COSH LESSON 1

HEINRICH'S DOMINO THEORY

WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Heinrich's Domino Theory states that accidents
(OSH)? result from a chain of sequential events,
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is an metaphorically like a line of dominoes falling
interdisciplinary activity concerned with the over.
prevention of occupational risks inherent to
each work activity. The main aim is the
promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of safety and health at work, therefore
creating conditions to avoid the occurrence of
work accidents and ill health.

WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

(OSH)?
Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a
discipline with a broad scope involving the
three major fields:
1. Occupational Safety
2. Occupational Health
3. Industrial Hygiene

WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH HEINRICH'S DOMINO THEORY

(OSH)? Heinrich's Domino Theory states that accidents
According to the International Labour result from a chain of sequential events,
Organization (ILO), OSH encompasses the metaphorically like a line of dominoes falling
social, mental and physical well-being of over
workers, that is the "whole person”. When one of the dominoes falls, it triggers the
next one, and the next... -but removing a key
GLOBAL OSH DATA: ILO 2023/2024 factor (such as an unsafe condition or an
unsafe act) prevents the start of the chain
• 2.93M workers die each year as result of reaction.
work-related factors
• 395M workers worldwide sustain a non- Heinrich's Survey
fatal work injury each year 88% Unsafe or Unhealthy Acts
• 2.41B workers are exposed to excessive 10% Unsafe or Unhealthy Conditions
heat each year 2% Acts of Nature
• $361B could be saved globally by
implementing improved safety and DIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS
health measures to prevent injuries from Tend to be the ones that we think of first.
excessive heat in the workplace
✓ Emergency Medical Care
✓ Injury, sickness, damage to property
✓ Equipment Damage or Material Spoilage
✓ Compensation Payments
✓ Investigations of Legal Authority
✓ Insurance Premiums

INDIRECT COSTS OF ACCIDENTS

those that are less obvious, but they account for
more on the overall cost

1) Injured Worker
• lost productivity on day of injury
• lost productivity due to follow-up care
• lost productivity after returning to work

2) Worker's Crew
• completing added work
• assisting injured worker
• lost productivity due to inspection

3) Crew around Accident Site

• watching events and discussing accident

4) Training Replacement Worker

5) Supervisors Unsafe Conditions
• investigating accident An unsafe condition is any situation or condition
• preparing reports (whether physical or chemical in nature) in a
• time with management, owner or regulatory workplace’s environment,
agencies equipment/machine, or material that is likely to
cause injury, illness, and even property
INDIRECT COST damage.
Ex: Legal, lost man-hour, loss of productivity
Examples of Unsafe Condition
SO WHY OSH? 1. Defective tools, equipment, or supplies
LEGAL REASON: For OSH is related to the 2. Inadequate machine guards
compensatory, punitive, and preventive effects 3. Inadequate support and bracing for scaffold
of laws, that protect the safety and health of 4. Inadequate warning system
workers. 5. Conditions or situation which may lead to fire
or explosion
ECONOMIC: There are powerful economic 6. Poor housekeeping
reasons for decreasing work concerning 7. Uneven walking surface
accidents as well as ill health and diseases 8. Excessive noise
related to work can result in many days of 9. Poor ventilation
absence from work. Accidents can hinder 10. Poor illumination
normal operations and it is a possible addition
to the operating costs of a company. Factors contributing to Unsafe Acts and
Conditions
MORAL: It is morally right to safeguard worker
from any kind of harm. It is the duty of all 1. Improper Attitude
companies to provide the best care for their 2. Physical Limitations
employees. 3. Lack of Knowledge or Skills
4. Lack of Supervision
CLEAR POINTS
Safety
Occupational Safety and Health Is important A state of freedom from risks usually achieved
because: through all measures and arrangements set to
protect workers from injury or ill health. Freedom
1. It provides safety and health measures in from accidents; Freedom from harm, injury, and
different work environments and sectors. loss.

