Ho Chi Minh City University of Economics and Finance

Faculty of Economics

MIDTERM REPORT
INVENTORY AND WAREHOUSE MANAGEMENT
- MGT2151E
 7
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- Trung bình : TB
Họ tên

Lê Chí Mỹ

Hàng Đức Toàn

Phạm Thuỳ Nhiên

Hà Đỗ Hoàng Ánh

Bùi Thị Kim Trang

Nguyễn Thanh Trúc
MSSV

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Questions
1. What factors affect the performance of safety and security management in
the warehouse? Conduct a literature review along with an expert interview at the
warehouse that you have visited to summarize all the factors that can affect the
performance of safety and security management in a specialized warehouse.
2. What factors affect the performance of delivery and receipt of goods at the
warehouse? Conduct a literature review along with an expert interview at the
warehouse that you have visited to summarize all the factors that can affect the
performance of delivery and receipt of goods at a specialized warehouse.
Assessment criteria Fail Pass Good Distinction
This assignment is a group report (1-4) (5-6) (7-8) (9-10)
Conduct a literature review along with an expert
interview at the warehouse that you have visited to
summarize all the factors that can affect the
performance of safety and security management in a
specialized warehouse.
Conduct a literature review along with an expert
interview at the warehouse that you have visited to
summarize all the factors that can affect the
performance of delivery and receipt of goods at a
specialized warehouse.
Times New Roman, Font size 13, Line and paragraph
spacing 1.5, and Margin normal (top, left, bottom, and
right 2.54 cm)
In-text references and a list of all cited sources at the
end of the essay by applying the APA referencing style
3000 words (+/-10%), excluding the tables, graphs,
diagrams, appendixes, and references
Written in a concise, formal business style

Cover page as prescribed with complete information

PDF file

Average score:
Table of Contents
REPORT OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................5
I. Introducing Tan Cang - Long Binh ICD..........................................................................5
II. Discussion questions.....................................................................................................7
Question 1: What factors affect the performance of safety and security management in the
warehouse?.............................................................................................................................7
1. Safety management:................................................................................................................7
1.1.1 Warehouse infrastructure and design........................................................................................................7
1.1.2 Pallet and forklift:.......................................................................................................................................9
1.1.3 Environmental conditions.........................................................................................................................11
1.1.4 Packaging quality......................................................................................................................................13
1.1.5 How to arrange in warehouse..................................................................................................................15
1.1.6 Staff:.........................................................................................................................................................16
1.1.7 Fire protection system:.............................................................................................................................17
1.1.8 Technology - Barcode scanners................................................................................................................18

1.2 Specific factors:.........................................................................................................................22

1.2.1 Chemical warehouse.................................................................................................................................22
1.2.2 Food raw materials warehouse & Agricultural warehouse.......................................................................25

2. Security management........................................................................................................27
2.1 Access control...........................................................................................................................27
2.2 Security monitoring system.......................................................................................................28
2.3 Staff..........................................................................................................................................29
2.4 Data encryption technology and system security.......................................................................30
Question 2: What factors affect the performance of delivery and receipt of goods at the
warehouse?...........................................................................................................................30
2.1. Infrastructure and Equipment..................................................................................................31
2.2. Transportation and Logistics Coordination...............................................................................32
2.3. Workforce Efficiency................................................................................................................33
2.4. Technology and Automation....................................................................................................33
2.5. Documentation and Verification Procedures............................................................................34
2.6. Storage Capacity and Space Utilization.....................................................................................34
2.7. Supplier and Customer Reliability............................................................................................35
III. Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................36

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................38
REPORT OBJECTIVES

This report aims to identify and analyze factors affecting the effectiveness of safety and
security management in warehouses as well as the performance of cargo handling operations
at warehouse. Through a literature review and interviews with warehouse experts, the report
will focus on clarifying factors affecting safety and security management in three specialized
types of warehouses, including chemical warehouses - dangerous goods, food raw materials
warehouses and agricultural product warehouses. Each type of warehouse has its own
characteristics in terms of goods nature, storage conditions and risk level, therefore, separate
analysis of influencing factors will help clarify the specific challenges in each type of
warehouse.
In addition, the report also studies the factors affecting the performance of warehouse delivery
operations. This analysis does not separate each type of warehouse but focuses on the factors
that generally affect the entire warehouse delivery process. The factors considered may be
related to the management system, infrastructure, equipment, operating procedures, human
resources capacity, environmental factors and external factors affecting the delivery
operations. The results of the report will provide an overview and details of the factors
affecting warehouse safety and security as well as the delivery process.

I. Introducing Tan Cang - Long Binh ICD

Tan Cang Long Binh ICD, located in the heart of the bustling industrial park of Bien Hoa,
Dong Nai, is a key link in the logistics network of the Southeast region. With its strategic
location, this ICD not only plays the role of an important transit point for goods but also a
diverse logistics service center, serving the growing needs of domestic and foreign
enterprises.
 Picture 1: ICD Tan Cang-Long Binh

On the first day of establishment, the Company had only 32 employees, a charter capital of
150 billion VND, and operated the first warehouse with an area of only 18,000m2. Thanks to
the outstanding efforts of the staff, employees and workers, the solidarity and enthusiasm of
the Party Committee and the Board of Directors of the Company in investing, expanding and
recruiting, the current number of employees is nearly 310 people. The Company's charter
capital is more than 245 billion VND, the Company is directly exploiting 232 hectares of
defense land, over 569,600m2 of warehouse; 10 hectares of cargo yard; 2 office buildings. In
addition to the warehouses invested in construction with its own capital, the Company,
together with its partners, invested in building an agricultural warehouse system with an area
of 130 thousand m2; a specialized wood industry warehouse system of 38 hectares and many
equipment serving exploitation activities such as: 30 tractors, 50 warehouse forklifts of all
kinds, warehouse management software system, specialized yard and container management.
Tan Cang Long Binh ICD is invested in construction with modern infrastructure, including a
large warehouse system, specialized container yard and advanced loading and unloading
equipment. This allows ICD to handle a large volume of goods quickly and efficiently, from
general goods to special goods that require strict storage conditions.
Not only providing storage and handling services, Tan Cang Long Binh ICD is also a multi-
functional logistics center. Here, businesses can find a complete range of logistics services,
including multimodal transport, customs clearance, packaging and distribution of goods.
These services are provided by a team of experienced experts, ensuring that goods are
transported and handled safely and on time.
 Tan Cang Long Binh ICD is also an indispensable part of the supply chain of import-export
enterprises. With flexible connectivity to major seaports such as Cat Lai and Cai Mep, ICD
helps to reduce transportation time and costs, while optimizing logistics processes for
businesses. This is especially important in the context of increasingly fierce global
competition, where speed and efficiency are decisive factors for success.
II. Discussion questions

Question 1: What factors affect the performance of safety and security management in the
warehouse?

1. Safety management:
In every warehouse system, safety is always the most important component in determining
operational efficiency and reducing hazards. Tan Cang Long Binh ICD, for example, manages
three types of warehouses: chemical warehouses, food raw material warehouses, and
agricultural product warehouses. Ensuring safety requires a combination of management
science, monitoring technology, and human awareness, in addition to regulatory compliance.
Although each type of warehouse has unique qualities, they are all influenced by a number of
similar determining elements.

