” (RWP; Westcott; Plummer;
condition of his soul (Schnackenburg). 3 €xapny aor. Smalley; DLNT, 501-507; J. Koenig, New Testament Hos-
ind. pass. (dep.) yaipw (# 5897) to be happy, to rejoice, pitality: Partnership with Strangers as Promise and Mission
to be glad. The vb. occurs in letters of that day (Klauck). [Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985]). © 6 guaptbpnoav aor.
Epyouevwv pres. mid. (dep.) part. épyouar (#2262) to ind. act. paptupew (# 3455) to witness. The dat. that fol-
come. Gen. abs. temp. part., “when the brothers came.” lows is used to express the obj. of the witness, the thing
Pres. indicates repetition and shows that several visits to which one testifies. Aor. may indicate a single
had been paid to the elder, possibly by different groups instance of testimony or it may be complexive, cover-
of Christians (Marshall; Brown). paptupovvtwv pres. ing a series of testimonies (Brown). Evwmov (# 1967) w.
act. part. waptupew (# 3455) to bear witness to, to testify gen., in the presence of. The absence of the art. w. the
about, w. dat. (DLNT, 1204-5) &AnOeta (# 237) truth (s. word exKAnotag denotes a meeting of the church at
2 John 2). They confirmed the fact that Gaius was faith- which the witness was borne (Brooke), or it may sim-

602
603 3 John

ply indicate the church in general (Smalley). Kad@c Christian enterprises which the world will not, or
(# 2822) adv., well. nownoets fut. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) should not be asked to, support. Indeed, Christians
to do. The expression KaAd¢ noinoeis is an idiom that have a moral obligation to do so. They must support
means “please,” “kindly,” and was used often in the their brethren to whom the world should not be asked
Ppapyri to express a polite request (MM; Marshall; to contribute. tovodtog (#5525) such a one; here, “of
Brown; Strecker). mpoméwwas aor. act. part. mponéunw such a kind” (Brown). ovvepyog (# 5301) fellow worker.
(# 4636) to send forth, to send someone on their way. As sharers in the truth themselves, they must prove to
The sending of missionaries on their way involved pro- be fellow workers in practice, working together w. the
viding for their journey-supplying them w. food and missionaries for the benefit of the truth (Marshall).
money to pay for their expenses, washing their clothes yivwpe8a, pres. subj. mid. (dep) yivowor (#1181) to
and generally helping them to travel as comfortably as become, to be. An inclusive “we” to include both the
possible (Marshall; Brown; Strecker; BAGD). For a author and the readers. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express
study regarding the support of wandering ministers purp. GAnBeta (#237) truth. Dat. here w. the noun
and missionaries in the early church s. Gerd Theissen, ovvepyot could mean either “fellow-workers w. the
“Legitimation und Lebensunterhalt: Ein Beitrag zur truth” or “on behalf of, for the truth,” or “in coopera-
Soziologie Urchristlicher Missionare,” NTS 21 (1975): tion w.” (Schnackenburg; Brown). 9 €ypawa aor.
192-221; DLNT, 392-93, 769-70. Part. used epex. ind. act. ypadw (# 1211) to write. Aor. is not the episto-
explaining the “doing well.” a&twe (#547) adv. w. gen., lary aor., but refers to a previous letter (Smalley;
worthily; here, “worthily of God”; i.e., worthily of their Brown). John had probably written to the church where
dedication to the service of God (Westcott). @7 Diotrephes was and requested support for the itinerant
bnep (# 5642) for, on behalf of, concerning. These went missionaries; Diotrephes rejects him and his request
out in the service or name (Ovaya) of Christ (SB, 3:779; (Smalley; Brown; BBC). For a discussion of the dis-
Klauck; Brown) to make Him known (Smalley). agreement over polity and over doctrine between John
e&fA8ov aor. ind. act. e€epxoua (# 2002) to go out; to go and Diotrephes s. Smalley. puonpwtebwv pres. act. part.
out from the church (or from God) into the world, pironpwtevw (# 5812) to be fond of the first position, to
regarded as a field for evangelism (Marshall). Aop- wish to be first, to like to be the leader, w. gen. The word
Bavovtes pres. act. part. AopBavw (#3284) to take, to expresses ambition, the desire to have the first place in
receive. Pres. indicates habitual and customary action. everything (BAGD; Brooke). Adj. part., “the-liking-to-
It was their custom to carry out the spirit of the com- be-first Diotrephes” (Brown). Pres. indicates the contin-
mission of the Twelve (Matt. 10:5ff) and of the tradition ual and habitual attitude. abtdv gen. pl. adtoc (# 899)
established by Paul. They had, therefore, a special self. Gen. w. the part., “to be first over them.” Pl. is
claim on hospitality and help of the churches in places according to sense and refers to the church (Smalley;
through which they had to pass (Brooke; Westcott). Brown). Avotpedbns (# 1485) Diotrephes. The name was
eOvikos (# 1618) pagan, heathen, unbeliever (Smalley). not overly common, but was a name for kings and
That these missionaries were supported by fellow those of noble birth and means “Zeus-nurtured,”
Christians stands in marked contrast both to the wan- “Come from Zeus” (Brown; Klauck; for views as to
dering philosophers of the day and to the beggar who he was s. Klauck, 106-10; Strecker, 365-68). ém15€-
priests of the Syrian goddess, who went out on behalf yeta. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) emvdexouar (#2110) to
of the goddess and returned triumphantly boasting accept, to receive gladly (Klauck; GELTS, 169; 1 Macc.
that “each journey brought in seventy bags” (LAE, 109; 12:8). The word can mean either “to accept the author-
Bultmann; Schnackenburg; Klauck; BBC). 8 npetg ity of” or “to welcome.” The pl. Nas will refer to the
nom. pl. eyw (# 1609) I; “we.” Emphatic pers. pron. PI. elder and his associates (Marshall). Pres. indicates a
includes the writer, readers and believers in general. continuing attitude. 10 €A®w aor. subj. act. Epyouat
ovv (# 4036) therefore, drawing a conclusion from the (# 2262) to come. Subj. w. &&v (# 1569) in a 3rd. class
previous. Opetdopev pres. ind. act. opethw (# 4053) to be cond. cl. assuming the possibility of the cond. bzo-
morally obligated, to owe a debt; w. inf., giving the Lvnow fut. ind. act. vrouwvjoKw (# 5703) to call to mem-
moral obligation. Pres. indicates a continual obligation. ory, to remind, to bring up (Brown). John will remind
drodapBavetv pres. act. inf. DroAopPavw (#5696) to either the congregation or Diotrephes of the deeds,
take up under in order to raise up, to bear on high, to since the deeds reveal the character. notet pres. ind. act.
take up and carry away, to receive hospitality, to wel- moiew (#4472) to do. Pres. points to an action in
come, to support. The word is often used in the sense progress. AOyoig movnpoic (# 3364; 4505) with evil
of receiving w. hospitality, and esp. of supporting (T; words, instr. dat. @Avapdv pres. act. part. drAvapew
Brooke). The related noun vm0AnWisg was used in the (# 5826) to talk nonsense (about), to babble, to bring
papyri for that which was given to a worker for taking unjustified charges against. It was used in polemic
over a job (Preisigke, 2:665). Christians should finance debate to denounce the inaneness of an argument: “O
3 John 604

Cleon, stop spouting silliness” (Q KAewv, nadoar prv- sionary (Smalley; Brown: Klauck). Here, dat. of advan-
apav) (TLNT, 3:466). The word emphasizes the empti- tage w. the vb. peyaptopntat perf. ind. pass. paptupew
ness of the charges (BAGD; MM; Brooke; 1 Tim. 5:13). (# 3455). Perf. implies that the testimony to Demetrius
Temp. part., “when he spreads nonsense about us w. had been given over a\period of time and was still effec-
evil words.” d&pxovpevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. apxew tive (Smalley). 13 evyov impf. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to
(# 758) to be enough, to be satisfied, to be content. Part. have. ypawan aor. act. inf. ypadw (#1211) to write. Aor.
could be causal, “because he is not satisfied w. that.” expresses the writing of a single letter containing what
abtos (#899) he, himself. emédéyetar pres. ind. mid. the writer felt obliged to say. Pres. inf. indicates the
(dep.) emdexouon (# 2110) to accept (s.v. 9). Pres. points continuation of the pres. letter (Marshall). Inf. as obj. of
to a continual or repeated action. BovAopévous pres. the main vb. elgov. péAavos gen. sing. pédas (# 3506)
mid. (dep.) part. (subst.) BovAopon (# 1086) to want to, black, ink. The ink used was a writing fluid whose chief
to desire to. Pres. points to the continual desire. cwAvet ingredient was soot or black carbon. It was mixed w.
pres. ind. act. kwAvw (#3266) to forbid. Pres. may be gum or oil for use on parchment, or w. a metallic sub-
iterative and point to a repeated action. éxPdAAet pres. stance for use on papyrus (ZPEB, 2:279). xdAopo¢
ind. act. €xBaAAw (# 1675) to throw out, to put out. The (# 2812) reed, reed pen used for writing (Marshall;
vbs. in the pres. here may be conative, “he is trying to” Brooke). @ 14 ev@éws (# 2311) immediately, soon. etv
(Westcott; but s. Marshall; Schnackenburg). @ 11 pyod aor. act. inf. opdaw (#3972) to see. Inf. as obj. of the vb.
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) peop (#3628) to mimic, to eAnifw otopa (#5125) mouth. Here used in the expes-
imitate. Pres. imp. calls for a continual action, “keep on sion “face to face.” Perhaps John feared that Diotrephes
or continue imitating.” d@yaOonoudy pres. act. part. would intercept the letter and learn the strategy based
aya8onoew (# 16) to do good, to practice what is right on Demetrius, and this may be the reason why he did
(Smalley). Part. as subst. KkaKxonoudv pres. act. part. not want to write any more (Brown). AoAToopev fut.
Kaxonoew (# 2803) to do evil. Part. as subst. twpaxev ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to say, to speak. @ 15 aond{ov-
perf. act. ind. opdaw (#3972) to see. Perf. stresses the tou pres. ind. mid. (dep.) GondCouor (# 832) to greet.
state, condition, or continual outworking of having conatov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) Pres. imp. may be itera-
seen. 12 Anintpws (# 1320) Demetrius. The name tive: “greet each one.” For the form of 2 and 3 John in
means “belonging to Demeter,” the Greek goddess of relation to ancient letter writing s. Robert W. Funk,
fruits and crops, and indicates this Demetrius was of “The Form and Structure of Second and Third John,”
pagan background (Smalley; Strecker). He may have JBL 86 (1967): 424-30; Joseph A. Fitzmyer, “Some Notes
been in the church with Diotrephes or a travelling mis- on Aramaic Epistolography,” JBL 93 (1974): 201-25.
 Jude
Jude (# 4140) to deliver over, to hand down, to commit and
@ 1 d0d)0¢ (# 1528) slave, sevant. d5e1.0¢ Taxwpov entrust (TDNT; TLNT). The word is used for handing
brother of James. This makes him the half brother of down authorized tradition in Israel (s. 1 Cor. 15:1-3).
Jesus (DLNT, 611-21, 1004-6). jyomnpévoig perf. pass. Jude is therefore saying that the Christian apostolic tra-
part. &yandw (#26) to love (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). Perf. dition is normative for the people of God (Green).
suggests that they were not only once but continued to tiotic (# 4411) faith. The word here indicates the body
be the objects of God’s love and care (Kelly). or truth. The dat. here is to be related to the vb. éxa-
tetnpnwevors perf. pass. part. tpew (#5498) to keep ywviteoba1 (Kelly). 4 maperoedvoav aor. ind. act.
safe, to guard, to watch over. The vb. used ina friendly Taperodvw (# 4208) to slip in alongside of secretly. (For
sense means, “to keep safe from harm,” “to preserve.” this sinister and secretive word s. Green; Gal. 2:4; 2 Pet.
It expresses the watchful care given to someone 2:1.) moan (# 4093) long ago. npoyeypoypevor perf. pass.
(Mayor). Perf. emphasizes the continuing watchful part. mpoypapw (#4592) to write down beforehand, to
care. KANTOS (# 3105) vb. adj., called. @ 2 EAE (# 1799) write down previously, i.e., “written before (in God’s
mercy, pity (s. 1 Tim. 1:2). eipqvn (#1645) peace. book of judgment).” The word is intended to show that
TANOvvoein aor. opt. pass. TANOdvw (# 4437) to multiply, they are already doomed to punishment as enemies of
to increase. Opt. is used to express a wish (s. 1 Pet. 1:2), God (Mayor; Kelly; SB, 2:173). Perf. indicates the con-
“May ... be multiplied.” 3 onovdn (# 5082) haste, dil- tinuing authority of that which was written (MM).
igence, effort, earnestness. movovpevos pres. mid. part. Kpiwa (#3210) that which was decided upon, judg-
mo.ew (# 4472) to make, to do. The vb. was used in con- ment. doeBhs (# 815) ungodly, impious (s. 2 Pet. 2:5).
nection w. a noun to build the verbal idea found in the HEtTATIWEVTES pres. act. part. weTATLONWL (# 3572) to trans-
noun (M, 159). ypadet pres. act. inf. ypadw (#1211) to pose, to change from one place to another, to transfer.
write. Compl. inf. to the main vb. Kow0o¢ (# 3123) com- Pres. could be conative, “they are trying to change.”
mon, that which all believers share commonly. owtnpia aoeAyera (#816) unbridled living. Seonotns (# 1305)
(#5401) salvation. dva&yKn (# 340) compulsion, neces- lord, master. G&pvovpevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. apveo-
sity. Eoyov aor. act. ind. éyw (# 2400) to have; aor., to wat (# 766) to say no to, to deny. © 5 bropvijoat aor. act.
receive. For the distinction between the pres. and the inf. DrouwvnoKw (# 5703) to cause someone to remem-
aor. s. M, 110; Kelly. ypexwou aor. act. inf. ypc (# 1211) ber, to remind. Compl. inf. to the main vb. BobAopar
to write. Aor. contrasted w. the preceding pres. inf. (# 1089) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to desire. et80ta¢ perf.
implies that the new epistle had to be written at once act. part. oi5a (#3857) to know. Def. perf. w. a pres.
and could not be prepared for at leisure, like the one he meaning. Part. could be concessive, “although you
had previously contemplated (Mayor). Epex. inf. to know,” and justifying the reminder. They only need to
explain the necessity. TapaKaAdv pres. act. part. mapa- be reminded of truths already known, so that it is
KaArew (# 4151) to urge, to encourage, to beseech. It is unnecessary to write at length. Aadg (# 3295) a people,
the word used of speeches of leaders and soldiers who nation. The word is used without the article—’a peo-
urge each other on. It is used of words that sent fearful ple’-indicating that not all the ones who left Egypt
and hesitant soldiers and sailors courageously into bat- were believers (Green). owoag aor. act. part. owlw
tle (MNTW, 134). enaywvifeo8o1 pres. mid. (dep.) inf. (# 5392) to rescue, to deliver, to save. Temp. part., “after
emaywvitw (#2043) to struggle for, to contend for, to he saved.” Sevtepog (#1309) the second time. The
exercise great effort and exertion for something. The phrase could mean “the next time” or be an adverbial
word was used of athletic contests and the struggle and acc., “afterwards.” Here the word marks a strong con-
effort for the athletes in their games (Kelly; 1 Cor. 9:24- trast and sharpens the point of the warning (Bigg;
27). Prep. in compound denotes direction (MH, 312), Green; RWP; Kelly). motevoavtas aor. act. part. (subst.)
and the word following in the dat. denotes the cause on miotevw (#4409) to believe. Aor. points to the com-
behalf of which one fights (Kelly). Inf. is used as the obj. pleted action. &mwAeoev aor. act. ind. anoAd vp (# 660)
of the vb. nmapaxaddv. anak (#562) once for all to ruin, to destroy. @ 6 tnpnoavtas aor. act. part. tnpEw
(Mayor). napado0eton aor. pass. part. (adj.) ropadtdwur (# 5498) to keep, to guard (s.v. 1). apyn (# 794) domin-

605
Jude 606

ion, office, authority. The word could indicate either (# 1472) punishment. Here it would indicate a judicial
the office of the angels or their domain, sphere of rule; sentence passed by a judge (MM). bxéyovoat pres. act.
or it could indicate the spiritual state in which they part. (adj.) vmeyw (#5674) to undergo punishment
were created-they were made different from humanity (BAGD; MM). 8 Opoiws (#3931) adv., likewise.
but forfeited this original state when they left their This introduces the comparison between examples that
own habitation (Kelly; Mayor; Green). a&moAinovtas they knew about and the spiritual spies about whom
aor. act. part. amoAeinw (#657) to leave, to desert, to he is writing. peévtot (# 3530) notwithstanding; in spite
leave behind, to forsake. ouxntnptov (# 3863) place of of the dreadful fate of the three groups just mentioned
living, dwelling place. The ending of the word indi- (Kelly). Evunvia{oyevor pres. mid. (dep.) part. evunvi-
cates the place of action (MH, 343; RG, 154). xptoig aw (# 1965) to dream. The word may indicates that in
(# 3213) judging. peyaAng acc. pl. weyas (# 3489) great. the false teachers’ delusion and blindness, they take the
Seog (# 1301) band, bond, chain. Chains signified real for the unreal and the unreal for the real (Mayor;
shame and humiliation (CIC, 48; BAFCS, 3:206-9). BBC), which would emphasize their false source of rev-
Gidto1g dat. pl. cidi0¢ (# 132) eternal, everlasting. Coos elation. But the word may also stress the fact that they
(# 2432) darkness, gloom (BAFCS, 3:199-202; CIC, 33- are asleep to God’s judgment and entertained by the
35; DLNT, 459-62, 657-59; Cicero, Against Verres, 2, temp. allusive and imaginary character of the plea-
5:160). tethpnkev perf. ind. act. tnpew (# 5498) to guard, sures of their lusts. paivovot pres. ind. act. wiatve
to keep. Extensive perf. emphasizing the completed (# 3620) to stain, to defile. The word often is used of
action or process from which a present state is the moral defilement or pollution (Kelly). Pres. part. indi-
result (GGBB, 577). The word is used here in a neg. cates a continual habitual action. Kvupiotng (# 3262)
sense w. a punitive meaning, “to keep in custody” (s.v. lordship, authority. The word indicates the majestic
1; Mayor). Prisoners were generally kept in a prison power that a lord uses in ruling (BAGD). &8etototv
until the final sentence was carried out (BAFCS, 3; pres. ind. act. &6etew (# 119) to set aside, to do away w.,
CIC). 7 Gpors (# 3927) like, similar. TpOROG (# 5573) to nullify, to not recognize as valid, to despise (Mayor;
manner. The phrase |is a vb. acc. meaning “likewise,” s. Gal. 2:21). &0&a (# 1518) glory; here, “glorious ones.”
“in like manner.” tovtoig masc. dat. pl. ovtog (# 4047) The word refers here to angelic beings. They are the
this; “to these,” “w. these.” Since the word is masc. it angels, whom these persons blaspheme by supposing
cannot refer to the cities Sodom and Gomorrah (Kelly) that they had created the world in opposition to the
and evidently refers to the angels of v. 6. It was a com- will of the true God (Mayor; Kelly). BAaopnyotov pres.
mon understanding among many of the Jewish rabbis act. ind. BAaodnuew (# 1059) to revile, to defame, to
that the beings referred to in Gen. 6 were angelic beings blaspheme (TLNT; TDNT). 9 apyayyerog (#791)
(1 Enoch 6:24; Jubilees 5:1; DSS 1Qap Gen. 2:1; CD 2:17- archangel. The Jews considered Michael to be the high-
19; BBC; SB, 3:780). For more discussion of this passage est among the angels and to be the representative of
and its relatioinship to Gen. 6:1-4 s. DDD, 1499-510; God (SB, 3:831; ABD, 1:253-55; DDD, 150-53). 51aBoAo¢
particularly Claus Westermann, Genesis 1-11: A Conti- (# 1333) devil (DDD, 463-73). 5vaKxpivopevos pres. mid.
nental Commentary (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1994), 363- (dep.) part. Siakpivopar (# 1359) to take issue w., to dis-
83. Exmopvevoaoat aor. act. part. exnopvevw (# 1745) to pute. dvedéyeto impf. ind. mid. (dep.) SiorEyonor
indulge in excessive immorality. Prep. in compound (# 1363) to argue, to dispute. Impf. pictures the contin-
may be intensive (T) or it may suggest that this immo- uous action in the past time. €toAnoev aor. ind. act. toA-
rality was against the course of nature (Green; DLNT, aw (#5528) to dare. émeveyKeiv aor. act. inf. exidepw
1088-90). areABoboan aor. act. part. anEepyouat (#599) to (#2214) to bring upon, to pronounce. BAaodnpia
go after. Ontow (#3958) behind, after. The participial (# 1060) railing, blasphemy. Michael did not dare pro-
phrase would emphasize their bent and determination nounce a judgment of reproach upon Satan. elnev aor.
for unnatural sexual acts. Prep. in compound indicates ind. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. EmityHoaL aor. opt. act.
the turning aside from the right way (Huther). mpoxew- emitwaw (# 2203) to rebuke. This was a word of com-
toa. pres. ind. mid. (dep.) mpoxeor (#4618) to lie mand used by Jesus that brought the hostile powers
before, to be exposed to public view. The word was under control (s. Matt. 17:18). Opt. is used in a wish.
used of a corpse lying in state (BAGD). detypa (# 1257) @ 10 Go0¢ (# 4012) how much, how great, which things.
example, sample. The word was used in the papyri of oiSaow perf. ind. act. oda (# 3857) to know. Def. perf.
samples of corn or wheat (MM). These are laid out w. a pres. meaning. BAaopnpodotv pres. ind. act. BAa-
before all as a sample or warning of judgment (Bigg). opnuew (# 1059) to ae Pres. indicates a contin-
T0p (#4786) fire. aiwvioc (#173) eternal, everlasting. ual or repeated action that has become a habit of life.
Pres. of the vb. plus this adj. are intended to impress on For an example s. BBC. gvoiKkdc (#5880) naturally, by
readers that the appalling effects of the catastrophe are instinct. GAoya (# 263) without reason, without ratio-
still visible for all to see and note w. dread (Kelly). 5txn nality. C@a (# 2442) living creature, animal (for all three
607 Jude

words s. 2 Pet. 2:12). emtotavtat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) foolish enough to listen to them (Kelly). Sevdpov
emtotnur (#2179) to understand. p0eipovta pres. ind. (#1285) tree; used here fig. of people. @ivonwpivoc
pass. 8etpw (# 5780) to corrupt, to ruin, to destroy. The (#5781) belonging to late autumn. The word describes
natural antithesis here would have been “these things trees as they are at the close of autumn-dry, leafless,
they admire and delight in.” For this Jude substitutes y without fruit, w. bare branches and all growth sapped
by a stern irony, “these things are their ruin” (Mayor, s. at the approach of winter (T; Kelly). &xapmog (#182)
2 Peter 1:4). 11 ovat (# 4026) woe. The word is an without fruit, fruitless; late autumn would be toward
imprecation of doom also found in 1 Cor. 9:16, fre- the end of the harvest, and the image here is of the har-
quently in the gospels, and repeatedly in 1 Enoch 94- vest come and almost gone, yet these trees have no
100 (Kelly; DJG, 80-81). exopev@noav aor. ind. pass. fruit on them. They are worthless and disappointing.
(dep.) mopevouor (#4513) to go, to travel along. The Sic (# 1489) twice. dnoBavovta. aor. act. part. ano8vjoKW
word is used to indicates a manner of life. mAavn (# 633) to die, to be dead. The trees were twice dead, in
(# 4415) error, wandering (s. 1 John 1:8). p1080¢ (# 3635) the sense of being sterile and then of being actually life-
wage, reward, pay. Here gen. of price, “for pay or less (Kelly). expi{w0evta aor. pass. part. expicow
gain.” Like Balaam they were greedy for money (# 1748) to uproot. Such trees were commonly torn up
(Green). e€exv@noav aor. ind. pass. txyéw (#1772) to by the roots and disposed of by burning; the uprooting
pour out. Pass. used to express either the outward of trees is a favorite OT metaphor of judgment (Ps. 52:5;
sweeping movement of a great crowd, or the surrender Prov. 2:22; Kelly; Green). 13 kbya (#3246) wave.
to an overwhelming motive on the part of an individ- aypiog (#67) untamed, wild. BadGoons gen. sing. Oa-
ual (Mayor). avtiAoyig (# 517) speaking against, hostil- Aaooa. (# 2498) sea. Descriptive gen. €nappiCovta. pres.
ity, rebellion. &@nwAovto aor. ind. mid. anoAruuL (# 660) act. part. enappitw (#2072) to foam up, to cause to
to perish. Aor. is a dramatic way of saying that their splash like foam. The word refer to the seaweed and
fate is already settled (Kelly). So in these three pictures other refuse borne on the crest of the waves and
from the OT we see three leading characteristics of the thrown up on the beach, to which is compared the
errorists. Like Cain they were devoid of love. Like Bal- overflowing of ungodliness (Mayor; s. Isa. 57:20).
aam they were prepared in return for money to teach aioxovn (# 158) shame. Gotépeg nom. pl. cotnp (# 843)
others that sin did not matter, leaders in sin. Like Korah star. TMAavntHS (#4417) wandering. The figure of the
they were careless of the ordinances of God and insub- wandering star is used in the Book of Enoch (1 Enoch
ordinate to church leaders (Green; BBC). 12 ovt0¢ 43, 44, 48, etc.), and describes shooting stars that fall
(# 4047) this, this one. The same phrase (“these are”) out of the sky to be engulfed in darkness (Mayor;
reoccurs in vs. 16 and 19 to signal the beginning of an Green). Cog0¢ tod oxdtovs (# 2432; 5030) black dark-
independent description of the false teachers. In v. 16 ness. The darkness of ancient prisons was well-known
the statement is balanced by something said on the (BAFCS, 3; CIC; s.v. 6). tethpntat perf. ind. pass. tnpew
other side, introduced w. a conj. “but” (Green; Alford). (# 5498) to keep. @ 14 npoepntevoev aor. act. ind. npo-
omiabes nom. pl. omrac (# 5069) spot (s. 2 Peter 2:13). pntevw (# 4736) to deliver the message of a prophet, to
The better meaning here is “hidden rocks.” The word speak forth, to prophesy. €Bdou0¢ (# 1575) the seventh.
was used to denote rocks in the sea close to shore and In Gen. 5:21 Enoch is listed as the seventh after Adam
covered w. water and so were dangerous to vessels and is designated as the seventh from Adam in Enoch
(Kelly; Mayor). ovvevwyobpevor pres. mid. part. ovvev- 60:8; 93:3; Jub 7:39 (Mayor; Green; HSB, 754-56). Aéywv
xouat (# 5310) to come together to have a feast, to eat a pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Used here to intro-
feast together (s. 2 Peter 2:13). The meaning here is that duce dir. discourse 1800 aor. imp. mid. opaw (# 3972) to
at these meals the false teachers are liable to undermine see. Imp. used here to call attention. NAev aor. ind. act.
the faith and decent comportment of their fellow epxowat (# 2262) to go. For a discussion s. DLNT, 867.
Christians, much as submerged reefs can wreck ships wupiac (# 3689) myriad, ten thousand. This refers to the
(Kelly). cpoBw¢g (#925) adv., without fear, fearless, angels who accompany God, esp. in judgment (Kelly).
without respect. TOULALVOVTEG pres. act. part. TOULOALVW) @ 15 notfjomt aor. act. inf. mo1ew (# 4472) to do. This vb.
(# 4477) to shepherd, to care for as a shepherd. Here the is used w. the noun xptotg (# 3213) to form a vb. idea
sense is “to fatten, to indulge” (Mayor). vepeAa1 nom. contained in the noun; lit. “to make judgment,” “to do
pl. vehern (# 3749) cloud. avvdpog (#536) waterless, judgment.” Inf. is used to express purp. €AeyEan aor. act.
without water. Gvewoc (#449) wind. napadepopevar inf. eA€yxw (# 1794) to convict w. proof. doéPera (# 815)
pres. pass. part. napapepw (# 4195) to carry by. The pic- godless, irreverence (s.v. 4). hoeBnoav aor. ind. act. coe-
ture here is that of clouds being blown by and passing Bew (# 814) to conduct an irreligious life, to be ungodly.
on without bringing the long hoped-for and refreshing oKAnpoc (#5017) hard, harsh. The word always con-
rains. The suggestion is that the errorists are all show veys a grave reproach; it indicates a character harshly
and no substance; they have nothing to give to those inhumane and uncivil (Trench, Synonyms, 48). €AGAn-
Jude 608

oav aor. ind. act. AaArEw (# 3281) to speak. dpaptwroc between themselves and other people (Green). It could
(# 283) sinful, sinner. Jude’s quotation from Enoch also mean that by their ungodly living they divide
(Enoch 1:9) does not mean that the Book of Enoch was those in the assembly, w. some being or about to be
regarded as inspired or equal w. Scripture. An inspired taken by their error. wuyiK0c (# 6035) worldly-minded.
man might well use contemporary ideas that were not The word implies that these men follow their natural
contrary to revelation (Green, 49); for a study of the lusts and appetites without restraint or control. Eyovtec
comparison between Enoch 1:9 and the quotation in pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have, to possess. These
Jude s. Carroll D. Osborne, “The Christological Use of do not have the Spirit of God and therefore live unre-
I Enoch 1.9 in Jude 14,15,” NTS 23 (1977): 334-41. strained lives. @ 20 enoixoSopobvtes pres. act. part.
@ 16 yoyyvotns (#1199) one who grumbles, one who emoikodovew (#2224) to build up, to edify. The part.
murmurs and complains (s. 1 Cor. 10:10; Phil. 2:14). could express the means or the manner of guarding
wenWwipowpos (#3523) complaining of one’s lot, grum- oneself and expresses contemporaneous time. Gyt-
bling about one’s condition in life. The word was used wtaty superl. cyto (# 41) holy; superl.; most holy, holi-
to describe a standard Gr. character: “You're satisfied est. The superl. is used w. an elative force, “very holy”
by nothing that befalls you; you complain at every- (MT, 31). The most holy faith would be the body of
thing. You don’t want what you have got; you long for truth or faith that has been once delivered to the saints
what you haven't got. In winter you wish it were sum- (s.v. 3), upon which one is to build his life. mpooevyxo-
mer, and in summer that it were winter. You are like the evo. pres. mid. part. (dep.) mpooevyouc (# 4667) to
sick folk, hard to please, and one who complains about pray. The Christian must not only study the Scripture
his lot in life” (s. Green’s quotation from Lucian, Cynic, if he is to grow in the faith and be of use to others, but
XVII). The word indicates one who complained against he must also pray in the Spirit; for the battle against
the God who has appointed each man his fate (TDNT; false teaching is not won by argument (Green).
MM). ém@vpia (#2123) strong desire, lust, passion 21 tnpnoate aor. imp. act. tnpew (#5498) to keep
(DNP, 2:542-44; TDNT; EDNT). nopevopevot pres. mid. (s.v.1). mpoodexouevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. mpoodexo-
(dep.) part. mopevouon (# 4513) to go (s.v. 11). brepoyKog wo (# 4657) to earnestly expect, to look forward to, to
(# 5665) excessive size, puffed up, swollen. The word is wait for. Pres. part. expresses contemporary action and
generally used of great or even excessive size, and in could be temp.: “while you are awaiting.” &\€0¢
later writers it is also used of big words and arrogant (#1799) mercy. @22édeGte pres. imp. act. Erecw
speech and demeanor (Mayor; GELTS, 490). @avpatov- (# 1796) to show pity, to be merciful, to see someone in
TES pres. act. part. \avpcacw (# 2513) to marvel, to won- dire need and to have compassion and try to help them
der, to admire. The expression is used to translate the (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). For the textual problems in vv.
Heb. idiom, “to take, or raise, a man’s countenance,” 22 and 23 s. TC, 727ff. &\axpivopévovs pres. mid. part.
i.e., to do honor or show favor to him. The formula had diakpivw (# 1359) to dispute. The word may also have
its origin in the oriental custom of making one to rise the meaning “to doubt,” “to waiver,” and the meaning
from the ground as a token of welcome. This imagery might be “to show pity on the waiverers” (Green).
soon disappeared and the expression meant “to show 23 ow ete pres. imp. act. owtw (#5392) to rescue, to
favoritism toward” or “to curry favor w.” (Kelly). we- save. apmacovtes pres. act. part. dpmaCw (# 773) to seize,
Ae. (# 6066) profit, gain, advantage. yaptv (# 5920) w. to snatch. The figure of snatching them from fire may
gen., on account of, for the sake of. @ 17 pvno@nte aor. have been suggested by the allusion to the punishment
imp. pass. wyvjoKopat (# 3630) to remember, to recall of Sodom and Gomorrah (Mayor). €Ae&te pres. imp.
to memory. mpoeipnpévwv perf. pass. part. mporeyw act. ehecw (# 1796) to show mercy. p100bvtEs pres. act.
(# 4625) to say beforehand, to speak prior to the events part. poew (#3631) to hate. eomAwpevov perf. pass.
predicted, to foretell (Kelly). Perf. indicates the lasting part. comiAow (#5971) to stain, to defile, to contami-
result of the prediction. @ 18 €Aeyov impf. ind. act. Aeyw nate. Perf. emphasizes the state or result. yitwv (# 5945)
(# 3306) to say. Impf. is customary (“they used to say”), the garment worn next to the body, i.e., undergarment.
or it pictures the interaction (“they continued to say Then it referred to any garment. The idea seems to be
from time to time”). Eoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit that they are so corrupt that their very clothes are
(# 1639) to be. &unaixtns (# 1851) one who makes fun defiled (Green). 24 5vvapévw pres. mid. (dep.) part.
by mocking, mocker, scoffer. mopevoyevor pres. mid. dvvoyat (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Subst. part., “the
(dep.) part. nopevouor (# 4513) to go (s.v. 11). doeBera one who is able.” @vAGEo1 aor. act. inf. pvrdcow
(# 813) godlessness. 19 anodiopifovtes pres. act. (# 5875) to guard, to protect w. guards. The idea of pro-
part. anodiopicw (# 626) to make a boundary between tection and safety seems to be prominent here (T).
someone and to separate from this one, to make a dis- antoaiotos (#720) without stumbling, not falling. The
tinction, to make a division, to cause division. The word is used of a sure-footed horse that does not stum-
word would indicate divisive distinctions made ble or of a good man who does not make moral lapses
609 Jude

(Green). This would be the stumbling into the grievous greatness, majesty. Gnv (# 297) truly, amen. The word
sins of the spiritual spies. otfjoat aor. act. inf. totmpt regularly closes doxologies and sets a seal on this con-
(# 2705) to place, to present. katevwmov (# 2979) before fident attribution of glory to the One to whom it
the face of, in the presence of. Gps (# 320) without belongs-the God who is able! (Green). For general
blame. GyoAAtiaog (#21) rejoicing, exaltation. The remarks regarding the book of Jude s. D.J. Rowstone,
word has special eschatological overtones denoting the “The Most Neglected Book in the New Testament,”
jubilation of God’s chosen people at His final manifes- NTS 21 [1975]: 554-63).
tation (Kelly; s. 1 Peter 1:6). @ 25 peyoAwodvn (# 3488)
 Revelation -

Revelation 1 by means of visions (Charles). Aor. points to a specific

@ 1 Robert L. Muse, The Book of Revelation : An An- act and summarizes the total action. Inf. of purp. Set
notated Bibliography (Books of the Bible, vol. 2), 1996; (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary, w. inf. giving a
ABD, 5:694-708; DLNT, 1025-38; Stanley J. Grenz, The logical necessity. The word denotes the sure fulfillment
Millenial Maze (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1972). of the purpose of God revealed by the prophets
anoxaAvyis (#637) the act of uncovering, unveiling, (Swete). yeveo@ar aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivopo (# 1181) to
revealing, revelation (TLNT; DLNT, 1024; Hort; Swete). happen, to come to pass. Inf. w. vb. dei. Culmative aor.
The word is often used to describe a type of Jewish lit. summing up the various events and looking at them as
of the first century B.C., which arose under persecu- a total. tae dat. sing. taxoc (#5443) speed, swiftness.
tion. It used many symbols and was published under W. prep. used as adv. quickly, suddenly, soon. The
the name of an important OT person (TRE, 3:189-289; word indicates rapidity of execution (Walvoord). The
OTP, 1:3-4; W.G. Rollins, “The New Testament and cl., “the things which are about to happen suddenly”
Apocalyptic,” NTS 17 [1971]: 454-76; James Kallas, indicates a detailed account of events that must tran-
“The Apocalypse - An Apocalyptic Book?” JBL 86 spire in God’s program to replace other earthly, tempo-
[1967]: 69-80; Bruce W. James, “More about the Apoca- rary kingdoms w. the everlasting kingdom. This is the
lypse as Apocalyptic,” JBL 87 [1968]: 325-27; Allen goal toward which this book moves (Thomas). Kat
Dwight Callahan, “The Language of Apocalypse,” (# 2779) and. Under Semitic influence it can be translat-
HTR 88 [1995]: 453-70; Stephen H. Travis, “The Value of ed as a rel. “which He made known through signs”
Apocalyptic,” TB 30 [1979]: 53-76; David E. Aune, The (AASS, 91; for general studies on the language of the
New Testament in Its Literary Environment |Philadelphia: Apocalypse s. Aune, clx-cevii; MKG; AASS; Daryl D.
Westminster Press, 1987], 226-52; J.J. Collins, “Apoca- Schmidt, “Semitisms and Septuagintalisms in the Book
lyptic in Literature” in Early Judaism and Its Modern In- of Revelation,” NTS 37 [1991]: 592-603; Stanley E. Por-
terpreters edited by Robert Kraft and George W.E. ter, “The Language of the Apocalypse in Recent Dis-
Nickelsburg (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986), 345-70; cussion,” NTS 35 [1989]: 582-603; Allen Dwight
ABD, 1:279-92; 5:703-4; Thomas; Charles; Mounce). The Callahan, “The Language of Apocalypse,” HTR 88
book of Revelation does not fit all of the characteristics [1995]: 453-70; VA, 111-61; MT, Style, 145-59; Charles; S.
of the apocalyptic lit. of the time, but its subject matter Thompson, The Apocalypse and Semitic Syntax (Cam-
and symbols must be viewed in the light of the OT, es- bridge, 1985). €onsavev aor. ind. act. onuatvw (# 4955)
pecially the book of Daniel (G.K. Beale, “The Influence to signify. The word strictly means to show by some
of Daniel upon the Structure and Theology of John’s sort of sign, and it is esp. used of any intimation given
Apocalypse,” JETS 27 [1984]: 413-23). The nom. could by. the gods to men, esp. concerning the fut. (Hort;
be viewed as a title of the book. Inootd Xprotod (# 2652; Aune). amooteiAacs aor. act. part. anooteAAw (# 690) to
5986) Jesus Christ. Gen. here could be either obj. (“a send, to send a commissioned authoritative represen-
revelation of Jesus Christ”), w. Him as the object; or it tative on a specific mission (TDNT; EDNT; TLNT). Cir-
could be subjective gen., which fits better here—Jesus cum. part. or part. of means. @ 2 uaptopnoev aor. ind.
Christ is the One who received the revelation and is act. uaptupew (# 3455) to testify to, to bear witness, to
passing it on to John (Charles; Bousset; Aune; GGBB, provide information about a person or event concern-
120-21). The subjective gen. is supported by the context ing which the speaker has direct knowledge (LN, 1:418;
as well as other uses in titles like The Apocalypse of Ezra DLNT, 1204-5). Aor. could be const., referring either to
(Gr. text); The Apocalypse of Baruch (Gr. text); The Apoca- John’s past testimony or summarizing the events of the
lypse of Abraham,. €wxev aor. ind. act. 5151 (# 1443) to book of Revelation; or it could be an epistolary aor.
give. avdt@ dat. sing. abtoc (# 899) dat. sing. self; “to (Thomas; AASS, 40). etSev aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to
Him.” It refers to Jesus Christ, who received the revela- see. Const. aor. summing up the things which he saw.
tion. Dat. as in;gdir. obj. Seto aor. act. inf. detkvopr @ 3 paKopiog (#3421) happy, blessed (s. Matt. 5:3).
(# 1259) to show. This word is characteristic of our au- avayivw@oKwV pres. act. part. (subst.) dvayiwwokw
thor when it means to communicate a divine revelation (# 336) to read, to read aloud. This is not the private

