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 Chapter 7
Rational Expressions
7.1 Concept and Vocabulary Check
7.1 Check Points
1. polynomials
7 x − 28
1. a. 2. 0
8 x − 40
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 3. factoring; common factors
8 x − 40 = 0
8 x = 40 4. 1
x=5
The rational expression is undefined for x = 5. 5. 1

8 x − 40 6. false
b.
x + 3x − 28
2
7. false
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x 2 + 3x − 28 = 0 8. true
( x + 7 )( x − 4 ) = 0
9. false
x + 7 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −7 x=4
The rational expression is undefined for x = −7
7.1 Exercise Set
and x = 4.

7 x + 28 7( x + 4) x + 4 5
2. = = 1.
21x 7 ⋅ 3x 3x 2x
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x3 − x 2 x 2 ( x − 1) x 2 2x = 0
3. = =
7x − 7 7( x − 1) 7 x=0
The rational expression is undefined for x = 0 .
x2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) x −1
4. = = = 2.
11
x + 2x +1
2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) ( x + 1) x +1 3x
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
9 x 2 − 49 (3x + 7)(3x − 7) 3x = 0
5. =
28 − 12 x 4(7 − 3x) x=0
−1 The rational expression is undefined for x = 0 .
(3x + 7) (3 x − 7)
= x
4 (7 − 3x) 3.
x −8
−(3x + 7) 3x + 7 −3 x − 7
= or − or Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
4 4 4 x −8 = 0
x=8
The rational expression is undefined for x = 8 .

x
4.
x−6
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x−6 = 0
x=6
The rational expression is undefined for x = 6 .

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 469

Chapter 7 Rational Expressions

13 8x
5. 10.
5 x − 20 ( 4 x − 19 )( x + 2 )
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
5 x − 20 = 0 4 x − 19 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
5 x = 20 4 x = 19 x = −2
x=4 19
The rational expression is undefined for x = 4 . x=
4
19
17 The rational expression is undefined for x = and
6. 4
6 x − 30
x = −2.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
6 x − 30 = 0 x+5
6 x = 30 11.
x + x − 12
2

x=5 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.

The rational expression is undefined for x = 5 . x 2 + x − 12 = 0

x+3
( x + 4 )( x − 3) = 0
7. x + 4 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
( )( x − 2 )
x + 9
x = −4 x=3
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
The rational expression is undefined for x = −4 and
( x + 9)( x − 2) = 0 x = 3.
x + 9 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −9 x=2 7 x − 14
The rational expression is undefined for x = −9 12.
x − 9 x + 20
2
and x = 2 . Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x+5 x 2 − 9 + 20 = 0
8.
( x + 7 )( x − 9 ) ( x − 4 )( x − 5) = 0
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. x − 4 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
( x + 7 )( x − 9 ) = 0 x=4 x=5
x + 7 = 0 or x − 9 = 0 The rational expression is undefined for x = 4 and
x = 5.
x = −7 x=9
The rational expression is undefined for x+5
13.
x = −7 and x = 9. 5
Because the denominator, 5, is not zero for any
4x value of x, the rational expression is defined for all
9.
(3x − 17)( x + 3) real numbers.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
( 3x − 17 )( x + 3) = 0 x+7
14.
7
3x − 17 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
Because the denominator, 7, is not zero for any
3 x = 17 x = −3 value of x, the rational expression is defined for all
17 real numbers.
x=
3
17
The rational expression is undefined for x =
3
and x = −3 .

470 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.1 Rational Expressions and Their Simplification

y+3 5
15. 19.
4y + y − 3
2
x +1
2

Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. The smallest possible value of x 2 is 0, so x 2 + 1 ≥ 1
4 y2 + y − 3 = 0 for all real numbers of x. This means that there is no
( y + 1)( 4 y − 3) = 0 real number x for which x 2 + 1 = 0. Thus, the
rational expression is defined for all real numbers.
y + 1 = 0 or 4y −3 = 0
y = −1 4y = 3 8
20.
3 x +4
2
y=
4 The smallest possible value of x 2 is 0, so
The rational expression is undefined for y = −1 and x 2 + 4 ≥ 4 for all real numbers of x. This means that
3 there is no real number x for which x 2 + 4 = 0.
y= .
4 Thus, the rational expression is defined for all real
numbers.
y +8
16.
6 y2 − y − 2 14 x 2 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x ⋅ x 2 x
21. = = = 2x
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 7x 7⋅x 1
6 y2 − y − 2 = 0
( 2 y + 1)( 3 y − 2 ) = 0 22.
9 x2 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x 3x
= =
2 y + 1 = 0 or 3y − 2 = 0 6x 2 ⋅3⋅ x 2
2 y = −1 3y = 2
5 x − 15 5 ( x − 3) x − 3
1 2 23. = =
y=− y= 25 5⋅5 5
2 3
The rational expression is undefined for y = −
1 7 x + 21 7 ( x + 3) x + 3
2 24. = =
49 7⋅7 7
2
and y = .
3 2x − 8 2 ( x − 4) x − 4
25. = =
y+5 4x 2 ⋅ 2x 2x
17.
y − 25
2
3x − 9 3 ( x − 3) x − 3
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 26. = =
6x 3⋅ 2x 2x
y 2 − 25 = 0
( y + 5)( y − 5) = 0 27.
3
=
3
=
1
y + 5 = 0 or y − 5 = 0 3x − 9 3 ( x − 3) x − 3
y = −5 y=5
The rational expression is undefined for y = −5 12 2⋅6 2
28. = =
and y = 5 . 6 x − 18 6 ( x − 3) x − 3

y+7 −15 −15 −5 5

18. 29. = = or −
y − 49
2
3x − 9 3 ( x − 3) x − 3 x −3
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
y 2 − 49 = 0 −21 7 ( −3) −3 3
30. = = or −
( y + 7 )( y − 7 ) = 0 7 x − 14 7 ( x − 2 ) x − 2 x−2
y + 7 = 0 or y − 7 = 0
y = −7 y=7 3x + 9 3 ( x + 3) 3
31. = = =3
The rational expression is undefined for y = −7 and x+3 x+3 1
y = 7.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 471

Chapter 7 Rational Expressions

5 x − 10 5 ( x − 2 ) 3x + 7
32. = =5 46.
x−2 x−2 3x + 10
The numerator and denominator have no common
x+5 x+5 1 factor (other than 1), so this rational expression
33. = =
x − 25
2
( x + 5)( x − 5) x − 5 cannot be simplified.

