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Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Chapter 07
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 240) _____ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher
mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning,
and judging.
A. Clinical
B. Developmental
C. Cognitive
D. Evolutionary

APA Goal Outcome: 1.4, 10.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

2. (p. 241) Which of the following is true about mental images?

A. They refer only to visual representations.
B. They have only a few of the properties of the actual stimuli they represent.
C. They are representations in the mind of an object or event.
D. They cannot be rotated.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

7-1
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

3. (p. 241) Which of the following statements best expresses the nature of mental images?
A. They are binary in format.
B. They are always auditory in format.
C. They may be produced by any sensory modality.
D. They are linguistic.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

4. (p. 241) Dr. Randazza shows participants a stylized map of a fictitious city. The map includes
landmarks, such as a post office, a library, a shopping mall, a bus depot, and an airport. Some of
the landmarks are close together, such as the library and the post office. Others are far apart,
such as the airport and the shopping mall. Dr. Randazza removes the map. Participants are
asked to imagine walking from one landmark to another, either a nearby one or a more distant
one. Participants press a key when they've reached the destination in their minds. Based on your
text's discussion of mental imagery, what do you think Dr. Randazza should find? What would
such a result say about mental imagery?
A. Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant as
between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual
actions we perform with respect to real objects.
B. Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant as
between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the
actual actions we perform with respect to real objects.
C. Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant than between close
landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions we perform
with respect to real objects.
D. Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant than between close
landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions we
perform with respect to real objects.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1

7-2
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

5. (p. 241) Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swing in his mind's eye. Based on the text's
discussion of mental imagery, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?
A. Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing. Carrying out the task involves the
same network of brain cells as the network used in mentally rehearsing it.
B. Clint's mental rehearsal should do little to improve his golf swing. The brain areas active
during Clint's mental rehearsal should be the same as those active when Clint actually swings
the golf club.
C. Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing. The brain areas active during Clint's
mental rehearsal should be different than those active when Clint actually swings the golf club.
D. Clint's mental rehearsal should do little to improve his golf swing. The brain areas active
during Clint's mental rehearsal should be different than those active when Clint actually swings
the golf club.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 4.4, 9.2, 9.3

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-1

6. (p. 241-242) Mental representations of objects are called _____; mental grouping of similar
objects, events, or people are called _____.
A. images; concepts
B. images; images as well
C. concepts; concepts as well
D. concepts; images

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

7-3
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

7. (p. 242) Which of the following is most nearly synonymous with the term concept, as it is used
by cognitive psychologists?
A. Idea
B. Relationship
C. Category
D. Image

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

8. (p. 242) Mental groupings of objects, events, or people that share common features are called:
A. concepts.
B. ideas.
C. heuristics.
D. algorithms.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

9. (p. 243) A prototype is:

A. the most typical or highly representative example of a concept.
B. the first example of a concept that one encounters.
C. the most frequent or common example of a concept.
D. the most unusual or distinctive example of a concept.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

7-4
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

10. (p. 243) Which of the following is MOST likely the prototype of the concept "fruit"?
A. Carrot
B. Apple
C. Tomato
D. Blueberry

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-1

11. (p. 243) You check the time on your phone. Your friend should be out of class by now. You
call her. She should answer if she's out of class. In this example, your thought processes are best
seen as exemplifying:
A. problem solving.
B. conceptualization.
C. reasoning.
D. creativity.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.3, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

12. (p. 243) A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed
as a(n):
A. heuristic.
B. algorithm.
C. premise.
D. syllogism.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

7-5
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

13. (p. 243) Which of the following is true of algorithms?

A. In cases where heuristics are not available we may use algorithms.
B. Even if it is applied appropriately, an algorithm cannot guarantee a solution to a problem.
C. Algorithms may sometimes lead to errors.
D. We can use an algorithm even if we cannot understand why it works.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

14. (p. 243) Which of the following is true of heuristics?

A. In cases where algorithms are not available, we may use heuristics.
B. If applied appropriately, a heuristic guarantees a solution to a problem.
C. Heuristics never lead to errors.
D. Heuristics decrease the likelihood of success in coming to a solution.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

15. (p. 243) Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of the term heuristic, as
cognitive psychologists use it?
A. Principle
B. Formula
C. Strategy
D. Program

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

7-6
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

16. (p. 243) When you play tic-tac-toe using certain mental shortcuts, you are using cognitive
strategies psychologists call:
A. algorithms.
B. mental sets.
C. heuristics.
D. syllogistic reasoning.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

17. (p. 243) Matt picks up a pamphlet at a counseling center titled How to Succeed at College
Course Work. Which type of problem-solving strategies is MOST LIKELY offered in this
pamphlet?
A. Algorithms
B. Insights
C. Heuristics
D. Syllogisms

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

18. (p. 243) Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics?
A. A chemical equation for the synthesis of sulfuric acid
B. A recipe for making cookies on the back of a box of cornflakes
C. An article by a Nobel Prize winner titled "How to Succeed in Science"
D. A computer program for keeping track of inventory at a department store

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

7-7
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

19. (p. 243) Which of the following is an advantage of the use of heuristics?
A. A heuristic will present a clearly defined solution to a problem.
B. A heuristic is often efficient.
C. A heuristic is guaranteed to result in a correct response.
D. A heuristic results in only one possible solution to a problem.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

20. (p. 243) Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics?