610
611 Revelation 1

student, but the public reader (Charles; Swete; Aune; pression “the seven Spirits before His throne” goes
Paul J. Achtemeier, “Omne verbum sonat: The New Tes- back to Zech. 4:1-10 and refers to the Holy Spirit and
tament and the Oral Environment of Late Western An- His activity in the world (Thomas; Mounce; Aune).
tiquity,” JBL 109 [1990]: 3-27; M. Slusser, “Reading @50 paptus 0 motog (# 3459; 4412) the faithful wit-
Silently in Antiquity,” JBL 111 [1992]: 499). Iterat. pres., ness. Nom. in apposition to Jesus Christ, though in
“at the various times of reading.” d&xovovtes pres. act. Greek it is in the gen. (GGBB, 62). This evidently is a
part. akovw (#201) to hear, to listen to. Subst. part., reference to Ps. 89:37 (BBC) and indicates that Jesus
“the ones who hear.” The public reading of Scripture, Christ is the seed of David and will sit on the throne of
taken over from Jewish practice, was a necessity since David that will endure forever as the sun (Ps. 89:36;
manuscripts were not readily available (Mounce; Tho- Thomas). The use of the art. is par excellence. He is the
mas; Aune; s. Acts 13:15; M, Megilla 4:1-4; Justin Mar- preeminent one deserving praise (GGBB, 223). TPWT0-
tyr, Apog. 1:67; for reading silently s. Frank D. Gilliard, toxoc (#4758) firstborn, indicating a place of promi-
“More Silent Reading in Antiquity: Non Omne Verbum nence and privilege (TLNT; GELTS, 410; Aune; s. Col.
Sonabat,” JBL 112 [1993]: 689-94). npoonteta (# 4735) the 1:15). Nom. is in apposition to Jesus Christ. dpywv pres.
message of a prophet, prophecy. Descriptive gen., indi- act. part. (subst.) apyw (#807) to be at the beginning;
cating the nature of John’s writing (Thomas), or gen. of part., ruler, prince. The resurrection carried w. it the po-
apposition, “the words of the prophecy” (GGBB, 99). tential lordship over all humanity and the words, “the
The use of the art. is deitic (GGBB, 221). tnpotvtec pres. ruler of the kings of the earth,” stand appropriately at
act. part. (subst.) tnpew (#5498) to keep, to observe. the head of a book representing the glorified Christ as
The two parts. governed by the one article indicate one presiding over the destinies of nations (Swete). Pres.
group, those who hear are to keep the things written indicates continual action. a&yan@vti pres. act. part.
(GGBB, 270-90). It could be that Kat (# 2779) and, is to (subst.) dat. masc. sing. wyandw (# 26) to love. Pres. in-
be understood as epex. to the part. &kovvtec, meaning, dicates the continual love. Dat. of personal interest. A0-
“those who hear, that is those who obey.” This would Oavtt aor. act. part. (subst.) Avw (#3395) to loose, to
be a common explanation of the Heb. word Dre (“to release. Aor. points to the completed act. The one art. w.
hear”), for it means not only to hear with the ears but two subst. parts. indicates that the same person is in-
to hear in the sense of “to obey.” yeypoppeva. perf. pass. tended. For the variant reading X}oveavtt (aor. act. part.
part. ypaow (#1211) to write. Perf. stresses the state or Aovw (# 3374) to wash) s. TC, 731. aipatt dat. sing. awa
condition and often the authority of a legal document (# 135) blood. Instr. dat. w. prep. &v (#1877) “by His
(MM). éyyvc (# 1584) near. @ 4 tolic Exta EKKANOI- blood” (Ford). The blood speaks of the sacrificed life as
Q1g Taig Ev tH ‘Aoig (#2231; 1711; 1877; 823) “to the the ransom or payment for release (Swete; s. 1 Pet. 1:18-
seven churches in Asia.” These churches were chosen 19). © 6 énxotnoev aor. ind. act. no1ew (# 4472) to make,
as typical assemblies with regard to their histories and to constitute. Aor. looks at the completed work of
spiritual states (Thomas; for the view that the seven Christ and sums up the application of this to each be-
churches depict periods of church history s. Thomas, liever as they believe. Baovreta, (# 993) kingdom. This is
505-15; SCA, 231-50; for each city s. the vs. in Rev. 2-3; a collective designation for all believers in Christ (Tho-
NDIEC, 3:51-58). &0 (# 608) from. The prep. is normal- mas). Double acc., “to make us a kingdom” (GGBB,
ly followed by the gen. Here the names of God are to be 181-89). iepevs (# 2636) priest. This is the individual ap-
treated as an undeclinable noun and as such are prob- pointment of the believer as priest to serve God. It is a
ably intended to be treated as a paraphrase of the tetra- kingdom of subjects with direct priestly access to God
grammaton, Y-H-W-H, “He who is” (Aune; Ford; (Thomas; Aune). t@ 0&6 (# 2536) dat. sing. 8e0¢ (# 2536)
Mounce; Swete; GGBB, 62-64). @v pres. act. part. eit God. “to, for God.” Dat. of personal interest (cf. Exod.
(# 1639) to be. Subst. part. w. the art., “The One who 19:5-6). Gpnv (#297) amen. Hebrew }38 (amen) mean-
is.” Pres. part. indicates the Eternal One, who exists ing truly. The word was used in affirmation of other
forever. Tv impf. ind. act. eti (# 1639) to be. Impf. ind. words and is an acknowledgment of that which is valid
is used to indicate continual existence in the past (Tho- (DCH, 1:317-18; GELTS, 24; RAC-Supplement, 310-23).
mas). Epyouevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. (subst.) épxouar In the synagogue it is the response of the community to
(# 2262) to come. Pres. used to express fut., “He who is the prayers uttered by the leader (Ford; DJGE, 493; also
already on His way may arrive at any moment” (Tho- 21, 28, 37, 59, 94-96). In the DSS it is said that those en-
mas). In the Gr. world similar titles for the gods are tering into the covenant shall repeat after the priest,
found. In the oracle of the Peleiae (doves) at Dodona it saying “amen, amen” (7/A8 JN) (10S, 1:20; 2:10, 18).
is said, “Zeus who was, Zeus who is, and Zeus who The Aramaic expression was used as a formal conclu-
will be” (Zevc nv, Zevys eotiv, Zevs ota) (Pausanias, sion of an inscription as well as occurring on “magic
Description of Greece, 10, 12:10; Charles; for other exam- bowels” (AT, 513). 7 épyetai pres. ind. mid. (dep.)
ples s. NW, 2, ii:1455-57). nvedpa (# 4460) spirit. The ex- epxoua (#2262) to go. Futuristic pres. in a prophetic
Revelation 1 612

pronouncement indicating vividness and confident as- phasizes that He is creator and sustainer of the
sertion (VANT, 225; GGBB, 535-37; for a discussion of universe (s. esp. Hildebrecht Hommel, “Pantokrator:
the parousia s. DLNT, 856-75, particularly 869-72). Schofer und Erhalter,” Sebasmata: Studien zur antiken
vegeA@v gen. pl. vedeAn (#3749) cloud. Not simply that Religionsgeschichte und zum friihen Christentum, [Tubin-
He has a surrounding of clouds, but that He compels gen: J.C.B Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1983] 1:131-77). The
all the clouds into His retinue (Hort). It may be that the word was used in secular literature to describe the at-
clouds are not the ordinary clouds of nature, but clouds tributes of the gods and is probably used here in con-
in heaven seen in the vision around the throne of God. trast to the Roman emperor’s self-designation as
In any case the cloud in Heb. thought is commonly as- avtoxpatwp (autokrator), a designation that appears on
sociated w. the divine presence (Exod. 13:21; 16:10; numerous Roman milestones along the Roman roads
Matt. 17:5; Acts 1:9) (Aune; Mounce; Dan. 7:13; Jastrow, of Asia Minor (D.H. French, “The Roman Road-System
2:1095; SB, 1:956; 10M 12:9). owetat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) of Asia Minor,” ANRW, 2, 7.2:714-20; Mounce; Ford;
opaw (# 3972) to see. mig OBOANOG (# 4246; 4057) every TDNT; MM; DDD, 35-41). The word is used in the LXX
eye. This is all-inclusive and indicates those at the time to translate MINDS (Seba’oth, army, heavenly army KB’,
of His coming. xa (# 2779) and. It could be ascensive, 934-35; TDOT; GELTS, 349) and "SW (Shaddai, almighty,
“even,” “also.” oitiveg nom. pl. oot1g (# 4015) who, in- TDOT). Kenneth L. Barker, “YHWH SABAOTH: The
dicating those belonging to a class or group (BAGD; Lord Almighty,” The NIV: The Making of a Contemporary
GGBB, 343-45; JG, 303). This would refer the Jewish na- Translation ed. Kenneth L. Barker (Grand Rapids:
tion as indicated in Zech. 12:10, a part of those who will Zondervan, 1986), 109-10; ABD, 4:1005, 1008. It was
see Him. The statement of remorse by the nation of Is- used in apocalyptic lit. as a designation of the God of
rael as they see Him is Isa. 53. &exévtnoay aor. ind. act. Israel (T. Abraham 8:3; 15:12; 3 Bar. 1:3; Letter of Aristeas,
exxevtew (# 1708) to pierce. The word is used in John 185). 9 ovyKowwvog (#5171) fellow partaker, one
19:37, where there they looked to Him in amazement. who shares together. @Aiwet dat. sing. @Aiwig (# 2568)
They will look to Him for forgiveness and salvation pressure, trouble, distress, tribulation (TDNT; Trench,
(JG, 247). In the gospel the main reference is to the cru- Synonyms, 202; MM; NDIEC, 84). The use of the article
cifixion, whereas here it is eschatological (Charles). suggests that both suffering and glory unite those who
Kowovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) kontopar (# 3164) to smite suffer w. the kingdom (GGBB, 287). bnopovn (#5705)
the chest in sorrow as a sign of mourning or remorse. patience, patient endurance, bearing up under pres-
gvAai nom. pl. van (#5876) tribe. The whole world sure (TLNT; TDNT). €yevopny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivo-
joins in the remorseful mourning as stated in Zech. ar (#1181) to become, to be. vaow dat. sing. vijsos
12:12. vai (# 3721) yes. This is the Greek statement of (#3762) island. KaAovpevy pres. pass. part. KareEw
confirmation and approval followed by the Heb. (# 2813) to call, to name. The island of Patmos was a
“amen” (s.v. 6), thus forming an expression of vigorous small, rocky island about 8 miles long and 5 miles
approval (Mounce). 8 &yw (#1609) I; emphatic, “I wide, located in the Aegean Sea some 40 miles south-
and no other!” “Ada. (# 270) alpha; the first letter of the west of Miletus. It may have been a penal settlement to
Gr. alphabet. The art. 10 w. the pred. nom. indicates that which the Roman authorities sent offenders (LSC, 82-
the subject and pred. are the same and interchangeable 92; LSCA, 27-30; KP, 4:549; IBD, 3:677; ABD, 5:178-79;
(GGBB, 41-42). Q (# 6042) omega; the last letter of the Charles; Swete; Mounce; Caird; Thomas; BBC). 51a
Gr. alphabet. The phrase “A...” is seen to express not (# 1328) w. acc., because of. John was sent to Patmos as
only eternity, but infinitude, the boundless life embrac- a prisoner because of his preaching of the gospel in
ing all while transcending all (Swete). The phrase A...Q Ephesus and the rest of Asia (Thomas; LSCA, 28-29;
was Often used in magic texts to indicate eternity or the ABD, 5:179). @ 10 €yevouny aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopat
name of a deity (GMP, 106-07, 194, 299; David E. Aune, (# 1181) to become. év mvevpatt (# 1877; 4460) in the
“The Apocalypse Of John and Greco-Roman Revelato- Spirit. The phrase denotes the prophet under inspira-
ry Magic,” NTS 33 [1987]: 481-501; esp. 489-91; RAC, tion, but not in the sense of ecstatic frenzy (Swete; Ri-
1:1-4; Aune). A parallel construction was used in He- chard L. Jeske, “Spirit and Community in the
brew: the aleph and the tau, meaning “from the begin- Johannine Apocalypse,” NTS 31 [1985]: 452-66). kupia-
ning to the end” (SB, 3:789). @v pres. act. part. eit Koc (#3258) pertaining to the Lord, the Lord’s Day.
(# 1639) to be (s.v. 4). hv impf. ind. act. eipi (# 1639) to This could be a reference to Sunday, or it could be an
be. Epyopuevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. Epyouar (# 2262) to eschatological reference to the Day of the Lord so that
go. mavtokpatwp (#4120) the almighty, the omnipo- the prophet was stationed as a spectator amid the very
tent. It is a title expressing the rule and dominion God scenes of the great judgment itself (Seiss; W. Stott, “A
has over all. The word stresses God’s supremacy over Note on the Word KURIAKE in Revelation I. 10,” NTS
all things more than the related idea of divine omnipo- 12 [1965]: 70-75; K.A. Strand, “Another Look at “Lord’s
tence, without denying His omnipotence (SCA). It em- Day’ in the Early Church and in Revelation 1.10,” NTS
613 Revelation 1

13 [1967]: 174-81; R.J. Bauckham, “The Lord’s Day,” Thomas). mepveCwopevov perf. pass. part. mepiGovvupt
FSLD, 221-50; Aune; BBC; DLNT, 679-86). fxovoa, aor. (# 4322) to be girded round about, to wear a wide belt
ind. act. akovw (#201) to hear. oriow (# 3958) behind, around oneself. paotog (# 3466) breast. The ordinary
W. gen. OOANLYYOG gen. sing. ocAniyé (# 4894) trumpet. girding for one actively engaged was at the loins, but
Gen. of description, indicating a sound as loud and the Levitical priests were girded higher up—about the
clear as a trumpet’s blast, signaling the necessity to breast-favoring a calmer, more majestic movement. Jo-
submit to whatever is commanded (Thomas). 11 sephus writes, “This robe is a tunic descending to the
Aeyovons pres. act. part. (adj.) gen. fem. sing. AEyw ankles, enveloping the body and with long sleeves
(# 3306) to speak. The part. agrees w. the dependent tightly laced round the arms; they gird it at the breast,
gen. odAmuyyog rather than the noun dwvnv (Mounce). winding to a little above the armpits the sash, which is
BAénetg pres. ind. act. BAenw (# 1063) to see. Pres. vivid- of a breadth of about four fingers and has an open tex-
ly describes the vision he is seeing at that time. ypawov ture giving the appearance of a serpent’s skin. Therein
aor. imp. act. ypcpw (# 1211) to write. Aor. imp. calls for are interwoven flowers of diverse hues, of crimson and
a specific act w. a note of urgency. BiBAtov (# 1046) purple, blue and fine linen, but the warp is purely of
book, a papyrus scroll (Harrington). méywov aor. imp. fine linen” (Jos., Ant., 3:153-54; JPB, 92-102; for descrip-
act. néunw (# 4287) to send. (For the writing and send- tions of the priestly garments s. Philo, The Life of Moses,
ing of letters in the ancient world s. NDIEC, 7:1-57; LSC 2:117-18; On the Special Laws I, 84-85; NW 2, ii:1460-62).
1-49; RAC, 2:564-85; KP, 2:324-27; for Roman roads in In like manner the angels who carry out the judgment
the province of Asia s. GAM, 164-79; D.H. French, “The of God have their breasts girded w. golden girdles (s.
Roman Road-system of Asia Minor,” ANRW, 2, 7.2:698- 15:6). Gwvn (# 2438) girdle, belt. The girdle or wide belt
729; ABD, 4:290-93.) The messenger would arrive in is often considered the symbol of strength and activity
Ephesus first (BBC). @ 12 énéotpewa. aor. ind. act. ém- (SCA; Swete). @ 14 tpiyeg nom. pl. 6pté (# 2582) hair.
otpedw (#2188) to turn around, to turn toward. BAénew Aevkat nom. pl. AevKkog (# 3328) white. prov (# 2250)
pres. act. inf. BAenw (#1063) to see. Inf. of purp., “in wool. yuwv (#5946) snow. In Dan. 7:9 the Ancient of
order to see.” €AaAet impf. ind. act. AarEw (# 3281) to Days is described as having hair like pure wool and
speak. Impf. emphasizes the continual action in the raiment white as snow. The ascriptions of the titles and
past time. émtotpewas aor. act. part. eniotpedw (# 2188). attributes of God to Christ is an indication of the exalt-
Temp. part. expressing contemporaneous action. Since ed Christology of the Apocalypse. The hoary head was
it is related to an aor. main vb. the action is contempo- worthy of honor and conveyed the idea of wisdom,
raneous, though the turning around is logically ante- dignity (Lev. 19:32; Prov. 16:31), and longevity (SCA;
cedent. eiSov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. AvxVia Mounce; Thomas). 6A0€ (# 5825) flame. mupog gen. sing.
(# 3393) lampstand. The Mosaic lampstand for the Tab- mip (#4786) fire. Descriptive gen. The eyes as a flame
ernacle, that which stood (one or more) in the later tem- of fire indicated the penetrating glance that flashed w.
ples and in the vision of Zech. 6:2, had seven branches, quick intelligence and, when need arose, w. righteous
but here we have seven distinct lampstands, each w. its wrath (Swete; SCA; for examples from the ancient
one light. It has nothing to do w. candlesticks but is a world s. NW, 2, ii:1463-67). @ 15 yaAKoAiBavov (# 5909)
kind of lamp w. a wick and oil (Hort; Mounce; Swete). gold ore, fine brass or bronze. The meaning of the word
ypvoots (#5991) golden, made of gold (BAGD). The is somewhat uncertain, but it is best understood as an
very precious metal was often used in connection w. alloy of gold or fine brass. In any case the shining
the heavenly or divine (SCA). Note Enoch’s vision de- bronze-like feet portray strength and _ stability
scribed in 1 Enoch 14. 13 péow dat. sing. peoov (Mounce; Swete; BAGD; Ford). kéutvoc (# 2825) oven.
(# 3545) middle. 6pov0g (# 3927) like. evde5upevov perf. METVPWHEVNS perf. pass. part. (adj.) mupow (# 4792) to set
pass. part. (adj.) €vivw (#1907) to put on; pass., to be on fire, to burn. Perf. emphasizes the completed state
clothed. nodnpn (# 4468) reaching to the foot. The word or results, “having been burned,” “having been re-
is used in Exod. 28:4 for the blue-purple outward robe fined.” The idea may be “glowing,” indicating that the
of the high priest that reached down to his feet (Bous- metal is not only the finest and brightest, but also
set; Mounce; GELTS, 383). The word is also used in aglow as if still in the crucible (Swete). wv (#5889)
Ezek. 9:2 where it is applied to the man charged w. set- sound, voice. Within John’s hearing, waves of the Ae-
ting a mark upon some of the Jerusalemites before the gean Sea pounded endlessly on the shores of Patmos;
destruction of the city. Of the two possible emphases-—a the expression “as the sound of many waters” suggests
priestly ministry or one of dignity and mercy in the a powerful force, as in Ps. 93:4; Isa. 17:13 (Thomas).
face of impending judgment-the latter is more likely 16 E€ywv pres. act. part. éyw (#2400) to have. Adj.
the choice, since nowhere else in the book does Christ part., “holding seven stars.” Independent use of the
appear in a priestly capacity (Robert L. Thomas, “The part. (GGBB, 653). 5e&1@ dat.sing. deCiog (# 1288) right.
Glorified Christ on Patmos,” Bib Sac 122 [1965]: 243; yeip (#5931) hand. dotépag acc. pl. wotnp (# 843) star.
Revelation 2 614

The idea of Him holding the seven stars in His right 2:1040-61). What a contrast w. the One who was dead
hand may symbolize Christ’s absolute authority over but now is alive and holds the key to Hades!
the churches, or that he keeps them safe (Charles; Tho- @ 19 ypawov aor imp. act. ypapw (# 1211) to write. Aor.
mas). otoa (#5125) mouth. powOata (#4855) sword. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. odv
This is properly the long and heavy broad sword w. (# 4036) therefore. It draws a conclusion from the pre-
which the Thracians and other barbarous nations were ceding. eldec aor. ind. act. opdw (#3972) to see. eioiv
armed; it symbolizes the irresistible power of divine pres. ind. act. eyi (# 1639) to be. weAAet pres. ind. act.
judgment (SCA; Mounce). 8totopog (#1492) two- HEAAW (# 3516) to be about to, w. the inf. to express the
edged, double-edged, w. a cutting edge on both sides. fut. yevéo@ar aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivopor (# 1181) to be-
o€eia fem. noun 0&v¢ (# 3955) sharp. ExmopevopevT pres. come, to happen. The wording may be based on Isa.
mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) exnopevouar (# 1744) to go out. 48:6 or Dan. 2:29 (Daryl D. Schmidt, “Semitisms and
dyis (#4071) appearance, outward appearance, face. Septuagintalisms in the Book of Revelation,” NTS 37
In the context its primary reference is to the face but [1991]: 599; Swete). This v. gives the threefold division
should not be limited to that alone (Mounce). $atver of the book of Revelation: (1) “the things which you
pres. ind. act. datvw (#5743) to shine; “as the sun saw” refer to the vision of the glorified Christ, esp. vv.
shines in His might” (Swete). Gnomic pres. This may 11-18; (2) “the things which are” refer to the letters to
be a reference to the Shekinah glory of the OT and Ju- the churches in chapters 2 and 3; (3) and “the things
daism (TS, 37-65; s. Enoch’s vision of one whose robe which will happen, come to pass after these things”
was “shining more brightly than the sun, it was whiter refer to the events described in 4-22 (Charles; Lohse;
than any snow” 1 Enoch 14:20). @ 17 elSov aor. ind. act. Walvoord; Govett; Scott; Bousset; Robert L. Thomas,
opaw (# 3972) to see. Eneoa. aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) “John’s Apocalyptic Outline,” Bib Sac 123 [1966]: 334-
to fall. Enoch too fell down in fear (1 Enoch 14:24) &6n- 41; Thomas; for the view that this v. gives the narrative
kev aor. ind. act. ti@npi to place. Aéywv pres. act. part. structure of the book s. J. Ramsey Michaels, “Revela-
A€yw (# 3306) to say. Pleonastic or redundant part. used tion 1:19 and the Narrative Voices of the Apocalypse,”
as the Heb. "7285 (’mr), for an introductory formula NTS 37 [1991]: 604-20). 20 pvotnpiov (# 3696) mys-
that could be translated, “with these words,” “thus” tery (TDNT, EDNT; DLNT, 782-84). Here acc. of respect
(AASS, 69-70; but s. VA, 138-39). poBod pres. imp. mid. or general ref. (GGBB, 204). eldeg aor. ind. act. opaw
(dep.) doBeouo1 (# 5828) to be afraid. Pres. imp. w. the (# 3972) to see. ayyedog (#34) messenger, angel. The
neg. LN (#3590) indicates the stopping of an act in word could refer to heavenly beings who are guard-
progress: “stop being afraid,” given that the appear- ians of the churches, or to the churches personified as
ance of an angelic being is often a source of apprehen- messengers, or to human beings as messengers of God
sion. 0 Mp@t0g Kai 0 Eoxatog (# 4755; 2779; 2274) the (Thomas; Mounce; Swete; Charles; LSCA, 32-34; Aune;
first and the last. The expression “I am the first and the BBC).
last” is the expression of absolute Godhead (s. Isa. 41:4;
44:6; 48:12; SCA; Ford). Pred. nom. w. art. indicates the Revelation 2
subject and the pred. are the same. @ 18 Gv pres. act. @ 1 Gyyedoc (# 34) angel, messenger (s. 1:20). "Ee-
part. (subst.) Caw (# 2409) to live. Pres. indicates contin- 00¢ (# 2387) Ephesus. For a survey of the seven church-
ual unending life. &yevownv aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopat es s. ABD, 5:1143-44. For the city of Ephesus s. Acts
(# 1181) to become. KAsic (# 3090) key. g6ov gen. sing. 18:19; G.H.R. Horsley, “The Inscriptions of Ephesus
adng (# 87) Hades, death, the place of the dead (TDNT; and the New Testament,” Nov T 34 (1992): 105-68;
NIDNTT; SB, 4:1016-65; DLNT, 459-62; DDD, 726-27). Steven Friesen, “The Cult of the Roman Emperors in
Descriptive gen. To have the keys of death and of Ephesus: Temple Wardens, City Titles, and the Inter-
Hades is to possess authority over their domain. The pretation of the Revelation of John,” Ephesus—Metropolis
claim to possess potentially the key of death is made by of Asia: An Interdisciplinary Approach to its Archaeology,
Christ Himself in John 5:28; the Apocalypse connects Religion, and Culture, Helmut Koester, ed.; HTS 41 (Val-
the actual possession of the keys w. His victory over ley Forge, Pa.: Trinity Press, 1996), 229-50; Steven J.
death. They are from that moment in His keeping Friesen, “Revelation, Realia, and Religion: Archaeolo-
(Swete). Pluto, Greek god of the underworld, was gy in the Interpretation of the Apocalypse,” Harvard
thought to have the key to Hades, which he would lock Theological Review 88 (1995): 291-314; DNP, 3:1078-85;
up so no one could get out (Pausanias, Description of Aune; ABD, 2:542-49; RI, 153; DLNT, 146-47. yponyov
Greece, 5, 20:3; NW, 2, ii:1468-70). In Greek and Roman aor. imp. act. ypcpw (# 1211) to write. Aor. imp. calls for
mythology Charon, the old, ugly, stubble-bearded fer- a specific act w. a note of urgency. The writings to the
ryman, waited with his blue boat to let the dead who seven churches may have been a type of royal or impe-
had been buried get in for their trip to the underworld, rial edict in the mode of a prophetic message or wake-
from which they never returned (DNP, 2:1107-8; RAC, up call (Weckruf) included in the whole book rather
615 Revelation 2

than individual letters sent separately to the individual ind. act. komiaw (# 3159) to be weary, to work and labor
churches (Robert L. Muse, “Revelation 2-3: A Critical to the point of weariness. The word implies strenuous
Analysis of Seven Prophetic Messages,” JETS 29 [1986]: and exhausting labor. Here it could mean weary moral-
147-61; Wiard Popkes, “Die Funktion der Send- ly; i.e., to allow oneself to become weary (Hort; SCA;
schreiben in der Johannes-Apokalypse. Zugleich ein TLNT). Perf. looks at the continuing results of the labor.
Beitrag zur Spatgeschichte der neutestamentlichen @ 4 Eyw (# 2400) pres. ind. act. to have. 6t1 (# 4022) that,
Gleichnisse,” ZNW 74 [1983]: 90-107; David E. Aune, used to introduce a dir. obj. cl. (GGBB, 454). kata
“The Form and Function of the Proclamations to the (# 2848) against. adfjKes aor. ind. act. aint (# 918) to
Seven Churches [Revelation 2-3],” NTS 36 [1990]: 182- leave, to forsake. @ 5 pvnpoveve pres. imp. act. pvnyo-
204; Aune). tae n. pl. acc. of the demonstrative pro- veiw (# 3648) to remember, to call to remembrance. obv
noun 0d¢ (#3840) was obsolete in Koine Greek and (#4036) now, therefore. mo8ev (#4470) from where.
similar to the obsolete English phrase “thus saith.” It nmemtwKas perf. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. wetavon-
was used to introduce with great solemnness a pro- oov aor. imp. act. uetavoew (# 3566) to change one’s
phetic message or a royal letter or edict (Aune; Aune, thinking, to think differently, to repent (TDNT; TLNT).
“The Form and Function of the Proclamations to the Pres. imp. (“repent!”) stands in contrast to the aor. imp.
Seven Churches [Revelation 2-3],” NTS 36 [1990]: 187- (“repent!”), and suggests a continuing attitude over
89; GGBB, 328). They seem to be similar to covenant against a decisive break. “Bear in mind the loving rela-
lawsuits (BBC). A€yet pres. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. tionships you once enjoyed and make a clean break w.
Kpatd@v pres. act. part. (subst.) kpatew (#3195) to have your present manner of life!” (Mounce). moinoov aor.
power over, to hold, to grasp, to hold fast; the opposite imp. act. novew (# 4472) to do. Aor. imp. calls for a spe-
of “to let go” (Ford; Thomas). aotépas (# 843) star (s. cific act w. a note of urgency. Epyouan (# 2262) pres. ind.
1:16). de&vG@ (# 1288) right (s. 1:16); here “right hand.” mid. (dep.) to come. Pres. describes a fut. event that
NEPINATHV pres. act. part. (subst.) mepinatew (# 4344) to will happen w. certainty. oot dat. sing. ov (# 5148) you;
walk about. The Lord patrols the ground and is ever “to you.” The dat. could be taken as dat. of disadvan-
there when needed; His presence is not localized but tage (Swete) or dat. of destination (GGBB, 148). kivjnow
coextensive w. the church (Swete). Pres. indicates the fut. ind. act. kivew (#3075) to move. tonmog (# 5536)
continual action. péow (# 3545) middle (s. 1:13). Avyvia. place. petavonons aor. subj. act. petavoew (# 3566) to re-
(# 3393) lampstand. ypvowv gen. pl. ypvoot<s (# 5991) pent. Subj. w. édv (# 1569) is used in a 3rd. class cond.
golden. #2 oisa. (# 3857) perf. ind. act. to know. Def. cl. which assumes that the cond. is possible, but is not
perf. w. a pres. meaning (VA, 281-87). The ov6o. cl. intro- sure whether it will be fulfilled. @ 6 €yets pres. ind. act.
duces the narratio, i.e., a description of the situation of 2nd sing. éyw (# 2400) to have. pvoeig pres. ind. act. 2nd.
each community that serves as the basis for the disposi- sing. pioew (# 3631) to hate. io pres. ind. act. Nt-
tio, or response, that immediately following (Aune, KoAaitns (#3774) Nicolaitan. For a discussion of the
“The Form and Function of the Proclamations to the identity of the Nicolaitans s. Mounce; Ford; Swete; Tho-
Seven Churches (Revelation 2-3),” NTS 36 [1990]: 190). mas; LSCA, 87-94; Roman Heiligenthal, “Wer waren
«0706 (# 3160) laborious work, toil. The word signifies die “Nikolaiten’? Ein Beitrag zur Theologiegeschichte
not merely labor, but labor unto weariness, or to the des frithen Christentums,” ZNW 82 (1991): 133-37;
point of exhaustion (Hort; SCA; TLNT; Trench, Syn- HSB, 799- 61. 7 €xwv pres. act. part. exw (# 2400) to
onyms, 378; s. 1 Thess. 2:9). vxopovn (#5705) patience, have. ove (#4044) ear. &kovoctw aor. imp. act. &Kovw
endurance under difficult circumstances (TLNT; (# 201) to hear. The “hearing formula” is intended as an
TDNT). S0vq pres. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvoyor (# 1538) to encouragement and a call to those who have remained
be able to, w. inf. Baotd&oou aor. act. inf. Baotatw faithful and stood firm in spite of the problems (Anne-
(# 1002) to take up, to carry, to bear; fig., to bear, to en- Marit Enroth, “The Hearing Formula in the Book of
dure (BAGD). éneipaoas aor. ind. act. neipacw (# 4279) Revelation,” NTS 36 [1990]: 598-608, esp. 604). Aor.
to try, to examine. Aéyovtas pres. act. part. (subst.) Aeyo imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. Aeyet
(# 3306) to say; here in the sense “to claim.” &mdotoA0G pres. ind. act. A€yw (#3306) to say. viK@vtl pres. act.
(# 693) one sent or commissioned to carry out a duty w. part. (subst.) dat. masc. sing. vixdw (# 3771) to be victor,
the authority of the one sending (TDNT; EDNT; to gain a victory, to be victorious. This seems to be a
TLNT). For a discussion as to who these might be s. term applicable to all believers rather than to a limited
Thomas; LSCA, 39-41. obK etoiv (#4024; 1639) “and or special group (Thomas). Dat. of respect (“in respect
they are not.” The words are a Hebraism, for “not be- to the one who is victorious”) or dat. as indir. obj., fol-
ing” (Charles). edpes aor. ind. act. evpioxw (# 2351) to lowed by the resumptive pron. avt@ dat. sing. avt0¢
find, to discover. pevdens (# 6014) lying, liars. @ 3 ExE1G (# 899) ” to him.” Swow fut. ind. act. Sidwyt (# 1443) to
pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. éBa.otacag aor. ind. give; here in the sense “to allow.” payetv aor. act. inf. €o-
act. Baoté.Cw (# 1002) to take up (s.v. 2). kexomtaKes perf. iw (# 2266) to eat. Inf. of purp. EbAov Tig Guwiig (# 3833;
Revelation 2 616

2437) tree of life. There may be a reference to a tree of to speak. Eoxatoc (# 2274) last (s. 1:17). &yévEeto aor. ind.
life in the OT and Jewish writings (Gen. 3; The Life of mid. (dep.) yivowar (#1181) to become, to be. E¢noev
Adam and Eve, 19:2; 22:4; 28:4; 1 Enoch 24-25; T. Levi, aor. ind. act. Caw (#2409) to live. Ingressive aor. “He
18:10-11; Pss. Sol. 14:3); or there may be an allusion to was dead, but He became alive.” The purpose of this
the wood of life, that is, the cross of Christ which brings statement is to fix attention upon the fact of the resur-
life (LSCA, 42-44; RAC, 2:25-26). It may refer to Arte- rection. As the Lord rose, so will His martyrs triumph
mis; a date palm and a tree were often associated w. her over death (Swete). @ 9 o18a (# 3857) perf. ind.
and her worship (LSCA, 41-47; LSC, 248-49; DNP, 2:53- act. to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. OAtwi¢
58; 2:506; DDD, 167-80; Aune). napasetow dat. sing. (# 2568) pressure, trouble, tribulation (s. 1:9). ntwyeta
mapasdeos (# 4137) paradise, a Persian word meaning a (# 4775) poverty, extreme and abject poverty (s. 2 Cor.
park or enclosed garden. According to rabbinical teach- 8:2; NTW, 109-111). mdovorog (# 4454) rich, very rich,
ing there was a threefold paradise: the paradise of wealthy. Here there is a parenthesis in thought: “I
Adam where the tree of life stood; the paradise of the know your trial and your poverty (yet you are [in real-
souls in heaven which was the abode of the redeemed ity] rich)” (GGBB, 53-54). El pres. ind. act. ett (# 1639)
between death and the resurrection; and the eschato- to be. BAaopnutia (# 1060) slander, railing, blasphemy
logical paradise where the souls of the righteous would (TLNT). Aeyovtwv pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to
be. The eschatological paradise was considered the make a claim. Subst. part. w. the prep. x (# 1666), indi-
paradise of Adam restored w. the tree of life (SB, 3:792f; cating the source of the accusations. eivant pres. act. inf.
4:1144-65; Ford; Aune; ABD, 5:154-55; GELTS, 351; s. et (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. discourse. These were
Luke 23:43). The reference may also be to the asylum evidently Jews in the physical sense, but w. no spiritual
that was available in the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus relation to God (LSCA, 6; Thomas). ovvaywyn (# 5252)
(LSCA, 48-52). @ 8 ypcwov aor. ind. act. ypadw (# 1271) synagogue, gathering. Latava gen. sing. Latavac
to write. Zubpva (#5044) Smyrna. The word means (# 4928). Satan. Gen. of description indicating the char-
“myrrh.” The myths and local traditions suggest a city acter of the assembly. The reference is not to a building,
of suffering (LSCA, 58-59; Thomas; ABD, 6:73-75). The but to the people who gather there and plan their as-
city was also noted for its faithfulness to its political sault on the church, putting themselves at the disposal
rulers. Cicero called Smyrna “where our most faithful of the devil to carry out his will (Thomas; also Aune,
and oldest allies are” (Cicero, The Eleventh Philippian Excursus 2B: “Anatolian Jewish Communities and
Oration, 5; LSC, 254-55; LSCA, 70). The city was also Synagogues,” 1:168-72; BBC). 10 doBod pres. imp.
known for its beauty, w. its stone-paved streets, lovely mid. (dep.) doBeonar (# 5828) to be afraid. Pres. imp. w.
trees and the hill Pagos, which w. its buildings was like neg. undev (# 3594) can indicate the stopping of an ac-
a crown in the city (LSC, 256-60; LSCA, 59-60, 73; Tho- tion in progress, or call for a constant attitude. péAAerg
mas; NW, 2, ii:1472-74; Bean, 20-30; ANTC, 55-62; pres. ind. act. wéAAw (# 3516) to be about to, w. the inf.
Aune). The builders, however, had made a grave error to express the immediate fut. maoyew pres. act. inf.
in not placing canals under the paved streets and the maoxw (# 4248) to suffer. 1800 aor. imp. act. dpaw
sewage Often filled the streets, especially after a heavy (#3972) to see. The word directs special attention to
rain (Strabo, Description of Greece, 14 i:36-37). The city the announcement and signals a declaration that is
was also a place of learning and considered the birth- oracular in nature (Thomas). BaAAEw pres. act. inf.
place of Homer (Thomas; LSCA, 57). Cybele was its pa- Bord (# 965) to throw, to cast. Inf. w. WeAAEt to express
tron goddess (LSC, 264-65; Thomas). It was also the city immediate fut. ua Bodog (# 1333) devil. (DDD, 463-73)
where the aged bishop Polycarp was martyred as he gvAaKn (#5871) prison. In the ancient world prisons
uttered the immortal words, “Eighty-six years I have were the place where the accused awaited sentencing,
been His servant, and He has done me no wrong. How either of execution or banishment (BBC; Mounce;
can I blaspheme my King who saved me?” (oySonKovte. BAFCS, 3). neipao@fite aor. pass. subj. meipacw (# 4879)
Kal E& Et] ExW SOVAEVWV ADT, Ka ODSEV LE ndixnoev; Kal to tempt, to try. The word can indicate a trial of virtue
TUS SOVAaLAL PAGOONUTIOAL TOV BACLAEG LOD, TOV OWOAVTO by means of affliction or adversity by Satan’s interven-
we; (The Mart. Pol., 8:3; Beasley-Murray; Johannes Bapt. tion (TLNT, 2:82). Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) to express purp.
Bauer, Die Polykarpbriefe. Kommentar zu den Apostol- ebete fut. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. Tepdv gen. pl.
ischen Vatern, ed. N. Brox, G. Kretschmar und K. Nied- nepa (# 2465) day. Gen. of description, “a ten-day trib-
erwimmer [G6ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, ulation.” The ten days should probably be seen as a
1995]; Gerd Buschmann, Das Martyrium des Polykarp: limited, intermediate period of suffering, expected to
Kommentar zu den Apostolischen Vatern (Gottingen: Van- terminate in judgement and death (LSCA, 70; also
denhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998]). The city’s destruction Thomas). yivov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivouor (# 1181)
was prophesied in the Sibylline Oracles (Sib. Or., 3:340, to become; to “prove thyself loyal and true, to the ex-
365; 5:122-23). A€yer pres. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to say, tent of being ready to die for my sake” (Swete). Pres.
617 Revelation 2

imp. calls for a continual attitude. d&ypt (# 948) w. gen., Greek Language of the Imperial Cult,” JHS 104 [1984]:
unto; “up to and including” (LSCA, 71). wow fut. ind. 79-95); Aune; Thomas; LSC, 281-315; LSCA, 78-105;
act. d15wyr (# 1443) to give. otépavoc (#5109) crown. Bean, 45-69; KP, 4:626-32; ANTC, 30-49; DRU, 2:17-74;
This evidently refers to a wreath given to a victorious Strabo, Geography of Greece, 13, 4:1-4; NW, 2, ii:1481-86;
athlete or worn by a pagan priest or priestly magistrate ABD, 5:228-30. In A. D. 74 Vespasian provided special
of a city, or given to officials at the arrival of a dignitary; privileges for physicians and teachers, but in A.D.
or it could be an illusion to the physical appearance of 93/94 Domitian passed a law prohibiting the misuse of
the city of Smyrna (Swete, Hort, LSC, 256-60; LSCA, 72- these privileges through greed (RI, 102-4; DLNT, 320-
77; Thomas). Gwii¢ gen. sing. Gwn (#2437) life. Epex. 26). ypawov aor. imp. act. ypcpw (# 1211) to write (s.v. 1).
gen. or gen. of apposition, indicating what the wreath Aeyet pres. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Exwv pres. act.
is. In this regards it seems that the crown of life refers part. éyw (#2400) to have. powOata (#4855) sword (s.
to the wreath given in victory (Thomas; LSCA, 76-77; 1:16). Siotopog (#1492) two-edged. o&€iav acc. sing.
Aune, Excursus 2C: “Ancient Wreath and Crown Im- 0&0c (# 3955) sharp. The sword was the symbol of abso-
agery,” 1:172-75). @ 11 éywv pres. act. part. (subst.) éyw lute authority, invested w. the power of life and death
(# 2400) to have. &kovoctw aor. imp. act. dKovw (# 201) (LSC, 291). 13 ova. (# 3857) perf. ind. act. to know.
to hear (s.v. 7). vik@v (#3771) pres. act. part. to over- Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. KatoiKeis pres. ind. act.
come (s.v. 7). Subst. part. w. a generic art. describing a KatoKkew (# 2997) to settle down, to live. Pres. indicates
distinguishing trait (GGBB, 230). a&ixn6{ aor. subj. continual action. Prep. in compound (kata “down”) is
pass. adixew (# 92) to harm, to injure. Subj. w. the dou- perfective, indicating “to dwell permanently.” 0 @povoc
ble neg. ov un (# 4024; 3590) in an emphatic denial. This tod Latavea (# 2585; 4928) the throne of Satan. This may
is the strongest way to negate something in Greek refer to the large hill or acropolis seen as one approach-
(GGBB, 468). Gavatov tod Sevtépov (# 2505; 1311) sec- es the city (Charles), or it could refer to the tremendous
ond death. It refers to an unending punishment (Tho- and influential idol worship in the city (s.v. 12), w. spe-
mas; SB, 3:830-31). @ 12 Tepyoyog (# 4307) Pergamum. cial stress on emperor worship (Thomas; LSCA, 84-87;
The name of the city probably means “mountain,” LAE, 346-47, w. two inscriptions from Pergamum; NW,
given its location some 1,300 feet between two tributar- 2, ii:1486; Aune; HSB, 757-58; DDD, 1379). Society was
ies of the Caicus River. In 133 BC Attalus II] left the city permeated w. pagan religion that determined the holi-
to the Romans, who made it the original capital of the days and dominated everything from sports to every-
province of Asia. It was a wealthy and important city day life. kpatetg pres. ind. act. kpatew (#3195) to hold,
known for its impressive library rivalling the famous li- to grasp, to hold fast (s.v. 1). Pres. indicates the contin-
brary in Alexandria. Because the king of Pergamum ual action. 6vowa (# 3950) name. The term indicates
was not able to get papyrus, he developed the use of one’s person, and in this context “to hold My name” in-
animal skins. That led to the making of books in a dicates to be faithful (Thomas). Npvjow aor. ind. act.
codex form. The library was finally given to Cleopatra apvew (# 766) to say no, to deny. Aor. points to a specific
by Anthony and moves to Alexandria. Pergamum was example of how they were holding His name and the
the home of the famous physician Galen. The city of idea of a completed action stresses that they had not at
Pergamum was a stronghold of idolatry. It was famous all been unfaithful. For the resistance of Jews and the
for the great altar to Zeus which had a frieze around the early Christians to the worship of the emperor s. LAE,
base of the altar depicting the gods of Greece in victori- 338-46; LSCA, 86-87; RAC, 14:1077-90. arexta&vOn aor.
ous combat against the giants of the earth (symbolizing pass. ind. anoxtetvw (# 650) to kill. The person of Anti-
the triumph of civilization over barbarianism) (Werner pas is unknown, but as the aor. suggests this was a spe-
Miller, Der Pergamon-Altar [Leipzig: Veb E.A. Seemann cific incident (LSCA, 86). Katoucet pres. ind. act.
Buch-und Kunstverlag, 1978]). The shrine of Asklepi- KatoiKkew (# 2997) to dwell. @ 14 Exw (# 2400) pres. ind.
os, the god of healing, attracted people from all over act. to have. €yet¢ pres. ind. act. (s.v. 6). Kpatodvtas
the world (DNP, 2:94-100; RAC, 1:795-99; BBC; GLH, pres. act. part. (subst.) kpatew (# 3195) to hold to. BaAa-
83-101). Of greatest import for the Christians living in Ou (# 962) Balaam. The meaning of the name has been
Pergamum was the fact that it was the official center in explained as, “without a people,” “because he de-
Asia for the imperial cult (Lily Ross Taylor, The Divinity stroyed the people,” or “because he swallowed up the
of the Roman Emperor [Middletown, Conn.: American people” (SB, 3:793; Thomas). In later Jewish writings
Philological Association, 1931]; DDD, 1342-52; P. Herz, the name may have been a reference to Jesus, but in
“Bibliographie zum romischen Kaiserkult [1955- general Balaam was used as a type of a magician or de-
1975],” ANRW 2, 16, 2:833-910; GGR, 2:177-85; 384-95; ceiver who misuses the gift of prophecy for material
RAC, 14:1047-93; S.E.R. Price, Rituals and Power: The gain and attempts through syncretistic religion to
Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor [Cambridge: Univer- cause the people of God to sin (b Sahn 106a; JNTU, 68-
sity Press, 1984]; S.F.R. Price, “Gods and Emperors: The 103; BBC; ABD, 1:571-72; also Jos., Ant., 4:129-30;
Revelation 2 618

