CSM 183

MICROSOFT EXCEL AND POWERPOINT 2016

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CHAPTER ONE
MICROSOFT EXCEL (SPREADSHEET)

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GETTING STARTED WITH EXCEL

 Applications that form the Microsoft

Office suite are
 Microsoft Word (a word processor for
creating professional documents),
 Microsoft Access (database management
application for creating and maintaining
databases),
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Microsoft PowerPoint (presentation
software),
Microsoft Outlook,
Microsoft Publisher and
Microsoft Excel. The Excel is a
spreadsheet application.

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SPREADSHEETS AND THEIR
USES
 A spreadsheet (also known as an Electronic
Spreadsheet) is a piece of software (computer
program), which is simply the electronic equivalent
of the accounting worksheet.
 Both consist of rows and columns.
 The intersection of the rows and columns are used
to store numbers and text
 and is capable of a wide range of manipulations
from simple arithmetic calculations such as totals,
products or percentages, to complex automated
calculations and analysis.
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 Spreadsheets are widely used in research,
industry and business for storing,
manipulating and comparing data and for
planning and forecasting. Below are some of
the major areas that spreadsheet can be used

 1.In Accounting field:- financial and other

non financial institutions such as KNUST, CSIR,
SSNIT, Bank of Ghana, etc. can use
spreadsheet for the following:

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I. Preparation of budgets, Balance sheet, Trial
Balance, analysis of cash flows, costing
projects, managing inventory, payroll, and
other financial plans involving income and
expenditure.
II. Discounts, Loan, taxation, investment,
interest and interest rate calculations.
III. For predicting or forecasting into the
future.
IV. Investment proposals, and many other
tasks.
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 2.Scientific environment: Scientist such as
Mathematicians, Engineers, Physicists,
Chemists, meteorologists, statisticians,
biologist, etc. use spreadsheets to perform
statistical computations such as averages,
standard deviations, variance, R-Squared, etc.
 They can also use spreadsheet to calculate
regression coefficients, perform analysis of
variance (ANOVA), to solve simultaneous
equations (i.e. systems of linear equation), to
build frequency distribution tables, etc
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 3. Graphical Representation: Spreadsheets
are used in many disciplines to represent data
graphically for easy analysis such as Pie chart,
Histogram, line graphs, etc.
 For example, hospitals, statistical division,
etc. can use spreadsheet to represent
information such as mortality values,
morbidity values, the trend of cases with
respect to an outbreak of a disease, etc. in
graphical forms.
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 4.Forex bureau and other multi-national
companies use spreadsheets for their
currency conversions. For example, using a
spreadsheet it is possible to convert from one
currency to another without having to use any
calculating device.

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 5.Database management: Businesses and
individuals can use spreadsheets for
maintaining their data base. It allows them to
perform operations such as sorting the data in
their database, extracting
information/records from a given database,
etc. Spreadsheet can also be used in the
preparation of pay vouchers, etc.

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 Spreadsheetsare particularly good at
providing answers to the “what if …?” type of
questions which occur very frequently in
business.
 Forexample builders or architects may use a
spreadsheet to assist in the design of a storm
drain. In this case, they would want to know
the answer to a question such as “what if we
change the diameter of the storm drain, how
will that affect the rate of flow of water
carried along it?
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 Also, a business may want to know what will
happen to profit if income and expenditure
values over a certain period increase or
decrease. Will the architect, builders or
businesses have to perform all the calculations
again? The simple answer is NO. Whenever there
is a change in one value Excel for example will
automatically update or recalculate all values
that are dependent on the changed value.

 In this way a spreadsheet can be used not only

for creating financial statements or budgets but
also as a planning tool. 13
 There are a number of spreadsheets packages
one can choose from
 AS-EASY-AS,
 SUPERCALC,
 LOTUS 1-2-3,
 SYMPHONY,
 QUATROPRO,
 FRAMEWORK IV,
 EXCEL, etc
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 The term spreadsheet is often used to refer
to the computer program. Sometimes the
same term is used to refer to the sheet on
which the work is done. Some spreadsheet
programs use the term “worksheet” for this

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STARTING AND QUITTING EXCEL
To start the Excel application, follow these
steps.
I. Click the Start button on the taskbar at the
bottom left of the screen.

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II. Scroll through the programs to find Excel
and click on it to open.

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 Another way you can start Excel is from a
shortcut icon on the desktop. Double-click
the EXCEL short-cut icon on the desktop.
When Excel starts you will obtain the
following initial screen.

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 To Close or quit Excel in order to free memory for
other applications or at the end of the day when you
have finished working, follow these steps
I. Make sure your work is saved, click on the
close button the title bar.

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EDITING IN THE FORMULAR BAR
Formular
bar

To edit in the formula bar, follow these steps;

I. Select cell.

II. Position pointer in text and click

III. Then edit formula.

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EDITING DIRECTLY IN A CELL

To edit directly in a cell, follow these steps;

I. Double-click the cell.

II. Using arrow keys move insertion point to required
positions.
III. Make necessary changes.

IV. Press Enter to append changes (or paste)

information or press Esc to leave the contents
unchanged. 22
ENTERING TEXT AND NUMBERS

 You can type as many as 255 characters in

a cell. If a cell is not wide enough, all
characters may not be displayed if the cell
to the right contains data. With the
General format, the text automatically
aligns on the left side of the cell.

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 Youcan make Excel accept a number as
text by typing an apostrophe (‘) followed
by the number e.g. ‘25,000. You may also
enter numbers as text by placing an equal
sign in front of the number and enclosing
the number in quotation marks e.g. =
“25,000”.

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 In order to display a number that exceeds the cell
width, it may be necessary to have the number
displayed as text else the cell will be filled with #
signs or in some cases may be displayed in
scientific notation.

 E.g. 2.17E+09. Note, however, that you may not

perform any arithmetic operation with text values.

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 Numbers are constant values containing only the following
characters:
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - + / . Ee
 When a number is entered, Excel stores both the number typed into
a cell and the format (or appearance) in which the number should
be displayed (i.e. the format).

 Initially Excel tries to establish how the number should be

formatted. Apart from the digits 0 to 9, none of the other
characters can appear more than once in a given number. For
example 2.4e4e2 and 2.3.3 are invalid numbers and Excel treat
them as text and cannot therefore be used in computations.
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 To enter a fraction such as 7½, type the
integer 7, a space, and then the fraction (½).
To type ½, type a zero, a space, and the
fraction (0 1/2); else Excel will interpret the
entry as a date.

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ENTERING DATES AND TIMES
 Excel recognizes dates and times typed in most common ways.

 When you type a date or time, Excel converts your entry to a

serial number.

 This enables Excel to do date and time calculations.

 For a date, the serial number represents the number of days

from the beginning of the 20th century (i.e. 1/1/1900) until the
date you type.
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 For
example, the date 1/1/1902 is represented as 732
and that is the number of days since 1/1/1900.

 Time is displayed as a decimal fraction of a 24-hour

day.

 Correctlyentered dates appear in the formula bar

with the format m/d/yyyy, regardless of how the cell
is formatted.

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To format a date in the default date format, select the cell
containing the date and press Ctrl + #

To format a time in the default format press Ctrl+ @

 To quickly enter the current date in a cell press Ctrl+;

To quickly enter the current time in a cell press Ctrl+:

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 A valid date entry in an unformatted cell is aligned,
as a number, to the right. If the cell has been
previously formatted with a numeric format, it
appears as a serial number.

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 To enter a date, type the date into the cell
with any of these formats.
Format Example
m/d/yy 7/8/97
dd/mm/yy 07/08/97

d-mmm-yy 8-July-97

m/d/yy h:mm 6/8/97 09:45

mmm-yy July – 97
mmmm d, yyyy July 8, 1997 32
 Times may be entered in the following formats.

Format Example

h:mm 13:32
h:mm:ss 13:32:45
h:mm AM/PM 1:32PM
h:mm:ss AM/PM 1:32:45PM

m/d/yy h:mm 6/8/97 13:32

mm:ss 45:15
[h]:mm:ss 21:45:15 33
 If you use a 12-hour clock follow the time with
a space and A, AM, P or PM (in Upper or lower
case).

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USING AUTO COMPLETE

 To make it easy to enter repeated text items in a

column, Excel includes a new feature called Auto
complete.

 Instead of typing the same text items over and over,

you only need to type it once.
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 The next time you want to type the same text in
or at the bottom of the column, you can type the
first few letters of the entry.

 Excelwill complete the rest of the entry. You

can simply press Enter to make the entry. If you
want to type a different text item, just continue
typing.
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Clearing, Inserting, or Deleting in a Worksheet

Shortcut Keys for changing the Worksheet layout.

Keys Action

Clears selected formula; same as the Edit,

Del Clear, Contents command.

Backspace Clears the formula bar; activates and

clears the formula bar.
Ctrl + X Cuts the selection so it can be pasted;
same as the Edit, Cut command.
Ctrl + V Paste at the selected cell; same as the
Edit, Paste command.

Ctrl + Z Undoes last command.

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Erasing the contents of a cell

 To erase the contents of a cell, refrain from typing a

space to replace the original contents. This could lead
to problems later.

 Rather use Clear command from the Editing group of

the Home.

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Erasing the contents of a cell

 You may also press Del Key after selecting the cell to delete
the contents of a cell – only the contents are deleted not the
notes attached or Formats.

 Using Clear command, you have the option to indicate

whether
 all cell contents and notes should be cleared and returned to
General format,
 or Clear contents but does not change formats or notes,
 or clear comments but does not change content or formats.
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 Deleting Cells, Rows, and Columns

When the Edit, Delete command deletes cells, it

completely removes the selected cells and slides in
other cells to fill the gap. You can choose the direction
in which the remaining cells move.

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To remove cells, rows, or columns,
perform the following steps:

1) Select the cell, range, cells in the rows or columns to be

deleted.

1) Either
(i) press Ctrl, - (minus),
(ii) click the right mouse button and select Delete or
(iii) Click at the home button, select delete from the cells group
and then select the appropriate option. 41
The Delete dialog box appears as shows below.

Simply select the appropriate option, that is either to shift cells left, shift cells up, delete entire row
or column on what was selected in step (1).

The Delete Dialog Box

If you selected a whole row or column, the dialogue box does not appear.

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6. click OK.
 Inserting Cells, Rows, or Columns
1. Select a cell or range of cells where you need new cells inserted. Or, select
cells in the rows or columns where you want to insert new rows or columns.
2. Either
(i) press Ctrl, Shift, + (plus),
(ii) click the rights mouse button and select Insert or
(iii) Click at the home button, select Insert from the cells group.

1. The Insert dialog box appears as shown below. Select the appropriate option
from the Insert box and click OK.

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Inserting Cells, Rows, or Columns

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INCREASING DATA-ENTRY EFFICIENCY

Filling data automatically in worksheet cells

 Youcan normally enter data faster by making Excel to

automatically repeat data or fill data automatically

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Automatically repeat items already entered in the column

 If the first few characters that you type in a cell match an existing
entry in that column, Excel automatically enters the remaining
characters for you.

 Excel automatically completes only those entries that contain

text or a combination of text and numbers and not dates and
times

 Entries that contain only numbers, dates, or times are not

automatically completed. 46
To automatically repeat items, either of the
following can be used:

i. To accept a proposed entry, press ENTER. The completed entry

exactly matches the pattern of uppercase and lowercase letters of the
existing entry.

ii. To replace the automatically entered characters, continue typing the

required text.

i. To delete the automatically entered characters, press BACKSPACE.

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 If you do not want entries that you type to be completed automatically,
you can turn this option off by the following steps.

I. Click the File Tab .and then click Options

II. Click Advanced, and then under Editing options, clear or select the Enable
AutoComplete for cell values check box to turn automatic completion of cell values on
or off.

III. Excel then completes an entry only when the insertion point is at the end of the current
cell contents.

IV. Excel bases the list of potential AutoComplete entries on the column that contains
the active cell. If entries are repeated within a row they are not automatically
completed. 48
 Using the fill handle to fill data
You can use the Fill handle command to fill data into worksheet cells. It
is also possible to have Excel automatically continue a series of
numbers, number and text combinations, dates, or time periods, based
on a detected pattern. However, to quickly fill in several types of data
series, you can select cells and drag the fill handle

The fill handle is displayed by default, but you can hide it using the
following steps.
I. Click the File Tab and then click Options.

I. Click Advanced, and then under the Editing options, clear or select the Enable Fill handle and cell
drag-and-drop check box to hide or display the fill handle.

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50
Fill Handle

III. To avoid replacing existing data when you drag the fill
handle, make sure that the Alert before overwriting
cells check box is selected.

III. If you do not check the Alert before overwriting cells

you will normally receive a message warning you of
overwriting nonblank cells.

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Autofill Options

 After you drag the fill handle, the Auto Fill Options
button appears so that you can choose how the
selection is filled.

 For example, you can choose to fill just cell formats by

clicking Fill Formatting Only, or you can choose to fill
just the contents of a cell by clicking Fill Without
Formatting.
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Autofill options

If you don't want to display the Auto Fill Options button every time
you drag the fill handle, you can turn it off by following these steps.

I. Click the File Tab and then click Options.

II. Click Advanced, and then under the Cut, Copy, and Paste, clear
the Show Paste Options buttons check box.

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Filling data into adjacent cells

You can use the Fill command to:

 Fill the active cell or

 Fill
a selected range of cells with the contents of an adjacent cell( or
range of cells)

or you can quickly fill adjacent cells by dragging the fill handle
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Filling the active cell with the contents of an adjacent
cell

I. Select an empty cell either below, to the right, above, or to the

left of the cell that contains the data that you want to fill in that
cell.

II. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Fill (arrow pointing
downwards), and then click Down, Right, Up, or Left depending
on the direction you will want to fill.

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“Filling a cell” Shortcuts

You can also quickly

 fill a cell with the contents of the cell above

using CTRL+D.

 fill a cell with the contents of the cell left of

it by pressing CTRL+R respectively. 56
 Dragging the fill handle to fill data into adjacent cells
I. Select the cells that contain the data that you want to fill into adjacent
cells.
II. Drag the fill handle across the cells that you want to fill.

III. To choose how you want to fill the selection, click Auto Fill Options and
then click the option that you want.

If you drag the fill handle up or to the left of a selection and stop in the
selected cells without going past the first column or the top row in the
selection, Excel deletes all data within the selection. This means that you
are to ensure that you drag the fill handle out of the selected area before
releasing the mouse button.
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 Filling formulas into adjacent cells

I. Select the cell that contains the formula that you want to fill into
adjacent cells.
II. Drag the fill handle across the cells that you want to fill.

I. To choose how you want to fill the selection, click Auto Fill Options
and then click the option that you want.

Similarly, you can also fill the active cell with the formula of an
adjacent cell by using the Fill command on the Home tab in the Editing
group or by pressing the CTRL+D or CTRL+R to fill a cell below or to the
right of the cell containing the formula. 58
Automatically filling a formula
downwards
 You can automatically fill a formula downward, for all adjacent
cells that it applies to, by double-clicking the fill handle of the
first cell that contains the formula.

 If for example you have numbers in cells A10:A25 and B10:B25,

and you type the formula =A10+B10 into cell C10, you can copy
the formula in C10 into cells C11:C25 by selecting cell C10 and
double-clicking the fill handle.
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Filling in a series (Numbers, dates, or other built-in series items)

It is also possible to use the fill handle to quickly fill

cells in a range with a series of numbers or dates or
with a built-in series for days, weekdays, months, or
years.

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Filling in a series (Numbers, dates, or other built-in series items)

To fill a series, you will have to:

I. Select the first cell in the range that you want to fill.
II. Type the starting value for the series.

III. Type a value in the next cell to define a pattern.

For example, if you want the series 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,…. type 2 and 4 in the
first two cells and if you want the series 2, 2, 2, 2..., you can leave the
second cell blank.
IV. Select the cell or cells that contain the starting values.
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V. Drag the fill handle across the range that you want to fill.
Initial selection Extended series

0,1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6,...
10:00 11:00, 12:00, 13:00,...
Mon Tue, Wed, Thu,...
Monday Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,...

Jan Feb, Mar, Apr,...

Jan, Mar May, Jul, Aug, Oct,...
Jan-99, Mar-99 May-99, Jul-99, Aug-00, Oct-99,...

15-Jan, 20-Mar 23-May, 26-Jul, 28-Sep, 01-Dec,...

1st Period 2nd Period, 3rd Period,... 62

Product 1 Product 2, Product 3,...

To fill in increasing order, drag down or to the right. To fill in decreasing
order, drag up or to the left

It is also possible to specify the type of series by using the right mouse
button to drag the fill handle over the range and then clicking the
appropriate command on the shortcut menu.

For example, if the starting value is the date Jan-2000, click Fill Months
for the series Feb-2000, Mar-2000, and so on; or click Fill Years for the
series Jan-2003, Jan-2004, and so on.

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If the selection contains numbers, you can control the type of series
that you want to create.

I. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, click Fill, and then click
Series.

II. Under Type, click one of the following options:

 Click Linear for a series that is calculated by adding the value in the Step value

box to each cell value in turn

 Click Growth for a series that is calculated by multiplying the value in the Step value box

by each cell value in turn.

 Click Date for a series that fills date values incrementally by the value in the Step value

box and dependent on the unit specified under Date unit.

 Click AutoFill for a series that produces the same results as dragging the fill handle.
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65
You can suppress AutoFill by holding down
CTRL while you drag the fill handle of a
selection of two or more cells. The selected
values are then copied to the adjacent cells,
and Excel does not extend a series.

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Filling data by using a custom fill series
You can make the entering of a particular sequence of data
easier by creating a custom fill series.

A custom fill series can be based on a list of existing items

on a worksheet, or you can type the required list.

You should take note that a custom list can only contain text
or text mixed with numbers. For a custom list that contains
numbers only, such as 0 through 100, you must first create a list
of numbers that is formatted as text. 67
 Using a custom fill series based on an existing
list of items
I. Select the list of items that you want to use in the fill series.
II. Click the File Tab and then click Options.
III. Select advanced from the categories on the left

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 Under the General section, click the Edit Custom Lists
 Ensure that the cell reference of the list of items selected is
displayed in the Import list from cells box, and then click
Import.
 The items in the selected list will be added to the Custom
lists box.
 Click OK twice.
 Click a cell, and then type the item in the custom fill series
that you want to use to start the list.
 Drag the fill handle across the cells that you want to fill.
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70
 Using a custom fill series based on a new list of items
 Click the File Tab and then click Excel Options
 Select advanced from the categories on the left
 Under the General section, click the Edit Custom Lists

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 In the Custom lists box, click NEW LIST, and then type the
entries in the List entries box, beginning with the first entry.
Press ENTER after each entry.