Common factors:

1.1.1 Warehouse infrastructure and design

Chemical warehouse:
The chemical warehouse at ICD Long Binh is built according to strict safety standards to
ensure efficiency during storage and operation. The warehouse infrastructure is designed with
a solid structure, using fire-resistant and anti-corrosion materials to minimize risks from
specific chemicals. The entire warehouse floor is covered with a waterproof layer to limit the
risk of leakage into the environment, while the natural and forced ventilation system helps
maintain safe air conditions, reducing the risk of toxic vapor accumulation.
The arrangement of storage areas in the warehouse is carefully calculated, divided according
to chemical properties to avoid the risk of cross-reaction. Flammable chemicals, toxic
chemicals or corrosive chemicals all have separate storage spaces, complying with regulations
on distance and storage conditions. Specialized shelves with high load capacity are installed to
optimize space, while ensuring safety during the import and export of goods.
The operating space in the warehouse is reasonably designed, with spacious aisles, clear signs
and dedicated areas for loading and unloading chemicals, helping to minimize the risk of
accidents. Warehouse operations are monitored through a security camera system and
continuous monitoring sensors, ensuring strict risk control.

Food raw materials warehouse

The infrastructure and design of the warehouse play a critical role in ensuring the safety of
food material storage, such as powdered milk, at the ICD Long Binh facility. A modern and
standardized warehouse design helps maintain essential environmental factors such as
temperature, humidity, and light at stable levels, thereby protecting the quality of the materials
during storage. For example, a proper insulation system and air conditioning can prevent
sudden temperature changes, which could lead to product degradation, especially for sensitive
items like powdered milk.
Additionally, the infrastructure includes walls, ceilings, and floors that meet food safety
standards. The warehouse floor should be made from slip-resistant and easy-to-clean materials
to minimize contamination risks. Meanwhile, the ceilings and walls should be designed to
prevent the intrusion of insects or external environmental factors that may harm the products.
Properly arranged storage racks are also crucial, as they not only need to be sturdy and load-
bearing but also scientifically organized to ensure sufficient spacing for air circulation and
easy access for staff to inspect and transport goods.
Advanced monitoring and environmental control systems are indispensable components as
well. Surveillance cameras, coupled with automated temperature and humidity sensors, can
help detect any issues promptly, thereby minimizing potential damages. Moreover, fire
prevention and firefighting systems must be designed and installed in strict compliance with
safety standards to ensure preparedness in emergencies.
Lack of investment in infrastructure could lead to severe risks such as product damage,
contamination, or even loss of goods. This not only affects the quality of the products but also
threatens the reputation and competitive standing of the ICD Long Binh warehouse in the
market. Therefore, a well-designed and standardized warehouse infrastructure is not only a
foundation for safety and efficiency in management but also a key factor in maintaining
product quality and customer trust. Overall, meticulous investment in infrastructure will help
the ICD Long Binh warehouse set an exemplary standard for food safety management in
Vietnam.

Agricultural warehouse
Safety performance in agricultural warehouses has a significant impact on product quality,
worker safety, and operational efficiency. In particular, infrastructure and warehouse design
are critical in maintaining safety and streamlining the storage process. Cotton seeds and coffee
beans must be stored in agricultural warehouses that meet rigorous criteria for fire prevention
and suppression, as well as exploitation efficiency.
First and foremost, warehouse infrastructure and design have a direct impact on product
quality. Temperature, humidity, ventilation, and shelf structure are all key factors in ensuring
that agricultural products do not get damaged, termite-infested, or moldy. The use of
insulating materials, an automatic temperature sensor system, and humidity management all
contribute to the long-term stability of product quality. Furthermore, drainage and humidity
treatment systems help to reduce the risk of mold, particularly in long-term storage.
Agricultural warehouse design and layout
Warehouses for agricultural items like cotton seeds and coffee beans are frequently designed
with separate regions, such as a warehouse receiving area, a storage area, and an export area.
The warehouse receiving area is positioned near the entrance to make loading, unloading, and
checking items easier. The storage room is the most significant, since it is where things are
carefully organized to maximize air circulation while reducing mildew and damage. Shelves
are typically organized in a pyramid or horizontal row to reduce mobility and maximize
storage capacity. Furthermore, the broad aisle system, which does not hinder forklifts or
vehicles, speeds up and improves the safety of products movement. The warehouse's lighting
 system is also critical, providing appropriate lighting to prevent errors during the inspection
and transferring of items. The warehouse's vertical axis must be East-West to reduce the
impact of sun radiation.
To guarantee appropriate storage conditions, agricultural warehouses include environmental
control systems such as ventilation fans, dehumidifiers, and temperature monitoring sensors.
Warehouses containing combustible commodities such as cottonseed must be positioned away
from heat sources, have automatic fire alarm systems, and have fire extinguishers in numerous
conveniently accessible locations.
Tan Cang Long Binh ICD's agricultural warehousing infrastructure meets international
requirements. The corporation and its partners invested in developing an agricultural
warehouse system with an area of 130,000 m² to preserve and distribute enormous quantities
of goods. The warehouses are outfitted with innovative fire safety equipment, such as
automated sprinklers, smoke detectors, and temperature monitors. Furthermore, the flooring is
elevated above the ground, with a moisture-proof layer to prevent moisture from rising from
the ground and developing mold, and heat-reflecting materials to keep high temperatures from
raising humidity in the air.

1.1.2 Pallet and forklift:

Forklifts and pallets are crucial to maintaining safe operations in warehouses, particularly in
sizable logistics hubs like Tan Cang-Long Binh ICD. Pallets serve as the base for stacking
and moving items, preventing damage to the products and making forklift transportation
simple. In addition to optimizing storage space, using the proper pallets lowers the possibility
of items falling, which is one of the primary causes of workplace accidents in warehouses.
Conversely, using pallets and forklifts incorrectly can have a number of detrimental effects,
including compromising worker safety, causing merchandise to be lost, and interfering with
warehouse operations. Pallets may collapse and spill products if they are not used in
accordance with rules, such as selecting the incorrect kind of pallet for the items, utilizing
subpar pallets, or loading and unloading them incorrectly. This is particularly risky at Tan
Cang-Long Binh ICD's chemical and food component warehouses, where product safety and
storage are crucial. For instance, if wooden pallets are rotten or damaged but are still being
utilized, the weight may be too much for them to support, which could cause the pallet to
break and cause items to fall, harming goods and putting warehouse employees in danger.
To avoid mold, dry seeds are thus kept in agricultural warehouses on wooden pallets or plastic
pallets protected with plastic film. While food raw material warehouses emphasize plastic or
stainless steel pallets to fulfill hygienic standards, chemical warehouses utilize plastic or metal
pallets to ensure strong chemical resistance.
 Picture 2: Types of pallet
Forklifts, in addition to pallets, are essential warehouse equipment that facilitates rapid lifting
and moving of items, lowers manual labor costs, and boosts output. However, when handled
improperly, forklifts can result in dangerous situations including worker-forklift collisions,
overloaded forklifts toppling over, or items falling as a result of incorrect lifting
procedures.Tan Cang-Long Binh ICD vigorously enforces safety precautions when operating
forklifts. The business chooses forklifts that are appropriate for each kind of product, such as
heavy-duty forklifts for warehouses that hold chemicals and food raw materials, diesel
forklifts, or electric pallet stackers for warehouses with tight aisles. Forklift drivers receive
extensive training in safe driving practices, addressing emergencies, and adhering to safety
regulations in warehouses. Forklifts are also routinely serviced and inspected to guarantee
proper equipment performance and minimize technical issues.
 Picture 3: Forklifts at ICD Tan Cang-Long Binh

