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 CONTENTS Á vii

SUMMARY 1 0 4

KEY TERMS 1 0 5

REVIEW QUESTIONS 105

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 105

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 106

FURTHER READING 106

READINGS
Egoism and Altruism by Louis P. Pojman 107
Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill 111
A Theory of Justice by John Rawls 115
The Entitlement Theory of Justice by Robert Nozick 122

CHAPTER 6 Nonconsequentialist Theories: Do Your Duty 132

Kant’s Ethics 1 3 2
Critical Thought—Sizing Up The Golden Rule 134
Applying the Theory 135
Evaluating the Theory 136
Kant, Respect, And Personal Rights 137
Learning from Kant’s Theory 138
Natural Law Theory 139
Applying the Theory 141
Quick Review 141
Critical Thought—Double Effect
And The “Trolley Problem” 142
Evaluating the Theory 142
Learning from Natural Law 143
SUMMARY 1 4 4

KEY TERMS 1 4 4

REVIEW QUESTIONS 144

viii Á CONTENTS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 145

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 1 45

FURTHER READING 1 4 6

READINGS
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals
by Immanuel Kant 146
Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas 155
Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives by Philippa Foot 165

CHAPTER 7 Virtue Ethics: Be a Good Person 17 2

The Ethics of Virtue 1 72

Critical Thought—Learning Virtues
In The Classroom 173
Virtue in Action 1 7 4
Evaluating Virtue Ethics 174
Critical Thought—Warrior Virtues And Moral
Disagreements 176
Quick Review 177
Learning from Virtue Ethics 177
SUMMARY 1 7 7

KEY TERMS 1 7 8

REVIEW QUESTIONS 1 78

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 178

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 1 78

FURTHER READING 1 7 9

READINGS
Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle 179
The Need for More Than Justice by Annette C. Baier 188
 CONTENTS Á ix

CHAPTER 8 Feminist Ethics and the Ethics of Care 196

Feminist Ethics 1 9 7
Critical Thought—Feminist Ethics In History 197
The Ethics of Care 198
Quick Review 199
SUMMARY 1 9 9

KEY TERMS 1 9 9

REVIEW QUESTIONS 199

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 200

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 200

FURTHER READING 200

READINGS
Feminist Ethics by Alison M. Jaggar 201
The Ethics of Care as Moral Theory by Virginia Held 209

PART 4: ETHICAL ISSUES

CHAPTER 9 Abortion 221

Issue File: Background 221

Abortion In The United States: Facts And Figures 223
Moral Theories 2 2 4
Majority Opinion In R oe V. W ade 225
Abortion And The Scriptures 226
Moral Arguments 2 27
Quick Review 227
State Abortion Laws 229
Critical Thought—Fact-Checking Abortion Claims 231
x Á CONTENTS

SUMMARY 2 3 3

KEY TERMS 2 3 4

REVIEW QUESTIONS 2 34

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 234

FURTHER READING 2 3 5

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 2 35

READINGS
A Defense of Abortion by Judith Jarvis Thomson 237
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion by Mary Anne Warren 247
Why Abortion Is Immoral by Don Marquis 256
Virtue Theory and Abortion by Rosalind Hursthouse 268
Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens by Susan Sherwin 274

CHAPTER 10 Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide 285

The Death Of Karen Ann Quinlan 286

Issue File: Background 286
Landmark Court Rulings 288
Quick Review 289
Moral Theories 2 8 9
Critical Thought—Dr. Kevorkian
And Physician-Assisted Suicide 291
Moral Arguments 2 9 1
Public Opinion And Euthanasia 293
SUMMARY 2 9 5

KEY TERMS 2 9 6

REVIEW QUESTIONS 2 96

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 296

FURTHER READING 2 9 6

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 2 97
 CONTENTS Á xi

READINGS
Active and Passive Euthanasia by James Rachels 300
The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia by J. Gay-Williams 304
Voluntary Active Euthanasia by Dan W. Brock 307
Euthanasia by Philippa Foot 315
Killing and Allowing to Die by Daniel Callahan 329
Euthanasia for Disabled People? by Liz Carr 332

CHAPTER 11 Delivering Health Care 334

Issue File: Background 334

Health Care By Country 336
Critical Thought—Comparing Health Care Systems 337
Moral Theories 3 3 8
Moral Arguments 3 39
Quick Review 340
SUMMARY 3 4 0

KEY TERMS 3 4 1

REVIEW QUESTIONS 341

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 341

FURTHER READING 342

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 342

READINGS
Autonomy, Equality and a Just Health Care System by Kai Nielsen 344
The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care by Allen E. Buchanan 350
Is There a Right to Health Care and, If So, What Does It Encompass?
by Norman Daniels 363
xii Á CONTENTS