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 When the list is complete, click Add, and then click OK twice.

 Click a cell, and then type the item in the custom fill series
that you want to use to start the list.
 Drag the fill handle across the cells that you want to fill.

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 Editing or deleting a custom fill series
I. Click the File Tab and then click Excel Options
II. Click the Popular category, and then under the Top options
for working with Excel, click the Edit Custom Lists
III. In the Custom lists box, select the list that you want to edit
or delete, and then do one of the following:
I. To edit the fill series, make the changes that you want in
the List entries box, and then click Add.
II. To delete the fill series, click Delete.

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FORMULAS
MICROSOFT EXCEL (SPREADSHEET)

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Formulas

 Formulas are the core of an Excel worksheet.

 A formula may be defined as any data that does not place itself in a
cell but rather the result that it generates.

 It may generate either a value or a label.

 Formulas are used to do all the calculations that we use to do by hand
or with calculators. Without formulas, there would be no point to using
an electronic worksheet such as Excel.
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Formulas
 Formulas may be used to do simple calculations involving
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, as well as to
carry out very complex financial, statistical or scientific
calculations.

 When a formula is entered in a worksheet cell, the result of the

formula usually appears on the worksheet.

 To view the formula that produces the results,

select the cell and the formula appears in the formula bar.
If you wish to view the formula in-cell, double-click the cell or
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select the cell and press F2.

78
 A formula in Excel
 Must start with either of the following symbols = , + or
-. Note that starting a formula with the minus sign
cause the value of the address or the constant that
the minus sign precedes to be negated. For example,
-B3+B4 is a valid formula. If B3 and B4 contain 10 and
15 respectively then the above formula will give 5 as
the result of the current cell.

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 Allows the use of mathematical operators such as +
(addition), - (subtraction) , * (multiplication) and ^
(exponentiation), etc
 Allows the use of relational operators such as >, <, >=,
etc
 Can be a valid mathematical expression or built-in
function. E.g. COS(20).

 Generally, formulas in Excel always begin with an

equal sign (=) and can include numeric and text
values (constants) arithmetic operators, text
operators, functions, parentheses, cell references,
and names. 80
 ENTERING FORMULAS
 To enter a formula in a worksheet, make the cell in which you
want to insert the formula active.

 This cell should be empty else you will loose whatever

information you have in the active cell after you have entered
the formula.

 When keyed in, the formula displays in the cell as well as in

the formula bar.
 When you exit the cell after completing the formula, the
result of the formula displays in the active cell while the
actual formula displays in the formula bar. 81
 Formulas make reference to (or include) the contents of a
cell by the cell’s reference, such as C4.


 Formulas may use operators such as + or – and also built in
formulas, called functions, like SUM() or SQRT().

 A simple formula such as =C4 * D8 in the formula bar

multiplies the contents of cell C4 by the contents of cell
D8.
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Why use formulas?

One of the advantages of using formulas in a

worksheet is that cell entries can be changed and the
formula will automatically recalculate the values and
insert the result in the cell containing the formula.

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CELL REFERENCING

Cell references, also called addresses, are used in a

formula to refer to the contents of a cell or a group of
cell.

Cell references allow you to use values from different

parts of a worksheet and execute a desired calculation

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Name box

A cell is always referred to by using the row and column

heading. For example, the cell at the intersection of column
B and row 10 has the cell reference B10. The cell reference
of the active cell is displayed in the name box at the left of
the formula bar.

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Entering Cell References by Pointing
The least error prone method of entering cell references in a formula
is by pointing to the cell you want to include in a formula.
I. Select the cell for the formula.
II. Type an equal sign (=)
III. Point to the cell you want in formula and click.

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Entering Cell References by Pointing

This inserts a moving border (dashed marquee) around the cell and
also changes the mode from Enter to Point.
The address of the cell you point to appears at the cursor location in
the formula bar.
You also can enter ranges into formula by dragging across the range.
1. Enter an operator and point to the next cell or range.
2. When you have finished entering the formula, press Enter to enter
the formula.
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Relative, Absolute and Mixed References

 A reference identifies a cell or a range of cells in a worksheet.

 There are basically three main types of addressing namely ABSOLUTE,

RELATIVE and MIXED addressing.

 There is also a fourth type CIRCULAR ADDRESSING which is not

permitted in Excel although its use would not force Lotus to signal an
error. 88
Relative, Absolute and Mixed References

Excel treats cell references in formulas differently when they are copied
from one cell to another and hence the need to have a good understanding
of the different addressing.

 Relative cell references refer to cells relative to a position in a formula.

 Absolute references refer to cells in a specific location.

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Absolute, relative or Mixed referencing
 A relative cell reference adjusts when a formula is copied while an
absolute cell reference remains constant when a formula is copied.

 A mixed cell reference does both – either the column remains

absolute and the row is relative or the column is relative and the
row is absolute.

 An absolute reference has the dollar sign before the column and/or
row cell reference while a relative reference has none.

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Relative References

 This is a cell or range address in a formula that Excel interprets by virtue of its
location relative to the cell that contains the formula.

 When a formula containing relative addresses are copied from one cell to
another, Excel copies the relationship between the cells/ranges in the
formula in terms of their positions relative to the cell that holds the result,
and then adjust the cell addresses in the copied formula such that the
relationship is maintained.

 Unless you specify otherwise, Excel uses relative referencing for cell
addresses when you enter a formula. 91
This means that cell references in a formula change after you fill a
range with a formula. Example, let the cell B5 contains the formula
=(+B4-B3)/B2 Excel interprets this formula as follows:

92
 Subtract the entry at the cell two rows above the current cell (i.e.
B5 to B3) from that of the row one above the current cell (i.e. B5 to
B4) and divide the result by the entry in the cell three rows above the
current cell (i.e. B5 to B2) and store the final result in the current
cell (B5).

 Therefore copying the content of cell B5 irrespective of the value

stored, to cells say E6 to Z6 only copies the relationship as given
above hence when the cell pointer is placed at cell Z6 for example,
the formula would be shown as (+Z5-Z4)/Z3 in the formular bar.
93
 Also, if you enter the formula = SUM (B4:D4) in cell F4 and then copy it
relatively to cell F5, the formula in cell F5 displays as = SUM (B5:D5).

 Again if the formula = SUM (B5:D5) in cell F5 is copied to cell F10, it

changes to = SUM (B10:D10).

 Notice how the formula changes to give the cell reference the same
relative position from the cell that contains the formula.

94
 Usually one wants cell references to change when copied.

 Occasionally, however, these changes cause problems. For example if all

the formulas copied above have to be multiplied by a value in cell A4,
then the formula = SUM (B4:D4) *A4 in cell F4 will change to = SUM
(B5:D5) *A5 when copied to cell F5.

 To maintain reference A4 even when copied we need to use Absolute

referencing.
95
Absolute Referencing
 As mentioned above, by default Excel treats all formulas to contain relative addresses unless
either the column letter, row number or both in a cell address is/are preceded by a dollar sign.

 Absolute addresses are identified by having a dollar sign preceding a column letter and a row
number of a cell address.

 Absolute addressing is used to express permanent link to the values of columns and/or rows.

 A permanent link means should the content of a cell with a formula containing absolute addresses
be copied, the absolute cell addresses in the formula should not be updated to reflect the new
column and/or row

96
Absolute Referencing
 E.g. $A$5 indicates a permanent link to the cell A5 (i.e.
a permanent link to Column A row 5 or to cell A5).

 Example, if cell F4 contains the formula =SUM (B4:D4) *

$D$4 and if we copy the formula to cell F5 we will obtain
=SUM (B5:D5) * $D$4

97
Absolute Reference
 You enter an absolute reference by typing the dollar sign in front of the row or
column that you want to remain the same

 or by pressing the F4 key when the flashing insertion point in the formula bar
has been placed at where the cell reference is to be made absolute.

 Each time F4 is pressed, the type of reference changes, from eg. A10 to $A$10,
A$10, $A10, A10.
98
Mixed References

 On some occasions you want only the row to stay fixed or only the column
to stay fixed when copied.

 In this case we use mixed referencing. Mixed addressing combines relative

and absolute addressing, that is either the column or the row number is
preceded by a dollar sign.

 Thus, $G5 or G$5 is a mixed addressing. The former implies column is linked
permanently to Column G whiles the row is relative to row 5 and the latter
also implies that the row is linked permanently to row 5 while the column is
relative to column G.

99
Mixed Referencing
 Therefore, when a formula containing a mixed address is copied from one
cell to another all the absolute addresses would remain the same while the
relative part would be updated.

 For example the formula = $A4 * B$3 has two mixed references. $A4 has an
absolute column and a relative row while B$3 has a relative column and an
absolute row.

 Mixed cell references allow you to fill in column and row data using only one
formula. 100
Circular references
 Circular addressing involves the use of the current cell’s address in the formula for the
current cell either directly or indirectly.

 That is defining a formula for the current cell by including the address of the current
cell in the formula or simply put defining a cell in terms of itself. An example is =(+B4-
B3)/B2 when the current cell is either B2, B3 or B4.

 For example if the content of cell D3 is (D1+D2-D3)/3, then the result of the formula in
D3 will keep on changing whenever data is stored in a cell. This situation may be useful
at times but unless it is intended, try and avoid circular referencing
101
Referring To Other Sheets In A Workbook
 By including a sheet reference as well as a cell reference, you can
refer to other sheets in a workbook.

 For example, to refer to cell A10 on sheet 5, you need to enter

Sheet5!A10 in the formula. If the sheet is named, e.g. as CSM1, simply
use CSM1!A10.

 If the sheet name includes spaces, you must surround the sheet
reference with single quotation marks. For example if the sheet is
named CSM 1, then the correct reference is ‘CSM 1’!A10.

102
103
3-D References
 You can use 3-D references to refer to a cell range that includes two
or more sheets in a workbook.

 A 3-D reference consists of a sheet range specifying the beginning

and ending referred to.

 For example, =SUM(Sheet1:Sheet4!$D$1:$D$10)

 SUMS up the values in the range of cells $D$1:$D$10 in each of the

sheets from sheet1 to sheet4 and adds the SUMS together resulting in
104

a grand total.
OPERATORS IN FORMULA

Operators tell formula what operations to perform. Excel uses four

different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison,
text concatenation, and reference. These are as follows:

105
OPERATORS IN FORMULA

Arithmetic operators
These are operators used in performing basic mathematical
operations such as addition, subtraction, or multiplication, division,
etc to produce numeric results. The following are the operators
that can be used in a mathematical expressions.

106
Arithmetic operator Meaning Example

+ (plus sign) Addition A2+3

– (minus sign) Subtraction C3–A3

Negation –B4

* (asterisk) Multiplication A4*8

/ (forward slash) Division B4/B3

% (percent sign) Percent 95%

^ (caret) Exponentiation) 4^3 (which gives 64)

107
Comparison operators
These are operators that make it possible for you to compare two
values. When two values are compared, the result is a logical value
and that can be either True or False. The comparison operators are
as follows
Comparison operator Meaning Example

= (equal sign) Equal to A3=C4

> (greater than sign) Greater than A4>C5

< (less than sign) Less than A4<B8

>= (greater than or Greater than or equal to A3>=B4
equal to sign)

<= (less than or equal Less than or equal to A4<=C1

to sign)

<> (not equal to sign) Not equal to A4<>B1 108

Text concatenation operator

There is only one text concatenation operators and this is the

ampersand (&) sign which is used to join, or concatenate, one or
more text strings to produce a single piece of text.

& concatenates, two texts to produce one single text

"CSM"&"183" (ampersand) result CSM183

109
 Reference operators

These operators make it possible to combine cells or

range of cells for calculations. The three reference
operators are as follows
Reference operator
Meaning ExampLe
: (colon) Range operator, which literally means “TO” is A10:G40
used to produce one reference to all the cells between
two cell addresses references,
including the two references
A10:A50
, (comma) Union operator, which literally means “and” is used to
combine multiple references into one reference. Max(B15,B19:G15)
(space) Intersection produces one reference to cells that are common to two
operator references. If no cells are common to both references, then
#NULL is returned as result. 110

C10:D17 C6:C18
Order Of Evaluation

 If there are two or more operators in a formula, Excel uses the

same order of operation used in algebra.

 From left to right in a formula, this order, called the order of

operation or order of precedence is negation (-) first, then percent
(%), then exponential (^), followed by multiplication (*), division
(/), addition (+), and finally subtraction (-).

 To change the order of operation (or evaluation), use parenthesis

around the part of the formula you want calculated first.
111
Order Of Evaluation

Formula Result
E.g. = 6 + 27/3 15
=(6 + 27)/3 11

112
Operator precedence
 If you use a number of operators in a single formula, Excel performs the
operations in the order shown in the following table.

 As such, in a single formula where the exponentiation and multiplication

are used, the exponentiation will be evaluated first.

 If a formula contains operators with the same precedence such as

multiplication and division, Excel evaluates the operators from left to
right.

113
Operator Description
: (colon) Reference operators
(single space)
, (comma)

– Negation (as in –1)

% Percent
^ Exponentiation
* and / Multiplication and division
+ and – Addition and subtraction
& Connects two strings of text (concatenation)

= < > <= >= <> Comparison

114
RULES GOVERNING THE EVALUATION OF THE
OPERATORS

There are basically three rules concerning the evaluation of the

arithmetic operators in any mathematical expression or formula.
These rules are as follows:

1. For any two operators with different precedence in the same

formula, the operator with the higher precedence would be
evaluated first.
Take for example the expression =8 / 2 ^ 3. The operator, ^ would
be evaluated first, that is 2^3 and hence the above expression would
give the result 1 instead of 64 as you may have thought.

115
RULES GOVERNING THE EVALUATION OF THE OPERATORS

2. For any two operators of the same precedence, the order of evaluation of
the operators is from left to right.

For instance, in this expression 10 / 5 * 2, the 10/5 would be evaluated first and
the result multiplied by 2. The result of this expression would therefore be 4
instead of 1.

116
RULES GOVERNING THE EVALUATION OF THE OPERATORS

3. Parenthesis can be used to enforce a change in the order of evaluation of the

operators.
An operator in a bracket for example would be evaluated before another
operator of the same precedence but not in a bracket.

For example, for 10 / (5 * 2). The expression in the bracket (5*2) would be
evaluated before the result is used as the divisor in dividing the 10. Hence with
the use of bracket in the same example as in rule 2, the result of the expression
has changed from 4 to 1.
117
NAMING CELLS AND RANGES

A selected group of cell is referred to as a range. A range of cells

can be formatted, moved, copied, or deleted.

A cell or range of cell can also be named. A range name may be

used anywhere you can use a cell reference. It is easier to
understand an expression such as Price * Quantity rather than
A1*B1, and that explains why it is sometimes better to name your
ranges.

118
NAMING CELLS AND RANGES

Rules For Creating Names

 Names must start with a letter or an underscore but

any character may be used after the initial letter
except a space or a hyphen

Space is not allowed in a name.

119
 NAMING CELLS AND RANGES

• A maximum of 255 characters are allowed for range name but is advisable to
make them as short as possible.

• Names may be typed in either upper – or lowercase letters.

120
Defining Range Names

 Using the Name Box – The name box appears at the left end of the
formula bar.

 The reference area displays the cell reference for the active cell or the
name of the currently selected cell or cells, if they are named.

 If you click the arrow to the right of the named box, you display an
alphabetical list of all defined names in the workbook.

 You can select a named cell or range by clicking the arrow and selecting
121

the name from the list.

 To define a name using the name box, follow these steps;
I. Select the cell or range of cells to be named.

II. Click the arrow to the right of the named box. The active cell
appears in the name box and is highlighted.
III. Type the name for the selected cell or cells.
IV. Press Enter.

OR
122
I. Select the cell or range that you want to name.

II. Click the Formulas tab on the Ribbon and then click the
Define Name button (or right-click the range and choose
Name a Range from the contextual menu). Excel displays
the New Name dialog box, as shown in the Figure below.
III. In the Name text box, type a name (or use the name that
Excel proposes, if any).

123
4. If needed, enter a comment in the Comment box. You can
enter a comment, for example, to provide a description
and other details of the name for future worksheet
auditing purposes.
5. Verify that the address Excel displays in the Refers To text
box is correct. To refer to a different address, delete the
address and then either type the new cell or range address
(with a leading equal sign) or use the mouse pointer to
select the cell or range on the worksheet.
6. Click OK.

124
125
If you want to create several names in one go, use the
Name Manager instead of the Define Name method.
Click the Name Manager button in the Formulas tab. In
the Name
Manager dialog box, click New to add a name. After you
finish adding a name, you’re returned to the Name
Manager dialog box, where you can repeat the process
to create additional names.

126
FUNCTIONS

127
Functions and Arguments

 In Excel, the developers included in the package a lot of

mathematical and other useful functions that Excel users can use
without writing their own definitions. Since these functions have
been built into the Excel package, they are referred to as built-in or
predefined functions.

 These functions make the data processing and analysis very easy.
Without the use of built-in functions, there wouldn't have been much
difference between the use of a calculator and Excel in terms of
computations and other processing.
128
 A built-in function may be defined as a function that has
already been defined by the Excel software developers for
their users to use without the need to redefine. For example,
to sum the content of the entries in cells A1 to A1000 a user
would have to enter the formula
+A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6+...+A999+A1000

but the use of the built-in function SUM makes this quite easier
by simply entering the formula =SUM(A1:A1000) at the cell where
the result is to be placed.

129
 If you want to write an equation to determine a mortgage or
loan payment for example, you need the following
information;

Argument Description

rate interest rate per period

nper number of periods

pv present value (starting value

of loan) fv Future value (ending value
of loan)

130
 I. Because the equation for an amortized loan payment requires
many complex terms,
II. You are likely to make typographical errors if you write your
own equation.

III. Excel solves a formula you enter more slowly than it solves a
built-in function for the same operation.
IV. Entering functions take less keystrokes and saves time.

131
 So instead of manually entering a long formula to
calculate the loan payment, you can use Excel
PMT ( ) worksheet function. You can either type
the function into a cell or insert it into a cell with
the guidance of the Insert Function.

132
 A function operates on what are referred to as arguments.

 These are values or references for the information needed to do the

calculation.

 Arguments are placed within brackets after the function name

separated by commas.

 An argument may consist of a constant such as 100, a cell reference

such as B10:B20 or another function (referred to as a nested
function). The PMT function for example, is entered in the form
PMT (rate, nper, pv, fv, type)

133
 Functions include two parts. The first part is the name of the
function, which always immediately follows the equal sign. The
equal sign preceding the function is required for only the first
function entered in the cell.

134
 The second part of the function is the argument.
 The argument contains the data needed by the function to perform the
necessary calculations or data manipulation.
 Most functions contain one or more arguments in parenthesis.

