Functions

—————

Phan Thi Khanh Van

E-mail: [email protected]

September 6, 2019

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Table of contents

1 Functions
2 Power Functions
3 Exponential Functions
4 Logarithmic Functions
5 Trigonometric Functions
6 New Functions from Old Functions
7 Composite function
8 Inverse function
9 Inverse trigonometric functions
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 Functions

Functions
A function f is a rule that
assigns to each element x
in a set D exactly one
element, called f (x), in a
set E .

The set D is called the domain of the function.

The number f (x) is the value of f at x.
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f (x) as
x varies through-out the domain:
R = {y ∈ E | ∃x ∈ D : y = f (x)}
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 Functions

Example 1 (algebraically)
The amount of pollution in a certain lake is found to be
1
A(t) = (t 4 + 3)3

where t is measured in years and A(t) is measured in

appropriate units. Find the domain and range of A.

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 Functions

Example 2 (verbally)
A rectangular storage container with an open top has a
volume of 10m3 . The length of its base is twice its width.
Material for the base costs $10 per square meter; material
for the sides costs $6 per square meter. Express the cost
C of materials as a function of the width of the base.
Find the domain and range of C .

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 Functions

Example 3 (visually)
The graph of a function f
is shown in the figure. Find
the domain and range of f .
Find f (1).

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 Functions

Example 4 (numerically)

Temperature readings T (in o F ) were recorded every two

hours from midnight to 2 : 00 PM in Phoenix on
September 10, 2008. The time t was measured in hours
from midnight. Find T (10). Find the domain and range
of T .

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 Functions

Parametric function
(
x = x(t)
y = y (t)

Example
(
x = 1 + 3 cos(t)
The parametric curve is the circle of
y = 2 + 3 sin t
radius 3 and center I (1; 2): (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 9

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 Functions

Piecewise Defined Functions

A cell phone plan has a basic charge of $35 a month.
The plan includes 400 free minutes and charges 10 cents
for each additional minute of usage. Write the monthly
cost C as a function of the number x of minutes used
and graph C as a function of x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 600.
(
35, 0 ≤ x ≤ 400,
C (x) =
35 + 0.1(x − 400), 400 < x ≤ 600.

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 Functions

Symmetry
Even function Odd function
f (x) = f (−x) f (x) = −f (−x)

f (x) = x 3 : (−x)3 = −x 3 : odd function,

f (x) = cos x: cos(−x) = cos x: even function
f (x) = 1 + x 3 : neither odd nor even.
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 Functions

Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Increasing function Decreasing function

x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) > f (x2 )

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 Power Functions

Power Functions x α , α = 2k
* D = R.
* R = [0, ∞).
* Increasing in (0, ∞), decreasing in(−∞, 0).
* Even function.

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 Power Functions

Example
The formula for the horsepower rating H of an engine
with N cylinders is
ND 2
H(D) =
2.5
where D is the diameter of a cylinder.

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 Power Functions

Power Functions x α , α = 2k + 1
* D = R.
* R = R.
* Increasing in R.
* Odd function.

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 Power Functions

Power Functions x α = x1 , α = −1
* D = R\{0}.
* R = R\{0}.
* Increasing in (0, ∞), and (−∞, 0).
* Odd function.

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 Power Functions

1 √ 1
Power Function y = x 2 = x, α = 2
* D = [0, ∞).
* R = [0, ∞).
* Increasing in [0, ∞).
* Neither odd nor even function.

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 Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions y = ax (a > 1)

* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = (0, ∞).
* Increasing in R

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 Exponential Functions

Exponential Functions y = ax (0 < a < 1)

* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = (0, ∞).
* Decreasing in R

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 Exponential Functions

Formula
1 am .an = am+n 1
4 a−m =
am
2 (am )n = amn am
5 = am−n
3 am .b m = a n

(ab)m a n  a n
6 =
bn b

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 Exponential Functions

Drug Medication
The function
D(h) = 5e −0.4h
can be used to find the number of milligrams D of a
certain drug that is in a patients bloodstream h hours
after the drug has been administered. How many
milligrams will be present after 1 hour? After 6 hours?

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 Logarithmic Functions

Logarithmic Functions y = loga x, a > 1

* Domain: D = (0; +∞).
* Range: T = R.
* Increasing function if a > 1, decreasing if a < 1.

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 Logarithmic Functions

Formual
i) ln(xy ) = ln x + ln y
ii) ln x α = α ln x
iii) e ln x = x

a) ln e = 1 d) ln(−1) =?
b) ln 1 = 0 e) ln? = −1
1
c) ln 2 = −2
e

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 Logarithmic Functions

Chemistry
The pH of a chemical solution is given by the formula

pH = − log10 [H + ]

where [H + ] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in

moles per liter. Values of pH range from 0 (acidic) to 14
(alkaline). Distilled water has a pH of 7.