Aune). e5t5aoKxev impf. ind. act. diaoKcw (# 1438) to to a banquet. Many such tokens were little tablets of
teach. BaAeiv aor. act. inf. B&AAw (# 965) to throw. Inf. as wood, metal, or'stone distributed to the poor in Rome
obj. of the vb. &8tSaoxev. oxavdarov (# 4998) lit., trap; by the emperors to insure a regular supply of corn. Or
enticement to sin (LN, 1:775). Here, “to entice the sons they were given to the victor at games and to gladia-
of Israel to sin” (BAGD). oayeiv aor. act. inf. eo8iw tors who won the admiration of the public and had
(# 2266) to eat. eldwA08vtOV (# 1628) sacrifices offered been allowed to retire from further combat. Here the
to idols, that which is slain for a sacrifice (SCA). There white stone as a symbol of the triumph of faith would
may be a reference here to the sacrifices and festivals of be considered a token for admission to the messianic
the pagan religion at Pergamum (LSCA, 90; DLNT, feast (Mounce; LSC, 39ff; Thomas; Aune; BBC). yeypoy-
528-30; Aune, Excursus 2D: “Eating Food Sacrificed to wévov perf. pass. part. ypcw (#1211) to write. ovbev
Idols,” 1:191-94). nopvetoot aor. act. inf. mopvevw perf. ind. act. o150 (# 3857) to know (s.v. 2). Def. perf. w.
(#4519) to engage in sexual activities. The infs. are pres. meaning. AopBdvuv pres. act. part. (subst.) Aap-
used after the vb. edt5aoKxev, or could be viewed as Bavw (# 3284) to receive. The new name symbolizes the
epex., explaining how he enticed the people to sin. individual’s entry into a new life, status, or personality
@ 15 ovtw¢ (# 4048) so, thus. The application and par- (LSCA, 103); for the use of amulets w. names in the
allel is now drawn. €yet¢ pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to magic texts s. Aune. #18 Ovateipa (# 2587)
have. kat (# 2779) also. kpatotvtas pres. act. part. (sub- Thyatira. The not so important city founded by Seleu-
st.) Kpatew (#3195) to hold. Some have viewed those cus I as a defense against Lysimachus was located
holding the teaching of Balaam and those holding the about 35 miles inland southeast of Pergamum. The city
teaching of the Nicolaitans as being the same (LSCA, had various trade guilds or unions, such as unions for
87-94), but it seems better to view them as two groups clothiers, bakers, tanners, potters, linen workers, wool
(Thomas). This teaching could have been an antinomi- merchants, slave traders, coppersmiths and dyers (s.
an movement and may have been connected w. the Acts 16:14; LAC, 316-53; LSCA, 106-11; ANTC, 51-62;
special pressures of emperor worship and pagan soci- Thomas; Charles; Swete; BBC; Aune; ABD, 6:546).
ety (LSCA, 94; s. Aune, Excursus 2A: “The Nico- ypawov aor. ind. act. ypapw (# 1211) to write. A€yet pres.
laitans,” 1:148-49; HSB, 759-61). 16 petavonoov aor. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say, to speak. Eywv pres. act.
imp. act. petavoew (# 3566) to repent (s.v. 5). Epyopwar part. €yw (# 2400) to have. op@aApoc (# 4057) eye. pA0ya
(# 2262) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to come. Pres. used to de- acc. sing. pA0E (# 5825) flame. mupog gen. nvp (# 4786)
scribe a certain fut. event. tayvg (# 5444) adv., quickly, fire. yoAKoAiBavov (#5909) something like gold ore,
soon. moAeutjow fut. ind. act. noAewew (# 4482) to wage fine brass or bronze (BAGD; s. 1:15). Dat. here due to
war, to fight against. popdaia tod otopatoc (# 4855; the preceding adj. Ouo10¢ (# 3927) like; “like unto fine
5125) sword of (my) mouth. Instr. dat. w. prep. év brass.”Ithas been suggested that the metal here is an
(# 1877). 17 Eywv pres. act. part. Eyw (# 2400) to alloy of copper w. metallic zinc and was made in
have. akovodtw aor. imp. act. akobw (#201) to hear. Thyatira (LSCA, 111-17). @ 19 &taxKovia (# 1355) minis-
A€yet pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. viK@vt pres. try. btopovn (# 5705) patience endurance, perseverance
act. part. vikaw (#3771) to overcome. 5wow fut. ind. act. (TLNT; TDNT). mdetova comp. morvc (#4498) great,
didwyut (# 1443) to give. wavva (#3445) manna (ABD, much; comp., more than. mpwtwv gen. pl. mpwtoc
4:511; TDNT; GELTS, 290). kexpuppevov perf. pass. part. (# 4755) first. Gen. of comparison, “than the first one.”
Kpvmtw (#3221) to hide. It was a Jewish teaching that 20 dei pres. ind. act. apinut (# 978) to allow, to tol-
in the messianic time the Messiah would send manna erate. A€yovoa pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to call; here,
from heaven, and in the future age manna would be “to claim to be.” mpopttic (#4739) prophetess. The
the food of the righteous (SB, 3:793-94; Mounce; LSCA, “prophetess” Jezebel is considered a prominent
94-95; Aune). In the context here the hidden manna al- woman claiming the gift of divine prophecy and lead-
ludes to the proper and heavenly food in contrast to ing many in pagan worship and pagan feasts that often
the unclean food supplied by the Balaamites. While the led to sexual promiscuity. She may have been connect-
promise is primarily eschatological, it is not without ed w. the cult of Sibyl or Jewish magic and been influ-
immediate application for a persecuted people ential in the trade guilds of the city. She apparently
(Mounce). 5H0w fut. ind. act. 5m (# 1443) to give. taught that a Christian could join a guild and partici-
Wiidoc (#6029) stone. AEvKOG (#3328) white. There pate in its feasts (LSCA, 117-23; Thomas; Mounce;
were various usages of a white stone in the ancient DLNT, 1210-11; BBC). &8doxe1 pres. ind. act. d1dé0Kw
world; e.g., a jewel, the judicial calculus Minervae, the (# 1438) to teach. nAaVG@ pres. ind. act. mAavaw (#4414)
casting vote of acquittal, a token of admission, mem- to lead astray, to deceive. mopvedoa aor. act. inf. topvevw
bership or recognition, an amulet, a token of gladiato- (#4519) to commit adultery. Inf. to show result, “she
rial discharge (LSCA, 96-102). Perhaps in the context it taught so that they commit adultery and eat.” dayeiv
is best to take the white stone as a token of admission aor. act. inf. €00iw (#2266) to eat. eldwAo8vta (# 1628)
619 Revelation 3

sacrifice offered to an idol (s.v. 14). @ 21 é5wxa. aor. ind. For extra biblical references to morning star s. Aune. In
act. Sido (# 1443) to give. petavonon aor. subj. act. addition to authority over the nations the overcomer is
etavoew (# 3566) to repent. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to ex- promised the morning star, perhaps a symbol of sover-
press purp. 8€Aé1 pres. ind. act. @¢Aw (# 2527) to desire. eignty among the Romans (BBC). No completely satis-
Potential ind., “yet she does not want to repent” (GG- factory answer for this symbol has been offered
BB, 452). uetovenioon aor. act. inf. petavoew (# 3566) to (Mounce; s. also his listing of various possibilities).
repent. mopveta (#4518) immorality. The word here @ 29 Exywv pres. act. part. éyw (#2400) to have. a&xov-
means wanton behavior, including fornication (Joseph oGtw aor. imp. act. okovw (# 201) to hear (s.v. 7).
Jenses, “Does Porneia Mean Fornication? A Critique of
Bruce Malina,” Nov T 20 [1978]: 168-84; DLNT, 1088- Revelation 3
90). @ 22 1800 aor. imp. act. Opdw (# 3972) to see. BaAAW @ 1 Lapseic (# 4915) Sardis. Viewed as one of the
(# 965) pres. ind. act. to throw, to cast. Pres. used to de- great cites of primitive history, and in the Greek view
scribe a fut. event that is certain. KAivn (# 3109) bed. long considered the greatest of all cities, Sardis was lo-
The bed is not a funeral bier or a dining couch of the cated 45 miles east of Smyrna in the Hermus River val-
guild feast, but a bed of sickness or pain. Disease as a ley. It was founded about 700 B.C. and was the ancient
punishment for sin was an accepted view (Mounce; capital of Lydia and because of its location was consid-
Thomas). pouyevovtas pres. act. part. povevw (# 3658) ered to be invincible. Under the rule of King Croesus
to commit adultery (DLNT, 714-17). petavonjowot aor. (560-46 B.C.), famous for his riches—-especially his gold
subj. act. wetavoew (#3566) to repent. Subj. w. dv (s. C.J. Hemer, “The Sardis Letter and the Croesus Tra-
(# 1569) in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes the dition,” NTS 19 [1972]: 94-97)-the city was defeated by
probability of the cond. 23 anoKxtevd@ fut. ind. act. Cyrus of Persia due to the city guards’ failed caution.
anoktetvw (# 650) to kill. yvaoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) Herodotus relates how the city was fortified except for
yiwwoKw (# 1182) to know. epavvdv pres. act. part. Epav- one area w. a sheer cliff. As one of the Persian soldiers
vw (# 2236) to search. Pres. indicates habitual and con- observed a guard of the city retrieving his dropped hel-
tinual action. veppog (#3752) kidney. Kidneys were met, the Persian figured he too could climb up the cliff;
regarded as the seat of the emotions, just as the heart along with others he did, and took the city by surprise
was the seat of the intelligence or will. Hence, the attack (Herodotus, 1:84). Polybius describes the fall of
speaker w. divine omniscience will prove that no deceit the city to Antiochus III in 214 B.C. occurring similarly
or sophistry of any kind can escape him (Ford). wow from careless negligence. At an unguarded point in the
fut. ind. act. d18mp. (#1443) to give. 24 Aoin0¢ wall, considered impossible to take, some brave and
(# 3370) rest, remaining. €yovow pres. ind. act. éxw cunning soldiers put ladders against that spot one
(# 2400) to have. éyvwoav aor. ind. act. yiwwoKw (# 1182) night and at dawn entered the city as the main force
to know. Baéea acc. pl. Babs (# 960) deep, depth. re- struck at the city’s main gate (Polybius, 7:15-18). When
yovow pres. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to say. B&AAW (# 965) the city was rebuilt in the time of Alexander the Great,
pres. ind. act. to throw. Bapog (#983) burden (s. Acts it was dedicated to a local Asiatic goddess Cybele, who
15:28) 29): @ 25 nAnv (#4440) except, only. Exete was worshipped along with Artemis and Attis, among
pres. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have. kpatnoate aor. imp. others (NDIEC, 1:21-23). There was also an active Jew-
act. kpatéw (# 3195) to hold (s.v. 1). &ypt¢] (# 948) until, ish population in the city (LSCA, 134-38; Helga Botter-
until which time. Téw fut. ind. act. jnKw (#2457) to mann, “Die Synagoge von Sardis: Eine Synagoge aus
come. Used in an indef. temp. cl. The form can be either dem 4. Jahrhundert?” ZNW [1990]: 103-21). The city
fut. ind. act. or aor. subj. act. (RWP). 26 vikdv pres. and eleven others were destroyed by a tremendous
act. part. vikaw (#3771) to overcome (s.v. 7). THPMV surprise earthquake in A.D. 17 in the middle of the
pres. act. part. tnpew (#5498) to keep, to guard, to ob- night (LSCA, 134; Pliny, NH, 2, 86:200; Tacitus, Annals,
serve. Swow fut. ind. act. dtwyr (# 1443) to give. © 27 2, 47:1-3). But Sardis was rebuilt (ANTC, 63-78; LSCA,
mowavei fut. ind. act. nomwoaivw (#4477) to shepherd. 127-52; LSC, 354-90; Bean, 217-29; NW, 2, ii:1492-93;
The word should be taken here in the sense of wheeling Thomas; Mounce; Aune; ABD, 6:73-75; BBC). ypoayov
the shepherd’s staff or club to ward off attacks of ma- aor. imp. act. ypagw (# 1211) to write. deyer pres. ind. act.
rauding beasts (Mounce). paBdoc (# 4811) stick, staff. AEYw (# 3306) to say. Eywv pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to
a1dnpots (# 4971) iron. oxedn (# 5007) vessel. KepaiKog have. cotépac (# 843) star (s. 2:28). 0186 (# 3857) Pert.
(# 3039) pottery, earthenware. ovvtpiBeto1 pres. ind. ind. act. to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Ovoya
pass. ovvtpifpw (#5341) to crush together, to smash (s. (#3950) name, used here in the sense of reputation
Ps. 2:9). 28 elAnoa perf. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) (LSCA, 143). €yetg pres. ind. act. €yw (#2400) to have.
to take. wow fut. ind. act. dtwyt (#1443) to give. Cc pres. ind. act. Caw (# 2400) to live. Cybele and Attis
Gotépa acc. sing. ddtnp (# 843) star. mpwivoc (# 4748) were worshipped through the taurobolium, a rite by
morning (GELTS, 409); aotepa mpwivov, morning star. which the worshipper was rejuvenated w. the life force
Revelation 3 620

of a bull slain over him and by bathing in its blood. Cy- of. The acc. here is acc. of time but looks more at a point
bele and Attis were also the guardians of the grave, and of time rather than a long duration (RG, 470f; RWP;
the afterlife was originally seen as a reunion w. the Mounce). @ 4 €yets pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have.
Earth Mother. The serpents associated w. the goddess eyOAvvay aor. ind. act. ywoAvvw (# 3662) to soil. The lan-
Cybele were seen emerging from the earth to shed their guage recalls the inscription found in Asia Minor an-
skin, a sign they possessed the power of rejuvenation nouncing that soiled garments disqualified the
(LSCA, 138-40; Mounce; LSC, 363-65f; DDD, 405-6; worshiper and dishonored the god (Ford). It is also
DNP, 2:247-48; GGR, 2:640-57; RAC, 1:889-99; DRU, often noted that since the manufacture and dying of
1:110-11). €1 pres. ind. act. eyii (# 1639) to be. @ 2 yivov woolen goods was a principle trade in Sardis, an allu-
pres. imp. mid. (dep.) yivowat (# 1181) to become. Pres. sion to defiled garments would be immediately recog-
imp. calls for a continual attitude as a habit of life. nized. It is unlikely, however, that any more than a
yPTYOpGv pres. act. part. ypnyopew (# 1213) to be awake, general reference to the danger of contaminating the
to be watchful, be alert. Adj. part. used as pred. nom. Christian witness by accommodation to the prevailing
(AASS, 52; VA, 491). Although the city of Sardis was standards of a pagan city is in mind (Mounce). mept-
considered to be a natural citadel and incapable of cap- matnooveiy fut. ind. act. nepinatew (# 4344) to walk
ture, there were several times in the city’s history that about. AeuKos (# 3328) white. The raiment here spoken
the city fell because of self-confidence and failure to of is the heavenly raiment or else the symbol of inner
watch (s.v. 1; LSC, 354-62; Mounce; C.J. Hemer, “The purity (Charles; Ford). The priest who served in the
Sardis Letter and the Croesus Tradition,” NTS 19 temple at Jerusalem wore black clothes and veiled him-
[1972]: 94-97). The earthquake of A.D. 17 surprised the self in black if he had a blemish; but if he had no blem-
city in the middle of the night (s.v. 1). othptoov aor. imp. ish, he wore white and was allowed to serve (M,
act. otnpitw (# 5114) to make firm, to strengthen, to es- Middoth, 5:4). For the views regarding the white gar-
tablish. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a note of ur- ments and the possibility they refer here to the white-
gency. T& Aoima n. acc. pl. Aoinog (#3370) rest, clad attendants of the conqueror walking in his trium-
remaining. Though the words are n., they should be phal procession s. LSC, 386-88; LSCA, 147). 5 vikév
translated as “those who remain,” “the rest,” referring pres. act. part. (subst.) vikaw (# 3771) to win a victory,
to those who are not yet dead, but who may be at the to be victorious, to overcome. mepiBaAeitar fut. ind.
point of death (LSC, 166; Thomas). &ueAAov impf. ind. mid. (dep.) repiBarAw (# 4314) to throw clothes around
act. weAAw (# 3516) to be about to. Used w. inf. to ex- oneself, to clothe oneself. ov ph in no way (s.v. 3). &a-
press the fut. Impf. w. inf. expresses futurity or inten- Aetww fut. ind. act. eEaretpw (# 1981) to wipe out, to
tion reckoned from a moment in the past (MKG, 307). blot out. The OT book of life was a register of all who
anoSaveiv aor. act. inf. ano8vnoxw (# 633) to die. Aor. held citizenship in the theocratic community of Israel.
points to the act of dying. evpnxa perf. ind. act. evpioxw The idea was also common in the secular world, where
(# 2351) to find. Perf. indicates the continuing results. all Gr. and Roman cities of that time kept a list of citi-
TETMAT|PWEVG perf. pass. part. (adj.) mAnpow (# 4444) to zens according to their class or tribe in which new citi-
fill, to be filled. Their works have not measured up to zens were entered and from which degraded citizens
God's standard (RWP). Perf. stresses the abiding con- were expunged (Mounce; Ford; LSC, 385-86; LSCA,
dition. evwmiov (# 1967) before. 3 vnyoveve pres. 148-50; BBC). Fut. w. the double neg. ob ph (# 4024;
imp. act. LvnHovevw (# 3648) to remember. etAnoas 3590) forms a strong denial as to what will not happen.
perf. ind. act. AopBavw (# 3284) to receive. The word The promise here is positive, that these will not in any
represents the faith as a trust. Perf. calls attention to the way have their names blotted out (Thomas). QyoAoynow
abiding responsibility of the trust received (Swete). fut. ind. act. owoAoyew (# 3933) to confess, to acknowl-
TKovoas aor. ind. act. akovw (#201) to hear. Aor. looks edge, to profess. @ 6 Eywv pres. act. part. Exw (# 2400)
back to the moment when faith came by hearing to have. akovedtw aor. imp. act. dKovw (# 201) to hear.
(Swete). thpet pres. imp. act. tnpew (#5498) to keep, to For this formula s. Rev. 2:7. Aeyet pres. ind. act. Aéyw
watch, to guard. Pres. calls for a continual watchful at- (# 3306) to speak. 7 Diraderger (#5788) Philadel-
titude. petavonoov aor. imp. act. wetavoew (#3566) to phia. The city was located on an important trade route,
change one’s thinking, to repent (s. 2:5). ypnyopnons but its founding is somewhat uncertain. The city was
aor. subj. act. ypryyopew (# 1213) to be watchful. Subj. w. destroyed by the great earthquake of A.D. 17 (s.v. 1),
ev (# 1569) is used in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which views and even though it was rebuilt w. generous aid from
the cond. as a possibility. 7&w fut. ind. act. hxw (# 2457) Tiberius people often lived outside the city in the open
to come (note the history of the city alluded to, s. vs. 1- for protection (LSC, 401-12; LSCA, 153-77; Aune; Tho-
2). ob pn (# 4024; 3590) not in any wise. yv@¢ aor. subj. mas; Strabo, Geography, 12, 8:18; 13, 4:8). ypa&wov aor.
act. yivwoxw (# 1182) to know. Subj. w. double neg. for imp. act. ypaow (# 1211) to write. GAnOivog (# 240) true,
strong denial. moiav acc. sing. moiog (# 4481) what kind genuine. €ywv pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. KAeiv
621 Revelation 3

acc. sing. KA€i¢ (# 3090) key. Kdeiv Aavid. The key of inf. to express fut. Epyeo8a1 pres. pass. inf. Epxyount
David is a metaphorical expression indicating com- (# 2262) to come. oikovpeévns pres. pass. (subst.) part.
plete control over the royal household (Thomas; oiKew (# 3876) to live. The word is used for the inhabit-
Mounce; Swete). &votywv pres. act. part. cvoiyw (# 487) ed earth. neipdoo aor. act. inf. meipd.Gw (# 4279) to try.
to open. KAetoet fut. ind. act. kAeiw (# 3091) to shut, to KQTOLKODVTMS pres. act. (subst.) part. katoiew (# 2997)
lock. KAeiwv pres. act. part. KAeiw (# 3091) to shut. For a to dwell, to live on the earth. 11 épyouor (# 2262)
description of keys and locks in the ancient world and pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to come. Pres. used to describe a
how they worked and were used as a symbol of power fut. event w. great certainty. tayv¢ (#5444) quickly,
s. OCD, 573; KP, 5:18f; TDNT. 8 olda. (# 3857) pert. soon. KpGtet pres. imp. act. kpatéw (# 3195) to hold fast,
ind. act. to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. 1800 aor. to grasp. €yetg pres. ind. act. €yw (#2400) to have, to
ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. 5e5wxKa. perf. ind. act. 5i5w- possess. AGB aor. subj. act. AopBdvw (# 3284) to take.
ut (# 1443) to give. Nvewyyevnv perf. pass. part. &votyw Subj. w. iva (# 2671) is used in a neg. purp. cl. otépavoc
(# 487) to open. Perf. indicates the continuing condi- (#5109) crown; here as a symbol of reward (DLNT,
tion, “a door standing open.” The metaphor of the 1040). 12 vik@v pres. act. part. vikaw (#3771) to be
open door indicated the opportunity for preaching the victorious. moinow fut. ind. act. novew (#4472) to do.
gospel (Swete; SCA; LSCA, 162; s. 1 Cor. 16:9). 5bvatar otbAos (# 5146) pillar. The metaphor of being a pillar in
pres. ind. pass. (dep.) 5vvoya (# 1538) to be able to, w. a temple is current in most languages and conveys the
inf. KAetoat aor. act. inf. KAciw (# 3091) to shut. ets idea of stability and permanence (Mounce). The back-
pres. ind. act. €xw (# 2400) to have, to possess. ethpnoas ground may be that of the coronation of a king, which
aor. ind. act. tnpew (# 5498) to keep (s.v. 3). Npvfow aor. connects the believer w. the symbol of royal stability
ind. mid. (dep.) apveoua (# 766) to say no, to deny. The (Richard H. Wilkinson, “The ZLTYAOZ of Revelation
aor. forms refer to some distinct occasions in the past 3:12 and Ancient Coronation Rites,” JBL 107 [1988]:
when, being put to the test, they had proved them- 498-501). €€€An aor. subj. act. e€€pyouar (# 2002) to go
selves faithful to Him (SCA). 9 1800 aor. ind. act. out. To a city that had experienced devastating earth-
opaw (#3972) to see. 518@ pres. ind. act. A late omega quakes so that people fled into the countryside to es-
form for dtu (# 1443) to give (RWP). The word could tablish temporary dwellings there, the promise of
be understood as having a Heb. meaning w. a causative permanence within the New Jerusalem would have a
idea, “I will make,” and pres. indicating fut. (AASS, 13; special meaning (Mounce; LSC, 396f). Aor. subj. w. the
34; Thomas; Charles; LSCA, 163). Aeyovtwv pres. act. double neg. ob un (# 4024; 3590) stressing a strong de-
part. (subst.) Aeyw (# 3306) to say, to claim. elvan pres. nial (GGBB, 468). ypéyw fut. ind. act. ypadw (# 1211) to
act. inf. et (# 1639) to be. Inf. in indir. discourse. ev- write. KkatoPatvovoa pres. act. part. (adj.) kataBatve
Sovta1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) wevdouc1 (# 6017) to lie. (# 2849) to come down. For the New Jerusalem s. Rev.
Pres. indicates an habitual action. mowow fut. ind. act. 21:2. © 13 Exwv pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have, to
mo1ew (# 4472) to do. REovov fut. ind. act. hKkw (#2457) possess. &kovodtw aor. imp. act. akovw (#201) to hear.
to come. mpooxvvnoovoiv fut. ind. act. mpooxvvew The hopelessness of those who have no promise of an
(#4686) to worship. yv@ouw aor. subj. act. yivwoKw heavenly city is well illustrated by an inscription from
(# 1182) to know; here, “to acknowledge.” 6t1 (# 4022) a Philadelphia cemetery dated towards the end of the
that; gives the content of the knowledge. nyannoo. aor. first century A.D. It reads, “Lysimachos made this
ind. act. cyanaw (# 26) to love. The use of the personal grave for the lovely Antiochis, who died too early. Be of
pronoun tyw (# 1609) focuses the attention on the sub- good cheer, for this is the same end (to t€X0¢) for every-
ject. Perhaps some doubted Christ’s love for the church one” (GIZ, 25-26). 14 Aaodixer (# 3293) Laodicea. It
(GGBB, 323). @ 10 étHpnoas aor. ind. act. tnpEew was the most important city in the Lycus Valley and
(# 5498) to keep. bropovn (#5705) remaining under, pa- was located on an main trade route not far from Hier-
tient endurance. It is the spirit which can bear things apolis and Colossae. It was named by Antioch II (261-
not simply w. resignation, but w. blazing hope (NTW, 46 B.C.) for his wife Laodice. An affluent Jewish popu-
60; TDNT; NIDNTT; RAC, 9:255ff). tnpnow fut. ind. act. lation is attested by Cicero in his defense of the gover-
tpew (#5498) to keep. neipaopog (#4280) testing, nor Flaccus, who seized 20 pounds of gold the Jews
temptation. Descriptive gen. here, indicating the na- were going to send to Jerusalem (Cicero, Pro Flacco, 68;
ture of the hour. It could be a reference to a local perse- LSCA, 182-84; ANTC, 137; LSC, 420-22; Aune). The city
cution, but it is more in keeping w. the context and was also a rich banking center and a manufacturing
nature of Revelation to view this as the period of tribu- center, especially noted for its fine soft black wool
lation preceding the coming of Christ to the earth. The which brought in much revenue (Strabo, Geography, 12,
prep. x (# 1666) means that these would be kept from 8:16). It was also famous for its medical school where
entering this period (Thomas). peAdovong pres. act. Demosthenes (surnamed Philalethes), a well-known
part. 6A. (# 3516) to be about to. The word is used w. ophthalmologist had studied (LSCA, 198; KP, 1:1487;
Revelation 3 622

KGH, 2:431-33). There must have been a sizable and in- wealthy. For a discussion of poverty and wealth s.
fluential Jewish community in the city (LSCA, 182-86). DLNT, 1051-53; DJG, 701-10; M. Hengel, Property and
Strabo relates how the whole area was constantly in Riches in the Early Church (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1974).
danger of earthquakes; in the nearby village of Carura, menAOVTHKG. perf. ind. act. rAovtew (# 4456) to become
where there were fountains of “boiling-hot waters” rich, to be rich; my wealth is due to my own exertion
(Ceotwv vdatwv), a brothel keeper and a large number (Swete). The city of Laodicea was known for its wealth
of women were staying in the inns of the village when (Ford; LSC, 416ff; Mounce). Perf. indicates the continu-
an earthquake struck at night and he and all of the ing state. Eyw (# 2400) pres. ind. act. to have. xpetav EXW
women disappeared from sight (Strabo, Geography, 12, “T have no need.” oi8a¢ (# 3857) pert. ind. act. 0150. to
8:16-17). ypapov aor. imp. act. yp&ow (# 1211) to write. 0 know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. el pres. ind. act. et
"Aunty (#297) the amen. The word conveys the idea of (# 1639) to be. taAainwpos (#5417) miserable, wretch-
firmness, stability, and credibility (s. 1:6, 7). It has been ed, unfortunate. The vb. and noun are used in the LXX
suggested that the word goes back to Prov. 8:30 and is to refer to ravaged lands, devastated countries, and pil-
a transliteration of }!38 (‘amon), master workman, ar- laging and ravaging (Mic. 2:4; Joel 1:10; Jer.4:20; Zech.
chitect (Lou H. Silberman, “Farewell toO AMHN,” JBL 11:2-3; GELTS, 468); here the adj. refers to the misery
82 [1963]: 213-15; LSCA, 185; for a study of the word associated w. suffering and deprivation (TLNT; s. Rom.
and its use in Prov. 8:30 s. Cleon L. Rogers III, “The 7:24; for the word in Josephus s. CCF], 4:155). €Agewog
Meaning and Significance of the Hebrew Word }1/38 in (# 1795) pitiable, miserable. The word indicates one set
Proverbs 8,30,” ZAW 109 [1997]: 208-21). 6 paptuc o forth as an object of extreme pity; it is the feeling of one
MOTOS Kai GANOIvOc (# 4412; 2779; 240) The faithful who is moved by the sight of another’s suffering and
(trustworthy, reliable) and true (genuine) witness. This in a way shares in it-compassion (TLNT; TDNT; SCA).
element in the character of Christ contrasts strongly w. mtwyx0c (# 4777) poor, extremely poor, poor as a beggar.
the faithlessness and inconsistency of the Laodiceans tvpA0g (# 5603) blind. Laodicea was widely known for
in relation to the faith they professed (Beasley- its medical school and particularly famous for an eye
Murray). apyn (# 794) beginning, first, originator, initi- salve made from Phrygian powder mixed w. oil
ator. The word here does not refer to time, but to the (Mounce; LSC, 419f; Ford; KP, 1:733-34; DNP, 2:277-79;
source of creation (Thomas; s. Col. 1:18). ktioews gen. R.P. Jackson, “Eye Medicine in the Roman Empire,”
sing. Ktlo1G (# 3232) creation. _ Obj. gen.: “He is the one ANRW, 2, 37, 3:2226-51; LSCA, 196-99; OCD, 752; s.v
who began creation!” @ 15 oda (# 3857 ) pert. ind. act. 14, 18). yupvoc (# 1218) naked. The city was famous for
to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. yuxpog (# 6037) its garments of glossy black wool (Ford; LSC, 416;
cold. et pres. ind. act. ett (# 1639) to be. Geatoc (# 2412) LSCA, 199-201). To be poor, destitute, and blind in the
boiling, hot. deAov (# 4054) Particle used to express an ancient world-or in any society—is to be at one’s wits
unattainable wish about the pres.: “IT would that you end, without hope, destitute and in dire need! #18
were...” (RWP; BD, 37; 181-82). 1¢ impf. ind. act. ei ovpPovAedw (#5205) pres. ind. act. to give counsel, to
(# 1639) to be. Cold water was useful as well as water advise. &yopaoan aor. act. inf. cyopatw (# 60) to buy, to
that was boiling hot. The hot springs here may be those buy at the market. Compl. inf. explaining the content
of Hierapolis (Strabo, Geography, 13, 4:14), some six of the counsel. menvpwpeévov perf. pass. part. mdpow
miles from Laodicea, and the cold water may be that of (#4792) to burn; pass., to be refined. nAovtHOTS aor.
Colossae (LSCA, 186-88). @ 16 yA1apog (# 5950) warm, subj. act. mAovtew (#4456) to be rich. Subj. w. iva
lukewarm. The contrast here is between the hot medic- (# 2671) to express purp. nepiBaAq aor. subj. mid. (dir.
inal waters of Hierapolis and the cold, pure waters of mid., “to clothe oneself”) nepiBaAAw (# 4314) to clothe.
Colossae. As the hot water flowed to Laodicea through Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp. avepwf aor.
pipes, it cooled and was probably only lukewarm subj. pass. davepow (#5746) to make known, to make
when it arrived (LSCA, 188-91; Stanley E. Porter, “Why clear; pass., to be manifest, to be revealed. Subj. w. iva
the Laodiceans Received Lukewarm Water [Revelation (# 2671) and wn (# 3590) to express neg. purp. aloxbvn
3:15-18],” TB 38 [1987]: 143-49). Thus, the church in (# 158) shame. yopvotn (# 1219) nakedness. In the bib-
Laodicea was providing neither refreshment for its lical world nakedness was a symbol of judgment and
spiritual weary nor healing for the spiritual sick. It was humiliation (Mounce). KoAAovptov (#3141) salve, eye
totally ineffective and thus distasteful to the Lord salve. The word was used of a yellow salve to treat dis-
(Mounce; BBC; Ford). péAAw (#3516) pres. ind. act. to charges, wounds, bruises, and weals (Oxyrhynchus Pa-
be about to. &é001 aor. act. inf. euéw (# 1840) to vomit, pyri, 8:110-15, # 1088); but it was also used for eye salve
to reject w. disgust (RWP; SCA). 17 A€yets pres. ind. (DMTG, 207; KP, 3:272; RAC, 1:972-75; KGH, 2:432-33;
act. A€yw (# 3306) to say, to claim. Ot (#4022) Used NDIEC, 3:56-57; LSCA, 196-99; LSC, 419, 429; Pliny,
after the vb. Aéyetc to introduce dir. speech and equiv- NH, 34:105-6). An inscription mentions four types of
alent to quotation marks. mAovowc (#4454) rich, eye salve, such as myrrh and nardensalve (RI, 298). The
623 Revelation 4