 If the function contains more than one argument, separate the

arguments with commas.

 Never include a space unless it is included in quotation marks. Some

functions can have up to 30 arguments. An ellipsis (…) is used to
indicate that more arguments are possible. 135
 There are three main classes of functions. This classification is
based on the number of arguments required by a function. The
three classes are:

I. Those that require no argument or parameter because they need

no external information. The information that such functions
return is fixed. Examples of such functions include RAND(), PI()
and NOW() that return a random number between 0 and 1, the
value of Pi, the current date and time respectively.

136
II. Functions that require a fixed number of arguments. For
example, the following functions accept only one argument hence
would signal an error when the number of arguments is more than
one, INT(), LOG(). There are also some function that two or more
arguments. For example ROUNDDOWN() requires two arguments,

137
III. Functions that accept variable number of arguments. That is
the number of arguments can be one, two or more depending
on what one intends to do. For example the following are all
valid. =SUM(A1:A10), =SUM(A1:A5,A8),

IV. =SUM(A1:A3,A5,B6:B8), etc. Here the =SUM has taken on

variable parameters, that is one, two, three, etc
respectively.

138
 Note that functions that tend to take variable number of
arguments have some of the arguments as optional. In such a case,
if you leave out the optional arguments, you do not need to enter
commas if there are no additional arguments.

 If there are additional arguments, then commas should be inserted

to act as pace holders. For example, if the fv optional argument of
the PMT function is omitted, but the type argument is used, you
should enter the function as

PMT(rate, nper, pv,,type)

Note that the position of each argument in the function is very139

important.
 It must be noted that if the argument of a function is defined by a
range, then the range can be contiguous or non-contiguous. For
example, the AVERAGE function has as argument a range, hence
stating the function as =AVERAGE(A1:A25,B10:E15) is a valid
expression.

 While some functions such as PMT, require values, other functions

such as LEFT, require text. Such text should be enclosed in
quotation marks (“ “). Quotation marks in any text should be
enclosed in extra quotation marks.

140
 Entering a Function
Functions can be keyed directly into a cell or entered using the Insert
Function button.

 Insert Function – Creating functions can seem difficult, especially

with the potentially different ways to spell a function name (AVG,
AVE, AVERAGE) and the number of arguments available. The Insert
Function can be used to make entering a function much easier. It
guides you through the process and explains each function as well
as each argument within a function.

141
  To insert a function and its arguments into the worksheet, follow
these steps;

I. Select the cell where you want to enter the function. If you are
entering a formula in the formula bar, move the insertion point to
where you want the function inserted.

II. Choose Formulas, Insert Function or click the Insert Function

button to display the Insert Function dialog box.

142
143
 III. Select type of function you want from the Function category List.
All the functions for that particular category are then listed
below.

IV. Choose the specific function that you want and read the
description in the lower part of the dialog box.

144
V.) Verify that this is the function you want and choose OK.

VI.) The Function Arguments dialog box appears. It guides

you through the entry of the data to be used in the formula.
Next to each argument name is a box where the arguments
are entered. You can either key the data into the argument
box or select the appropriate cells from the worksheet to
enter them into the argument box.

145
VII. Choose OK to complete the function and insert it in a cell. You
may choose cancel if you decide not to insert the function.

 Note that once data is entered into the argument boxes, the result
of the formula is displayed at the bottom of the formula palette.

146
Auto Sum Button

The most frequently used function is SUM ( ). This function totals the
numeric value of all cells in the ranges it references. For example =
SUM (B10:B20) will total all the cells starting from cell B10 right up
to cell B20, with both B10 and B20 included. Because SUM ( ) is
frequently used, an AutoSum button which you can use to total
adjacent columns or rows automatically, appears on the standard
toolbar

147
 In addition to entering the SUM ( ) function, the AutoSum button
when clicked, selects the cells in the column above the SUM ( ). If
the suggested range is not correct, you may drag through the
desired ranged with the mouse and then press enter. Notice that
the status bar displays the sum of the selected range.

As an example;
To enter the sum of cells A1 to A12 in cell A13, lace the cell pointer
in cell A13 and click the Auto Sum button. The formula = SUM
(A1:12) appears in the formula bar

148
 To select the range of cells to total, highlight the range to sum
including blank cell(s) to the right or below the range. When you
select the AutoSum button, Excel fills in totals. Sum totals appear
in blank cells below and to the right of a range of numbers.

 Clicking on the arrow to the right of the Auto Sum button gives you
the option of choosing other functions such as Average, Count of
entries in the selected range, minimum entries, etc.

149
CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONS

Excel 2007 includes over 477 functions that are divided into the
following twelve alphabetical categories by Microsoft Company:

I. Compatibility functions

II. Cube functions

III. Database functions

IV. Date and time functions

V. Engineering functions

VI. Financial functions

150

VII. Information functions

VIII. Logical functions

IX. Lookup and reference functions

X. Math and trigonometric functions

XI. Statistical functions

XII. Text functions

XIII. User defined functions that are stored with addins

XIV. Web functions

151
Some of the most commonly used Excel functions are explained
below.
Date and Time Functions

Excel’s date and time functions manipulate or calculate dates and

times. Excel can make calculations using dates and time because the
dates and times are represented as serial numbers. The number
starts with January 1, 1900. Thus, January 1, 1900 has the serial
number 1, January 2, 1900 has serial number 2, February 1, 1900 has
serial number 32, etc. Note that if a cell s formatted as date, then a
date will be displayed in one of the date formats but internally this
date will be a serial number.
152
The Now Function.
The NOW function calculates the serial number of the date and time in
the computer’s clock. Excel updates the date and time only when the
worksheet is opened or recalculated. The NOW function does not take
in any argument and has the format = NOW()

153
 The NOW function is different from other functions in that it takes no
arguments. For example if NOW() was entered in a worksheet cell
which was opened at 6.30 pm. on January 1, 1997, it will display
35431.77083 in the cell. The 35431 represents the number of days
beginning from 1st January 1900 to January 1, 1997 and 0.77083
represents the decimal fraction of 6.30 p.m. (18.30) in a 24 hour day,
i.e. 18.5 /24.

154
The TODAY Function
 The TODAY function calculates the date serial number for the current
date, which is the current date from the system clock on the
computer. It acts in the same way as the NOW function but does
return the time portion of the serial number. The format for the
TODAY function is
= TODAY().

 Here too, the TODAY function takes no arguments. For example if

TODAY was entered in a worksheet cell that is recalculated at 6.30
pm on January 1, 1997, it will display 35431 in the cell.
155
The DATE function
The DATE function calculates the date serial number for a specific date.
If the cell format was General before the function was entered, the
result is formatted as a date. The format of the DATE function is.
= DATE (year, month, day)
Year represents the year and is a number from 1900 to 9999. Month
represents the month and is a number from 1 to 12. Day represents the
day and is a number from 1 to 31 depending on the month.

156
The serial number of September 28, 2010 can be obtained using the
formula.
= DATE (2010, 9, 28)

The result of this formula is 40450, which is the date serial number of
September 28, 2010.

157
The table below gives the full list of date and time functions
Function Description

DATE Returns the serial number of a particular date. . Example

DATE(2010/1/6) returns 40184.

DATEVALUE Converts a date in the form of text to a serial number. Example

DATEVALUE(“1/1/2000”) returns 36526.

DAY Converts a serial number to a day of the month. Example

DAY(1/1/2000) returns 1.

DAYS360 Calculates the number of days between two dates based on a 360-
day year. A 360-day year assumes that each of the twelve months
has 30 days.
EOMONTH Returns the serial number of the last day of the month
before or after a specified number of months

HOUR Converts a serial number to an hour

EOMONTH Returns the serial number of the last day of the month 158

before or after a specified number of months

HOUR Converts a serial number to an hour

MINUTE Converts a serial number to a minute

MONTH Converts a serial number to a month

NETWORKDA Returns the number of whole workdays between two

YS dates

SECOND Converts a serial number to a second

SECOND Converts a serial number to a second

TIME Returns the serial number of a particular time

TIMEVALUE Converts a time in the form of text to a serial number

TODAY Returns the serial number of today's date 159

WEEKDAY Converts a serial number to a day of the week

WEEKNUM Converts a serial number to a number representing

where the week falls numerically with a year

WORKDAY Returns the serial number of the date before or after a

specified number of workdays

YEAR Converts a serial number to a year

YEARFRAC Returns the year fraction representing the number of

whole days between start_date and end_date

160
Math and Trig functions.
Mathematical functions provide the foundation for the majority of
worksheet calculations. Most scientific and engineering functions are
found under mathematical functions.

Since trigonometric functions use angles measured in radians, use these

equations to convert between radians and degrees for the functions
that follow.
Radians = Degrees * P/180
Degrees = Radians * 180/P where P = 22/7
The most commonly used mathematical and trig functions are as given
below:
161
FUNCTION DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

ABS Returns the absolute value of a number ABS(-4.50)

ACOS Returns the arccosine ACOS(0.005)

ACOSH Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number ACOSH(5)

ASIN Returns the arcsine of a number ASIN(0.005)

ASINH Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number ASINH(5)

ATAN Returns the arctangent of a number ATAN(0.005)

ATAN2 Returns the arctangent from x- and y- coordinates ATAN(10,5)

ATANH Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number ATANH(5)

CEILING Rounds a number to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of CEILING(3.02,1
significance )
162
COMBIN Returns the number of combinations for a given number of objects. COMB(5,2)

For example, the example to the right shows how many groups of 2
can be obtained from
5 objects and the answer 10
COS Returns the cosine of a number COS(3.1412)

COSH Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number COSH(0.05)

DEGREES Converts radians to degrees DEGREES(3.1414)

EVEN Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer EVEN(121)

EXP Returns e raised to the power of a given number EXP(4)

FACT Returns the factorial FACT(6)

FACTDOUBLE Returns the double factorial of a number FACTDOUBLE(6)

FLOOR Rounds a number down, toward zero 163

FLOOR(12.1234,2)
GCD Returns the greatest common divisor GCD(12,15,24,36)

INT Rounds a number down to the nearest integer INT(34.45)

LCM Returns the least common multiple LCM(2,4,7)

LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number LN(23)

LOG Returns the logarithm of a number to a LOG(23)

specified base

LOG10 Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number LOG10(34)

MDETERM Returns the matrix determinant of an array

MINVERSE Returns the matrix inverse of an array

MMULT Returns the matrix product of two arrays

MOD Returns the remainder MOD(7,3)

164
MROUND Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple MROUND(13,4)
 MULTINOMIAL MULTINOMIAL(3,4)
Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers
ODD Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer ODD(46)

PI Returns the value of pi

POWER Returns the result of a number raised to a power POWER(3,4)

PRODUCT Multiplies its arguments PRODUCT(3,4,5)

QUOTIENT Returns the integer portion of a division QUOTIET(47,9)

RADIANS Converts degrees to radians RADIANS(60)

RAND Returns a random number between 0 and 1

RANDBETWEEN Returns a random number between the numbers you specify

ROMAN Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text ROMAN(23,3)

ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of digits 165 ROUND(1.2345,2)

 ROUNDDOWN Rounds a number down, toward zero ROUNDDOWN(1.234,2)

ROUNDUP Rounds a number up, away from zero

SERIESSUM Returns the sum of a power series based on the formula

SIGN Returns the sign of a number

SIN Returns the sine of the given angle

SINH Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number

SQRT Returns a positive square root

SQRTPI Returns the square root of (number * pi)

SUBTOTAL Returns a subtotal in a list or database

SUM Adds its arguments

SUMIF Adds the cells specified by a given 166

criteria
 SUMIFS Adds the cells in a range that meet multiple criteria

SUMPRODUCT Returns the sum of the products of corresponding array

components

SUMSQ Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments

SUMX2MY2 Returns the sum of the difference of

squares of corresponding values in two arrays

SUMX2PY2 Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding

values in two arrays
SUMXMY2 Returns the sum of squares of
differences of corresponding values in two arrays

TAN Returns the tangent of a number TAN(45)

TANH Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number TANH(1.667)

167

TRUNC Truncates a number to an integer TRUNC(12.2345,2)

Statistical functions
Excel’s statistical functions are used on lists of data. Some of the
simple statistical functions are AVERAGE, MAX, and MIN. Excel also
includes very complex statistical functions that can calculate
deviations, distributions, correlations, and slopes. Below is the
alphabetical listing of important statistical functions.

168
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

AVEDEV Returns the average of the absolute deviations of data points

from their mean

AVERAGEA Returns the average of its arguments

AVERAGE Returns the average of its arguments, including numbers,

text, and logical values

AVERAGEIF Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a

range that meet a given criteria
AVERAGEIFS Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all cells that meet
multiple criteria.

BETADIST Returns the beta cumulative distribution function

BETAINV Returns the inverse of the cumulative distribution function for

a specified beta distribution 169
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

CHIDIST Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared

distribution

CHIINV Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the

chisquared distribution

CHITEST Returns the test for independence

CONFIDENCE Returns the confidence interval for a population mean

CORREL Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets

COUNT Counts how many numbers are in the list of arguments

COUNTA Counts how many values are in the list of arguments

COUNTBLANK Counts the number of blank cells within a range 170

 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

COUNTIF Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given
criteria

COUNTIFS Counts the number of cells within a range that meet

multiple criteria

COVAR Returns covariance, the average of the products of paired

deviations

CRITBINOM Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative

binomial distribution is less than or equal to a criterion
value
DEVSQ Returns the sum of squares of deviations

EXPONDIST Returns the exponential distribution

FDIST Returns the F probability distribution

FINV Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution

171
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

FISHER Returns the Fisher transformation

FISHERINV Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation

FORECAST Returns a value along a linear trend
FREQUENCY Returns a frequency distribution as a vertical array

FTEST Returns the result of an F-test

GAMMADIST Returns the gamma distribution

GAMMAINV Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution

GAMMALN Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function, Γ(x)

GEOMEAN Returns the geometric mean

GROWTH Returns values along an exponential trend

HARMEAN Returns the harmonic mean

172

HYPGEOMDIST Returns the hypergeometric distribution

 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

INTERCEPT Returns the intercept of the linear regression line

KURT Returns the kurtosis of a data set

LARGE Returns the k-th largest value in a data set
LINEST Returns the parameters of a linear trend

LOGEST Returns the parameters of an exponential trend

LOGINV Returns the inverse of the lognormal distribution

LOGNORMDIST Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution

MAX Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments

MAXA Returns the maximum value in a list of arguments, including

numbers, text, and logical values

MEDIAN Returns the median of the given numbers

MIN Returns the minimum value in a list of arguments

173

MINA Returns the smallest value in a list of arguments, including

 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

MODE Returns the most common value in a data set

NEGBINOMDIST Returns the negative binomial distribution

NORMDIST Returns the normal cumulative distribution
NORMINV Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution

NORMSDIST Returns the standard normal cumulative distribution

NORMSINV Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulative

distribution
PEARSON Returns the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient

PERCENTILE Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range

PERCENTRANK Returns the percentage rank of a value in a data set

PERMUT Returns the number of permutations for a given number of

objects
POISSON Returns the Poisson distribution
PROB Returns the probability that values in a range are between
174

two limits
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

QUARTILE Returns the quartile of a data set

RANK Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers
RSQ Returns the square of the Pearson product moment
correlation
coefficient
SKEW Returns the skewness of a distribution
SLOPE Returns the slope of the linear regression line
SMALL Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set

STANDARDIZE Returns a normalized value

STDEV Estimates standard deviation based on a sample
STDEVA Estimates standard deviation based on a sample, including
numbers, text, and logical values
STDEVP Calculates standard deviation based on the entire
population
STDEVPA Calculates standard deviation based on the entire
population, including numbers, text, and logical values
175
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

STEYX Returns the standard error of the predicted y-value for

each x in the regression
TDIST Returns the Student's t-distribution
TINV Returns the inverse of the Student's t-distribution

TREND Returns values along a linear trend

TRIMMEAN Returns the mean of the interior of a data set
TTEST Returns the probability associated with a Student's t-test

VAR Estimates variance based on a sample

VARA Estimates variance based on a sample, including numbers,
text, and logical values
VARP Calculates variance based on the entire population

VARPA Calculates variance based on the entire population,

including
numbers, text, and logical values
176

WEIBULL Returns the Weibull distribution

FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

ZTEST Returns the one-tailed probability-value of a z-test

Text Functions

Text functions enable you to manipulate text. You can abbreviate text
to pull-out portions you need from long strings of text, or you can
change numbers and dates to text so that they can exceed a cells width
without producing a cell filled with #####. These numbers or dates
converted to text can be joined (or concatenated) to form titles, labels,
etc.

177
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

CHAR Returns the character specified by the code number

CLEAN Removes all nonprintable characters from text
CODE Returns a numeric code for the first character in a text
string
CONCATENATE Joins several text items into one text item
DOLLAR Converts a number to text, using the $ (dollar) currency
format
EXACT Checks to see if two text values are identical

FIND, FINDB Finds one text value within another (case-sensitive)

FIXED Formats a number as text with a fixed number of decimals
LEFT, LEFTB Returns the leftmost characters from a text value

LEN, LENB Returns the number of characters in a text string

LOWER Converts text to lowercase

178
MID, MIDB Returns a specific number of characters from a text string
starting at the position you specify
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

PROPER Capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text value

REPLACE, Replaces characters within text
REPLACEB
REPT Repeats text a given number of times

RIGHT, RIGHTB Returns the rightmost characters from a text value

SEARCH, Finds one text value within another (not case-sensitive)
SUBSTITUTE Substitutes new text for old text in a text string

TEXT Formats a number and converts it to text

TRIM Removes spaces from text
UPPER Converts text to uppercase

VALUE Converts a text argument to a number

179
Financial Functions

Excel provides many financial functions that are used for calculating
loan details, investment analyses, annuities, etc. An annuity is a
periodic series of equal payments. Examples of annuities are mortgage
payment on a house, payment of a car loan, or payment that you make
to a retirement fund.

180
The common arguments used in Excel’s financial function are as follows.
Argument Argument name Description

Present value Pv The current value of amounts to be received or paid in the future
discounted at some interest rate; the amount that must be invested
today at some interest rate to accumulate to some specific future
value.
Number of nper The number of payments that will be made to an investment or loan.
periods For example, a five-year loan with monthly payments would have 60
periods.

Payment pmt The amount paid or collected for each period.

Future value fv The value of a loan or investment at the end of all the periods.

Rate rate The interest rate being charged or paid.