A. Heuristics always lead to correct solutions of a problem.
B. Heuristics are a slower way to solve problems than are other strategies.
C. Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem.
D. Heuristics are used by computers but not by humans as problem-solving tools.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

21. (p. 243) Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket.
They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is the better buy. Lori attempts to
divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each _____ contains. Monica
suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy". Lori is using a(n); Monica, a(n) _____.
A. heuristic; algorithm
B. algorithm; heuristic
C. prototype; algorithm
D. heuristic; prototype

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

7-8
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

22. (p. 243) The _____ is a rule we apply when we judge people by the degree to which they depict
a certain category or group of people.
A. availability heuristic
B. representativeness heuristic
C. confirmation bias
D. stereotypic bias

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

23. (p. 243) When you use the representativeness heuristic, you are:
A. making frequency estimates based on the ease with which things come to mind.
B. overcoming a mental set.
C. mistaking visual images and other forms of mental representations for reality.
D. assuming that something is typical of its class.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

24. (p. 243) Suppose you meet a woman who opposes the death penalty. You then decide that,
generally, women are more likely to oppose the death penalty than are men. That is, you assume
that the individual case is depictive of its category. Here you have fallen prey to:
A. functional fixedness.
B. the representativeness heuristic.
C. the availability heuristic.
D. the confirmation bias.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

7-9
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

25. (p. 243) Carl is the one person Craig has ever met from New Zealand. Carl strikes Craig as
being quite friendly and funny. When asked what he would expect to find if he went to New
Zealand, Craig says that he would expect the people to be quite friendly and funny. What might
he have used to make this judgment?
A. The representativeness heuristic
B. The confirmation bias
C. Functional fixedness
D. The availability heuristic

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

26. (p. 244) The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how
easily the event can be recalled from memory.
A. availability
B. representativeness
C. confirmation
D. frequency

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

27. (p. 244) According to the _____ heuristic we assume that events we remember easily are likely
to have occurred more frequently in the past—and are more likely to occur in the future—than
events that are harder to remember.
A. availability
B. representativeness
C. confirmation
D. frequency

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

7-10
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
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Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

28. (p. 244) Following the September 11, 2001, Twin Towers attacks, many Americans elected to
drive rather than fly. The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to overestimate
the danger of flying. As it was an event they remember easily they assumed it could occur more
frequently. This example illustrates the:
A. availability heuristic.
B. representativeness heuristic.
C. confirmation bias.
D. stereotypic bias.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

29. (p. 244) When people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by stroke,
they often choose homicide because they simply hear more about murders than they do about
strokes. In this instance, people are led astray in their judgments by:
A. the representativeness heuristic.
B. the stereotypic bias.
C. the confirmation bias.
D. the availability heuristic.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

30. (p. 244) Last week, Mike heard about five separate airplane crashes on the news. Even though,
overall, motorcycle accidents account for more accidents than plane crashes do, Mike decides
to ride his motorcycle from Washington to Atlanta instead of flying. Which bias is reflected in
Mike's decision?
A. The availability heuristic
B. The confirmation bias
C. The syllogistic error
D. The representativeness heuristic

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

7-11
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

31. (p. 244) Joanne will not go out at night because she hears from her local news station about the
large number of muggings and robberies that occur in her city. However, crime in Joanne's city
has actually gone down in the past few years. To which bias is Joanne falling victim?
A. The representativeness heuristic
B. Functional fixedness
C. The availability heuristic
D. The confirmation bias

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

32. (p. 244) "You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend. Iris is
probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her
boyfriend wouldn't tell her what was bothering him. Iris is using the _____ heuristic.
A. representativeness
B. availability
C. functional
D. frequency

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-2

33. (p. 244) In a _____ heuristic, known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.
A. representativeness
B. availability
C. functional
D. familiarity

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

7-12
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

34. (p. 244) When you go to the supermarket, you see the brand of cookies you usually buy, and
settle for it. Usually it's a good rule of thumb, because it saves a lot of time. You do not ponder
over every type of cookie available in the store. This is an example of a(n) _____.
A. representativeness heuristic
B. syllogistic reasoning
C. algorithm
D. familiarity heuristic

