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Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

CHAPTER 6
NETWORK OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

Review Questions

6.1-1 A supply node is a node where the net amount of flow generated is a fixed positive number. A
demand node is a node where the net amount of flow generated is a fixed negative number. A
transshipment node is a node where the net amount of flow generated is fixed at zero.
6.1-2 The maximum amount of flow allowed through an arc is referred to as the capacity of that arc.
6.1-3 The objective is to minimize the total cost of sending the available supply through the network to
satisfy the given demand.
6.1-4 The feasible solutions property is necessary. It states that a minimum cost flow problem will have
a feasible solution if and only if the sum of the supplies from its supply nodes equals the sum of
the demands at its demand nodes.
6.1-5 As long as all its supplies and demands have integer values, any minimum cost flow problem with
feasible solutions is guaranteed to have an optimal solution with integer values for all its flow
quantities.
6.1-6 Network simplex method.
6.1-7 Applications of minimum cost flow problems include operation of a distribution network, solid
waste management, operation of a supply network, coordinating product mixes at plants, and cash
flow management.
6.1-8 Transportation problems, assignment problems, transshipment problems, maximum flow
problems, and shortest path problems are special types of minimum cost flow problems.
6.2-1 One of the company’s most important distribution centers (Los Angeles) urgently needs an
increased flow of shipments from the company.
6.2-2 Auto replacement parts are flowing through the network from the company’s main factory in
Europe to its distribution center in LA.
6.2-3 The objective is to maximize the flow of replacement parts from the factory to the LA distribution
center.
6.3-1 Rather than minimizing the cost of the flow, the objective is to find a flow plan that maximizes the
amount flowing through the network from the source to the sink.
6.3-2 The source is the node at which all flow through the network originates. The sink is the node at
which all flow through the network terminates. At the source, all arcs point away from the node.
At the sink, all arcs point into the node.

6-1
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

6.3-3 The amount is measured by either the amount leaving the source or the amount entering the sink.
6.3-4 1. Whereas supply nodes have fixed supplies and demand nodes have fixed demands, the source
and sink do not.
2. Whereas the number of supply nodes and the number of demand nodes in a minimum cost
flow problem may be more than one, there can be only one source and only one sink in a
standard maximum flow problem.
6.3-5 Applications of maximum flow problems include maximizing the flow through a distribution
network, maximizing the flow through a supply network, maximizing the flow of oil through a
system of pipelines, maximizing the flow of water through a system of aqueducts, and maximizing
the flow of vehicles through a transportation network.
6.4-1 The origin is the fire station and the destination is the farm community.
6.4-2 Flow can go in either direction between the nodes connected by links as opposed to only one
direction with an arc.
6.4-3 The origin now is the one supply node, with a supply of one. The destination now is the one
demand node, with a demand of one.
6.4-4 The length of a link can measure distance, cost, or time.
6.4-5 Sarah wants to minimize her total cost of purchasing, operating, and maintaining the cars over her
four years of college.
6.4-6 When “real travel” through a network can end at more that one node, a dummy destination needs
to be added so that the network will have just a single destination.
6.4-7 Quick’s management must consider trade-offs between time and cost in making its final decision.

Problems
6.1 In this study, flight delay and cancellation problems faced by United Airlines (UA) are modeled as
minimum-cost-flow network models. The overall objective is to minimize a weighted sum of
various measures related to delay. These include the total number of delay minutes for every
passenger, the number of passengers affected by delays and the number of aircraft swaps. Nodes
represent "arriving and departing aircraft, spare aircraft, and recovered aircraft" on a two-
dimensional network, with time and airport being the two dimensions. Arcs represent "scheduled
flights, connections, and aircraft substitutions" [p. 56]. Costs include the revenue loss, the costs
from swapping aircraft and from delaying aircraft.

6-2
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

The delay problem is solved for each airport separately as a minimum-cost-flow network problem.
The flow on each arc can be at most one. The solution is a set of arcs starting at a supply node and
ending at a demand node, which determines flight delays due to shortage in aircraft. The
cancellation model is a minimum-cost-flow network problem on the entire network. Again, the
flow on each arc cannot exceed one. The solution determines which flight is canceled and what
flight its aircraft is assigned to.
This study has saved UA over half a billion dollars in delay costs alone in less than a year. Many
potential delays were prevented and hence the number of flight delays was reduced by 50%.
Customer inconveniences due to delays and cancellations were reduced. Additionally, developing
an efficient way of addressing these problems helped UA respond to changes in the conditions
quickly.
6.2 a)
[40] [-30]
6
S1 7 D1
4
[-40]
D2
[60] 5 [-30]
8
S2 6 D3

b)
A B C D E F G H I
1 From To Ship Unit Cost Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 Source 1 Destination 1 0 $6 Source 1 40 = 40
3 Source 1 Destination 2 10 $7 Source 2 60 = 60
4 Source 1 Destination 3 30 $4 Destination 1 -30 = -30
5 Source 2 Destination 1 30 $5 Destination 2 -40 = -40
6 Source 2 Destination 2 30 $8 Destination 3 -30 = -30
7 Source 2 Destination 3 0 $6
8
9 Total Cost $580

6.3 a)
supply nodes transshipment nodes demand nodes
P1 W1 RO1

RO2

P2 W2 RO3

6-3
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

b)
[200] [0] [-150]
425 470
P1 W1 RO1
[125] 505 [100]
560 [150]
490 [-200]
[150]
[100] RO2

510 390
[0] [125]
[175] 410
P2 600 W2 [150] 440 RO3
[200]
[300] [75] [-150]

c)
A B C D E F G H I J K
1 From To Ship Capacity Unit Cost Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 P1 WH1 125 <= 125 $425 P1 200 = 200
3 P1 WH2 75 <= 150 $560 P2 300 = 300
4 P2 WH1 125 <= 175 $510 WH1 0 = 0
5 P2 WH2 175 <= 200 $600 WH2 0 = 0
6 WH1 RO1 100 <= 100 $470 RO1 -150 = -150
7 WH1 RO2 50 <= 150 $505 RO2 -200 = -200
8 WH1 RO3 100 <= 100 $490 RO3 -150 = -150
9 WH2 RO1 50 <= 125 $390
10 WH2 RO2 150 <= 150 $410
11 WH2 RO3 50 <= 75 $440
12
13 Total Cost $488,125

6.4 a)
supply nodes transshipment nodes demand nodes
V1 W1 F1

V2

V3 W2 F2

b)
[10] [0] [-10]
23,440 200
V1 W1 F1
22,960 [6] 700 [6]
23,150 23,200 [6]
[10] [6] [6] [-6]
[6]
0 V2 23,200 F2
400
[6] [6]
0 [0] 500
V3 23,000 W2 [6]
0 [6]
[10]
D
[-14]

6-4
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

c)
A B C D E F G H I J K
1 Fixed Per Total Total
2 Shipping Mile Miles to Miles to Cost to Cost to
3 Vendor Price Charge Charge WH1 WH2 WH1 WH2
4 1 $22,500 $300 $0.40 1600 400 $23,440 $22,960
5 2 $22,700 $200 $0.50 500 600 $23,150 $23,200
6 3 $22,300 $500 $0.20 2000 1000 $23,200 $23,000
7
8
9 From To Ship Capacity Unit Cost Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
10 V1 WH1 0 <= 6 $23,440 V1 10 = 10
11 V1 WH2 6 <= 6 $22,960 V2 10 = 10
12 V2 WH1 6 <= 6 $23,150 V3 10 = 10
13 V2 WH2 0 <= 6 $23,200 WH1 0 = 0
14 V3 WH1 0 <= 6 $23,200 WH2 0 = 0
15 V3 WH2 4 <= 6 $23,000 F1 -10 = -10
16 WH1 F1 6 <= 6 $200 F2 -6 = -6
17 WH1 F2 0 <= 6 $700 D -14 = -14
18 WH2 F1 4 <= 6 $400
19 WH2 F2 6 <= 6 $500
20 V1 D 4 $0
21 V2 D 4 $0
22 V3 D 6 $0
23
24 Total Cost $374,460