Type type Payments can either be made in arrears (at the end of each period)
or in advance (at the beginning of each period). The type argument
determines whether the calculation will be based
181 on payments made
in arrears or in advance. Type is the number O (payments in arrears)
or 1 (payments in advance). If type is omitted, it is assumed to be O.
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

ACCRINT Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays

periodic interest
ACCRINTM Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays
interest at maturity
AMORDEGRC Returns the depreciation for each accounting period by using
a depreciation coefficient
AMORLINC Returns the depreciation for each accounting period
CUMIPMT Returns the cumulative interest paid between two periods
CUMPRINC Returns the cumulative principal paid on a loan between
two periods
DB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period
by using the fixed-declining balance method
DDB Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period
by using the double-declining balance method or some
other method that you specify
DISC Returns the discount rate for a security
182

DURATION Returns the annual duration of a security with periodic

 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

FV Returns the future value of an investment

INTRATE Returns the interest rate for a fully invested security
IPMT Returns the interest payment for an investment for a given
period
IRR Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash
flows
ISPMT Calculates the interest paid during a specific period of an
investment
Returns the internal rate of return where positive and
MIRR negative cash
NOMINAL Returns the annual nominal interest rate
NPER Returns the number of periods for an investment
NPV Returns the net present value of an investment based on a
series of periodic cash flows and a discount rate
PMT Returns the periodic payment for an annuity
183

PPMT Returns the payment on the principal for an investment

for a given period
 FUNCTION DESCRIPTION

PV Returns the present value of an investment

RATE Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity
RECEIVED Returns the amount received at maturity for a fully invested security

SLN Returns the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period

SYD Returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset for a specified
period

TBILLEQ Returns the bond-equivalent yield for a Treasury bill

TBILLYIELD Returns the yield for a Treasury bill

XIRR Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that
XNPV Returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that is not
necessarily periodic
YIELD Returns the yield on a security that pays periodic interest

YIELDDISC Returns the annual yield for a discounted security; for example, a Treasury
bill
184

YIELDMAT Returns the annual yield of a security that pays interest at maturity
Examples
If one borrows ¢1,000,000.00 at an interest rate of 12% per annum, and
you are to repay the loan in 5 years (60 monthly instalments), then the
PMT function would return a value equal to the amount of money that
should be paid every month. Because the payments are made monthly,
the interest rate must also be monthly; therefore the annual rate of
interest must be divided by 12 to obtain the rate per one period (i.e.
one month). The payment value of the amount borrowed is -
1,000,000.00, because no payments have yet to be made. For all
arguments, negative number represents cash you pay out, while cash
you receive is represented by a positive number. The following PMT
function will return the required monthly payment.

185
 = PMT (12% /12, 60, - 1000000.00)

i) To calculate how much money you will have in 15 years if you deposit
¢200,000 a month into an annuity that earns 10% annually, use the
following function.
=FV (10% /12, 15*12, -200,000).

i) To calculate the present value of 60 payments of ¢150,000 with a 5%

annual percentage rate, use the following function
=PV (5% /12, 60, 150000)

186
If one pays ¢150,000 monthly, for a five year period when the interest
rate during the period is 5% per annum, then the present value of their
total investment is calculated by the function
=PV (5% /12, 60, 150000).

Logical Functions

Excels logical functions allow you to build conditional features into your
spreadsheet models. They test whether or not a statement is True or
False and return a result. A question that can be answered with true or
false is considered a logical test. A value of 0 means false, and a value
of 1 means True.
187
The FALSE function.
This function always returns a logical FALSE , permitting you to use it to
avoid ambiguity in formulas. It has no arguments. Format is FALSE() or
FALSE
E.g. = IF (A3 = 10,“A3 is equal to 10”,FALSE() )

The above formula means if A3 is equal to 10, the string “A3 is equal to
10” will be stored in the cell. If A3 is not equal to 10, a “0” will be
stored there. It may seem a lot quicker to type “0” than to type FALSE
(), but the function is self-documenting.

188
The TRUE function.
The function is similar to the FALSE function but does the
opposite. It always returns a logical TURE. Format is TRUE () or
TURE

The NOT function.

This function reverses the result of the logical argument from

TRUE to FALSE or from FALSE to TRUE.
Format is NOT(logical)
E.g. If C1 = 5, and D1 = 10
Then CI > D1 is false but NOT (C1 > D1) is true.
189
The AND function.

This joins test conditions. It returns TRUE if all logical argument are
TRUE, and FALSE if any logical argument is FALSE. Logical arguments
include statements such as C10> 20 or A4 + A10 = 16
Format is AND (logical1 , logical2 …)
e.g. if C1 = 10, D1 = 16 and E1= 20

Then AND (C1 >D1, E1>10) will return FALSE since the first logical
argument (C1>D1) is false. Both logical arguments (or conditions) must
be true for the statement to be TRUE.

190
The OR function

The function joins test conditions like the AND function but returns
TRUE if one or more logical arguments is TRUE, and FALSE only if all
logical arguments are FALSE.
Format is OR (logical 1, logical 2, ..)
E.g. If C1 =10, D1 = 16 and E1 =20

Then OR (C1>D1, E1>10) will return TRUE since at least one logical
argument is TRUE.

191
The IF function

This function permits you to test a logical condition to determine the

appropriate value for a cell.
Format is: IF (logical test, value-if-true, value if false)

ARGUMENTS
Logical test – this is any logical expression that can be evaluated as true
or false, e.g.
A1=B10, A1= “ PASS”, A1> =4, B10-C5<B12, etc.

The conditions can also be joined by compound operators such

as OR, AND, and NOT E.g. T1=1 AND S1>1000000, or NOT(T1
192

<40 OR T1> 60).

 Value-if-true - This is the value the cell containing the IF function
will assume if the condition is true. This can be a cell reference, a
value or text (which should be enclosed in double quotation marks)
e.g. A5, “GHANA”, 200.00.

 Value-if-false - This is the value the cell containing the 1F function

will assume if the condition is false. All conditions listed under value
if true also apply here.

193
EXAMPLE
Suppose cell B10 contain the logical function below
= IF (F1 > 40, (F1-40)*1.5,0)

And assuming cell F1 contains the hours worked by an employee for the
week, then the above means “if the hours worked for the week is
greater than 40, subtract 40 from the hours worked and multiply the
result by 1.5, putting the result in cell B10. If the hours worked for the
week is not greater then (i.e. less than or equal to) 40 then cell B10
should contain 0.

194
One can also have nested conditions such as

= IF (TYPE = 1, IF (SALE> 1000000, 0.08, 0.05), IF

SALE>2500000,0.06,0.03)) Assume the above logical condition is in cell
A1 and represents Discount. The above means that: If Type is 1
And If SALE is greater than 1,000,000
Then Discount = 0.08
Else Discount = 0.05
Else (i.e. if Type is not 1)
And If SALE is greater than 2,500,000

195
Then Discount = 0.06
Else Discount = 0.03

196
Exercise 1

Employees of KNUST Computer Company are paid on hourly basis at the

end of every month. If an employee works for not more than 40 hours a
month, it is considered regular and Overtime for hours worked in excess
of 40. Regular hours are paid at 50 cedis per hour while the overtime
rate is one and half times the regular rate per hour. All employees are
to pay 15% of their gross pay as Income Tax, 2.5% as National Health
Insurance Levy, 1% as District Tax. Employees who have more than three
children are to pay 1 cedi per child in excess of three towards GetFUND.
Assume you have just been employed by the above company and that
you have been given the spreadsheet below to complete.
197
198
 What formulas will be needed in the following cells such that
they can later be copied into other cells to complete the
worksheet. The percentage tax rate for income, district and NHIL
are to be picked from the spreadsheet. Note, your formulas
should be such that whenever the income tax rate, the district
tax rate and the NHIL rate change, only their corresponding new
values have to be entered to replace the exiting ones in cells I2,
I3 and I4 respectively, and that there will be no need to re-copy
any formula from one cell to another for subsequent changes in
the rates.

199
(i) E7 (ii) F7 (iii) G7 (iv) H7
(v) I7 (vi) J7 (vii) C23 through to
J23

Exercise 2

A Social Science lecturer marked her mid semester and end of

semester examination scripts each over 100 instead of 30 and 70
respectively. After marking she decided to use Excel to compute the
final marks of the students and also indicate the appropriate letter
grade of every student to determine how many students scored
each of the letter grade. The following is the spreadsheet that she
200

has managed to create. Her problem now is to put in formulas to

201
Assume this lecturer wants you to help, what formulas will be
required into the following cells:
(i) E6 (ii) F6 (iii) C23 (iv)
C24
(v) C25 (vi) C26 (vii) C27
(viii) C28
(ix) C29 (x) C30

202
Lookup and reference functions
FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
ADDRESS Returns a reference as text to a single cell in a worksheet
CHOOSE Chooses a value from a list of values
COLUMN Returns the column number of a reference
COLUMNS Returns the number of columns in a reference
HLOOKUP Looks in the top row of an array and returns the value of the indicated cell

INDEX Uses an index to choose a value from a reference or array

INDIRECT Returns a reference indicated by a text value

LOOKUP Looks up values in a vector or array

MATCH Looks up values in a reference or array
OFFSET Returns a reference offset from a given reference
ROW Returns the row number of a reference
ROWS Returns the number of rows in a reference
TRANSPOSE Returns the transpose of an array 203

VLOOKUP Looks in the first column of an array and moves across the row to return the
CHAPTER FOUR
FORMATTING WORKSHEETS

204
 Formatting a Table Automatically
Autoformatting is designed to apply to tables of
information in which labels run down the left column
and across the top row. SUM() functions or totals are
expected in the bottom row or right column.

These preset formats include formatting for numbers,

borders, font, pattern, alignment, column width, and
row height. You have the option of selecting which of
these formatting elements is used when you format with
Format, AutoFormat Command.
205
To apply an AutoFormat to a table follow these steps:

I. Select the range you will like to format as a

table
II. Click at the home tab, select format as tables
from the style group
III. Choose any of the format. This is because as
you move over the different formats you will
not get a preview of the format so just choose
any of the formats. You will then see the
following dialog box asking for the range of
cells to format.
206
IV. Just click OK since the range you selected in step (1) will
used to create the table. You may check the My table has
headers if indeed your table has headers and are to be
treated different from the other cells.

V. To specify exactly how your table should like, click the

home button, select format as tables from the style
group just like you did in step 2 above.

VI. As you now move the mouse pointer over the different
formats, you will get a preview of exactly how your table
is going to look like. When you find a format of your
choice, simply clicking at that format. 207
Choose Edit, Undo to return to the previous format:
208
Choosing and Pasting Formats
 With the Format Painter button you can copy formats
from one cell to another.
 All formats that apply to the selected cells are copied
including number, text, background, and border
formats.
To copy formatting from a range of cells to another
range of cells of the same size, follow these steps;
I. Select the source range.
II. Click the Format Painter button by first clicking the
home button.
III. Select the first cell in the destination range and
release the mouse button. 209
 To copy to more than one cell or range,
Double click the Format Painter button in step
2 above. Select the first destination cell or
range and release the mouse button. Then
select subsequent destination cells or ranges.

IV. When you have finished, click the Format

Painter Button again or press Esc.

210
Formatting Selected Characters in a
Cell
I. Select the cell containing the text you want to change.
II. Select the text in the formula bar that you want to
change by dragging across it with the mouse or by
pressing shift + arrow key.
III. Click the appropriate buttons such as bold, underline,
italic etc. You can also use the format cell dialog box
by first clicking at the home button, the format from
the cells group and then format cells to get the format
cell dialog box as follows:

211
In here, you are not limited to only font formatting, 212

as indicated with the tabs. E.g. Alignment tab, etc.

IV. Make the necessary changes
according to how you will want the
characters to appear
V. Choose OK

213
Formatting Cells or Characters
with Toolbars
 Most of the cell formats are found on the formatting toolbar
when the ribbon is maximized. Use them to format
characters in cells. The following shortcut keys may be used
for formatting instead of the toolbar.

Format Shortcut
key
Bold Ctrl+2 or
Ctrl+B
Italic Ctrl+3 or 214

Ctrl+I
 Changing Character Fonts,
Sizes, Styles, and Colors
Fonts are the various typefaces used in printed
materials. Fonts heights are measure in points.
One inch = 72pts.
By styles we mean plain, bold, italic, underline
and strikethrough. You can also change colors.
Excels can use up to 256 different font in a
worksheet.
215
 To Change Character Fonts, Sizes, Styles,
And Colors, Follow These Steps;
I. Select the cell, range or multiple ranges.
II. From Home and under the cell group select
format and then format cells to display the
format Cells dialog box below.
III. Select the Font Group if not already on.
IV. Select Font, Style, Size, etc.
V. Choose OK. 216
217
 Centering Text Across Cells
To center a title using the merge and center
button from the Formatting toolbar, follow these
steps.
I. Type and format the title in the left cell of the
range in which you want the title centered.
II. Select the range.
III. Click the Merge and Center button from the
Alignment group under the Home.

218
 Using the Merge Across Selection
option:
After steps 1 and 2 above,
III. Choose Home, Format (from cell group),
Format Cells and then Select Alignment tab.
IV. Select the Merge Across Selection Option in the
Horizontal drop down list.
V. Choose OK.

The text centers between the cell where the

text is entered and the final cell you selected.
219
 Wrapping Text to Fit a Cell
If you make a lengthy text entry in a cell, you can have
Excel wrap the text so that it forms a paragraph that fits the
cell. The cell’s height increases to contain multiple lines.
To wrap text to fit a cell, follow these steps;
I. Select the cell or range.
II. Click at the Wrap text button from the alignment group of
Home or Choose Home, Format, Format cells and then
continue with the next step.
III. Select the Alignment tab.
IV. Select the Wrap Text Check box.
V. Choose OK. 220
To select a range of cells and merge them into one cell,
 Select the Merge Cells check box above and choose OK.
 Joining Together Text or Text and numbers
(concatenation)

 The & symbol is a concatenation operator that

join text, numbers, and dates into one long text
string.

For example;
if B12 contains “Final sales for”
C12 contains 1999
Then = B12 &TEXT(C12, “####”)
Final Sales for 1999.
Concatenation (&) is used to join items (e.g. text,
numbers, etc.); and “” to indicate a string or text
Excels Automatic Number Formatting
 Excel examines the format of the number you enter to
determine whether the application can format the cell
for you.
 In general format (the default format setting), entering
$12.95 will display $12.95 (currency format), entering
15% will display 15% although it appears as .15 in the
formula bar.

Note: The formatted values that appear on screen may

not be the same values used in calculation. (The
number of decimal places in the formatted cells may
be less and therefore may have been rounded).
 Using The Toolbar to format numbers
I. Select the cell or range you want to
format.
II. Pull down the Number format from the
Home for currency, percentage, comma on
the toolbar.

Using Menu Bar to format numbers

I. Select Cell or range.
II. Choose Home Format, Format Cells.
III. Select Number Tab.
IV. Select the type of number you want to format
from the category list.
V. If you select Number, Currency, Accounting,
Percentage or Scientific, you may choose the
number of decimal paces, choose to use 1000
separators (,), how to show negative numbers or
what currency symbol to use.
VI. If you select a Date, Time, Fraction, or Special
category, select the format you want from the
list that appears.

IV. Select OK.

 Using Short Cut Keys
I. Select cell or range.
II. Press one of the following keystroke combinations.

Format Shortcut key

General Shift + Ctrl + ~
Number (2dp) Shift + Ctrl + !
Currency Shift + Ctrl + $
Percent (no dp) Shift + Ctrl + %
Scientific Shift + Ctrl + ^
 Available number formats
I. Generally, by applying different number formats, you can
change the appearance of numbers without changing the
magnitude of the number. A number format does not affect
the actual cell value that uses to perform calculations.
The actual value is displayed in the formular bar.

I. Below is a summary of the number formats that are

available on the Home tab in the Number group. It is
possible to see all available number formats by clicking the
Dialog Box Launcher (at the bottom-right corner) next to
Number.
Format Description
General  This is the default number format that Excel applies
to numbers when entered. Generally, numbers that
are formatted with the General format are displayed
just the way they are typed.
 However, if the cell is not wide enough to show the
entire number, the General format rounds the
numbers with decimals. The General number format
also uses scientific (exponential) notation for very
large numbers with at least 12 digits.
Number This format is used for the general display of numbers.
One can specify the number of decimal places to use. In
addition, you can specify if you will want to use a
thousands separator, and how you want negative
numbers to be to displayed.
Format Description
Currency  This format is used for general monetary values
numbers with the default currency symbol. It is
possible specify the number of decimal places that you
want to use (by default this is 2), whether you want to
use a thousands separator, and how you want to display
negative numbers.
 Note that this format aligns the decimal point of
numbers in a column.
 For example, if the default currency symbol is the
pound (£) sign and if the thousand separator is active
and cells A1 and A2 contains the numbers 12345.67 and
234.50, the two numbers will be displayed as follows:
£12,345.67
£234.50
Format Description
Accounting  This format is also used for monetary values, but
it aligns the currency symbols and decimal points
of numbers in a column.

 For example, if the default currency symbol is

the pound (£) sign and if the thousand separator
is active and cells A1 and A2 contains the
numbers 12345.67 and 234.50, the two numbers
will be displayed as follows:
£12,345.67
£ 234.50
Format Description
Date  The Date format displays date and time using serial
numbers as date values according to the type and locale
(location) that you specify.
 Date formats may begin with an asterisk (*) to respond
to changes in regional date and time settings that are
specified in Windows Control Panel. Formats without an
asterisk are not affected by Control Panel settings.
Time  This format displays date and time using serial numbers
as time values according to the type and locale
(location) that you specify.
 Time formats may begin with an asterisk (*) to respond
to changes in regional date and time settings that are
specified in Windows Control Panel. Formats without an
asterisk are not affected by Control Panel settings.
Format Description
Percentage This format multiplies the cell value by 100 and
displays the result with a percent symbol. It is possible
to specify the number of decimal places to use. For
example the number 23.2 will be displayed as 2320.00%
if the number of decimal places is set to 2.

Fraction This format displays a number as a fraction according

to the type of fraction that you specify. You will
normally obtain the following dialog box to specify the
type of the fraction.

Special This format displays a number as a postal code (ZIP

Code), phone number, or Social Security number.
Format Description
Scientific  This format displays a number in exponential notation
by replacing part of the number with E+n, where E is
the Exponent and multiplies the preceding number by
10 to the nth power.
 For example, a 2-decimal Scientific format displays
123456789 as 1.23E+08, which is 1.23 times 10 to the
8th power. You can specify the number of decimal
places to use.

Text This format treats the content of a cell as text and

displays the content exactly as you type irrespective of
the type such as number, date or time.
Format Description

Custom  This format allows you to modify or customize a copy

of an existing number format code to a preferred
choice.

 The custom number format is then added to the list

of number format codes.

 You can add between 200 and 250 custom number

formats, depending on the version of Excel installed.
 Formatting Rows and Columns
 Theappearance of worksheets can be improved by
adjusting column widths and row heights.
Confidential data can even be hidden within the
worksheet.

