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ML Unit 1

The document outlines the syllabus for a Machine Learning course in a B.Tech program, detailing the fundamentals and various types of machine learning, including supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised learning. It explains key concepts, algorithms, and applications of each type, emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages. The course aims to equip students with knowledge about machine learning techniques and their real-world applications.

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3 views

ML Unit 1

The document outlines the syllabus for a Machine Learning course in a B.Tech program, detailing the fundamentals and various types of machine learning, including supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised learning. It explains key concepts, algorithms, and applications of each type, emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages. The course aims to equip students with knowledge about machine learning techniques and their real-world applications.

Uploaded by

jayendrageetha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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R22 B.Tech.

CSE (AI and ML) Syllabus JNTU Hyderabad


AM502PC MACHINE LEARNING

UNIT - I
Learning –

The Machine Learning Tutorial covers both the fundamentals and more complex ideas
of machine learning. Students and professionals in the workforce can benefit from our
machine learning tutorial.

A rapidly developing field of technology, machine learning allows computers to


automatically learn from previous data. For building mathematical models and making
predictions based on historical data or information, machine learning employs a
variety of algorithms. It is currently being used for a variety of tasks, including speech
recognition, email filtering, auto-tagging on Facebook, a recommender system, and
image recognition.

You will learn about the many different methods of machine learning, including
reinforcement learning, supervised learning, and unsupervised learning, in this
machine learning tutorial. Regression and classification models, clustering techniques,
hidden Markov models, and various sequential models will all be covered.

What is Machine Learning


In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything from their
experiences with their learning capability, and we have computers or machines which
work on our instructions. But can a machine also learn from experiences or past data
like a human does? So here comes the role of Machine Learning.

Introduction to Machine Learning

A subset of artificial intelligence known as machine learning focuses primarily on the


creation of algorithms that enable a computer to independently learn from data and
previous experiences. Arthur Samuel first used the term "machine learning" in 1959. It
could be summarized as follows:

Without being explicitly programmed, machine learning enables a machine to


automatically learn from data, improve performance from experiences, and predict
things.

Machine learning algorithms create a mathematical model that, without being


explicitly programmed, aids in making predictions or decisions with the assistance of
sample historical data, or training data. For the purpose of developing predictive
models, machine learning brings together statistics and computer science. Algorithms
that learn from historical data are either constructed or utilized in machine learning.
The performance will rise in proportion to the quantity of information we provide.

Types of Machine Learning

Machine learning is a subset of AI, which enables the machine to automatically


learn from data, improve performance from past experiences, and make
predictions. Machine learning contains a set of algorithms that work on a huge
amount of data. Data is fed to these algorithms to train them, and on the basis of
training, they build the model & perform a specific task.

These ML algorithms help to solve different business problems like Regression,


Classification, Forecasting, Clustering, and Associations, etc.

Based on the methods and way of learning, machine learning is divided into mainly
four types, which are:

1. Supervised Machine Learning


2. Unsupervised Machine Learning
3. Semi-Supervised Machine Learning
4. Reinforcement Learning
. Supervised Machine Learning
As its name suggests, Supervised machine learning is based on supervision. It means
in the supervised learning technique, we train the machines using the "labelled"
dataset, and based on the training, the machine predicts the output. Here, the labelled
data specifies that some of the inputs are already mapped to the output. More
preciously, we can say; first, we train the machine with the input and corresponding
output, and then we ask the machine to predict the output using the test dataset.

Let's understand supervised learning with an example. Suppose we have an input


dataset of cats and dog images. So, first, we will provide the training to the machine
to understand the images, such as the shape & size of the tail of cat and dog, Shape
of eyes, colour, height (dogs are taller, cats are smaller), etc. After completion of
training, we input the picture of a cat and ask the machine to identify the object and
predict the output. Now, the machine is well trained, so it will check all the features of
the object, such as height, shape, colour, eyes, ears, tail, etc., and find that it's a cat. So,
it will put it in the Cat category. This is the process of how the machine identifies the
objects in Supervised Learning.

The main goal of the supervised learning technique is to map the input
variable(x) with the output variable(y). Some real-world applications of supervised
learning are Risk Assessment, Fraud Detection, Spam filtering, etc.

o Classification
o Regression

a) Classification

Classification algorithms are used to solve the classification problems in which the
output variable is categorical, such as "Yes" or No, Male or Female, Red or Blue, etc.
The classification algorithms predict the categories present in the dataset. Some real-
world examples of classification algorithms are Spam Detection, Email filtering, etc.