2. It is an area that is concerned with the safety, Accident

health, as well as the welfare of people engage Accident is unplanned or unexpected
in organization occurrence / event that may result in property
damage and does result in an injury or illness to
3. It also increases productivity when employees a worker
are healthy and happy.
Incident
UNSAFE ACTS & UNSAFE CONDITIONS Incident is an unplanned or unexpected
occurrence / event that may result in property
damage, but does not result in an injury or or
illness
Also called "Near-miss”

Hazard & Risk

Hazard
A hazard is any source of potential damage,
harm or adverse health effects on something or
someone.
Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm or
an adverse effect (for example, to people as
health effects, to organizations as property or
Two Immediate Causes of Accidents equipment losses, or to the environment).
Unsafe Acts
Unsafe Conditions Risk
Risk is a combination of the probability of the
Unsafe Acts contact of a person to the hazard and the
Unsafe act is a performance of a task severity of the effect when a person comes into
conducted in a manner that may cause injury, contact with a hazard.
illness, property damage. This includes improper The risk is lowered either if it is unlikely that a
action or behavior. Unsafe act is also defined as person may come into contact with a hazard or
a human action that deviates from standard the severity of the effect due to contact is low.
practices.
Hazard Statement together with higher-level controls. They
Hazard statement is a phrase that describes the include:
nature of the hazard. • Procedures, such as equipment inspections,
planned preventive maintenance, checklists,
Hazard statement consists of 3 Parts: lockout/tagout/tryout, infection prevention and
a. Who is exposed control practices, changing work schedules,
b. What is the hazard pre- and post-task reviews, and rotation of
c. What are the possible effects of the hazard workers

COSH LESSON 2 • Training on topics such as hazard

communication, permit-required confined
The Hierarchy of Control space entry, lockout/tagout/tryout, and safe
identifying and ranking safeguards to protect work procedures
workers from hazards. They are arranged from
the most to least effective and include • Warnings, such as signs, backup alarms,
elimination, substitution, engineering controls, smoke detectors, computer messages, mirrors,
administrative controls and personal protective horns, labels, and instructions.
equipment.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes
clothing and devices to protect workers. PPE
needs constant effort and attention (Including
proper use and training) from workers. Higher-
level controls aren't always feasible, and PPE
might be needed in conjunction with other
control measures.
Examples:
• Safety glasses
• Personal Fall Protection Systems and related
equipment
• Hardhats
• Respirators
The Hierarchy of Control • Hearing protection
• Protective clothing
Elimination
Elimination makes sure the hazard no longer What Are Feasible Controls?
exists. To decide if a control is feasible, you need to
Examples: know how well it can protect workers and
• Ending the use of a hazardous material whether it car be implemented successfully.
• Doing work at ground level rather than at Consider whether it is:
heights
• Stopping the use of noisy processes • Right for the hazard
• Appropriate, given how likely injuries/illnesses
Substitution are
Substitution means changing out a material or • Consistent with employer policies, laws, and
process to reduce the hazard. regulations
Examples: • Not too burdensome to workers
• Switching to a less hazardous material • Recognized as an appropriate practice in the
• Switching to a process that uses less force, industry
speed, temperature, or electrical current • Effective, reliable, and durable
• Readily available
Engineering controls • Cost-effective, short- and long-term
Engineering controls reduce exposure by
preventing hazards from coming into contact
with workers. They still allow workers to do their
jobs, though.
Examples:
• Noise enclosures
• Local exhaust ventilation
• Guardrail system
• Machine guards
• Interlocks
• Lift equipment

Administrative controls
Administrative controls change the way work is
done or give workers more information by
providing workers with relevant procedures,
training, or warnings. They're often used
HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS WORKSHEET • Provide training to workers on the hazards of
Hazard or Hazardous Situation/Activity: A VOC exposure, proper use of PPE, and safe
painter will apply paint with a high level of VOCs work procedures
to a metal surface inside a factory. • Implement a permit-to-work system for
painting activities
Control Method • Minimize exposure to hazardous substances
Elimination by limiting the length of time of exposure
• The application could be done by an (implement shift changes)
automated process instead.
• If painting is necessary, pre-coat the metal New Hazard/s Created
surfaces off-site in a controlled environment. • Respiratory illnesses or other systemic health
effects if the respiratory protection program is
New Hazard/s Created inadequate of not effective, or if training is
• Transportation accidents leading to injuries if ineffective, leading to improper work practices.
pre-coated materials are not handled or
transported safely. Control Method
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE
Control Method • Require workers to wear appropriate
Substitution respiratory protection based on the level of
• Substitute the high-VOC paint with a lower- VOC exposure
VOC or no-VOC alternative • Provide workers with chemical-resistant gloves
• Use a different coating method that doesn't to protect their skin
involve VOC exposure (e.g., powder coating, • Ensure workers wear eye protection
electroplating) • Provide protection clothing to prevent skin
contamination
New Hazard/s Created
• Allergic reactions or dermatitis from exposure New Hazard/s Created
to alternative coating materials • Respiratory illnesses or other systemic health
• Respiratory irritation from dust generated effects if respirators are not correctly selected,
during powder coating processes if not properly fit-tested, or used
controlled • Dermatitis or skin irritation from direct contact
with VOCs if gloves or protective clothing are
Control Method inadequate or not worn.
Engineering Controls • Eye irritation or chemical burns from splashes
• Install local exhaust ventilation systems. to or exposure to VOC vapors if eye protection is
capture VOC vapors at the source not worn
• Provide general dilution ventilation to
Increase air circulation and reduce VOC
concentrations in the work area
• Ensure proper ventilation is in place to keep
fumes at bay.
• Enclose the painting process in a separate
ventilated room or booth