In this
picture,
Column G
(Gender)
is hidden
 Adjusting Column Width
 If a column is not wide enough, to display a number, date,
or time, Excel displays # characters in the cell. To change
one or more column widths with the mouse, follow these
steps;
I. Select the columns.
II. Move pointer to column separator directly to the right
of the column heading. The pointer changes to a two-
headed, horizontal arrow.
III. Drag the column left or right until the shadow is where
you want it; then release the mouse button. The width
box shows width of column as you drag.
 To fit the column to its widest entry using the mouse,
double-click the column-heading separator.
 To change one or more column width using the menu,
follow these steps;
I. Select cells in columns you want to change.
II. Choose Home, Format You will get the following:
III. Use one of the following techniques to adjust column
width.
 Choose Column Width to adjust columns to a specific
width. Type the width into the Column Width dialog box
that appears and Choose OK.
 Choose AutoFit Column Width to fit the column width to
the widest cell contents in the selection.
 Choose Default Width and choose OK to accept the
default standard column width for the selected
column.
 Hiding Columns
 Columns can be hidden so that they do not print or appear on-
screen. To hide a column (e.g. column G),
I. Move the pointer over the column separator line that is
directly to the right of the column header where the hidden
column should be (i.e. between column headers G and H).
II. Drag the column separator left until it is past the separator on
its left.
 To unhide a column using the mouse, follow these
steps;
I. Move the pointer so that it’s left edge touches the column
separator on the right of a hidden column. The pointer
changes to a two-headed pointer with space between the
two heads.
II. Move the pointer so that its left tip touches the column
separator.
III. Drag the column separator to the right, and then release.
 To hide selected columns using
the keyboard, follow these steps:

I. Select cells in the column you

want to hide.
II. Choose Home, Format, Hide and
Unhide to obtain the following:

 To reveal or unhide hidden

columns, select cells (or columns)
that span the hidden column; then
choose Home, Format, Hide and
Unhide, and then Unhide Columns.
Formatting a group of sheets in a
workbook
 Youcan save time by formatting a group of
sheets in a workbook. As you format the active
sheet in the group, the formatting passes
through to the same cells in the other sheets in
the group. If you name range in the active sheet,
the same name is applied to all the sheets in the
group.
 Before you can do group formatting you must
select all the sheets in a workbook that will
belong to the same group.
 To group sheets that are adjacent in a workbook, click
the first sheet tab, and then scroll to display the last
sheet tab and shift-click the last sheet tab.
 To group sheets that are not adjacent, click the first
sheet tab, and then Ctrl-click all other sheets tabs you
want selected. The title bar will now contain [Group].
 All formatting you do on the active worksheet also
applies to other sheets in the group.
 When you want to separate the group into individual
sheets, click just one sheet’s tab.
CHAPTER FIVE
PRINTING WORKSHEETS
 Excel enables one to use the full capabilities of one’s
printer. Before you print a worksheet you must
preview the document for a quick visual check on how
the worksheet might look when printed on paper.
 Printing a worksheet usually consist of the following
steps.
I. Select the area to be printed.
II. Preview page breaks with View, Page Break
Preview command, and set manual page breaks,
if necessary, with the Page Layout, Page Setup,
Breaks Command.
III. Choose Microsoft File Menu button, Print.
IV. Display the Printer drop-down list and
select your printers. You only need to
do this once unless you change printers.
V. Choose File, Print, Page Setup to set
margins, page orientation, print quality,
headers and footers, page titles, and
other option.
VI. Choose, the Page Print Preview button
to see how the printed document will
appear.
VII. While in the preview mode, print by
choosing Print or at a later time, by
using the File, Print, Print command.
 Defining the Page Setup
 All the settings one needs in order to print are usually found
under the Page Layout menu. These include the position of
print on the page, paper orientation (portrait or landscape),
headers and footers, gridlines, color or black and white, and
rows and column headings.
 Do the following to change the Page Set up for a page.
I. Choose Page Setup.
II. Change the page options as needed by clicking the
appropriate tab in the Page Setup group or to obtain the
page setup dialog box by more icon on the bottom-right
corner.
III. Choose the OK button after you have set the options.
The Page Setup dialog box has a number of tabs. These are
the Page, Margins, Header/footer, and sheet tabs
 The Page tabs – it enables you to select the paper size, the
print quality, and the page orientation. It also enables you
to reduce or enlarge the size of the report or sheet that you
wish to print.
 The Sheet tab – The print area, print titles, and the order in
which pages are printed may be set under the sheet tab.
Here you have the option to choose whether to print
gridlines, comments, change colors to black and white, or
print row and column headings. You can also choose to print
in draft quality mode.
 The margins tab – it enables you to set the top, bottom,
left, and right margins for the page you wish to print. It
also enables you to select how far from the top or bottom
edge of the page. The default left and right margins are
0.75 of an inch while the default top and bottom margins
are 1.0 of an inch. The margins tab also enables you to
select whether the printed page should be centered
vertically or horizontally or both.
 The Header / Footer tab – This tab enables you to choose
the content of the headers and footers that are printed on
each page. You may create custom headers and footers too.
 Setting Page Margins
To set or change margins,
I. Select the margins tab in the Page Setup dialog box.
II. Set the margins options in any combination
III. Click the check box labelled Horizontally to center the
spreadsheet horizontally on the printed page if you wish.
IV. Click the check box labelled Vertically to center the
spreadsheet vertically on the Printed page if you wish.
The preview area shows how the changes you make in
the margins affect the printed page.
V. Finally, choose OK when you finish making the changes to
the Page Setup option
Setting Page Orientation and Paper Size
 If the spreadsheet document is wider than tall, you may
want to use a landscape orientation when you print rather
than a portrait orientation, which is taller than it is wide.
Also if your printer can handle different paper sizes, you
may print on legal-sized paper (or some other size paper).
 By selecting the Page tab in the Page Setup dialog box and
selecting the desired paper size from the paper size drop-
down list, you are able to change the paper size. The
choice of paper sizes available to you depending on the
printer you have selected.
 Turning Gridlines and Rows or
Columns Headings On or Off
 Gridlines in the worksheet may be turned off by using the Tools,
Options, command and clicking the View tab, and then clicking on the
check box to show Gridlines. You also can turn on or off the printing of
gridlines in the Page Setup dialog box.
 To turn on or off printing gridlines or row and columns headings, follow
these steps;
I. Select the sheet tabs in the Page Setup dialog box.

II. Set or clears the Gridlines check box in the print area to turn on or
off gridline Printing.
III. Set or clear the Rows and columns Headings printing to display or
IV. When you have
finished
making
changes to the
Page Setup
options end
the process by
choosing OK.
 Page Layout Order
 When Excel print a range that is too large to fit on one sheet of
paper, it prints down the range, and then goes to the columns to
the right of the first page and prints down those.
 In some cases – wide landscape reports, for example - you may
want Excel to print across the wide range first and then move to
the next lower area and then across it.
 To select how you want Excel to print pages, select the Sheet
tab in the Page Setup dialog box. From the Page order group,
select either the Down, Then Over option or the Over, Then
Down option.
 Reducing and Enlarging Prints
 If your printer supports scalable type or if you use True Type fonts,
you can print a document proportionally reduced or enlarged. By
making a proportional reduction, you can fit a document to a page
without losing or redoing the formatting.
 To scale a document, select the Page tab in the Page Setup dialog
box and select the Adjust To option or the Fit To option.
 Use the Adjust To option to print the document at full size or to
scale the document to a specified percentage of full size. Enter the
desired size in the Adjust To text box. If you enter a number smaller
than 100, the page is reduced to that percentage of the original. If
you enter a number larger than 100, the page is enlarged. If the
printer is incapable of scaling the print job to fit the page, the
Adjust To and Fit To boxes are grey
 Use the Fit To option to tell Excel
to scale the document to fit a
specified number of pages.
 In the first text box in the Fit To
option, inter the number of page
widths you want the document
fit to.
 In the second text box, enter the
number of pages tall that you
want the document fit to.
 Creating Headers and Footers
 You can create headers and/or footers that place a title, date, page
numbers or text you want to print at the top or bottom of each
printed page of your worksheet. You also can format them with
different fonts, styles and sizes. By defaults, Excel uses no header or
footer.
 To create or change a header or footer, then follow these steps;
I. Open the Page Setup dialog box by choosing the Home, Page
Layout, Page Setup command (its bottom-right corner).
II. Select the Header/footer tab. A sample of the currently selected
header and footer if any, is displayed.
III. Excel provides several predefined formats for the headers and
footers. To selected one of the predefined header or footer format,
use the Header or footer drop-down lists, and choose the desired
To create a custom header or footer, follow these
steps;
I. Select the Header /Footer tab in the Page Setup
dialog box to display the header and footer options.
II. Choose either Custom Header button or Custom
Footer button to display the Footer or Header dialog
boxes respectively, which are identical, except for
their titles.
The Header dialog box contains three sections for
left-, center-, or right- aligned data. You enter text
or codes, such as the date code, into the three
sections.
III. You can now enter text and code you want for each
section of the header or footer. To enter information
into a section with the mouse, click a section and
type. You may also click a code button to enter a code
at the insertion point. The code buttons appears
above the three sections.
To enter information from the keyboard, press ALT +
letter (the L,C, or R key) to move the insertion point into
the corresponding section (left, center, or Right). You
may then type the text and/or codes or select code
buttons by pressing Tab until the button is selected and
then pressing Enter. You can create multiple-line header
or footer by pressing ALT + Enter to break a line.
IV. Finally, choose OK.
 Setting the Print Range
 By default, Excel prints the entire worksheet unless you
specify otherwise. When you need to print only a portion
of the worksheet, you must define that area by using
either the File, Page Layout, Page Setup command or File,
Print Area command. The print area can include more
than one range.

To define print areas, follow these steps;

I. Choose File, Page Setup, and then select the sheet tab
to display the sheet option in the Page Setup dialog box
II. Place the insertion point in the Print Area text box.
III. Select the range of cells you want to print. Click
the Collapse Dialog box button to collapse the
dialog box and make your selection, and then click
the Expand Dialog button again to redisplay the
dialog box. Excel enters the cell coordinates for
the selected area in the print Area text box of the
Sheet tab.
IV. If there are any other Print areas to set up type a
comma (,) in the Print Area text box, and select
the next area you want to print. Select areas in
the order that you want them to print.
V. When you have selected all the areas you want to
print, choose OK.
 After you set the print area, Excel marks the edges of the
print area with dashed lines. Dashed lines also indicate
manual and automatic page breaks.
 A page break indicates the bottom or right edge of the sheet
of paper that the document prints on, and show you where a
new printed page begins. Setting the print area creates a
named range called the print Area.
 To remove a print area, choose File, Page Layout, Page
Setup, and select the Sheet tab to display the Sheet options.
Delete all the text in the Print Area text box to print the
entire document, or delete only the cell coordinates or the
print area you want to remove. You can also choose File,
Print Area, Clear Print Area.
 Setting Manual Page Breaks
 When you set manual page breaks, they override automatic
page breaks and the automatic page breaks reposition
automatically.
 To insert manual page breaks, if you want to set vertical
page breaks (that affects only the sides) make sure the
active cell is in row 1 before you right-click and choose the
Insert Page Break command.
 If you want to set horizontal page breaks (the breaks for
only the top and bottom of pages) move the active cell to
the correct row in column A.
 Place the active cell below the row you want the manual
page break to appear or to the right of the column you
want the manual page break to appear, right-click and
choose Insert Page Break.
 A manual page break stays at the
location that you set until you
remove it. To remove manual page
breaks.
 Move the active cell directly below
or immediately to the right of the
manual page break., (if the active
cell appears), and then choose
Insert, Remove Page Break.
 To remove all manual page break at
a go,
 Select the entire document and
choose the Page Layout, Page Setup,
Breaks, Remove Page Break.
 Previewing the Document
 Instead of printing out your worksheet to check its
appearance, you can view a display of the printout
with miniature pages. When you want to examine a
preview page closely, you can zoom into the area you
want to see.
 To preview pages, choose File, Print. The preview
screen shows you how the pages will look when
printed.
 To zoom into a portion of the page, choose the zoom
button or click the mouse pointer – magnifying glass
over the portion that you want magnified. To zoom
out, choose zoom a second time, or click a second
time.
 To change pages in the preview
mode, use the Next or Previous
buttons. These buttons appear
greyed if there is no next or
previous page. After you preview
the worksheet, you can print it
from the preview screen by
choosing the print button.

 If you want to change or see the

Page Setup settings, choose the
Page Setup button. To return to
the worksheet, Press the Esc Key.
CHAPTER SIX
EXCEL FILES
 When you start Excel, the program opens with a blank
workbook titled “Book1”.
 Workbooks can contain one or more sheets of varying
types. You can have, for example, worksheets, chart
sheets, Macro sheets, etc., combined into a single
workbook. The default workbook contains three
worksheets. This number of sheets can however be
changed.
 In Excel, a file is the same as a workbook, so when you
save or open a file in Excel, you are saving or opening a
single workbook that may contain many sheets.
 Opening an existing workbook
To open an existing workbook in order to continue working
on a previously saved workbook, follow these steps;

I. Choose File and Open, OR press Ctrl + O, OR click the

Open button from the Quick Access toolbar. The Open
dialog box appears. When you choose File and Open, you
may not be in the folder that contains the file you want.
Change to the right folder by doing the following.
II. Choose Browse and navigate to the folder which contains
the workbook you want to open from the dialog box.
III. You may
then select
the file you
want to
open and
click Open.

As a shortcut,
you can double-
click the file
name.
 Selecting Multiple Workbooks
Simultaneously
 To select files whose names are adjust, select the first
file name, and then hold down the shift key as you
click the last.
 Using
the keyboard, press the up- or down – arrow to
move to key boars, press the selected, them hold
down the shift key as you move to the last file name.
 Toselect file whose names are not listed together,
hold down the Ctrl key as you click each name.
 Opening a Protected Workbook
 Workbooks can have two types of protection.
 The password can protect the workbook against
unauthorized opening, and another can protect
against changes saved back to the original file. If
the file you want to open is protected, you are
prompted for the password.

 If it is protected against modification you will also

be prompted for that password. Type the password
when prompted, using the exact upper- and lower
case letters as the original passwords, and then
choose OK.
 Importing Files
 By default, Excel files are listed in the open dialog
box. You can limit the type of files that are displayed,
and you can open several different types of files
without having to go through a special conversion.
 Opening files created by other software other than
Excel so that they can be worked on using Excel is
known as importing files to Excel.
 The following types of files can be imported to Excel:
Text, Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro/DOS, Quattro Pro
1.0/5.0 (Win) micros, Works 2.0, Dbase, Excel 4
charts, Excel 4 macros, Excel 4 workbooks,
Worksheets, Workspaces, Templates, HTML
documents, etc.
To display and open other types of files in Excel,
follow these steps;
I. Choose File, Open, press Ctrl + O OR click the
open button on the quick access toolbar.
II. In the Open dialog box change to the drive and
folder that contains the files(s) you want to open.
III. Display the Type of Files drop-down list and select
the type of file you want displayed. Excel lists
only that type of file.
IV. When you see the workbook listed, select it then
choose the open button. Or as a Shortcut, you can
double-click the name.
 Also you can limit the types of files that are displayed by
typing the file extension in the File Name text box.
 Some of the more frequently used file types that Excel
read and their extensions are as follows.

File type
Extension
Excel workbook
XLS or XLSX
Excel chart
XLC
Excel macro sheet XLM
Text files (tab separated values) TXT
 Saving workbooks
 You should get into the habit of saving your workbook
every 10 to 15 minutes so that if your computer crashes
or the power fails, (which is a common occurrence in
Ghana), you lose a minimum amount of work.
 The previous work is replaced by the latest version if
you save with the same filename. The file may be saved
with a new file name using the Save As command.
 To save with the same file name as it already has, use
the Save command. The steps for saving a worksheet
are as follows:
 Saving for the first time
I. Make the worksheet to be saved the active
worksheet
II. Click File Tab and then select Save As or press F12
key to obtain the following:
III. Select the required option. Each option has a small
narration telling you the use of the option.
IV. Whichever of the first four options you select, you
will obtain the Save As dialog box to specify the
name of the file, the path and other relevant
information that you might to change. Complete
the dialog box and click OK.
Saving an already saved file
 A worksheet that has been saved before need
not necessary be saved again unless the
content is modified and changes are
necessary.
 To save such a file, you can choose any of
the following;
 Click the File button and select Save
 Click at the Save icon on the Quick
Access toolbar
 Press Ctrl + S keys
 File Names
 Youneed to give a name to a file (or workbook) the first
time you save it. Windows 7 to 10 allow you to type up
to 255 characters including spaces.
 However, you cannot use any of the following characters
/ ? : * ‘ < > !. You are not limited to old DOS rules for file
names (8 characters, plus a three-character extension).
 Names that are longer than eight characters are
converted to eight-character names when transferred to
MS-DOS or earlier versions of windows.
 Protecting Your Workbooks with a
Password
By saving workbooks with passwords, you can protect your
workbook against unauthorized opening or changes to your
workbook. To add protection to a file,

I. Choose File, Info, Protect Workbook to protect your

workbook.
II. A drop-down appears with options including;
 Always Open Ready-Only: This is to prevent accidental
changes by asking readers to opt-in to editing.
 Encrypt with Password: This is to require a password to
open this workbook
 Protect Current Sheet: This is controls what
types of changes people can make to the
current sheet.
 Protect Workbook Structure: This is prevents
unwanted changes to the structure of the
workbook, such as adding sheets.
 Restrict Access: This grants people access
while removing their ability to edit, copy or
print.

The above are some of the options in the

Protect Workbook command
III. Select Encrypt with
Password.
IV. Type in your password
in the dialog box with
appears.
V. Type in the same
password as you
entered earlier in the
Confirm Password
dialog box which
appears, and click OK.
 Closing workbooks

To close the active workbook

window,
 Choose File, Close OR Click the
document close button at the far
right of the title bar. Using the
keyboard, press Ctrl+F4 to close the
workbook.
 If you made changes since the last
time you saved the workbook, an
alert box appears. Choose Yes to
save the workbook before closing.
 Coping and Moving files using the
Open dialog box
To copy or move files, follow these steps
I. In the Open dialog box, select one or more files you
want to copy
II. Right-click the files and then choose Copy or Cut.
III. Display the drive or folder where you want to place
the copy or move the file.
IV. Right-click the drive or folder, and then choose
Paste.
V. Files are copied to a new location with their original
name and extension.
 Deleting files using the Open dialog box
To delete files, follow these steps.
I. In the open dialog box select the files you want to
delete.
II. Right-click the selected files(s) and choose Delete.
A dialog box asks you to confirm the move to the
Recycle Bin.
III. Choose Yes to delete the files, or choose No If you
don’t want to erase them.
Inserting and Deleting Worksheets
 By default, Microsoft Excel provides three
worksheets. A worksheet consists of cells that are
organized into columns and rows; a worksheet is
always stored in a workbook.
 The name of a worksheet appears on its sheet tab
at the bottom of the screen. By default, the name
is Sheet1, Sheet2 and Sheet3.
 The next sheet to be added will be Sheet4 and so
on, but you can give any worksheet a more
appropriate name.
Insert a new worksheet
To insert a new worksheet, perform one of the following:
 To quickly insert a new worksheet at the end of the
existing worksheets, click the button at the
bottom of the screen.
 To insert a new worksheet before an existing
worksheet, select that worksheet, and then on the
Home tab, in the Cells group, click Insert, and then
click Insert Sheet.