6.5 a)
[-50] [0] [0] [50]
3000 5700 2000
SE [20] BN [40] HA [60] BE
4000 6300
2400
[30] [0]
[40] [20]
[0] 5900 RO
NY [60]
5400 [0]
3400 4200 [40] BO 2500
2900
[10] [80] 6800 [70] [50]
[0] [50] [0]
LA 3100 NO 6100 LI 3200 ST
[70] [30] [40]
[-130] [130]

b)
A B C D E F G H I J K
1 From To Ship Capacity Unit Cost Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 ST LI 30 <= 40 $3,200 ST 130 = 130
3 ST BO 70 <= 70 $2,500 BE 50 = 50
4 ST RO 30 <= 50 $2,900 LI 0 = 0
5 BE RO 20 <= 20 $2,400 BO 0 = 0
6 BE HA 30 <= 60 $2,000 RO 0 = 0
7 LI NO 30 <= 30 $6,100 HA 0 = 0
8 BO NO 30 <= 50 $6,800 NO 0 = 0
9 BO NY 40 <= 40 $5,400 NY 0 = 0
10 RO NY 50 <= 60 $5,900 BN 0 = 0
11 HA NY 0 <= 30 $6,300 LA -130 = -130
12 HA BN 30 <= 40 $5,700 SE -50 = -50
13 NO LA 60 <= 70 $3,100
14 NY LA 60 <= 80 $4,200
15 NY SE 30 <= 40 $4,000
16 BN LA 10 <= 10 $3,400
17 BN SE 20 <= 20 $3,000
18
19 Total Cost $2,187,000

6-5
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

c) The total shipping cost is $2,187,000.

6-6
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

6.6 a)
[0]
[0] 5900 RO
NY [60] 2900
[0] [50]
5400
4200 [40] BO
2500
[80] 6800 [70]
[0] [50] [0]
LA 3100 NO 6100 LI 3200 ST
[70] [30] [40]
[-130] [130]

b)
A B C D E F G H I J K
1 From To Ship Capacity Unit Cost Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 ST LI 30 <= 40 $3,200 ST 130 = 130
3 ST BO 70 <= 70 $2,500 LI 0 = 0
4 ST RO 30 <= 50 $2,900 BO 0 = 0
5 LI NO 30 <= 30 $6,100 RO 0 = 0
6 BO NO 30 <= 50 $6,800 NO 0 = 0
7 BO NY 40 <= 40 $5,400 NY 0 = 0
8 RO NY 30 <= 60 $5,900 LA -130 = -130
9 NO LA 60 <= 70 $3,100
10 NY LA 70 <= 80 $4,200
11
12 Total Cost $1,618,000

c)
SE BN HA BE

RO
NY

d)
[-50] [0] [0] [50]
3000 5700 2000
SE [20] BN [40] HA [60] BE
6300
4000 2400
[30] [0] [20]
[40]
[0] 5900 RO
NY [60]

e)
A B C D E F G H I J K
1 From To Ship Capacity Unit Cost Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 BE RO 20 <= 20 $2,400 BE 50 = 50
3 BE HA 30 <= 60 $2,000 RO 0 = 0
4 RO NY 20 <= 60 $5,900 HA 0 = 0
5 HA NY 10 <= 30 $6,300 NY 0 = 0
6 HA BN 20 <= 40 $5,700 BN 0 = 0
7 NY SE 30 <= 40 $4,000 SE -50 = -50
8 BN SE 20 <= 20 $3,000
9
10 Total Cost $583,000

6-7
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

f) $1,618,000 + $583,000 = $2,201,000 which is higher than the total in Problem 6.5
($2,187,000).

6-8
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

6.7
(50) RO
[60] (50)
NY
(30) [50]
(80) [40] BO (70)
[80] (40)
[70]
[50]
LA (70) NO (30) LI (30) ST
[70] [30] [40]

There are only two arcs into LA, with a combined capacity of 150 (80 + 70). Because of this
bottleneck, it is not possible to ship any more than 150 from ST to LA. Since 150 actually are being
shipped in this solution, it must be optimal.
6.8 Both Gassco and StatoilHydro use a management science tool called GassOpt to optimize the
configuration of the offshore pipeline network on the Norwegian Continental Shelf and the routing
of the natural gas through the network. The routing done by GassOpt is based on a model that is a
generalization of the model for the maximum flow problem. Like the maximum flow problem, the
objective is to maximize the flow of natural gas through the network. However, rather than a single
source and a single sink, this model has multiple sources (separate natural gas fields) and multiple
sinks (separate markets). In addition, the model has a number of extra constraints mentioned in
the application vignette.
The use of GassOpt has had many important benefits. By optimizing the use of production
possibilities, it has increased fulfillment of contractual obligations. It has avoided decisions that
would have reduced oil production and created new bottlenecks and system dependencies. It has
led to better decisions regarding the booking of transport capacity. It has prevented poor
investment decisions. It has provided new insights that improved market analysis. It has improved
understanding of system effects in the transport network. It also has increased awareness and
appreciation of management science models throughout the organization.
In monetary terms, the accumulated savings from all these benefits are estimated to be $2 billion
over the period 1995 to 2008.

6-9
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

6.9
A B C D E F G H I J
1 From To Ship Capacity Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 A B 8 <= 9 A 15
3 A C 7 <= 7 B 0 = 0
4 B D 7 <= 7 C 0 = 0
5 B E 1 <= 2 D 0 = 0
6 C D 1 <= 4 E 0 = 0
7 C E 6 <= 6 F -15
8 D E 2 <= 3
9 D F 6 <= 6
10 E F 9 <= 9
11
12 Maximum Flow 15

6-10
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Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

6.10 a)
Sources Transshipment Nodes Sink

R1 [75] A [60] D
[45] [120]
[65]
[40] [70]
R2 B E T
[50] [55] [190]
[45]
[60]

[80] [70] [130]

R3 C F
[70] [90]

b)
A B C D E F G H I J
1 From To Ship Capacity Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 R1 A 65 <= 75 R1 95
3 R1 B 30 <= 65 R2 150
4 R2 A 40 <= 40 R3 150
5 R2 B 50 <= 50 A 0 = 0
6 R2 C 60 <= 60 B 0 = 0
7 R3 B 80 <= 80 C 0 = 0
8 R3 C 70 <= 70 D 0 = 0
9 A D 60 <= 60 E 0 = 0
10 A E 45 <= 45 F 0 = 0
11 B D 60 <= 70 T -395
12 B E 55 <= 55
13 B F 45 <= 45
14 C E 45 <= 70
15 C F 85 <= 90
16 D T 120 <= 120
17 E T 145 <= 190
18 F T 130 <= 130
19
20 Maximum Flow 395