1.1.3 Environmental conditions

Temperature:
 Chemical warehouse
In particular, temperatures that are too high might raise the pressure inside containers, which
can result in leaks or even explosions. On the other side, some compounds can harden at
extremely low temperatures, making them challenging to handle and utilize. Furthermore,
abrupt temperature swings may cause condensation, which can corrode machinery and reduce
the storage facility's lifespan.
Depending on the kind of chemical being kept, a chemical warehouse's typical temperature
falls between 15°C and 25°C. The majority of international standards and industrial safety
laws advise keeping a stable temperature within this range, while certain chemicals with
unique needs may need lower or higher temperatures. In particular, flammable, volatile
substances like ethanol, toluene, and acetone typically need temperatures lower than 25°C.
Strong acids and bases (HCl, NaOH) and other corrosive substances should be kept in a cool
place with a constant temperature below 25°C.
 Food raw material warehouse
Temperature is one of the key environmental parameters influencing the safety performance
of food raw materials warehouses. High temperatures can stimulate the growth of
microorganisms like bacteria and molds, resulting in spoiling and lowering the quality of
products. Furthermore, high temperatures promote the respiration of agricultural crops,
resulting in dehydration and diminished nutritional value. On the contrary, excessively low
temperatures can induce chilling injury to certain goods, lowering their quality and
marketability. As a result, maintaining proper storage temperatures is critical to ensuring the
quality and safety of products in storage
Moreover, to ensure stable temperatures, advanced air conditioning and refrigeration systems
are used. For milk powder, the ideal temperature is usually maintained between 18°C and
 25°C. Temperature sensors are installed throughout the warehouse to continuously monitor
and promptly detect any unusual changes, thereby triggering alerts to staff.
 Agricultural warehouse
Cotton seeds and coffee beans, for example, require a specific storage temperature to retain
their quality. According to Vietnam Standard TCVN 6602:2013 (ISO 8455:2011), green
coffee beans should be stored at a temperature of around 22°C. Maintaining this temperature
prevents the growth of bacteria and mold while retaining the beans' flavor and freshness.
Cotton seeds, due to their particular characteristics, must be stored in a cold, dry environment
to avoid mildew and spoilage. Temperature control in the warehouse is critical to maintaining
the quality and safety of these seeds.
Humidity:
Humidity is another environmental factor that directly affects the safety performance of
warehouses. When humidity levels are excessively high, water vapor easily condenses on the
surface of warehouse items and structures, fostering the growth of germs and mold. Mold not
only degrades the quality of products, but it also poses a health risk when exposed to or
consumed with infected food. Furthermore, high humidity can reduce the lifespan and
performance of warehouse equipment and machinery through corrosion and component
degradation. In contrast, if the humidity level is too low, some agricultural products may dry
up, crack, or lose their natural flavor, lowering the product's quality and economic value.
 Chemical warehouse
Equipment and packing materials that contain chemicals may corrode and deteriorate due to
high humidity. Carton or paper packaging, for instance, can tear, the printed information on
the surface may fade, or even the preservation of the items during storage and transit may be
impacted. Additionally, a lot of compounds are quite hygroscopic, meaning that they may
undergo unintended chemical interactions in a humid environment, which could result in
degradation or decreased efficacy. Maintaining and guaranteeing the safety of chemicals
stored in chemical warehouses depends heavily on the standard humidity levels. Many
different kinds of chemicals are thought to be best stored in a "dry" environment with a
relative humidity of no more than 70%.
 Food raw material warehouse
Regarding humidity, dehumidification and ventilation systems are deployed to maintain
relative humidity below 65% for milk powder. This helps prevent clumping, mold and
product damage, ensuring the quality of milk powder is always at its best.
 Agricultural warehouse
Keeping the optimum humidity for each type of agricultural product is critical to ensuring
quality and extending storage life. The International Coffee Organization (ICO) recommends
an average humidity of 11% to 12.5% for green coffee beans during storage. To maintain this
humidity level, the storage space must have a relative humidity of 60% to 65%, which must
be sustained during the storage duration. Industrial dehumidifiers can be used to control
humidity in coffee storage, preventing mold growth and preserving the coffee's characteristic
flavor.
Ventilation:
Ventilation is critical for warehouses to operate safely. An excellent ventilation system
regulates the temperature and humidity inside the warehouse, preventing the growth of mold
and hazardous germs and so maintaining the quality and safety of goods. Maintaining fresh air
also aids in the elimination of hazardous gasses, resulting in a safe working environment for
 staff. Moreover, when chemicals are stored and handled, harmful gases, chemical vapors, and
disagreeable smells can be eliminated with the aid of ventilation. These materials can build up
in the warehouse's enclosed area if they are not removed right away, endangering workers'
health and leading to respiratory and skin issues. Furthermore, under specific circumstances,
combining certain compounds with air might result in the creation of combustible or
explosive gas combinations. By keeping the air flowing continuously, the concentration of
these gases is lowered, which lowers the chance of an explosion or fire. A stable and secure
storage environment is further ensured by ventilation, which also helps regulate the
warehouse's temperature and humidity, stop mold growth, and stop equipment corrosion.
In the storage of grains such as cotton and coffee, active ventilation is utilized to control the
temperature and humidity of the grain lots, keeping them dry and avoiding microbe growth.
This approach uses powerful fans or blowers to move air across grain lots, assuring
ventilation and grain quality.
To ensure effective ventilation, Tan Cang Long Binh ICD applies strict regulations and
measures. Goods are arranged scientifically, creating space for easy air circulation. The aisles
in the warehouse are kept clear, avoiding air stagnation. The ventilation system is checked and
maintained periodically to ensure effective operation. Ventilation fans and air filters are
cleaned and replaced regularly. Humidity and temperature sensors are used to continuously
monitor environmental parameters in the warehouse. Data is recorded and analyzed to ensure
the ventilation system operates effectively.

1.1.4 Packaging quality

Packaging quality is critical in maintaining safe operation in warehouses. High-quality

packaging not only protects products from environmental variables like moisture, light, and
insects, but it also reduces the possibility of damage during shipping and storage. Poor quality
packing can allow germs and mold to invade, lowering product quality and potentially putting
food safety at risk. Furthermore, poor quality packaging raises the risk of collapse when
stacked, compromising worker safety.
 Chemical warehouse:
Packaging for chemical warehouses needs to be resistant to pressure, corrosion, and climatic
factors such high humidity and temperature. When exposed to chemicals, low-quality
packaging can split and cause hazardous leaks. Solid chemicals must be stored in moisture-
proof packaging, gaseous chemicals need containers that can tolerate high pressure, and liquid
chemicals like sulfuric acid and organic solvents need waterproof packaging.
Strict packaging laws have been put in place to guarantee chemical storage safety. The
following specifications must be fulfilled by packaging in accordance with international
standards and the Vietnamese Chemical Law:
 Liquid substances: Depending on the degree of hazard, they are typically kept in glass
bottles, 1000L IBC tanks, HDPE plastic cans, or stainless steel or HDPE drums. These
kinds of packaging guard against chemical and mechanical damage and help stop leaks.
 Gaseous chemicals: kept in composite tanks, liquefied gas tanks, or steel tanks that can
withstand pressure. Safety valves are necessary for these kinds of packaging in order to
regulate pressure and stop harmful gas leaks.
 Solid chemicals: should be kept in steel drums, sealed plastic tanks, multi-layer kraft
paper bags lined with PE, or PP bags coated with PE. By preventing moisture absorption,
this packaging shields chemicals from harm to the environment.
 Food raw material & Agricultural warehouse
Selecting the appropriate packaging is crucial for agricultural products such as cotton seeds
and coffee beans. Coffee beans are commonly stored in jumbo bags (FIBC - Flexible
Intermediate Bulk Container) made of durable polypropylene (PP) with capacities ranging
from 500 kg to 2.5 tonnes. This type of bag is not only long-lasting, but also environmentally
friendly and safe for consumers.

