SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (22605)

UNIT NO II:

Storage, Collection, and Transportation Of Municipal

Solid waste

MARKS:-14
UNIT OUTCOMES:-

Students will be able to:-

Suggest the relevant method of storage of solid waste for the given site condition
2a
with justification.

Explain the relevant method of collecting the solid waste in the given situation.
2b
Implement the relevant techniques for management of solid waste in the given area.
2c
Suggest the relevant transportation system for transporting the municipal solid waste
2d
at the given location with justification.
Propose the organization chart required to manage solid waste for the given
2e
village/town/city of your locality.
Suggest the relevant method of storage of solid waste for the given site condition
2a
with justification.

Q.1 what are the measures to be taken towards the segregation of recyclable Waste?
(W19 4 M)
ANS: - 1) The local body may mobilize NGO's or co-operatives to take up the work
of organizing street rag-pickers and convert them to door-step waste Collectors by motivating them.
2) The Local Bodies may actively associate resident associations, trade & industry associations and
NGO's in creating awareness among the people to segregate recyclable material at source and hand it
over to a designated Identified waste collector.
3) The local body may give priority to the source segregation of recyclable waste by shops and
establishments and later concentrate on segregation at the household level.

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4) The upgraded rag-pickers on becoming door-step waste-collectors, may be given an identity card
by the NGO's organizing them so that they mayhave acceptability in society.
5) Keep separate large bins for recyclables near the society.
6) Products and packaging materials should be conspicuously labelled to indicate recycled content,
including post-consumer content, recyclability, toxicity and appropriate disposal.
7) The establishment of stable markets for recycled materials is essential. Awareness should be
created to promote procurement of products containing a high content of recycled and recyclable
materials.
Q.2. State the measures to be taken to improve the collection services of municipal
Waste?( W19 4 MARKS)
Ans: Measures to be taken to improve the collection services of municipal waste-
1) Awareness regarding segregation of degradable and non-degradable solid waste.
2) Distribution of free colour coded bins to consumers for solid waste storage.
3) Timely and regular service for door to door collection of waste.
4) Participation of rag-pickers in waste collection.
5) Separate bins of larger size for commercial shops and hotels, etc.
6) Separate collection system for waste food from marriage halls, hotels, etc.

Q.3. Describe any two methods of collection of waste from the following :( W19 4M)
(I) Collection of bio-medical waste.
(ii) Collection of waste from vegetable, fruits, meat and fish markets.
(iii) Collection of construction and Demolition waste.
Ans: Methods of collection of waste from the following:
i) Collection of bio-medical waste.
i) The collection of biomedical waste involves use of different types of container from
various sources of biomedical wastes like Operation Theatre, laboratory, wards, kitchen,
corridor etc. The containers/ bins should be placed in such a way that 100 %
Collection is achieved.
ii) Sharps must always be kept in puncture-proof containers to avoid
injuries and infection to the workers handling them.
(*Note - Student may write the information about bins/ bags, their colour code
and specific use. Give credit accordingly.)

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ii) Collection of waste from vegetable, fruits, meat and fish markets.
i) Simple emptying method – Containers placed at consumer or at central location just
emptied in municipal collecting vehicles.
ii) Exchange method – In this method, full containers are exchanged with empty containers at
their location.
iii) Collection of construction and Demolition waste.
i) Containers containing construction and demolition waste are collected and transported to
landfill site via truck.
ii) Light and medium duty trucks are most commonly used for this purpose. Materials are
typically handled with equipment specifically designed to support heavy loads and resist
abrasion
Q.4. Explain the meaning of transfer station, its necessity and location. :( W19 4M)
Ans: Meaning of Transfer Station-
It is a processing site for temporary deposition of waste prior to loading in to larger vehicles,
from this site larger vehicles transport the municipal solid waste to disposal site for
landfilling.
Necessity of transfer station-
1) Larger volume of municipal solid waste from urban market is not possible to transport
directly to disposal sites for land filling, etc. from collection points.
2) Hence waste is temporarily deposited at some distance away from generation points. At
these sites waste is accepted from small collection vehicles.
3) The waste is compacted and loaded into larger vehicles for long haul transports up to
disposal site. Thus transfer station results in improvement in collection equipment by
minimizing transportation cost, time and reduction in volume.
Location of transfer station-
1) It should be centrally located.
2) It should not be far away from disposal sites.
3) It should be in areas where traffic flow is smooth.
4) It should not be in densely populated residential areas.