6.11 a)
AK

SE PT

KC SL CH ME
SF
SF AT
NO
CA TX

6-11
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

b)
Distribution
Oil Fields Refineries Centers
TX NO PT

CA CH AT

AK SE KC

ME SL SF

c)
[11] [5]
TX NO PT
[7] [9]
[8] [2] [4] [6]
[5] [8]
CA [4] CH [7] AT
[9]
[7] [8] [5]
[7] [4]
AK [3] SE [6] KC
[12] [7]
[6] [8]
[8][9] [12]
[11]
ME [4] SL [9] SF
[15] [7]

6-12
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

d)
A B C D E F G H I J
1 From To Ship Capacity Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 Texas New Orleans 11 <= 11 Texas 28
3 Texas Charleston 7 <= 7 California 24
4 Texas Seattle 2 <= 2 Alaska 28
5 Texas St. Louis 8 <= 8 Middle East 28
6 California New Orleans 5 <= 5 New Orleans 0 = 0
7 California Charleston 4 <= 4 Charleston 0 = 0
8 California Seattle 8 <= 8 Seattle 0 = 0
9 California St. Louis 7 <= 7 St. Louis 0 = 0
10 Alaska New Orleans 7 <= 7 Pittsburgh -26
11 Alaska Charleston 3 <= 3 Atlanta -33
12 Alaska Seattle 12 <= 12 Kansas City -25
13 Alaska St. Louis 6 <= 6 San Francisco -24
14 Middle East New Orleans 1 <= 8
15 Middle East Charleston 9 <= 9
16 Middle East Seattle 3 <= 4
17 Middle East St. Louis 15 <= 15
18 New Orleans Pittsburgh 5 <= 5
19 New Orleans Atlanta 9 <= 9
20 New Orleans Kansas City 6 <= 6
21 New Orleans San Francisco 4 <= 4
22 Charleston Pittsburgh 8 <= 8
23 Charleston Atlanta 7 <= 7
24 Charleston Kansas City 3 <= 9
25 Charleston San Francisco 5 <= 5
26 Seattle Pittsburgh 4 <= 4
27 Seattle Atlanta 6 <= 6
28 Seattle Kansas City 7 <= 7
29 Seattle San Francisco 8 <= 8
30 St. Louis Pittsburgh 9 <= 12
31 St. Louis Atlanta 11 <= 11
32 St. Louis Kansas City 9 <= 9
33 St. Louis San Francisco 7 <= 7
34
35 Maximum Flow 108

6.12 Prior to this study, Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) used to run trains only after a sufficient level of
freight was attained. This policy resulted in unreliable delivery times, so poor customer service. In
order to improve customer service and utilization of available resources, CPR designed the railway
operating plan called Integrated Operating Plan (IOP). "The problem of designing a railway
operating plan is to satisfy a set of customer requirements expressed in terms of origin-destination
traffic movements, using a blocking plan and a train plan. Thus, the primary variables are the
blocks and trains. The constraints are the capacities of the lines and yards, the customer-service
requirements, and the availability of various assets, such as crews and locomotives. The objective
function in an abstract sense is to maximize profits" [p. 8].
Developing the blocking plan, i.e., determining the group of railcars to move together at some
point during their trips, involves solving a series of shortest-path problems over a directed graph.
The train plan is based on the blocking plan. It includes departure and arrival times for the trains,
blocks they pick up and crew schedules. This problem is solved for each train using heuristics.
Following this, simulation models and locomotive cycle plans are developed.

6-13
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

This study enabled CPR to save $170 million in half a year. "Total documented cost savings through
the end of 2002 have exceeded half a billion dollars" [p. 12]. More savings are expected in
following years. The improvements in CPR's profitability and operations can be attributed to the
decrease in transit and dwelling times, lowered fuel consumption, reduction of the workforce and
of the number of railcars, and balanced workloads. CPR can now schedule the trains and the crew
more efficiently and provide a more reliable customer service. By allowing variability in the
parameters of its plans, CPR gained flexibility and agility. It can now respond to disruptions more
effectively by shifting resources quickly. These improvements earned CPR many awards and more
importantly a significant competitive advantage.
6.13
B C D E F G H I J K
3 From To On Route Distance Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
4 Fire St. A 0 3 Fire St. 1 = 1
5 Fire St. B 0 6 A 0 = 0
6 Fire St. C 1 4 B 0 = 0
7 A B 0 4 C 0 = 0
8 A D 0 6 D 0 = 0
9 B A 0 1 E 0 = 0
10 B C 0 2 F 0 = 0
11 B D 0 4 G 0 = 0
12 B E 0 5 H 0 = 0
13 C B 0 2 Farm Com. -1 = -1
14 C E 1 7
15 D E 0 3
16 D F 0 8
17 E D 0 3
18 E F 1 6
19 E G 0 5
20 E H 0 4
21 F G 0 3
22 F Farm Com. 1 4
23 G F 0 3
24 G H 0 2
25 G Farm Com. 0 6
26 H G 0 2
27 H Farm Com. 0 7
28
29 Total Distance 21

Shortest path: Fire Station – C – E – F – Farming Community

6.14 a)
70
A D 60
40
10 55
60 T
O B 10
50 40
20 80
C 50 E

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Chapter 06 - Network Optimization Problems

b)
A B C D E F G H I J
1 From To On Route Distance (miles) Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 Origin A 1 40 Origin 1 = 1
3 Origin B 0 60 A 0 = 0
4 Origin C 0 50 B 0 = 0
5 A B 1 10 C 0 = 0
6 A D 0 70 D 0 = 0
7 B A 0 10 E 0 = 0
8 B C 0 20 Destination -1 = -1
9 B D 0 55
10 B E 1 40
11 C B 0 20
12 C N 0 20
13 C E 0 50
14 D A 0 70
15 D B 0 55
16 D E 0 10
17 D Destination 1 60
18 E D 1 10
19 E Destination 0 80
20
21 Total Distance (miles) 160

c) Shortest route: Origin – A – B – E – D – Destination

d) Yes
e) Yes
6.15 a)
31,000
18,000 21,000

0 1 2 3
8,000 10,000 12,000

b)
A B C D E F G H I J
1 From To On Route Cost Nodes Net Flow Supply/Demand
2 Year 0 Year 1 1 $8,000 Year 0 1 = 1
3 Year 0 Year 2 0 $18,000 Year 1 0 = 0
4 Year 0 Year 3 0 $31,000 Year 2 0 = 0
5 Year 1 Year 2 0 $10,000 Year 3 -1 = -1
6 Year 1 Year 3 1 $21,000
7 Year 2 Year 3 0 $12,000
8
9 Total Cost $29,000

6.16 a) Times play the role of distances.

6-15
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man, is in great doubt, dear Edith. At all events, they will not know
the object of your coming. They may suspect, and probably will, that
you came to inquire for your brother; but knowing that I was
ignorant of his capture, and am still ignorant where they keep him,
they will think you have gone back disappointed and in sorrow, and
leave me unwatched to act as I will."

"But can I do nothing to aid?" asked Edith. "Remember, dearest

Blossom, what it is to remain inactive and ignorant, while the fate of
one so near and so dear hangs in the balance."

"You shall not remain in ignorance, dear Edith," replied Otaitsa.

"With every possible opportunity (and I will find many) my sister
shall know what the Blossom does, and if there be any way in which
you could give help, you shall have instant tidings. At present I know
not what is to be done to save our Walter from the power of the
Snake. I know not even what they have decided themselves, or
whether they have taken any decision; and I have much to think of,
much to do. I must seek out those in whom I can place confidence;
I must employ many to obtain me information; I must buy some,
consult with others, and then judge what is to be done. You can rest
here, my Edith, for this day; but to-morrow you must speed home
again. But be sure of one thing; my tribe shall know that if Walter
dies, Otaitsa will die too."