Picture 4: Jumbo bag

The second type of packaging is PP (Polypropylene) bags with PE lining, which are popular
because they are more moisture resistant than jute bags and so last longer. This type of bag
has a capacity of 50-60 kg less than Jumbo bags, allowing for better product quality during
storage and shipping.
 Picture 5: PP bag

1.1.5 How to arrange in warehouse

 Chemical warehouse
Strict guidelines must be followed while arranging chemicals in the warehouse to guarantee
both operational effectiveness and safety. To reduce the chance of leaks or negative effects on
the environment, chemicals must be kept on specialized shelves after being categorized and
segregated rather than on the ground. To prevent contact with moisture, chemicals that react
with water must be kept at least 0.3 meters above the ground on platforms or shelves. To
guarantee ventilation and prevent the buildup of harmful fumes, chemicals in bags must be
kept on platforms or shelves and kept at least 0.5 meters from the wall. A minimum of 1.5
meters must also separate chemicals from the warehouse ceiling in order to prevent
interference with the ventilation and fire safety systems. To lessen the chance of them falling
and shattering, large containers shouldn't be arranged in high places. Chemical solution
containers with capacities under 1,000L can be stacked up to three layers; however, in order
to maintain stability, containers with capacities greater than 1,000L should only be stacked up
to two levels. Barriers must be installed on shelves holding products to stop chemicals from
spilling and endangering people. To reduce the risk of collapse and guarantee safety during
warehouse inspection and administration, chemicals should not be stacked higher than two
meters when shelves are not being utilized. Adherence to these storage guidelines promotes
 efficient warehouse monitoring and operation in addition to reducing hazards including fire,
explosion, and chemical leakage.
 Food raw material warehouse & Agricultural warehouse:
Storage methods can have an impact on establishing safe work conditions in agricultural
warehouses. The organization of items not only influences product stability, but it also has a
direct impact on the working environment, reducing the danger of accidents and improving
operational performance. If things are not properly stacked, they can collapse, injuring
employees and damaging the contents. Storage rules for agricultural items such as coffee
beans and cotton seeds are tight. After drying, coffee beans are frequently bagged and stored
on pallets to avoid direct contact with the ground, which reduces the danger of moisture
absorption and mold. These bags must be placed in a brick-like manner to maintain stability
and prevent collapse in the event of a collision or vibration during transportation. In addition
to guaranteeing product stability, the storage strategy has a direct impact on the mobility and
safety of warehouse aisles.
Tan Cang Long Binh ICD arranges items in the agricultural warehouse utilizing a new shelf
system, which optimizes storage space while maintaining labor safety. As a result,
commodities are neatly arranged in each location, making loading and unloading easier and
reducing the chance of collisions. In addition to the element of organizing warehouse space,
the storage method has a significant impact on fire and explosion risk, as well as fire
prevention and fighting safety (PCCC). Cottonseed and coffee are two agricultural goods that,
if not stored properly, might catch fire. Storing them too close to walls or lighting fixtures can
lead to heat buildup, which increases the risk of fire. According to ISO 8455:2011 (TCVN
6602:2013), combustible items must be stored at least one meter from the ceiling and 0.5
meters away from lighting fixtures. If agricultural products are not stored properly, they might
be damaged by humidity, insect infestation, or spontaneous fermentation, resulting in loss.
Coffee beans, for example, must be stored on pallets at least 30cm-50cm above the ground to
prevent moisture absorption from the ground, which can lead to mold.

1.1.6 Staff:

Many elements influence safety management effectiveness in warehouses such as chemical

warehouses, agricultural warehouses (cotton seeds, coffee beans), and food raw materials
warehouses (e.g. powdered milk), with workers playing an important role. Staff are
immediately involved in the storage, transportation, and management of commodities; thus,
their experience, awareness, and behavior have a direct impact on the warehouse's overall
safety performance.
On the bright side, well-trained staff will comprehend safe work processes and closely adhere
to regulations and standards, hence reducing the likelihood of occupational accidents and
incidents in the warehouse. They can spot possible dangers early on, follow proper incident
handling protocols, and maintain a safe working environment for themselves and their
coworkers.
Employees who lack the requisite knowledge and abilities may perform procedures wrong,
resulting in workplace accidents, product damage, or other serious mishaps. For example,
failing to comply with safety rules in chemical warehouses can result in fires or hazardous
chemical spills that endanger human life and the environment. Failure to appropriately control
 humidity and temperature in agricultural warehouses can cause product degradation and
economic losses.
To guarantee workplace safety, staff must be informed on the specifics of each type of
warehouse. They must have a thorough awareness of the sorts of items held, their features,
potential hazards, and preventive measures. Furthermore, they must understand safe working
protocols, how to use personal protection equipment, fire prevention standards, and
emergency response methods. Training should be provided through in-depth courses that
combine theory and practice, ensuring that employees can apply their knowledge to actual
work.

1.1.7 Fire protection system:

Many factors influence safety management performance in warehouses such as chemical

warehouses, agricultural warehouses (cotton seeds, coffee beans), and food raw material
warehouses (e.g., powdered milk), with the fire prevention and fighting system (PCCC)
playing a critical role. The PCCCC system not only assures product and personnel safety, but
it also has a direct impact on warehouse performance.
Fire prevention systems are critical in guaranteeing the safety of warehouses. The products
which are dangerous because of their high organic content, which can burn quickly when
exposed to heat or sparks. Furthermore, during storage, the collection of cotton dust or coffee
dust in the air might represent a high risk of fire and explosion if exposed to high
temperatures or sparks from electrical equipment, mechanical friction, or other heat sources.
Equipping an effective fire protection system helps control these hazards by detecting early
indicators of fire and explosion, allowing personnel to respond quickly. Without an adequate
fire alarm and suppression system, a small fire in a warehouse can swiftly spread, destroying
hundreds of tons of agricultural products in just a few minutes. This not only causes
significant property damage but also poses a serious hazard to the lives of warehouse workers.
Furthermore, fires and explosions in warehouses have an impact on both the storage space and
the surrounding environment. When cotton seeds or coffee beans burn, they emit harmful
smoke and ash, polluting the air.
Fire protection system design for warehouse
To maintain labor safety in warehouses, fire prevention systems must meet current norms and
laws. According to Decree No. 79/2014/ND-CP, production facilities, business premises, and
warehouses must be provided with automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems
appropriate for the level of fire and explosion hazard of each type of product. Specifically, fire
protection systems in agricultural warehouses typically feature:
 Automatic fire alarm system: Utilizes smoke and heat detectors to provide early notice of
fire and explosion hazards, allowing staff to respond quickly.
 Automatic fire extinguishing system: This system includes water spraying equipment,
fire extinguishing foam, or fire extinguishing gas that activates automatically when a fire
is detected, assisting in the rapid control and extinguishment of the fire.
 Indoor and outdoor fire hydrant systems: Provides on-site fire water supply and assists
fire fighting forces in times of emergency.
Fire protection system at ICD Tan Cang Long Binh
Tan Cang Long Binh ICD's bonded warehouses are 12,000 m² and have an automatic fire
prevention system to ensure the safety of stored commodities. In addition, on November 8,
 2024, Tan Cang Long Binh ICD got an additional fire truck from Saigon Newport
Corporation, boosting the unit's total number of fire engines and improving its ability to
respond to emergency circumstances.
The fire prevention and fighting system at ICD Long Binh chemical warehouse is built and
operated according to strict standards to ensure absolute safety during the storage and
handling of chemicals. Due to the nature of the warehouse containing many types of highly
flammable and explosive chemicals, this system not only meets current regulations but is also
equipped with modern technology to minimize risks and respond promptly to emergency
situations.
Fire prevention work is implemented from the warehouse design stage, with construction
materials that are highly fire-resistant and structures that minimize the spread of fire in the
event of an incident. In addition, the ventilation system is reasonably arranged to minimize the
accumulation of flammable chemical vapors, contributing to controlling risks from the
beginning. Smoke and heat sensors are installed throughout the warehouse area, helping to
quickly detect abnormalities and activate the automatic warning system.
The fire extinguishing system includes automatic water sprinklers arranged at a density
appropriate to the nature of each type of chemical, ensuring the ability to extinguish fires
immediately when an incident occurs. In addition, specialized fire extinguishers are placed in
strategic locations, allowing employees to easily access and handle the situation effectively.
For chemicals that cannot be extinguished with water, the warehouse is equipped with a fire
extinguishing system using foam or CO2 gas, helping to control the fire without causing a
dangerous chemical reaction.
To ensure proactive fire prevention and fighting, the emergency exits are scientifically
designed, allowing employees to evacuate quickly in case of emergency. The entire system is
connected to the safety control center, which monitors warehouse operations through cameras
and automatic sensors, ensuring quick response in case of incidents.