Phrygian powder was apparently applied to the eyes quet of the Messiah or may simply indicate close
in the form of a doughy paste (Mounce; s.v. 17). &yxpt- friendship and fellowship. 21 vix@v pres. act. part.
oa. aor. act. inf. eyypifw (# 1608) to anoint w. salve. In (subst.) vikaw (#3771) to overcome. 5wow fut. ind. act.
an inscription from Melitus the account is given of a dtSwpt (#1443) to give. Ka@too1 aor. act. inf. KadiCw
blind man who is told to mix blood from a white roost- (# 2767) to sit, to cause to sit. Inf. of purp. or result. For
er w. honey and apply it as eye salve for 3 days, after a discussion of sitting at the right hand in light of Ps.
which he was able to see again (koAA Upiov ovvtpiyat ... 110:1 s. David M. Hay, Glory at the Right Hand: Psalm 110
ENUXpEtoaL ... cveBAEwev) (SIG, 3:322-33 # 1173). Compl. in Early Christianity (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1973)
inf. w. vb. ovpPovrebw. BrEnNS pres. subj. act. BrEnw in general, particularly, 80-81. €vixnou aor. ind. act. vi-
(# 1063) to see. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to express purp. or Kaw (# 3771) to overcome. €k&O100. aor. ind. act. KabiGw.
intended result. The local facts of the city are used to © 22 éywv pres. act. part. (subst.) éyw (# 2400) to have.
present Christ as the source of the remedy for the GKOVOGTW aor. imp. act. KovW (# 201) to hear (s.v. 6).
church’s hidden needs of spiritual wealth, vision, and
holiness (LSCA, 2001). @ 19 6006 (# 4012) how many; Revelation 4
those belonging to the same class or group (BAGD). @ 1 peta tatta (#3552; 4047) after these things.
$1A@ pres. subj. act. pew (#5797) to be fond of, to love. This transition marker marks the beginning of a new
The word refers to affection, pure and simple-attach- vision and the change is from the church on earth to a
ment, sympathy, and good will-always marked by a vision of heaven’s court (Thomas). elSov aor. ind. act.
kindly attitude; and here it is a tenderer word than opaw (# 3972) to see. 1600 aor. imp. act. Opdaw (# 3972) to
ayanav (TLNT, 1:10; SC). In the case of the Philadel- see. The phrase eidov, kai 1800 (“I saw and behold”)
phian church, He esteemed (nyamnoe) it; in the case of the serves to introduce a new vision of special importance
Laodicean, He loves it (p1Ae1). The former is w. His judg- (Swete; Charles). Nvewyyevn perf. pass. part. cvotyw
ment; the latter w. gratuitous affection (Bengel). eXeyxw (# 487) to open. Perf. could suggest that the door had
(# 1794) pres. ind. act. to rebuke, to state that someone been opened and left that way for John’s arrival
has done wrong, w. the implication that there is ade- (Mounce). T1kovoa aor. ind. act. GKkovw (# 201) to hear.
quate proof of such wrongdoing and the person is con- OGAMyyOS gen. sing. oaAnry— (# 4894) trumpet. For a
vinced and brought to the acknowledgement of his discussion of the trumpet voice and visions s. DLNT,
fault (LN, 1:436; SC). ma1debdw (# 4084) pres. ind. act. to 1182-84. AaAovoNGS pres. act. part. (adj.) AaAEw (# 3281)
discipline, to train as a child (TDNT; PIGC). Customary to speak. Aéywv pres. act. part. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Ple-
pres. indicating that which He habitually does. ¢ndeve onastic part. under Semitic influence (s. 1:17). avaBa
pres. imp. act. Cndebw (# 2418) to be zealous. petavon- aor. imp. act. dvoBatvw (#326) to go up. Aor. imp. calls
ooVv aor. imp. act. petavoew (# 3566) to repent (s. 2:5). for a specific act w. a note of urgency. Sei&w fut. ind. act.
20 1500 aor. imp. act. Opdaw (#3972) to see. éotHKa detkvupt (# 1259) to show, to exhibit. det (# 1256) pres.
perf. ind. act. totnut (#2705) to place; perf., to stand. ind. act. it is necessary, w. inf. The vision that follows in
Kpobvw (# 3218) pres. ind. act. to knock. No one dared to an anticipation of a fut. yet to be accomplished a
enter a house without first knocking and being invited prophecy of the things to take place after the present
to enter. Perhaps the people were accustomed to hav- time, as described in Revelation 2-3. V. 1 signals a deci-
ing travellers knock at their door, or they may have re- sive turn to the fut. (Swete; Bousset; Harrington; 1:19).
called the Romans forcing their way into houses yevéo@a aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivowar (# 1181) to happen.
demanding food and lodging (SB, 3:798; LSCA, 201-5). @ 2 ev8ews (#2311) adv., immediately. &yevounv aor.
Pres. indicates the continual knocking. &Kovoq aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowot (# 1181) to happen. 1800 aor.
subj. act. &kobw (# 201) to hear. Subj. w. av (# 1569) is ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. Exeito impf. ind. mid.
used in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which assumes the cond. (dep.) keipor (# 3023) to lie, to stand. The vb. is used as
to be possible. &votEq aor. subj. act. avoiyw (#487) to the pass. of the vb. ti®nyut (RWP; Swete). KaOnpevos
open. eloekevoouor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) elépxouor pres. mid. (dep.) part. ka@nyat (# 2764) to sit. John is al-
(# 1656) to come in; to come in toward a person (GGBB, lowed to see the throne room of the heavenly palace
380-82). Seutvnjow fut. ind. act. Sevtvew (# 1268) to eat, to where his eyes fall first on the ruler’s throne, the kind
eat a meal, to partake of a banquet. The word refers to used by kings and presiding judges. The one en-
the meal at the end of the day, the principal meal and throned in heaven can only be the King of all kings
the usual occasion for hospitality (Swete). For a de- who ruled and Judge of the whole world (Lohse).
scription of a Jewish banquet s. SB, 4, 1i:611-39; for a @ 3 KaOqpevos pres. mid. (dep.) part. kKaOnuat (# 2764)
Hellenistic or Greek eating and drinking and dinner to sit. Opdoet dat. sing. pacts (#3970) sight, appear-
(Seinvov) s. KGH, 2:42-69; DGRA, 303-6; for a Roman ance. Dat. of reference or respect, “in reference to ap-
dinner (coena) s. DGRA, 306-9; LLAR, 32-53;DJG, 796- pearance.” idoméi dat. sing. iaontcg (#2618) jasper
800. The reference may be to the eschatological ban- stone. Perhaps this ancient stone was a translucent rock
Revelation 4 624

crystal found in a variety of colors (Pliny, NH, 37:115- its occupant (Robert G. Hall, “Living Creatures in the
17); or perhaps a diamond, suggesting such qualities as Midst of the Throne: Another Look at Revelation 4.6,”
majesty, holiness, or purity (BAGD; Mounce). Dat. after NTS 36 [1990]: 614-18). (@a nom. pl. G@ov (# 2442) liv-
the adj. Ouowo¢g (# 3927) similar, like. oapSiov (# 4917) ing, that which is alive, living creature. It refers to be-
carnelian, sardius stone. This was a blood-red stone ings that are not human and yet not really animals of
said to be named after Sardis, near where it was found, the usual kind (BAGD). Josephus uses the word for
and one of the most commonly used gems in the an- earthly animals (CCF], 2:280), but also for the cheru-
cient world (Pliny, NH, 37: 105-7). The stone may be in- bim on the mercy seat whom he says were winged
terpreted as wrath or judgment (Mounce). pic (# 2692) creatures (€@a de eoti mete1va) in a form unlike any
rainbow, rainbow-colored. The word may indicate the man’s eyes have seen (Jos., Ant., 1:137; R. Hall, NTS 36
halo of emerald encircling the throne (Swete). kuKA08ev [1990]: 610-11). For a comparison to Ezekiel’s vision s.
(# 3239) w. gen., encircling. quapaydivog (# 5039) made SB, 3:799-800; for a discussion of their identity s. Tho-
of emerald. Pliny writes that there are twelve kinds of mas; Mounce. yewovta pres. act. part. yeuw (# 1154) to
smaragdus, or emeralds, and he gives a description of be full of. &unpooBev (4 1869) in front. dmoGev (# 3957)
each (Pliny, NH, 37:62-75). If the rainbow that sur- behind, in back of. @ 7 Aeovti dat. sing. Aewv (# 3329)
rounded the throne was a halo, then the emerald is lion. wooxos (# 3675) a young steer, calf. Eywv pres. act.
usually pictured as green; otherwise it is a colorless part. €yw (# 2400) to have. npoownov (# 4725) face. detd¢
crystal that would refract a rainbow of prismatic colors (# 108) eagle. The four forms suggest the noblest, stron-
and speak of God’s mercy (Mounce; Ford). gest, wisest, and swiftest in the animal world (Swete).
@ 4 xa@npévous pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) ka8quat The beings here are heavenly creatures who serve and
(#2764) to sit. mepiBeBAnpevous perf. pass. part. (adj.) worship God. metoyévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) mé-
mepiBarAw (#4314) to throw around; pass., to be towat (# 4375) to fly. @ 8 év Kad’ Ev avta@v one by one of
clothed. AevKds (# 3328) white. xepadag acc. pl. kedarn them, one after the other (BAGD). éywv pres. act. part.
(# 3051) head. ypvoot¢ (#5991) golden. The 24 elders
€xw (# 2400) to have. &va (# 324) each one, one by one,
clothed in white robes w. golden crowns could repre-
the distributive use of the prep. (BAGD). mtépvyag acc.
sent the church (Seiss; Walvoord; Scott), or the faithful
pl. mtepug (#4763) wing. & (#1971) six. KvKA0@ev
of all ages (Charles). Others would interpret them as
(# 3239) all around, from all sides. Eow@ev (# 2277) with-
being an exalted angelic order who serve and adore
in. yewovouy pres. ind. act. yeuw (#1154) to be full of.
God as an angelic priesthood (Mounce; Govett; Tho-
mas; Aune, Excursus 4A: “The Twenty-Four Elders,”
avanavorg (#398) ceasing, pause, rest. Exovol pres.
287-92). 5 €xnopevovtai pres. ind. mid. (dep.) &x- ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. nNépac Kai voxtdc (# 2465;
mopevouar (#1744) to go out from, to proceed from. 2779; 3816) day and night. Gen. of time, describing the
Pres. vividly describes the action of the vision in time in which the action took place (GGBB, 122-23); in
progress. aotparn (#847) lightning. Boovtn (# 1103) this case, “continually, in the nighttime and in the day-
thunder. The thunderstorm is in Heb. poetry a familiar time.” A€yovtes pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Tav-
symbol of the divine power and glory (Swete). Aap- TOKPatwp (# 4120) almighty (s. Rev. 1:8). fv impf. ind.
madseg nom. pl. Aaunac (# 3286) torch (s. Exod. 20:18 act. et (# 1639) to be (s. 1:4). Wy pres. mid. part. eit. €p-
LXX: Kai 1&¢ AQOS EWPA THY OWVTV Kai TAS AaUMAdAG; s. ZOLEVOS pres. mid. (dep.) part. Epyouar (# 2262) to come.
also Charles). mupog gen. sing. ndp (#4786) fire. De- @ 9 Otav (#4020) when, whenever. dwoovot fut. ind.
scriptive gen. Ka1opevat pres. pass. part. (adj.) Katowor act. didwut (# 1443) to give. edyapiotia (# 2374) thanks-
(#2794) to burn; pass. to be burning. 6 vaAtvOS giving. Ka@nyévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. Ka@nuor
(# 5612) made of glass. KpbotaAAog (# 3223) crystal. It (# 2764) to sit. (@vti pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live.
was a pavement of glass resembling an expanse of @ 10 neoodvtor fut. ind. mid. (dep.) nintw (# 4406) to
water clear as rock crystal (Swete; ABD, 5:1059). weoog fall, to fall down. xa@nyevov pres. mid. (dep.) part.
(#3545) middle. KbKdog (#3241) circle, encircling, Kanna (#2764) to sit. mpooxvvjoovor fut. ind. act.
around. It is an adv. in the loc. used here as a prep. This mpooxvvew (# 4686) to worship. {@vtt pres. act. part. Caw
seems to mean that one of the four living creatures was (# 2409) to live. BaAodov fut. ind. act. BarAw (# 965) to
on each of the four sides of the throne, either stationary throw. A€yovtes pres. act. part. Aeyw (#3306) to say.
or moving rapidly around (RWP). The exact location is @ 111 pres. ind. act. etut (# 1639) to be. AaPetv aor. act.
a bit uncertain but “in the midst” apparently means in inf. AauBavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. Inf. is used in
the immediate vicinity. Thus, they surround the throne explaining the adj. a&tog (# 545) worthy. EKTLOMS aor.
as an inner circle (Mounce). The vision may be that of ind. act. kti¢w (# 3231)to create. hoav impf. ind. act. cyt
the mercy seat so the living creatures form a part of the (# 1639) to be. Impf. views the state of creation, i.e., cre-
throne; they are in the midst of the throne as constitu- ation’s existence, and the following aor. pass. looks at
ents of it and the Lamb is in the midst of the throne as the fact of the beginning of its existence (Thomas;
625 Revelation 5

Ladd). éxtio@noav aor. ind. pass. «ti¢w (#3231) to cre- ind. pass. evptoxw (#2351) to find. &voiga1 aor. act. inf.
ate. Theol. pass. indicates God was the agent. avotyw (#487) to open. Epex. inf. explaining the adj.
aEiog (#545) worthy. Bdenew pres. act. inf. Brenw
Revelation 5 (# 1063) to see. @ 5 €i¢ (#1651) one. KAaie pres. imp.
@ 1 eldov aor. ind. act. dpc (# 3972) to see. 5eE10¢ act. kAo.1w (# 3081) to cry. Pres. imp. w. neg. pn (# 3590)
(# 1288) right. ka@nyevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. (subst.) calls for the stopping of an action in progress. 1600 aor.
KaOnar (#2764) to sit. BiBAtov (#1046) book, scroll, ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Eviknoev aor. ind. act. vi-
document. This is a term used for writing material of kaw (# 3771) to win a victory, to be victor, to overcome.
papyrus, leather, skin, or parchment (Ford). yeypop- Consummative aor. stressing the cessation or comple-
wévov perf. pass. part. ypcow (#1211) to write. Perf. in- tion of the act (GGBB, 559-60). Aéwv (# 3329) lion. The
dicates the completed action and was often used of lion, an emblem of strength, majesty, courage, authori-
legal authoritative documents whose authority contin- ty, and menace, as well as symbolic of intellectual ex-
ued (MM; TDNT). Eow@ev (#2277) within. 6mio8_ev cellence, was often applied to the Messiah as the
(# 3957) on the back. That the scroll is also written on national ruler from the tribe of David (Ford; Cleon L.
the back indicates how extensive and comprehensive Rogers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in Acts-Revela-
are the decrees of God (Mounce). Kateoppayiopévov tion,” Bib Sac 151 [1994]: 83; TDOT; SB, 3:801; Charles;
perf. pass. part. kataoppayifouar (# 2958) to seal, to BBC. ovAn (# 5876) tribe. pita (# 4844) root. The word
seal up, to seal completely and securely (Swete). oppa- suggests a stump of a tree that has been cut down, out
vig (#5382) seal. Seals were used as a stamping device of which develops a “root” that eventually becomes a
in place of signatures to validate a document. The im- tree again (s. Isa 11:1; s. the DSS text 6Q8, 2 where the
pression was normally made on clay, wax, or some sons of Noah are referred to as “roots” which will pro-
other soft material (Ford; TDNT; Max Kaser, Roman Pri- duce again; s. AT, 265; MPAT, 78-79). The connotation
vate Law [Durban, South Africa: Butterworths, 1968], here is that the nation of Israel has been cut down, but
42-43; LAW, 1094-98, 2795; DLNT, 1084-86; BBC; now One from the dynasty of David has the right to
DGRA, 95-96). According to Roman law a testament or rule so that the tree will flourish again (Cleon L. Rog-
will was sealed w. seven seals by seven witnesses ers, Jr., “The Davidic Covenant in Acts-Revelation,” Bib
(Bousset; Emmet Russell, “A Roman Law Parallel to Sac 151 [1994]: 83; Kenneth E. Pomykala, The Davidic
Rev. V,” Bib Sac 115 [1958]: 258-64; Buckland, 238f). The Dynasty Tradition in Early Judaism: Its History and Sig-
testimony of witnesses not present at a trial was also nificance for Messianism [Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press,
sealed, then opened by the court and read aloud (s. 1995]). avoiEat aor. act. inf. avotyw (# 487) to open. The
Max Kaser, Das rémische Zivilpozessrecht [Miinchen: word is used of unrolling a book (Charles). Inf. to ex-
Verlag C.H. Beck, 1966], 283). The book spoken of here press purp. or result. @ 6 elSov aor. ind. act. opaw
seems to be the book of God’s decrees containing the (#3972) to see. weoog (#3545) in the middle. Cdov
full account of what God in His sovereign will has de- (# 2442) living creature. &pviov (# 768) lamb, little lamb
termined as the destiny of the world (Mounce; Bousset; (s. John 1:29; Donald Guthrie, “The Lamb in the Struc-
Thomas; Roland Bergmeier, “Die Buchrolle und das ture of the Book of Revelation,” Vox Evangelica 12
Lamm [Apk 5 und 10],” ZNW 76 [1985]: 225-42). Note (1981]: 64-71; Aune, Excursus 5A: “Christ as Lamb,”
also the Greek style “double document,” where a sum- 1:367-73; BINT, 193-94; DLNT, 641-44; DJG, 432-34).
mary is attached to the top of the longer form of the This word for lamb is used exclusively in Rev. of the
document (Anthony J. Saldarini, “Babatha’s,” BAR 24 resurrected and victorious Christ, the crucified Messi-
[1998]: 36). @ 2 eiSov aor. ind. act. dpa (# 3972) to see. ah (Mounce; Bergmeier, “Die Buchrolle und das Lamm
toxvpd¢ (#2708) strong. Knpvooovta pres. act. part. [Apk 5 und 10],” ZNW 76 [1985]: 230-35). €otnKO¢ perf.
(adj.) knpvoow (# 3062) to proclaim, to cry out as a her- act. part. totnut (# 2705) to stand. éopaypevov perf. past.
ald (TDNT; EDNT). &voiéau aor. act. inf. dvotyw (# 487) part. opatw (# 5377) to slaughter, to slaughter a sacri-
to open. Adoan aor. act. inf. A0w (# 3395) to loose, to re- fice. Perf. indicates the lasting effects. The Lamb has
move. Epex. infs. explaining the adj. d&to¢ (# 545) wor- been offered, yet it stands erect and alive in the sight of
thy. Aor. points to a specific act. @ 3 &8vvato impf. ind. heaven (Swete). €ywv pres. act. part. (adj.) yw (# 2400)
pass. (dep.) dvvapyo1 (#1538) to be able to, w. inf. to have. Some have felt that the use of the part. shows
bnoxatw (#5691) down under, underneath. dvoigar Semitic or LXX influence and is like the prep. ry)(1°) de-
aor. act. inf. avoiyw (#487) to open. Compl. inf. to the noting possession (AASS, 109-10; Daryl D. Schmidt,
main vb. BAénetv pres. act. inf. BAenw (# 1063) to see. “Semitisms and Septuagintalisms in the Book of Reve-
Compl. inf. to the main vb. 4 €xAouov impf. ind. act. lation,” NTS 37 [1991]: 603; but s. Beyer, 208-9). Kepag
KA.aiw (# 3081) to cry, to weep aloud, to wail. The word (# 3043) horn. The horn is proverbially a symbol of
is frequently used to mean professional mourning courage, strength, and might (Ford; TDNT; SB, 2:110-
(Ford). Impf. pictures the continual action. evpe6n aor. 11; Rogers, “Davidic Covenant in the Gospels,” Bib Sac
Revelation 6 626

150 [1993]: 467). Op@aApOc (# 4057) eye. The seven horns Baoirevw (# 996) to be a king, to rule as king, to reign.
stress that He is omnipotent and the seven eyes stress @ 11 cldov aor. ind. act. dpaw (# 3972) to see. TKovoa
that He is omniscient (Thomas). John sees a lamb w. aor. ind. act. &Kovw (#201) to hear. KdKAw (# 3241) en-
seven horns and seven eyes bearing the wounds of sac- circling, round about. hw impf. ind. act. eit (# 1639) to
rificial slaughter, yet standing in readiness for action. be. d&pi8u0¢ (# 750) number. Now it is the innumerable
In one brilliant stroke John portrays his central theme host of angels who lift their voices in a great doxology
of NT; revelation—victory through sacrifice (Mounce; s. of praise. Their number is an apocalyptic symbol for
also DLNT, 283-84). aneotaApevor perf. pass. part. countless thousands (Mounce). pupiadeg nom. pl. wupt-
anooteAAw (# 690) to send, to send as an official repre- ag (# 3689) sing., myriad, 10,000; pl., a very large unde-
sentative (EDNT; TDNT). The vb. has reference to the fined number (BAGD). This is the largest single
mission of the Spirit (Swete). 7 TGev aor. ind. act. number used in Greek. The double use refers to an in-
epxoua (# 2262) to come. etAndev perf. ind. act. AapBavw numerable number (BBC). @ 12 A€yovtes pres. act. part.
(# 3284) to receive, to take. Rather than being an aoris- Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Eopaypevov perf. pass. part. opacw
tic, perf., here the perf. is like a highly dramatic histor- (# 5377) to slaughter. Perf. indicates the abiding effects.
ical pres. (K.L. McKay, “Syntax in Exegesis,” TB 23 AaPetv aor. act. inf. AopBavw (# 3284) to receive. Inf. ex-
[1972]: 54; NSV, 50). ka@nyevov pres. mid. (dep.) part. plaining the adj. aEtov (# 545) worthy. 5vvoyi¢ (# 1539)
(subst.) k&Onuoa (# 2764) to sit. @ 8 EXaPev aor. ind. act. power. loxv¢ (# 2709) strength, might (s. Eph. 1:19). ev-
AauBav (# 3284) to receive, to take. Emeoav aor. ind. act. Aoyia (#2330) praise (Bousset). 13 xtiowa (#3233)
nintw (#4406) to fall; here, to fall down in worship. that which is created, creation. NKovoa aor. ind. act.
EXOVTES pres. act. part. éyw (#2400) to have. K1Odpa aKovw (#201) to hear. Myovtas pres. act. part. AEyw
(# 3067) harp. This is the general term for a kind of harp (# 3306) to say. @ 14 €Xeyov impf. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306)
or lyre (Ford; Thomas; s. 1 Cor. 14:7). @uéAasg acc. pl. to say. Inceptive impf., “they began to say,” or iterat.
gaan (#5786) bowl. This was a flat, shallow cup or impf., “they said over and over again.” €meoay aor. ind.
bowl for drinking or libations (Mounce). ypvoGe acc. pl. act. mintw (# 4406) to fall. mpooexovnoav aor. ind. act.
xpvoods (#5991) golden. yewovous aor. act. part. yeuw Tpookvvew (#4686) to worship. For worship in Rev. s.
(# 1154) to be full of. @vpiopoa (# 2592) incense. In Juda- DLNT, 1235-38.
ism the angels were considered to be the carriers of the
prayers of men (SB, 3:807-8). Incense was used to pro- Revelation 6
duce fragrant perfumes both in secular and liturgical @ 1 cidov aor. ind. act. Opaw (# 3972) to see. Tivoleev
life (Ford; s. Matt. 2:11). @ 9 @Sovow pres. ind. act. G50 aor. ind. act. avovyw (#487) to open, to break the seal.
(#106) to sing. During the Hellenistic period a new With the opening of the first seal the beginning of the
kind of music was introduced to the Greek world. Con- seven-year tribulation period is described. The Jews
certs in great amphitheaters w. huge choirs and profes- considered this a time of unprecedented trouble and
sional singers accompanied by instrumental music judgment that preceded the messianic salvation. This
played on stringed instruments, flutes, percussion in- time of judgment for Israel and for the whole world
struments and even a water organ, were staged. Large was called the “birth pains of the Messiah,” indicating
choirs made up of virgins sang at weddings and the ever increasing severity of judgement until the Messi-
singers in the temples of worship were often under ah appears (s. Matt. 24:8; esp. SB, 4:858-80, 976-1015;
special protection of the king (KGH, 2:622-43). adn Moore, Judaism, 2:360-63; b. Sanh., 98a-97a; b. Shab.,
(# 6046) song. The idea of a new song grows out of the 118a; M, Sota 9:15). dpviov (# 768) lamb (s. 5:6). It is the
use of the expression in the Psalms. Every new act of lamb who controls the world’s destiny and pours out
mercy calls forth a new song of gratitude and praise his wrath upon the world. ogpaytéwv gen. pl. odpayic
(Mounce). Judaism taught that Israel will first sing a (# 5382) seal (s. 5:1). TKovoa aor. ind. act. aKovw (# 201)
new song in the days of the Messiah as a song of praise to hear. C@ov (# 2442) living creature. A€yovtos pres. act.
for the miracle of deliverance (SB, 3:801-2). The hymns part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Bpovtn (# 1103) thunder. Here
were to encourage those undergoing persecution gen. of description. Epxov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) Epxouat
(DLNT, 524-25). di&tog (#545) worthy. et pres. ind. act. (# 2262) to come. Imp. as invitation. Pres. imp. is often
et (# 1639) to be. AaPetv aor. act. inf. AauBavw (# 3284) used w. a vb. of motion (VANT, 341-45). @ 2 el8ov aor.
to receive. The inf. is used to explain the adj. d&toc. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. 1800 aor. imp. act. Opaw
avoigat aor. act. inf. avotyw (# 487) to open. Eopayne aor. (# 3972) to see. innoc (#2691) horse. The rabbis be-
ind. pass. opatw (#5377) to slaughter. Nyopacas aor. lieved the appearance of a white horse was a favorable
ind. act. ayopatw (# 60) to buy at the marketplace, to re- sign. In the later rabbinic writings the coming of the
deem. yAwoons gen. sing. yAwoou (# 1185) tongue, lan- Messiah was associated w. the sight of a horse. Perhaps
guage. 10 €noinoas aor. ind. act. novew (#4472) to war horses were associated w. the messianic woes, i.e.,
do, to make, to constitute. BaoiAedoovot fut. ind. act. the suffering that would precede the advent of the Mes-
627 Revelation 6

siah (Ford). AeuKdg (# 3328) white. KaOqpEvos pres. mid. tent. Sjvaptov (# 1324) denarius (DGRA, 393-94). This
part. kaOnuor (# 2764) to sit. xwv pres. act. part. (adj.) Roman silver coin equivalent to one day’s wages indi-
€xw (# 2400) to have (s. 5:6). toEov (# 5534) bow. The bow cates here that enough wheat to feed one man for one
is not only the weapon of the Parthians, the most feared day cost a full day’s wages. The cost of wheat here is
enemies of the Romans, but in general a weapon of at- five to twelve times its normal price, indicating famine
tack all nations feared. It is part of the typical cavalry (Ford; Mounce). Gen. of price here in a distributive
equipment of all Oriental armies and the particular sense, “per denarius” (MKG, 189; GGBB, 122). xp1@av
weapon of the king (Mathias Rissi, “The Rider on the gen. pl. kpi0n (# 3208) barley. Barley, primarily the food
White Horse,” Interp. 18 [1964]: 414; BBC). In the OT of the poor, was relatively cheaper than wheat (Swete).
this was a sign of divine judgment. €606n aor. ind. pass. For a discussion of prices for wheat and barley, espe-
dtdwut (#1443) to give. otébavog (#5109) crown. cially in Rome-and grain shortages s. ERE, 120-237,
e&7/AOev aor. ind. act. eepxoua (# 2002) to go out. viKdv 345-47; BAFCS, 2:59-78; JTJ, 120-23. €darov (#1778) oil,
pres. act. part. vikaw (# 3771) to conquer. Part. of man- olive oil. &5uxnjons dor. subj. act. d5iKew (# 92) to injure,
ner describing his going out. Pres. may be conative, to do harm to. Subj. w. the neg. uh (# 3590) is used to ex-
“trying to conquer.” viknoq aor. subj. act. viccw (# 3771) press a prohibition or neg. command. Ingressive aor.,
to be the victor, to overcome, to conquer. Subj. w. iva “do not begin to hurt” (Thomas). @ 7 fivoutev aor. ind.
(# 2671) used in a purp. cl. Some have felt that the rider act. avotyw (# 487) to open. fKovoe. aor. ind. act. dKobw
on the white horse is Christ himself (Zane Hodges, (# 201) to hear. A€yovtos pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to
“The First Horseman of the Apocalypse,” Bib Sac 119 say. €pxov pres. imp. act. pxouat (# 2262) to come (s.v.
[1962]: 324-34), or the Antichrist-the “man of sin” (Ris- 1). 1800 aor. imp. act. Opcw (# 3972) to see. @ 8 Eldov aor.
si, Inter. 18:407-18; Mounce; Walvoord; Ford); or else ind. act. opdaw (# 3972) to see. 1800 aor. imp. act. opaw
not specific individual but a peace movement that can (# 3972) to see. yAwpOs (#5952) green, pale. The word
only offer a temporary peace (Thomas). @ 3 tWvoitev means a yellowish green, but refers here to the color of
aor. ind. act. dvoryw (# 487) to open. Tikovoa aor. ind. act. a corpse or the blanched appearance of a person struck
akovw (#201) to hear. Ayovtog pres. act. part. Aeyw w. terror (Ford; Mounce). ka@npevos pres. mid. (dep.)
(# 3306) to say. Epxov pres. imp. act. Epxouar (# 2262) to KaOnuat (#2764) to sit. emavw (# 2062) upon, on. Gng
come. @ 4 €&7A8ev aor. ind. act. céepyouc (#2002) to (# 87) Hades, the place of the dead, the underworld (s.
come out. muppoc (# 4794) fiery, red. The color repre- Rev. 1:18). NkoAov6e1 impf. ind. act. acoAovbew (# 199)
sents bloodshed and sin (Ford). ka@npévw pres. mid. to follow after, to follow. €506n aor. ind. pass. 5t5wpt
(dep.) part. kaOnwat (# 2764) to sit. 6087 aor. ind. pass. (# 1443) to give. Gmoxteivoi aor. act. inf. anoKteivw
dt5wu (# 1443) to give. AaPetv aor. act. inf. AqpuPavw (# 650) to kill. Epex. inf. to explain e€ovoia (# 2026) the
(# 3284) to take. Epex. inf. explaining that which was authority that was given. popdaig (# 4855) sword. This
given. opaovot fut. ind. act. opaéw (# 5377) to slaugh- was the sword w. the large blade (s. Rev. 1:16). The
ter. The term indicates death by violence. Fut. ind. is word is used w. prep. €v (# 1877) in an instr. sense, “w.
used here in an epex. explanatory purp. cl. (RWP). For the sword.” Awog (#3350) hunger. @dvatocg (#2505)
the use here of the ind. rather than the subj. s. MT, 100. death; here, plague. @npiov (# 2563) wild animal, wild
£5007 aor. ind. pass. St5wut (# 1443) to give. wayorpa beast. Death by wild beasts would be expected in a
(# 3479) sword. This was the short Roman sword sym- land decimated by war and famine (Mounce).
bolic of violent death, war, and the power of the author- @ 9 tvortev aor. ind. act. dvoiyw (# 487) to open. eldov
ities to punish evildoers (Mounce; Ford). @ 5 Tvoigev aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. broxatw (# 5691) un-
aor. ind. act. &voiyw (# 487) to open. fkovea. aor. ind. act. der, underneath. @voiaothpiov (# 2603) place of offer-
&kovw (#201) to hear. Aeyovtos pres. act. part. Aeyw ing, altar. Eopaypevwv perf. pass. part. opatw (# 5377) to
(# 3306) to say. Epyov pres. imp. act. epyouar (# 2262) to slaughter, to slay. The souls of the slaughtered ones are
come (s.v. 1). 1600 aor. imp. act. Opcw (# 3972) to see. pe- seen under the altar because in the Levitical rite the
Aas (# 3506) black. This color is symbolic of mourning, blood was poured out at the foot of the altar (Swete).
affliction, or famine (Ford; Mounce). Ka@npevoc pres. For a discussion of persecution s. DLNT, 908-14. eiyov
mid. (dep.) part. k&Onwa1 (# 2764) to sit. Exwv pres. act. impf. ind. act. €yw (#2400) to have. 10 €xpa&av aor.
part. éyw (#2400) to have. Cuyos (# 2433) scales. The ind. act. kpactw (# 3189) to scream out, to cry. Aéyovtes
beam of a pair of scales (Swete). This suggests ration- pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Ewg note (# 2401;
ing or famine (BBC). @ 6 fKovoa aor. ind. act. dxovw 4536) until when?, how long? These words echo
(# 201) to hear. A€yovomy aor. ind. act. AEyw (# 3306) to through the OT: Ps. 6:3; 13:1-2; 35:17; 74:9-10; Isa. 6:11;
say. Xotwg (#5955) quart. This was a dry measure of Jer. 47:6; Zech. 1:12 (Harrington). 1 Enoch gives a de-
about a quart, approximately 1.92 pints. One of these scription of those who cry out to the Almighty God for
was a man’s daily ration (Ford). oitog (# 4992) grain. vengeance (1 Enoch 9:3-11). Seonotng (#1305) lord,
Grain was the mainstay of daily food. Here gen. of con- master, ruler, one who exercises absolute authority.
Revelation 7 628

GANOivoc (# 240) true, genuine. Kpivets pres. ind. act. mighty one, magistrate, the civil official in authority
Kpivw (# 3212) to judge. exduceig pres. ind. act. exduKew (Swete). yiAtapyos (#5941) leaders of a thousand sol-
(# 1688) to avenge, to revenge, to execute vengeance. diers, tribune. The term was commonly used of the
For a study of the imprecatory prayers in Rev. s. Tho- military tribune no matter how many he commanded.
mas, 1:517-24. katoiKkovvtwv pres. act. part. (subst.) kat- The word refers to the military authorities (Ford;
oixéw (# 2997) to reside, to dwell. 11 506m aor. ind. Swete). mdovoii (#4454) rich, wealthy. loxvpoc
act. 5tSwpt (#1443) to give. otoAn (#5124) robe. The (#2708) powerful. S00A0¢ (#1528) slave. EAEbOEpoG
word refers to any stately robe and as long, sweeping (#1801) freeman, free, those who were no longer
garments they eminently would have this stateliness slaves. The seven conditions of life are named, cover-
about them. Always or almost always it refers to a gar- ing the whole fabric of society from the emperor down
ment reaching to the feet, or else train-like, sweeping to the meanest slave (Swete). Expvwav aor. ind. act.
the ground (Trench, Synonyms, 186). épp€6n aor. ind. Kpvontw (#3221) to hide. onnAaiov (#5068) cave.
pass. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Pass. is the divine or theol. @ 16 AEyovoW pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. NEOETE
pass. indicating that God is the one who does the ac- aor. imp. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall. kpbwyate aor. imp.
tion (BG, 76). &vanavoovtar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) ava- act. Kpvumtw (#3221) to hide. mpoownov (# 4725) face.
mavopat (#399) to cease, to pause, to rest. Fut. mid. KaOnpévov pres. mid. (dep.) kaOnuat (# 2764) to sit. opyn
used in the subfinal cl. is to be preferred rather than the (# 3973) wrath, anger. Opyfi¢ tod apviov wrath of the
aor. mid. subj. (RWP). nAnpwe@ovy aor. subj. pass. 7AN- lamb. The “wrath of the lamb” is a deliberate paradox
pow (# 4444) to fill, to fulfill. obvdovA0g (# 5281) fellow by which John intends to goad his readers into theolog-
slave. LEAAOVTEG pres. act. part. werrw (#3516) to be ical alertness (Caird; DLNT, 1238-41). @ 17 7A@ev aor.
about to. The vb. is used w. the inf. to express the im- ind. act. Epyouai (#2262) to come. Sdvata1 pres. ind.
mediate fut. dmoxtevveoBat pres. pass. inf. &moxtetvw mid. (dep.) Sbovopor (#1538) to able to. otaOfivar aor.
(# 650) to kill. @ 12 etSov aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to pass. inf. totnut (# 2705) to stand, to hold one’s ground
see. Tivoitev aor. ind. act. cvoiyw (# 487) to open. ce1opog (Swete). Compl. inf. to the main vb.
(# 4939) earthquake. Earthquakes were often used to
introduce God’s judgment (s. Richard Bauckham, “The Revelation 7
Eschatological Earthquake in the Apocalypse of John,” @ 1 eldov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. peta
Nov T 19 [1977]: 224-33; Amos Nur and Hagai Ron, todt0 etdov “after this I saw.” The phrase introduces an-
“Earthquake! Inspiration for Armageddon,” BAR 23 other part of the vision (s. Rev. 4:1). The vision he now
[1997]: 48-55; Isa. 24:17-23; also Rev. 3:7, 14 for earth- describes, between the opening of the sixth and sev-
quakes in Asia Minor). €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) enth seal, contrasts the preparedness of God’s people
yivoua. (#1181) to happen, to occur, to be. odKKos w. the unbeliever’s unreadiness (Swete; Thomas).
(# 4884) sackcloth. It was the rough cloth made from éotmtac perf. act. part. (adj.) totnut (#2705) perf., to
the hair of a black goat and worn in times of mourning stand. yovicr (# 1224) corner. Kpatodvtas pres. act. part.
(Mounce). tpixytvog (#5570) made of hair. oeAnvn (adj.) Kpatew (# 3195) to hold, to grasp, to have power
(#4943) moon. 13 aotépes nom. pl. aotnp (# 843) over. avepoc (#449) wind. meq pres. subj. act. MvEew
star. Emeoav aor. ind. act. nintw (#4406) to fall. yh (# 4463) to blow. The subj. w. iva (# 2671) is used in a
(# 1178) earth. ovKf (#5190) fig tree. BOAAEL pres. ind. neg. purp. cl. (RWP). pnte (# 3612) neither. The four
act. BaAAw (#965) to throw, to cast. Gnomic pres. pic- winds as destructive agents of God are a regular fea-
turing that which is always true. 0Avv@0¢ (#3913) fig, ture in apocalyptic literature (Mounce; Charles). Enoch
unripe fig. The word means the green figs that appear sees three gates: through one the winds blow good
in winter and of which, though some ripen, many drop things on the earth, but through the other two the
off in spring (Swete). d&venoc (# 449) wind. oeropevn winds blow violence and sorrow upon the earth (1
pres. pass. part. oetw (# 4940) to shake. The world and Enoch 34:2-3; note 1 Enoch 76 where he describes the
its well-being depend on the faithfulness w. which the easterly winds, the southerly winds, the northly
heavenly luminaries fulfill their roles. When the sun, winds, and the westerly winds; for Pliny’s description
moon, and stars forsake this order, the end of the world of the four winds s. Pliny, NH, 2:119-21). #2 E16ov aor.
is at hand (Charles). 14 &meywpio8n aor. ind. pass. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. d&vaPaivovta pres. act.
anoxwpitw (#714) to tear apart, to rip apart. BiBAtov part. avaBaivw (#326) to come down. avatoAn (# 242)
(# 1046) book, scroll, roll. €Avcodpevov pres. pass. part. rising; the rising of the sun indicates the east. Eyovta
€A1oow (# 1813) to roll up. The image is of a rent papy- pres. act. part. Eyw (#2400) to have. oppayic (# 5382)
rus, whereupon the divided portions curl and form a seal. To the prophet’s contemporaries, a seal would
roll on either side (Charles). 6pog (# 4001) mountain. have suggested the branding of cattle or the tattooing
vijoos (# 3762) island. éxivnOnoav aor. ind. pass. kivew of slaves and soldiers, esp. those in the service of the
(#3075) to move. 15 peyiotav (#3491) great one, emperor who could be recognized by this mark if they
629 Revelation 7

deserted; the marking of a soldier or the member of a clothed. otoAds acc. pl. (#5124) robe (s. 6:11). AevKos
guild on the hand, brow, or neck to seal him as a reli- (# 3328) white. doivixes nom. pl. doivit (# 5836) palm
gious devotee, i.e., a member of a sacred militia. The branch. The palm is a sign of festive joy. One inscription
mark in this case was a sign of consecration to the dei- describes how, out of gratitude to the gods, the inhabit-
ty; it could refer to the mark prophets might have worn ants of a city decreed that thirty boys should daily sing
on their forehead, either painted or tattooed; or it could prescribed hymns as they were “clothed in white and
refer to the phylactery worn on the forehead and hand crowned w. a twig, likewise holding a twig in their
(Ford). In describing the worship at Heiropolis, it is hands” (BS, 370). @ 10 xpaXovow pres. ind. act. kpatw
said that all of the worshippers are marked (otiGovta (# 3189) to call. Pres. indicates a continual or repeated
“tattooed”), some on their wrist and some on their action. A€yovtes pres. act. part. A€yw (# 3306) to say (s.
necks (s. De Dea Syria, 59). The idea of a seal would be 1:17). owtnpia (#5401) salvation. 6e@ dat. sing. 8e0¢
to mark one’s property and show ownership as well as (# 2536) God. Dat. of possession: salvation belongs to
protection (Swete; Thomas). €@vtog pres. act. part. Caw Him as the victor. Nwav gen. pl. eyw (# 1609) I; our. KaOn-
(# 2409) to live. expatev aor. ind. act. kpacw (# 3189) to peévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. (adj.) ka@nwar (# 2764) to sit.
scream, to cry out. oig £5007 adtoig to whom it was @ 11 elothKetoav plperf. ind. act. totnut (#2705) to
given to them. This may reflect the Hebraic construc- stand. The plperf. is used like an impf. (RWP). ckdKAw
tion of the resumptive pron. (MH, 434f; PAPC, 41; dat. sing. KvAoc (# 3241) encircling, in a circle, round
AASS, 111-12). €606n aor. ind. pass. 5i5wut (# 1443) to about. Dat. of place used as adv. explaining where they
give. The theol. or divine pass. indicates God is the were standing. Gawv gen. pl. Cwov (# 2442) living crea-
subject of the action. adixijoat aor. act. inf. ddixéw (# 92) ture. Emeoav aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall, to fall
to harm, to injure. Inf. to explain that which was given. down. npooexbvnoay aor. ind. act. tpooKkvvew (# 4686) to
@ 3 AEywv pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say (for the worship. 12 A€yovtes pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306)
use of the pleonastic part. s. Rev. 1:17). aducnonte aor. to say. evdoyia (#2330) blessing. evyapiotia (# 2374)
subj. act. adixew (#92) to harm. Subj. w. the neg. pn thanksgiving. ioxb¢ (#2709) strength, might (s. Eph.
(# 3590) to form a prohibition or neg. command. oppa- 1:19). @ 13 anexpi6n aor. ind. pass. (dep.) &noKpivo-
ylowpev aor. subj. act. oppayitw (#5381) to seal. Aor. war (#646) to answer. nepiBeBAnpEvot perf. pass. part.
subj. in a temp. cl. of indefinite action for the fut. mepiPorAAw (# 4314) to cast around; pass., to be clothed.
(RWP). pétwrov (# 3587) between the eyes, forehead. mo@ev (# 4470) from where? NAGov aor. ind. act. épyoucr
@ 4 tKovoe aor. ind. act. dkovw (#201) to hear. api6- (# 2262) to come. moev TAGoV “where have they come
wos (#750) number. tecoepaKovta técoupEs YALKSES from?” @ 14 eipnka perf. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say.
(# 5475; 5477; 5942) 144,000. It seems best to view the Aoristic perf. used as a simple past tense without con-
number as literal, since it is difficult to find any objec- cern for present consequences (GGBB, 578). oi8a¢ perf.
tive meaning for a symbolical interpretation. This se- ind. act. 0150. (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. mean-
lect group from Israel were to spread the Word of God ing. €imev aor. ind. act. Xeyw (#3306) to say. EpYOWEVOL
during the tribulation (Thomas). It was a hope of the pres. mid. (dep.) part. épxoua (# 2262) to come, to go.
Jews that the tribes of Israel would be gathered again OAiwis (# 2568) tribulation. For a discusiion s. DLNT,
(HSB, 761-63; Albert Geyser, “The Twelve Tribes in 1179-82; BBC. émAvvav aor. ind. act. nrAdvw (# 4459) to
Revelation: Judean and Judeo Christian Apocalypti- wash. €A€vKavav aor. ind. act. AevKaivw (# 3326) to
cism,” NTS 28 [1982]: 388-99; Ezek. 37; Hos. 3:4-5; Sir- whiten, to make white (GELTS, 280). The idea of mak-
ach 33:1; Tob. 13:10, 13; 2 Macc. 1:27; Jubil. 1:15; 1 Enoch ing robes white by washing them in blood is a striking
90:23). Eoppayiopevwv perf. pass. part. oppayitw (# 5381) paradox. It is the sacrifice of the lamb upon the cross
to seal. ¢vAn (# 5876) tribe. The tribes are to be taken as that supplies white garments for the saints (Mounce; s.
members of the literal nation of Israel (Thomas). The M, Middoth 5:4). @ 15 etow pres. ind. act. eyi (# 1639)
names of Dan and Ephraim are not found in the follow- to be. Aatpevovow pres. ind. act. Aatpevw (# 3302) to
ing list, perhaps because of their connection w. idolatry perform worshipful service (TDNT). nwépas Kai vuKt0¢
(SB, 3:804-5; Thomas). 9 peta tadto (# 3552; 4047) (#2465; 2779; 3816) gen. of time, day and night (s. 4:8).
after these things. It marks a new vision. lov aor. ind. vad dat. sing. vaog (#3724) temple, sanctuary. Kan-
act. 0pdw (#3972) to see. 1600 aor. imp. act. opaw wevoc pres. mid. (dep.) part. ka8nua (# 2764) to sit. oKn-
(# 3972) to see. aprOptjoar aor. act. inf. cprdyew (# 749) to vaoet fut. ind. act. oxnvedvw (#5012) to live in a tent, to
count; pass. to be counted. Compl. inf. to the main vb. tabernacle (John 1:14). The setting may be the Feast of
éd0vato impf. ind. pass. (dep.) dvvapo1 (# 1538) to be Tabernacles (Thomas). 16 me1vaoovotv fut. ind. act.
able to, w. inf. yAdoouy (# 5876) tongue, speech. éotatEs new (#4277) to be hungry. dupnoovov fut. ind. act.
perf. act. part. totnyi (#2705) perf., to stand. dpviov duyow (# 1498) to be thirsty. néoq aor. subj. act. nintw
(# 768) lamb (cf. Rev. 5:6). meptBeBANWEVOUS perf. pass. (#4406) to fall. kadya (#3008) burning, scorching.
part. nepiBorrw (#4314) to cast around; pass., to be @ 17 pé00¢ (#3545) middle. Used in the phrase ava
Revelation 8 630