x 2 + 12 x + 36
=
( x + 6 )( x + 6 ) = x + 6
x+4 x+4 1 47.
34. = =
x − 16 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x − 4
2 x − 36
2
( x + 6 )( x − 6 ) x − 6

x 2 − 14 x + 49 ( x − 7 )( x − 7 ) = x − 7
2 y − 10 2 ( y − 5 ) 2 48. =
35. = =
3 y − 15 3 ( y − 5) 3
x − 49
2
( x + 7 )( x − 7 ) x + 7

x 3 − 2 x 2 + x − 2 x ( x − 2 ) + 1( x − 2 )
2
6 y + 18 6 ( y + 3) 6 49. =
36. = = x−2 x−2
11 y + 33 11( y + 3) 11
( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 1)
=
x +1 x +1 1 x−2
37. = =
x2 − 2 x − 3 ( x + 1)( x − 3) x − 3 = x2 + 1

x+2 x+2 1 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3 x − 12 x ( x + 4 ) − 3 ( x + 4 )
2
38. = = =
x − x−6
2
( x + 2 )( x − 3) x − 3 50.
x+4 x+4

4 ( x − 2)
( x + 4 ) ( x2 − 3)
4x − 8 4 =
39. = = x+4
x − 4 x + 4 ( x − 2 )( x − 2 ) x − 2
2
= x2 − 3
x 2 − 12 x + 36 ( x − 6 )( x − 6 ) x − 6
40.
4 x − 24
=
4 ( x − 6)
=
4
51. =
2
(
x3 − 8 ( x − 2 ) x + 2 x + 4 )
x−2 x−2

41.
y2 − 3y + 2
=
( y − 1)( y − 2 ) = y −1 = x2 + 2 x + 4
y 2 + 7 y − 18 ( y + 9 )( y − 2 ) y+9
x3 − 125 ( x − 5) ( x 2 + 5 x + 25)
( y + 1)( y + 4 ) = 52. =
y + 5y + 4
2
y+4 x 2 − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5)
42. =
y − 4y − 5
2
( y + 1)( y − 5) y −5
x 2 + 5 x + 25
=
x+5
43.
2 y2 − 7 y + 3
=
( 2 y − 1)( y − 3) = y −3
2y − 5y + 2
2
( 2 y − 1)( y − 2 ) y−2 ( x − 4 )2 ( x − 4 )( x − 4 ) x − 4
53. = =
x 2 − 16 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x + 4
44.
3y + 4 y − 4
2
=
( 3 y − 2 )( y + 2 ) = y + 2
6y − y − 2
2
( 3 y − 2 )( 2 y + 1) 2 y + 1 ( x + 5)2 ( x + 5)( x + 5) x + 5
54. = =
2x + 3 x 2 − 25 ( x + 5 )( x − 5) x − 5
45.
2x + 5
The numerator and denominator have no common x
55. ; The numerator and denominator have no
factor (other than 1), so this rational expression x +1
cannot be simplified. common factor (other than 1), so this rational
expression cannot be simplified.

472 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.1 Rational Expressions and Their Simplification

x 4 − 6x 2 ( 2 − 3x )
56. ; The numerator and denominator have no 67. =
x+7 3x − 2 x
2 x ( 3x − 2 )
common factor (other than 1), so this rational
expression cannot be simplified. −2 ( 3 x − 2 )
=
x ( 3x − 2 )
x+4 2
57. ; The numerator and denominator are both =−
x 2 + 16 x
prime polynomials. They have no common factor
(other than 1), so this rational expression cannot be
9 − 15 x 3( 3 − 5x )
simplified. 68. =
5x − 3x
2 x ( 5 x − 3)
x+5 −3 ( 5 x − 3)
58. ; The numerator and denominator are both =
x 2 + 25 x ( 5 x − 3)
prime polynomials. They have no common factor
(other than 1), so this rational expression cannot be −3 3
= =−
simplified. x x

x − 5 −1 ( 5 − x ) x 2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
59. = = −1 69. =
5− x 5− x 1− x 1− x
Notice that the numerator and denominator of the
=
( x + 1) ⋅ −1(1 − x )
given rational expression are additive inverses.
1− x
= −1( x + 1) = − x − 1
x − 7 −1( 7 − x )
60. = = −1
7−x 7− x
x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
Notice that the numerator and denominator of the 70. =
given rational expression are additive inverses. 2− x 2− x

=
( 2 ) ⋅ −1 ( 2 − x )
x +
61. The numerator and denominator of this rational
2− x
2x − 3
expression are additive inverses, so = −1. = −1( x + 2 ) = − x − 2
3 − 2x

62. The numerator and denominator of this rational y 2 − y − 12 ( y − 4 )( y + 3)

71. =
5x − 4 4− y 4− y
expression are additive inverses, so = −1.
4 − 5x −1( 4 − y )( y + 3)
=
4− y
x −5
63. ; The numerator and denominator have no = −1 ( y + 3 ) = − y − 3
x+5
common factor and they are not additive inverses,
so this rational expression cannot be simplified. y 2 − 7 y + 12 ( y − 3)( y − 4 )
72. =
3− y 3− y
x−7
64. ; The numerator and denominator have no −1( 3 − y )( y − 4 )
x+7 =
3− y
common factor, so this rational expression cannot
be simplified. = −1( y − 4 ) = − y + 4

4 x − 6 2 ( 2 x − 3 ) −2 ( 3 − 2 x )
65. = = = −2
3 − 2x 3 − 2x 3 − 2x

9 x − 15 3 ( 3x − 5) −3 ( 5 − 3x )
66. = = = −3
5 − 3x 5 − 3x 5 − 3x

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 473

Chapter 7 Rational Expressions

x2 y − x 2 x 2 ( y − 1) 16 − y 2 ( 4 − y )( 4 + y )
= 2
73. = 80.
x3 − x3 y x3 (1 − y ) y ( y − 8 ) + 16 y − 8 y + 16
x 2 ⋅ −1(1 − y ) −1 ⋅ ( y − 4 )( 4 + y ) −1 ( 4 + y )
= = =
x (1 − y )
3 ( y − 4 )( y − 4 ) y−4
4+ y 4+ y
=−
1 or =
x −1( y − 4 ) 4 − y

xy − 2 x x ( y − 2 ) x xy + 2 y + 3x + 6 y ( x + 2) + 3( x + 2)
74. = = 81. =
3 y − 6 3( y − 2) 3 x + 5x + 6
2
( x + 2 )( x + 3)
=
( x + 2 )( y + 3) = y+3
x 2 + 2 xy − 3 y 2
=
( x − y )( x + 3 y ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3) x+3
75.
2 x 2 + 5 xy − 3 y 2 ( 2 x − y )( x + 3 y )
x− y xy + 4 y − 7 x − 28 y ( x + 4) − 7 ( x + 4)
= 82. =
2x − y x + 11x + 28
2
( x + 4 )( x + 7 )
( x + 4 )( y − 7 ) = y−7
x 2 + 3xy − 10 y 2 ( x + 5 y )( x − 2 y ) =
76. = ( x + 4 )( x + 7 ) x+7
3x 2 − 7 xy + 2 y 2 ( 3x − y )( x − 2 y )
=
x + 5y
3x − y 83.
8x2 + 4 x + 2
=
(
2 4 x2 + 2 x + 1 )
1 − 8x 3
(1 − 2 x ) (1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 )
x 2 − 9 x + 18
=
( x − 3)( x − 6 ) 2
77. =
x − 27
3
( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) 1 − 2x
x−6
=
x + 3x + 9
2
84.
x3 − 3x 2 + 9 x
=
(
x x2 − 3x + 9 )
x + 27
3
( x + 3) ( x 2 − 3x + 9 )
x3 − 8 ( x − 2) ( x + 2x + 4)
2
x
78. = =
x + 2x − 8
2
( x − 2 )( x + 4 ) x+3
x2 + 2 x + 4
= 130 x
x+4 85.
100 − x