1.1.8 Technology - Barcode scanners

Many elements influence safety management in agricultural warehouses, particularly for

products like cotton seeds and coffee beans. Technology plays an essential role in this regard.
The usage of barcode scanners in warehouse management not only increases productivity but
also ensures worker safety.
Barcode scanners enable the automation of the import and export processes, reducing human
error. When staff utilize scanners to identify and track merchandise, the chances of confusion
or missing goods are greatly decreased. This not only ensures precision in warehouse
management, but also lowers the danger of workplace accidents caused by looking for or
mishandling merchandise. Furthermore, barcode scanners reduce manual operation time,
stress, and weariness among personnel, lowering the likelihood of accidents caused by fatigue
or lack of concentration.
Barcode scanners are designed for ease of use and safety in the warehouse. They are
frequently compact, easy to handle, suited for a wide range of hand sizes, and may be used
while wearing gloves, which helps to boost work productivity. Furthermore, the wide
scanning range, from as close as 12 cm to as far as 14m, helps to eliminate errors and enhance
productivity while decreasing the need for unnecessary movement by employees, which
contributes to a lower risk of accidents.
The employment of barcode scanners in warehouse management at Tan Cang Long Binh ICD
has resulted in numerous important improvements, particularly in terms of worker safety and
productivity. Warehouse employees use handheld devices with interfaces that display features
such as "Import", "Export", "Allocation", and "Transfer", allowing them to effortlessly control
and manage items.

Picture 6: Barcode scanner main screen

Tan Cang Long Binh ICD uses barcode scanners to track and check commodities based on
pallet, package, or serial numbers. This aids in the better control of commodities that are
quickly influenced by environmental conditions if not stored correctly. Barcode scanners
enable personnel to rapidly discover inventory, maintain correct storage and arrangement of
goods, eliminate overlapping or misplacement, and limit the risk of accidents caused by
falling goods.
In addition, barcode scanners are integrated into handheld devices, allowing staff to operate
freely in the warehouse without having to move around much. This not only saves time, but it
also reduces dangers associated with excessive movement in the warehouse environment,
where several lifting equipment function continually. The device screen clearly shows
information regarding item codes, amounts, and storage locations, allowing staff to get
information without manually recording, reducing errors and boosting inventory accuracy.
Picture 7: Information on inventory by pallet location
1.2 Specific factors:

1.2.1 Chemical warehouse

 Chemical properties
The first factor to consider is the nature of the goods being stored. Unlike conventional goods,
chemicals can exist in many different forms such as liquid, solid or gas, each with its own
specific storage requirements. Some chemicals are corrosive, flammable or explosive, or react
strongly with the surrounding environment, requiring strict storage measures to avoid risks.
Therefore, classifying and identifying chemicals according to international standards is an
important factor in the management process. All chemicals imported into the warehouse are
carefully checked for chemical properties, origin and storage conditions to ensure stability
throughout the storage period.
In addition, the operating process of a chemical warehouse also has special characteristics
compared to conventional warehouses. All import and export activities must comply with
strict regulations to minimize the risk of chemical leakage, loss or unwanted reactions. Before
receiving goods, warehouse staff must fully check technical records, related documents and
assess the safety level of each shipment. During the warehouse exit process, ensuring that
chemicals are transported properly, using standard packaging and following specific
transportation procedures is a prerequisite to prevent unexpected incidents.
The warehouse at ICD Long Binh is facing serious risks due to inadequate chemical
classification. The lack of proper arrangement increases fire and explosion risks, leading to
property damage and health issues. Uncontrolled chemical interactions can generate toxic
gases or harmful compounds, polluting the environment. The absence of clear classification
also reduces incident response effectiveness, making it difficult for firefighters and emergency
teams to determine appropriate remedial actions. Therefore, chemical management must
comply with classification standards to ensure safety and minimize risks.
Picture 8:Regulations and chemical group classification are posted at the storage location

 Chemical safety
In addition, the human factor also plays an important role in the operation of a chemical
warehouse. Due to the nature of the goods, the staff working here must be trained in depth in
chemical knowledge, emergency handling skills and safe operating procedures. Not only do
they need to master the principles of working with chemicals, but they must also be able to
identify risks and respond promptly when incidents occur. Organizing regular training
programs, raising safety awareness and practicing emergency drills are among the factors that
help minimize risks during operations.
Another important factor is a strict control and monitoring system for warehouse operations.
Monitoring and inventorying chemicals does not simply stop at recording the quantity but also
includes checking the stability of the goods, ensuring suitable storage conditions and early
detection of abnormalities. Applying technology to management helps improve accuracy and
reduce errors, while supporting the quick and effective traceability of goods. All warehouse
activities are recorded and reported regularly to ensure transparency and meet the
requirements of management agencies.
The warehouse at ICD Long Binh lacks clear chemical safety regulations, posing risks to
people, property, and the environment. Workers may lack knowledge and skills to handle
chemicals, increasing the risk of accidents and exposure to toxic substances. The lack of
safety measures can lead to improper storage, transportation, and use, causing fires,
explosions, and toxic gas releases. Inaccurate chemical management can also negatively
impact the environment, contaminating water and soil, and causing long-term environmental
consequences and corporate liability.