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 Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Function y = sin x

* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = [−1, 1].
* Periodic function, period: 2π
sin(x) = sin(x + 2π)
* Odd function

2 y
1 y = sin x

−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

−1
x

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 Trigonometric Functions

Formula
i) sin(π − x) = sin(x), sin(−x) = − sin x
ii) sin2 x + cos 2 x = 1
iii) sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
1 − cos 2x
iv) sin2 x =
2

a. sin 0 = 0 5π π 1
√ c. sin = sin =
π 2 6 √ 6 2
b. sin = 3
4 2 d. sin? =
2
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 Trigonometric Functions

Example
A Cepheid variable star is a star whose brightness
alternately increases and decreases. The most easily
visible such star is Delta Cephei, for which the interval
between times of maximum brightness is 5.4 days. The
average brightness of this star is 4.0 and its brightness
changes by ±0.35. The brightness of Delta Cephei at
time t, where t is measured in days, has been modeled by
the function
2πt
B(t) = 4 + 0.35 sin( ).
5.4

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 Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric function y = cos x

* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = [−1, 1].
* Periodic function, period: 2π
cos(x) = cos(x + 2π)
* Even function

2 y
1 y = cos x

−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

−1
x

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 Trigonometric Functions

Formula
i) cos(π − x) = − cos x, cos(−x) = cos x
ii) cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x
iii) cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 x
1 + cos 2x
iv) cos2 x =
2
π
v) cos( + kπ) = 0, ∀k ∈ Z
2

±π 2π π 1
a. cos =0 b. cos = − cos = −
2 3 3 2
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 Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric function y = tan x

* Domain: D = R\{ π2 + kπ}.
* Range: R = R.
* Periodic function, period: π
tan(x) = tan(x + π)
* Odd function

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 Trigonometric Functions

y
y = tan x

x
−pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2

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 Trigonometric Functions

Formula
sin x
i) tan x =
cos x
ii) tan(π − x) = tan(−x) = − tan x
iii) tan(π + x) = tan(x)
iv) tan 0 = 0, tan( π2 ) is not defined

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 New Functions from Old Functions

Translating the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

Suppose that c > 0,
* y = f (x) + c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c
units upward.
* y = f (x) − c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c
units downward
* y = f (x − c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c
units to the right
* y = f (x + c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c
units to the left
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 New Functions from Old Functions

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 New Functions from Old Functions

Stretching the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Stretching

Suppose that c > 1,
* y = cf (x), stretch the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a
factor of c
* y = c1 f (x), shrink the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a
factor of c
* y = f (cx), shrink the graph of y = f (x) horizontally by
a factor of c
* y = f (x/c), stretch the graph of y = f (x) horizontally
by a factor of c

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 New Functions from Old Functions

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 New Functions from Old Functions

Reflecting the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Reflecting

* y = −f (x), reflect the
graph of y = f (x) about
the x-axis

* y = f (−x), reflect the

graph of y = f (x) about
the y-axis

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 Composite function

Composite function
Given two functions f and
g , the composite function
f ◦ g (also called the
composition of f and g ) is
defined by
f ◦ g (x) = f (g (x))

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 Composite function

Example
√
1 f = x 2 + 1, g = x +√1
f ◦ g = x + 2, g ◦ f = x 2 + 2
Domain of g ◦ f : D = R.
Domain of f ◦ g : D = [−1, ∞)
2 If you invest x dollars at 4% interest compounded
annually, then the amount A(x) of the investment
after one year is A(x) = 1.04x. Find A ◦ A, A ◦ A ◦ A,
A ◦ A ◦ A ◦ A. What do these compositions represent?

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 Composite function

Example
A ship is moving at a speed of 30km/h parallel to a
straight shoreline. The ship is 6km from shore and it
passes a light- house at noon.
a) Express the distance s between the lighthouse and the
ship as a function of d, the distance the ship has
traveled since noon; that is, find f so that s = f (d).
b) Express d as a function of t, the time elapsed since
noon; that is, find g so that d = g (t).
c) Find f ◦ g . What does this function represent?

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 Inverse function

One-to-one Function
y = f (x) is called a one to one function if for every
y ∈ R, there exists one and only one x ∈ D such that
y = f (x).

One-to-one function Not one-to-one function

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 Inverse function

Inverse function
Let y = f (x) be a one-to-one function. We have

∀y ∈ R, ∃!x ∈ D : x = g (y ).

y = g (x) = f −1 (x) is called the inverse function of f (x).

f (f −1 (y )) = y , f −1 (f (x)) = x

Example
√
1 Given y = f (x) = x 3 ⇔ x = 3 y
√
Then, f −1 (x) = 3 x.
x 3 +1
√
2 Given y = f (x) =
√ e ⇔ x = 3
ln y − 1
−1 3
Then, f (x) = ln x − 1.
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 Inverse function

The graph of f and f −1 is symmetric about the line y =

x
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 Inverse trigonometric functions

Inverse trigonometric function y = arcsin x

y = arcsin x ⇐⇒ x = sin y
π π
D : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 R :− ≤y ≤
2 2

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 Inverse trigonometric functions

Inverse trigonometric function y = arccos x

y = arccos x ⇐⇒ x = cos y
D : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, R :0≤y ≤π

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 Inverse trigonometric functions

Inverse trigonometric function y = arctan x

y = arctan x ⇐⇒ x = tan y
π π
D : R, R :− <y <
2 2

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 Inverse trigonometric functions

Inverse trigonometric function y = arccot x

y = arccot x ⇐⇒ x = cot y
D : R, R :0<y <π

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 Inverse trigonometric functions

Properties
π
arcsin x + arccos x = 2

π
arctan x + arccot x = 2

(
π
2, x > 0
arctan x + arctan x1 =
− π2 , x < 0

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 Inverse trigonometric functions

Example
a) arcsin 1 = π2 d) arctan(−1) = − π4
√
2 √
b) arccos = π4 e) arcsin 3 =?
√2
c) arctan 3 = π3 f) arcsin? = −2

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 Inverse trigonometric functions

Thank you for your attention!

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