79.
9 − y2
=
( 3 + y )( 3 − y ) a. x = 40:
y − 3 ( 2 y − 3)
2
y2 − 6 y + 9 130 x 130 ( 40 )
=
=
( 3 + y )( 3 − y ) = ( 3 + y ) ⋅ −1( y − 3) 100 − x 100 − 40
( y − 3)( y − 3) ( y − 3)( y − 3) =
5200
60
−1 ( 3 + y ) 3+ y 3+ y
= or = ≈ 86.67
y −3 −1 ( y − 3 ) 3 − y
This means it costs about $86.67 million to
inoculate 40% of the population.
x = 80:
130 x 130 ( 80 )
=
100 − x 100 − 80
10, 400
=
20
= 520

474 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.1 Rational Expressions and Their Simplification

This means it costs $520 million to inoculate 87. D = 1000, A = 8

80% of the population. DA 1000 ⋅ 8
x = 90: =
A + 12 8 + 12
130 x 130 ( 90 )
= =
8000
= 400
100 − x 100 − 90 20
11, 700 The correct dosage for an 8-year old is 400
=
10 milligrams.
= 1170
This means it costs $1170 million 88. D = 1000, A = 4
($1,170,000,000) to inoculate 90% of the DA 1000 ⋅ 4
=
population. A + 12 4 + 12
4000
b. Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. = = 250
16
100 − x = 0 The correct dosage for a 4-year old is 250
100 = x milligrams.
The rational expression is undefined for x = 100.
100 x + 100, 000
c. The cost keeps rising as x approaches 100. No 89. C =
x
amount of money will be enough to inoculate
100% of the population. a. x = 500
86. a. x = 20: 100 ( 500 ) + 100, 000
C=
60, 000 x 60, 000 ( 20 ) 500
= 150, 000
100 − x 100 − 20 = = 300
1, 200, 000 500
= = 15,000 The cost per bicycle when manufacturing 500
80 bicycles is $300.
x = 50:
60, 000 x 60,000 ( 50 ) b. x = 4000
=
100 − x 100 − 50 100 ( 4000 ) + 100, 000
C=
3, 000, 000 4000
= = 60, 000
50 400, 000 + 100,000
=
x = 80: 4000
60, 000 x 60, 000 ( 80 ) 500, 000
= = = 125
100 − x 100 − 80 4000
4,800, 000 The cost per bicycle when manufacturing 4000
= = 240, 000 bicycles is $125.
20
These results mean that it costs $15,000 to
c. The cost per bicycle decreases as more bicycles
remove 20% of the air pollutants, $60,000 to
are manufactured. One possible reason for this is
remove 50% of the air pollutants, and $240,000
that there could be fixed costs for equipment, so
to remove 80% of the air pollutants.
the more the equipment is used, the lower the
b. Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. cost per bicycle.
100 − x = 0
90. a. x = 100
100 = x 20 (100 ) + 20, 000
The rational expression is undefined for x = 100. C=
100
This means that you cannot remove all, or
2000 + 20,000
100%, of the air pollutants. =
100
c. The cost keeps rising as x approaches 100. No 22, 000
amount of money will be enough to remove =
100
100% of air pollutants.
= 220

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 475

Chapter 7 Rational Expressions

The cost per canoe when manufacturing 100 104. true

canoes is $220.
105. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
b. x = 10,000 A sample change is: x is not a factor of the
20 (10, 000 ) + 20, 000 numerator or the denominator.
C=
10, 000 106. Any rational expression in which the numerator and
200, 000 + 20, 000 denominator have no common factor other than 1
=
10, 000 cannot be simplified. Student examples will vary.
200, 000
= 107. Answers will vary. The denominator should be
10, 000 x + 4 or contain a factor of x + 4 .
= 22
The cost per canoe when manufacturing 10,000 108. x 2 − x − 6 = ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
canoes is $22.
x 2 − x − 6 ( x + 2 )( x − 3)
Therefore, = = x−3
c. The cost per canoe decreases as more canoes are x+2 x+2
manufactured. One possible reason for this is x2 − x − 6
that there could be fixed costs for equipment, so So is the desired rational expression.
the more the equipment is used, the lower the x+2
cost per canoe.
109. The graphs coincide.
This verifies that the
5x
91. y = ;x = 3 3x + 15
x +1
2 simplification = 3, x ≠ −5, is correct. Notice
x+5
5 ⋅ 3 15
y= 2 + = 1.5 the screen shows no y − value for x = −5.
3 + 1 10
The equation indicates that the drug’s concentration 110. The graphs do not coincide.
after 3 hours is 1.5 milligram per liter. This is
2 x 2 − x − 1 ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1)
represented on the graph by the point ( 3,1.5 ) . =
x −1 x −1
92. The graph shows that the drug reaches its maximum = 2 x + 1, x ≠ 1
concentration after 1 hour. If x = 1 , Change the expression on the right from 2 x 2 − 1 to
5 ⋅1 5 2 x + 1.
y= 2 = = 2.5, so the drug’s concentration
1 +1 2
after 1 hour is 2.5 milligrams per liter. 111. The graphs do not coincide.
x 2 − x x ( x − 1)
93. – 97. Answers will vary. =
x x
= x − 1, x ≠ 0
98. makes sense
Change the expression on the right from
99. makes sense x 2 − 1 to x − 1.
100. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. 112. Answers will vary.
Sample explanation: 7 is not a factor of 14 + x.
1 3
101. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. 5 9 5 9 3
113. ⋅ = ⋅ =
Sample explanation: 1 makes the denominator equal 6 25 6 25 10
to 0 and thus the expression is undefined at 1. 2 5

102. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. 2 2 1 2 2 ⋅1 1

A sample change is: 3 is not a factor of 3x + 1. 114. ÷4 = ⋅ = = =
3 3 4 12 2 ⋅ 6 6
103. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
A sample change is: 3 is not a factor of x 2 + 3.