éoov between, amongst (Swete). mowavel fut. ind. act. aor. subj. act. oaAniCw (# 4895) to blow the trumpet. For
mowaive (# 4477) to shepherd (DLNT, 1090-93) . o&nyn- various used of trumpets in the OT and in an eschato-
oet fut. ind. act. odnyew (# 3842) to lead along the way, logical sense s. Ford. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express
to guide, to lead. nnyac gen. sing. mnyn (# 4380) spring. purp. ® 7 €0dAmuoev aor. ind. act. carnitw (# 4895) to
The word order in the phrase emphasizes life—”to life’s blow the trumpet. €yéveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivowor
water springs” (Swete). &&aAetwer fut. ind. act. eEaretow (#1181) to be. yaArala (#5898) hail. peyvyeéva. perf.
(# 1981) to wipe away. 5axpvov (# 1232) tear; here, “ev- pass. part. petyvupt (#3502) to mix. eBANEn aor. ind.
ery single tear.” pass. BaAAw (# 965) to throw. The syntax of the v. sug-
gests that the blood-red storm appeared in heaven be-
Revelation 8 fore it was cast upon the earth (Mounce). Katexan aor.
@ 1 Otav (# 4020) when. Temp. particle is not used ind. pass. kataKatw (# 2876) to burn down, to burn up.
here in the indef. sense (“whenever”); rather, as was Prep. in compound is perfective, “to burn down,” “to
common in the Koine, writers used this particle w. the burn up completely.” yoptog (#5965) grass. yAwpocg
aor. ind. for a definite occurrence (RG, 973). Tivolgev aor. (#5952) green. Only one-third of the land and its veg-
ind. act. &votyw (# 487) to open, to break a seal. oppayic etation is devastated by fire. The fraction would indi-
(#5382) seal. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyar cate that although God is bringing punishment upon
(# 1181) to be. ovyn (#4968) silence. obpavoc (# 4041) the earth, it is not yet complete and final (Mounce).
heaven. Tywwptov (# 2469) half an hour. The silence is a 8 EodAmoEV aor. ind. act. carnitw (# 4895) to blow
dramatic pause that makes even more impressive the the trumpet. This plague could suggest war or contam-
judgment about to fall upon the earth. Although a thir- ination of the water supply (BBC). ka1opevov pres. pass.
ty-minute period is a relatively short period, it would part. kaiw (# 2794) to set on fire; pass., to be burning, to
form an impressive break in such a rapidly moving burn. €BAn@n aor. ind. pass. BaAAw (# 965) to throw. eye-
drama (Mounce; Seiss). It could be silence so that the veto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouor (#1181) to become.
prayers of the saints on earth may be heard (Charles), ® 9 anéBavev aor. ind. act. anoOvyoKxw (# 633) to die.
or silence out of reverence just before the judgement of ExOvtG. pres. act. part. Eyw (# 2400) to have. depbapnoxv
God falls (Lohse; Thomas; s. Zech. 2:13; Zeph. 1:7-8; aor. ind. pass. d1ap8eipw (# 1425) to corrupt, to destroy.
1QpHab 13:2-4). @ 2 eldov aor. ind. act. opdaw (#3972) Prep. in compound is perfective. @ 10 &odAntoev aor.
to see. EOTHKGOL aor. ind. act. tot (# 2705) to stand. ind. act. oarnitw (# 4895) to blow the trumpet. émecev
Enoch lists the names of the archangels as Sur’el (Uri- aor. ind. act. nintw (#4406) to fall. g&otnp (# 843) star.
el), Raphael, Raguel, Michael, Saraqa’el and Gabriel (1 KOLOLEVOG pres. pass. part. Kaiw (#2794) to burn. Aap-
Enoch 20; SB, 3:805-807). €80@noav aor. ind. pass. S15wp1 TAG (# 3286) torch. notapos (# 4532) river. nnyn (# 4380)
(# 1443) to give. Theol. pass. indicates that God is the spring. Now the fresh water supply is smitten (Swete).
one who gives. @ 3 MGev aor. ind. act. Epyouo (# 2262) @ 11 A€yeta pres. ind. pass. A€yw (# 3306) to say; pass.,
to come. €ot&@n aor. ind. pass. iotnut (# 2705) to stand. to be called. d&yivOog (# 952) wormwood. The word is
Ingressive aor., “he took his place” (RWP). @vo1acth- used among medical writers (DMTG, 88). It is called
ptov (# 2603) a place for sacrifices, altar. Eywv pres. act. wormwood after the strong bitter taste of the plant of
part. éyw (#2400) to have. AiPavwtos (# 3338) golden that name. Wormwood symbolizes God’s punishment;
censer or fire pan. The word usually means incense but or bitterness, suffering, and sorrow (EDNT; Mounce;
here it appears to signify a censer (Ford). ypvoodc¢ FFB, 198; ZPEB, 5:969; WTM, 2:517; ABD, 6:973). &yéve-
(# 5991) golden. €5067 aor. ind. pass. 5t5w1 (# 1443) to to aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouai (#1181) to become.
give (s.v. 2). @vpioya (# 2592) incense (s. 5:8). Soe fut. emixpavOnoav aor. ind. pass. nikpaivw (# 4393) to make
ind. act. Sidwut (# 1443) to give, to add. The fut. is used bitter, to cause to be bitter. @ 12 EocAmtoeVv aor. ind. act.
in a purp. cl. (MT, 100). @ 4 adveBn aor. ind. act. ava- oakniCw (# 4895) to blow the trumpet. €mAnyn aor. ind.
Baivw (#326) to go up. Kamvocg (#2837) smoke. The pass. mAnoow (#4448) to strike, to smite. oeAnvn
meeting of the incense and the hot coals produces the (#4943) moon. oKotio67 aor. subj. pass. oKotitw
fragrant smoke cloud, the symbol of divine acceptance (# 5029) to blacken, to darken. gavq aor. subj. act. patvw
(Swete). 5 elAndev perf. ind. act. AauBavw (# 3284) to (# 5743) to shine. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) used in purp. cls.
take. For the use of the perf. s. 5:7. y€y.oev aor. ind. act. @ 13 eiSov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. TKovea
yeuttw (# 1153) to fill, to make full of, to fill up. ntp aor. ind. act. axkovw (# 201) to hear. detog (# 108) eagle.
(#4786) fire. EBadev aor. ind. act. BarAAw (#965) to The word may also be used for a vulture, which in this
throw. €yevovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopat (# 1181) to context would symbolize impending doom. The vul-
be. Bpovtn (# 1103) thunder. dotpann (# 847) lightning. ture hovers in mid-heaven, visible to all, and cries out
oe10p0g (# 4939) earthquake (s. 6:12). 6 ExovtEs pres. ina great voice so that none will fail to hear (Mounce).
act. part. (adj.) €yw (# 2400) to have. (s. 5:6). Ntoipacav TETOLEVOD pres. mid. (dep.) part. metowar (# 4375) to fly.
aor. ind. act. etocCw (# 2286) to prepare. caAniowolv pwecoupavnue. (# 3547) at the zenith, in the meridian, i.e.,
631 Revelation 9

in mid-heaven (Ford; Swete). AEYOVtOS pres. act. part. adixew (#92) to injure, to harm. yoptos (# 5965) grass.
(subst.) eyo (# 3306) to say. Katouwodvtas pres. act. xrwpog (#5952) green. €1 ph (# 1673; 3590) except. Exov-
part. Katoikew (#2997) to dwell, to inhabit, to live. ou pres. ind. act. €yw (#2400) to have. oppayig (# 5382)
HEAOVTW pres. act. part. WEAAw (# 3516) to be about to. seal. pétwrov (#3587) forehead. 5 &80@n aor. ind.
It is used w. the inf. to express the immediate fut. oaA- pass. d5t5wp1 (# 1443) to give. dnoKteivwow pres. /aor.
mite pres. act. inf. caAniCw (# 4895) to blow a trumpet. subj. act. anoxteivw (# 650) to kill. Subj. w. tva (# 2671)
to express purp. BacavicOjoovta1 fut. ind. pass.
Revelation 9 Bacavitw (#989) to torment, to torture. Fut. w. iva
@ 1 E0GAmoEV aor. ind. act. oaATiGe (# 4895) to (# 2671) expressing purp. (GGBB, 571; VA, 415). wtivas
blow the trumpet. elSov aor. ind. act. opdaw (# 3972) to acc. pl. unv (# 3604) month. Acc. of time describing the
see. Gotnp (# 843) star (s. 1 Enoch 21). nextwxota perf. extent of time. It is best to see this as a literal space of
act. part. nintw (# 4406) to fall. Dramatic perf. (s. Rev. five months (Thomas). Bacavioyos (#990) torturing,
5:7; DM, 204; Mounce). €50@n aor. ind. pass. didwpt torture. The word has the idea of punishment
(# 1443) to give. The theol. or divine pass. indicates (Mounce). oxopniog (# 5026) scorpion (s.v. 3). Here gen.
that God is the one who gives. KAgtg (# 3090) key (s. of description. Pliny says that the poisonous wound of
Rev. 1:18; 3:7). opeatoc (#5853) pit, well, shaft (Ford; a scorpion is a slow, torturous death and almost always
esp. the references to the DSS: 1 QS 9:16, 22; 10:19). fatal to women and children-but to men only in the
G&Pvocog (#12) bottomless, abyss; lit., unfathomable morning before the poison has been warmed by the
deep. It is a place of imprisonment for disobedient spir- sun (Pliny, NH, 11:86-89). naioq aor. subj. act. naiw
its and according to rabbinic thought it was the en- (# 4091) to strike. Subj. w. 6tav (#4020) in an indef.
trance to Gehenna, narrow at the top but wide as one temp. cl., whenever. @ 6 Cnthoovotv fut. ind. act. Cntew
went down (Ford; Swete; Charles; SB, 3:809; 4, ii:1083- (# 2426) to seek, to look for. ebpnoovov fut. ind. act. €v-
93; HSB, 763-65; DLNT, 459-61). @ 2 tvotgev aor. ind. pioxw (#2351) to find. émvpnoovow fut. ind. act.
act. avotyw (#487) to open. aveBr aor. ind. act. ava- em@vpew (# 2121) to long for, to yearn after. dnoBaveiv
Baivw (#326) to go up, to ascend. kanvog (#2837) aor. act. inf. amo8vnoKw (# 633) to die. Inf. is used as the
smoke. ppeatoc (# 5853) furnace. Kdpivos (# 2825) fur- obj. of the vb. En18vpnoovotv. pevyet pres. ind. act. evyw
nace, kiln, fiery oven (BAGD; ABD, 4:38-39). eoxotwOn (#5771) to flee, to escape. Pres. could perhaps be des-
aor. ind. pass. oxotow (#5031) to darken. As the smoke ignated an historical pres. in the fut. (“death keeps flee-
rises it blots out the sun and darkens the atmosphere of ing from them”), or it could be an iterat. pres.
the earth (Mounce). @ 3 €&7AGov aor. ind. act. EE€pyouar indicating a repeated action. 7 dpoimpa (#3930)
(# 2002) to come out. axpidec (# 210) locust, grasshop- likeness, shape (Swete). inmoig dat. pl. imnog (# 2691)
per. Throughout the OT the locust is a symbol of de- horse. Dat. w. adj. 6u010.. Ntopaopévore perf. pass. part.
struction, and among the ancients the locust plague (adj.) etomatw (# 2286) to prepare. Perf. stresses the
was viewed as a sign of the wrath of the gods @eorun state or condition, “in a state of readiness.” mOAELOCG
irae pestis ea intellegitur); for locusts “are seen of excep- (# 4483) war. @ 8 elyov impf. ind. act. éyw (# 2400) to
tional size, and also they fly w. such a noise of wings have. tptyac acc. pl. @ptt (# 2582) hair. O80vtEg nom. pl.
that they are believed to be birds, and they obscure the 06006 (# 3848) teeth. Aeovtwv gen. pl. Aewv (# 3329) lion.
sun, making the nations gaze upward in anxiety lest Noav impf. ind. act. eyt (#1639) to be. 9 OwpaKac
they should settle over all their lands” (Pliny, NH, acc. pl. O@wpat (#2606) chest, breastplate. oSnpoc
11:104). Bred in the desert, they invade cultivated areas (# 4969) iron, of iron, made of iron. The scaly backs and
in search of food. They may travel in a column a hun- flanks of the insects resembled iron coats of mail. The
dred feet deep and up to four miles long, leaving the word points to the material of which such armor was
land stripped bare of all vegetation (Mounce; FFB, 53; ordinarily made, and at the same time indicates the
ZPEB, 3:948-50; Pliny, NH, 11:101-8). These are proba- hopelessness of any effort to destroy assailants so well-
bly demons or fallen angels who assume a locust-like protected (Swete). mtepvywv gen. pl. nteput (# 4763)
form (Thomas; BTNT, 173-74). €600n aor. ind. pass. wing. Gpyatwv gen. pl. dpa (#761) wagon, chariot.
Sidwur (#1443) to give. Eyovow pres ind. act. exw TpexOvtwY pres. act. part. tpeyw (#5556) to run. For
(# 2400) to have. oxopniog (# 5026) scorpion; a lobster- Pliny’s view of this type of plague s.v. 3. @ 10 Eyovow
like vermin some four or five inches long, it had a claw pres. ind. act. €yw (#2400) to have. ovpa (# 4038) tail.
on the end of the tail that secreted a poison on contact. Perhaps a reference to the rearward archery of the
It should be noted that the demonic locusts of the first Parthians (BBC). xevtpov (# 3034) goad for an ox, sting.
woe have the power rather than the appearance of GSiKfjou aor. act. inf. &5iKew (# 92) to injure, to harm. In
scorpions (Mounce; FFB, 70; ZPEB, 5:297; NW, 2, Italy the swarms of locusts were so bad that a law de-
ii:1521-23; Pliny, NH, 11:86-91). 4 €ppé@n aor. ind. clared that war should be made upon them three times
pass. A€yw (#3306) to say. aducnoovot fut. ind. act. a year by crushing the eggs, then the grubs, and at last
Revelation 10 632

the fully grown insects. The law had the penalty of a smoke (BAGD; MM). @ewén¢ (#2523) sulphur, sul-
deserter for the man who held back (Pliny, NH, 11:105). phur-colored, “hence, yellow. Today brimstone is
Epex. inf. explaining the authority or power that they known as sulphur. It is difficult to determine whether
have. ptvacg acc. pl. (#3604) Acc. of time (s.v. 5). the breastplates were of three colors each or whether
@11€yovow pres. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to have. each breastplate was of a single color; i.e., some red,
"EBpaioti (# 1580) in Hebrew. ’ABaddav (# 3) Abaddon. some blue, some yellow (Mounce). Aéwv (# 3329) lion.
The Heb. word 3728 (abaddon), from 728, means “de- otopa (#5125) mouth. exnopevetar pres. ind. mid. &x-
struction” and is used to refer to death or to the abode mopevouat (# 1744) to go out, to come out. np (# 4786)
of the dead and can be parallel to Sheol (SB, 3:810; fire. Kamvoc (# 2837) smoke. Oeiov (# 2520) brimstone,
DCH, 1:101; s. also 1QH 3:19, 32; 1QM 18:17). In 4Q 286 sulphur. 18 mAnydv gen. pl. mrnyn (#4435) stripe,
(Berakot* frag. 3, col. 2. line 7), the text gives the curses wound, calamity, plague (AS). &mexta&vOnoav aor. ind.
issued by the Community Counsel of Belial and says pass. anoxteivw (# 650) to kill. exmopevoyévov pres. mid.
“And [cursed be... an]gel of the pit (NWM) and the (dep.) part. exnopevouar (# 1744) to go out. © 19 odpa
splirit of des]truction (]}73N7 17)) in all the designs (# 4038) tail. dpeor dat. pl. dois (# 4058) snake. Dat. w.
of your [guilty] inclination” (DSST, 435; DSSE, 160; adj. Eyovoat pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. Adj.
Robert Eisenmann and Michael Wise, The Dead Sea part., “having heads (which) ....” &61-cobdov pres. ind.
Scrolls Uncovered [Dorset, England: Element Books Ltd, act. d&dikew (#92) to injure, to harm. 20 Aoino¢
1992], 222-30; ABD, 1:6; DDD, 1; TDOT, 1:23). "AmoAav- (# 3370) rest. amextd&vOnoay aor. ind. pass. amoKtetvw
wv (# 661) Destroyer. The title or name does not neces- (#650) to kill. petevonoav aor. ind. act. yetavoew
sarily refer to Satan, but to the demonic leader of the (# 3566) to change one’s mind, to change one’s think-
locust (Thomas). # 12 ovat (# 4026) woe, alas. Interjec- ing, to repent. tpooxvvjcovot fut. ind. act. tpookvvEew
tion denoting pain or displeasure, here used as a subst. (# 4686) to worship. Fut. ind. could be used here to ex-
(BAGD). The last three of the seven trumpets are press result rather than purp. (RG, 992). Soa:poviov
looked upon as three woes because of their terrible de- (# 1228) demon (DDD, 445-55). etSwAov (# 1631) idol,
structive power (Ladd). af@ev aor. ind. act. anepyo- false god (DLNT, 528-30). ypvo& nom. pl. ypvoo0v<
wa (#599) to go out, to go forth, to go away. 1600 aor. (#5991) made of gold. apyupots (# 735) silver. yaAKods
imp. act. opaw (#3972) to see. Epyetat pres. ind. mid. (#5905) brass. Ai®ivocg (# 3343) made of stone. EdAoS
(dep.) Epyonor (#2262) to come. 13 EodAmoEV aor. (# 3832) wooden, made of wood. S0vavtat pres. ind.
ind. act. oarnitw (# 4895) to sound a trumpet. fjkovoa pass. (dep.) d0vopyai (#1538) to be able to, w. inf.
aor. ind. act. &kovw (# 201) to hear. piav acc. sing. cic BAénew pres. act. inf. BAenw (#1063) to see. &Kovetv
(#1651) one. Here it means a single or solitary voice pres. act. inf. oxovw (# 201) to hear. nepinateiv pres. act.
(Mounce). Kepa&itwv gen.pl. Kepac (#3043) horn. The inf. mepimatew (# 4344) to walk about. @ 21 petevonoav
horns on the altar were the symbol of God’s power aor. ind. act. wetavoew (# 3566) to change one’s mind.
(Ford). @vo.aothpiov (# 2603) place where sacrifices are govoc (#5840) murder. ¢a&ppaKov (#5760) magic art,
made, altar. ypvoots (#5991) golden. 14 A€yovta sorcery. The use of drugs either for divination or for
pres. act. part. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Exwv pres. act. part. healing (BAGD; MM; DLNT, 701-5; Ford; DMTG, 324-
€xw (# 2400) to have. Adoov aor. imp. act. Avw (# 3395) to 30; s. Gal. 5:20). It is suggested that here the word has
loose, to release. Aor. imp. calls for a specific act w. a the special sense of magic spells inciting to illicit lust
note of urgency. Se5epévoug perf. pass. part. (adj.) Sew (EGT). Pliny describes the use of many superstitious
(# 1313) to bind. Perf. emphasizes the state or condi- and magical practices to bring about healing (Pliny,
tion. motoosg (# 4532) river. 15 €AvONOaV aor. ind. NH, 28), one being “that snake bites and scorpion
pass. Avw (# 3395) to release. fytoyoopévor perf. pass. stings are relieved by intercourse, but the act does
part. etoacw (# 2286) to prepare (s.v. 7). wnv (# 3604) harm to the woman” (Pliny, NH, 28:44); for further
month. éviavtos (# 1929) year. dnoxteivwouv pres. subj. remedies against snake bites and scorpion stings s.
act. anoKtetvw (# 650) to kill. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to ex- Pliny, NH, 28: 149-55. nopveta (# 4518) unlawful sexual
press purp. 16 apiOyoc (#750) number. otpatevpa intercourse, immorality (s. 2:21). KA€upa (# 3092) steal-
(# 5128) army. inmiKxog (#2690) pertaining to a horse, ing, theft.
horseman. The army consisted of cavalry (Swete).
Tkovoa aor. ind. act. aKovw (#201) to hear. #17 eldov Revelation 10
aor. ind. act. 0paw (# 3972) to see. innog (# 2690) horse. @ 1 €ldov aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. LoxvpdG
Opacic (#3970) appearance, vision. KaOnpLEvoOUG pres. (# 2708) strong, powerful. katoPatvovta. pres. act. part.
mid. (dep.) part. ka@nuor (#2764) to sit. @wpaKac (adj.) katoBaivw (# 2849) to come down, to descend.
(# 2606) breastplate (s.v. 9). mbpivoc (# 4791) fiery, made mepiBeBATEvov perf. pass. part. (adj.) mepiBarrw
of fire (Swete). baxivOivog (#5610) hyacinth-colored, (# 4314) to cast about, to be clothed, to be enveloped.
ie., dark blue, a dusky blue color as of sulphurous This word is used of encircling or throwing an embank-
633 Revelation 11

ment around a city, or clothing someone; in this context and expressed as already came to pass., the cond. re-
it indicates that the angel is encircled by a cloud (Ford). garded as fulfilled, “whenever he sounds the trumpet”
vege (# 3749) cloud (s. Rev. 1:7). ipig (# 2692) rainbow (BG, 84f). ebnyyéAvoev aor. ind. act. ebayyericw (# 2294)
(s. 4:3). Here the word refers to the ordinary rainbow of to proclaim the good news, to deliver good news
many colors connected w. the cloud, due in this in- (TDNT; TLNT; EDNT). @ 8 jiKovoa. aor. ind. act. dKovw
stance to the shining of the angel’s face (Swete). otdA0G (# 201) to hear. AaAodouv pres. act. part. AaAEw (# 3281)
(# 5146) pillar. ndp (# 4786) fire. Some have taken this to speak. Aeyovoay pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
other angel as being Christ himself (Seiss; Scott), but traye pres. imp. act. bawyw (#5632) to go; “go now.”
others regard him as a true angelic being (Mounce; This is a Hebraic construction (Charles). A&Be aor. imp.
Thomas). 2 €xwv pres. act. part. (adj.) yw (# 2400) act. AopBavw (#3284) to take. BiBAtov (# 1046) book,
to have. BiBAapisiov (# 1044) little book, a very small small book. Nvewyyevov perf. pass. part. avotyw (# 487)
book. tvewyeévov perf. pass. part. dvoiyw (# 487) to to open (s.v. 2). 9 G&f)Aa aor. ind. act. anepyouar
open. Perf. pass. part. means having been opened and (# 599) to go out, to go away from. John left his position
remaining so, i.e., “standing open.” e€Onkev aor. ind. act. by the door and went to the angel (RWP). A€ywv pres.
LOMA (# 5502) to place, to put. SeEig (# 1288) right. ev- act. part. A€yw (# 3306) to say. 50bvan aor. act. inf. d18wp
wvupog (# 2381) left. 3 Expatev aor. ind. act. kpatw (# 1443) to give. Inf. used in indir. discourse after the
(# 3189) to cry out ina loud voice. Aéwv (# 3329) lion. po- vb. A€ywv to express a command (RWP). AdBe aor. imp.
KGto1 pres. ind. mid. (dep.) wuKcowatr (# 3681) to roar. act. LapBavu (# 3284) to take. Kata gaye aor. imp. act.
The word is used of a low, deep sound like the lowing KatecOiw (#2983) to eat down, to eat up completely.
of an ox or the growl of thunder. The word may have mikpaivw fut. ind. act. rixpavew (# 4393) to make bitter.
been preferred here to indicate that the voice of the Imp. followed by the fut. is a Hebraic form of a cond.
angel had not only volume but depth, at once compel- cl. in which the fut. expresses the result of having filled
ling attention and inspiring awe (Swete). EAGA NOG aor. the command. For the construction s. Phil. 4:7; Beyer,
ind. act. Aadew (# 3281) to speak. Bpovth (# 1103) thun- 238-55. Kodi. (#3120) stomach. totar fut. ind. mid.
der. @ 4 AGA Noa aor. ind. act. Aar€w (# 3281) to speak. (dep.) ewt (#1639) to be. yAuKds (# 1184) sweet. peAr
TWEAAOV impf. ind. act. pédAw (#3516) to be about to. (#3510) honey. 10 €aBov aor. ind. act. AopBavw
The word is used w. inf. to express the immediate fut. (# 3284) to take. Katédayov aor. ind. act. KateoOiw
Impf. here is inchoative, meaning “I was on the point of (# 2983) to eat down. jv impf. ind. act. eiut (# 1639) to
beginning to write” (RWP). ypaetv pres. inf. act. ypaow be. €ayov aor. ind. act. E00iw (# 2266) to eat. The effec-
(# 1211) to write. fovea aor. ind. act. akovw (# 201) to tive use of the aor., “after I had finished eating.”
hear. A€yovoav pres. act. part. Aeyw (#3306) to say. émixpaven aor. ind. pass. mkpaivw (# 4393) to make bit-
odpcayioov aor. imp. act. odpayitw (# 5381) to seal, to seal ter. Ingressive aor., “my stomach became bitter.” If he
up (s. Rev. 5:1). €&A4GANOav aor. ind. act. AaAEw (# 3281) to would be admitted into part of God’s secrets, the seer
say. Ypawns aor. subj. act. ypcw (# 1211) to write. Subj. must be prepared for very mixed sensations; the first
w. the neg. un (#3590) is a prohibition or neg. com- joy of fuller knowledge would be followed by sorrow
mand: “do not start to write.” @ 5 eiSev aor. ind. act. deeper and more bitter than those of ordinary men
opaw (#3972) to see. Eotdta pert: act: ‘part. LOTNLL (Swete). 11 A€yovov pres. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306) to
(# 2705) perf., to stand. TeV aor. ind. act. aipw (# 149) to say. “They say to me.” It is best to take the expression
lift up. This is the typical Hebrew expression for swear- as an indefinite pl. or the equivalent of the pass., “it
ing an oath. 6 @pooev aor. ind. act. ouvvut (# 3923) to was said” (Mounce). det (# 1256) pres. ind act. it is nec-
take an oath, to swear. C@vtt pres. act. part. Caw (# 2409) essary, w. acc. and the inf., expressing a logical necessi-
to live. éxtioev aor. ind. act. KtiGw (#3231) to create. ty. mpopntedoat aor. act. inf. tpopntevw (# 4736) to speak
ypovog (#5989) time. The word here means “de- forth, to prophesy. Inf. used to explain what is neces-
lay”—"there shall be delay no longer.” Now nothing sary. Eni (# 2093) about, concerning (Mounce). €@veotv
stands in the way of the final dramatic period of human dat. pl. €0voc (#1620) nation. yAdoou, (# 1185) tongue,
history (Mounce). ovxétt (# 4033) no longer. gota fut. speech, language.
ind. mid. (dep.) emit (# 1639) to be. @ 7 Stav (# 4020) w.
subj., whenever. H£AAq pres. subj. act. wédAw (# 3516) to Revelation 11
be about to, w. inf. to express the immediate fut. Subj. @ 1 €8067 aor. ind. pass. 5idwut (# 1443) to give. Ka-
w. 6tav (#4020) used in an indef. temp. cl. caAnifewv Aoyoc (# 2812) reed. This served as a surveyor’s rule or
pres. act. inf. oodrritw (#4895) to blow the trumpet. measuring rod and it might have been the cane grow-
EteAéOON aor. ind. pass. terew (#5464) to bring to the ing along the Jordan valley which was known as the
goal, to complete, to bring to completion. The proleptic “giant reed” of Mediterranean lands. It grows in
use of the aor., as here, occurs in vivacious speech of swampy areas and sometimes may reach twelve, fif-
that which is annunciated as a consequence of a cond. teen, or even twenty feet in height (Ford; FFB, 171).
Revelation 11 634

papsos (# 4811) staff. Aeywv pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) aor. pass. inf. amoKxteivw (#650) to kill. 6 Exovow
to say. Pleonastic use of the part. €yepe pres. imp. act. pres. ind. act. €yw (# 2400) to have. KAetoat aor. act. inf.
eyeipw (# 1586) to rise, to get up. For the idiomatic use KA€iw (# 3091) to close, to shut up. Epex. inf. explaining
of the pres. imp. of this vb. s. VANT, 348-49. pétpnoov the word e&ovoia (#2026) authority. veto¢g (#5624)
aor. imp. act. petpew (#3582) to measure. Aor. imp. rain. Bpexyn pres. subj. act. Bpexw (#1101) to rain. Subj.
calls for a specific act w. a note of urgency. Measuring w. iva. (# 2671) is used in a neg. purp. cl. which may be
the courts was a way of praising the building’s magnif- considered a result cl. €yovow pres. ind. act. exw
icence (BBC). vaog (#3724) temple, sanctuary. @vo1- (# 2400) to have. otpedetv pres. act. inf. otpedw (#5138)
aotnpiov (# 2603) place where offerings or sacrifices are to turn, to change. Epex. inf. explaining the authority.
made, altar. mpookvvodvtas pres. act. part. mpookvvEew matcaéar aor. act. inf. tataoow (# 4250) to strike, to hit.
(#4686) to worship. 2 abAn (#885) court. EEwOev mANYt (# 4435) blow, plague. doaxKig (# 4006) as often
(# 2033) outside. The outer court of the temple in Jerus- as. Used w. the particle éav (# 1569) and the subj. to ex-
alem is called the Court of the Gentiles (Ford; JTJ, 23- press an indef. temp. cl. 8€ANowovv pres. subj. act. beAw
24). ExBare aor. imp. act. exBOAAw (# 1675) to throw out, (#2527) to desire; “as often as they will” (RWP).
to cast out. The word is used here in the sense of exclu- 7 otav (#4020) w. subj., whenever. teAEowolv aor.
sion-exclude it from the sanctuary though the other subj. act. tedew (# 5464) to complete, to finish. Subj. in
courts are included (Swete). wetphons aor. subj. act. pe- an indef. temp. cl., “whenever.” @npiov (# 2563) animal,
tpew (# 3582) to measure. Neg. wn (# 3590) w. the subj. wild animal. avaPaivov pres. mid. part. avoPaive
indicates a prohibition or a neg. command. €606n aor. (# 326) to go up, to ascend. aPvooog (# 12) bottomless
ind. pass. 616wpt (# 1443) to give. mathoovov fut. ind. pit, abyss (s. Rev. 9:1). movnoer fut. ind. act. moiew
act. natew (#4251) to walk upon, to tread down, to (# 4472) to make. moAeuoc (# 4483) war. vixtoet fut. ind.
trample. pny (# 3604) month. tecoepdxovta, [Kai] 500 act. vikew (#3771) to gain the victory, to be victor, to
(#5477; 1545) forty-two. The designation “forty two overcome. &moxtevel fut. ind. act. dnoxteivw (#650) to
months” is equal to three-and-one-half years, half of kill. 8 mt@pa (# 4773) that which is fallen, corpse,
the seven-year period of tribulation. 3 wow fut. ind. dead body. mAateia (#4423) wide street, open street.
act. 6t6u1 (# 1443) to give. npopnteboovov fut. ind. act. KOA€i TAI pres. ind. pass. Kadew (# 2813) to call; pass., to
npopntevw (#4736) to prophesy. The construction, “I be called, to have the name. mvevpatixds (# 4462) spir-
shall give and they shall prophesy” is a Hebraic con- itually, pertaining to the Spirit. Perhaps the idea here is
struction meaning “1 will commission (or give permis- not allegorically, but rather how the Spirit of God inter-
sion to) my two witnesses to prophesy” (Charles). prets. 6nov (#3963) where. Here the word is used as a
nepipeBAnevor perf. pass. part. nepiparrw (# 4314) to pron., “the place where.” &otavpwOn aor. ind. pass.
throw about, to clothe. od«Koc (# 4884) sack, sackcloth. otavpow (#5090) to crucify. 9 BAenovot pres. ind.
The fabric from which a sack is made is usually dark in act. BAenw (# 1063) to see. EK TOV AAV (# 1666; 3295)
color; hence, it is especially suited to be worn as a some of the peoples. The expression is to be taken as a
mourning garment (BAGD). Perhaps they were wail- partitive gen. (Mounce). Tov (# 2468) half. &dtovorv
ing over the sins of Israel (BBC). As latter-day prophets pres. ind. act. amin (# 4024) to leave, to allow. te@fvat
the two witnesses wear the rough garb of their ancient aor. pass. inf. TOnut (#5520) to place, to put. pvhpa
predecessors (Zech. 13:4). Their message is to call to re- (#3645) grave. @ 10 KkatoiKxodvtec pres. act. part. Kat-
pentance (Mounce). There are various views as to the oixew (# 2997) to reside, to dwell. yaipovow pres. ind.
identity of the two witnesses: merely symbolic, Enoch act. xaipw (#5897) to rejoice. edopaivovtar pres. ind.
and Elijah, Moses and Elijah, or two others like them mid. (dep.) evppaivonan (# 2370) to be happy. mewwouotv
(Thomas). @ 4 evow pres. ind. act. cyt (# 1639) to be. fut. ind. act. meunw (#4287) to send. &AANAOIs dat. pl.
édaia (#1777) olive tree. Avyvia (#3393) lampstand. GAANAWV (#253) one another; “to one another.”
éotmteg perf. act. part. totnt (#2705) to stand. EPaodvioay aor. ind. act. Baoavitw (# 989) to torment,
© 5 O€Xe1 pres. ind. act. OeAw (# 2527) to desire, to want to torture. Katouodvtac pres. act. part. KatoiKew
to, w. inf in a 1st class cond. cl. &Sucfjjoo aor. act. inf. (# 2997) to inhabit, to dwell. @ 11 e.onAGev aor. ind. act.
adiKew (#92) to injure, to harm. €xmopevetar pres. ind. eroepyouat (# 1656) to come into, to enter. EotnoOav aor.
mid. (dep.) exnopevoua (# 1744) to go out, to come out ind. act. lotnut (# 2705) to stand. énéneoev aor. ind. act.
of. Pres. could be iterat., indicating that fire would enumintw (#2158) to fall upon. Sewpodvtag pres. act.
come out of their mouth every time someone would part. (subst.) #ewpew (# 2555) to see, to behold, to watch.
seek to harm them. Kateo@te1 pres. ind. act. Katecbiw @ 12 tKovoav aor. ind. act. &Kovw (# 201) to hear. Aeyov-
(# 2983) to eat up, to consume completely, to devour. ons pres. act. part. (adj.) Aeyw (# 3306) to speak. a&vaPate
OeANon aor. subj. act. 0€Aw (# 2527) to desire, to want to, aor. imp. act. avaPatvw (#326) to come up, to ascend.
w. inf. ovtws (# 4048) so, thus. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. aveBnoav aor. ind. act. dvoPaivw vedeAan (# 3749) cloud.
w. the acc. and the inf., it is necessary. anoxtavOFivar EBewWpnoav aor. ind. act. SBewpew (#2555) to see.
635 Revelation 12