Picture 9: Chemical warehouse regulations are posted at the warehouse door

 Warehousing and stacking activities

The warehouse is equipped with a specialized shelf system with high load-bearing capacity,
helping to ensure the stability of goods during storage. For chemicals with special
requirements on temperature or humidity, the storage area is designed with an automatic
environmental control system, ensuring that stable parameters are maintained throughout the
storage period. Periodic checks of environmental indicators in the warehouse and reporting of
storage status help to detect potential risks early and take timely measures. At ICD Long
Binh, the loading and storage of chemicals is carried out with extreme care, reflecting the
specific nature and potential danger of this type of goods. Right from the time of receipt,
chemicals are carefully classified based on criteria such as chemical properties, hazard level,
and ability to interact with other chemicals. This classification not only helps to optimize
storage space but also minimizes the risk of unwanted chemical reactions. After classification,
chemicals are transported and loaded using specialized equipment, designed to ensure safety
during lifting and moving. A modern warehouse management system helps to accurately track
 the quantity, location, and status of each shipment, and supports periodic inventory. In
addition to focusing on safe storage, ICD Long Binh also pays special attention to responding
to emergency situations.
The lack of a chemical loading and storage instruction board at ICD Long Binh poses
significant risks in management, operation, and incident response. Incompatible chemicals
may cause unintended reactions, leading to fires, explosions, toxic gases, and harmful
compounds. Improper storage can cause damage, leaks, and toxic gas release, endangering
workers and reducing chemical quality. Without signage, firefighters and safety personnel
struggle to locate hazardous chemicals, slowing down incident response and increasing
damage. Disorganization in storage can also affect work efficiency and lead to errors in
chemical use.

Picture 10: Guide to loading and storing dangerous goods

1.2.2 Food raw materials warehouse & Agricultural warehouse

 Insects and pests
Insects and pests are also important variables to consider when assessing the safety
performance of warehouses, particularly those that store powdered milk, cotton seeds and
coffee beans. Their presence not only reduces the quality and quantity of commodities, but
also poses dangers to cleanliness and food safety.
Insects such as barnyard beetles, beetles, and mealworms regularly attack products while in
storage. They are capable of entering grain, resulting in deterioration and lowering product
quality. Barnyard beetles, in example, can complete their life cycle in 2-4 months, depending
on environmental conditions. They frequently incubate eggs in goods, following which the
larvae feed for 2-4 weeks before pupating and emerging as adults. This damage not only
lowers the commercial worth of the products, but it can also render them dangerous for use
and consumption.
Pests such as rats pose a significant threat to product storage. Rats not only consume and
destroy agricultural and food raw material products, but they can also damage warehouse
infrastructure such as electrical lines, posing a fire risk. They can also act as carriers of
hazardous diseases, threatening human health.
Several methods have been used to manage insects and pests in warehouses. Regular
warehouse cleaning is a key strategy for preventing and controlling the initial source of
infection, reducing the probability of pest breeding, extending storage period, and facilitating
shipment inspection. Furthermore, the Ministry of Health's Department of Food Safety and
Hygiene has approved a nationwide certificate of circulation for insect-killing lights, allowing
enterprises to use them to eliminate pests.
At Tan Cang - Long Binh ICD, one of Vietnam's major logistical centers, bug and pest control
in agricultural warehouses is carefully enforced. One of the most effective options is to put
insect-killing lighting in agricultural warehouse locations. These lights are positioned at a
height of about 2m above the ground, which is the ideal height for effectively attracting and
killing insects, particularly flying species like flies, mosquitoes, moths, and some beetles that
are common in agricultural storage conditions. Furthermore, the lights' installation placement
is carefully planned, with a focus on places with minimal natural light to boost the capacity to
attract insects to artificial light sources, allowing the lighting system to be as successful as
possible.
 Picture 11: Insect repellent lights in warehouse

2. Security management

2.1 Access control

Since access control is the first line of defense to help prevent hazards linked to security,
safety of goods, and people, it is essential to ensure effective security in warehouses.
Businesses can minimize illegal incursion activities and quickly prevent theft, sabotage, or
fraud by tightly controlling access, including who enters, who exits, when they enter, when
they leave, and for what purpose. Strict access control is even more crucial in warehouses that
hold valuable or unique items, such as food, chemicals, raw materials, or hazardous products,
to prevent loss, damage, or safety hazards. Employee discipline is also improved by requiring
everyone entering the warehouse to complete the registration process, provide identification,
and be closely watched to prevent carelessness and irresponsibility. This is particularly crucial
for avoiding regulatory infractions, guaranteeing effective warehouse operations, and
reducing operational and managerial errors.
Businesses frequently use contemporary access control systems to accomplish this purpose.
Common solutions include the use of automatic barriers and tripods, automatic license plate
recognition, facial recognition verification, and entry and exit image recording. Document
 scanning, photography, facial recognition, remote registration, and QR codes are more
methods for warehouse registration.
Tan Cang-Long Binh ICD has a robust and up-to-date access control system. In particular, the
business has installed four pedestrian lanes and two mixed bike and car lanes at gates D and
E. Tripods and automatic barriers are part of the control system, which aids in efficiently
controlling traffic entering and leaving. Document scanning, photo capture, facial recognition,
remote registration, and QR code use are all used to register information at the port. For
further protection, the system incorporates facial recognition technology for authentication
and automatic license plate identification. All incoming and outgoing photos are captured and
centrally stored to facilitate monitoring and information retrieval as needed.

Picture 12: Access control system at ICD Tan Cang Long-Binh

2.2 Security monitoring system

The purpose of security surveillance systems is to keep an eye on all warehouse operations,
guarantee safety, and reduce the possibility of incursion. By offering real-time picture and
video data, security surveillance systems have a direct impact on how successful warehouse
security is by assisting in the early detection of anomalies like unauthorized entry, unlawful
goods movement, or fire hazards. The surveillance system's capacity to capture photos also
aids in confirming legal matters, preventing conflicts, and enhancing the management
system's dependability.
By installing surveillance equipment like cameras, warehouses may monitor exterior spaces,
office buildings, and cars arriving and exiting the gate. This technology reduces security
threats and ensures stringent operating standards by controlling the number of cars entering
 and departing the office and warehouse locations. Keeping an eye on the offices and entry hall
helps manage who enters and exits, reducing theft and enhancing security in general.
At Tan Cang Long Binh ICD, a comprehensive and synchronous security monitoring system
is deployed, including high-resolution surveillance cameras at important areas such as
entrances, dangerous goods warehouses, and employee work areas. These cameras are
connected to the central system, providing real-time monitoring and data synthesis for
analysis. Every day, the security team will check the system and evaluate its effectiveness, in
order to promptly improve and enhance the ability to respond to security risks.

Picture 13: Staff installing surveillance cameras at ICD Tan Cang Long Binh

2.3 Staff

-Security awareness
A number of factors affect how well security management works in warehouses, but
employee awareness and behavior are crucial. Employees' level of security awareness has a
 direct impact on the protection of assets and information since they are the ones that interact
directly with products and consumer data. Employees run a higher danger of losing items or
letting consumer information leak if they don't comprehend or follow security requirements.
Employees that are properly trained and understand the value of security, on the other hand,
will proactively take preventive action, reduce risks, and enhance warehouse security.