476 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

115. 2 x − 5 y = −2 x − 5 x2 − 4 x − 5 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
3. ⋅ = ⋅
3x + 4 y = 20 x − 2 9 x − 45 x − 2 9( x − 5)
Multiply the first equation by 3 and the second 1 1
equation by −2; then add the results. x − 5 ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
6 x − 15 y = −6 = ⋅
x−2 9 ( x − 5)
−6 x − 8 y = −40 1 1

− 23 y = −46 x+2
=
y=2 9
Back-substitute to find x.
5x + 5 2 x2 + x − 3
2 x − 5 y = −2 4. ⋅
7x − 7x2 4x2 − 9
2 x − 5 ( 2 ) = −2
5( x + 1) (2 x + 3)( x − 1)
2 x − 10 = −2 = ⋅
7 x (1 − x ) (2 x + 3)(2 x − 3)
2x = 8 −1
x=4 5( x + 1) (2 x + 3) ( x − 1)
= ⋅
The solution set is {( 4, 2 )}. 7 x (1 − x ) (2 x + 3) (2 x − 3)
−5( x + 1) 5( x + 1)
= or −
116.
2 3 6
⋅ = 7 x (2 x − 3) 7 x (2 x − 3)
5 7 35
x−4 x+3 x+7
3 1 3 2 6 2⋅3 3 5. ( x + 3) ÷ = ⋅
117. ÷ = ⋅ = = = x+7 1 x−4
4 2 4 1 4 2⋅2 2 ( x + 3)( x + 7)
=
1 2 x−4
5 15 5 8 5 8 2
118. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
4 8 4 15 4 15 3 x2 + 5x + 6 x + 2 x2 + 5x + 6 x + 5
6. ÷ = ⋅
1 3 x 2 − 25 x+5 x 2 − 25 x + 2
( x + 3)( x + 2) x + 5
= ⋅
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 2
7.2 Check Points ( x + 3) ( x + 2) x+5
= ⋅
( x + 5) ( x − 5) x + 2
9 x − 5 9 ( x − 5 ) 9 x − 45
1. ⋅ = = x+3
x+4 2 ( x + 4) 2 2x + 8 =
x −5
x + 4 3x − 21 x + 4 3( x − 7)
2. ⋅ = ⋅ y2 + 3y + 2
x − 7 8 x + 32 x − 7 8( x + 4) 7. (
÷ 5 y 2 + 10 y )
1 1 y +1
2

x + 4 3 ( x − 7) y2 + 3y + 2 5 y 2 + 10 y
= ⋅ = ÷
x − 7 8 ( x + 4) y2 + 1 1
1 1
y2 + 3y + 2 1
=
3 = ⋅
8 y +12
5 y + 10 y 2

( y + 2)( y + 1) 1
= ⋅
y +1
2 5 y ( y + 2)
( y + 2) ( y + 1) 1 y +1
= ⋅ =
y2 + 1 5 y ( y + 2) 5 y ( y 2 + 1)

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 477

Chapter 7 Rational Expressions

7.2 Concept and Vocabulary Check x + 2 ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) ( x + 2 )

x 2 − 25
11. = ⋅ ⋅
PR x − 3 x − 10 x
2
( x + 2 )( x − 5) x
1. numerators; denominators; x+5
QS =
x
2. multiplicative inverse/reciprocal
x + 3 ( x + 7 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 3)
x 2 − 49
12. = ⋅ ⋅
3.
x 2
x − 4 x − 21 x
2
( x − 7 )( x + 3) x
15 x+7
=
x
3
4.
5 4 y + 30 y −3 2 ( 2 y + 15 ) ( y − 3)
13. ⋅
= ⋅
y − 3 y 2 y + 15
2 y ( y − 3) ( 2 y + 15 )
2
7.2 Exercise Set =
y
4 x − 5 4 ( x − 5 ) 4 x − 20
1. ⋅ = = 9 y + 21 y − 2 3 (3 y + 7 ) ( y − 2)
x+3 9 ( x + 3) 9 9 x + 27 14. = ⋅ ⋅
y − 2 y 3y + 7
2 y ( y − 2) (3 y + 7 )
8 x + 5 8 x + 40 =
3
2. ⋅ =
x−2 3 3x − 6 y

x 12 3 ⋅ 4x 4x y 2 − 7 y − 30 2 y 2 + 5 y + 2
3. ⋅ = = 15. ⋅
3 x + 5 3 ( x + 5) x + 5 y 2 − 6 y − 40 2 y 2 + 7 y + 3
( y + 3)( y − 10 ) ( 2 y + 1)( y + 2 )
x 30 x 5⋅6 6x = ⋅
4. ⋅ = ⋅ = ( y + 4 )( y − 10 ) ( 2 y + 1)( y + 3)
5 x−4 5 x−4 x−4
y+2
=
3 4x 3 ⋅ 4x 4 y+4
5. ⋅ = =
x 15 3 ⋅ 5 x 5
3 y 2 + 17 y + 10 y 2 − 4 y − 32
16. ⋅
7 5x 7 5 ⋅ x 1 3 y 2 − 22 y − 16 y 2 − 8 y − 48
6. ⋅ = ⋅ = =1
x 35 x 5 ⋅ 7 1
( 3 y + 2 )( y + 5) ( y − 8)( y + 4 )
= ⋅
x − 3 4 x + 20 x − 3 4 ( x + 5 ) 4 ( 3 y + 2 )( y − 8) ( y − 12 )( y + 4 )
7. ⋅ = ⋅ = y+5
x + 5 9 x − 27 x + 5 9 ( x − 3) 9 =
y − 12
x − 2 5 x + 45 x − 2 5 ( x + 9 ) 5
8. ⋅ = ⋅ = y2 − 9 4
x + 9 2x − 4 x + 9 2 ( x − 2) 2 17. (y 2
−9 ⋅) 4
y −3
=
1
⋅
y −3
x 2 + 9 x + 14 1 ( x + 7 )( x + 2 ) ⋅1 = 1 ( y + 3)( y − 3) 4
9. ⋅ = = ⋅
x+7 x+2 ( x + 7 )( x + 2 ) 1 y −3
= 4 ( y + 3) or 4 y + 12

10.
x + 9 x + 18 1
2
⋅ =
( x + 6 )( x + 3) = 1
x+6 x + 3 ( x + 6 )( x + 3)

478 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 Section 7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

18. (y 2
− 16 ⋅ ) 3 ( x + 4 )3 x 2 + 4 x + 4
y−4 24. ⋅
( x + 2 )3 x 2 + 8x + 16
y 2 − 16 3
= ⋅
y−4 ( x + 4 )3 ( x + 2 ) 2
1 = ⋅
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) ⋅
3 ( x + 2 )3 ( x + 4 ) 2
=
1 y−4 x+4
=
= 3 ( y + 4 ) or 3 y + 12 x+2

6x + 2 1− x
x2 − 5x + 6 x2 − 1 25. ⋅
19. ⋅ x − 1 3x 2 + x
2
x2 − 2 x − 3 x2 − 4 2 ( 3 x + 1) (1 − x )
( x − 2 )( x − 3) ( x + 1)( x − 1) = ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( 3x + 1)
= ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 3) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
2 ( 3 x + 1) −1( x − 1)
x −1 = ⋅
=
x+2
( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( 3x + 1)
−2 2
= or −
x + 5x + 6
2
x −92 x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
20. ⋅
x + x−6 x − x−6
2 2