© 13 eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to be, clothed. oedqvn (# 4943) moon. vmoKatw (#5691) w.
to become, to happen, to come about. cetowos (# 4939) gen., under. otegavog (# 5109) crown. aotépwv gen. pl.
earthquake (s. 6:12). Emeoev aor. ind. act. rintw (# 4406) aotnp (#843) star. S@8exa (# 1557) twelve. Of all the
to fall. dmextavénoay aor. ind. pass. axoxteivw (# 650) to various interpretations of the woman the most fitting is
kill. 6vopo. (# 3950) name; here, people, ‘person. For the to view her as representing the nation Israel. In the OT
use of the word in this sense s. BS, 196f. &ugoBo¢ (# 1873) the image of a woman is a classic symbol for Zion,
afraid, scared. tyevovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoucr Jerusalem, and Israel (Ford; Scott; Bousset; SB, 3:574-
(# 1181) to become. €wKav aor. ind. act. SiSwut (# 1443) 75, 812; Thomas; DLNT, 1209-10; HSB, 767-68). The
to give. @ 14 anfev aor. ind. act. arEpyoucn ((# 599) to twelve stars may be an allusion to the twelve tribes of
go away, to pass. 160% aor. imp. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Israel (Mounce). @2£€yovoa pres. act. part. Exw
EPYETAL pres. ind. mid. (dep.) €pyoucr (# 2262) to come, (# 2400) to have. tv yaotpi Eyovea to have something in
to go. tax (# 5444) quickly, soon. @ 15 oaAmuoev aor. the stomach, i.e., to be pregnant. xpa{et pres. ind. act.
ind. act. cadniCw (# 4895) to blow the trumpet. €yevovto Kpatw (#3189) to scream, to cry out w. a loud voice.
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoua1 (# 1181) to become. Aéyov- This evidently refers to the first coming of the Messiah
Teg pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Xprotog (# 5986) and his birth, and the hist. pres. here gives a vivid de-
anointed, Messiah, Christ. Baowwevoet fut. ind. act. scription of the event. @divovea pres. act. part. wdiww
Basirevw (# 996) to be king, to rule as a king, to reign. (# 6048) to have birth pains, to be in labor. Adj. or caus-
@ 16 KaSTEVoL pres. mid. (dep.) part. ka8nuat (#2764) al part., indicating why she was screaming. Baoavito-
to sit. Eneoay aor. ind. act. nixtw (# 4406) to fall down. uévT pres. pass. part. Bacavitw (# 989) to torment, to be
MPOOEKVVTOGY aor. ind. act. MPOOKVVEW (# 4686) to wor- in pain. Adj. or causal part. texeiv aor. act. inf. tuctw
ship. o17 eyovtEs pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. (# 5503) to bear a child, to give birth. Epex. inf. explain-
evyapiotodyev pres. ind. act. evyapiotew (# 2373) to giv e ing the pain of the woman. For the relation of this to Is-
thanks, to praise w. thanks (BAGD). TMOLVTOKPA TWP rael and the OT, as well as to Jewish lit. s. Roger D. Aus,
(# 4120) almighty (s. 1:8). WY pres. act. part. ew (# 1639) “The Relevance of Isaiah 66,7 to Revelation 12 and2
to be. fv impf. ind. act. cipi (# 1639) to be. etnoac pert. Thessalonians 1,” ZNW 67 (1976): 252-68; Thomas.
ind. act. AouBavw (#3284) to take. Perf. may indicate @ 3 O6n aor. ind. pass. opaw (# 3972) to see. 1800 aor.
that God has taken the power permanently (Mounce). imp. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. Spaxwv (# 1532) dragon,
ePacirevoas aor. ind. act. Buciievw (# 996) to rule (s.v. monster, serpent. The word was used often in the
15). Const. aor. @ 18 wpyic@noay aor. ind. pass. opyitw magic papyri (MM). Both Josephus and the LXX use
(# 3974) to make angry; pass., to be angry. T)AGev aor. the term to describe the snake that Moses’ staff turned
ind. act. épyoua (# 2262) to come. opyn (# 3973) wrath, into and the snake that the Egyptian magicians pro-
anger. xpi87vo1 aor. pass. inf. kpivw (# 3212) to judge. duced (Jos. Ant., 2:272, 285, 287; Exod. 7:9, 10, 12;
dobva1 aor. act. inf. didwu1 (# 1443) to give. Infs. here GELTS, 121; DDD, 504-509: 1404-12; DLNT, 127-29). It
used to explain the word katpog (# 2789) time, season. also occurs in Isa.27:1 for the Leviathan who will be
w1080¢ (# 3635) reward, wage, pay. ooBovpévotc pres. killed by God when He delivers His people. John does
mid. (dep.) part. (subst.) doBeouat (# 5828) to fear, to not leave us in doubt as to the identity of this mon-
have reverence for someone, to show reverence to ster—he is “the old serpent, he that is called the Devil
someone. 81a@@eipat aor. act. inf. diadBbeipw (# 1425) to and Satan” (v. 9; Mounce; cf. 20:2). muppdg (# 4794) fiery,
destroy, to corrupt. Prep. in compound is perfective, red. Eywv pres. act. part. (adj. ) yw (# 2400) to have; here
“to utterly destroy.” Epex. inf. explaining the word in the sense of to possess. Kepata acc. pl. kepag (# 3043)
Ka1poc. S1apGeipovtas pres. act. part. diapBeipw (# 1425) horn. The horn was a symbol of strength. d:a5qua
to destroy. 19 Nvotyn aor. ind. act. avotyw (# 487) to (# 1343) diadem, a royal crown. The royal crown was a
open. w@n aor. ind. pass. opaw (# 3972) to see; pass., to symbol of political power and authority denoting sov-
be seen, to appear. iBwt0¢ (# 3066) box, ark. &a0qKT ereignty (Swete). @ 4 ovpa (# 4038) tail. obpet pres. ind.
(# 1347) agreement, treaty, covenant. In the OT the ark act. svpw (# 5359) to drag, to sweep. BaAev aor. ind. act.
of the covenant was a symbol of the abiding presence Boadrrw (#965) to throw. Eotnxev perf. ind. act. torn
of God (Mounce). gotpanrn (# 847) lightning. eyevovto (#5112) to stand. wedAAovong pres. act. part. pedrAwW
aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouo1 (# 1181) to happen. Bpovty (# 3516) to be about to. Used w. inf. to express immedi-
(# 1103) thunder. oevopog (# 4939) earthquake (s. 6:12). ate fut. texetv aor. act. inf. tixtw (# 5503) to give birth.
yorola. (# 5898) hail. Otav (# 4020) w. subj., whenever. téxq aor. subj. act.
tiuktw (#5503) to give birth. Subj. in an indef. temp. cl.
Revelation 12 Katadayy aor. subj. act. katecdiw (# 2983) to eat up, to
1 W0n aor. ind. pass. opaw (# 3972) to see; pass., consume, to devour. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express
to be seen, to appear. nepiBeBATpevT perf. pass. part. purp. @5 €texev aor. ind. act. tixtw (#5503) to give
nepiparrw (# 4314) to cast about, to clothe; pass., to be birth. dponv (# 781) male, male child. weAAe1 pres. ind.
Revelation 13 636

act. L€AAw (# 3516) to be about to, w. inf. to express the evopaivopat (# 2370) to rejoice, to be happy. oxnvodvtes
immediate fut. mowotvetv pres. act. inf. mowaivw pres. act. part. oxnvow (#5012) to tabernacle, to pitch
(#4477) to shepherd, to lead, to rule. papdog (# 4811) one’s tent; to live in a residence; emphasizing the pres-
staff. o1dnpots (# 4969) made of iron. Nprdo8n aor. ind. ence of God (GELTS, 428; Mounce). ovai (# 4026) woe.
pass. apnatw (#773) to seize, to snatch, to take away. Instead of the normal dat., the acc. which follows may
Theol. pass., indicating that God did the action. be acc. of general ref. “woe to the earth.” katéBn aor.
@ 6 Epvyev aor. ind. act. pevyw (# 5771) to flee. Exe pres. ind. act. katoPativw (#2849) to go down; effective aor.
ind. act. yw (#2400) to have. Ntoyaopevov perf. pass. “he did go down” (RWP). €ywv pres. act. part. éyw
part. €towctw (# 2286) to prepare. Perf. pass. means “to (# 2400) to have. @vpog (# 2596) anger, burning anger
stand prepared”; i.e., “that which has been prepared (Trench, Synonyms, 131f). ei8¢ perf. act. part. oid
and now stands ready.” ano describes the ultimate (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. Causal
agent (GGBB, 433). tp&pwoiv pres. subj. act. tpedw part., “because.” Eye. pres. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to
(#5555) to nourish. Subj. w. iva (#2671) used in a have. @ 13 eldev aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see.
purp. cl. Pl. may be impersonal and equivalent to a ediwéeev aor. ind. act. ww (# 1503) to hunt, to pursue,
pass. TNépas yas StaKxooias EEjKovta thousand two to persecute. This indicates the tremendous persecu-
hundred and sixty days. Acc. of time. 7 €yeveto aor. tion to be suffered by Israel in the tribulation period.
ind. mid. (dep.) yivoua (# 1181) to become. moAEWOG €texev aor. ind. act. tiktw (#5503) to give birth.
(# 4483) war. noAeutioon aor. act. inf. toAEuew (# 4482) to @ 14 €608noav aor. ind. pass. 5idwpi (# 1443) to give.
conduct war, to fight. The nom. used w. the inf. may be The pass. is the theol. or divine pass., indicating that
the result of a Hebraic construction (Charles; AASS, 60- God is the one who gives. mtépvyes nom. pl. mtepv&
63). Inf. may indicate result: “there was war ... so that (#4763) wing. detod gen. sing. cetoc (#108) eagle.
” or the inf. may be epex. explaining what the war Gen. of description. metnta1 pres. subj. mid. (dep.) méto-
was. €modeunoev aor. ind. act. norEwew (# 4482) to fight. wo (# 4375) to fly. Subj. w. tva. (# 2671) used in a purp.
@ 8 ioyvoev aor. ind. act. isxbw (# 2710) to be strong, to cl. tp€etat pres. ind. pass. tpedw (# 5555) to care for, to
be strong enough, to be able. The dragon’s supreme ef- nourish. tywiov (# 2463) half. The words indicate that
fort was not just a failure, but resulted in his final ex- the nation Israel will be protected from total destruc-
pulsion from heaven (Swete). evpe6n aor. ind. pass. tion for the last three-and-one-half years of the Tribula-
evptoxw (#2351) to find. 9 €BAn@n aor. ind. pass. tion. @ 15 EBorev aor. ind. act. BadAw (#965) to
BarrAw (#965) to throw. o1¢ (# 4058) snake, serpent throw. otopa. (# 5125) mouth. dntow (# 3958) behind, af-
(DDD, 1404-12). dpxyaiog (#792) old, ancient. Kadov- ter. Totopos (# 4532) river. notapopopntos (# 4533) to be
HEvOG pres. pass. part. kadew (# 2813) to call. mAavav carried by the river, to be swept away by the river. nown-
pres. act. part. (subst.) mhavaw (# 4414) to lead astray, oj aor. subj. act. movew (# 4472) to do. Vb. is used in con-
to deceive. Pres. part. indicates a continuous action nection w. the noun to express the vb. action contained
that has become a habitual character. For the two in the noun. Subj. w. tva (#2671) to express purp.
names plus a further description s. NDIEC, 1:92. ot- © 16 eBonénoev aor. ind. act. Bonbew (# 1070) to help.
Kovpevn (# 3876) inhabited earth, the world in the sense Tvovéev aor. ind. act. avotyw (#487) to open. Katémev
of its inhabitants, mankind (BAGD). €BAnén aor. ind. aor. ind. act. katanivw (#2927) to swallow down, to
pass. BaAdw (#965) to throw. €BANn@noay aor. ind. pass. swallow up completely. 17 wpyio@n aor. ind. pass.
BorAw (#965) to throw. 10 TKovoa aor. ind. act. opyitw (# 3974) to make angry; ingressive aor., “to be-
akovw (#201) to hear. Aeyovoav pres. act. part. Aeyw come angry.” GrfAev aor. ind. act. anepxouc (# 599) to
(# 3306) to say. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopor go out, to go away from, to depart. motfjou aor. act. inf.
(# 1181) to become. €BANEn aor. ind. pass. BaAAW (# 965) movew (# 4472) to do. Inf. is used to express intent or
to throw. Katnywp (#2992) one who brings a legal purp. Aounog (# 3370) rest. omeppa (#5065) seed. tnpobv-
charge against another, accuser. Katnyopev pres. act. Twv pres. act. part. tnpéw (#5498) to watch, to keep, to
part. (subst.) katnyopew (# 2989) to bring a legal accu- observe. €xOvtwv pres. act. part. €xw (#2400) to have.
sation, to accuse. Pres. indicates an habitual action, 18 E0167 aor. ind. pass. totnut (#2705) to stand.
“the constant accuser.” @ 11 évixnoav aor. ind. act. vi- Gyyioc (# 302) sand, beach. @&Aa000 (# 2498) sea.
Kaw (# 3771) to be a victor, to overcome. 514 (# 1328)w
acc., because of. Prep. here gives the ground, not the Revelation 13
means, of their victory (Mounce). aiwa (#135) blood. @ 1 €lSov aor. ind. act. opcw (# 3972) to see. BaAKO-
Here blood refers to the life of Christ poured out in oa. (# 2498) sea. The sea is an apt symbol of the agitated
death. apviov (# 768) lamb. hyarnoav aor. ind. act. wya- surface of unregenerate humanity and esp. of the
maw (# 26) to love. Their nonattachment to life was car- seething cauldron of national and social life, out of
ried to the extent of being ready to die for their faith which the great historical movements of the world
(Swete). 12 ebppaiveode pres. imp. mid. (dep.) arise (Swete). The term, however, may be understood
637 Revelation 13

as the abyss-the source—of the satanic forces (Johnson; fight against. @ 5 6067 aor. ind. pass. S15 (# 1443)
Thomas; Mounce). @npiov (# 2563) beast, monster, wild to give. AaAotv pres. act. part. (adj.) AaAew (# 3281) to
animal, esp. of the ones hunted, hostile, and odious to speak. motfjoat aor. act. inf. no1ew (# 4472) to do; here, to
man (LS, 800). Herodotus uses the word for birds, pigs, carry out his work. During the forty-two months the
cats, as well as for wild animals such as sharks (LTH, beast actively carries out the will of the dragon
167-68; Herodotus, 6:44). The word describes the qual- (Mounce; Swete). Epex. inf. explaining the authority or
ities of the dangerous person who is vicious, cruel, cun- power. pfvac acc. pl. unv (# 3604) month. Acc. of time,
ning, to be feared and unpredictable in his actions. This “for forty two months.” It indicates the last three and
is the monstrous person in whom the political power of one-half years of the Tribulation. 6 fvougev aor. ind.
the world is finally concentrated as represented in act. avotyw (#487) to open. Const. aor. includes the
Daniel 7 and as “the man of sin” in 2 Thess. 2:3 (Wal- whole career of the wild animal (RWP; Thomas). topo.
voord; Seiss; ZPEB, 1:180f; Johnson; Thomas). éva- (#5125) mouth. BAaodnyToo aor. act. inf. BAaodnuEew
Baiivov pres. act. part. (adj. ) dvoBaivw (#326) to go up, (# 1059) to ridicule, to slander, to blaspheme (TLNT;
to arise, to ascend. éyov pres. act. part. (adj.). €xw TDNT; EDNT). Inf. of purp. Aor. points to a specific act.
(# 2400) to have. For the use of this vb. in Rev. s. Rev. oxtvn (#5008) tent, habitation, dwelling place, taber-
5:6. Kepag (#3043) horn. did5nua (#1343) diadem, nacle. To blaspheme the name of God is to speak evil of
royal crown. These two figures represent the mighty all that He is and stands for. The name sums up the per-
political power and also stand for kings and their king- son. His tabernacle is His dwelling place (Mounce).
dom, as in Daniel 7 (Walvoord; Thomas). BAaopnia oKT\vodvtas pres. act. part. (subst.) oxnvow (# 5012) to
(# 1060) speaking evil of some one, blasphemy (TLNT, live in a tent, to tabernacle, to dwell. 7 £6067 aor. ind.
TDNT). @ 2 lov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. TV pass. S151 (# 1443) to give. movfoat aor. act. inf. movew
impf. ind. act. ewt (# 1639) to be. napdaAe dat. sing. (# 4472) to make. moAepoc (# 4483) war. viKtjoa aor. act.
napdaric (#4230) leopard. Dat. w. adj. apKocg (#759) inf. vikaw (# 3771) to win a victory, to conquer, to over-
bear. Aéwv (# 3329) lion. This beast combines the char- come. 8 mpooxvvfjoovotv fut. ind. act. mpooxvvew
acteristics of Daniel’s beasts, in which the leopard (or (# 4686) to worship. abtog (# 899) him. The masc. pro-
panther) indicates agility, cat-like vigilance, craft, and noun indicates that the beast is a person. KaTOLKODVTES
fierce cruelty, while the feet of the bear indicate the pres. act. part. katoikew (# 2997) to live, to dwell, to re-
slow strength and power to crush. The lion blends side. yeypantou perf. ind. pass. ypaow (# 1211) to write.
massive strength w. feline dexterity, as a power follows Perf. indicates the continuing results and binding au-
up a stealthy and perhaps unobserved policy of repres- thority of what is written (MM). BiBAiw dat. sing.
sion w. the sudden terrors of a hostile edict (Swete). BiBAtov (# 1046) book, little book. apviov (# 768) lamb.
ESwxKev aor. ind. act. Sidwui (#1443) to give. Spaxwv Eopaypeévov perf. pass. part. opayiGw (# 5377) to slay, to
(# 1532) dragon. The great political leader receives his slaughter. Perf. indicate the abiding condition. Kata-
power, rule and leadership directly from Satan. Bon (# 2856) foundation, laying of a foundation. The
@ 3 piav Ek tHv KeEpadrdv (# 1651; 1666; 3051) one of the foundation of the world refers to the creation of the vis-
heads. This takes up the narrative of v. 1 and the vb., to ible order (Mounce; s. Eph. 1:4). 9 &kovodtw aor.
be supplied, is cidov (Swete). topaypevnv perf. pass. imp. act. akovw (#201) to hear. 10 aiquarAwoia
part. odayiGw (#5377) to slay, to slaughter, to kill. The (#168) one taken captive at spear point, captivity.
use of this word indicates that the deadly wound was bnayet pres. ind. act. vnayw (#5632) to go forth. Gno-
like that of the slain Lamb (Bousset; Swete). Perf. indi- mic pres. indicating the statement of a general truth.
cates the condition. nanyn (# 4435) blow, wound. W. the The proverbial style of the v. could be translated, “if
following gen. tod @avatov (#2505) it is descriptive; any man leads into captivity, into captivity he goes.”
death wound, lethal wound (Ford). e8epanevon aor. Thus, the v. would stress that the enemies of God’s peo-
ind. pass. bepanevw (# 2543) to heal. Here there is the ple would be requited for their persecution of believers
political death and resurrection of the beast (Scott). in the same form they employed (captivity for captivi-
E8avpao0n aor. ind. pass. Bavpatw (# 2513) to cause ty, sword for sword) (Mounce). payoipa (#3479)
someone to wonder, to cause to marvel. omtow (# 3958) sword. &noKxtavefjvat aor. pass. inf. dnoKxtetv (# 650) to
behind, after. W. the pregnant use of the prep. it means, kill. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. “it is necessary,” w. acc.
“all the earth wondered at and followed the beast” and inf., indicating a logical necessity. anoxtavOTivar
(RWP). 4 MPOoEKDVTNOOV aor. ind. act. mpooxvvew aor. pass. inf. amoxteivw (#650) to kill. 11 @npiov
(# 4686) to worship. €5wkev aor. ind. act. Stdwpt (# 1443) (# 2563) wild beast, beast, monster (s.v. 1). The second
to give. mpooeKbvjowv aor. ind. act. MPOOKVVEW. NEYOVTES beast introduced is the religious leader or false prophet.
pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. S0vato pres. ind. avoBaivov pres. act. part. a.voBoriven (# 326) to come up,
pass. (dep.) 5vvopo1 (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. mo- to ascend. elxev impf. ind. act. yw (# 2400) to have.
Ae joa aor. act. inf. moAeuew (# 4482) to wage war, to Kepas (# 3043) horn. ou010s (# 3927) like. apviov (# 768)
Revelation 14 638

lamb. The second beast is a pseudochrist, a religious to count w. pebbles, to reckon (MM). é€axoov01 €Enkov-
antichrist promoting the worship of the first beast ta. €& (# 1971, 1980, 2008) six hundred sixty-six. For the
(Swete; Thomas; Ladd). €\aAe1 impf. ind. act. Aarew use of numbers and their meaning s. NW 2, ii:1570-71.
(# 3281) to speak. Impf. pictures the customary action. The actual meaning of the number remains a mystery.
Spaxwv (# 1532) dragon. 12 novei pres. ind. act. For suggestions s. Thomas; Mounce; Johnson; HSB,
novew (# 4472) to do. katoixobvtas pres. act. part. Kat- 773-74.
oixew (# 2997) to dwell, to live. Subst. part., “those who
live on the earth.” mpooxvvjoovoty fut. ind. act. mpoo- Revelation 14
Kuvew (# 4686) to worship. The false prophet, who is a @ 1 €1S0v aor. ind. act. opdaw (# 3972) to see. 1800
religious leader also inspired of Satan, causes the world aor. imp. act. opaw. The words Eldov Kai 1800, “and I saw
to worship the man of sin who has set himself up as and behold,” introduce a new and dramatic part of the
God (s. 2 Thess. 2:4f). €@epanev@n aor. ind. pass. 8epa- vision (s. Rev. 4:1; 6:2; Mounce). apviov (# 768) lamb (s.
mevw (#2543) to heal. 13 notei pres. ind. act. novew 5:6). €0t0g perf. act. part. iotnpt (# 2705) to stand. That
(#4472) to do, to make. motf) pres. subj. act. novew the lamb is standing forms a contrast w. the beast who
(# 4472) to make, to cause. Subj. w. va. (# 2671) could ei- are rising. It indicates being established, standing firm,
ther be a purp. or result cl. (RWP). xataPaivetw pres. holding one’s ground (Ford). éyovoo1 pres. act. part.
act. inf. katoBaivw (# 2849) to come down. Inf. used to €xw (# 2400) to have. yeypoypevov perf. pass. part. (adj.)
complete the vb. mown. 14 mAavG@ pres. ind. act. ypcaow (# 1211) to write, to inscribe. Perf. indicates the
TrAavaw (#4414) to lead astray, to deceive. Katot- continuing result of the authoritative writing. The seal
Kotvtas pres. act. part. (subst.) katowew (# 4686) to consists in the name of God inscribed on the brow. This
dwell. £60@n aor. ind. pass. diwui (# 1443) to give. inscription declares that the person so inscribed is
motfjoat aor. act. inf. movew (# 4472) to do. Epex. inf. ex- God’s own possession (Charles). The scene is an obvi-
plaining what was given, or it could be taken as the ous contrast to the beast of chapter 13 whose followers
subject of the vb. Aéywv pres. act. part. A€yw (# 3306) to are stamped w. his mark on the right hand or forehead
say. Pleonastic part. s. 1:17. movfoa aor. act. inf. novew (Mounce). Adj. part. petanwv (# 3587) forehead, brow.
(# 4472) to do, to make. Inf. in indir. discourse after the @ 2 Txovoa aor. ind. act. GKovw (# 201) to hear. Bpovtm
part. Aeywv. eixwv (# 1635) image. éCnoev aor ind. act. (# 1103) thunder. xiBapwsoc (# 3069) one who plays on
Caw (#2409) to live. 15 €606n aor. ind. pass. StSwpt a harp, harpist. xiWapifovtwv pres. act. part. Ki8apitw
(# 1443) to give. d0bva1 aor. act. inf. 518wp1. Epex. inf. ex- (# 3068) to play the harp. xv8apa (#3067) harp (Rev.
plaining what was given, or it could be taken as the 5:8). © 3 gSovovv pres. ind. act. aw (#106) to sing (s.
subject of the vb. AaANoT aor. subj. act. AaAEw (# 3281) Rev. 5:9). w8n (# 6046) song (s. Rev. 5:9). G@ov (# 2442)
to speak. Subj. w. tva (#2671) expressing purp. or re- living creature. €5vvato impf. ind. pass. (dep.) Svvayar
sult. moinoy aor. subj. act. no1ew (# 4472) to do. The sec- (# 1538) to be able to, w. inf. Impf. used of unfulfilled
ond beast is given the power to animate the image of action. wa@eiv aor. act. inf. pavOdve (# 3443) to learn. el
the first beast. He gives to it the breath of life and the un (#1623; 3590) except. Nyopaopevor perf. pass. part.
image speaks (Mounce). mpooxvvjowoly aor. subj. act. cyopatw (#60) to buy, to redeem, to purchase (APC,
mpooxvvew (# 4686) to worship. Subj. w. éav (# 1569) is 50f; TDNT). 4 &yoAvvenoav aor. ind. pass. LoAvVH
used in a 3rd. class cond. cl. which views the cond. as a (# 3662) to defile, to soil, to stain. mapOEvoc (# 4221) vir-
possibility. a&moxtavOdow aor. subj. pass. anoKtetvw gin. It seems best to take this description of chastity in
(# 650) to kill. ® 16 movet pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472) to a fig. sense, indicating that they have kept themselves
do. mAovorog (#4454) rich, wealthy. mtwyog (#4777) pure from all defiling relationships w. the pagan
poor, poor as a beggar. ehevOepoc (# 1801) free; those world. They have resisted the seduction of the great
who had been set free from slavery. &@ow aor. subj. act. harlot, Rome, w. whom the kings of the earth have
d5tdwut (# 1443) to give. yapaypoa (#5916) brand, mark. committed fornication (Mounce). &xoAovbotvtes pres.
For various usages of the brand in the ancient world, act. part. (subst.) aKkoAov8ew (# 199) to follow, to follow
such as the branding of a slave, a soldier, a worshiper s. after, to be a disciple of someone, w. dat. 6mov av
Rev. 7:2; Mounce; BS 242; LAE, 341f; Ford, TDNT; BBC. (# 3963; 323) w. subj., wherever. bxayQ pres. subj. act.
@ 17 Svvnta1 pres. subj. pass. (dep.) Svvoyan (# 1538) to vmayw (#5632) to go forth, to go. Subj. w. &v (#323) in
be able to, w. inf. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) is in a purp. cl. or an indef. spatial cl. nyopao8noay aor. ind. pass. wyopacw
the cl. is the obj. of the vb. &yopdoan aor. act. inf. wyo- (#60) to buy at the marketplace, to purchase, to re-
pacw (# 60) to buy. mwAtjoa aor. act. inf. twrew (# 4797) deem. and tv avOpwrwv (# 608; 476) from men, from
to sell. €ywv pres. act. part. éyw (#2400) to have. among men. Prep. here denotes not separation but ex-
@ 18 €ywv pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. vod<¢ traction (Swete). anapyn (#569) firstfruits. In the OT
(# 3808) understanding, comprehension. ynoioatw aor. until the firstfruits of harvest or flock were offered to
imp. act. ynoitw (# 6028) to count up, to calculate; lit., God the rest of the crop could not be put to profane or
639 Revelation 14

secular use (Ford; s. 1 Cor. 15: 20). @ 5 otopo (#5125) The pron. adt0¢ (#899) emphasizes the person who
mouth. evpé6n aor. ind. pass. evpioxw (#2351) to find. worships the beast, and not anyone else. The author
Gpwpuos (#320) unblemished. This Levitical sacrificial probably means that one cannot drink one cup and not
term means unspoiled by any flaw. If unblemished the other; the two are linked. The consequence of
continues the metaphor of the firstfruits, it would refer drinking Babylon’s cup is the inescapable necessity of
to flock rather than crop and Lamb (Ford). @ 6 eldov drinking the Lord’s (Ford). kexepaopévov perf. pass.
aor. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. netowevov pres. mid. part. kep&vvuut (# 3042) to mix. The word was used of
(dep.) part. (adj.) metopar (#4375) to fly. weooupdavnpa the preparation of wine by the addition of various spic-
(# 3547) mid-heaven (s. 8:13). €yovta pres. act. part. Exw es; the word later came to mean “properly prepared”
(# 2400) to have. evayyeov (# 2295) good news, good (Mounce; Charles). &xpatog (#204) full strength, un-
tidings. It is not the gospel of God’s redeeming grace in mixed, undiluted, not diluted w. water. The words
Christ Jesus but, as the following vv. show, a summons mean that those who worship the image will drink the
to fear, honor, and worship the creator (Mounce). ev- wine of God’s wrath poured out in full strength, un-
ayyeA toon aor. act. inf. edayyeritw (# 2294) to proclaim tempered by God’s mercy and grace (Mounce). notnpt-
good news. Inf. expresses purp.; or it could also be ov (# 4539) cup. opyn (#3973) wrath, anger. This word
epex., explaining what the angel has (RWP; Swete). refers more to the settled feeling of righteous indigna-
KaOnEvous pres. mid. (dep.) part. KaOnWar (# 2764) to tion, whereas the word @v0¢ (s. vv. 8, 10) refers to the
sit. For the variant reading xatoikotvtes (“the ones white heat of God’s anger (Mounce; Swete; Trench,
dwelling on the earth”) rather than “the ones sitting on Synonyms, 131ff). Baoavio®joetat fut. ind. pass.
the earth” s. Charles. &@voc (#1620) nation. gvAq Baoavitw (#989) to torment, to torture. Seiw dat. Ociov
(# 5876) tribe. yAW@oou (# 1185) tongue, language. #7 (#2520) sulphur. 11 Kanvoc (#2837) smoke. Baoa-
A€ywv pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. doPHOnte aor. vids (# 990) torturing pain, suffering. avoPatvet pres.
imp. pass. (dep.) doBeonar (#5828) to fear, to show re- ind. act. avoBatvw (# 326) to go up, to ascend. Pres. con-
spect, to show reverence. Aor. imp. calls for a specific nected w. the temp. designation “forever” indicates a
act w. a note of urgency. 50te aor. imp. act. dSidwpt continual unbroken action. €yovow pres. ind. act. yw
(# 1443) to give. TAGev aor. ind. act. épyouc (# 2262) to (# 2400) to have. avanavors (# 398) stopping, resting,
come. Kpioews gen. sing. kpiots (# 3213) judging, judg- ceasing, relief. The word was used in the papyri w. the
ment. mpookvvjoate aor. imp. act. mpookvvew (# 4686) idea of relief from public duties; the word contains the
to worship, w. dat. The eternal gospel calls upon men idea of temporary rest as a preparation for fut. toil
to fear and honor the creator, for the hour of judgment (MM). Tépas Kai vuKtog (# 2465; 2779; 3816) day and
is at hand. God has revealed himself in nature so that night. The time indicator is gen. of time indicating the
men are without excuse (Mounce). moinoavtt aor. act. kind of time within which something takes place (RG,
part. movew (# 4472) to create, to make. Adj. part. as sub- 495; MT, 235; DM, 77; BD, 99f; GGBB, 155-57). mpoo-
st. mnyn (# 4380) spring. 8 NkoAovenoev aor. ind. act. Kvvodvtes pres. act. part. (subst.) mpookvvew (# 4686) to
aKorovdew (# 199) to follow. Exeoev aor. ind. act. nintw worship. AopPaver pres. ind. act. AouPavw (# 3284) to
(#4406) to fall. The ancient Mesopotamian city of receive. 12 tnpodvtes pres. act. part. (subst.) tnpew
Babylon had become the political and religious capital (# 5498) to keep, to observe. niotw Inood (# 4411; 2652)
of a world empire renowned for its luxury and moral faith of Jesus. Obj. gen., “faith in Jesus.” 13 TKovoa
corruption. Above all it was the great enemy of the aor. ind. act. Gkovw (#201) to hear. Aeyovons pres. act.
people of God. For the early church, Rome was a con- part. X€yw (# 3306) to say. ypawov aor. imp. act. ypaow
temporary Babylon (Mounce), but it is probably better (#1211) to write. paxaptog (# 3421) happy, blessed (s.
to view this as the literal city of Babylon (Thomas; Matt. 5:3). dnoOvtjoKovtes pres. act. part. anoOvnoKw
DLNT, 111-12, 1067). ®vpod gen. sing. @vpo0c (# 2596) an- (# 633) to die. tva (# 2671) w. subj., possibly an imper-
ger, burning anger. Gen. explaining what the otvov is. atival use of tva (GGBB, 477). The word here passes
mopveia (# 4518) immorality, illicit sexual activity. nen0- into the meaning “in that” rather than “in order that”
tikev perf. ind. act. motiCw (# 4540) to give to drink, to (Swete). dvananoovtat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) dvanavopar
cause to drink. The drinking of the wine indicates the (# 399) to have relief, to cease, to rest. komog (# 3160) toil,
intoxicating influence of Babylon's vices (Ford). Perf. labor, hard work that produces weariness (s. Rev. 2:2).
indicates the lasting result. @ 9 NKoAov@noev aor. ind. aKoAoveet pres. ind. act. aKoAovbew (# 199) to follow.
act. aKohoveew (# 199) to follow, w. dat. A€ywv pres. act. @ 14 eldov aor. ind. act. dpdaw (# 3972) to see. 1600 aor.
part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Pleonastic part. (s. Rev. 1: 17). imp. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. etéov kai 1800 “and I saw
Onpiov (# 2563) wild beast, monster (s. Rev. 13:1). eukwv and behold” (s.v. 1). vegéan (# 3749) cloud (s. Rev. 1:7).
(#1635) image. AopPaver pres. ind. act. AopBdava AevKn (# 3328) white. kaOnpevov pres. mid. (dep.) part.
(# 3284) to receive. xapayra (#5916) brand, mark. KaOnuat (# 2764) to sit. This is none other than the risen
10 mieton fut. ind. mid. (dep.) mivw (#4403) to drink. Christ (Mounce). €ywv pres. act. part. yw (#2400) to
Revelation 15 640

have. ypvoots (#5991) golden. The crown or wreath the fire of many houses was quenched w. these men’s
given to a victor was golden; this designates the Messi- blood (Govett; BBC; Jos., ]W., 6:406).
ah as the one who has conquered and thereby won
the right to act in judgment (Mounce; Trench, Synonym, Revelation 15
78-81; esp. NIDNTT). Spénavov (#1535) sickle. d&0¢ @ 1 eldov aor. ind. act. opdw (#3972) to see. GAAO
(#3955) sharp. @ 15 €&fjA8ev aor. ind. act. e€epyouat (# 257) another. The words GAA onpetov (# 4956) look
(# 2002) to come out. vadg (# 3724) temple, sanctuary. back to Rev. 12:1 and 12:3 (Swete). @avpaotos (# 2515)
The angel that delivers the divine command to com- amazing, that which causes wonder. Exovtac pres. act.
mence the harvest comes out from the temple, that part. yw (#2400) to have. mAnyas acc. pl. nanyn
most holy place of the presence of God. Judgment (# 4435) blow, wound, plague. €teAéo@n aor. ind. pass.
upon sin is a necessary function of righteousness texew (#5464) to bring, to conclusion, to complete.
(Mounce). kpdfwv pres. act. part. kpatw (#3189) to @ 2 eldov aor. ind. act. opdw (#3972) to see. b&AIOC
scream. KaOnyévw pres. mid. (dep.) part. KkaOnuai (#5612) glassy, crystal (s. Rev. 4:6). peytypevnv perf.
(# 2764) to sit. TEP YOV aor. imp. act.memo (# 4287) to pass. part. (adj.) wetyvupt (#3502) to mix. Perf. indi-
send. Ingressive aor., “start at once.” @éptoov aor. imp. cates the condition. vik@vtas pres. act. part. (subst.) vi-
act. Bepicw (# 2545) to harvest. Ingressive aor., “begin at Kaw (#3771) to gain victory, to be victor, to overcome.
once.” NAev aor. ind. act. épyouor (#2262) to come. Onpiov (# 2563) wild beast, monster. eiKovog gen. sing.
®epioa aor. act. inf. Bepitw. Epex. inf. explaining the (# 1635) image (s. Rev. 14:9). &pi8yog (# 750) number.
word wpa. The classical image of reaping to symbolize éot@tag perf. act. part. totnu (#2705) to stand. The
death and destruction is very common (EGT). e&npaven phrase could mean “standing on” or “standing by.”
aor. ind. pass. Enpaivw (# 3830) to dry, to be dry. Here This scene of the victors standing on the heavenly sea
the word indicates perfect ripeness (Swete). Bepiop0c w. harps in their hands and praising God recalls Isra-
(#2546) harvest. 16 €BaAev aor. ind. act. BodrAwW el’s song of triumph over Egypt on the shore of the Red
(# 965) to cast, to throw. &6epio8n aor. ind. pass. bepitw Sea in Exod. 15 (Charles). €yovtag pres. act. part. Eyw
(# 2545) to harvest. @ 17 €€78ev aor. ind. act. EE€pyouar (# 2400) to have. xv8apa (# 3067) harp, lyre. @ 3 gSovo1v
(# 2002) to go out. Eywv pres. act. part. Eyw (#2400) to pres. ind. act. &5w (# 106) to sing. wn (# 6046) song. ap-
have. 18 @voiaothpiov (# 2603) altar. Epavnoev aor. viov gen. sing. (# 768) lamb (s. Rev. 14:1). Gen. could
ind. act. dwvew (# 5888) to make a sound, to call out. give the content of the song, indicating whom the song
EXOVTL pres. act. part. exw (# 2400) to have. A&ywv pres. is about. Bawpactdc (# 2515) marvelous, awe-inspiring.
act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to Say. MELWOV aor. imp. act. TE[L- TavtoKkpatwp (# 4120) almighty (s. Rev. 1:8). © 4 goBnOq
mw (#4287) to send. tpvynoov aor. imp. act. tpvyaw aor. subj. pass. (dep.) poBeowar (# 5828) to fear, to show
(#5582) to gather ripe fruit, esp. to pick grapes respect, to reverence. Subj. w. double neg. ob pn (# 4024;
(BAGD). Botpug (#1084) grapes, bunch of grapes. 3590). SoEdoet fut. ind. act. S0&atw (# 1519) to glorify.
Gunéros (# 306) grape vine. TKpaoav aor. ind. act. aK- dorog (# 4008) undefiled by sin, free from wickedness,
uc.tw (# 196) to be ripe, to be in the prime, to be at the pure, holy (T; NIDNTT; Trench, Synonym, 328f; TDNT).
peak. (GEW, 1:53; Mounce). otapvAn (# 5091) the ripe, TEovow fut. ind. act. TKw (# 2457) to come. mpooKuvn-
grape cluster (Swete). 19 €BaAev aor. ind. act. BoAAw govol fut. ind. act. mpooxvvew (#4686) to worship.
(#965) to throw. étpbynoev aor. ind. act. tovyaw dikaiwpa (#1468) righteous deed. A reference to the
(#5582) to gather ripe fruit (s.v. 18). Anvog (# 3332) acts of God which meet His standards of faithfulness
trough, vat, wine press (AS; s. Matt. 21:33). 20 and loyalty to His person and word. It could refer also
€xatnen aor. ind. pass. matew (# 4251) to walk, to walk to God’s judgments in a judicial sense (TDNT; Ford;
on, to trample. In biblical days grapes were trampled in Charles). epavepwOnoay aor. ind. pass. pavepow (# 5746)
a trough, which had a duct leading to a lower basin to make clear, to manifest, to reveal. @ 5 eidov aor. ind.
where the juice collected. The treading of grapes was a act. opdw (# 3972) to see. Qvoiyn aor. ind. pass. dvoiyw
familiar figure for the execution of divine wrath upon (# 487) to open. vag (# 3724) temple, sanctuary. oxnvy
the enemies of God (Mounce; Isa. 63:3) since crushed (# 5008) tent, tabernacle. The word refers to the dwell-
grapes and their juice look like spilled blood (BBC). An- ing place of God. paptipiov (#3457) testimony.
vog (# 3332) winepress. €€w6ev w. gen., outside. e&fASev @ 6 €E7A Gov aor. ind. act. eEepxopc. (# 2002) to go out, to
aor. ind. act. etepyouat (#2002) to go out. xaAivoc come out. eveSupevor perf. pass. part. EvSvouat (# 1907)
(# 5903) bridle. innog (# 2691) horse. otadtov (# 5084) to dress, to put on clothes, to be clothed. Aivov (# 3351)
stadion. A stadion measures 670 feet so that the dis- linen. xaapoc (#2754) pure, clean. Aopmpog (# 3287)
tance here would be approximately 184 miles shining. The robes of linen, pure and shiny, denote the
(Mounce). When Jerusalem was taken by Titus, Jose- noble and sacred nature of their office (Mounce).
phus says that the Roman soldiers slew all they met mepreCwopeévor perf. pass. part. (adj.) mepicavvupt
and made the whole city run w. blood so much so that (# 4322) to be girded around, to wear a wide belt which
641 Revelation 16

held up the long flowing garments. otf@0g (#5117) mighty (s. Rev. 1:8). GAn@ivoc (#240) true, genuine.
breast, chest. Cavac acc. pl. Cwvn (# 2438) wide belt, gir- dixarog (#1465) just, righteous. kptotg (# 3213) judg-
dle. ypvood (#5991) golden. The golden girdles are ing, judgment. @ 8 退xeev aor. ind. act. Exyéw (# 1772)
symbolic of royal and priestly functions (Mounce;s to pour out. £8067 aor. ind. pass. 515wyt (# 1443) to give.
Rev. 1:13). @ 7 C@ov (# 2442) living creature. E5wKev The vb. is used in the sense of, “he was given authori-
aor. ind. act. didwyr (#1443) to give. ouaAn (#5786) ty,” “he was allowed.” kawpatioar aor. act. inf. Kav-
bowl. This was a wide shallow bowl like a deep saucer waticw (# 3009) to burn, to scorch (Ford; Swete). Epex.
(Mounce; T; NBD, 1310). yepovous pres. act. part. (adj.) inf. 9 é€kavpatio®noav aor. ind. pass. Kkavpaticw
yeuw (#1154) to be full, to be full of. (@vtoc pres. act. (# 3009) to burn. Katya (# 3008) heat, scorching. The
part. (adj.) Gaw (#2409) to live. 8 éyeyio6n aor. ind. cognate acc. retained w. a pass. vb. (RWP). eprAaoonun-
pass. yewitw (#1153) to fill up, to make full. Kanvoc oav aor. ind. act. BAaohnyew (# 1059) to speak evil of, to
(# 2837) smoke. &&0vato impf. ind. mid. (dep.) 5bvayar blaspheme (TLNT; TDNT). €xovtog pres. act. part. Eyw
(# 1539) to be able to. evoedGeiv aor. act. inf. eicépyouct (# 2400) to have. nanyac (# 4435) blow, wound, plague
(#1656) to go into. teAeo®@ow aor. subj. pass. tercew (s. Rev. 15:1). wetevonoav aor. ind. act. wetavotw (# 3566)
(# 5464) to complete. Subj. used in an indef. temp. cl. to change one’s mind, to change one’s thinking, to re-
pent. dobvat aor. act. inf. d5i5wpt (# 1443) to give. Inf. to
Revelation 16 express actual or realized results. 10 néuntoc
@ 1 HKovoa aor. ind. act. cKobw (# 201) to hear. AE- (#4286) fifth. e€eyeev aor. ind. act. exyéw (#1772) to
yovons pres. act. part. 4eyw (# 3306) to say. vas (# 3724) pour out. €yeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoya. (# 1181)
temple, sanctuary. bna@yete pres. imp. act. bnayw to become. toxotwyévn perf. pass. part. (adj.) oxotow
(# 5632) to go forth. Pres. imp. w. a vb. of motion. éxyé- (#5031) to make dark, to darken. Perf. indicates the
ete pres. imp. act. exyew (# 1772) to pour out, to empty condition. &aedvto perf. ind. mid. (dep.) paocopnor
out. uaAag acc. pl. (# 5786) bowl (s. Rev. 15:7). For a dis- (# 3460) to chew, to gnaw. The word indicates that the
cussion of this series of judgment s. DLNT, 132-33. pain caused by the scorching heat of the fourth plague
Oupdg (# 2596) anger, burning, blistering anger (s. Rev. and the malignant sores of the first was such that men
14:8, 10). © 2 anfAGev aor. ind. act. anepyoua (# 599) to chewed their tongues in agony. The phrase was used as
go forth, to go out. e&eyeev aor. ind. act. exyew (# 1772) an indication of intolerable pain (Swete; s. Matt. 8:12).
to pour out. eyeveto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivoua (# 1187) yAdoou (#1185) tongue. movoc (# 4506) pain, agony.
to become, to happen, to come to pass. €Akog (# 1814) @ 11 EBAGodHNoaV aor. ind. act. BAaopnuew (# 1059) to
sore, abscess, boil. This is the word used in the LXX of speak evil of, to blaspheme (TLNT; TDNT). novocg
the boils w. which God smote the Egyptians (Ford; (# 4506) pain. €AK@v gen. pl. (# 1814) boils, sores (s.v. 2).
Mounce; GELTS, 144). For Pliny’s description of the wetevonoay aor. ind. act. wetavoew (# 3566) to change
treatment of boils and carbuncles s. Pliny, NH, 30:107- one’s mind, to change one’s thinking, to repent.
108; DMTG, 147-48. €yovtac pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) 12 e&yeev aor. ind. act. exyew (#1772) to pour out.
to have. yapoyia. (# 5916) brand, mark. @npiov (# 2563) éEnpaven aor. ind. pass. Enpaivw (# 3830) to dry, to dry
beast, monster. mpooxvvodvtas pres. act. part. mpoo- up. EtoyLao07} aor. subj. pass. eroacw (# 2286) to pre-
Kovew (#4686) to worship. eixwv (#1635) image. pare, to make ready. Subj. w. iva (#2671) in purp. cl.
© 3 etéyeev aor. ind. act. exxew (# 1772) to pour out. eye- avatoAn (# 424) rising, dvatoAiis NAtov (# 2463) rising of
veto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivouat (# 1181) to become, to the sun, ie., the east (s. Matt. 2:1). 13 etéov aor. ind.
happen. ameBavev aor. ind. act. anoOvnokw (#633) to act. opdw (# 3972) to see. otoua. (#5125) mouth. Spaxwv
die. @ 4 &&€yeeVv aor. ind. act. ex yew (# 1772) to pour out. (# 1532) dragon. Onptov (# 2436) beast. wevdonpoontns
motoy.og (# 4532) river. mnyn (# 4380) spring. eyeveto aor. (#6021) false prophet. &xa&aptog impure, unclean.
ind. mid. (dep.) yivoyat (# 1181) to become, to happen. Batpayos (# 1005) frog. The frog was classified as an un-
@ 5 HKov0e aor. ind. act. aKkovw (# 201) to hear. MEyOVtOG clean animal, an abomination (Lev. 11:10, 41; Ford; FFB,
pres. act. part. eyo (# 3306) to say. el pres. ind. act. et 33). The unclean spirits proceed from the mouths of the
(# 1639) to be. dv pres. act. part. cipi. TV impf. ind. act. unholy triumvirate, suggesting the persuasive and de-
eit. dorog (# 4008) pure, holy (s. Rev. 15:4). Exptvag aor. ceptive propaganda that in the last days will lead men
ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge. 6 &€€xeev aor. ind. to commit unconditionally to the cause of evil
act. £xyéw (# 1772) to pour out. [SJe5wxac perf. ind. act. (Mounce). @ 14 elotv pres. ind. act. cyt (# 1639) to be.
5tSwut (# 1443) to give. meiv aor. act. inf. nivw (# 4403) movodvta pres. act. part. movew (#4472) to do, to per-
to drink. Epex. inf. after the vb. 5e5wKka¢g (RWP). d&vot form. Exmopevetar pres. ind. mid. (dep.) Exnopevonar
etoww (#514; 1639) they are worthy; i.e., it is what they (# 1744) to go out, to proceed from. ovvayayetv aor. act.
deserve (Mounce). 7 7KOVvoa aor. indi act. &Kkovw inf. ouvayw (# 5251) to lead together, to gather together,
(# 201) to hear. @vovaotnpiov (# 2603) place of sacrifice, to assemble. Inf. to express purp. noAguog (# 4438) war.
altar. vai (#3721) yes, yea. navtoxpatwp (#4120) al- @ 15 1500 aor. imp. act. opdaw (#3972) to see. Epyouar
Revelation 17 642