CHAPTER 12 Animal Welfare 37 1

Issue File: Background 372

Critical Thought—Using Animals To Test Consumer
Products 3 7 4
Moral Theories 3 7 5
Critical Thought—Should We Experiment
On Orphaned Babies? 377
Quick Review 378
Moral Arguments 3 7 8
SUMMARY 3 7 9

KEY TERMS 3 8 0

REVIEW QUESTIONS 3 80

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 380

FURTHER READING 3 8 0

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 3 81

READINGS
All Animals Are Equal by Peter Singer 384
The Case for Animal Rights by Tom Regan 394
Difficulties with the Strong Animal Rights Position
by Mary Anne Warren 401
The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research by Carl Cohen 407
How to Argue for (and Against) Ethical Veganism by Tristram McPherson 414

CHAPTER 13 Environmental Ethics 429

Issue File: Background 430

Climate Change—How We Know It’s Real 432
Moral Theories 4 3 4
Quick Review 435
Moral Arguments 4 3 5
Critical Thought—Should Pandas Pay The Price? 436
SUMMARY 4 3 8

KEY TERMS 4 3 8
 CONTENTS Á xiii

REVIEW QUESTIONS 439

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 439

FURTHER READING 439

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 440

READINGS
People or Penguins by William F. Baxter 442
It’s Not My Fault: Global Warming and Individual Moral Obligations by Walter
Sinnott-Armstrong 446
Are All Species Equal? by David Schmidtz 458
The Land Ethic by Aldo Leopold 465

CHAPTER 14 Racism, Equality, and Discrimination 470

Issue File: Background 471

Critical Thought—White Privilege 474
Critical Thought—Are Legacy Admissions Racist? 479
Moral Theories 4 8 0
Critical Thought—Are Whites-Only Scholarships Unjust? 481
Quick Review 482
Moral Arguments 482
SUMMARY 484

KEY TERMS 485

REVIEW QUESTIONS 485

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 486

FURTHER READING 486

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 486

READINGS
Racisms by Kwame Anthony Appiah 489
Racism: What It Is and What It Isn’t by Lawrence Blum 499
Dear White America by George Yancy 508
Uses and Abuses of the Discourse of White Privilege by Naomi Zack 511
The Case Against Affirmative Action by Louis P. Pojman 514
In Defense of Affirmative Action by Tom L. Beauchamp 526
xiv Á CONTENTS

CHAPTER 15 Sexual Morality 536

Issue File: Background 536

Sexual Behavior 5 3 6
Vital Stats—Sexual Behavior 537
Campus Sexual Assault 538
Critical Thought—Proving Sexual Assault 540
Moral Theories 5 4 1
Moral Arguments 5 4 2
Quick Review 544
SUMMARY 5 4 4

KEY TERMS 5 4 5

REVIEW QUESTIONS 5 45

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 545

FURTHER READING 5 4 6

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 5 46

READINGS
Plain Sex by Alan H. Goldman 548
Sexual Morality by Roger Scruton 557
Why Shouldn’t Tommy and Jim Have Sex? A Defense of Homosexuality
by John Corvino 5 6 4
Seduction, Rape, and Coercion by Sarah Conly 571
Sex under Pressure: Jerks, Boorish Behavior, and Gender Hierarchy
by Scott A. Anderson 582

CHAPTER 16 Free Speech on Campus 589

Issue File: Background 590

Critical Thought—Who Can Say The N-Word? 591
Microaggressions 593
Moral Theories 5 9 4
Critical Thought—Is Hate Speech Violence? 595
College Students And Free Speech 596
Quick Review 597
 CONTENTS Á xv

Moral Arguments 5 97
SUMMARY 5 9 7

KEY TERMS 5 9 8

REVIEW QUESTIONS 598

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 598

FURTHER READING 599

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 599

READINGS
Why It’s a Bad Idea to Tell Students Words Are Violence
by Jonathan Haidt and Greg Lukianoff 601
Restoring Free Speech on Campus by Geoffrey R. Stone and Will Creeley 605
Speech Codes and Expressive Harm by Andrew Altman 606
What “Snowflakes” Get Right About Free Speech by Ulrich Baer 615
The Progressive Ideas behind the Lack of Free Speech on Campus
by Wendy Kaminer 618

CHAPTER 17 Drugs, Guns, and Personal Liberty 621

Issue File: Background 621

Drugs: Social Harms versus Personal Freedom 621
Critical Thought—Does Legalizing Medical Marijuana
Encourage Use Among Teenagers? 622
Diverse Views On Legalizing Marijuana 623
Gun Ownership: Security versus Individual Rights 624
Vital Stats—Guns In The United States 625
Survey—Views Of U.S. Adults On Gun Policy 626
Moral Theories 6 2 6
Moral Arguments 6 28
Quick Review 630
SUMMARY 6 3 1