( x + 2 )( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3) 26.
8x + 2
⋅
3− x
= ⋅
( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x2 − 9 4 x2 + x
2 ( 4 x + 1) (3 − x)
x+3 = ⋅
= ( x + 3)( x − 3) x ( 4 x + 1)
x−2
2 ( 4 x + 1) −1( x − 3)
x3 − 8 x + 2 = ⋅
21. ⋅ ( x + 3)( x − 3) x ( 4 x + 1)
x 2 − 4 3x −2 2
( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 2 x + 4 ) ( x + 2 ) =
x ( x + 3)
or −
x ( x + 3)
= ⋅
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 3x
x2 + 2 x + 4 25 − y 2 y 2 − 8 y − 20
= 27. ⋅
3x y − 2 y − 35 y 2 − 3 y − 10
2

( 5 + y )( 5 − y ) ( y − 10 )( y + 2 )
x2 + 6 x + 9 = ⋅
22. ⋅
1 ( y + 5)( y − 7 ) ( y − 5)( y + 2 )
x3 + 27 x + 3
− ( y − 10 ) y − 10
( x + 3)( x + 3) 1 = or −
= ⋅ y−7 y−7
( x + 3) ( x 2
− 3x + 9 ) ( x + 3)
1 2y 2 y2 − 9 y + 9
= 28. ⋅
x − 3x + 9
2
3y − y 2 8 y − 12
2y ( 2 y − 3)( y − 3)
( x − 2 )3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ⋅
23. ⋅ y (3 − y ) 4 ( 2 y − 3)
( x − 1)3 x2 − 4 x + 4 2y ( 2 y − 3)( −1)( 3 − y )
= ⋅
( x − 2 )3 ( x − 1)2 y (3 − y ) 4 ( 2 y − 3)
= ⋅
( x − 1)3 ( x − 2 )2 =−
2
=−
1
x−2 4 2
=
x −1

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 479

Chapter 7 Rational Expressions

x 2 − y 2 x 2 + xy x + 1 3x + 3 x + 1 7
29. ⋅ 39. ÷ = ⋅
x x+ y 3 7 3 3x + 3
x +1 7
( x + y )( x − y ) x ( x + y ) = ⋅
= ⋅ 3 3 ( x + 1)
x ( x + y)
7
= ( x − y )( x + y ) or x 2 − y 2 =
9

4 x − 4 y x 2 + xy x + 5 4 x + 20 x + 5 9
30. ⋅ 2 40. ÷ = ⋅
x x − y2 7 9 7 4 x + 20
4( x − y) x( x + y) x+5 9
= ⋅
= ⋅ =4 7 4 ( x + 5)
x ( x + y )( x − y )
9
=
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 4 x − 4 y 28
31. ⋅
x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 3x + 3 y 7 28 7 3x − 15
41. ÷ = ⋅
( x + y )( x + y ) 4 ( x − y ) x − 5 3x − 15 x − 5 28
= ⋅
( x − y )( x − y ) 3 ( x + y ) 7 3 ( x − 5)
= ⋅
4( x + y) ( x − 5) 7 ⋅ 4
=
3( x − y ) 3
=
4
x2 − y2 x + 2y
32. ⋅ 4 40 4 7 x − 42
x + y 2 x 2 − xy − y 2 42. ÷ = ⋅
x − 6 7 x − 42 x − 6 40
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + 2 y) 7 ( x − 6)
= ⋅ 4
( x + y) ( 2 x + y )( x − y ) = ⋅
( x − 6 ) 4 ⋅10
x + 2y
= 7
2x + y =
10
x 5 x 3 3x
33. ÷ = ⋅ = x2 − 4 x + 2 x2 − 4 x − 2
7 3 7 5 35 43. ÷ = ⋅
x x−2 x x+2
x 3 x 8 8x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x − 2
34. ÷ = ⋅ = = ⋅
3 8 3 3 9 x x+2
( x − 2 )2
3 12 3 x 1 =
35. ÷ = ⋅ = x
x x x 12 4
x2 − 4 x + 2 x2 − 4 4x − 8
x 20 x x x2 44. ÷ = ⋅
36. ÷ = ⋅ = x − 2 4x − 8 x−2 x+2
5 x 5 20 100 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 4 ( x − 2 )
= ⋅
15 3 15 2 x ( x − 2) ( x + 2)
37. ÷ = ⋅ = 10
x 2x x 3 = 4 ( x − 2 ) or 4 x − 8

9 3 9 4x 3⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x
38. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅
x 4x x 3 x 3
3⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
= = 12
1

480 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

y2 + 3y − 4 x2 + x x2 − 1
45. (y 2
− 16 ÷ ) y +4
2
50. ÷
x − 4 x + 5x + 6
2 2

y 2 − 16 y2 + 4 x2 + x x2 + 5x + 6
= ⋅ 2 = 2 ⋅
1 y + 3y − 4 x −4 x2 − 1
x ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y2 + 4 = ⋅
= ⋅ ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
1 ( y + 4 )( y − 1)
x ( x + 3)
( y − 4) ( y2 + 4) =
= ( x − 2 )( x − 1)
y −1
x 2 − 25 x 2 + 10 x + 25
y 2 − 25 ÷ 2
( )
51.
46. y + 4y −5 ÷
2
2x − 2 x + 4x − 5
y+7
x − 25 x 2 + 4 x − 5
2

y2 + 4 y − 5 y + 7 = ⋅
= ⋅ 2 2 x − 2 x 2 + 10 x + 25
1 y − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5) ⋅ ( x + 5)( x − 1)
=
( y + 5 )( y − 1) ( y + 7) 2 ( x − 1) ( x + 5)( x + 5)
= ⋅
1 ( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) x −5
=
( y − 1)( y + 7 ) 2
=
y −5
x2 − 4 x2 + 5x + 6
52. ÷
y2 − y y −1 y2 − y 5 x 2 + 3x − 10 x 2 + 8 x + 15
47. ÷ = ⋅
15 5 15 y −1 x2 − 4 x 2 + 8 x + 15
= 2 ⋅ 2
y ( y − 1) 5 x + 3 x − 10 x + 5 x + 6
= ⋅
15 ( y − 1) =
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⋅ ( x + 5)( x + 3)
y ( x + 5)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
=
3 =1

y2 − 2 y y − 2 y2 − 2 y 5 y3 + y y3 − y 2
48. ÷ = ⋅ 53. ÷
15 5 15 y−2 y −y2
y − 2 y +1
2

y ( y − 2) 5 y3 + y y2 − 2 y + 1
= ⋅ = ⋅
15 ( y − 2) y2 − y y3 − y2
=
y
3 =
(
y y2 + 1 ) ⋅ ( y − 1)( y − 1)
y ( y − 1) y 2 ( y − 1)
4 x 2 + 10 6 x 2 + 15 y2 +1
49. ÷ 2 =
x −3 x −9 y2
4 x + 10 x − 9
2 2
= ⋅
x − 3 6 x 2 + 15