You can also right-click the tab of an existing worksheet,

and then click Insert. On the General tab, click
Worksheet, and then click OK.
 Insert Multiple Worksheets At Once
If it is necessary to insert more than one sheet, the rather
than inserting them one at a time, you can insert the number
of sheets required at the same time by following the steps
below:
I. Hold down SHIFT, and then select the same number of
existing sheet tabs of the worksheets that you want to insert
in the open workbook.
II. For example, if you want to add three new worksheets,
select three sheet tabs of existing worksheets.
III. On the Home tab, in the Cells group, click Insert, and then
click Insert Sheet.
IV. You can also right-click the selected sheet tabs, and then
click Insert. On the General tab, click Worksheet, and then
click OK.
 Rename A Worksheet
I. On the Sheet tab bar, right-click the sheet
tab that you want to rename, and then
click Rename.
OR
Double click on the current Sheet name at
an interval to enable Rename

I. Select the current name, and then type the

new name.
Active Sheet Add Sheet
Button
 Delete a Worksheet

 On the Home tab, in the Cells

group, click the arrow next
to Delete, and then click
Delete Sheet.
OR
 You can also right-click the
sheet tab of the worksheet
that you want to delete, and
then click Delete.
Consolidating (or combining) Data
from Several Worksheets
 Data from several worksheets in one workbook or from
different workbooks can be consolidated on a separate
master worksheet. When one consolidates worksheets,
one is simply assembling data so that it can easily be
updated on a regular basis.
 Suppose you have the sales figures for 5 salespersons
for each of the months January, February and March.
Each Salesperson sells three different products-Batik,
Kente, and Dumas as illustrated below for January.
To consolidate the data, follow these steps;
I. Select a destination range. You may just click and select cell
A1 in your destination worksheet.
II. Choose Data, Consolidate from the Data Tools.

The consolidate dialog box appears as follows:

I. Select the Reference text box and type a source area or
select by clicking the collapse Dialog button at the end of
the Reference text box to collapse the dialog box and select
a source area. Click the Expand dialog box button to
redisplay the dialog box.
II. Choose the Add button to add the source entry to the All
References list.
III. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to add all the source areas to the
All Reference List.
IV. From the function drop down menu pick the function
you want to perform on the consolidated data e.g.
Sum.
V. If the physical layouts of the source worksheets are
identical, Excel can consolidate by position. In this
case, clear the Top Row and Left Column options in
the consolidate dialog box.
OR
If the physical layouts are different, Excel can use row
and column headings to consolidate the data. In this
case select the Top Row and Left Column options.
VI. Select what you want the destination area to
contain: fixed values that do not change or links
that update when the source change.
Chapter 7
Chapter 7

311
Creating Charts
 The graphic feature of Excel allows you to
display your workbook information in a
format that is easy to interpret.
 Chartssummarize the essence of data to
focus on general patterns and trends
A chart is sometimes referred to as a graph
and is a picture of numeric data

312
Creating Charts
 Excel creates charts from data you select.
 Youcan use the Chart Wizard to guide you
through the process of creating a chart step-
by-step
 You
can also customize your chat by using the
many chart commands
 Todraw a chart, Excel uses certain rules
based on how the data is configured.
313
Creating Charts
 The orientation of the data determines which
cells are used for the category axis, (the labels
along the bottom of x-axis) and which cells are
used for the legend labels
 In most cases, the rules fit standard data layout,
so Excel charts come out correctly without
intervention from you
 However if not, you can manually change the
chart by specifying you own parameters
314
Creating Charts
 Charts may be embedded in a worksheet or
its own chart sheet.
 Ineither case, the chart is linked to the
data from which it was created.
 The chart is automatically updates, if there
is any changes to the data

315
Creating Charts
 Data Series - A collection of data points.
 Legend - A guide that explains the symbols,
patterns, or colors used to differentiate data
series. The name of each data series is used as a
legend title.
 Marker - An object that represents a data point
in a chart. Bars, symbols, colors, etc are
examples of markers
316
Chart Terms And/or Objects
 Excelcharts contains many objects that you
can select and modify individually.
 When you move your mouse over an object in
a chart, a tip appears that identifies the
chart object or displays the series and value
if the object is a data point.
 Below are some of these objects

317
Chart Terms And/Or Objects
 Axis - Form the boundaries of chart and
contains the scale against which data plots.
 Chart Wizard button - Starts the Chart
Wizard, which guides you through the
creation of a chart step-by-step
 Data Point - A single piece of data, such as
sales for one year.
318
Chart Terms And/Or Objects
 PlotArea - The rectangular area bounded
by the two axes.
 Seriesformula - An external formula that
tells Excel where to look on a specific
worksheet to find the data for a chart. You
can link a chart to multiple worksheets.

319
Chart Terms And/Or Objects
 Tick
mark - A division mark along the
category(x) and value (Y and Z) axes.

 Toolbar- A special toolbar is available with

charting tools.

 Tip- A box that identifies the object that

the mouse pointer is pointing to.
320
Chart Terms And/Or Objects

321
Standard Chart Types
 Excel has 14 standard chart types.
 Eachof these chart types has several sub-
types.
 Manyof the chart types have 3_D sub-
types. They are use to add visual depth and
impact to the presentation of your data

322
 Column Charts
 Data
that is arranged in columns or rows on a
worksheet can be plotted in a column chart.
 Column charts are useful for showing data changes
over a period of time for illustrating comparisons
among items

323
 Column Charts
 In column charts, categories are typically
organized along the horizontal axis and values
along the vertical axis.
 Column charts have the following chart subtypes

324
Column Charts
 Clustered
Column and Clustered
Column 3-D
Clustered column charts compare values
across categories and the chart displays
values in 2-D vertical rectangles.
A clustered column in 3-D chart displays just
the vertical rectangles in 3-D format and
does not display the data in 3-D format
325
Clustered Column and Clustered
Column 3-D

326

Clustered Column Chart 3-D

Column Chart
 Stacked column and stacked column in 3-D
 Stackedcolumn charts show the relationship of
individual items to the whole by comparing the
contribution of each value to a total across
categories
 A stacked column chart displays values in 2-D
vertical stacked rectangles.

327
Column Chart
A 3-D stacked column chart displays the
vertical stacked rectangles in 3-D format
but does not display the data in 3-D
format.
Thistype of chart is more useful when
you have multiple data series and when
you want to emphasize the total

328
Column Chart

329

Stacked Column
Column Chart
 100% stacked column and 100% stacked column
in 3-D
 These types of column charts compare the
percentage each value contributes to a total
across categories
 You can use a 100% stacked column chart when
you have three or more data series and you
want to emphasize the contributions to the
whole

330
Column Chart
 Cylinder, cone and pyramid
Cylinder, cone, and pyramid charts are
used to show and compare data exactly
the same way
The main difference between these is
that they display cylinder, cone, and
pyramid shapes instead of rectangles

331
Line Charts
 Data arranged in columns or rows on a
worksheet can be plotted in a line chart
 Line charts can display continuous data over
time and are therefore best for showing trends
in data at equal intervals
 In a line chart, category data and the value data
are distributed evenly along the horizontal and
the vertical axes respectively

332
Line Charts
 Usea line chart if your category labels are
texts that represent evenly spaced values
such as days, months, quarters, or years
 Line
chart is also best used when you have a
few evenly spaced numerical labels,
especially years
 Line charts have the following chart subtypes

333
Line Charts

334

Line with markers

Line Charts
 Line and line with markers
 Linecharts can be displayed with or without
markers to indicate individual data values
 Ifthere are many data points and the order in which
they are presented is important then line charts are
more useful as they show trends over time or
ordered categories
 Ifthere are many categories or the values are
approximate, then markers should not be used
335
Line Charts
 Stacked line and stacked line with
markers
Stacked line charts are useful to show the
trend of the contribution of each value over
time
Ifthere are many categories or the values
are approximate then use a stacked line
chart without markers.
336
Line Charts

337
Line Charts
 100%stacked line and 100% stacked line
with markers
 The 100% stacked line
 charts are useful to show the trend of the
percentage each value contributes over time
 If there are many categories or the values are
approximate then use a 100% stacked line chart
without markers

338
Line Charts
 3-D line
The 3-D line charts show each row or
column of data as a 3-D ribbon

339
Pie Charts
 Data arranged in only one column or row on
a worksheet can be plotted in a pie chart
 Pie charts show the size of items in one
data series
 The data points in a pie chart are displayed
as a percentage of the whole pie
 Pie charts have the following chart
subtypes
340
Pie Charts

341
Pie Charts
 Pie and pie in 3-D
 Piecharts display the contribution of each
value to a total in either 2-D or 3-D format

342
Pie Charts
 Pie of pie and bar of pie
 Pie of pie or bar of pie charts display pie charts with
user defined values extracted from the main pie
chart and combined into a second pie or into a
stacked bar
 These chart types are useful when you want to make
small slices in the main pie easier to see

343
Pie charts
 Exploded pie and exploded pie in 3-D
 Wedges in pie charts can be pulled out or
“exploded” from the pie to emphasize the data
point they represent
 To“explode” or pull out a slice, click the slice
once to select the whole chart, and then click a
second time to select the individual slice

344
Pie charts
Drag the slice away from the pie and
release the button when slice is positioned
Inthe figure below, the June slice (30%)
has been exploded from the rest

345
Pie Charts

346
Bar Charts
 Data arranged in columns or rows on a
worksheet can be plotted in a bar chart.
Bar charts show comparisons among
individual items.

347
Bar Charts
 Barcharts have the following chart
subtypes:
 Clustered bar and clustered bar in 3-D
 Stacked bar and stacked bar in 3-D
 100% stacked bar and 100% stacked bar in
3-D
 Horizontal cylinder, cone, and pyramid

348
Bar Charts

349
Area Charts
 Data
arranged in columns or rows on a
worksheet can be plotted in an area chart
 Area charts highlight the magnitude of
change over time to draw attention to the
total value across a trend

350
Area Charts
 Areacharts have the following chart
subtypes
 Area and area in 3-D
 Stacked area and stacked area in 3-D
 100% stacked area and 100% stacked area
in 3-D
 3-D area.

351
Area Charts

352
XY (Scatter) Charts
 Dataarranged in columns and rows on a
worksheet can be plotted in an xy or
scatter chart
 Scatter charts show the relationships
among the numeric values in several data
series, or plots two groups of numbers as
one series of xy coordinates

353
XY (Scatter) Charts
 Generally, a scatter chart has two value
axes
 oneshows numerical data along the
horizontal axis (x-axis) and the other along
the vertical axis (y-axis)
 Scattercharts are commonly used for
displaying and comparing numeric values
such as scientific, statistical, and
engineering data 354
XY (Scatter) Charts
 Consider using a scatter chart when:
 Values for horizontal axis are not evenly spaced
 There are many data points on the horizontal axis
 Youwant to show similarities between large sets of
data instead of differences between data points
 Youwant to compare large numbers of data points
without regard to time

355
XY (Scatter) Charts
 Toarrange data on a worksheet for a
scatter chart, you should place the x values
in one row or column, and then enter the
corresponding y values in the adjacent rows
or columns.

356
XY (Scatter) Charts

357
XY (Scatter) Charts
 Scatter with only markers
 This type of chart compares pairs of values. Use a
scatter chart without lines only when you have data in
a specific order
 Scatter with smooth lines and scatter with
smooth lines and markers
 This type of chart can be displayed with or without a
smooth curve connecting the data points
 These lines can be displayed with or without markers
 Use the scatter chart without markers if there are
many data points.
358
XY (Scatter) Charts
 Scatterwith straight lines and scatter
with straight lines and markers
This type of chart can be displayed with
or without straight connecting lines
between data points
These lines can be displayed with or
without markers

359
Doughnut Charts
 This is similar to pie charts
 It enables you to show more than one data series

360
Charts
 Other chart types are
 Radar charts
 Surface charts

361
Charts
 Bubble charts
 Stock charts
 Theycan be of Cylinder, Cone or Pyramid
sub-types in other to add visual impact to
your chats

362
Creating a chart
I. Select the data you want to chart. Include
the row and column headings if you want
them to appear in the chart as category
and legend labels.
II. Choose Insert
III. From the Chart group, decide on the type
of chart you want and pull that chart type
down
363
 Creating a chart
IV. Select from the different formats of the chart
type selected in step 3 by clicking your choice
of format
V. To add labels such as chart title, axes, etc,
click to select the graph you just created. Click
at the layout button to get the various labels
that can be added or changed

364
Creating a chart
VI. Select the type of label to add from the
labels group of layout
VII. Select appropriate options and add the
required labels

365
Creating a Chart Automatically
 Ifdata is in a layout that Excel can interpret,
you need only select the data and press F11
(or Alt+F1 if you don’t have F11 key) to create
a chart
 Excel plots the data in the preferred chart
type; the default is the 2-D column chart.

366
Creating a Chart Automatically
 Rules that Excel follows
I. Excel assumes that the category (X) axis runs along the
longest side of the selection.
If the selection is square or wider than it is tall,
then Excel assumes that the category (X)
label run across the top row of the selection.
If the selection is taller than wider, it assumes that
the category (X) labels run down the left
column of the selection.

367
Creating a Chart Automatically
II. Excel also assumes that labels in cells along the short side
of the selection should be used as titles in the legend for
each data series. If only one data series exists, Excel uses
this label to title the chart. If more than one data series is
selected, Excel uses the labels in these cells to title the
legend

II. If the contents of the cells that Excel wants to use as

category labels are numbers (not text or dates), Excel
assumes that these cells contain a data series and plots the
graph without category (X) labels, numbering each category
instead
368
Creating a Chart Automatically
III. Excel also assumes that labels in cells
along the short side of the selection
should be used as titles in the legend for
each data series. If only one data series
exists, Excel uses this label to title the
chart. If more than one data series is
selected, Excel uses the labels in these
cells to title the legend.

369
What happens to graph when
worksheet values change
 When a worksheet value is changed, the
corresponding graph is automatically
updated
 Henceone need not worry about changes in
worksheet
 This
is true when the graph is named and
not when it is saved or printed
370
What happens to graph when
worksheet values change
 The only time you may have to change your graph
settings (especially the X and Y axes range) is
when the X and/or the Y axis data range is either
increased or decreased
 That
is if more data values are added to or
removed from a range
 Theother situations that may call for redefining
graph a is when columns are either inserted or
deleted such that some of the data ranges changes
column or rows.
371
Saving Charts

A chart that you embedded in a worksheet

is saved when you save the workbook that
contains the worksheet
A chart in its own sheet also is saved when
you save the related workbook.

372
Printing Charts
 Size charts before printing by using File, Page
Setup or choose the Setup button on the File,
Print Preview dialog box and select the Margin tab
to display the dialog box
 You can change margins in the File, Print Preview
dialog box by dragging the margin lines to a new
setting.
 To preview your chart before printing or to use
the mouse to visually adjust chart size or margins

373
Printing Charts
I. Choose File, Print Preview
II. Examine detail and positioning on the chart by
zooming in or out on the page.
I. To Zoom in, place pointer (magnifying glass
symbol) over area of interest and click.
II. Click the zoomed page to return to the expanded
view.
III. Choose the button to zoom and unzoom when
using the keyboard.

374
Printing Charts
III. Select Setup button to return to the Page Setup
dialog box. To expand by height and width,
select chart tab and then select the Use Full
Page option from the Page Setup dialog box
IV. Choose OK.
V. Adjust the margins and size of the chart by
clicking the Margins button. To change margins
and to change the chart size, drag the black
handles.

375
Printing Charts
III. To display the Print dialog box, choose
Print. To return to the Chart document,
choose Close
 To print the chart from the worksheet
choose File, Print (or press Ctrl +P) and
complete the dialog box. Follow the same
procedure as you follow for printing
worksheets

376
SORTING
 One of the common data processing operations
that is performed by the computer is SORTING
 Sorting is the process of arranging data in
numerical or alphabetical order. The order of the
arrangement may be ascending or descending
order

377
SORTING
 To sort, each row of a worksheet form a record
(information about a particular person, city,
products, etc) and each column forms a field.
 Let us consider the following worksheet

378
Sorting

379
Sorting
 Let us sort the records into ascending number of
index numbers
 The needed steps will be as follows:
I. . Select cells B6 to M30
II. . From the Home menu, select Sort & Filter
from the Editing group. You will obtain the
following figure
III. . To sort into ascending order of the index no
Select Sort A to Z and into descending order you
will select Sort Z to A
380
Sorting
 Assume you selected from step 3 Sort A to Z then your worksheet will appear
as follows:

381
Sorting
 Let us assume we now want the results to be
displayed in order of merit, that is into
descending order of SWA
 The needed steps are as follows:
I. Select cells B6 to M30

382
Sorting
II. From the Home menu, select Sort & Filter from
the Editing group. You will obtain the following
figure
III. Since the column the sorting is based on is not
the first column in the range of cells selected,
you can neither use Sort A to Z nor Sort Z to A
but rather Custom Sort

383
Sorting

 You will obtain the following sort dialog box

384
Sorting
IV. Pull down the Sort by and select Column M (the
SWA column).
V. . Pull down the Order and select Z to A (or
Largest to Smallest). This depends on how
Excel treats some of your numeric data) since
we want the records to be sorted into
descending order of the SWA
VI. Click at the OK button and your worksheet will
appear as follows.
385
Sorting

386
Sorting Data based on more
than one Column
 It is possible to sort data based on two or more columns. The steps
involved are not much different from sorting based on a single column
 Let us assume that we want to sort the above worksheet on
descending order of CSM 203 within ascending order of CSM 201

387
Sorting Data based on more
than one Column
 This means we want to first sort the data
into ascending order of CSM 201 and
when two or more of the CSM 201 marks
are the same, those that are the same
should be sorted into descending order of
CSM 203
 In this case the steps needed are as
follows 388
Sorting Data based on more than
one Column
I. Select cells B6 to M30
II. From the Home menu, select Sort & Filter from the
Editing group.
III. Select Custom Sort
 Complete the Sort dialog box as follows:

389
Sorting Data based on more
than one Column
 Note that the Then By line will only show when you click
at the Add Level button. Your worksheet will now appear
as follows:

390
Sorting Data based on more
than one Column
 Ascan be seen from the above worksheet the
sorting was based on the CSM 201 marks.
 Looking at where two candidates had the same
mark in CSM 201, , their records are sorted based
on their marks in CSM 203
 Those with serial numbers 17 and 18 marks this
quite clear as the others appear to have been
based on the index numbers and not their marks
in CSM 203 391
Filtering
 Filteringis a process of displaying only the rows
of data that meet a specified criteria
 Itcan also be define as the conditions you
specify to limit which records are included in
the result set of a query
 After you have filtered data, you can copy, find,
edit, format, chart, and print only the filtered
data without rearranging or moving it
392
Filtering
 You can also filter by more than one column
 Using the AutoFilter, you can create three
types of filters: by a list values, by a format, or
by criteria
 For example, it is possible to filter by cell color
or by a list of numbers, but not by both; you can
filter by icon or by a custom filter, but not by
both. Let us consider the worksheet above and do
some filtering
393
Filtering
 Example 1: Let us assume that we want the
records of only students who failed CSM 203
so that they can be advised to work hard by
the Examiner
 Tofilter only this group of students the
steps needed are as follows:

394
Filtering
I. Preferably, select the cells that are just
above the first record of the students. If this
is not done in our example, you will not be
able to filter and hence why it is suggested
here to select the cells just above the first
record
II. From the Home menu, select Sort & Filter
from the Editing group. You will obtain the
following figure
395
Filtering
I. Select filter to obtain the following screen:

396
Filtering

IV. Since we want to filter those who failed at least

a course, pull down the down arrow key in cell
D6 and move the mouse pointer over Number
filter
V. Select Less Than and you will obtain the
following screen:

397
Filtering

398
Filtering
VI. Since a mark of 40 is failed, enter 40 as
shown in the above figure and click ok. By
that we are asking to show only rows where
the mark is less than 40. The screen obtained
will be as follows:

 Note that we have shown those who failed in CSM

203
399
Filtering

400
 Chapter Eight
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
401
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
 Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program that
helps you transform your ideas into professional,
convincing presentations.