Some popular classification algorithms are given below:

o Random Forest Algorithm


o Decision Tree Algorithm
o Logistic Regression Algorithm
o Support Vector Machine Algorithm
b) Regression

Regression algorithms are used to solve regression problems in which there is a linear
relationship between input and output variables. These are used to predict continuous
output variables, such as market trends, weather prediction, etc.

Some popular Regression algorithms are given below:

o Simple Linear Regression Algorithm


o Multivariate Regression Algorithm
o Decision Tree Algorithm
o Lasso Regression

Advantages and Disadvantages of Supervised Learning


Advantages:

o Since supervised learning work with the labelled dataset so we can have an exact idea
about the classes of objects.
o These algorithms are helpful in predicting the output on the basis of prior experience.

Disadvantages:

o These algorithms are not able to solve complex tasks.


o It may predict the wrong output if the test data is different from the training data.
o It requires lots of computational time to train the algorithm.

Unsupervised Machine Learning


Unsupervised learning is different from the Supervised learning technique; as its name
suggests, there is no need for supervision. It means, in unsupervised machine learning,
the machine is trained using the unlabeled dataset, and the machine predicts the
output without any supervision.

In unsupervised learning, the models are trained with the data that is neither classified
nor labelled, and the model acts on that data without any supervision.

The main aim of the unsupervised learning algorithm is to group or categories


the unsorted dataset according to the similarities, patterns, and
differences. Machines are instructed to find the hidden patterns from the input
dataset.
Let's take an example to understand it more preciously; suppose there is a basket of
fruit images, and we input it into the machine learning model. The images are totally
unknown to the model, and the task of the machine is to find the patterns and
categories of the objects.

So, now the machine will discover its patterns and differences, such as colour
difference, shape difference, and predict the output when it is tested with the test
dataset.

Categories of Unsupervised Machine Learning


Unsupervised Learning can be further classified into two types, which are given below:

o Clustering
o Association

1) Clustering

The clustering technique is used when we want to find the inherent groups from the
data. It is a way to group the objects into a cluster such that the objects with the most
similarities remain in one group and have fewer or no similarities with the objects of
other groups. An example of the clustering algorithm is grouping the customers by
their purchasing behaviour.

Some of the popular clustering algorithms are given below:

o K-Means Clustering algorithm


o Mean-shift algorithm
o DBSCAN Algorithm
o Principal Component Analysis
o Independent Component Analysis

2) Association

Association rule learning is an unsupervised learning technique, which finds interesting


relations among variables within a large dataset. The main aim of this learning
algorithm is to find the dependency of one data item on another data item and map
those variables accordingly so that it can generate maximum profit. This algorithm is
mainly applied in Market Basket analysis, Web usage mining, continuous
production, etc.
Some popular algorithms of Association rule learning are Apriori Algorithm, Eclat,
FP-growth algorithm.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Unsupervised Learning


Algorithm
Advantages:

o These algorithms can be used for complicated tasks compared to the supervised ones
because these algorithms work on the unlabeled dataset.
o Unsupervised algorithms are preferable for various tasks as getting the unlabeled
dataset is easier as compared to the labelled dataset.

Disadvantages:

o The output of an unsupervised algorithm can be less accurate as the dataset is not
labelled, and algorithms are not trained with the exact output in prior.
o Working with Unsupervised learning is more difficult as it works with the unlabelled
dataset that does not map with the output.

Applications of Unsupervised Learning


o Network Analysis: Unsupervised learning is used for identifying plagiarism and
copyright in document network analysis of text data for scholarly articles.
o Recommendation Systems: Recommendation systems widely use unsupervised
learning techniques for building recommendation applications for different web
applications and e-commerce websites.
o Anomaly Detection: Anomaly detection is a popular application of unsupervised
learning, which can identify unusual data points within the dataset. It is used to discover
fraudulent transactions.
o Singular Value Decomposition: Singular Value Decomposition or SVD is used to
extract particular information from the database. For example, extracting information
of each user located at a particular location.

Semi-Supervised Learning
Semi-Supervised learning is a type of Machine Learning algorithm that lies
between Supervised and Unsupervised machine learning. It represents the
intermediate ground between Supervised (With Labelled training data) and

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