=
(
2 2 x2 + 5 ) ⋅ ( x + 3)( x − 3)
( x − 3) 3 ( 2 x + 5) 2

2 ( x + 3) 2x + 6
= or
3 3

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 481

Chapter 7 Rational Expressions

3 y 2 − 12 y3 − 2 y 2 3 y + 12 y 2 + y − 12
54. ÷ 58. ÷
y + 4y + 4
2
y + 2y
2
y + 3y
2
9 y − y3
3 y 2 − 12 y2 + 2 y 3 y + 12 9 y − y3
= ⋅ = ⋅
y 2 + 4 y + 4 y3 − 2 y 2 y + 3 y y + y − 12
2 2

=
(
3 y −4 2
) ⋅
y ( y + 2)
=
3( y + 4)
⋅
(
y 9 − y2 )
( y + 2 )( y + 2 ) y ( y − 2 ) 2 y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
3 ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) y ( y + 2 ) 3 ( y + 4 ) y ( 3 + y )( 3 − y )
= ⋅ = ⋅
( y + 2 )( y + 2 ) y 2 ( y − 2 ) y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
3 3 ( y + 4 ) y ( 3 + y )( −1)( y − 3)
= = ⋅
y y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
= −3
y2 + 5 y + 4 y 2 − 12 y + 35
55. ÷
y 2 + 12 y + 32 y 2 + 3 y − 40 2 x + 2 y x2 − y 2
59. ÷
y2 + 5 y + 4 y 2 + 3 y − 40 3 x− y
= ⋅
y 2 + 12 y + 32 y 2 − 12 y + 35 2x + 2 y x − y
= ⋅ 2
( y + 4 )( y + 1) ( y + 8)( y − 5) 3 x − y2
= ⋅ 2( x + y)
( y + 4 )( y + 8) ( y − 7 )( y − 5) = ⋅
x− y
y +1 3 ( x + y )( x − y )
=
y−7 =
2
3
y 2 + 4 y − 21 y 2 + 14 y + 48
56. ÷ 5x + 5 y x2 − y 2
y 2 + 3 y − 28 y 2 + 4 y − 32 60. ÷
7 x− y
y 2 + 4 y − 21 y 2 + 4 y − 32
= ⋅ 5x + 5 y x − y
y 2 + 3 y − 28 y 2 + 14 y + 48 = ⋅ 2
7 x − y2
( y + 7 )( y − 3) ( y + 8)( y − 4 ) 5( x + y) ( x − y)
= ⋅
( y + 7 )( y − 4 ) ( y + 8)( y + 6 ) =
7
⋅
( x + y )( x − y )
y −3
= 5
y+6 =
7

2 y 2 − 128 y 2 − 6 y − 16 x2 − y 2 4x − 4 y
57. ÷ 61. ÷
y + 16 y + 64
2
3 y + 30 y + 48
2
8 x − 16 xy + 8 y
2 2 x+ y
2 y − 128
2
3 y + 30 y + 48
2
x2 − y 2 x+ y
= ⋅ = ⋅
y + 16 y + 64
2
y − 6 y − 16
2
8 x − 16 xy + 8 y
2 2
4x − 4 y

=
(
2 y − 642
) ⋅ 3( y 2
+ 10 y + 16 ) =
( x + y )( x − y )
⋅
x+ y
( y + 8)( y + 8) ( y + 2 )( y − 8) (
8 x − 2 xy + y
2 2
) 4( x − y)
2 ( y + 8 )( y − 8 ) 3 ( y + 2 )( y + 8 ) ( x + y )( x − y ) x + y
= ⋅ = ⋅
( y + 8)( y + 8) ( y + 2 )( y − 8) 8 ( x − y )( x − y ) 4 ( x − y )
=6
( x + y )2
=
32 ( x − y )
2

482 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

4 x2 − y2 4x − 2 y
62. ÷
x + 4 xy + 4 y 2
2 3x + 6 y
4 x2 − y 2 3x + 6 y
= ⋅
x + 4 xy + 4 y
2 2
4x − 2 y
( 2 x + y )( 2 x − y ) 3 ( x + 2 y )
= ⋅
( x + 2 y )( x + 2 y ) 2 ( 2 x − y )
3( 2x + y )
=
2( x + 2y)

xy − y 2 2 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
63. ÷
x 2 + 2 x + 1 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 3 y 2
xy − y 2 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 3 y 2
= ⋅
x 2 + 2 x + 1 2 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
y ( x − y)
( 2 x + 3 y )( x + y )
= ⋅
( x + 1)( x + 1) ( 2 x + 3 y )( x − y )
y ( x + y)
=
( x + 1)2

x2 − 4 y2 x 2 − 4 xy + 4 y 2
64. ÷
x + 3xy + 2 y
2 2 x+ y
x2 − 4 y2 x+ y
= ⋅
x + 3 xy + 2 y
2 2
x − 4 xy + 4 y 2
2

( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y)
= ⋅
( x + 2 y )( x + y ) ( x − 2 y )( x − 2 y )
1
=
x − 2y

 y−2 y 2 − 4 y − 12  y2 − 4  y−2 y 2 − 4 y − 12  y 2 + 5 y + 6
65.  2 ⋅  ÷ 2 = 2 ⋅  ⋅
 y+2   y+2
 y − 9 y + 18  y + 5 y + 6  y − 9 y + 18  y2 − 4
 y−2 ( y − 6 )( y + 2 )  ( y + 2 )( y + 3)  y − 2  y + 3 y + 3
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ =
 
 ( y − 6 )( y − 3) y+2  ( y + 2 )( y − 2 )  y − 3  y − 2 y − 3

 6 y 2 + 31y + 18 2 y 2 − 15 y + 18  2 y 2 − 13 y + 15
66.  2 ⋅ ÷
 3 y − 20 y + 12 6 y 2 + 35 y + 36  9 y 2 + 15 y + 4
 
 6 y 2 + 31y + 18 2 y 2 − 15 y + 18  9 y 2 + 15 y + 4
= ⋅ ⋅
 3 y 2 − 20 y + 12 6 y 2 + 35 y + 36  2 y 2 − 13 y + 15
 
 ( 3 y + 2 )( 2 y + 9 ) ( 2 y − 3)( y − 6 )  ( 3 y + 4 )( 3 y + 1)
= ⋅ ⋅
 ( 3 y − 2 )( y − 6 ) ( 3 y + 4 )( 2 y + 9 )  ( 2 y − 3)( y − 5)
 
 ( 3 y + 2 )( 2 y − 3)  ( 3 y + 4 )( 3 y + 1) ( 3 y + 2 )( 3 y + 1)
= ⋅ =
 ( 3 y − 2 )( 3 y + 4 )  ( 2 y − 3)( y − 5) ( 3 y − 2 )( y − 5)
 

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 483

Other documents randomly have
different content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of In Tamal Land
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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Title: In Tamal Land

Author: Helen Bingham

Release date: November 27, 2017 [eBook #56061]

Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IN TAMAL LAND

***
 Transcriber's Note:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original
document have been preserved.

In Tamal Land
Approaching Marin's Shores.