(# 2262) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to come. Kents (# 3095) Revelation 17

thief. The emphasis is on the unexpected coming. @ 1 70ev pres. ind. act. Epyouot (#2262) to go.
waKxdptoc (#3421) blessed, happy. ypnyop@v pres. act. Eyovtwv pres. act. part. éyw (#2400) to have. p1aAn
part. (subst.) ypnyopew (# 1213) to be awake, to watch. (# 5786) bowl (s. Rev. 15:7). €MGAnGev aor. ind. act. ra-
TNPWV pres. act. part. tnpew (# 5498) to keep, to protect. Aew (#3281) to speak. Aeywv pres. act. part. AEyw
youvog (# 1218) naked. For Jewish abhorrence s. BBC. (# 3306) to say. Sedpo (# 1306) come here! SeiEw fut. ind.
NEPINATH pres. subj. act. nepinatew (#4344) to walk act. Seikvupt (# 1259) to show. kpipa (# 3210) sentence,
about. As the priest kept watch in the temple, so an of- judgment. nopvn (# 4520) prostitute, whore. In the Old
ficer of the temple went around every watch w. a light- Testament and prophetic literature prostitution and
ed torch before him. If any watch did not stand up and adultery were equal to idolatry and denoted religious
say to him, “O officer of the Temple Mount, peace be to apostasy (Hos. 1:2; Ford; Mounce). The harlot here is
thee!” and it was manifest that he was asleep, he would Rome, denoting the corrupt apostate religious system
beat him w. his staff and he had the right to burn his rai- headed by the false prophet who is the second beast of
ment (M, Middoth, 1:2). BAenwotv pres. subj. act. BAetw Rev. 13. Some, however, consider a literal Babylon as
(# 1063) to see. The pl. used impersonally gives the vb. the center of idol worship (Thomas). ka@npeévne¢ pres.
the force of a pass., “his shame is seen.” doynLoovvh mid. part. Kanwar (#2764) to sit. Eni DdaTWV TOAADV
(# 859) shamefulness, indecency. The word is probably (# 2093; 5623; 4498) upon many waters (s. Rev. 13:1).
an euphemism for private parts (Mounce; BAGD). 2 Enopvevoay aor. ind. act. nopvevw (# 4519) to en-
@ 16 ovvnyayev aor. ind. act. ovvayw (#5251) to gage in immoral acts, to engage in unlawful sex. Again
gather together, to lead together, to assemble. KaAov- the picture is one of religious apostasy. gue@vo8njoav
Wevov pres. pass. part. KaAEw (# 2813) to call. @ 17 E&€- aor. ind. pass. pe8voKw (# 3499) to be drunk; pass. to be
yeev aor. ind. act. exyew (#1772) to pour out. aépa acc. made drunk. Aor. could be ingressive: to enter in the
sing. anp (#113) air. e&fAGev aor. ind. act. ekepxouar state of drunkenness, to get drunk. The figure indicates
(# 2002) to go out, to come out of. A€yovoa pres. act. the intoxicating and controlling aspects of the false re-
part. A€yw (# 3306) to say. yeyovev perf. ind. act. yivopar ligion. KatoiKoDvtEs pres. act. part. KatoiKew (# 2997) to
(# 1181) to be, to become. Perf. could be translated, “it
live, to reside, to dwell. nopveia (# 4518) immorality,
is done,” “it has come to pass.” The voice is esp. appro- unlawful sexual activity (s. 2:21). Here gen. of defini-
priate in this connection, since these plagues are the tion, explaining the word otvov. 3 amtveyKev aor.
last; there remain no further manifestations of this kind
ind. act. avadepw (# 708) to carry off. Epnpwog (#2245)
(Swete). 18 eyevovto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) yivopat
desert. eiSov aor. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. KaOn-
(#1181) to be, to become. aotpann (# 847) lightning.
Wévnv pres. mid. (dep.) part. kaOnuar (#2764) to sit.
vit (# 1103) thunder. oeioposg (# 4939) earthquake.
Onpiov (#2563) wild animal, beast. KoKKivoc (#3132)
olog (# 3888) of such a kind. ao’ ob (# 608; 4005) from
scarlet, crimson. The color, popular in the Roman Em-
when, ever since. thnAtKodto¢ (# 5496) so large, so great.
19 peépn acc. pl. uépoc (# 3538) part, section. Here used
pire, indicated luxurious and haughty splendor (EGT;
with yivoyo. the idea is that the city split into three TDNT). yepovita] pres. act. part. yeuw (#1154) to be
parts. €meoay aor. ind. act. mintw (# 4406) to fall, to fall full. BAaopnpta (# 1060) blasphemy. €xwv pres. act. part.
down. eéuvfjo@n aor. ind. pass. pyvjoKopnat (# 3630) to €xw (#2400) to have. Képag (# 3043) horn. The image
remember; pass., to be remembered. 5obvat aor. act. inf. suggests the close union of the political and religious
didwyr (# 3937) to give. Inf. expressing result. tothpiov powers in the last days. 4 nv impf. ind. act. eipi
(# 4539) cup. opyn (# 2596) wrath, anger (s. Rev. 14:10). (# 1639) to be. neptPeBANEVN perf. pass. part. mepiBarrAW
Ovpod tis OPyiis (# 2596; 3937) fierce wrath. Descriptive (# 4314) to cast about, to be clothed. noppupote (# 4526)
gen. 20 vijooc (#3762) island. Epvyev aor. ind. act. purple. xoxxtvoc (# 3132) scarlet. Purple was often used
devyw (# 5771) to flee. evpéOnoav aor. ind. pass. evptoxw of royal garments and scarlet was a color of magnifi-
(# 2351) to find. 21 yaAala. (# 5898) hail. takavtiaios cence (Mounce; ABD, 5:556-60; L. B. Jensen, “Royal
(# 5418) talent. The talent varied in weight among dif- Purple of Tyre,” Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Society
ferent peoples at different times. The range seems to be 22 [1963]: 104-18). keypvowpevn perf. pass. part. ypvoow
from about sixty pounds to over a hundred (Mounce). (#5998) to inlay w. gold, to cover w. gold. papyapitns
KatoBaiver pres. ind. act. kataPatvw (#2849) to go (# 3449) pearl (s. 1 Tim. 2:9). €xovoa. pres. act. part. Eyw
down, to descend. épAaopnpnoay aor. ind. act. BAaodn- (# 2400) to have. notnpov (# 4539) cup. ypvoods (# 5992)
wew (#1059) to speak evil of, to blaspheme (TLNT; golden. BséAvyna. (# 1007) that which stinks, abomina-
TDNT). op06pa. (# 5379) very much, extremely, greatly, tion, that which is detestable. The word is used in the
very. LXX of the moral and ceremonial impurity connected
w. idolatrous practices (Mounce). &xa@aptoc (#176)
impure, unclean. nopveta (# 4518) immoral sexual acts.
Either gen. of source explaining the source of the impu-
643 Revelation 18

rity, or descriptive gen. indicating the kind of impuri- the Great Tribulation preceding the return of the Mes-
ty—sexual impurity. @ 5S petwrov (#3587) forehead, siah (Mounce). onayet pres. ind. act. brd&yw (# 5632) to
brow. yeypayevov perf. pass. part. youbw (# 1211) to goon. #12 €18e¢ aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. EAa-
write, to inscribe. @ 6 elS0v aor. ind. act. opaw Bov aor. ind. act. AouBavw (# 3284) to take. The ten kings
(# 3972) to see. weBvovoay pres. act. part. we60w (# 3501) who are yet to receive their power refer to the European
to get drunk. The metaphor of getting drunk on the kingdoms of a revived Roman Empire. The political
blood of the saints and the blood of the witnesses of beast of Revelation 13 will be one of these leaders
Jesus portrays the wanton slaughter of a great number (Scott). 13 yan (#1191) opinion, purpose. The
of believers, along w. the intoxicating effect it produced unity of the ten appears in their support of the beast
upon the murderous harlot (Mounce). This depicts the (Swete). Eyovow pres. ind. act. éyw (#2400) to have.
tremendous persecution of true believers by the apos- Pres. to describe the certainty of a fut. event. 50a.
tate religion of the last days (DLNT, 907-14). €8adpa00. pres. ind. act. 3rd pl. dtdwyi (#1443) to give.
aor. ind. act. @avuatw (# 2513) to be amazed, to wonder. 14 apviov (# 768) lamb. noAeunoovovw fut. ind. act. no-
Wev aor. act. part. opaw (# 3972) to see. Oadya (# 2512) Aeuew (# 4482) to wage war. viknoet fut. ind. act. vikdw
wonderment. 7 adpacacs aor. ind. act. Pavpacw (# 3771) to gain the victory, to be victor, to overcome, to
(# 2513) to be amazed. ép@ fut. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to conquer. Kvptog Kupiwv (#3261) Lord of lords. Gen.
tell. Baotéfovtoc pres. act. part. Baotacw (# 1002) to car- may be gen. of ruling, “He is the Lord who rules over
ry, to bear. Exovt0¢ pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have. lords.” Perhaps this is a circumlocation for the superla-
8 elec aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. iVimpf. ind. tive (GGBB, 298). The word or root kvptog is used 22
act. eit (# 1639) to be. Tv Kai odK EotW Kai péAreEL Gva- times in Rev. to show Christ as the true ruler. For the
Baivetv “who was and is not and is about to arise.” This parallel passage in Daniel s. G.K. Beale, “The Origin of
phrase is perhaps an intentional antithesis to Rev. 1:4, the Title ‘King of Kings and Lord of Lords’ in Revela-
“the one who was and is” (Swete). péAAet pres. ind. act. tion 17:14,” NTS 31 (1985): 618-20. KAntog (#3105)
WéAAw (# 3516) to be about to. Used w. inf. to express the called. &xAext0c (# 1723) chosen, elect. @ 15 €iSec aor.
fut. avoBaivew pres. act. inf. avoPotvw (#326) to go up, ind. act. opdw (#3972) to see. ov (#4023) where.
to ascend. &B-booos (# 12) bottomless pit, abyss (s. 9:1). KaOntor pres. ind. mid. (dep.) k&Onuat (# 2764) to sit.
anwAera (# 724) destruction, ruin. bmayet pres. ind. act. dxA0g (# 4063) crowd, multitudes. €6vn nom. pl. €6vo¢
vmayw (#5632) to go forth. Savpac@joovtar fut. ind. (# 1620) nation. yAdoou (# 1185) tongue, language. The
Pass. 8avpotw (# 2513) to be amazed, to wonder w. the fourfold groupings stresses universality (Mounce). For
amazement of a horrible surprise; the world will still the fig. of the sea representing people and nations s.
wonder and admire (Swete). katoixotvtes pres. act. Rev. 13:1. @ 16 elec aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see.
part. katoiKxew (# 2997) to live, to dwell. yeypantat perf. toTj}oovol fut. ind. act. picew (# 3631) to hate. Npniw-
ind. pass. ypauow (#1211) to write. kataBoAn (# 2856) wévnv perf. pass. part. epnuow (#2246) to desolate, to
foundation (s. Rev. 13:8).).BAenoviwy pres. act. part. make into a desert or desolate place. nounoovov fut ind.
BAenw (# 1063) to see. Temp. part., “when they see.” The act. mow (#4472) to make. oa@yovto. fut. ind. mid.
en. pl. agreesw. the gen. pl. of the rel. pron @v.(RWP). (dep.) eo8iw (# 2266) to eat. KataKxavoovoty fut. ind. act.
Tv impf. ind. act. et (# 1639) to be. mapeoton fut. ind. KataKavonat (#2876) to burn down, to burn up, to
act. mapei (# 4205) to be present, to come. 9 vots completely destroy by fire. The political forces will
(# 3808) mind, understanding. The formula is a call to turn against the false religious system and completely
vigilance and close attention (Swete). €ywv pres. act. destroy it. @ 17 €5wkev aor. ind. act. Siwy (# 1443) to
part. éyw (# 2400) to have. 6nov (# 3963) where. Ka&Onta1 give. motfjoo. aor. act. inf. novew (#4472) to make.
pres. ind. mid. (dep.) kaOnj01 (# 2764) to sit. Baoreds dodvai aor. act. inf. 5tdwy1 (# 1443) to give. tekeoONoov-
(# 995) king. The reference is either to seven world em- tot fut. ind. pass. terew (# 5464) to bring, to the goal, to
pires (Seiss) or to seven emperors of the Roman Empire complete. @ 18 eiSe¢ aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see.
(Govett; Mounce; Ford). Others have viewed this as €xov0e. pres. act. part. €yw (# 2400) to have.
various forms of government of the Roman Empire
(Scott). 10 Exeoav aor. ind. act. rintw (# 4406) to fall, Revelation 18
to fall down. otnw (# 4037) not yet. Otav (#4020) w. @ 1 peta tadto. (# 3552; 4047) after these things.
subj., whenever. €A@q aor. subj. act. Epxouar (# 2262) to eisov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. KataPaivovta
go, to come. Subj. used in an indef. temp. cl. det (# 1256) pres. act. part. katoPatvw (# 2849) to come down, to de-
pres. ind. act. it is necessary, w. acc. and inf. weivat aor. scend. €xovta. pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. &w-
inf. act. wevw (# 3531) to remain. 11 Oy00g (# 3838) tio®m aor. ind. pass. dwtiGw (#5894) to light up, to
eight. The beast himself is an eighth king and at the illuminate. So recently has he come from the Presence
same time one of the seven. He is Antichrist, not simply that in passing he flings a broad belt of light across the
another Roman emperor. His period of hegemony is dark earth (Swete). 2 €Kxpa£ev aor. ind. act. Kpacw
Revelation 18 644

(# 3189) to cry, to scream, to cry out w. a loud voice. Ene- (# 2764) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to sit, to sit established.
oev aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406) to fall (s. Rev. 14:8; Isa. BaciA1coa (#999) queen. Nom. in apposition, “I sit as
21:9). The proleptic aors. are repeated like a solemn queen.” yhpa (#5939) widow. od pn (#4024; 3590) w.
dirge or lament of the damned (RWP). €yéveto aor. ind. subj., not ever, never in any wise. 18 aor. subj. act.
mid. (dep.) yivouor (# 1181) to become. Katoucntnpiov opaw (# 3972) to see. Subj. w. double neg. for a strong
(#2999) place of living, habitation. ¢vAaKn (#5871) denial. 8 j&ovow fut. ind. act. hkw (# 2457) to come.
prison, place of banishment. Opveov (#3997) bird. TANYN (#4435) plague, blow. @avatog (#2505) death.
axaBaptog (#176) unclean. pepomevov perf. pass. mévOoc (# 4292) mourning. Aog (# 3350) hunger, fam-
part. wioew (#3631) to hate. © 3 @vpog (# 2596) anger, ine. mdp (# 4786) fire. KataKxavenoetat fut. ind. pass. Ka-
wrath, burning anger (s. 14:8, 10). mopveta (# 4518) im- takavouat (#2876) to burn down, to consume
mortality, unlawful sexual acts. The figure is also used completely w. fire, to burn up. toxupog (# 2708) strong.
for apostasy and idolatry (s. Rev. 17:1). nenwxav perf. Kpivacg aor. act. part. Kpivw (#3212) to judge.
ind. act. nivw (# 4540) to drink. Perf. would indicate the @ 9 KAavoovOLV fut. ind. act. KAatw (#3081) to weep, to
continuing results. emopvevoay aor. ind. act. nopvevw cry aloud. Kowovtai fut. ind. mid. xontw (#3164) to
(#4519) to commit immorality. &unopog (# 1867) mer- beat, to cut, mid., to beat upon oneself, to beat one’s
chant. otpivocg (# 5140) strong, mighty, arrogant; com- breast as an act of mourning, to mourn for someone
placent luxury and self-indulgence w. accompanying (BAGD). nopvevoavtes aor. act. part. mopvevw (#4519)
arrogance and wanton exercise of strength (Mounce; to commit immorality (s.v. 3). otpnvidoavtes aor. act.
GEW, 2:890ff; Swete). mAovTHOY aor. ind. act. TAOVTEW part. otnviatw (#5137) to live a proud and luxurious
(# 4456) to be wealthy. Ingressive aor., “they became life (s.v. 3, 7). Adj. part. as subst. otav (# 4020) w. subj.,
wealthy.” 4 tKovoa aor. ind. act. axovw (#201) to when, whenever. BAénmwow pres. subj. act. BrEnw
hear. Aeyovoay pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. EEEA- (#1063) to see. Kamvog (#2837) smoke. mbdpwors
Sate aor. imp. act. eEepyouc (# 2002) to come out, to de- (# 4796) burning. @ 10 paxpoGev (# 3427) from afar off.
part from. ovyKoivwvjonte aor. subj. act. ovyKoivew eotnKotes perf. act. part. totnut (# 2705) to stand. Aeyov-
(# 5170) to be a partner, to be a co-partner w. (s. 1 John TEG pres. act. part. A€yw (# 3306) to say. RASev aor. ind.
1:3). Subj. w. iva (# 2671) in a neg. purp. cl. rAny@v gen. act. €pxouor (#2262) to come. Kpiotg (# 3213) judging,
pl. manyn (# 4435) blow, wound, plague. AGBnte aor. judgment. @ 11 xAatovow pres. ind. act. kAaiw (# 3081)
subj. act. AapBavw (# 3284) to take. Subj. w. iva (# 2671) to cry. mevOotouv pres. ind. act. nevOew (# 4291) to la-
here used in a neg. purp. cl. The neg. pq (# 3590) in an ment, to mourn. yous (# 1203) ship’s cargo, merchan-
expression of apprehension is combined in classical Gr. dise (MM). Gyopaer pres. ind. act. cyopatw (#60) to
w. the subj. if the anxiety is directed toward warding buy, to purchase. For the position of Rome as a city of
off something still dependent on the will (BD, 188). trade s. BBC; ABD, 6:629-33. ovxett (# 4033) no longer.
@ 5 ExoAANONoav aor. ind. pass. KoAA cw (# 3140) to stick 12 apyupos (# 738) silver. Gen. of material describing
to, to join to. The idea here is “joined to one another till the material out of which the cargo is made. ti10¢
they reach heaven, till the ever-growing mass rose sky (# 5508) costly, expensive. papyapitns (# 3449) pearl (s.
high” (Swete). Euvmovevoev aor. ind. act. uvnovevw 1 Tim. 2:9). Bboowog (#1115) linen. nopgdpa (# 4525)
(# 3648) to remember. adixnyia (#93) unrighteous act, purple garment. oipixov (# 4986) silk. koxKwvov (# 3132)
injustice. 6 a&modote aor. imp. act. anodtdwyt (# 625) scarlet. EvAov (# 3833) wood. @vivoc (# 2591) wood of a
to pay back. 5imA@ouate aor. imp. act. 5imA0w (# 1488) to citrus tree. This wood, imported from North Africa
double, to make double. 51mA@ acc. pl. dutA0vc (# 1487) where it grew freely near the Atlas mountains, was
double (BAGD). kata ta Epya adtiis (# 2848; 2240; 899) much prized for its veining, which in the best speci-
according to her deeds. In this v. there is precise com- mens simulated the eyes of the peacock’s tail or the
pensation: double punishment for double crimes stripes of the tiger and spots of the panther or the seeds
(Ford). notnpiov (#4539) cup. exépaoev aor. ind. act. of parsley. At Rome citrus wood was much sought after
Kepavvunt (#3042) to mix. Kepaoate aor. imp. act. for dining tables, but it was also used for veneer and for
Kepavvuut, to mix, to mix a drink in preparation for small works of art made out of the hard roots of the tree
drinking (s. Rev. 14:10). dumAobv acc. sing. neut. dutA00 (Swete; Pliny, NH, 13:96-102; for a description of the cit-
(# 1487) double. @ 7 60a (#4012) how much, as much ron tree s. FFB, 190f). oxebog (#5007) vessel. EXepavTt-
as (AS). €80&aoev aor. ind. act. do&aCw (# 1519) to glori- voc (#1840) ivory. Tywtatov superl. tito (#5508)
fy. €otpnviacev aor. ind. act. otpnviaw (# 5139) to live a costly, precious; used in the elative sense, “extremely
proud and luxurious and sensuous life (s.v. 3). The expensive.” yadKog (#5910) brass. ot8npocg (# 4970)
term occurs in the papyri of bulls running wild iron. wappapog (#3454) marble. 13 Kiwépwpov
(BAGD). tooottog (#5537) so much, so great. Sote aor. (#3077) cinnamon. Gpwpov (#319) spice. This was a
imp. act. S15 (# 1443) to give. Bacaviopos (# 990) tor- plant from India used as perfume (Pliny, NH, 12:48).
ture, torment, pain. mevOoc (# 4292) mourning. Kadnpa1 Bvptoya. (# 2592) incense. popov (# 3693) myrrh. AiPavoc
645 Revelation 19

(# 3337) frankincense (s. Matt. 2:11). otvog (# 3885) olive (# 2400) to have. tytotnt0¢ (# 5509) costliness. HpnLweNn
oil. EAmov (# 4947) fine flour. The fine flour imported aor. ind. pass. epnuow (#2246) to turn into a desert.
for the use of the wealthy (Swete). xtfvoc (# 3229) cat- @ 20 evopaivov pres. imp. mid. evopatvw (# 2370) to re-
tle. mpoBatov (# 4585) sheep. innog (# 2691) horse. pedn joice. Expwev aor. ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge. kpipa
(#4832) chariot. A chariot from Gaul w. four wheels (# 3210) judgment. @ 21 fpev aor. ind. act. aipw (# 149)
(Swete; RWP). o@pa. (# 5393) body, human being; here, to lift up. wvAtvog (# 3684) millstone (ABD, 4:831-32).
slave. @ 14 Onwpa (# 3967) fruit, the autumn fruit ripe €PoAev aor. ind. act. BarAw (# 965) to throw. A€ywv pres.
for ingathering (Swete). em@vpia (# 2123) strong desire, act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. dpynya (# 3996) rushing;
lust, passion. anA@ev aor. ind. act. anepyouas (# 599) to instr. dat. “w. a rushing,” like a stone whizzing through
go away, to pass. Aimapog (# 3353) oily, fat, costly, rich, the air (Swete). The great millstone does not fall, but is
luxury, sleek (BAGD; Ford). The word may refer to the violently hurled into the sea. This stresses how sud-
rich and dainty food (Swete). Aapnpog (# 3287) bright, denly and spectacularly the judgment of God will be
shining. This may refer to the gay attire and costly fur- executed, not only upon an ancient city but ultimately
niture which were the fruits of Roman conquest and upon the entire anti-Christian world in its opposition
policy (Swete). &nwAeto aor. ind. mid. (dep.) amoAAvUN to God (Mounce). BAn@qoetat fut. ind. pass. Barrw
(#660) to destroy. obdxett (# 4033) no longer. od un (# 965) to throw. evpe6f aor. subj. pass. evpioxw (# 2351)
(# 4024; 3590) not at all. ebpnoovory fut. ind. act. ebpioxw to find. Subj. w. ob pq (# 4024; 3590) in an emphatic neg.
(# 2351) to find. The impersonal 3rd. pers. is equal to a cl. 22 x1Gapwidog (#3069) harp player. povoiKxdsg
pass. 15 m\outh-oavtes aor. act. part. (adj.) mhovtew (#3676) pertaining to music, musician. The word
(# 4456) to be rich, to become rich. otnoovtat fut. ind. means skilled in music and here it may refer either to
mid. totnut (#2705) to stand. KAatovtes pres. act. part. instrumentalists or vocalists (Swete). abantns (# 886)
(circum.) KAatw (# 3081) to weep, to weep aloud. nev- flute player. oadniotng (#4896) trumpet player.
®odvtes pres. act. part. mevOew (#4291) to lament. &koveby] aor. subj. pass. &kovw (#201) to hear. Music
@ 16 AEyovtEs pres. act. part. A€yw (# 3306) to say. REpt- was used both for entertainment and religion (Mounce;
BeBAnpéevn perf. pass. part. (adj.) nepiBarrAw (# 4314) to Swete; s. 5:9). Subj. w. od pq (# 4024; 3590) in an em-
cast about, to clothe. Bbooivog (# 1115) linen. nopovpots phatic neg. cl. texvitng (#5493) skilled worker. It may
(#4528) purple, purple garment. Keypvowyevn perf. refer to an artist in metal, in stone, or even in textile fab-
pass. part. (adj.) ypvoow (#5998) to cover w. gold, to rics (Swete). texvn (# 5492) craft, skill. ebpe67 aor. subj.
overlay w. gold, to decorate w. gold. 17 npnywen pass. evptoxw (#2351) to find. Subj. w. ov ph (# 4024;
aor. ind. pass. epnyow (# 2246) to turn into a desert, to 3590) in an emphatic neg. cl. wwAog (# 3685) mill. The
make desolate, to devastate. kuBepvqtng (# 3237) one word here apparently means the whole apparatus as
who guides a ship, steersman, pilot. The steersman distinguished from the millstone. The sound of the mill
held both rudders to keep them parallel (DRAG, 788- is best explained as the sound made by the mill
89; SSAW, 224-28). For a discussion of sea travel s. DPL, (Swete). &kovoGf] aor. ind. pass. awkovw (#201) to hear.
945; SSAW). tonog (#5536) place. nA€wv pres. act. part. 23 AdxVvOS (# 3394) lamp. davq aor. subj. mid. dative
thew (# 4434) to travel w. a ship, to sail. Subst. part. “He (# 5743) to shine; mid., to appear. Subj. w. ob wn (# 4024;
who sails” is the merchant w. his goods or the chance 3590) in an emphatic neg. cl. &kovo@fj aor. subj. pass.
passenger (Swete). vattn¢ (#3731) sailor. epyatovtar akovw (# 201) to hear. Subj. w. ov pq (# 4024; 3590) in an
pres. inf. mid. (dep.) epycCopar (# 2237) to work; here, emphatic neg. cl. umopog (# 1867) merchant. The word
those who gain their living by the sea, and it may refer may refer to merchants who deal in foreign exports
to all those who earn their living in connection w. the and imports (Mounce). foav impf. ind. act. ewi
maritime industry (Mounce). éotjoav aor. ind. act. (# 1639) to be. peytotav (# 3491) the great ones. dap-
totnut (#2705) to stand. 18 éxpafov impf. ind. act. paxeta (# 5758) use of drugs either as medicine, poison,
Kpacw (# 3189) to cry out. Inceptive impf., “they began or magic (s. Rev. 9:21). emAavnénoav aor. ind. pass.
to cry out.” BAénovtes pres. act. part. BAenw (# 1063) to travaw (# 4414) to lead astray, to deceive. @ 24 evpé6n
see. Part. could be temp. (“when they see”) or it could aor. ind. pass. evptoxw (# 2351) to find. Eopaypévw perf.
be causal (“because they see”). Meyovtes pres. act. part. pass. part. odaw (#5377) to slaughter, to kill.
A€yw (# 3306) to say. 19 EBadrov aor. ind. act. BarAw
(# 965) to throw. yods (# 5967) dirt. Expafov impf. ind. Revelation 19
act. kpa.Cw (# 3189) to cry out. KAaiovtes pres. act. part. @ 1 7Kovoe aor. ind. act. @Kovw (# 201) to hear. Ae-
KAaiw (#3081) to cry. Part. of manner explaining how yovtwv pres. act. part. Aeyw (#3306) to say. GAANAOVIa.
they cry. nevOodvtes pres. act. part. nevOew (# 4291) to (# 252) Hallelujah! praise the Lord! praise God. Trans-
lament. Part. of manner. A€yovtes pres. act. part. Aeyw literation of the Heb. 957, a piel imp. of 95m (hll) w. the
(#3306) to say. €mAovtTNOaV aor. ind. act. mAovtEW suff. 7 (yh), a shortened form of Yahweh. The basic
(#4456) to gain wealth. éyovteg pres. act. part. éyw meaning of the vb. is “to be bright,” and the causative
Revelation 19 646

meaning of the piel imp. means, lit., “make Yahweh Thomas). @ 9 A€yet pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say.
bright,” that is, “illuminate the Lord by casting a bright ypaov aor. imp. act. yp&pw (# 1211) to write. paKapiog
light on Him and His works!” “Praise Yahweh!” (# 3421) happy, blessed. detnvov (# 1270) banquet. For
“Praise the Lord!” (Oda Hagemeyer, “Preiset Gott!” an excellent description of both the preparation and
BibLeb 11 (1970):145-49; THAT; TDOT; DCH). @e00 gen. the different parts of a Jewish banquet s. SB 4:611-39.
sing. 8¢0¢ (# 2536) God. Gen. could be possession (“sal- KEKANpEVOt perf. pass. part. kaAew (# 2813) to call, to in-
vation, deliverance belongs to our God”) or gen. of vite. It was not only an honor to be invited to a wed-
source (“Salvation, deliverance is from our God”). ding feast, but it was also very impolite and
@ 2 GAnOvosg (#240) true. Kpio1g (#3213) judgment. discourteous to reject an invitation. GAnOivoc (# 240)
Expwvev aor. ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to judge. mopvy true, genuine. 10 €meoa aor. ind. act. nintw (#4406)
(# 4520) prostitute, whore. &@eipev aor. ind. act. p8eipw to fall down. mpooxuvijoat aor. act. inf. mpooxvvew
(# 5780) to corrupt. Complexive aor. summing up her (# 4686) to worship. Inf. is used to express intended
deeds. nopveia (# 4518) immorality, illicit sexual acts (s. purp. 6pa pres. imp. act. opdw (# 3972) to see. An ellip-
Rev. 2:21). &€e5ixnoev aor. ind. act. exdixéw (# 1688) to tical expression w. the words “do not do it” under-
avenge, to procure justice for someone, to punish stood; i.e., “see that you do not do it” (RWP). €xovtwv
(BAGD). 10 aiwa (# 135) blood. The blood of someone pres. act. part. €yw (#2400) to have. ‘Inoots (# 2652)
often indicates a violent death; here, “the violent death Jesus. Here, subjective gen.: the witness borne by Jesus.
of His slaves.” 3 Sedtepov (# 1309) a second time. By His life and death Jesus has demonstrated to His
eipnkav perf. ind. act. Aeyw (#3306) to say. Kamvosg followers what it means to bear faithful witness to the
(# 2837) smoke. avaBatver pres. ind. act. avaBaivw message revealed by God (Mounce). mpooxbvnoov aor.
(# 326) to go up, to ascend. 4 €neoav aor. ind. act. ind. act. mpooxvvew (#4686) to worship. npopnteia
mintw (#4406) to fall, to fall down. €@a nom. pl. Gaov (# 4635) prophecy. Obj. gen., “prophecy given by the
(#2442) living creature. mpooeKdvnoav aor. ind. act. Spirit.” The testimony of Jesus is the substance of what
mpooxvvew (#4686) to worship. Ka@npévw pres. mid. the Spirit inspires Christian prophets to speak (Tho-
(dep.) part. kaOnuar (# 2764) to sit. Aeyovtes pres. act. mas; Beasley- Murray; Mounce; Swete; HSB, 776--77).
part. Aeyw (#3306) to say. @ 5 EEFABEv aor. ind. act. &&- @ 11 elSov aor. ind. act. opaw (# 3972) to see. YvEewyLevoV
epyoua. (# 2002) to go out. A€yovoa pres. act. part. Aeyw perf. pass. part. avotyw (# 487) to open. Perf. part. indi-
(# 3306) to Say. aiveite pres. imp. act. aivew (#140) to cates “to have been opened and now stands open.”
praise. Pres. imp. indicates a continual praise. popov- 1800 aor. imp. act. Opaw (# 3972) to see. innog (# 2691)
pevot pres. mid. (dep.) part. (subst.) poPeowar (# 5828) to horse. AevKog (#3328) white. Ka@qevog pres. mid.
be afraid, to fear, to reverence (TDNT). @ 6 j{KovGa. aor. (dep.) part. kaOnuot (#2764) to sit. KaAovpEVOS pres.
ind. act. axovw (#201) to hear. Bpovrn thunder. Ae- pass. part. Kaew (# 2813) to call; pass., to be called, to
yovtwv pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. EBactAevoev have the name. xpivet pres. ind. act. kpivw (#3212) to
aor. ind. act. Baoivevw (# 996) to be king, to reign as a judge. moAepei pres. ind. act. modeuew (# 4482) to wage
king, to rule. navtoxpatwp (#4120) almighty (s. Rev. war. The Messiah now returns to the earth as the divine
1:8). 7 yaipwpev pres. subj. act. yaipw (# 5897) to re- warrior and conquering king (BBC). 12 066aAp0¢
joice. Hortatory subj., “let us rejoice.” #yoAAMpev pres. (#4057) eye. pA0E (#5825) flame. ndp (# 4786) fire (s.
subj. act. wyaAA aw (# 22) to be glad, to rejoice exuber- 1:14). SidSqpo. (# 1343) diadem, the crown of royalty, a
antly. Hortatory subj. 5ao0wpev fut. ind. act. d1Swpt kingly crown. €ywv pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have;
(# 1443) to give. The variant reading would be aor. to possess. Independent use of the part., “he had a
subj. and would be grammatically parallel to the pre- name” (GGBB, 653). dvopa (#3950) name. The name
ceding subj. (TC, 762). MA@ev aor. ind. act. EPXOLOL signified the character of the person as well as the char-
(# 2262) to go. yapoc (#1141) marriage, wedding. dp- acter of His kingly rule (TDNT). Here the name no one
viov (# 768) lamb. For references to wedding customs s. knows indicates the name that can be known only
Rev. 21:2. ntotpaoev aor. ind. act. Etomatw (# 2286) to when the apocalypse is fulfilled when it will be re-
prepare. W. a reflexive pron. avtny (# 1571), “she has vealed: “Jesus Christ is Lord” (Ford). YEYpoyievov perf.
prepared herself.” 8 606m aor. ind. pass. d1dwyt pass. part. ypadw (# 1211) to write. oldev perf. ind. act.
(# 1443) to give, to allow. nepiBaAntat aor. subj. mid. 0150 (# 3857) to know. Def. perf. w. pres. meaning. €1 pq
repiparaw (# 4314) to throw around, to be clothed. Bvo- (# 1623; 3590) except. 13 nepipeBAnevoc perf. pass.
oivog (# 1115) linen. Aopnpos (# 3287) bright, shining. part. nepipadrAw (# 4314) to be clothed. BeBoypévov perf.
Kadapog (#2754) pure. Sikaiwya (#1468) righteous pass. part. Bantw (#970) to dip. Perf. indicates a past
deeds, acts of righteousness. The expression here is the completed action w. a continuing state or results. The
sum of the saintly acts of Christ’s members wrought in blood staining the garment of the conquering Messiah
them by His Holy Spirit and regarded as making up is not His own, but the blood of the enemy shed in con-
the clothing of His mythical body (Swete; Charles; flict (Mounce; Isa. 63:1-6). KexAnto. perf. ind. pass.
647 Revelation 20

koAew (#2813) to call. © 14 otpatevpo. (#5128) army. someone and taking him into custody and of catching
NKodoveet impf. ind. act. dKorovbEew (# 199) to follow, to animals (BAGD). wevdonpoontns (# 6021) false proph-
follow after, w. dat. evde5vpévot perf. pass. part. evdvw et. The religious leader who is the second beast of Rev.
(# 1907) to put on clothes; pass., to be clothed. Bboatvog 13. mownoas aor. act. part. novew (# 4472) to do. endavn-
(# 1115) linen. AevKog (# 3328) white. KaBapdc (# 2754) oev aor. ind. act. mAavaw (# 4414) to lead in the wrong
pure. @ 15 &xnopevetat pres. ind. mid. (dep.) exnopevo- way, to lead astray, to deceive. AaPovtac aor. act. part.
wor (# 1744) to go out, to come out. poupata (# 4855) AopPavw (# 3284) to receive, to take. yapayyo. (# 5916)
sword, a large broad sword (s. 1:16). 6&€ia nom. sing. brand, mark. npooxvvodvtas pres. act. part. tpookvvEew
o€0¢ (#3955) sharp. moraey aor. subj. act. natacow (# 4686) to worship. eixwv (# 1635) image. Gavtec pres.
(# 4250) to smite. Subj. w. tva (#2671) used in a purp. act. part. Caw (# 2409) to live. Pres. describes contempo-
cl. (Charles). nowavet fut. ind. act. nouaivw (# 4477) to rary action, “while still alive.” €BAN@noay aor. ind. pass.
shepherd, to rule, to govern. pap60g (# 4811) stick, staff, BorAAWw (# 965) to throw, to cast. Aipvn (# 3349) lake. ndp
scepter. ovdnpodc (# 4971) iron. The Messiah's rod is a (# 4786) fire. kaopevne pres. pass. part. kaiw (# 2794) to
rod of iron; it is strong and unyielding in its mission of burn; pass., to be burning. @etov (# 2520) brimstone,
judgment (Mounce). ratet pres. ind. act. natéew (# 4251) sulphur. @ 21 axextavOnoay aor. ind. pass. dnoKteivu)
to tread. Anvos (#3332) trough, winepress. otvoc (# 650) to kill. powpate (# 4855) sword (s. 1:16). Ka6n-
(# 3885) wine. @upo¢ (#2596) anger, burning anger. pévov pres. mid. (dep.) part. kaOnjwa1 (# 2764) to sit. e&-
opyn (# 3973) wrath, deep-seated, righteous wrath. It eASovoT] aor. act. part. e€epyouar (#2002) to go out.
shows the futility of resistance. navtoxpatwp (# 4120) Exoptd&oOnoay aor. ind. pass. yoptaCw (# 5963) to feed, to
almighty (s. 1:8). @ 16 €yeu pres. ind. act. yw (# 2400) fatten; pass., to be filled, to be satisfied. The supper of
to have. unpog (#3611) thigh. yeypopeévov perf. pass. God is ready, and the vultures gorge themselves on the
part. ypadw (# 1211) to write. The inscription Paced flesh of the wicked (Mounce).
Baouvewv kai kbpioc Kupiwv (# 995; 2779; 3261) “King of
kings, and Lord of lords” was probably the name writ- Revelation 20
ten on that part of the garment that fell open across the @ 1 elSov aor. ind. act. opdw (#3972) to see. Ka-
thigh (Mounce). @ 17 eidov aor. ind. act. opdw (# 3972) taPaivovta. pres. act. part. katoPaivw (#2849) to come
to see. Eotdta perf. act. part. totnyt (#2705) to stand. down, to descend. €yovta. pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to
Expagev aor. ind. act. kpatw (# 3189) to scream, to cry have. kietc¢ (# 3090) key. The key symbolized the au-
out w. a loud voice. Aéywv pres. ind. act. 4eyw (# 3306) thority over a place (s. Rev. 1:18; 3:7). @Bvooog (# 12)
to say. Opveov (# 3997) bird. netopeévoig pres. mid. (dep.) bottomless pit, abyss (s. 9:1). The abyss stands here in
part. métopar (# 4375) to fly. peooupdavnpa. (# 3547) mid- sharp contrast w. the lake (19:20); the locked dungeon
heaven (s. 8:13). Sedte (# 1307) come here. cuvaxOnte w. its black and bottomless depths forms an antithesis
aor. imp. pass. ovvayw (#5251) to gather together, to to the open shallow pool of fire (Swete). GAvatc (# 268)
lead together, to assemble. detnvov (# 1270) feast, ban- chain. @ 2 éxpatnoev aor. ind. act. kpatéw (# 3195) to
quet. 80d (# 2536) of God; it is the supper of God in the exercise power, to take into custody, to arrest (BAGD;
sense that God will provide it (Mounce). @ 18 ¢aynte Mounce). dpaKwv (# 1532) dragon. 0616 (# 4058) snake.
aor. subj. act. Eo8iw (# 2266) to eat. Subj. w. iva. (# 2671) apxaiog (#792) old, ancient. eSnoev aor. ind. act. dew
used in a purp. cl. capac acc. pl. oapé (# 4922) flesh; pl. (# 1313) to bind. Aor. points to the completed action.
pieces of flesh (RWP). yurtapyos (#5941) commander xiAror (# 5943) thousand. étm acc. pl. étog (# 2291) year.
of a thousand (s. Rev. 6:15; Mark 6:21). KOOnEVWV pres. Acc. of time indicating the extent of time, “for a thou-
mid. (dep. )part. KGOnuat (# 2764) to sit. 19 eldov aor. sand years.” For a brief discussion of the views on this
ind. act. 6paw (# 3972) to see. @nptov (# 2563) wild ani- v. s. HSB, 778-80; Ray Summers, “Revelation 20: An In-
mal, beast. otpatevua (#5128) army. ovvnyeva perf. terpretation,” RevExp 57 (1960): 176-83; Hans Bieten-
pass. part. ovvayw (#5251) to gather together, to as- hard, “The Millenial Hope in the Early Church,” SJT 6
semble. Perf. pass. part. indicates to be assembled, to (1953): 12-30; Charles E. Hill, “Regnum Caelorum:
stand assembled. notfjomt aor. act. inf. no1ew (# 4472) to Chiliasm, Non-Chialism and the Doctrine of the ‘Inter-
do. Inf. to express purp. moAepoc (# 4483) war. The po- mediate State in the Early Church,’” unpub. disserta-
litical leader described in Rev. 13 as the first beast as- tion Cambridge, 1988; R. Fowler White, “Reexamining
sembles his forces for war and the battle takes place at the Evidence for Recapulation in Rev. 20:1-10,” WT] 51
Armageddon, the hill (mountain) of Meggido over- (1989): 319-44; Harold W. Hoehner, “Evidence from
looking the fertile valley of Jezreel. Meggido was the Revelation 20,” in A Case for Premillennialism: A New
important stronghold guarding not only the valley, but Consensus, ed. by Donald K. Campbell and Jeffrey L.
also the famous trade route, Via Maris, from Egypt to Townsend (Chicago: Moody Press, 1992), 235-62;
Damascus. @ 20 émido@n aor. ind. pass. midCw (# 4389) DLNT, 738-47. 3 €Badev aor. ind. act. BuAdAw (# 965)
to seize, to take hold of. The word was used of arresting to cast. ExAevoev aor. ind. act. kAetw (# 3091) to shut up,
Revelation 20 648