2.4 Data encryption technology and system security

- Control goods by barcode or advanced technologies such as RFID

Using barcodes or RFID technology to control commodities reduces the danger of theft, fraud,
and loss, which directly affects how well the warehouse is secured. Because all import and
export transactions are automatically recorded, this system minimizes internal fraud while
enabling real-time tracking of commodities, assisting in the timely detection of anomalous
variations in amount or location of items. Furthermore, by removing errors from the manual
data input procedure, this system guarantees precise recording of goods information and
prevents incorrect delivery. Additionally, barcodes and RFID enhance the ability to track and
trace the origin, making it simple to examine the history of a product's movement and identify
the cause of loss in the event of an incident. By enabling only authorized staff to enter key
storage locations and identifying and notifying them when items are moved without
authorization, RFID integration with access control systems also aids in closer management.
By swiftly scanning several items at once, cutting down on manual inspection time, and
lowering the possibility of product damage during the counting process, this technology also
streamlines the inventory process. Because of these advantages, using barcodes and RFID not
only increases the effectiveness of warehouse management but also helps to safeguard assets,
reduce losses, and improve security overall.
- Data backup and security system
By guarding against data loss from technological malfunctions or cyberattacks, data backup
and security systems are crucial to maintaining efficient warehouse security. Data on
inventory, import and export, customers, and the supply chain are essential components for
efficient system performance in a warehouse setting. Businesses may encounter operational
problems, including missing items, mistakes in warehouse management, and a higher risk of
fraud, if this data is lost or corrupted. Regular backup procedures save downtime and financial
damage by ensuring that data can always be promptly recovered following an incident. At the
same time, security measures like firewalls, access control, and data encryption assist reduce
insider threats and stop unwanted external incursion. Businesses that have well-protected data
systems not only preserve management accuracy but also enhance warehouse security by
limiting access to and alteration of critical data to authorized individuals. This contributes to
asset protection and the upkeep of effective warehouse operations by enhancing transparency,
decreasing fraud, and strengthening response to security threats.

Question 2: What factors affect the performance of delivery and receipt of goods at the
warehouse?

The efficiency of delivering and receiving goods determines a warehouse’s ability to

meet demand and maintain inventory accuracy. Key factors influencing this
performance are outlined below, with detailed explanations.
2.1. Infrastructure and Equipment

 The warehouse infrastructure at ICD Long Binh plays a crucial role in ensuring
efficient operations and goods storage. With a vast area of up to 105 hectares, the
port has the capacity to receive and store large volumes of cargo. However, if not
properly planned, it may lead to congestion or overloading, affecting the efficiency
of cargo handling. Additionally, handling equipment such as forklifts, cranes, and
conveyor belts must operate stably and efficiently to ensure a smooth loading and
unloading process. Any malfunctions or shortages of these devices could prolong
cargo handling times, disrupting the supply chain.
 Moreover, container yards and storage areas need to be systematically arranged to
optimize space and minimize the time required for locating and moving goods
within the port. A well-organized storage system not only enhances productivity
but also ensures safety and reduces operational costs. Therefore, investing in
infrastructure upgrades and applying modern management technology is essential
to improve operational efficiency at ICD Long Binh.
 ICD Tan Cang Long Binh boasts a large area of up to 105 hectares, providing
favorable conditions for cargo storage and circulation. However, without proper
planning, warehouses may face congestion or overloading, impacting overall
operational efficiency. To ensure a smooth flow of goods, the arrangement of
container yards and storage areas must be carried out scientifically to optimize
space, reduce search times, and streamline cargo movement.
  Furthermore, handling equipment such as forklifts, cranes, and conveyor belts
plays a crucial role in the loading, unloading, and transportation processes. If these
devices fail to function... (sentence unfinished in the original text).

2.2. Transportation and Logistics Coordination

 Delays or inefficiencies in transportation, such as late truck arrivals or poorly

planned routes, disrupt the timely receipt and dispatch of goods, affecting the
warehouse’s operational flow. To be more specific, effective coordination requires
seamless communication between suppliers, logistics teams, and warehouse staff
to ensure that all parties are informed of schedules and changes. By leveraging
technology, like GPS tracking provide real-time updates on truck locations, while
fleet management software optimizes routes to avoid traffic or distance-related
delays. Poor coordination can lead to idle staff, overworked teams during
unexpected surges, or missed delivery windows.
 Example: Consider a warehouse expecting 10 trucks of fresh produce daily. If the
transport provider lacks coordination and five trucks arrive simultaneously in the
 afternoon instead of staggered throughout the day, the warehouse faces a bottle. The staff
cannot unload all trucks quickly, and some produce spoils in the heat. In contrast, a
logistics team using GPS to space out arrivals ensures steady processing.

2.3. Workforce Efficiency

 The productivity, skill level, and preparedness of warehouse workers directly

influence how fast incoming goods are processed or outgoing shipments are
prepared. It can be explained by the fact that a well-trained workforce can
efficiently handle tasks like unloading trucks, inspecting items for damage, and
packing orders for dispatch. Insufficient staffing during peak times or lack of
training in tools (e.g., barcode scanners, pallet jacks) slows operations and
increases errors. Fair wages, clear instructions, or incentives can boost workforces`
performance. Conversely, fatigued or inexperienced workers cause delays and
mistakes.
 Example: In a warehouse receiving 1,000 boxes of toys, a team unfamiliar with
barcode scanners manually counts each box, taking 4 hours and misrecording 50
items. A trained team using scanners completes the task in 1 hour with no errors,
ensuring toys reach stores on time.

2.4. Technology and Automation

  Tools like Warehouse Management Systems (WMS), RFID scanners, and
automated conveyors streamline the receipt and delivery processes, reducing
human error and processing time. In fact, automation eliminates repetitive manual
tasks, such as counting items or locating storage spots, which are prone to
mistakes like miscounts or misplacements. A WMS integrates data across
operations, instantly updating inventory upon receipt and guiding staff to optimal
storage locations. Without such systems, warehouses rely on slow, error-prone
paper records or verbal communication, leading to inefficiencies.
 Example: A warehouse receiving 500 appliances uses a WMS to scan items as
they arrive, automatically updating stock levels and assigning them to shelves in
under 30 minutes. Without automation, staff manually log each appliance on
paper, taking 2 hours and misplacing 20 units in the wrong section.

2.5. Documentation and Verification Procedures

 Inaccurate, incomplete, or slow paperwork, such as bills of lading, invoices, or

customs forms, delays the acceptance of incoming goods or the release of outgoing
shipments. It is true that, standardized procedures ensure all documents are
checked against physical shipments quickly and accurately. Digital tools, like
electronic data interchange (EDI), speed up verification by pre-populating forms
and flagging discrepancies (e.g., ordered vs. received quantities). Delays occur
when paperwork is missing, illegible, or requires manual corrections, halting
operations until resolved.
 Example: A shipment of 200 laptops arrives at a warehouse, but the supplier
forgets the invoice. Staff spend 3 hours contacting the supplier for a digital copy,
delaying storage. With proper digital documentation, the laptops are verified and
shelved in 20 minutes.

2.6. Storage Capacity and Space Utilization

  Limited storage space or poor space management hinders the ability to receive
new goods or prepare items for delivery, causing operational bottlenecks. In effect,
overcrowded warehouses struggle to accommodate incoming shipments, forcing
staff to rearrange items or reject deliveries. Underutilized space increases costs
without adding value. Efficient racking systems, vertical storage, and regular space
audits optimize capacity. Poor planning, like stacking goods haphazardly, blocks
access and slows retrieval for dispatch.
 Example: A warehouse at 95% capacity receives 300 boxes of books but has no
room to store them, forcing staff to spend 2 hours moving older stock and
rejecting part of the shipment. A well-organized warehouse with 30% free space
unloads and stores the books in 45 minutes.