New Hazard/s Created

• Noise-induced hearing loss from prolonged
exposure to ventilation equipment noise
• Respiratory irritation if local exhaust ventilation
systems are not effective in capturing VOCs or if
general ventilation is inadequate.
COSH LESSON 3
Control Method COMMUNICATING OSH
Administrative Controls: Warnings Communication
• Post warning signs in the painting area to alert • The process that allows us to interact with
workers to VOC hazards.
other people.
• Use clear labeling on paint containers to
indicate VOC content and hazards • Without it, we would be unable to share
knowledge or experiences with anything
New Hazard/s Created outside of ourselves.
• Acute or chronic respiratory illness if workers • Communication is what we do to give and
are not adequately informed of VOC hazards get understanding.
and fail to take necessary precautions.
Key to a healthy, safe, and productive
Control Method
Administrative Controls: Procedures and workplace.
Training • Ensure roles and directions are understood, to
• Develop and implement a written respiratory warn against dangers, to avoid unsafe
program practices, to promote critical emergency
response and particularly to learn about the 6. Encourage participation from your audience
concerns and hazards that workers encounter. 7. Use visuals
8. Be authentic
The Communication Equation 9. End with action

- If you don't know the answer, do say what you

know
• Offer to follow up
10% words
• Direct them to expert
50% what you hear
40%
what you feel
"The biggest communication problem is we do
not listen to understand, we listen to respond.”
-Stephen Covey
What you see or feel
• Facial expression CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES
• Dress and grooming Planning for site layout is very crucial for the
• Posture success of the project. Every project has its
• Eye Contact unique layout. Apart from other uncertainties
• Touch like project designs, environmental effects and
• Gesture time constraints, site layout planning in itself is
What you hear typical multi objective problem.
• Tone of voice
• Vocal Clarity What are the things to consider in ensuring a
• Verbal Expressiveness safe and healthy construction site premise?
• • Strategic planning of location of temporary
Barriers to communication facilities, welfare facilities, entrances/exits,
• Environment access, staging areas, parking areas,
➢ cultural differences evacuation areas, etc.
➢ values and attitudes • Strategically posted on-site and can easily be
➢ generation gap understood with labels and legends.
• Channels
➢ language Advantages of Layout Planning
➢ noise • Pre-planned temporary facility locations:
➢ hearing ➢ Ensures efficient setup and resource
allocation.
Communication tools • Optimized area utilization:
• Toolbox Meetings or talks ➢ Maximizes the use of available space.
➢ Toolbox talks should focus on a single • Prevention of unauthorized construction:
topic and be held regularly for greatest ➢ Eliminates unnecessary and potentially
impact. hazardous structures.
➢ Allow safety officers and workers to • Reduced worker time and motion:
explore the risks of specific health and ➢ Strategic placement of material
safety issues in the workplace and think laydown and equipment.
of ways to deal w/ them. Perimeter Fences and Gates
• Prevention of unauthorized entry
• Safety briefings ➢ Restricts access to the construction site.
➢ useful way to keep health and safety • Worker security
forefront on the minds of workers and ➢ Helps secure workers within the site's
make them aware of the current risk and boundaries
hazards. • Public Protection
➢ Daily safety briefings by supervisors to all ➢ Protects the public from potential
workers that help foster good safety and hazards outside the site.
health care. • Equipment theft deterrence
➢ Reducing the risk of construction
Tips for Effective Toolbox Talks equipment theft.
1. Talk directly to your audience • Property protection
2. Keep it brief ➢ Safeguards construction property from