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Q.5. Describe the organization pattern of solid waste management.( W19 4M)
ANS:-i) Ministry of Environment and Forests: Ministry of Environment and Forests is
responsible for all of the environmental policy at the national level, including the
management of waste. The Ministry has an overview of all the activities of the MSWM sector
and makes sure that it is performed well.
ii) Central Pollution Control Board: Central Pollution Control Board keeps a check on all
the activities that have potential to pollute the environment, which includes the monitoring of
the municipal solid waste management in the country. It has divisions in each state that report
to CPCB on the environmentally hazardous activities in the state, the actions taken towards
them and the improvements made by the industries and public towards a cleaner
environment.
iii) State Pollution Control Board: State Pollution Control Board keeps a check on all the
activities that have potential to pollute the environment, which includes the monitoring of the
municipal solid waste management in the state. It reviews the Environmental Impact
Assessment carried out by the agencies prior to the construction of a landfill site, installation
of an incinerator or any other processing plant. It carries out public participation meeting to
make the public aware of the proposed project and its benefits. Public participation is
especially important so that once the project is started there should not be any agitation
against the project.
iv) City Corporation: City Corporation is responsible for the making of the solid waste
management policy, setting up the targets and objectives. They are responsible for managing
the solid waste in the city and are answerable to the State Board and central pollution control
Board. They also have the authority to privatize the solid waste management sector.
v) Private formal sector: Their functions include the collection of waste, transfer of waste to
trucks, transport of waste to the specified dump yard. They have the responsibility of
disposing of the waste by alternative layering of waste and soil, spraying it with EM solution
and water.
vi) Private informal sector: The informal sector in the city is very large and plays a very
vital role in the MSWM. It comprises of the rag pickers who retrieve recyclable waste from
the community bins and landfills, and sell it to either bigger dealers or to recycling factories.

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Q.6. what is waste segregation? Explain its importance.(W19 4M)

ANS:-Waste segregation means separation of waste at source so that it can reduce following
problems –Waste segregation is included because it is much easier to recycle. Effective
segregation of wastes means that less waste goes to landfill, which makes it cheaper and
better for people and the environment. It is also important to segregate for public health. In
particular, hazardous wastes can cause long-term health problems, so it is very important that
they are disposed of correctly and safely and not mixed in with the normal waste coming out
of your home or office. If proper waste segregation is not done then following bad effects
will happens-
1) For public, health problems arise from the breeding of diseases due to flies, insects & Rats.
2) The health problems are more serious when transfer of pollution to water, ground water &
air takes place.
3) Air pollution causes due to insufficient burning of wastes in open or in plants due to
improper gaseous effluent removal devices.
4) Mixing of hazardous wastes from industries with municipal wastes create risks to human
health.
5) Danger of concentration of heavy metals in the food chain due to industrial effluent
discharges into drainage system creates danger to public health.
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6) Sanitary workers dealing with municipal solid waste are infected with gastrointestinal
parasites, worms etc.
7) The organic fraction of municipal solid waste provides food and shelter to insects and
rodents which causes 22 human diseases due to improper solid waste management causing
adverse impact upon public health and environmental quality
(Note: Student may write any appropriate explanation for Any factor so
Credit may be given accordingly.
Q.7. State how enforcement can help in stopping littering in the street.
1) Penalty provisions for littering and non-compliance in the door to door collection system
through Bye laws
2) The first solution to littering is to always make sure you properly dispose of your garbage.
3) Recycle all that can be recycled and put all other garbage in the proper containers.
4) If someone throwing something on the ground, ask them nicely to put in the trash
receptacle instead of on the ground.
5) Responsibilities of resident and businesses for setting out trash in a responsible manner
such that trash/ recyclables do not become littered.
6) Responsibility of haulers to collect with care and ensure loads are properly covered to
avoid scattering of materials
7) Responsibility of residents and businesses to ensure loads are properly covered.
8) Property owners must ensure that waste is not stored /stock piled on property for more than
a specified period.
(Note: Student may write any appropriate explanation for any factor so credit may
Be given accordingly.)

Q.8. Describe the health aspect during handling and processing of waste.
Health aspects involved in handling and processing of solid waste:
I. There is potential risk to environment and health from improper handling Of solid wastes.
Direct health risks concern mainly the workers in this field, who need to be protected, as far
as possible, from contact with waste. Traffic accidents can result from toxic spilled wastes.
2. Air pollution can be caused from the inefficient burning of wastes, either in open air, or in
plants that lack effective treatment facilities from the Gaseous effluents.