to lock. Aor. points to the completed action. Eogpayioev some would be excluded from the resurrection and be
aor. ind. act. ogpayitw (#5381) to seal. The sealing delivered over to eternal destruction, which amounted
would indicate the authoritative placing of a seal so to the second death (SB, 3:830-31). €yet pres. ind. act.
that no one is allowed in or out (Matt. 27:66). The purp. éyw (# 2400) to have. €oovtar fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eyi
of sealing the entrance to a prison was to prevent any (# 1639) to be. BaowWedoovoty fut. ind. act. Baotrevw
attempt at escape or rescue passing unobserved (# 996) to rule (s.v. 4). @ 7 6tav (# 4020) w. subj., when.
(Swete). The activity of Satan is completely removed TeA £004] aor. subj. pass. teAéw (# 5464) to complete. Subj.
from the earth a thousand years (Walvoord). nAavnon in an indef. temp. cl. Avénoetar fut. ind. pass. Avw
aor. subj. act. thavaw (# 4414) to lead astray, to deceive. (# 3395) to loosen (s.v. 3). @ 8 E€eXevoetoX fut. ind. mid.
Subj. w. tva. (# 2671) could be used either in a purp. or (dep.) e€epyouar (# 2002) to go out. mAavioa1 aor. act.
result cl. teAeo07 aor. subj. pass. teAew (# 5464) to com- inf. tAavaw (# 4414) to lead astray, to deceive. Inf. used
plete. Subj. in a temp. cl. det (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is to express purp. ywvia, (#1224) corner. tov Twy Kai
necessary, impersonal w. acc. and inf., expressing a log- Maywy (# 1223; 2779; 3408) Gog and Magog. It seems
ical necessity. Av@fva1 aor. pass. inf. Avw (#3395) to that the designations refer to the enemies of God (Tho-
loose, to release. The release will be brief in compari- mas). For a discussion of Jewish views of the names
son w. the captivity (Swete). This indicates the comple- Gog and Magog and the activity before, during, and
tion of the 1000 years. @ 4 l8ov aor. ind. act. dpaw after the days of the Messiah s. SB, 3:813-40; ABD,
(# 3972) to see. €xa810av aor. ind. act. KabiCw (# 2767) to 2:1056; DDD, 708-11, 999-1001. ovvayayetv aor. act. inf.
take one’s seat, to sit. kpiwa. (# 3210) judgment. &606n ovvayw (# 5251) to lead together, to gather, to assemble.
aor. ind. pass. dt6wyt (# 1443) to give, to grant. Theol. Inf. to express purp. modepoc (#4483) war. apiWuoc
pass. indicating that God is the one who gave. memede- (# 750) number. Gyyog (# 302) sand. 9 avéBnoay aor.
Kiopévwv perf. pass. part. (subst.) nedexitw (# 4282) to ind. act. dvoPatvw (# 326) to go up, to ascend. mAGtOG
cut one’s head off w. a double-edge ax, to behead. The (#4424) breadth. éxbKAevoav aor. ind. act. KuKAcvw
ax was the instrument of execution in the Roman re- (# 3238) to encircle. napeyBoan (# 4213) camp. The word
public (Mounce). mpooexbvnoay aor. ind. act. tpookvvew signifies either a camp or an army marching or en-
(# 4686) to worship. @npiov (# 2536) wild beast, monster gaged in battle (Swete). Tyannuevny perf. pass. part.
(s. 13:1). etxav (# 1635) image. EXaBov aor. ind. act. Aop- ayardw (#26) to love. katéBn aor. ind. act. KataBaivw
Bavw (#3284) to take, to receive. yapayya (# 5916) (# 2849) to come down. nip (# 4786) fire. Katépayev aor.
brand, mark. pétwrov (# 3587) forehead, brow. ECnoav ind. act. Kateobiw (# 2983) to eat up, to consume com-
aor. ind. act. Caw (# 2509) to come to live. eBaciAevoav pletely. Prep. in compound is perfective. @ 10 514BoA0¢
aor. ind. act. Baoiievw (# 996) to be king, to rule, to (# 1333) devil (DDD, 463-73). nAavav pres. act. part.
reign. Aor. could be ingressive aor., “they began to TAAVOW (# 4414) to deceive. Part. is used here as a noun:
reign.” The rabbis made a distinction between the days “the deceiver,” “the one who deceives them.” éBAnen
of the Messiah and the eternal kingdom, and debated aor. ind. pass. BoAAw (#965) to throw, to cast. Aipvn
the length of the days of the Messiah. Some said 600 (# 3349) lake. mupoc gen. sing. ndp (# 4786) fire. Gen. of
years, others said 1000 years, others 2000 or 7000 years; description. 8eiov (#2520) brimstone, sulphur. onov
but a very old tradition going back to Rabbi Eliezer (#3963) where? Here it is used as a rel. pron.
Hyrkanus (ca. A.D. 90) or earlier, taught that the rule of wevdorpopntns (# 6021) false prophet. Bacavic8joovtar
the Messiah was 1000 years (SB, 3:824-27; Lohse; TS, fut. ind. pass. Baoavitw (# 989) to torment, to torture, to
681; b. Sanh. 99a). 5 Aownds (# 3370) rest. These were cause pain. @ 11 elSov aor. ind. act. opcw (# 3972) to see.
the wicked who did not have a part in the first resurrec- AevKos (# 3328) white. The great white throne marks
tion (Thomas). €Cnoav aor. ind. act. Caw (# 2409) to come the final judgment of the unbeliever and takes the place
to live. teAeo8f] aor. subj. pass. tedew (#5464) to com- after the millennial reign of Christ and the judgement
plete. 7 dvaotacig 7 mpwrtn (# 414; 4755) the first resur- of Satan. The absolute purity of this supreme court is
rection. Jewish teaching claimed there would be a symbolized by the color of the throne (Swete). ka@jpe-
resurrection of those in the land of Israel, and after that vov pres. mid. (dep.) part. kaOnuai (# 2764) to sit. Epvyev
a general resurrection for the Last Judgement (SB, aor. ind. act. devyw (#5771) to flee. Earth and heaven
3:827-30). The idea here seems to correspond, to some flee away before the awesome grandeur of God seated
extent, to the Jewish view, where the first resurrection upon the throne of judgment (Mounce). evpedn aor. ind.
refers to the resurrection of the righteous (Thomas; pass. evpioxw (# 2351) to find. 12 eiSov aor. ind. act.
Johnson; DLNT, 1015-20). 6 paxdptog (#3421) hap- opaw (#3972) to see. éotdtag perf. act. part. totnut
py, blessed. Eywv pres. act. part. (subst.) yw (# 2400) to (#2705) to stand. BipAia (# 1046) nom. pl. BipAtov
have. 6 Sevtepog Bavatog (#1311; 2505) the second book. hvoixy8noay aor. ind. pass. avolyw (# 487) to open.
death. The second death may be spiritual death beyond expi@noay aor. ind. pass. Kpivw (#3212) to judge.
physical death (Thomas). Rabbinical teaching said yeypoypévwv perf. pass. part. ypcow (#1211) to write.
649 Revelation 21

Perf. indicates “that which stands written.” The sen- Tkovea aor. ind. act. GKovw (#201) to hear. Aeyobons
tence of the judge is not arbitrary; it rests upon written pres. act. part. A€yw (#3306) to say. 1600 aor. ind. act.
evidence; the books that were opened contain, so it opaw (#3972) to see. oxnvn (#5008) tent, tabernacle.
seems, a record of the deeds of every human being who oxnvwoet fut. ind. act. ocnvow (# 5012) to live in a tent,
came up for judgment (Swete). @ 13 Swxev aor. ind. to tabernacle. The word indicates the abiding presence
act. SiSwyt (#1443) to give. dng (#87) Hades, the of God (Mounce). éoovta1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eipt
grave, the underworld as the place of the dead (s. Rev. (#1639) to be. 4 &&aArciwer fut. ind. act. c&areiow
1:18). Expt@noav aor. ind. pass. kpivw (# 3212) to judge. (# 1981) to wipe away, to wipe out. Predictive fut. giv-
€xaotos (#1667) each one. #14 &BANOnoav aor. ind. ing a promise. daKxpvov (# 1232 ) tear. nav SaKpvov every
pass. BoAAw (# 965) to throw. Aiuvn (# 3349) lake. mupd¢ individual single tear. This would be tears of sorrow,
gen. sing. tp (# 4786) fire. Enoch sees a place that was not tears of joy. ovat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) et (# 1639)
burning and flaming and was a pain to look at. He was to be. névOog (#4292) sorrow, mourning. Kpavyn
told that this was the prison house of the angels (1 (#3199) shouting, outcry, crying in grief or anxiety
Enoch 21:7-10). (MM). movog (# 4506) pain. amfASav aor. ind. act. anép-
xoua (# 599) to go away, to pass away. Aor. w. prep. in
Revelation 21 compound is perfective, “completely gone.” @ 5 eimev
@1eidov aor. ind. act. opaw (#3972) to see. aor. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. KabnWEVOS pres. mid.
antASav aor. ind. act. dnepyouat (#599) to go away, to (dep.) part. kaOnuot (#2764) to sit. 180d aor. imp. act.
depart, to pass away. In rabbinical literature some opaw (#3972) to see. nou pres. ind. act. novew (# 4472)
taught that the world would be renovated and made to do. ypawov aor. imp. act. ypadw (#1211) to write.
new so that it would return to its original state after @ 6 elnev aor. ind. act. 4€yw (# 3306) to say. yeyovav perf.
creation, cleansed from sin and evil. Others taught that ind. act. yivowor (# 1181) to become. “They have come
the earth would return to the original chaos and would to pass.” Not only are the sayings mentioned in v. 5
then be recreated w. a new existence. Others taught faithful and true, but they have come to pass and their
that the earth would be completely destroyed and the results continue on in the fut. apyn (#794) beginning.
new heaven and new earth would be a totally new cre- téhog (#5465) end. duwdvtt pres. act. part. (subst.)
ation (SB, 3:842-47; Moore, Judaism, 2:338ff). At this dupdw (# 1498) to thirst, to be thirsty. &ow fut. ind. act.
time the purpose and plan of God’s creating mankind d5i1Swpt (# 1443) to give. mnyn (# 4380) spring, fountain.
will be fulfilled through redemption. Created in the Swpecv (# 1562) freely, without cost. In the arid climate
image of God, mankind is to have unbroken fellowship of Palestine a spring of cool water would be a vivid
w. God, to rule the earth, and to be God’s representa- symbol of refreshment and satisfaction (Mounce).
tive on earth. Sin, however, did not allow these purpos- @ 7 vikdv pres. act. part. (subst.) vikaw (# 3771) to be a
es to be completely realized; but the Messiah came as victor, to conquer, to overcome. KAnpovounoer fut. ind.
the Redeemer (OX, go’el, s. TDOT; NIDOTTE), and act. KAnpovoyew (# 3099) to inherit. Eotat fut. ind. mid.
paid the price for the release from the slavery of sin to (dep.) etpt (# 1639) to be. 8 Sed0c (# 1264) cowardly.
restore the broken fellowship. Now He has defeated a@riotos (#603) unfaithful, unbelieving. epdeAvypevoic
the enemies of God and restored the earth to God’s perf. pass. part. (subst.) BSeAvooona1 (# 1009) to pol-
complete possession and provided for mankind to be lute, to defile, to make detestable, to commit abomina-
the true representative of God on the new earth. tion; perf. pass. part., “to be detestable.” The word
@ 2 elSov aor. ind. act. opdw (#3972) to see. "lepovooAny indicates persons whose very natures have been satu-
Kaivny (#2647; 2785) New Jerusalem. For the Jewish rated w. the abominations they practiced in their life-
writing found in the DSS describing the New Jerusa- time. The context suggests that in this case the
lem or heavenly Jerusalem s. DSST, 129-35; AT, 214-22; abominations are not merely idolatrous acts, but the
MPAT, 46-65. xataPaivovoay pres. act. part. (adj.) ka- monstrous and unnatural vices of heathendom
taBaivw (#2849) to come down, to descend. Troyao- (Swete). dovevs (# 5838) murderer. nopvog (# 4521) im-
weévnv perf. pass. part. etodtw (#2286) to prepare. moral person, one who practices sexual immorality.
Perf. pass. part. indicates “to have been prepared and gapyaxKos (# 5761) one who mixes and uses drugs either
to stand ready.” vbyon (#3811) bride. Kexoopnevnv for sorcery or magic practices (s. 9:21). eiwAoratpns
perf. pass. part. kooyew (# 3175) to make orderly, to put (# 1629) one who worships idols, idolater. yevdeow dat.
in order, to adorn, to decorate, to make beautiful or at- pl. wevdns (# 6014) liar. The dat. pls. are indir. objs., de-
tractive (BAGD). In preparation for the marriage and pendant on the vb. wow in v. 6; or they are dat. of dis-
the arrival of the groom the bride was bathed and advantage. pépog (#3538) part. Aipvn (#3349) lake.
oiled, perfumed, her hair was fixed, and she was KQLOEVT] pres. pass. part. Katoyor (#2794) to burn;
adorned w. her wedding garment. For marriage prepa- pass., to be burning. mupi dat. sing. ntp (#4786) fire.
rations s. JPF, 2:752-60; SB, 1:500-517; 2:373-99. 3 Getov (# 2520) brimstone, sulphur. Enoch saw a similar
Revelation 21 650

fearful place, a great burning fire and Ura’el, one of the height. toog (#2698) equal. 17 eyétpnoev aor. ind.
holy angels asked him why he was so afraid. Enoch re- act. petpew (# 3582) to measure. mny@v gen. pl. nhxvS
sponds, “I am frightened because of this terrible place (# 4388) cubit. A cubit is roughly the length of a man’s
and the Spectacle of this painful place”; and the angel forearm and 144 cubits would be 14 miles in height
replies, “This place is a prison house of the angels, they (Mounce). @ 18 Evdapunors (# 1908) structure, building
are detained here forever” (1 Enoch 21:7-10). #9 T[Gev (Ford; Mounce). ka®apog (# 2754) pure, clean. tadocg
aor. ind. act. épxouot (#2262) to come, to go. Exovtwv (# 5613) glass. @ 19 kexooynpevot perf. pass. part. (adj.)
pres. act. part. éyw (# 2400) to have. guaAn (# 5786) bowl. Koouew (#3175) to adorn. Perf. indicates the abiding
YeLOVTWV pres. act. part. yEpLw (# 1154) to be full of. mANYN quality. iaonig (# 2618) jasper. oanpipoc (# 4913) sap-
(# 4435) blow, wound, plague. Eoxatog (#2274) last. phire. This is a blue transparent precious stone (Ford).
€AGANoEv aor. ind. act. Anew (# 3281) to speak. A€ywv yorAKndwv (# 5907) agate, chalcedony. This gem is taken
pres. act. part. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. dedpo (# 1306) come to be of a green color (Charles; Ford; BAGD). oyapay-
here. Sei&w fut. ind. act. detkvupt (# 1259) to show. vopon 0¢ (# 5040) emerald. This is a bright green transparent
(# 3811) bride. dpviov (# 768) lamb. 10 dntveyKéev precious stone, the most valued variety of beryl (Ford).
aor. ind. act. dmopepw (# 708 ) to carry away. eSerk€ev aor. © 20 néuntog (#4286) fifth. oapSovvE (# 4918) onyx,
ind. act. deikvupt (# 1259) to show. katoBaivovaav aor. sardonyx. This was a layered stone of red and white,
act. part. katoPaivw (#2849) to descend, to come prized for its use in making cameos (Mounce). odpdtov
down. 11 £€yovoav pres. act. part. Eyw (#2400) to (# 4917) sardus, carnelian. This was a blood-red stone
have. 60&a. (# 1518) glory, brilliance. The word refers to commonly used for engraving (Mounce; Ford). ypv00-
the shining radiance coming from the presence and 60g (#5994) gold stone, topaz, chrysolite. The an-
glory of God—the Shekinah (Mounce; TDNT; NIDNTT; cients seemed to have used this term for the yellow
TLNT; TS, 37-65). dwotnp (# 5891) radiance, luminary. topaz (Ford; Charles). éy500¢ (# 3838) eight. BnpvAAog
The word means something in which light is concen- (# 1039) beryl. This was a green stone ranging from
trated and from there radiates (Swete). Tynwwtdtw su- transparent sea-green to opaque blue (Ford; Mounce).
perl. tiwio¢ (# 5508) precious, costly; superl., extremely Evatog (# 1888) ninth. tondrov (# 5535) topaz, a green-
expensive, very expensive. idom&1 dat. sing. taonic ish yellow or gold. In ancient times it was often used in
(# 2618) jasper. In antiquity the designation “jasper” the making of seals and gems (Ford; Mounce). ypvo0-
was used for any opaque precious stone. The point of mpacos (#5995) chrysoprase. This is an apple green,
the comparison is the brilliance and sparkle of a gem, finely grained hornstone, a variety of quartz, highly
and the reference could be to a diamond (Mounce). translucent (Ford). évSéxatoc (# 1895) eleventh. baxi-
KpvotaAdifovtt pres. act. part. (adj.) KpvotaArricw Bog (# 5611) jacinth. It was a bluish-purple stone simi-
(#3222) to sparkle and shimmer like a crystal. lar to the modern sapphire (Mounce; BAGD).
@ 12 €yovoa. pres. act. part. yw (# 2400) to have. tetyos SwSexatog (#1558) twelfth. ape@votoc (# 287) ame-
(#5446) wall. peyac (#3489) great, mighty. mvAdv thyst, a variety of quartz, in color clear, transparent
(# 4784) gate. énvyeypoyeva. perf. pass. part. (adj.) en- purple or bluish-violet. It got its name as an antidote
ypapw (#2108) to write upon, to inscribe upon. gvAn for drunkenness (Mounce; Ford). For a description of
(#5876) tribe. 13 dvatoAn (#424) rising, east (s. these stones s. NBD, 631-34; IBD, 2:898-905; Pliny, NH,
Matt. 2:1). Bopp&i¢ (# 1080) north wind, north. votosg 27: N. Hillyer, “Precious Stones in the Apocalypse,”
(# 3803) south, south wind. Svopog (#1553) going NIDNTT, 3:395-98; William W. Reader, “The Twelve
down, west. 14 Eywv pres. act. part. €xw (# 2400) to Jewels of Revelation 21:19-20: Tradition History and
have. OepéAvog (# 2529) foundation. Each foundation Modern Interpretations,” JBL 100 (1981): 433-57; NW 2,
was probably a stout oblong block like the stones that ii: 1656-65. @ 21 papyapitns (# 3449) pearl. ava,
may still be seen in the lower rows of the Herodian ma- (# 324) each one, distributive use of the prep. TV impf.
sonry in Jerusalem (Ford). < 15 AaAdv pres. act. part. ind. act. ewt (#1639) to be. mAateia (# 4423) street,
AaEW (#3281) to speak. elyev impf. ind. act. éyw broad street. Siavynic (# 1420) transparent, clear. 22
(#2400) to have. petpov (#3586) measure. KaAO0G eldov aor. ind. act. opdaw (# 3972) to see. vaog (# 3724)
(#2812) reed, rod (s. 11:1). ypvood¢ (#5991) golden. temple, sanctuary. TavtoKpatwp (#4120) almighty (s.
wetproy aor. subj. act. petpew (# 3582) to measure. Subj. 1:8). d&pviov (# 768) lamb. @ 23 oeAnvn (# 4943) moon.
w. iva. (#2671) in a purp. cl. © 16 tetpaywvoc (# 5481) gaivwow aor. subj. act. paivw (#5743) to shine. Subj. w.
square, four corners. Keita pres. ind. mid. (dep.) keipar ‘Wva. (# 2671) in a purp. cl. &putioev aor. ind. act. duticw
(# 3023) to lie. pfKog (# 3501) length. wAdtog (# 4424) (# 5894) to illuminate, to cause to shine, to give light.
width. épétpnoev aor. ind. act. wetpew (# 3582) to mea- AdyVOS (# 3394) lamp. 24 nepinathoovov fut. ind.
sure. ota6tov (#5084) stadion, furlong. A stadion is act. mepinatew (# 4344) to walk about. &6voc (# 1620) na-
about 607 English feet; thus the city would be about tion. gépovoty pres. ind. act. dépw (#5770) to carry, to
1,400 miles in each direction (Mounce). twos (# 5737) bring. 2500 wn (#4024; 3590) never in any wise.
651 Revelation 22

KAelo8G@otv aor. subj. pass. KAeiw (# 3091) to close, to purp. 6ei (# 1256) pres. ind. act. it is necessary. yeveo@or
lock, to shut. The gates would be closed for security at aor. mid. (dep.) inf. yivoyo. (# 1181) to happen, to be-
night (Ford). One is reminded of the Isaianic declara- come, to come to pass. év tae (# 1877; 5443) quickly.
tion concerning the restored Jerusalem, “your gates The prep. phrase is used adverbially. @ 7 60% aor. imp.
shall be open continually” (Isa. 60:11) (Mounce). The act. opaw (#3972) to see. Epyowor (#2262) pres. ind.
Roman god Janus was to guard the door of a house or mid. (dep.) to come. taybg (# 5444) quickly. paxdpios
building (KP, 2:1311-14; OCD, 561; LAW, 2:1357). w0& (#3421) happy, blessed. tnpév pres. act. part. typew
(# 3816) night. €oton fut. ind. mid. (dep.) esi (# 1639) to (# 5498) to keep. Pres. looks at a continual keeping.
be. 26 otoovot fut. ind. act. pépw (#5770) to carry. BiBAtov (# 1046) book. % 8 kayw Iwdwvng (# 2743; 2722)
@ 27 eioeAGq aor. subj. act. cicépyouc (# 1656) to go in, “and I John.” John now attests that he has actually
to come in. Kowvog (# 3123) common, profane. novdv heard and seen all the things recorded in the book
pres. act. part. novew (# 4472) to do. BdeAvYLa. (# 1007) (Mounce). dkobwv pres. act. part. dcovw (# 201) to hear.
that which is detestable, abomination. wedéoc (# 6022) Brenwv pres. act. part. BAénw (# 1063) to see. TKovea. aor.
liar. €t ph (# 1623; 3590) except. yeypoypévor perf. pass. ind. act. Gkovw (#201) to hear. éBAewa. aor. ind. act.
part. yp.pw (# 1211) to write. Perf. indicates the abiding Bren (# 1063) to see. Eneca aor. ind. act. nintw (# 4406)
results or condition. BipAtov (# 1047) book. Cun (# 2437) to fall down. mpooxvvijoo1 aor. act. inf. mpooxvvew
life. Gen. here could be gen. of content or obj. gen., the (# 4686) to worship. Inf. to express purp. deukvbovt0¢
book which leads to life. dpviov (# 768) lamb. Poss. gen. pres. act. part. deixvupt (# 1259) to show. @ 9 A€yet pres.
ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. Opa pres. imp. act. opaw
Revelation 22 (# 3972) to see. For this construction and the meaning
@ 1 Serkev aor. ind. act. deikvupr (# 1259) to show. s. 19:10. obvéovA0g (#5281) fellow slave. tnpobvtwy
motoyiog (#4532) river. Aaunpog (#3287) brilliant, pres. act. part. tnpew (# 5498) to keep (s.v. 7). mpooxvvn-
bright. kpbotaAdov (# 3223) crystal. Exnopevopevov pres. gov aor. imp. act. mpooxvvew (# 4686) to worship (s. Rev.
mid. (dep.) part. exnopevouat (# 1744) to go out. épviov 5:14). 10 appaytons aor. subj. act. oppayitw (# 5381) to
(# 768) lamb. 2 mAateia (# 4423) wide street. Proba- seal. For the meaning of sealing s. Rev. 5:1. The neg. un
bly one is meant to think of one main broad street in (# 3590) w. aor. subj. is used in a neg. command or pro-
contrast to the narrow streets in Eastern cities (Ford). hibition (GGBB, 469). npognteta. (#4735) prophecy.
evtedOev (# 1949) from here. exeiBev (# 1696) from there. Kaipoc (#2789) time, appointed time. eyyb¢ (# 1584)
EvAov (# 3833) tree. For Enoch’s vision of various trees, near. © 11 Gétd@v pres. act. part. d1Kkew (# 92) to do in-
one being the tree of wisdom, which was the tree that justice, to do unrighteousness. Part. used as a noun in-
Adam and Eve ate from in the Garden of Eden s. 1 dicating he whose habit it is to do wrong-”the
Enoch 29-32. novotv pres. act. part. (adj.) novew (# 4472) wrongdoer”—w. special reference perhaps to the perse-
to make, to bear. Pres. indicates a repeated action. 5wde- cutor (Swete). GSiknoatw aor. imp. act. aéukew (# 92) to
Ka (#1557) twelve. pty (#3604) month. Exaotos do unrighteousness. pumapog (# 4865) dirty, filthy. pu-
(#1667) each. anoédobv pres. act. part. anodtdwp1 Taventw aor. imp. pass. punaivw (# 4862) to soil, to
(# 625) to give back, to give, to render. 6b)
ov (# 5877) make dirty, to defile (BAGD). The filthy disregard pu-
leaf. @epaneta. (# 2542) healing. Since sickness has been rity of life or even common decency. Aors. here indicate
banned, this must refer to a promoting of the nations as the permanent state into which these have entered;
an ongoing service in the new creation (Thomas). there is henceforth no break in the downward course,
@ 3 xataGeya (# 2873) curse. The word may refer to which is viewed as a single act (Swete). no1noatw aor.
that which is cursed (Swete). éota1 fut. ind. mid. (dep.) imp. act. novew (# 4472) to do; here in the sense of act or
eit (# 1639) to be. Matpevoovory fut. ind. act. AatpEvw practice. The actions demonstrate the character of the
(#3302) to worship, to worship by serving. person. &ytao@ntw aor. imp. act. aydCw (# 39) to make
4 6wovtan fut. ind. mid. (dep.) opaw (# 3972) to see. holy, to sanctify, to set apart. (NIDNTT; TDNT; EWNT).
yetwmwv (#3587) forehead, brow. 5 €ota1 fut. ind. 12 00 aor. imp. act. opdw (#3972) to see. Epxopon
mid. (dep.) eyst (# 1639) to be. Eyovow pres. ind. act. yw (# 2262) pres. ind. mid. (dep.) to come. taybg (# 5444)
(# 2400) to have. Avyvog (# 3394) lamp. gwrtioet fut. ind. quickly. p1080¢ (# 3635) reward, wage, pay. anodobva1
act. dwtilw (# 5894) to illuminate, to shine, to give light. aor. act. inf. dmodidwyt (# 625) to give, to pay, to render.
Bacwevoovoty fut. ind. act. Baoirevw (# 996) to be king, Inf. used to express purp. @ 13 éoyatog (# 2274) last.
to rule as king, to reign. For a discussion of the new apyn (# 794) beginning. tedog (# 5465) end, completion,
Jerusalem s. DLNT, 564-65. 6 el6ov aor. ind. act. dpaw goal (s. Rev. 1:8). @ 14 mAbvovtes pres. act. part. tAvvW)
(#3972) to see. GAnOivog (# 240) true, genuine. ané- (# 4459) to wash. otodag acc. pl. otoan (#5124) robe.
otetrev aor. ind. act. anoateAw (# 690) to send, to send The word refers to a long flowing stately robe (Trench,
as an Official authoritative representative. Seta aor. Synonyms, 186; TDNT). tva (# 2671) that, in order that.
act. inf. detkvupt (# 1259) to show. Inf. used to express The word is used to introduce a purp. cl. expressed first
Revelation 22 652

by the fut. ind. rather than by the aor. subj. (RWP). and now He bears it in person (Swete). G@kovovtt pres.
éotat fut. ind. mid. (dep.) eit (# 1639) to be. EvAov act. part. axovw (#201) to hear. npognteia (#4735)
(# 3833) tree. mudaov (# 4784) gate. eto€ABworv aor. subj. prophecy (Thomas; Robert L. Thomas, “The Spiritual
act. eloepyouat (# 1656) to go into, to enter. © 15 &w Gift of Prophecy in Rev. 22:18,” JETS 32 [1989]: 201-16;
(# 2032) outside, without. kuveg nom. pl. kuvwv (# 3264) DLNT, 970-77). BiBAiov (# 1046) book. éx167 aor. subj.
dog (s. Phil. 3:2). ¢appoaxog (#5761) one who mixes act. enitiOnyt (# 2202) to place upon, to place in addi-
drugs either for magic or for sorcery (s. 9:21). nopvosg tion, to add to. For the meaning of the prep. in com-
(# 4521) immoral person, one who commits sexual acts pound, s. MH, 312f. Subj. w. ev (# 1569) in a 3rd. class
of immorality. goved¢ (# 5838) murderer. eléwA0AatpNS cond. cl. which views the cond. as a possibility. env6noE1
(#1629) idol worshiper. @Ud@v pres. act. part. pirew fut. ind. act. emitiOnur (#2202). nAnyn (# 4435) blow,
(#5797) to be fond of, to love. nouwv pres. act. part. wound, plague. yeypoypévas perf. pass. part. ypapw
novew (# 4472) to do. 16 Exeywa. aor. ind. act. neunw (# 1211) to write. Perf. indicates the continuing author-
(# 4287) to send. waptupijoat aor. act. inf. waptupew ity of that which was written (MM; TDNT). @ 19 agéAq
(# 3455) to witness, to testify (NTCW). Inf. to express aor. subj. act. agarpew (# 904) to take away, to take away
purp. pila (# 4844) root (s. 5:5). dotnp (# 843) star. Aoy- from, to deduct from. For examples in the papyri s.
mp0¢ (# 3287) bright, shining, brilliant. npwivog (# 4748) MM; Preisigke. pépoc (# 3538) part. EdAov (# 3833) tree.
morning, star, Venus. (s. 2 Pet. 1:19). 17 xvetpa @ 20 A€ye1 pres. ind. act. Aeyw (# 3306) to say. paptupdv
(# 4460) spirit. vopon (# 3811) bride. The Spirit is the pres. act. part. waptupéw (# 3455) to witness (s.v. 18). vat
Holy Spirit and the bride is the church. It is the testimo- (# 3721) yes, yes (s. Rev. 1:7). €pyopa. (# 2262) pres. ind.
ny of the church empowered by the Holy Spirit that mid. (dep.) to come. Pres. used to describe a fut. event
constitutes the great evangelizing force of this age to emphasize the certainty or immediacy (GGBB, 536).
(Mounce). Aéyovoty pres. ind. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Taxus (# 5444) adv., quickly, soon. gyhy (# 297) amen (s.
épzou pres. imp. mid. (dep.) épyoua1 (# 2262) to go, to Rev. 1:7; EWNT). épyov pres. imp. mid. (dep.) épxouat
come. @kovwv pres. act. part. axovw (#201) to hear. et- (# 2262) to come. Imp. as a petition or prayer, or both.
™Gtw aor. imp. act. A€yw (# 3306) to say. Suwav pres. act. @ 21 yapi¢ (#5921) grace. The benediction is pro-
part. Suyaw (# 1498) to thirst, to be thirsty. pyeo0w pres. nounced upon all who have listened to the book as it
imp. pass. (dep.) épxoua (# 2262) to come. Imp. as invi- was read aloud in the churches of Asia (Mounce).
tation and permission, “let him come.” 6€Awv pres. act. Grace is the only ground on which any can stand for
part. 8€4w (#2527) to desire, to want to. AaPetw aor. eternity (Govett). navtwv gen. pl. mac (# 4246) all; “with
imp. act. AopBavw (# 3284) to take, to receive. Swpeav all.” Through clouds and sunshine, by night and by
(#1562) without cause, freely, without charge. day, in all times and circumstances, His unfailing grace
@ 18 paptupa@ pres. ind. act. paptupew (# 3455) to bear is their support and strength. It is grace from beginning
witness, to testify. The speaker is still surely Jesus. He to end, from otherwise hopeless ruin till complete re-
has borne testimony through the book by His angel, demption (Scott).
BUILD YOUR LIBRARY WITH THIS
ESSENTIAL GREEK REFERENCE TOOL.
THE GREEK New TESTAMENT
UBS4 wiTH NRSV AND NIV
John R. Kohlenberger Ill

Students with a working knowledge of

Greek can compare the translation method
of two widely used and critically ¢ s ¢ \
t

contemporary English versions of the } Jew

Testament, using this three-column parallee]
presentation of the United Bible Society’s
Fourth Edition Greek text (UBS4) alongside
the New Revised Standard Version OnVRSV)
and the New International Version (NIV
New Testaments.

The Greek New Testament UBS4 with

NRSV and NIV provides an object lesson in
modern Bible translation, letting readers see
the difference between the verbum ad ver-
bum (word for word) technique of the
NRSV and the sensum ad sensum (idea for
idea) technique of the NIV.

Both the NRSV and NIV footnotes appear in

their entirety. The editor’s notes to the U 1BS4
point out where this text differs from the
Greek texts used for the NRSV and the NIV.
Hardcover: 0-310-41400-8

Available at your local Christian or college bookstore

Zondery. ae be
rm= Nw . >\

ss
x
For additional textbooks on New Testament Greek look for
these outstanding titles:
Basics of Biblical Greek
Grammar and Workbook
William D. Mounce

Basics of Biblical Greek takes an integrated approach to teaching and learning

New Testament Greek. Students immediately start working with verses from the
New Testament, tying the lessons directly to the biblical text. It makes learning
Greek a natural process and shows from the very beginning how an understanding
of Greek helps in understanding the New Testament. Written from the student’s
perspective, this approach combines the best of the deductive and inductive meth-
ods. The workbook features a parsing section and is usefully perforated with hole-
CeiMN LE punched pages for loose-leaf binders.
Grammar (Hardcover): 0-310-59800-1
Workbook (Softcover): 0-310-40091-0

Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics

An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament
Daniel B. Wallace
Depth, accuracy, relevancy, and up-to-date presentation make this intermediate
Greek grammar the finest available—equipping students of the New Testament
with the skills they need to do biblical exegesis. Written by a world-class authority
on Greek grammar, it links grammar and exegesis to provide today’s student,
expositor, or professor with solid exegetical and linguistic foundations.
Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics integrates the technical requirements for
proper Greek interpretation with the actual interests and needs of Bible students. eunrace
wn mes
It is the first truly exegetical syntax in which the author constantly has an eye on
the role of syntax in exegesis.
Hardcover: 0-310-37340-9

A Graded Reader of Biblical Greek

Companion to Basics of Biblical Greek and Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics
William D. Mounce
This multipurpose volume serves as a companion to Basics of Biblical Greek,
Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics, and Biblical Greek Exegesis. It contains
annotated readings from the New Testament designed for second-year Greek
students. Sections from the Greek New Testament are presented in order of
increasing difficulty, and unfamiliar forms and constructions are annotated.
Softcover: 0-310-20582-4
 Biblical Greek Exegesis
A Graded Approach to Learning Intermediate and Advanced Greek
George H. Guthrie and J. Scott Duvall
Biblical Greek Exegesis teaches syntax and exegesis using examples from the New
Testament text rather than from textbook sentence constructions. This real-world
approach retains student interest by relating their Greek training directly to their
future ministry.
Using the first nine New Testament sections of William D. Mounce’s Graded
Reader of Biblical Greek, the first section of Biblical Greek Exegesis asks the stu-
dent to translate, identify syntactical elements in the text, and diagram the text.
The second part of the book takes the student through a twelve-step process of
exegesis, based largely on a grammatical and semantic analysis of the text, and con-
cludes by helping students prepare preaching/teaching outlines on the various New Testament passages.
Softcover: 0-310-21246-4

The Morphology of Biblical Greek

A Companion to Basics of Biblical Greek and
An Analytical Lexicon to the Greek New Testament
William D. Mounce
The Morphology of Biblical Greek shows how Greek word forms (even the most
“irregular” ones) are derived by means of a limited set of rules. It explains why
Greek words “do what they do” in a way that second-year Greek students can
understand. It also includes paradigms, principal parts, and an index of all words in
the New Testament with their morphological category.
Hardcover: 0-310-41040-1

The Students Complete Vocabulary Guide to the

Greek New Testament
Complete Frequency Lists, Cognate Groupings, and Principal Parts
Warren C. Trenchard
The Student’s Complete Vocabulary Guide to the Greek New Testament is the
most complete book of its kind. Designed for both reference and study, it covers
the entire vocabulary of the Greek New Testament—not just the words that occur
most frequently. Words are arranged by frequency and in a separate section by
cognates. Principal parts for all verbs found in the New Testament are also listed.
A new revised edition being published October 1998 adds the Goodrick-Kohlen-
berger numbers to the index.
Softcover: 0-310-22695-3 ad
[suc]

Zondervan Publishing House

Grand Rapids, Michigan
Available at your local Christian or college bookstore http://www.zondervan.com

A Division of HarperCollinsPublishers
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We want to hear from you. Please send your comments about this book to us
in care of the address below. Thank you.

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ZondervanPublishingHouse
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49530
http://www.zondervan.com
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 guistic an Exegetical cey t
tothe Greek New
Sal fibre (-Yaytourlee Mie) busy pastors whose
knowledge of Greek grammar ieM enicctere)aigUiava ol0l aiVaromny-lalt
to read the Greek New Testament. Itnot only simplifies reading
~ the text of the Greek New Testament but also gives the reader a
wealth (0) tools. that a lexicon and grammar Fe\elalswerslalarela e)ce)Vi(e(=m
or those with: a basic knowledge of first--year Greek grammar
Ree NV{erer-1 06]F-Tavamtalicmorelge)e)(-\cci\vancc\Utcicteb-lare Melk-v-\i\Var=>e-lare (16
toll tela me)aa
(al-W alle]alnvarcielerer=tX<)10] fyAl/ale/PII (em(a al(OM (Al-MC1E-1-),¢
New Testament (1982) makes reading the Greek New.Testament
faster, easier, and more-effective. Going through the New _~
Testament verse by verse, The New Linguistic and Exegetical Key
to the Greek New Testament provides help in three areas:
Lexical - It identifies unusual and uncommon word forms -
that in the past had to be looked up in a lexicon,
as well as their meaning, based on BAGD and
other standard lexicons.
eretitii-liter:|Reamtel leonle ctsmelt-Uaaluatelicers\i lalsitelalicy on the leading
(Cig=\-1 aele-laalaarclecvetiarenieceliaremUlcelitc\eroes} Greek
Grammar Beyond the Basics.
Exegetical- As the title of this revised and expanded edition
indicates, The New Linguistic and Exegetical Key
to the Greek New Testament also provides the
‘reader with a wealth of exegetical insights and
nuances, as well as references to a wide range of
commentaries, monographs, FfelUlaarelaeclatce (soem alice
torical works, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and so forth.

Cleon L. Rogers Jr. (Th.D.), now retired, was director of the Freie
Theologische Akademie in Giessen, Germany. He is the author of
The Topical Josephus and contributor to the New International
Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis.

Lo7(=Yo}almMem sole (-1¢-¥8 || GlMamBoe (om (-161(0[¢-1 anlam e)]e)|(er-lmr-lalem=y.<cte[-e(ercl

studies at the New Life Seminary in Altenkirchen, Germany, and at
the Bibel Seminary in Bonn, Germany.
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