3. Stay positive and use encouraging language vandalism and sabotage.
4. Explain "Why" to demonstrate your point
5. Tell stories
Security Personnel • Designated walkways
• Protection of life and property ➢ Implement firm, well-drained pedestrian
➢ Defers and prevents threats such as theft, walkways with direct routes
robbery, and vandalism • Vehicle movement minimization
• Immediate damage minimization ➢ Optimize planning to reduce vehicle
➢ Provides rapid response to protect and • Movement around the site
secure property ➢ Provide off-work-area parking for
• Public access Control workforce and visitors
➢ Prevents unauthorized entry into the • Control entry to work area
Construction area ➢ Plan storage areas to avoid delivery
vehicle site crossings
Temporary Facilities
• Structural Integrity Good Housekeeping
➢ Constructed to withstand strong winds & • Cleanliness of facilities
typhoons ➢ Maintain cleanliness of buildings, yards,
• Weather protection machines and equipment.
➢ Adequate weathertight temporary • Regular waste disposal
offices ➢ Implement consistent and timely waste
• Essential amenities removal.
➢ Provision and maintenance of basic • Orderly arrangement
facilities (water, light, etc.) ➢ Ensure orderly arrange of processes,
operations, storage, and material filling.
Welfare Facilities
• Adequate sanitary and washing facilities Benefits of Good Housekeeping
➢ Ensures hygiene and health •Reduced Hazards
• Changing and storage facilities •Enhanced safety and Health
➢ Provides secure and dry storage for work •Resource optimization
clothes ➢ Saves time, money, materials, space,
• Meal and shelter accommodation and effort
➢ Offers comfortable spaces for breaks • Improved performance
and meals ➢ Improves productivity and quality of
• Suitable living accommodation (if applicable) work
➢ Provides safe and comfortable living • Increased morale
space for workers on remote sites • Positive Image
• Gender-specific facilities ➢ Reflects a well-run organization
➢ Separate sanitary, washing, and
sleeping facilities for men and women. 5 S In Good House keeping
• Sate Drinking water supply
➢ Ensures access to clean and potable • Originally developed by HIROYUKI HIRANO
water A systematic and step-by-step technique of
Waste elimination from work environment.
Traffic management
• Safe vehicle and pedestrian movement 1. "Seiri" Sort
➢ Organize the site to ensure safe ❖ Eliminate that which is not needed
movement for all ❖ Identity & eliminate all unnecessary items
• Comprehensive vehicle definition from the workplace
➢ Includes cars, vans, lorries, mobile plant, ❖ Decide what you need
construction heavy equipment ❖ Remove unnecessary clutter
(excavators, lift-trucks, dumpers, etc.)
• Suitable and sufficient routes 2. “Seiton” or Straighten/Systematized
➢ Routes appropriate for users, positioned ❖ Put all essential materials in a systematic
correctly, and of adequate size and order
number ❖ Organize what remains after sorting
• Pedestrian and vehicles segregation ❖ Organize layout of tools and equipment
➢ Keep pedestrian and vehicles apart ❖ Ensure everything is available as it is
• Separate entrances and exits needed and at the "point of use"
➢ Provide distinct entry and exit gateways
for pedestrians and vehicles "A place for everything and everything in
place."
3. “Seiso” or Shine
❖ Clean and inspect the work area
❖ Clean and/or polish the workplace to
attain a dirt or dust-free state
❖ Inspecting for defects
❖ Divide areas imo zones
❖ Define responsibilities for cleaning
❖ Tools and equipment must be owned by
an individual

4. “Seiketsu” or Standardized

❖ Write standards for 5S.

❖ Generate a maintenance system for the
first 3S.
❖ Regularly audit using checklists and
measures of housekeeping

"System should apply to all!"

5. Shitsuke or Sustain/Self-plscipline

❖ Consistently apply the 5s standards

❖ A condition where all members practice
the above 4s spontaneously and willingly
as a way of life

"Do without being told”