"That is no consolation," cried Edith, throwing her arms round her

neck, with tears in her eyes; "oh, do not threaten anything rash,
dear Blossom! Remember you are a Christian; and many things are
forbidden to Christians, as a sin, which are regarded as virtues by
pagan nations."

"No threat can be rash, no threat can be a sin," answered Otaitsa,

"which may save a life, innocent, and good, and noble. I would not
willingly offend, my sister; but my heart is open to God; and he will
judge me in mercy, seeing my motives. And now, dear sister, sit you
here, and I will send you food, such as we poor Indians eat. I myself
may be away for a time, for there must be no delay; but I will return
as soon as possible, and you shall know all that is done before you
go. Do these blacks who are with you understand the Indian
tongue?"

"One of them certainly does," replied Edith; "that is to say, the

language of the Mohawks."

"'Tis the same," returned Otaitsa, "or nearly the same. We may
have altered a little; but, amongst the Five Nations, he who speaks
one tongue understands all. Is it the man or the woman? and can
we trust?"

"It is the man," answered Edith; "and I do believe he can be

trusted."

"Then I go," resumed Otaitsa.

And, leaving Edith, she descended to the room below, and then
issued forth amongst the Indian huts, gliding from one to another,
and stopping generally for a few moments at those lodges before
which was to be seen a high pole, bearing the ghastly trophies with
which the Indians signalized the death of an enemy.

Strange, that with one so gentle and so kind, with one taught
Christianity from her youth, and imbued with many notions different
from those of the rest of the people, the horrid sight of human
scalps, parched by the sun and dangling in the wind produced no
appearance of horror and disgust. In truth, she hardly saw them,
and looked upon the pole and its cruel trophies merely as an
indication that there dwelt a famous warrior of the tribe.

Edith in the meanwhile remained for some time in sad meditation.

During her rapid journey from the neighbourhood of the Hudson, not
more than thirty miles from Lake Horicon, to the Oneida Lake, she
had had little leisure for thought. It had passed almost as a dream,
full of confused objects and feelings, but with little like reflection in
it.

The sun was by this time disappearing beyond the western

extremity of the lake, but still sufficiently above the gently sloping
ground to pour a long stream of glorious light over the placid
waters; and Edith, seated near the window, gazed over the calm and
beautiful scene with that solemn feeling--that echo of the voice from
another world--which seems to rise in every sensitive heart at the
death of each new day. Something gone! something gone to
eternity! another day on its twelve golden wings taking flight to the
infinite and the irrevocable, bearing with it to the dark treasury of
late an infinite mass and multitude of deeds, and thoughts, and
feelings, crimes, offences, virtuous acts, and little kindnesses,
human charities, and human passions, wishes, hopes, joys, sorrows,
disappointments, and regrets: the smiles and tears of a whole world,
gone with the departing day. Sad and solemn is that feeling. It is
standing by the death-bed of a friend, and seeing the faint eyes
closed for ever.

For ever! No, not for ever! There is a morning for all, when
another day shall dawn; and well were it for some, if the deeds of
the dead day could be forgotten.

Still, although we know that another day will rise--as surely as we

know that another life will come--there is a sort of hopelessness,
though that is too strong a word, in seeing the sinking sun take his
parting look of the world. Perhaps it is not hopelessness; but it is a
something which transfuses a portion of the twilight gloom into the
chambers of the heart, and dims the light of hope, though not
extinguishes it.

Edith was sad--very, very sad; and she felt that gazing on that
scene made her still more so. It gave her a sensation of solitariness,
of helpless homelessness in a new, wild world, the tendency of
which was to depress and enervate; and, saying to herself--"I will
hope still; I will not despond; I will think of nothing but action and
endeavour," she rose and looked about the room for something to
occupy the mind and drive away impressions that seemed to crush
her energies.

There were many things around which might have answered the
purpose, only strange from being found in that place: several books;
a small needle-book, of ancient pattern, but evidently European, and
what seemed to be an old sketch-book, with a lock and clasp upon
it. It evidently dated from many years before; was somewhat soiled;
and on one of the sides were two or three dark spots. They were not
of ink, for, through the blackness, there was a red.

Passing by these objects, Edith's eyes turned towards the

sketches hanging round the room. On one in particular the reflected
light from the surface of the lake streamed as it passed from the
window; and Edith, going near, examined it attentively. It
represented the head of a young man, apparently from seven-and-
twenty to thirty years of age, and was done well, though not exactly
in a masterly manner. It was merely in pencil, but highly finished;
and there seemed something in it very familiar to Edith's eye. The
features were generally like those of her brother Walter--so like,
that, at first, she imagined that the drawing must be intended to
represent his head; but the nearer view showed that it was that of a
much older person; and the dress was one long gone out of fashion.

She was still gazing and puzzling herself with the questions of
whence these drawings could come, and whether they could be
Otaitsa's own productions, when some Indian women entered, with
their noiseless tread, and placed several carved bowls, filled with
different kinds of food, before her. It was all very simple; but she
was much exhausted, for she had tasted nothing from an early hour
of the day, and the refreshment was grateful to her. The women
spoke to her, too, in the Iroquois tongue; and their sweet, low-toned
voices, murmuring in the sort of sing-song of the tribes, was
pleasant to her ear. It spoke of companionship.
 Their words, too, were kind and friendly; and she gathered from
them that Otaitsa, in order to veil the real object of her coming, had
been making inquiries as to whether any one had seen Walter
Prevost. They assured Edith that they had not seen him--that he
could not have come into the Oneida country, or some one in the
Castle must have heard of him. A pale-face amongst them was very
rare, they said; but the coming of Walter Prevost, whom so many
knew and loved much, would have been noised abroad immediately.
They said that his absence from his home was certainly strange, but
added, laughing, that young warriors would wander, as Edith would
discover when she was old enough.

Thus they sat and talked with her, lighting a lamp in a bowl, till
Otaitsa returned; and then they left the two friends alone together.

Otaitsa was agitated evidently, though she tried hard to hide, if

not to suppress, her emotions under Indian calmness; but her
agitation was evidently joyful. She laid her small hand upon Edith's,
and pressed it warmly.

"I have found friends," she said; "those who will work for me, and
with me: my father's sister, who knew and loved my mother, and
who is supposed by some to have a charm from the Great Spirit to
make men love and reverence her--the wife of the Sachem of the
Bear--the young bride of the Running Deer--the wife of the Grey
Wolf--the wife of Lynxfoot--and many others. All these have vowed
to help me, whatever it may cost. They all know Walter: they all
have called him brother; and they all are resolute that their brother
shall not die. But I must first work for him myself, dear Edith," she
continued. Then, clasping her hands together with a burst of joy at
the hope lighted up in her young, warm heart, she exclaimed--"Oh,
that I could save him all by myself!--that I might buy him from his
bonds by my own acts alone--ay, or even by my own blood! Huagh!
Huagh! that were joyful indeed!"
 Edith could hardly raise her mind to the same pitch of hope; still,
she felt more satisfied--her object was accomplished. Otaitsa was
informed of Walter's danger; and the bright, enthusiastic girl was
already actively engaged in the effort to deliver him. There was
something, too, in the young Indian--an eagerness, an energy,
unusual in the depressed women of her race, and probably
encouraged by the fond, unbounded indulgence of the chief her
father--which seemed to breathe of hope and success; and it was
impossible to look into her eager and kindling eyes, when the fancy
that she could deliver her young lover all alone took possession of
her, without believing that, if his deliverance was within human
power, she would accomplish it.