In Tamal Land

BY

HELEN BINGHAM

THE CALKINS PUBLISHING HOUSE

San Francisco, U. S. A.

Copyrighted, 1906,
By Helen Bingham

All Rights Reserved

 DEDICATION

To the chum of my childhood,

The friend of my youth,
And my kindred soul—
My Mother—
This volume is lovingly dedicated.
 INTRODUCTION

A secret nook in a pleasant land,

Whose groves the frolic fairies planned,
Where arches green, the livelong day,
Echo the blackbird's roundelay,
And vulgar feet have never trod
Spots that are sacred to thought and God.
—Emerson.
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Approaching Marin's Shores Frontispiece

Title sketch 1
One of the Commodious Ferry-boats 1
The Ferry Landing 2
Main Street, Sausalito 3
Sausalito Residences 4
The Club House, Sausalito 5
The Son of the Renowned Captain 7
A Typical Roadway 8
A Reminder of Rhineland 9
A Hillside Road 10
Hillside Gardening 11
O'Connell's Seat 12
Daniel O'Connell 13
A Windblown Tree 14
Fissures of the Cliffs 15
Nearing the Point 16
Fishing Boats 17
The Derrick Wharf 19
Point Bonita Lighthouse 20
Overlooking the Fog 21
The First Fog Signal 22
Angel Island 23
The Departing Day 23
Mt. Tamalpais from Mill Valley 25
The Powerhouse 27
An Electric Train 27
A Relic of the Past 28
Mill Valley Depot 29
The Three Wells 30
The Cascade 30
The Old Mill 31
Like the Mikado's Realm 33
A Reminder of the Toriis 34
Some of the Quaint Lamps 35
The Dining-room at Miyajima 35
A Creek in Summer 36
In the Hayfield 36
"The Outdoor-Art Club" 37
What the Club is Trying to Prevent 38
The Mountain Train 39
Through the Redwoods 39
Turning the Innumerable Curves 40
From the Crest of Mt. Tamalpais 41
The Marine Observatory 43
The Tavern 43
The Bow-Knot 44
A Wireless Telegraphy Station 45
The Bolinas Stage 46
Bolinas Bay 46
A Glimpse of Bolinas 47
Flag Staff Inn 48
Sand Dunes 49
The Breakers 49
The Oil Well 50
Where Don Gregorio Died 50
Thad Welch's Cabin 51
Duxbury Reef 53
The Lone Tree 54
Thad Welch at Work 54
Among the Redwoods 55
Primal Solitudes 56
In the Canyon 57
Angel Island from the Mainland 58
The Tiburon Depot 59
"The Tropic Bird" 60
In the Cove 61
Belvedere 63
An Artistic Church 64
Unloading Codfish 65
Drying Codfish 66
San Quentin 67
Point San Quentin as seen from Mt. Tamalpais 68
Lagunitas, San Rafael's Water Supply 69
Trolling on the Lake 70
A Marin Landscape. (From the original by Thad
71
Welch)
Mt. Tamalpais from Ross Valley 73
A Home in Ross Valley 74
A Shaded Avenue 75
Dress Parade, Hitchcock Military Academy 76
Theological Seminary, San Anselmo 77
Dominican Convent 77
Court House, San Rafael 78
Escalle Vineyard and Winery 79
"Fairhills" 81
Fourth Street, San Rafael 82
Entrance to Hotel Rafael 83
Hotel Rafael 83
The Late Owner of the Olompali 84
The Last of the Race 85
A Wood Interior 87
Summer in the Redwoods 87
A Charming Drive 88
Browsing 89
A Characteristic Stream 90
Relics from a Shell Mound 91
Haying Time 92
Apple Picking in Marin 93
Cheese Industry 95
Young Heron 96
On the Marsh 97
R. H. Hotaling's Residence on "Sleepy Hollow
98
Ranch"
The Taxidermist of Marin 99
A Quail's Nest 100
A Humming Bird's Nest 101
Little Songsters 101
A Sportsman 102
Near to Nature's Heart 103
A Bend in the Road 105
One of the Sparkling Lakes 106
Shafter Lake 107
On the Shore of Shafter Lake 108
Entering Bear Valley 109
The Country Club 109
Among the Ferns 110
At the Trough 111
Nearing Tomales Bay 113
Tomales Bay 114
Church of the Assumption, Tomales 115
Feeding Time 116
Chicken Ranches in Marin 117
Defacing Nature 119
Dairying on the Edge of the Pacific 120
In the Pasture 121
Going Home 122
A Marin Ranch 123
Sir Francis Drake 125
A Bay of Solitude 126
Drake's Bay 127
A Bit of Rocky Shore 128
Marin Cows 129
Drake's Cross 131
A Rugged Coast Line 132
Point Reyes 133
Point Reyes Life Saving Station 134
Plowing in October 135
"The Warrior Queen" 137
The Lighthouse 138
Cloud-Hosts 138
Where the Waves Break 139
The Glory of the Dying Day 140
 In Tamal Land

To the average tourist there are few states in the Union which offer
more attractions than California.
Though its mild climate, fertile valleys, and scenic beauties are
counted among its chief assets, still they are not its sole
possessions, for, linked to the present great commercial activity of
the Pacific Coast is a chain of picturesque events, clustered about its
birth and infancy, which lends to the whole a peculiar charm, giving
it a distinct individuality.
While the footsteps of the Spaniards grow fainter and fainter as they
glide away into the corridors of time, and their traces become
gradually assimilated by the progressive and oft-times aggressive
Yankee, nevertheless the echoes from that former non-progressive
splendor float back to us, and history re-animates the old adobes,
breathing into a few secluded valleys the spirit of the past.
As the seat of historic interest, Monterey has received more homage
than any other county on the Slope. Tourists flock to pay court to
her old landmarks, writers eagerly pore over her time-worn archives,
and the wielders of the brush have congregated in such numbers as
to form an artists' colony. Though Monterey is undoubtedly justified
in carrying off the palm for her many attractions, yet it is but fair
 that she should divide the
honors of the past with her
sister counties, being content
to reign as Sovereign of the
Coast.
Skirting the Northern end of
San Francisco Bay is one of
the smallest and most
picturesque counties of
California.
One of the Commodious Ferry Boats.

The Ferry Landing.