 Whether you’re delivering annual sales, statistics to a

large audience or creating a personal slide show of your
recent trip abroad

 PowerPoint has all the tools you need to get your

message across. 402
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
 STARTING POWERPOINT 2013
 Click the Start button. The Start menu appears

 Search ‘PowerPoint’ from the Start menu

 Clickon the PowerPoint icon. The PowerPoint Screen

appears

403
Understanding the PowerPoint
Program Screen

404
Understanding the PowerPoint
Program Screen

405
CREATING NEW
PRESENTATIONS
 When you open PowerPoint from the Start menu or from
an icon on your desktop, the PowerPoint program screen
comes up and you’re welcomed with the Backstage View
to either create a new blank presentation or create a new
presentation based on a template.

406
Creating a new blank presentation

 Ifyou have just opened the PowerPoint program,

looking at the Backstage View, simply click Blank
Presentation (selected by default).
 Or click the File tab on the Ribbon and select
New. The New window of the backstage view
appears
 Clickthe Blank Presentation option, which is
selected by default. The new blank presentation
appears in the PowerPoint application screen

407
Creating a presentation from a template

 Click
the File tab on the Ribbon and select
New. The New tab of Backstage view appears
with a few of the most popular template
options to choose from.
 Select a template from the options displayed.
 Choose a colour scheme for your template

408
Creating a presentation from a template

 Click
Create, and a new presentation will
open in the PowerPoint window.
 Thedefault slide that appears when you
create a new presentation is a Title Slide
layout

409
Creating a presentation from a template

410
SLIDE BASICS

 Slidescontain placeholders, or areas on a slide

that are enclosed by dotted borders
 Placeholders can contain many different items
including text, pictures, and charts
 Some placeholders have placeholder text, or
text that you can replace, and thumbnail-sized
icons that represent specific commands such as
Insert Picture, Insert Chart, and Insert
SmartArt.
411
 Slides Basics

Placeholder Text
Placeholder

Placeholder Text

Placeholder

Icons to insert
various types of
information

412
Slides Basics

 About Slide Layouts

 The placeholders are arranged in different layouts that
you can select when you insert a new slide or that can
be applied to existing slides.
 In the example above, the layout is called Title and
Content and includes title and content placeholders

413
Slides Basics
A slide layout arranges your slide content.
 Layoutscontain different types of placeholders
that you can use depending on what information
you want to include in your presentation.
 Eachlayout has a descriptive name, but the
image of the layout shows you how the
placeholders are arranged on the slide

414
Slides Basics
 To Insert Text into a Placeholder:
I. Click inside the placeholder. The placeholder text will
disappear and the
insertion point will appear.

I. Type your text once the insertion point is visible

I. Click outside the placeholder when you have entered all

your text into the
placeholder
415
Slides Basics
 When you enter text or use the icons to
insert items, the placeholder text and/or
icons disappear as soon as you start typing.

416
Slides Basics
 To Insert a New Slide:
 Click
the New Slide command in the Slides
group on the Home tab. A menu will
appear with your slide layout options
 Clickthe slide you want to insert. A new slide
with the chosen layout will appear in the
center of the PowerPoint window and in the
pane on the left

417
Slides Basics

418
Slides Basics
 To Change the Layout of an Existing Slide:
 Select the slide you wish to change.
 Click an option to select it. The slide will change in the presentation.

419
WORKING WITH SLIDES

 To Copy and Paste a Slide:

1. Select the slide you wish to copy
2. Click the Copy command on the Home tab
3. Click inside the slides tab on the left task pane. A horizontal insertion
point will appear
4. Move the insertion point to the location you want the copy of the slide
to appear
5. Click the Paste command on the Home tab. The copied slide will
appear
 You can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl and C to copy the slide and
Ctrl and V to paste it.
420
WORKING WITH SLIDES

 To Delete a Slide:
 Select the slide you wish to delete.
 Click the Delete command in the Slides group on the Home tab
 You can also delete a slide by pressing the Delete key on your keyboard
 To Move a Slide:
 Select the slide you wish to move on the slides tab in the left task pane.
 Click and drag the slide to a new location. The insertion point will appear.
 Release the mouse button. The slide will appear in the new location.

421
WORKING WITH SLIDES
 Using Different Views from the PowerPoint Window
 In the bottom, right corner of the PowerPoint window are three view
commands
 From here, you can change the view to Normal, Slide Sorter, or Slide Show
view by just clicking a command.

422
WORKING WITH SLIDES
 Normal is the default view and where you will create and
edit your slides in the center slide pane and all the slides
will appear on the slides tab in the left task pane.
 Slide Sorter is a view of your slides in thumbnail form.
The slides are presented horizontally, which allows you to
see more slides at a time.
 Slide Show view fills the computer screen with your
presentation so you can see how the presentation will
appear to the audience

423
SAVING YOUR PRESENTATION

 If you are saving a document for the first time, you will need to use the Save
As command; however, if you have already saved a presentation, you can use
the Save command.
 To Use the Save As Command:
 Click the File tab
 Select Save As
 Choose location where the file will be saved.
 Select the type of file you would like the presentation to be save as. The
most commonly used file types are
 PowerPoint Presentation and PowerPoint 97-2003 Presentation
 Enter name for the document
 Click the Save button

424
SAVING YOUR PRESENTATION

425
SAVING YOUR PRESENTATION

 To Use the Save Command:

 Click the File Tab
 Select Save from the menu
 Using the Save command saves the document in its
current location using the same file name

426
Common Presentation File Formats

FILE TYPE DESCRIPTION

The default format for PowerPoint 2013 and

PowerPoint Presentation (.pptx)
newer versions Presentations.
PowerPoint Macro-Enabled This file format supports macros in
Presentation(.pptm) PowerPoint 2013 and newer versions
Presentations in this format can be used by
PowerPoint 97 – 2003 Presentation (.ppt)
all versions of PowerPoint
Use this format for files you want to share,
PDF(.pdf)
but do not want to be changed.
Presentations saved in this format will
PowerPoint Show(.pps, .ppsx) always Open in Slide Show view instead of
normal view
The format for presentations that are saved
Window Media Video(.wmv)
as videos
427
TEXT BASICS
 In PowerPoint, you can insert text into placeholders or text boxes. Text in
both can be formatted using the same commands.
 To Insert Text:
 Click the placeholder or text box where you wish to insert text. The
insertion point will appear. If you are working with a placeholder,
placeholder text will disappear
 Type the text you wish to appear

428
TEXT BASICS
 To Delete Text:
 Place your cursor next to the text you wish to delete.
 Press the Backspace key on your keyboard to delete text to the
left of the cursor.
 Press the Delete key on your keyboard to delete text to the right
of the cursor
 To Select Text:
 Place the insertion point next to the text you wish to select
 Click and drag your mouse over the text to select it
 Release the mouse button. You have selected the text. A
highlighted box will appear over the selected text.

429
TEXT BASICS

 When you select text or images in PowerPoint, a hover toolbar with

formatting options appears. This makes formatting commands easily
accessible, which may save you time.

430
TEXT BASICS
 To Format Font Size:
 Select the text you wish to modify.
 Click the drop-down arrow next to the font size box on the Home tab.
The font size drop-down menu appears
 Move your cursor over the various font sizes. A live preview of the font
size will appear in the document
 Click the font size you wish to use. The font size will change in the
document.

431
TEXT FORMATTING
 To Format Font Style:
 Select the text you wish to modify
 Click the drop-down arrow next to the font style box on the
Home tab. The font style drop-down menu appears
 Move your cursor over the various font styles. A live preview of
the font will appear in the document.
 Click the font style you wish to use. The font style will change in
the document.

432
TEXT FORMATTING
 To Format Font Color:
 Select the text you wish to modify.
 Click the drop-down arrow next to the font color box on the Home
tab. The font color menu appears.
 Move your cursor over the various font colors. A live preview of the
color will appear in the document.
 Click the font color you wish to use. The font color will change in
the slide.
 Select More Colors at the bottom of the list to access more color
choices.

433
TEXT FORMATTING
 To Use the Bold, Italic, and Underline Commands
 Select the text you wish to modify.
 Click the Bold, Italic, or Underline command in the Font group on the
Home tab.

434
TEXT FORMATTING
 Increase Font Size command increases the font size of the selected
text to the next standard font size.
 Decrease Font Size command decreases the font size of the selected
text to the next standard font size.
 Clear All Formatting command removes your recent formatting
changes.
 Strikethrough command makes a line through the text.
 Text Shadow command adds a drop shadow to text.
 Change Case commands lets you try different capitalization options
without having to delete and retype letters or words.

435
TEXT ALIGNMENT

 To Change Text Alignment

 Select the text you wish to modify.
 Select one of the four alignment options from the Paragraph group on the Home
tab.
 Align Text Left: Aligns all the selected text to the left margin.
 Center: Aligns text an equal distance from the left and right margins.
 Align Text Right: Aligns all the selected text to the right margin.
 Justify: Justified text is equal on both sides and lines up equally to the
right and left margins.

 The alignment commands align the text within the placeholder or text box it is in, not across
the slide.

436
THEMES
 A theme is a predefined combination of colors, fonts, and effects that can be
applied to your presentation
 PowerPoint includes built-in themes that allow you to easily create professional-
looking presentations without spending a lot of time formatting
 Each theme has additional background styles associated with it that can be applied
to the slides to modify the theme.
 The default theme when creating a new presentation is the Office Theme
 You can apply a different theme to your slides before you add text or make
changes to the default slide
 An advantage of doing this is that the location of the text will not move.
 An advantage of entering some of your text before applying a new theme is that
the live preview feature allows you to see how the themes will affect your
specific text

437
THEMES
 To Apply a Theme:
1. Select the Design tab.
2. Locate the Themes group. Each image represents a theme.
3. Click the drop-down arrow to access more themes.
4. Hover over a theme to see a live preview of it in the
presentation. The name of
the theme will appear as you hover over it.
5. Click a theme to apply it to the slides.
 Fonts that are changed with the font size and style menus will not
change when you apply a new theme.

438
Themes

439
Modifying Themes

 You can also modify the current theme colors, fonts, and effects
 Modifying the colors, fonts and effects create a new custom theme
 You can save the custom theme
 The PowerPoint themes are powerful because they allow you to create
professional looking slides easily
 The option to modify these themes makes it an even more robust and
powerful tool because you can customize the themes based on your
needs and preferences.

440
BACKGROUND STYLES

 Background styles can be added to your slides after a theme is

applied
 The styles are fill variations based on theme colours.
 When you switch to a different theme, the background styles are
updated based on the new theme colours.
 The background style options for the Urban theme are different than
the background style options for the Apex theme.
 The colours are different based on the theme colours.

441
BACKGROUND STYLES

 To Apply a Background Style

 Click the Background Styles command in the Background group on the
Design tab
 Click a style to select it. The new background will appear in the slides.
 You can select Format Background from the menu to open a dialog box and
make changes to the background color

442
TEXT BOXES
 In addition to inserting text in placeholders, you can also insert text into text
boxes
 Text boxes allow you to add to the predefined layouts so that you can place
text wherever you want on a slide.
 To Insert a Text box
 Select the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
 Click the Text Box command in the Text group.
 Click and drag the cursor until the text box is the desired width.
 Release the mouse button.

443
TEXT BOXES

 To Move a Text Box

 Click the text box. Your cursor becomes a cross with arrows on each end.
 While holding the mouse button, drag the text box to the desired location on the page
 Release the mouse button.
 To Resize a Text Box
 Select the text box.
 Click one of the square sizing handles on the left or right sides, or a circular handle on one
of the four corners.
 While holding down the mouse button, drag the sizing handle until the text box is the
desired width.

444
MOVING TEXT
 Click and drag the arrow icon to rotate the text box

 To Copy and Paste Text

 Select the text you wish to copy.
 Click the Copy command on the Home tab.
 Place your insertion point where you wish the text to appear.
 Click the Paste command on the Home tab. The text will appear
445
MOVING TEXT

 To Drag and Drop Text

 Select the text you wish to copy.
 Click your mouse and drag the text to the location you wish it to appear. The
cursor will have a text box beneath it to indicate that you are moving text.
 Release the mouse button and the text will appear.

446
WORKING WITH LISTS
 Bulleted and numbered lists can be used in your presentation to
arrange and format text on slides to draw emphasis to specific
information.
 Also, lists can often be easier for the audience to read than
paragraphs of text on a slide.
 Some slide layouts include a content placeholder where you can add
text, or use graphical commands to insert tables, charts, SmartArt
graphics, pictures, clip art, and media clips.
 A bullet appears to the left of the placeholder text, if you choose to
add text, the text is formatted into a list by default

447
WORKING WITH LISTS
 To Insert Text as a List in a Content Placeholder:
 Select the placeholder. The placeholder text will disappear and the
insertion point will appear to the right of the bullet.
 Enter text. If the text requires more than one line, it will automatically
wrap to the following line.
 Press the Enter key. A new bullet will appear on the following row.
 Repeat the last two steps until all the information is entered in list format
on the slide.

448
WORKING WITH LISTS
 To Insert Text as a List in a Content Placeholder:
I. Select the placeholder. The placeholder text will disappear
and the insertion point will appear to the right of the bullet.
II. Enter text. If the text requires more than one line, it will
automatically wrap to the following line.
III. Press the Enter key. A new bullet will appear on the
following row.
IV. Repeat the last two steps until all the information is entered
in list format on the slide.

449
 Bulleted List
 To Select an Alternate Bullet Style or Switch to a Bulleted List:
I. Select all the text in an existing list (if text has been
entered).
II. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Bullets command in
the Paragraph group on the Home tab. A menu of bullet
options will appear
III. Click a bullet option to select it. The bullet will change on
the slide.
IV. Click OK to apply the bullet size to the list in the slide.

450
Bulleted List

451
Bulleted List
 To Use a Picture as a Bullet:
I. Select an existing bulleted list (if text has been entered).
II. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Bullets command on the Home tab. A menu
will appear.
III. Select Bullets and Numbering from the menu. A dialog box will appear.
IV. Click Picture on the Bulleted tab. The Picture Bullet dialog box will open.
V. Click a picture to select it.
VI. Click OK to apply the picture to the list in the slide.
VII. Click Import to import your own picture and use it as a bullet.

452
Bulleted List
 To Use a Symbol as a Bullet:
I. Select an existing bulleted list (if text has been entered).
II. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Bullets command on the Home tab. A menu
will appear.
III. Select Bullets and Numbering from the menu. A dialog box will appear.
IV. Click Customize on the Bulleted tab. The Symbol dialog box will appear.
V. Click the Font: drop-down menu and select a font category
VI. Click a symbol to select it.
VII. Click OK. The symbol will now appear as the selected bullet option in the
Bulleted section of the Bullets and Numbering dialog box.
VIII. Click OK to apply the symbol to the list in the document.

453
Numbered List
 To Select an Alternate Numbering Style or Switch to a Numbered
List:
I. Select all the text in an existing list (if text has been entered).
II. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Numbering command in the
Paragraph group on the Home tab. A menu of numbering options will
appear.
III. Hover over each menu option to display a live preview of the list on the
slide.
IV. Click a numbering option to select it. The list will change on the slide.

454
Numbered List

 To Set the Number to Begin the List:

I. Select an existing numbered list (if text has been entered).
II. Click the drop-down arrow next to the Numbering command on the
Home tab. A menu will appear.
III. Select Bullets and Numbering from the menu. A dialog box will appear.
IV. Enter the number to start the list in the Start at: field on the Numbered
tab
V. .Click OK to apply to the list on the slide.

455
Numbered List

 To Remove Bulleted or Numbered Lists from

Text:
I. Select an existing bulleted or numbered list.
II. Click the Bullets command or the Numbering
command, depending on the type of list. Click these
commands to toggle the feature on and off.

456
WORKING WITH TABLES

 Table is another way to organize information

 A table is a grid of cells arranged in rows and columns
 To Insert a Table Using a Placeholder Command
I. Select the slide where you wish to insert a table.
II. Click the Insert Table command in the placeholder. The Insert Table dialog box
will appear
III. Enter the number of table columns and rows in the dialog box.

IV. Click OK. The table will appear on the slide, and the Design and Layout tabs will
appear on the Ribbon.
V. Enter text into the table.