Edith felt that her duty so far was done, and that her next duty
was towards her father, who she well knew would be painfully
anxious till she returned, however confident he might have felt of
her safety in the hands of the Indians, so long as there seemed no
immediate chance of her being placed in such a situation. She
willingly, therefore, agreed to Otaitsa's suggestion, to set out with
the first ray of light on the following morning, Otaitsa promising that
some Indian women should accompany her a day's journey on the
way, who, by their better knowledge of the country, and their skill in
the management of the canoe, would greatly facilitate her progress.

About an hour was spent in conversation, all turning upon one

subject, and then the two girls lay down to sleep in each other's
arms.

CHAPTER XXV.
 On the very same night which was passed by Edith Prevost in the
great lodge of the Black Eagle, eight or ten wild-looking savages, if
they could so be called, assembled apparently to deliberate upon
some great and important question. The place they took for their
meeting lay nearly twenty miles in a direct line from the Oneida lake,
and was, even in the daylight, a scene of no inconsiderable beauty
and grandeur.

At the hour of their meeting, however, which was about forty

minutes after the sun went down, the surrounding objects were
illuminated by a different and a more appropriate light. Their
council-fire had been kindled on the top of a large flat mass of
stone, in a very narrow dell or pass which separated a rugged and
forest-bearing mountain from a spur of the same range, that seemed
to have been riven from the parent chain by some rude and terrible
convulsion of nature. Forty yards, at the widest part, was the
expanse of this deep fissure; and on either side were huge masses
of rock tumbled about in chaotic confusion, and blocking up the
greater part of the bottom of the dell. From behind these rose the
riven cliffs, rough and serrated, like the edges of two saws, the teeth
of which would fit into each other if pressed together. But upon all
the salient points, even where it seemed impossible for a handful of
vegetable mould to rest, a tall tree had perched itself, spreading out
its branches almost till they met those on the opposite side of the
glen, through which no torrent rushed, neither had any spring burst
forth when the earthquake rent the solid foundations of the
mountain; but a dry, short turf covered all the earth accumulated
below.

Between the great blocks of stone which encumbered the pass,

wherever rain could penetrate, rose tall and graceful wild flowers;
and, in the more open parts, the grassy carpet was freckled, in the
springtime of the year, with many a curious little blossom. Tall pines
and rugged hemlocks--some straight as a column, some strangely
twisted and contorted--the great black oak, with innumerable other
shrubs and trees, gathered wherever the banks of the dell were a
little less precipitous; and, when one looked up, one perceived, by
the overhanging branches, that the mountain-top was clothed with a
dense covering of forest.

About half-way through the glen was the large flat stone--a sort
of natural altar, on which the Indians had lighted their fire; and
strange and wild was the scene, as those swarthy men, armed as if
for battle, but not painted, sat around in the broad glare, each with
his rifle resting on his arm, and each still and motionless as a statue
hewn out of the brown rock. Up went the towering flame from the
great pile of dry wood, sending a flickering light over tree and
precipice; yet no one stirred, no one spoke, for several minutes.
Each eye was fixed upon the fire, not as if watching it as an object
of interest, but with the steady, thoughtful gaze which showed that
the mind was busy with other things; and there was something very
awful in that stern, cold silence.

At length, the Black Eagle began to speak, without moving from

his seat--however, at least, first. His tone, too, was low and sad;
though every word, in the sharp gutteral language of the Iroquois,
was clear and distinct.

"For more than fifty winters," he said, "I have hovered over the
land of the Oneidas; and my wing has not failed in its flight, my eyes
have not been dazzled by the blaze of the sun, nor dimmed by the
light of the moon. The dew has fallen upon me, and the summer's
sun, and the winter's snow; and still are my feathers unruffled, and
my flight as strong as in my youth. I am not a woman, that I should
spare; nor a child, that I should weep. Who has seen a tear in my
eye? or who has seen the tomahawk uplifted not to strike? Have I
asked anything of my children, but to be the first in the battle? Have
I ever forgiven the enemies of the children of the Stone? But we
have made alliance with a great nation; we have taken presents
from them; we have promised to live with them as brothers in the
time of peace--to go to battle with them as brothers in the time of
war. Our children are their children, and their children are ours.
Moreover, with some of this nation our chiefs have entered into more
strict bonds of friendship. We have sat by their fires, we have
smoked the pipe of peace together; we are their brothers. One
family came and built their lodge amongst us, swept down the
forest, planted the corn-field. Their door was always open to the red
man; their food was always shared with him. They said not, 'This is
mine, and that is thine,' but they opened their arms and they said,
'Thou art my brother.' The children of the Stone loved them well;
they were dear to the Black Eagle as his own eaglets. The mat in the
house of Prevost was a pleasant resting-place to his forehead when
he was tired. His daughter was as my daughter, and his son as of my
blood and bone.

"A man came to his hearth whom we all know, a good man, a
friend to the red man. Should my brother Prevost refuse to the
Woodchuck room to burrow for one night? He went away, and, far
from the house of our brother, he met an Oneida, of the Totem of
the Tortoise; a man who had robbed him, and who had a lying
tongue, a snake who hated him whom he had bitten. The tomahawk
was bare, and the Oneida was killed; but the man took not his scalp,
he sung no song of triumph over the children of the Stone. He slew
him not as an enemy, but in self-defence; otherwise he would have
twisted his finger in the scalp-lock, and the Oneidas would have
mourned over a disgrace. It is right that there should be blood for
blood; that the man who sheds the blood of the red man should die
for his act; and that, if he or none of his relations could be found,
some other man of his nation should be made the sacrifice.

"But what have I done that the son of my brother should be

taken? Have I led you so often in the battle, have I covered my war-
post with the scalps of your enemies, that the tree I planted should
be rooted up when the forest is full of worthless saplings? Was there
no other white man to be found in all the land, that you must take
the child of him who loved and trusted us? Had a moon passed,--
nay, had even a week gone by, that you might know that there was
none but the beloved of the Black Eagle whom you might use for
your sacrifice? Had you made sure even that you could not catch the
murderer himself, and take his blood in requital of the blood he
shed? Is the wisdom of our people gone by, is their cunning a thing
of other days, that they could not lure the man they sought into
their power, that they could not hunt down any other game, that
they would not even try to find any one but the one we loved the
best?

"Remember, my children, that you are not rash and hasty, like the
pale-face, but that you are the children of the Stone; and though,
like it, unchangeable, and strong, you should be calm and still,
likewise.--I have said."