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3. Uncontrolled hazardous wastes from industries mixing up with municipal wastes create
potential risk to human health.
4. The most obvious environmental damage caused by municipal solid wastes is aesthetic, the
ugliness of street litter and degradation of urban environment and beauty of city.
5. There is specific danger of concentration of heavy metals in the food chain, a problem that
illustrates the relationship between municipal solid wastes and liquid industrial effluents
containing heavy metals discharged to a drainage/ sewerage system and/ or open dumping
sites of municipal solid wastes and the wastes discharged thereby maintains a vicious cycle.
6. Municipal Solid Wastes Management Systems involves various activities like storage,
collection, transportation, disposal etc. These activities even if properly controlled and with
proper precautionary measures adopted, may have adverse impact on land, water and air
environment, human and environmental health aesthetics and quality of life.
7. The main risk to health is indirect and arises from the breeding of disease vectors,
primarily files and rats.
8. Biodegradation of organic matter may pose health problems.
9. Mixing of Bio medical waste , Industrial waste in Municipal waste causes Health hazards.
Q.9. Explain the methods of collection of municipal solid waste. 4M(W18)
(A) Collection system Based on the availability of service
1. Curb (Kerb-side)
Kerb side collection, or curbside collection, is a service provided to households, typically in
urban and suburban areas, of removing household waste. House owner is responsible for
placing solid waste containers at the curb on scheduled day. The work man come, collect and
empties the container and put back at the curb. House owner is required to take back the
empty containers from the curb to his house.
2. Alley Service
The containers are placed at the alley line from where they are picked up by workmen from
refuse vehicle who deposit back the empty container.
3. Set out Set Back Service
Set out man go to the house collect containers and empty them in the refuse vehicle. Another
group of persons return them to the house owner’s yard.
4. Backyard Service

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The workers with the vehicles carry a bin, wheel-barrow or sack or cloth to the yard and
empty the solid waste container in it. The wheel barrow or bin is then taken to solid waste
vehicle where it is emptied.
B) Collection Method Based on mode of operation
1. Hauled Container System
An empty storage container (Known as a drop- off box) is hauled to the storage site to replace
the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing point, transfer
station or disposal site.
2. Stationary Container System
In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of collection. The
collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers, and
Collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection vehicles and
then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site.
Q.10. Explain transportation system for municipal solid waste. 4M (W18)
1. Transportation of the waste stored at waste stored at waste storage depots at regular
intervals is essential to ensure no garbage bins / containers overflow and waste is not seen
littered on the street.
2. Hygienic conditions can be maintained in cities / towns only if regular clearance of waste
from temporary waste storage bin is ensured.
3. Transportation system has to be so designed that it is efficient and cost effective. 4.
Following are the main issues to be addressed for effective transportation system.
i) Irregular transportation. ii) Underutilization of fleet of vehicle. iii) Open trucks iv) Non-
routing vehicle
Q.11 State requirements of location of transfer station. 4M(W18)
Factors affecting selection of site for transfer station:
1. Waste scattering / Pollution: It should be selected such that it should not create nuisance
to nearby areas.
2. Haul Distance: It should be constructed at suitable locations so as to minimize haul
distances.
3. Heritage place: It should be away from heritage place.
4. Traffic flow: It should be located in area where traffic flow is smooth.

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5. Electricity: Electricity should be available.

6. Rate of land: It should be located in area where rates of land and property are cheap.
Q.12. Draw neat labeled sketch of Litter Bin. 4M (W18)
ANS:

Q13. State the parameters to be taken into account while making storage facility for
solid waste. 4M(W18)
Following parameters to be taken into account while making storage facility for solid waste.
i) Efficiency, i.e., the containers should help maximize the overall collection efficiency.
ii) Convenience, i.e., the containers must be easily manageable both for residents and
collection crew.
iii) Compatibility, i.e., the containers must be compatible with collection equipment.
iv) Public health and safety, i.e., the containers should be securely covered and stored.
v) Ownership, i.e., the municipal ownership must guarantee compatibility with collection
equipment.
Q.14. Explain health problems during segregation and recycling of solid waste. 4M
(W18)
1. During segregation and recycling of solid waste sanitary workers face to direct health risks.
For public, health problems arises from the breeding of diseases due to flies, insects & Rats.

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2. The health problems are more serious when transfer of pollution to water, ground water & air takes place.
3. Air pollution causes due to insufficient burning of wastes in open or in plants due to improper gaseous
effluent removal devices.
4. mixing of hazardous wastes from industries with municipal wastes create risks to human health.
5. Danger of concentration of heavy metals in the food chain due to industrial effluent discharges into drainage
system creates danger to public health.
6. Sanitary workers dealing with municipal solid waste are infected with gastrointestinal parasites, worms etc.
7. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste provides food and shelter to insects and rodents which causes
22 human diseases due to improper solid waste management causing adverse impact upon public health and
environmental quality.

Q.15.

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Q.16

Q.17.

Q.18

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Q.19.

Q.20 State the various methods of storage of municipal solid waste.

1) Large numbers of open communal storage sites and unofficial dumps.
2) Plastic buckets (with lids), with capacities between 7 and 10 L,
3) Plastic bins (with lids), with capacities between 30 and 60 L and equipped with handles
4) Galvanized steel or plastic bins (with lids), with a capacity between 50 and 70 L,
5) Disposable plastic bags have a number of advantages.
6) Other items commonly used for the storage of wastes include cardboard boxes, kerosene
cans, and containers made out of truck tires.
7) DEPOTS a depot typically consists of a single-story building about the size of a large
garage.
8) ENCLOSURES an enclosure is probably the most common communal storage method in
Asia. Enclosures can have capacities from 1 to 10 m3
9) FIXED storage bins this type of container usually is built from concrete blocks

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