KEY TERMS 6 3 1

REVIEW QUESTIONS 631

xv
xvi Á CONTENTS

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 632

FURTHER READING 6 3 2

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 6 32

READINGS
The Ethics of Addiction by Thomas Szasz 634
Against the Legalization of Drugs by James Q. Wilson 643
Gun Control by Hugh LaFollette 652
Political Philosophy and the Gun Control Debate: What Would Bentham,
Mills, and Nozick Have to Say? by Stacey Nguyen 663

CHAPTER 18 Capital Punishment 666

Issue File: Background 666

Moral Theories 6 6 8
Critical Thought—The Morality Of Botched
Executions 6 70
Quick Review 672
Moral Arguments 6 7 3
Critical Thought—Different Cases,
Same Punishment 674
SUMMARY 6 7 5

KEY TERMS 6 7 6

REVIEW QUESTIONS 6 76

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 676

FURTHER READING 6 7 6

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 6 77

READINGS
The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense by Ernest van den Haag 679
Justice, Civilization, and the Death Penalty: Answering van den Haag
by Jeffrey H. Reiman 684
The Case Against the Death Penalty by Hugo Adam Bedau 690
A Life for a Life by Igor Primoratz 698
 CONTENTS Á xvii

CHAPTER 19 Political Violence: War, Terrorism, and Torture 705

Issue File: Background 705

Critical Thought—Preemptive War On Iraq 708
Moral Theories 7 1 5
Moral Arguments 7 17
Quick Review 721
SUMMARY 7 2 1

KEY TERMS 7 2 2

REVIEW QUESTIONS 722

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 722

FURTHER READING 723

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 723

READINGS
Reconciling Pacifists and Just War Theorists by James P. Sterba 726
Drones, Ethics, and the Armchair Soldier by John Kaag 735
Can Terrorism Be Morally Justified? by Stephen Nathanson 737
The Case for Torturing the Ticking Bomb Terrorist by Alan M. Dershowitz 745
My Tortured Decision by Ali Soufan 754

CHAPTER 20 The Ethics of Immigration 756

Issue File: Background 756

Critical Thought—Deporting Children 760
Quick Review 760
Moral Theories 7 6 1
Critical Thought—Accepting Or Rejecting Refugees 761
Moral Arguments 7 62
SUMMARY 7 6 3

KEY TERMS 7 6 3

REVIEW QUESTIONS 763

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 763

FURTHER READING 764

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 764

xviii Á CONTENTS

READINGS
The Morality of Migration by Seyla Benhabib 766
The Moral Dilemma of U.S. Immigration Policy Revisted: Open Borders vs. Social
Justice? by Stephen Macedo 768
Selecting Immigrants by David Miller 781
Immigration and Freedom of Association by Christopher Heath Wellman 787
Freedom of Association Is Not the Answer by Sarah Fine 808

CHAPTER 21 Global Economic Justice 820

Issue File: Background 820

Moral Theories 8 2 2
Vital Stats—The Planet’s Poor And Hungry 822
Moral Arguments 8 2 3
Quick Review 825
SUMMARY 8 2 6

KEY TERMS 8 2 6

REVIEW QUESTIONS 8 26

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 826

FURTHER READING 8 2 7

ETHICAL DILEMMAS 8 27

READINGS
Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer 829
Lifeboat Ethics by Garrett Hardin 835
A Critique of Lifeboat Ethics by William W. Murdoch and Allan Oaten 841
The Case for Aid by Jeffrey Sachs 850

G LOSSARY G – 1
A N S WE R S T O ARG U MENT EXERCISES A– 1
NOTES N – 1
INDEX I – 1
 PREFACE

‘’