There was a pause of several minutes before any one answered;

and then a man of the middle age, not so tall as the Black Eagle by
several inches, but with a peculiarly cunning and serpent-like look
about his eyes, rose slowly from his seat, and, standing on the very
point of the rock where he was placed, said, in a hard, cold tone,--

"The Black Eagle has spoken well. We are allies of the white man.
The pale-face calls us his brother. He takes our hunting-grounds. He
plants corn and feeds oxen amongst us. Where our foot was free to
go, is ours no longer; it is his. He has taken it from us; and he is our
brother. The Black Eagle loves the pale-face. He took a pale-face for
his wife, and he loves all her race. He loves their religion. His
daughter is of the religion of the white man. He himself has faith in
their Gods. Their Great Spirit he adores, and he has made their
medicine-man his son by adoption. Is the religion of the white man
the same as the religion of the children of the Stone? Is their Great
Spirit our great spirit? No; for I have heard his words spoken, and
they are not the words that we are taught. The white man's Spirit
tell us that we shall not do that which our Great Spirit tells us to do.
It bids men spare their enemies, and to forgive. Ours tells us to slay
our enemies, and to avenge. Which is the true Spirit? Our own; for
the pale-face does not believe in his own Spirit, nor obey his
commands. He does not spare his enemies; he does not forgive; but
he takes vengeance as fiercely as the red man, and against his own
law. Let us, then, obey the voice of our own Great Spirit, and do
according to our own customs; for the white man knows his God to
be false, or he would obey his commandments.

"Now, what would the Black Eagle have? Would he have us all
turn Christians? Or would he have us obey the voice of the Maneto,
and follow the customs of our fathers? Have we not done according
to our own law? What do our traditions tell us? They say that thou
shalt appease the spirit of thy brother who is slain, by pouring out
the blood of the slayer. If his blood cannot be had, then that of one
of his family, or of his friends. If his family and his friends are not to
be found, then that of one of his nation. Lo! now, what is the case,
chiefs and warriors of the Oneidas? You have a brother slain. His
soul goes to the land of spirits; but his bow and his arrows hang idly
at his back. His heart is sad and desolate. He howls for food and
finds none. He wanders round and round the happy hunting-
grounds, and looks in in sorrow; for he must not enter till the blood
of atonement has been shed. He cries to you from the other side of
the grave with a great cry: 'Give me rest!' Shall his brothers give him
none?--shall they let him wander, cold and hungry, amidst frost and
snow within sight of the blessed region, and prevent him from
entering--or shall we take the first man we find of the race of him
who slew him, and by his blood, poured out upon this very stone,
appease the spirit of our dead brother, and let him enter the happy
hunting-grounds, where his soul may find repose?

"Ye men of the family of the Snake! ye have done well to seize
upon the pale-face whom ye first found; for ye have made sure of
an atonement for the blood of your brother; and how could ye know
that ye could find it if ye delayed your hand or abandoned your prey.
And now let the chiefs and the warriors consider whether they will
still keep their brother, who is dead, hungering and thirsting for
months in the cold regions, or whether they will make the
atonement this very night, and open the way for him into the happy
hunting-grounds.--I have said."
 Again a deep silence took possession of the throng, and it was
not soon broken; but the eyes of the Black Eagle moved hither and
thither round the circle, watching every face; and, when he gathered
by a sort of kindling look in the eyes of one of the warriors that he
was about to speak, he himself interposed, rising this time to his full
height, and saying,--

"The medicine-man has spoken, and he has expounded the law;

but he has counselled with words contrary to the law. The medicine-
man has the law in his heart; but his words are the words of foxes.
He has not unfolded the roll of the law into which the words of the
Maneto were whispered; but he says truly that we are to shed the
blood of the murderer of our brother to appease his spirit. If we
cannot find him, we are to shed the blood of some one of his near
kindred; if we cannot find one of them, the blood of one of his
nation. But have ye sought for the murderer, ye brethren of the
Snake? Can ye say that ye have tried to catch him? Have ye had
time? Will your brother, who is gone, be contented with the blood of
the first pale-face ye can find, when ye might find the real
murderer? Will he lap like the dog at the first pool in his way? Will he
not rather say: 'Give us the only sweet water that can allay our
thirst?' Would ye mutter in our ears, and make us believe music?
This is not the blood of him who shed our blood. This is not the
blood of his kindred. The happy hunting-grounds will not open to the
slain for this blood.

"Oneidas, it is the medicine-man who beguiles you from the

customs of your fathers. They say: 'Wait till ye have searched
diligently. Make sure that ye offer the best atonement that ye can.
Do not kill the fox because the panther has mangled the game. Do
not shoot the oriole for the thing that the hawk has done.' The son
of my brother Prevost is no kin of the Yengee who slew the Snake.
His blood will not atone if ye can find other blood more friendly to
the murderer. The eyes of the Maneto are over all; he sees that ye
have not sought as ye should seek."
 Some moments after he had spoken, but with a less interval than
had hitherto occurred between any of the speeches, a fierce-looking
young warrior arose, and exclaimed,--

"Let him die. Why should we wait? The Woodchuck is safe in the
land of the Yengees. He has taken himself far from the arrow of the
Oneida. There is a cloud between us and him; and we cannot see
through it. The Woodchuck has no kindred. He has often declared so
when he has sat by the fire, and talked of the deeds he has done.
He has boasted that he was a man alone; that his father was clay,
and his mother grass, and the hemlock and the oak his brothers and
his sisters. Neither him can we find, nor any of his kin; but we have
taken what was nearest to him--his friend and the son of his friend.
This is the blood that will appease the spirit of our brother. Let him
die, and die quickly. Does the Black Eagle ask if this boy was his
friend? The Black Eagle knows he was; but, moreover, it may be that
he himself was companion of the murderer even when he killed our
brother. They went forth together to seek for some prey. Was it not
the red man that the wolves hunted? They killed a panther and a
man when they were both together. That we know; for there were
eyes of red men near. The blood of our brother was licked up by the
earth. The skin of the panther was sent by this boy, our captive, to
Otaitsa, the daughter of the Black Eagle. I took it from the runner
this very day. The man who brought it is near at hand. The skin is
here.--I have said."

And he threw the panther's skin down before him, almost into the
flame of the fire.

A buzzing murmur ran round the Indians, and the keen mind of
Black Eagle soon perceived that the immediate danger of poor
Walter Prevost was greatly heightened.

"Let the law be announced to us," he said. "The roll of the law is
here; but let it not be read by the tongue of a fox. Let the man of
ancient times read it. Let the warrior and the priest who kept it for
so many years now tell us what it ordains, according to the
interpretation of old days, and not according to the rashness of
boys, who would be chiefs long before a scalp hangs at the door of
their lodge. I can see," he cried, in a loud voice, starting up from his
seat, and waving his arm, as if some strong emotion overpowered
his habitual calmness,--"I can see the time coming when the
intemperance of youth, and the want of respect for age and for
renown, will bring low the power of the Oneidas, will crush the
greatness of the Five Nations into dust. So long as age and counsel
were reverenced, they were a mighty people, and the scalps of their
enemies were brought from every battle-field. They were a wise
people, for they listened to the voice of experience, and they
circumvented their enemies. But now the voice of boys and striplings
prevails. They take presents, and they sell themselves for baubles.
They drink the fire-water till they are no more men--till reason has
departed, and courage and strength are not in them. They use the
lightning, and they play with the thunder; but the tomahawk and the
scalping-knife are green rushes in their hands. Let the law be
announced, then; let it be announced by the voice of age and
wisdom, and let us abide by his words, for they are good."

Thus saying, he stepped across the little chasm between him and
the second speaker on this occasion, and took up a heavy roll which
lay beside the priest or medicine-man. It consisted of innumerable
strings of shells sawn into long strips like the pendants of an ear-
ring, and stained of three separate colours, black, red, and white.
These were disposed in various curious groups, forming no regular
pattern, yet not without order; and so many were there in this roll,
that, though each was very small, the weight of the whole could not
have been less than twenty or thirty pounds.

