Concrete technology
Lecture 2
Concrete Constituent
Material and its
Mechanical Properties
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Concrete
Constituent
Material
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What is Concrete
• It is a composite material
• It made up of readily available
material, like
• Cement (Ordinary Portland
Cement “OPC”)
• Fine Aggregates (Sand)
• Coarse Aggregates
• Water mixing
• To form a binding material which
hardens with time
Cement
• Cement is a binder material manufactured from
limestone and clay
• It is a key ingredient in concrete
• In chemical terms, cement is a mixture of calcium
silicates and small amounts of calcium aluminates that
react with water and cause the cement to set
• The mix is completed with the addition of gypsum to
help retard the setting time of the cement
How cement is
manufactured
and
transported
(Based on (VDZ
2021)
Chemical Composition of Cement
Compounds Formula Shorthand
Form
Calcium oxide (lime) Ca0 C
Silicon dioxide (silica) SiO2 S
Aluminum oxide (alumina) Al2O3 A
Iron oxide Fe2O3 F
Water H2O F
Sulfate SO3 S
% of Chemical Composition of Cement
Components Percentages
CaO 60-65
SiO2 21-22
Al2O3 4.0-5.0
Fe2O3 3.0-4.0
MgO 2.0-3.0
Gypsum 2.0-2.5
Free Lime < 1.0
Physico-Chemical Properties Cement
Parameters Theoretical Value
Fineness(Specific surface area) 2800-3000 cm2/g
Soundness 5 mm (max)
Initial setting time >30 min
Final setting time < 600 min
Compressive strength:
3 day 160 Kg/cm2
7 days 220 Kg/cm2
Composition of Cement:
Portland cement gets its strength from chemical reactions
between the cement and water
This process is known as hydration
Thus this is a complex process that is best understood by first
understanding the chemical composition of cement
Portland cement is manufactured by crushing, milling and
proportioning the following materials:
1. Lime or calcium oxide, CaO: from limestone, chalk,
shells, shale or calcareous rock
2. Silica, SiO2: from sand, old bottles, clay or argillaceous
rock
3. Alumina, Al2O3: from bauxite, recycled aluminum, clay
4. Iron, Fe2O3: from clay, iron ore, scrap iron and fly ash
5. Gypsum, CaSO4.2H20: found together with limestone
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Concrete
• Concrete is the final building and construction material
made from a mixture of
Cement
Crushed stone/gravel
Sand and water
• Concrete (cement) is the second most consumed
substance (after water) in the world
• Over 70 per cent of the world’s population live in a
structure that contains concrete
Concrete
• Concrete is mainly composed of
Portland Cement (Ordinary Portland Cement “OPC”)
Aggregate (Fine and Coarse ) as a Filler
Water and chemical Admixtures
Concrete = Filler + Binder
• Concrete is a common building material
• Concrete is versatile construction material
• Concrete solidifies and hardens after mixing with water and
placement due to a chemical process known as hydration
• The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other
components together, eventually creating a stone-like material
Concrete Technology
• It deals with study of properties of concrete
and its practical applications
• In a building construction, concrete is used for
the construction of foundations, columns,
beams, slabs and other load bearing elements
• There are different types of binding material is
used other than cement such as lime for lime
concrete
• Concrete -Definition, Components, Grades,
Manufacture, Construction (theconstructor.org)
How cement and Concrete are manufactured, transported and used (Based on (VDZ 2021)
Concrete Constituent Material
• Concrete is a composite material consisting of a binder
• Typically cement, coarse and fine aggregates, which are usually
stone and sand, and water
• These comprise the constituent materials of concrete
• But because of the many variables of the raw materials and how
they are processed and combined
• These are many opportunities for problems to appear in
concrete
• However, having a fundamental understanding of the different
materials
• Such that, the manufacturing processes may help those who
inspect concrete to know
What problems to look for
Where to look for them
How to recognize them
Concrete Constituent Material
• The basic materials which make up the constituents of concrete
are
Portland cement
Sand
Coarse aggregate (also called gravel or stone)
Water.
Sometimes the sand and coarse aggregate are supplied as one,
known as ballast or all-in aggregate
• In simple terms:
cement + water = cement paste
cement paste + sand = mortar
mortar + stone = concrete
• The properties of these constituents, as well as the ratio in which
they are blended, determine
The placing
The hardening
The strength
The durability
Concrete Cross Section
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Concrete Cross Section
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Concrete Cross Section
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That’s All for
the Day
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