2.7. Supplier and Customer Reliability

  Supplier deliveries and customer pickups greatly affect warehouse efficiency.
Beside, delivery timing and order accuracy also impact processing speed and
workflow. It is obvious that, reliable suppliers deliver goods on time and in good
condition, allowing smooth receipt. Unreliable suppliers (e.g., late deliveries,
damaged items) increase inspection time and returns. Similarly, customers who
delay pickups clog warehouse space, while prompt collections free up capacity.
Strong partnerships, clear agreements, and proactive communication mitigate
these risks.
 Example: A supplier consistently delivers 1,000 bottles of shampoo 2 days late,
forcing the warehouse to rush inspections and reschedule staff, delaying retail
distribution. Meanwhile, a customer who doesn’t collect 500 boxes of electronics
for a week ties up dock space, slowing new receipts. Reliable partners prevent
such disruptions.

III. Conclusion

The visit to ICD Long Bình Port provided a valuable opportunity to gain practical
insights into one of the key logistics hubs in southern Vietnam. We had the chance to
observe its infrastructure, operational processes, the port’s role in the supply chain, and
the challenges faced by logistics businesses.
ICD Long Bình Port is a major inland container depot in Đồng Nai, serving as a hub for
storage, transshipment, and import-export support. It plays a crucial role in the logistics
network by easing the burden on major seaports like Cát Lái and Hiệp Phước. The port
covers an area of 235 hectares, with a container yard of 156,000 square meters and the
capacity to handle millions of tons of cargo annually. Strategically located near key
transportation routes such as National Highway 1A, National Highway 51, and the Ho
Chi Minh City – Long Thành – Dầu Giây Expressway, it ensures seamless connectivity
for freight movement.

The port boasts modern infrastructure, including a well-organized container yard, various
types of warehouses (such as general storage, bonded warehouses, and CFS for LCL
cargo), and advanced equipment like heavy-duty container forklifts, shore cranes, and
specialized trucks. Security and efficiency are enhanced through 24/7 surveillance and
warehouse management systems.

Operations at ICD Long Bình follow a structured process to ensure accuracy and
efficiency. Incoming containers are received from seaports or factories, inspected,
classified, and stored systematically. The export process involves tracking container
locations, planning shipments, and dispatching goods via trucks or river vessels. The on-
site customs service facilitates smooth import-export procedures, reducing clearance time
and storage costs for businesses.

ICD Long Bình plays a vital role in the supply chain by reducing congestion at seaports,
optimizing transportation time, supporting export-import activities, and contributing to
regional economic growth. Despite its strengths, including a strategic location, modern
facilities, professional management, and efficient customs services, the port faces
challenges such as peak-hour traffic congestion, limited space for expansion, and the
need for greater automation and AI integration.

To enhance its services, the port should invest in expanding its container yard and
warehouses, improve transportation links to minimize congestion, and adopt advanced
technology for smarter logistics management.

Overall, the visit to ICD Long Bình Port provided practical knowledge about the logistics
and supply chain industry. As a significant inland depot, it plays a crucial role in southern
Vietnam’s trade operations. While some challenges remain, the port is on a strong growth
trajectory, with great potential to become a leading logistics center in Vietnam.
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Bảo Quản. Link: https://kosmen.vn/do-am-tieu-chuan-ca-phe-giai-phap-bao-quan?
srsltid=AfmBOoq1cb6zS_MgqEU5bhLN-Py0cX9mEuP3Ytg1c1x14OAMSoAYSu0W
10. PESTKIL VIETNAM. Các loài Côn trùng Hại Kho Thường gặp. Link:
https://pestkil.com.vn/kiem-soat-con-trung-va-dong-vat-gay-hai/mot/?
11. Hanoi Pest Control. (28/02/2020). PHƯƠNG PHÁP KIỂM SOÁT CÔN TRÙNG CÓ HẠI
CHO KHO CHỨA HÀNG HÓA. Link: https://hnpc.vn/blogs/news/phuong-phap-kiem-
soat-con-trung-co-hai-cho-kho-chua-hang-hoa?
12. Minh Tân Phát. Đèn diệt côn trùng – Đèn diệt muỗi cho nhà máy sản xuất. Link:
https://minhtanphat.com/tin-tuc/den-diet-con-trung-den-diet-muoi-cho-nha-may-san-xuat
13. Công ty Cơ Khí Việt. Pallet là gì? Các loại pallet trên thị trường. Link:
https://www.cokhiviet.net/products/pallet-la-gi-cac-loai-pallet-tren-thi-truong
14. ICD Tân Cảng Long Bình. Cơ sở hạ tầng. Link: https://icdlongbinh.com/abouts/detail/co-
so-ha-tang-22/
15. Meci. Đèn diệt côn trùng. Link: https://meci.vn/den-diet-con-trung.html
16. Bao Uco. Lợi ích của việc sử dụng bao jumbo đựng cà phê. Link: https://baouco.com/loi-
ich-cua-viec-su-dung-bao-jumbo-dung-ca-phe/
17. Bao bì Châu Á. Bán bao bì PP chất lượng cao, giá rẻ. Link:
https://www.baobichaua.com/2017/09/ban-bao-bi-pp-chat-luong-cao-gia-re.html
18. GTEL OTS JSC. (14/03/2022). Hệ thống kiểm soát vào ra cổng cảng ICD Tân Cảng
Long Bình. Link: https://ots.vn/he-thong-kiem-soat-vao-ra-cong-cang-icd-tan-cang-long-
binh.html
19. Chí Thanh Tele. Giải pháp an ninh CCTV ICD Tân Cảng – Long Bình. Link:
https://chithanhtelecom.vn/du-an-lap-them-61-camera-o-icd-tan-cang-long-binh.html
20. Tiêu chuẩn kho hóa chất và vấn đề đảm bảo an toàn kho. Link
https://antoanhoachat.vn/tieu-chuan-kho-hoa-chat-va-van-de-dam-bao-an-toan-cho-kho/
21. Phạm Lan Anh. Tài liệu về các yêu cầu đối với kho hóa chất. Link
https://thuvienphapluat.vn/phap-luat/kho-chua-hoa-chat-nguy-hiem-phai-co-cac-tai-lieu-
bang-bien-bao-dam-bao-theo-quy-dinh-nhu-the-nao-148139-36916.html
22. Thông tin thông tư quy chuẩn về kho hóa chất. Link:
https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Thuong-mai/Thong-tu-48-2020-TT-BCT-Quy-chuan-
ky-thuat-quoc-gia-an-toan-trong-san-xuat-hoa-chat-nguy-hiem-460802.aspx
23. Trần Thành Nhân. Đảm bảo an toàn về phòng cháy chữa cháy kho hóa chất. Link:
https://thuvienphapluat.vn/phap-luat/khi-van-chuyen-hoa-chat-de-chay-no-vao-nha-kho-
chua-hoa-chat-thi-can-luu-y-nhung-dieu-gi-de-dam-bao-917201-30341.html
24. Thy Thảo. (17/10/2024). Nhà xưởng sản xuất, kho chứa hóa chất nguy hiểm phải đáp
ứng các quy định mới về an toàn. Tạp chí Công Thương. Link:
https://tapchicongthuong.vn/nha-xuong-san-xuat--kho-chua-hoa-chat-nguy-hiem-phai-
dap-ung-cac-quy-dinh-moi-ve-an-toan-128341.htm
25. https://apurchasingd.com/the-importance-of-cultivating-strong-supplier-relationships/
26. https://www.camcode.com/blog/how-to-calculate-warehouse-space-utilization/