Thus loaded, and bearing this burden with the appearance of

great reverence, Black Eagle carried the roll half round the circle,
and laid it upon the knees of a man evidently far advanced in life:
although his shaved head and long white scalp-lock showed, to an
Indian eye at least, that he still judged himself fit to accompany the
warriors of the tribe to battle.

The chief then slowly resumed his seat, and once more profound
silence spread over the assembly. The eyes of all were, it is true,
directed towards the old man whose exposition of their laws and
customs was to be final; but not a limb stirred, and even the very
eagerness of their gaze was subdued into a look of tranquil
attention, except in the case of the young man who had spoken so
vehemently, and whose relationship as a brother to the slain Indian
excused, in the sight of his tribe, a good deal of unwonted agitation.

For about two minutes after receiving the roll, the old priest
remained motionless, with his eyes raised towards the flame that still
towered up before him, licking and scorching the branches of a
hemlock tree above.

At last, his fingers began to move amongst the carved shells; and,
unloosing rapidly some thongs by which the roll was bound, he
spread out the seemingly tangled mass in fair order. Then, bending
down his head, he seemed to listen as if for a voice.

"The law of the Oneidas cannot change," he said, at length. "It is

as the will of Hawaneyoh, the Great Spirit. A white man must die for
the blood spilt by a white man. But the spiller of the blood must be
sought for, or our brother will still be shut out from the happy
hunting-grounds. Listen not to the song of singing-birds against the
young man, thou brother of the Snake. Neither do thou make
trouble in the Five Nations, because the blossom of the Black Eagle's
tree cannot be reached by thy hand."

The open allusion to that which he thought was one of the deep
secrets of his bosom was too much for even the Indian stoicism of
the brother of the Snake; and he drew his blanket or mantle over his
chest, as if to hide what was within. Black Eagle, however, though
probably taken as much by surprise as any one by the old man's
words, remained perfectly unmoved, not a change of expression
even appearing upon his rigid features, though the speaker paused
for a full minute, as if to let what he had said produce its full effect.

"Remember," continued the priest, "the prophecy of the child of

the sky, Tohganawatah, when our fathers, under his counsel, joined
themselves together in a perpetual league, a lifetime before a pale-
face was seen in the land. He said, 'When the white-throats shall
come, if ye suffer dissensions among yourselves, ye shall pull down
the Long House of the Five Nations, cut down the tree of Peace, and
extinguish the council-fire for ever.' And wilt thou, brother of the
Snake, bring this cloud upon thy people? Thou shalt search for him
who spilt thy brother's blood, till the moon have changed and waxed
and waned again; and then thou shalt come before Sachems of the
eight Totems, and make manifest that thou hast not been able to
find him or any of his kindred. Then shall the Sachems choose a
pale-face for the sacrifice, and let him die the death of a warrior by
the stroke of the tomahawk. But they shall make no delay; for thy
brother must not be shut out from the hunters gone before, more
than two moons.--Hiro, I have spoken.

"Koué, Koué! It is well!" said all the Indians present, but one;
and, rising from their seats, they raised the roll of their law
reverently, and one by one glided down the path which led to the
opening of the dell.

CHAPTER XXVI.
 Slowly up the steep middle street of Albany walked the great,
powerful form of the Woodchuck, about the hour of noon. He was
clothed in his usual shaggy habiliments of the forest, with his rifle on
his shoulder, his hatchet and his knife in his belt. But his step had
none of the light activity of former times; and his face, which always
had a grave and sedate air, was now covered with heavy gloom.
Altogether, he was a very singular-looking man.

Though situated inland, and in one of the most central parts of

the provinces, the streets of Albany from time to time presented so
many strange figures of different kinds--Indians, negroes, half-
breeds, scouts, soldiers, sailors, Dutchmen, Englishmen, and
hunters--that the wanderer, however odd his appearance, attracted
very little attention as he went. Slowly he found his way up to the
gates of the fort, and easily obtained admission to the person he
sought. He found him in a mere barrack-room, with the simplest
possible furniture, and no ornament whatever to distinguish it as the
dwelling of a man of rank. The little camp-bed in one corner of the
room, the plain deal table, not even painted, at which he sat writing;
the two or three hard wooden stools, without backs, were all such as
might have been used in a camp, or carried with an army, without
much adding to the impedimenta; yet there was something about
the young nobleman himself which instantly informed a visitor that
he was in the presence of no common man. He turned his head as
Woodchuck entered, and, as soon as he perceived who it was, he
nodded, saying, "Immediately, immediately," and resumed his
writing.

Captain Brooks drew a stool to some distance, and fixed his eyes
first of all upon the young soldier, seeming to examine his
countenance and form with great care. He then turned to another
person whom the room contained, and scanned him with thorough
accuracy. He seemed to be an Indian, if one might judge by
complexion and features; yet he was dressed like one of the
followers of the British army. The sort of hunting-tunic he wore was
not the ordinary Ga-ka-ah, or Indian skirt, but a mere sort of cloth
frock with sleeves, fastened round his waist by a leathern belt. It
was of a peculiar colour, then very much worn both by men and
women, of the hue of dead leaves, and called philomot; and on his
head he wore a curious sort of cap of untanned leather, much of the
same hue. It was certainly a well-devised dress for the purpose of
concealing a wanderer through the woods in the autumn season;
but, as I have before said, it was assuredly not Indian; and the long
hair, though as black as jet, with a slight shading of moustache upon
the upper lip, showed that in all probability there was some white
blood in his veins, though not apparent on the surface. The man had
much of the Indian impassible gravity, however; and, though he
must have seen that he was undergoing a very severe scrutiny by
the eyes of Woodchuck, no movement of any of the muscles of the
face betrayed his consciousness, and he remained still and statue-
like, with his gaze turned earnestly forward upon Lord H----.

The nobleman soon concluded his letter, and, beckoning the man
up, placed it in his hands with some money.

"Take that to Mr. Prevost," he said, "and tell him, moreover, that I
shall myself be up to-morrow before nightfall."

"Stay a moment," interposed Woodchuck; "I may have something

to say too, that will make changes. I guess the half-breed had better
wait outside a bit."

"Go down to the guard-room," said Lord H----, turning to the

man, "and wait there till I send to you." Then, giving an inquiring
look to Woodchuck, he added, "He tells me he can reach Mr.
Prevost's house this night, if he sets out at once."

"To be sure he can," answered Woodchuck. "If he's the man I

believe him to be, he'd go half as fur agin."

The runner took not the slightest notice of the conversation

regarding himself and his own powers, nor, indeed, of the sort of
intimation of recognition uttered by Captain Brooks.
 "Is not your name Proctor?" said Woodchuck, at last. "I guess it
be, though you look older since I saw you."

The other merely nodded his head; and Woodchuck continued,

with a sort of grunt of satisfaction,--

"That'll do; he can speak, my lord, though he never do, except at

very rare times. Them Ingian devils are as silent as snakes
themselves; but this man beats them all. I travelled some two
hundred miles with him, ten year or more agone, and never heard
the sound of his voice in the whole way but once, and then he said
three words and a half, and stopped."

"I know he can speak," said Lord H----, "for he told me how long
he would take to go. Go down, Mr. Proctor, as I told you, and wait in
the guard-room. You shall hear from me in a minute."