457
TABLES

 You can move your insertion point from cell to cell in the table using the
mouse or by pressing the tab key on your keyboard.
 Additionally, the arrow keys can be used to navigate the table

458
Tables

459
Tables
 To insert a Row:
I. Select the table
II. Click on layout from Table Tools
III. Place the insertion point at a preferred row
IV. From the Rows & Columns Group, click Insert
Above to insert a row above the insertion point
or click on Insert Below to insert a row below
the insertion point

460
Tables

461
Tables

 To insert a Column:
I. Select the table
II. Click on Layout from Table Tools
III. Place the insertion point at a preferred column
IV. From the Rows & Columns Group, click Insert Left
to insert a column to the left of the insertion point
or click on Insert Right to insert a column to the
right of the insertion point

462
Tables

463
Tables
 To delete a Row:
I. Select the table
II. Click on Layout from Table Tools
III. Place the insertion point at a preferred row
IV. From the Rows & Columns group, click on
Delete
V. Select Delete Rows from the drop down

464
Tables
 To delete a Columns:
I. Select the table
II. Click on Layout from Table Tools
III. Place the insertion point at a preferred column
IV. From the Rows & Columns group, click on Delete
V. Select Delete Columns from the drop down

465
Tables

466
Tables
 Alternate Method to Insert and Delete Rows and
Columns
I. Place the insertion point in the row or column you wish to
delete.
II. Right-click the table and a menu appears.
III. Select one of the Insert/Delete menu options.

467
Tables
 To Insert a Table Using Ribbon Commands
I. Select the slide where you want to insert the table.
II. Select the Insert tab on the Ribbon.
III. Click the Table command. A menu will appear.
IV. Drag your mouse over the diagram squares to select the
number of columns and rows in the table.
V. Click to insert the table on the slide.
VI. Enter text into the table.

468
CHAPTER 9
INSERTING PICTURES, SOUNDS AND
MOVIES

469
 On each slide you create in your presentation, you may
have information you want to communicate graphically
with your audience. You can do this with text but also
as multimedia(pictures, sounds, clip art, videos etc.)

 Pictures and clip art can be inserted from the Ribbon

and by using the commands that
appear in certain placeholders. In both methods, the
image is centered in the middle of any
selected slide placeholders

470
How to Insert a Picture from the
Ribbon
I. Select the Insert tab
II. Click the Insert Picture command in the
Illustrations group. The Insert Picture
dialog box will appear
III. Locate and select the picture you want to use
IV. Click Insert and it will appear on the slide

471
472
RESIZING AND MOVING PICTURES

To Resize a Picture:

I. Select the picture

II. Click one of the corner sizing handles. The cursor will
turn into a cross.
III. While holding down the mouse button, drag the sizing
handle until the image is the desired size.
IV. Release the mouse button.

The side sizing handles change the picture’s size, but

don’t keep the same proportions. 473
 To Move a Picture:
I. Click the picture. Your cursor becomes a
cross with arrows on each end.
II. While holding the mouse button, drag the
image to the desired location on the page
III. Release the mouse button

The green circle is the Free Rotate feature.

Click and hold the mouse button and rotate
the picture in various directions

474
Modifying Pictures
PowerPoint provides you with several commands
that allow you to modify pictures.
When you select a picture, a Picture Tools Format
tab appears on the Ribbon. This is an example of
PowerPoint 2007 giving you the commands and
features you need, when you need them.

475
476
To apply a Picture Style:

I. Select the picture

II. Select the Format tab
III. Click the More drop-down arrow to display all the
picture styles
IV. Hover over each picture style to see a live
preview of the style on the slide
V. Click a picture style to apply it to the image.

477
To Change the Shape of a
Picture:
I. Select the picture.
II. Select the Format tab.
III. Click the Picture Shape icon. A menu
appears.
IV. Click a shape to select it. The shape of
the picture will change on the slide

478
To Add a Border to a Picture:

I. Select the picture.

II. Select the Format tab
III. Click the Picture Border command and select a
color.

Select Weight from the menu and choose a line

weight to modify the width of the border line.

479
Other Picture Tools:
There are many other things you can do to modify a
picture. From the Format tab, some of the other useful
commands include:
 Adding Borders to a picture
 Cropping Pictures
 Compressing Pictures
 Resetting Pictures
 Changing the contrast of pictures
 Recoloring Pictures

480
Inserting and Modifying
SmartArt
The SmartArt features lets you create and customize designer-quality
diagram. You can even convert a bulleted list into a diagram using the
SmartArt diagram tool.

481
482
To Insert a SmartArt from the
Ribbon:

I. Select the Insert tab

II. Click the SmartArt command in the Illustrations group.
The SmartArt task pane will appear on the screen.
III. Select a chart or diagram type, then select a chart or
diagram
IV. Click OK. The SmartArt is inserted in the document

483
Types of SmartArt Graphics
Available

484
ALIGNING OBJECTS

 In PowerPoint, you can align, group , rotate, and order objects

such as pictures, shapes, and text boxes on the slide. Using
PowerPoint commands you can customize the slides and arrange
the objects on the slides easily.

 You can click and drag objects to align them manually, but
guesswork will never give you the best result. Additionally, aligning
objects in this way can take a great deal of time. Luckily,
PowerPoint provides you with several commands that allow you to
easily arrange and position objects.

485
To Align Objects:
I. Select the objects you wish to align.
I. To select multiple objects, click and drag your mouse to form a
selection
box around the objects, and then release the mouse button
II. Sizing handles will appear around each selected object and
the Format tab will appear on the Ribbon.
III. Select the Format tab
IV. Click the Align command in the Arrange group

486
487
About Alignment
 There are six basic alignment options on the Align menu.
The menu options are: Align Left, Align Center, Align Right,
Align Top, Align Middle, and Align Bottom.

 The name of each menu option identifies how the option

changes the alignment of the selected objects. (i.e., The
Align Left menu option will align the selected objects to the
left). However, each of these alignment options will vary
based on whether Align to Slide or Align Selected Objects is
selected from the menu.

488
About Alignment
 For example, if Align Selected Objects is active, and then you choose Align Top
from the menu, the top of the selected objects will align. If Align to Slide is
selected, and then you choose Align Top from the menu, all the selected objects
will align to the top of the slide. The examples below indicate how the menu
choice of Align Selected Objects or Align to Slide affect the six basic alignment
options.

 There are two menu options that affect whether the objects are distributed
horizontally or vertically across the slide. These options are also affected by
whether Align Selected Objects or Align to Slide is selected on the menu.

 Not every alignment option will work in all situations. The best way to learn how
each
alignment option arranges objects is to practice using the Align menu options.

489
Group and Rotate Objects
 Another command you can use to arrange objects is the
Group command. At times you may want to group objects
to make them easier to position on the slide. Instead of
moving each object individually or using the align menu
options to arrange the objects on the slide, you can group
multiple objects into one object. Moving one object is
often easier and faster than moving multiple objects on
the slide.

490
To Group Objects:
I. Select the objects you wish to group.
II. Sizing handles will appear around each selected object and
the Format tab will appear on the Ribbon.
III. Select the Format tab
IV. Click the Group command in the Arrange group
V. Select Group from the menu.
VI. The selected objects will become grouped into one
object. This is indicated by the box with sizing handles
that includes all the selected objects.

491
492
To Move the Grouped Objects:

I. Click and drag the object to a new

location on the slide. The cursor will
become a four-arrow cross.
II. Release the mouse button.

493
 To Ungroup Objects:

I. Select the grouped object you wish to ungroup. The

Format tab will appear on the Ribbon .
II. Select the Format tab.
III. Click the Group command in the Arrange group.
IV. Select Ungroup from the menu. The grouped object will
appear as separate
objects

494
495
To Rotate an Object:

I. Select the object you wish to rotate. The Format tab will
appear on the Ribbon
II. Select the Format tab
III. Click the Rotate command in the Arrange group
IV. Hover over a menu option to see a live preview of the
rotation option on the slide
V. Select an option from the menu

496
497
Order Objects
 In addition to aligning and grouping objects, PowerPoint gives you the
ability to arrange objects in a specific order. When you insert objects
such as shapes and pictures onto a slide, each object is arranged based
on the order it was inserted.

For example, if I insert Arrow A and then insert Arrow B, Arrow A will
appear beneath Arrow B if I drag the objects so they are stacked on top of
each other. This is because Arrow A was inserted before Arrow B. The
same is true for other objects such as pictures Selected Objected
Rotated Right 90 Degrees 165 and text boxes, or a combination of
objects. At times you may want to arrange the objects in a different
order

498
To Order Objects Using the Send
to Back Command:
I. Select the object you want to arrange in a different order. In this
example, the tail of Arrow B needs to appear below the head of Arrow
A. I can select either arrow, but I'll select Arrow B

I. Select the Format tab

II. Click the Send to Back command
III. Select Send to Back or Send Backward from the menu
I. Send to Back sends the selected object to the very back, or very bottom
layer, of the stack of objects.

II. Send Backward sends the object back one layer

IV. The objects will appear in the new order

499
500
To Order Objects Using the
Bring to Front Command:
I. Select the object you want to arrange in a different order
II. Select the Format tab
III. Click the Bring Forward command
IV. Select Bring to Front or Bring Forward from the menu
I. Bring Forward send the object forward one layer.
II. Bring to Front sends the selected object to the front of the
stack of
objects so that it appears on the top layer.
V. The objects will appear in the new order.
501
502
Inserting Movies
 You may want to insert a movie into your
PowerPoint presentation. You can insert a movie
from a file on your computer or from the
Microsoft Office clip organizer. In addition,
PowerPoint gives you many options to define how
the movie will operate in the presentation

503
To Insert a Movie from a File on
Your Computer:
I. Select the slide where you wish to insert the movie
II. Select the Insert tab
III. Click the drop-down arrow on the Movie command in the Media group
IV. Select Insert a Movie from File from the menu. The Insert Movie dialog box
will appear
V. Locate the file you want to insert from your computer
VI. Click the file name
VII. Click OK. The movie will appear on the slide. The Movie Tools Options tab and
Picture Tools Format tab appears on the Ribbon when the movie is inserted.
VIII. A dialog box will appear. Click Automatically or When Clicked. Automatically
will start the movie automatically as soon as the slide appears in slide show view
and When Clicked will start the movie when you click

504
 Sizing handles are located around the movie.
Click, drag, and then release the resizing handles
to resize the movie. The sizing handles work the
same as with pictures, textboxes, and shapes.
If a slide layout has a content placeholder, click
the Insert Media Clip command to insert a movie
located on your computer.

505
To Delete a Media Clip:

I. Select the movie from you computer or the clip

organizer
II. Click the Delete key.

506
INSERTING SOUND
 PowerPoint allows you to add sound to your presentation in
several different ways. You can do this using a sound file on
your computer, choose from hundreds of sounds available
through the clip organizer, or play tracks from an audio CD. Do
you want the music to play through the entire presentation? Or
would you prefer the music only to play on one slide?
PowerPoint not only allows you to use sound, but allows you to
customize sound options so you can play the sounds you want,
the way that you want.

507
Sounds on File
To Insert a Movie from a File on Your Computer:

I. Select the slide where you want to add sound

II. Select the Insert tab
III. Click the drop-down arrow on the Audio command in the Media Clips group
IV. Locate the sound file on your computer.
V. Select the file
VI. Click OK. A sound icon and a dialog box will appear
VII. Select Automatically or When Clicked. Click Automatically or When Clicked.
Automatically will start the sound automatically as soon as the slide appears in
slide show view and When Clicked will start the sound when you click.

508
509
AUDIO TOOLS OPTIONS
 Once you have inserted tracks from a CD, a CD Audio Tools
Options tab appears. Many of the commands are similar to
the commands available when you insert other sounds;
however, some of the options are different

510
AUDIO TOOLS OPTIONS
In the Play and Setup groups you can:
 Preview: Listen to the sound that will play
 Volume: Change the volume to low, medium, high, or mute
 Edit the Track and Time fields: change the tracks that play and the time in the
track that playback starts or stops.
 Change How to Play Track: Click the drop-down menu next to Play Track to
change whether the CD tracks play automatically or when clicked.
 Hide During Show: Hide or display the sound icon during the slide show
 Loop Until Stopped: Sound will play until you stop it by clicking or advancing
to the next slide

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CHAPTER 10
VIEWING AND PRINTING
SLIDES

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 Once you finish creating the slides, you may want to view your
presentation to make sure all the slides appear how you want. PowerPoint
gives you the ability to view the presentation in four different ways,
depending on what task you are completing. For example, if you will be
using your slides to talk to an audience, which is how PowerPoint is often
used, you may want to practice your presentation and view your slides in
slide show view.

 You may also want to print copies of the slides, either for yourself, or for
people viewing
your presentation. You have several printing options that are specific to
PowerPoint.

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TYPES OF SLIDE VIEWS
 It is important that you be able to access the different PowerPoint
slide views and use them for various tasks. Three of the four
views are visible from the default view, Normal. The slide view
commands are located on the bottom, right side of the PowerPoint
window in Normal view. Click a view command to switch to that
view.

 Normal View: This view is where you create and edit your slides.
You can also move
slides in the Slides tab on the task pane on the left.

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 Slide Sorter View: Miniature slides are arranged on the screen in this view. You
can
drag and drop slides easily to reorder them, and see more slides at one time.
This is a
good view to use to confirm that you have all the needed slides and that none
have been deleted.

 Slide Show View: This view fills the computer screen with a slide and is what
the
audience will see when they view the presentation. The slide show view has an
additional menu that allows you to navigate through the slides, as well as other
features you can use during a presentation

 Use the arrow keys, Page Up and Page Down keys, space bar, and Enter key to
move
through the slides in slide show view. Press the Esc key to end a slide show
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PRINTING SLIDES

 You may want to print copies of your slides for the people who view your
presentation or for yourself. Click the File tab and the Backstage view
appears. Click on Print and the Print Preview is displayed on the right
while the Print settings also appear on the left.

 After viewing the document, you can specify printing options such as
which pages or the number of copies to print. Specify printing options and
then click Print button. The document is sent to the printer.

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 In Print Preview mode, you can
I. Select the printer you would like to use, if you have more than one printer
II. Go to Settings. From here you can make choices about paper size and whether to
print double-sided. These options vary from printer to printer.
III. Enter a print range.
I. Under Settings, leave the default setting, Print All Slides, and select any
option for a print range.
II. The drop down has the options Print All Slides, Print Selection, Print
Current Slide and Custom Range
IV. Decide what you want to print -- slides, handouts, notes pages, or an outline.
I. Handouts print many slides per page. The default is 6, but you can change
that to 3 and have room for the person to take notes, or set another amount
of slides per page
II. Choose horizontal or vertical slide layout, if given the option.
III. You can print Notes Pages, if you typed speaker notes for the slides.
IV. Choose to print in grayscale or color

V. Choose the number of copies to print

VI. Click OK. 519
ANIMATING TEXT AND
OBJECTS
 In PowerPoint you can animate text and objects
such as clip art, shapes, and pictures on the slide.
Animation, or movement, on the slide can be used
to draw the audience’s attention to specific
content or to make the slide easier to read.

520
To Apply an Animation Effect:

I. Select the text or object on the slide you wish to animate

II. Select the Animations tab
III. Upon clicking the tab, you’ll have a lot of animations to select
from.
IV. Move your cursor over each option to see a live preview of the
animation on the slide
V. Click an option to select it

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To Remove an Animation Effect:

I. Select the text or object on the slide you wish to modify

II. Select the Animations tab.
III. Click the drop down arrow button by the animations group.
The available
animations in the Animation task pane will appear below.
IV. Click None. The animation label will disappear from the slide

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To Apply a different Animation
Effect:
I. Select the text or object on the slide you wish to modify
II. Select the Animations tab
III. Click Add Animation button in the Animations group. The list
of animations in
their categories will appear below
IV. Simply select an Entrance, Emphasis, Exit, or Motion Path
animation effect

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To Apply a different Animation
Effect:
I. Select the text or object you wish to modify on the slide
II. Select the Animations tab
III. Click Add Animation in the Animations group. The animations task pane
will appear below
IV. Select the preferred animation in the Add Animation task pane list
V. Click Preview, located in the Preview group of the animations tab of
the Ribbon to see a preview of the animation in Normal view
OR
VI. Click Slide Show to see the animation in Slide Show view. Press the Esc
key to return to Normal view.

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To Reorder Animation Effects:

I. Select the Animations tab

II. Click Add Animation in the Animations group
III. Select the animation effect you want to move in the
Custom Animation task pane list
IV. Click the arrows at the bottom of the task pane to
reorder the selected animation effect

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USING TRANSITIONS

 Transition effects, or transitions as they are often

called, are the movements you see when one slide
changes to another in slide show view. Transition effects
are different from animation effects.
The term animation in PowerPoint refers to the
movements of text and objects on the slide, while
transitions refer to the movement of the slide as it
changes to another slide

531
Applying Transitions
To Apply a Transition to One Slide:
I. Select the slide you wish to modify
II. Select the Animations tab
III. Locate the Transition to This Slide group. By default, No Transition
is applied
to each slide
IV. Click the More drop-down arrow to display all the transition effects
V. Click a slide transition effect to apply it to the selected slide

Hover over a slide transition effect to see a live preview of the effect
on the slide.

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Applying Transitions
To Apply a Slide Transition on All Slides:
I. Select the slide you wish to modify
II. Select the Animations tab
III. Locate the Transition to This Slide group. By default, No Transition is applied
to each slide
IV. Click the More drop-down arrow to display all the transition effects.
V. Click a slide transition effect to apply it to the selected slide
VI. Click Apply To All to apply the transition to all the slides in the presentation.

 A star Play Animations icon will appear beneath any slide that has a transition effect applied
to it, as well as any slide that uses animation effects for text or objects. The icon is visible on
the Slides tab in the task pane on the left and in slide sorter view. Click the star Play
Animations icon to preview the animation or transition effect. 535
536
 Applying Transitions
I. Select the slide you wish to modify
II. Select the Transitions tab.
III. Click None in the Transition to This Slide group
IV. Repeat this process for each slide you want to modify
V. OR
VI. Click Apply To All to remove the slide transition effect from
each slide in the
presentation

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Advancing Slides
Advancing to the Next Slide:
 By default, in slide show view you click your mouse to advance, or
move, to the next slide. This setting is defined in the Transition to
This Slide group on the Animations tab. You can modify this setting so
that each slide displays for a specific period of time before
automatically advancing to the next slide. This is useful for
unattended presentations, such as at a trade show booth

539
 You can also advance to the next slide by pressing the Enter key.
To Set Timing for Slides:
 View the slides in slide sorter view
 Select a slide
 Select the Transitions tab
 Locate the Advance Slide section of the Transition to This Slide group
 Enter the time in the Automatically After field. Use the arrows or type the
number
 Select another slide and repeat the process until all the desired slides have the
timing set.

If you want to apply the same transition effect and timing for each slide, just set the
transition effect timing for one slide and click Apply to All

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