This fifth edition of Doing Ethics contains the most NEW FEATURES
extensive additions, updates, and improvements
of any previous version. The aims that have shaped • A new chapter on campus free speech, hate
this text from the beginning have not changed: to speech, speech codes, speech and violence,
help students (1) see why ethics matters to society and news-making conflicts: Chapter 16—Free
and to themselves; (2) understand core concepts Speech on Campus. It includes five readings by
(theories, principles, values, virtues, and the like); notable free speech theorists and commentators.
(3) become familiar with the background (scientific, • A new stand-alone chapter on an increasingly
legal, and otherwise) of contemporary moral prob- influential approach to ethics: Chapter 8—
lems; and (4) know how to apply critical reasoning Feminist Ethics and the Ethics of Care. It
to those problems—to assess moral judgments and includes two new readings by important
principles, construct and evaluate moral arguments, theorists in the field.
and apply and critique moral theories. This book, • A new chapter on the justice of health care—
then, tries hard to provide the strongest possible who should get it, who should supply it, and
support to teachers of applied ethics who want stu- who should pay for it: Chapter 11—Delivering
dents, above all, to think for themselves and compe- Health Care.
tently do what is often required of morally mature
• A new chapter on immigration, immigration
persons—that is, to do ethics.
policy, and contemporary conflicts over the
These goals are reflected in the book’s extensive
treatment of immigrants: Chapter 20—The Eth-
introductions to concepts, cases, and issues; its
ics of Immigration. It includes recent research
large collection of readings and exercises; and its
on some widely believed but erroneous ideas
chapter-by-chapter coverage of moral reasoning—
about U.S. immigration, as well as five readings
perhaps the most thorough introduction to these
that represent contrasting perspectives on the
skills available in an applied ethics text. This latter
subject.
theme gets systematic treatment in five chapters,
threads prominently throughout all the others, • A substantially revised chapter on social
and is reinforced everywhere by “Critical Thought” equality, now covering race, racism, racial
text boxes prompting students to apply critical prejudice, discrimination, white privilege,
thinking to real debates and cases. The point of all and affirmative action: Chapter 14—Racism,
this is to help students not just study ethics but to Equality, and Discrimination. It includes
become fully involved in the ethical enterprise and four new readings on racism and inequality
the moral life. by prominent participants in the ongoing
debates.

xix
xx Á PREFACE

• A revised chapter on sexuality, now including Part 2 (Moral Reasoning) consists of Chapters 3
examinations not only of sexual behavior but and 4. Chapter 3 starts by reassuring students that
also of campus sexual assault, rape, harass- moral reasoning is neither alien nor difficult but
ment, and hookup culture: Chapter 15—Sexual is simply ordinary critical reasoning applied to
Morality. ethics. They’ve seen this kind of reasoning before
• A greatly expanded chapter on personal liberty, and done it before. Thus, the chapter focuses on
now including discussions and readings on identifying, devising, diagramming, and evaluat-
using drugs and owning guns: Chapter 17— ing moral arguments and encourages practice and
Drugs, Guns, and Personal Liberty. competence in finding implied premises, testing
moral premises, assessing nonmoral premises, and
• New sections in Chapter 4—The Power of
dealing with common argument fallacies.
Moral Theories, on social contract theory and
Chapter 4 explains how moral theories work
one called “Devising a Coherent Moral Theory”
and how they relate to other important elements
that shows by example how one might develop
in moral experience: considered judgments, moral
a plausible theory of morality.
arguments, moral principles and rules, and cases
• A new focus on climate change in the envi- and issues. It reviews major theories and shows how
ronmental ethics chapter and more emphasis students can evaluate them using plausible criteria.
on torture and drone warfare in the political Part 3 (Theories of Morality, Chapters 5–8) cov-
violence chapter. ers key theories in depth—utilitarianism, ethical
• Eleven new readings by women writers. egoism, social contract theory, Kant’s theory, nat-
• Thirty-seven new readings in all to supplement ural law theory, virtue ethics, feminist ethics, and
the already extensive collection of essays. the ethics of care. Students see how each theory is
applied to moral issues and how their strengths and
• New pedagogical elements: the inclusion of key
weaknesses are revealed by applying the criteria of
terms at the end of each chapter; the addition
evaluation.
of end-of-chapter review and discussion ques-
In Part 4 (Ethical Issues), each of thirteen chap-
tions; and several new “Cases for Analysis”—
ters explores a timely moral issue through discus-
now called “Ethical Dilemmas.”
sion and relevant readings: abortion, euthanasia
and physician-assisted suicide, health care, animal
ORGANIZATION welfare, environmental ethics, racism and equality,
sexual morality, free speech on campus, drug use,
Part 1 (Fundamentals) prepares students for the tasks
gun ownership, capital punishment, political vio-
enumerated above. Chapter 1 explains why ethics is
lence, terrorism, torture, immigration, and global
important and why thinking critically about ethical
economic justice. Every chapter supplies legal,
issues is essential to the examined life. It introduces
scientific, and other background information on
the field of moral philosophy, defines and illustrates
the issue; discusses how major theories have been
basic terminology, clarifies the connection between
applied to the problem; examines arguments that
religion and morality, and explains why moral rea-
have been used in the debate; and includes addi-
soning is crucial to moral maturity and personal
tional cases for analysis with questions. The read-
freedom. Chapter 2 investigates a favorite doctrine
ings are a mix of well-known essays and surprising
of undergraduates—ethical relativism—and exam-
new voices, both classic and contemporary.
ines its distant cousin, emotivism.
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