"He runs like a deer," said Woodchuck, as the man left the room,
"but his way is generally to trot on at a darnation swingeing sort of
rate, which does not seem to trouble his shanks at all; a sort of trot,
like, carries him through everything and over everything--brambles,
and bushes, and hills, and stones, and rocks, land or water, all the
same. I do believe he'd trot across the Hudson, without much
knowing or caring what was anything. The Indians call him
Mungnokah; but, as his father's father was an Englishman, we call
him Proctor."

"But can he be relied upon?" asked Lord H----. "He was

recommended to me very strongly by General Webb, who employed
him upon some difficult services."

Woodchuck mused. "Webb's recommendation," he said, at length,

"is not worth much; for what would one give for any word out of the
mouth of a man who would suffer a gallant comrade to fall, and a
noble garrison to be butchered, without striking one stroke, or
moving one step to their assistance? But if I recollect right, this
Proctor is the runner who contrived to get through Montcalm's army
and all the savage devils that were with him, and carried poor
Munro's despatches to Webb. What became of the other one,
nobody knows; but I guess we could find his scalp, if we sought well
amongst the Hurons. Yes, this must be the man, I think; and if it be,
you couldn't find a better. At all events, you can trust him for holding
his tongue, and that's something in a runner. He wouldn't get up
words enough in ten years to tell any secret you wanted to keep.
And now, general, I've come to talk with you about what's to be
done; and I think we had better settle that before the man goes.
He'll get to Prevost's to-night, if he stays these two hours; and I
guess we can settle sooner than that, for I've thought the matter
over, and made up my mind."

"And to what conclusion have you come?" asked Lord H----.

Brooks looked down, and rubbed his great hands upon his knees
for a moment, as if he hesitated to give the resolution he had
formed, after so painful a struggle, the confirmation of uttered
words.

"Not a pleasant one," he said, at length--"not one easily hit upon,

my lord, but the only one--after all, the only one. I had a sore tussle
with the devil last night, and he's a strong enemy. But I beat him--
manful, hand to hand. He and I together, and no one to help either
of us."

The nobleman thought that his poor friend's wits were beginning
to wander a little; and, to lead him back from the diabolical
encounter he spoke of, he said, changing the subject abruptly, "I
suppose I could send no one better than this man Proctor?"

"I'll tell you what it is, Lord H----," answered Woodchuck, "I must
go myself. There's no one can save Walter Prevost but Brooks. He's
the man who must do it."

"And do you think it possible?" asked Lord H----, seeing the great
probability of his companion himself being captured by the Indians,
and yet hesitating whether he ought to say a word to deter him from
his purpose.

"I do think it possible," said Woodchuck, with a grim smile; "for

you see, if these Ingians get the man they want, they can't and
darn't take any other."

Lord H---- grasped the rough hand of the hunter, saying, in a tone
of much feeling, "You are indeed a noble-hearted man, Captain
Brooks, if I understand you rightly, to go and give yourself up to
these savages, to save your young friend. Nobody could venture to
propose such a thing to you, because his having fallen into their
hands was not your fault, and life is dear to every one; but--"

"Stay, stay, stay!" cried Woodchuck, "don't get along too fast.
You've said two or three things already that want an answer. As to
life, it is dear to every one; and I myself am such a fool, that I'd
rather, by a good bit, go lingering on here, amongst all this smoke,
and dirt, and dull houses, and rogues innumerable, than walk up
there and be tomahawked, which is but the matter of a moment
after all; for them Ingians isn't long about their work, and do it
completely. Howsoever, one always clings to Hope; and so I think
that, if I can get up there amongst the woods and trails that I know
so well, I may perhaps find out some means of saving the poor boy
and my own life too; and, if I can, I'll do it, for I'm not going to
throw away my life like a bad shilling. If I can't do it, why then I'll
save his life, cost what it will. I shall soon know all about it, when I
get up there, for the squaws are all good, kind-hearted critturs; and
if I can get hold of one of them, she'll be my scout soon enough,
and fish out the truth for me, as to where the boy is, and when they
are going to make the sacrifice. Lord bless you, they set about these
things, them Ingians, just as orderly as a trial at law. They'll do
nothing in a hurry; and so I shall have time to look about me, and
see what's to be done without risking Walter's life in the meanwhile.
Then you see, my lord, I've got this great advantage: I shall have a
walk or two in my old haunts, among them beautiful woods. The
snow will be out by that time; and, to my mind, there's no season
when the woods look so well, and the air feels so fresh and free, as
in a wintry day, with the ground all white, and wreaths of snow upon
every vine and briar, and them great big hemlocks and pines rising
up like black giants all around one. Some folks don't like the winter
in the woods; but I could walk on, or go on, in a sleigh through
them for ever. Why, that month among the woods, if I'm not caught
sooner, would be worth ever so many years in this dull, dirty place,
or any other city; for Albany, I take it, is as good as most of them,
and perhaps better."

"But I am afraid that in the winter your plan of getting

information would not succeed very well," said Lord H----. "In the
first place, the Indian women are not likely to go very far from their
wigwams, amongst which you would hardly venture; and, in the next
place, your feet would be easily tracked in the snow; for these
Indians, I am told, are most cunning and pertinacious hunters, and
will follow any tracks they see for miles and miles."

"I've dodged an Ingian afore now," said Captain Brooks, with a

look of some self-importance, "and in the snow too. I've got the very
snow-shoes I did it in. I can walk in my snow-shoes either way, one
as well as t'other; and so I made 'em believe that I was going east
when I was going west, and going west when I was going east.
Sometimes I had the shoes on the right way, and sometimes the
wrong, so they could make nothing of it. And they think still--for,
Lord help you, they are sometimes as simple as children--that the
devil must have given me a lift now and then; for when I got where
the trees grew thick together, so that the branches touched, and I
could catch a great bough over my head by a spring, I would get up
and climb along from one to another like a bear or a squirrel,
sometimes two or three hundred yards before I came down again. I
saw a set of them once upon the trail; and when they came where
the tracks stopped, they got gaping up into the tree with their rifles
in their hands, as if they were looking after a painter; but I was a
hundred yards off or more, and quite away from the right line. Then,
as to the women, I've thought about that, and I've laid a plan in
case I can't get hold of any of them. Now I am going to tell you
something very strange, my lord. You've heard of Freemasons, I
dare say?"

Lord H---- nodded his head with a smile, and Woodchuck

continued--

"Well, they've got Freemasons among the Ingians--that's to say,

not exactly Freemasons, but what comes much to the same thing:[1]
people who have got a secret among themselves, and who are
bound to help each other in good or evil, in the devil's work or
God's, against their own nation, or their own tribe, or their own
family; and who, on account of some devilry or other, dare not, for
the soul of them, refuse what a brother asks them. It's a superstition
at the bottom of it, and it's very strange; but so it is."

While he had been speaking, he had unfastened his coat at the

collar, drawn his arm out of the sleeve, and bared it up above the
elbow, where there appeared a small blue line tattooed on the
brown skin.

"There," he said, "there's the mark!"

"You do not mean to say you are one of this horrible association?"
asked Lord H----, with a grave look.

"Not exactly that," answered Woodchuck; "and as to its being a

horrible association or not, that's as folks use it. It may be for bad,
and it may be for good; and there are good men amongst them. I
am a sort of half-and-half member, and I'll tell you how it happened.
I went once in the winter up into the woods to hunt moose by a
place where there's a warm spring which melts the snow and keeps
the grass fresh; and the big beasts come down to drink, and,
mayhap, eat too. Well, as soon as I got there, I saw that some one
had been before me; for I perceived tracks all about, and a sort of
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