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

35. (p. 244) _____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the
outcome of human thinking, problem solving, and creative activities.
A. Artificial
B. Bodily-kinesthetic
C. Spatial
D. Existential

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.1, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-2

36. (p. 246) Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of the three broad phases of
the problem-solving process, from first to last?
A. Preparation → judgment → production
B. Judgment → production → preparation
C. Preparation → production → judgment
D. Judgment → preparation → production

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

7-13
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

37. (p. 246) In _____ problems, the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it
are clear; in _____ problems, either or both the nature of the problem and the information
required to solve it are unclear.
A. well-defined; ill-defined
B. algorithmic; heuristic
C. arrangement; inducing structure
D. transformation; arrangement

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

38. (p. 246) Which of the following is an ill-defined problem?

A. Navigating to a museum in a nearby city
B. Composing a good concerto
C. Finding out where several well-known authors were born
D. Playing Scrabble

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

39. (p. 246, 243) "Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's
arithmetic text. This is a(n) _____ problem. It is best solved through the application of _____.
A. well-defined; algorithms
B. well-defined; heuristics
C. ill-defined; algorithms
D. ill-defined; heuristics

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

7-14
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 07 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

40. (p. 246) Dr. Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives; Dr. Jamison's class is developing
campaign strategies for a local politician. Which of the following statements is MOST likely
TRUE?
A. Dr. Ireland's class is solving a well-defined problem.
B. Dr. Jamison's class is solving a well-defined problem.
C. Dr. Ireland's class is using syllogistic reasoning.
D. Dr. Jamison's class is using familiarity heuristic.

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4, 4.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Outcome: 21-3

41. (p. 246) _____ problems require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a
way that will satisfy a certain criterion.
A. Arrangement
B. Inducing structure
C. Transformation
D. Prescriptive

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

42. (p. 246) In problems of _____, a person must identify the existing relationships among the
elements presented and then construct a new relationship among them.
A. arrangement
B. inducing structure
C. transformation
D. prescriptive

APA Goal Outcome: 1.2, 3.4

Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Outcome: 21-3

7-15
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any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Other documents randomly have
different content
erant, et scientiæ juris sacri juxta ritum Abu-Hanifæ operam dabant.
Eorum aliquis — — respondit: Terra nostra ultra Constantinopolin
jacet in regno alicujus nationis Francicæ (i.e. Europææ), cui nomen
Hungerorum est. — — triginta admodum incolimus pagos. — — —
diu supra hanc memoriam septem Muhammedanos e Bulgaria in
terram nostram venisse —- et ad veram Islamismi cognitionem nos
duxisse".

[536] Ks. Leo Tactic., 18 [Leydenissä 1612, sivv. 287-295], Mitä

Reginoni heistä juttelee [Pertz, Monum., I sivv. 599-601] on melkein
kaikki kopioittu Justinon kertomuksesta muinais-Skythoista.

[537] Ks. de Admin. Imp., 40: "έχουσι δε κεφαλήν πρώτην τόν

άρχοντα άπο τής γενεάς τού Αρπαδή κατά άκολουϑίαν, και δύο
έτέρους τόν τε γυλάν καί τόν καρχάν, οϊτινες έχουσι τάξιν κριτού
έχει δε έκάστη γενεά άρχοντα. ʹΙστέον ότι ό γυλάς καί ό καρχάν ούκ
εισίν ονόματα κύρια αλλά αξιώματα. — - — τό δε καρχάς έστίν
αξίωμα, ώσπερ καί τό γυλάς, ό έστι μείζον τού καρχά."
Silminnähtävästi on Karkhaan Turkkilainen arvonimi, vaikka
Konstantino siitä alempana muodostaa: "Karkhas", kreikanmukaisella
päätteellä.

[538] Länsimaiden kronikat nimittävät heitä tavallisesti: Huni,

Agareni, tai Avari; ks. Pertz. Monum. I sivv. 76, 77, 410-415.

[539] Ks. Schafarik, Slawische Alterthümer, II siv. 64.

[540] Ks. Zeuss, sivv. 550 seurr.; Frälin, Ibn Foszlan, sivv. 242
seurr. (Masudin mukaan)

[541] Ks. Frähn, Ibn Foszlan, sivv. 64-66 (Ibn Haukalin mukaan).
 [542] Ks. Cedrenus, ed. Bonn., XI siv. 464: "ύπέταξε την χώραν,
τού άρχοντος αυτής Γεωργίου Τζούλου εν τή πρώτη προσβολή
συλλήφθεντος." Vertaa D'Ohsson, des peuples du Caucase, siv. 199.
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