As a tiny gem in a coronet appears insignificant when contrasted

with the other stones in point of size, but when viewed alone is
admired for the diversity of its coloring and rare quality, so Marin,
when measured by acres, appears insignificant, but when estimated
by the beauty and diversity of its scenery stands unique, apart,
alone.
As we approach Marin's shores, after a half hour's ride across the
Bay on a commodious modern ferry-boat, our first thought on
nearing the land is its remarkable similarity to an Italian settlement.
For surely this town, situated on the steep hillside, is a counterpart
of many an Italian hamlet, which, clinging to some abrupt cliff or
bluff, seems to defy nature by its occupancy.
The clear blue of the California sky overhead but added to the
illusion, although upon closer approach it was gradually dispelled by
the modern American houses in place of quaint Italian structures.
Leaving the Depot we passed an attractive little park, well kept and
gay with flowers, and a walk of a few moments brought us to the
most historic part of Sausalito.
Though not in the section designated "old Sausalito," still it is the
oldest in memories, for it was here that John Read, the first English-
speaking settler in the County, came in 1826, erecting near the
beach a crude board house. While waiting for a land grant from the
Mexican Government, Read lived here.

Main Street, Sausalito.

Being of an ingenious turn of mind and having a practical nautical

knowledge, Read set about constructing a sail boat, which he
subsequently plied between Sausalito and San Francisco, carrying
passengers. This was the first ferry boat on the Bay and when we
contrast the little sailboat making its periodical trips across a solitary
Bay with the present ferry craft, passing on their route ships from
every quarter of the globe, a mere three score of years seems short
for such a change, and proves what can be accomplished by Anglo-
Saxon energy and enterprise.

Sausalito Residences.

Upon receiving his grant for the Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio,
lying north of Sausalito, Mr. Read moved there in 1834.
A few hundred yards back from the beach, in what is now called
"Wildwood Glen," was the first adobe house built in Sausalito. Only a
few stones now mark the spot on which it stood, and a solitary pear-
tree, gnarled and knotted with age stands a living witness of peace
and plenty and decay. For it was in the bountiful days preceding the
great influx into California by the Americans that Captain William
Antonio Richardson, an Englishman but lately arrived on a whaling
vessel from "the Downs," made application, and was given a grant
to the Sausalito Rancho by the Mexican Government. He soon began
building his adobe house and with the aid of the Indians it was
rapidly completed. In the spring of 1836 he brought his beautiful
young wife, formerly the Senorita Maria Antonia Martinez, to their
new abode.
 The Club House, Sausalito.

The Senora Maria Antonio was the daughter of Ygnacio Martinez, for
whom the present town of that name in Contra Costa County was
called.
 The Son of the Renowned Captain.
Of all the dreams of happiness and love that filled the minds of the
youthful pair on that fair spring morning, as in a small boat they
were rowed across the Bay, by Indians, to their new home, we can
not judge, but I am sure their dreams, however fond, were realized,
for it is recorded somewhere that joy and peace reigned supreme in
the little adobe.
However this may be, a young orchard was set out, cattle were
bought and tended and the Senora's clever hands soon had the walls
laden with the sweetest of Castilian roses. A stream flowed by the
house on its way to the Bay, and on many a bright morning the
Indian women of the household might be seen bending low over the
stones washing the family linen. The stream has long since
disappeared, as also the remnant of the race that washed in its
waters—one through an unaccountable law of nature, the other
through the rapacious greed and oppression of the Anglo-Saxon
race.

A Typical Roadway.

Owing to the abundance of pure, fresh water found on the Sausalito

Rancho it was shipped to Yerba Buena and the Presidio. The water
was conducted by spouts to the beach, thence into a tank on a
scow, which conveyed it across the Bay. This mode of supplying San
Francisco with water lasted for some time, until with the increase of
population this primitive means was abandoned.
A tule boat operated by Indians regularly crossed the Bay for the
mail, many of the Indians evincing considerable skill in navigation
under the tutelage of their able master.
Standing beside a heap of stones—historic stones because the sole
remnant of this abode of the past—my glance wandered to the blue
water of the Bay which laps the edge of the glen and stretches over
to the distant hills which descend in gentle undulations to this
beautiful shimmering sheet of blue. And this Bay, too, speaks of the
second settler of Marin, for it bears his name.
As my glance now fell on the enchanting little glen with its tangled
woodland and steep declivities, and then to the fair stretches of land
that lay beyond, a sigh of sadness escaped from me unawares. I
thought how all this lovely region, this Rancho Sausalito, comprising
19,500 acres, as varied and beautiful as ever nature put her seal to,
this land, which rightfully belonged to Richardson and his
descendants, had been appropriated by others through pretext of
law and what not, until the heirs of the pioneer can call but a small
building lot their own. Thus we ever find that "man's inhumanity to
man makes countless thousands mourn."
 A Reminder of Rhineland.

But the son of the renowned Captain, a hale, hearty old gentleman,
with a pleasant Spanish accent, speaks with calm equanimity of their
loss of fortune, showing not a vestige of ill-will toward the
transgressors, and practicing in full the true Christian spirit so often
lauded but rarely seen.
"Sometimes, it is true, it makes me sad," he once replied, in answer
to my queries, "to think of all the Rancho being gone. As a boy I
used to ride, chasing the cattle, climbing the steep mountain sides
followed by our vaqueros ... and how wild it was then and so
beautiful—so beautiful!" Thus the heir to all these acres would extol
their beauty without more reproach than that it sometimes made
him sad.
Ascending the glen by a winding country road, shadowed by trees
and shrubs, it was not long before we reached a small, low shingled
cottage nestled deep in the shade of tall bays and buckeyes. A neat
sign over the door bearing the inscription "O'Connell Glen," met our
gaze, and then we knew that this little cottage, with its wealth of
solitude and humble exterior, was the former home of the poet,
Daniel O'Connell. For it was in this rural retreat that O'Connell, with
his family, spent many busy, imaginative years.

A Hillside Road.

A bohemian of the truest kind, he delighted in what Marin had to

offer. With a stout stick, and accompanied by his daughters, he
would often be seen sallying forth from his rustic lodge to tramp
over hills and through canyons, exploring the apparently
inaccessible, viewing and absorbing the wondrous beauty of
woodland fastnesses, airy heights, and rugged cliffs. Feeling the very
pulse of nature, his poems were the embodiment of all he had seen
and felt, delighting the reader with their subtle charm and graceful
imagery, which were peculiarly the author's own.
Leaving his favorite retreat and last abode, for it was here in 1899
that the poet breathed his last, a short walk around the bend of the
hill brought us to another spot, sacred to the memory of the poet.
This is the O'Connell monument which, as the inscription tells us,
was erected by his sorrowing friends. The monument is in the form
of a granite seat, some fifteen feet in length, fashioned in a graceful,
curving crescent. Placed on the bank above the roadway, it is
surrounded by great masses of bright-colored flowers, and
approached by a few stone steps. The floor is of small, inlaid stones,
in the center of which a three-leaf Shamrock proclaims the
nationality of the poet.

Hillside Gardening.

Besides the name he made for himself, O'Connell came of illustrious

ancestors, being the son of a distinguished lawyer, Charles
O'Connell, and grand-nephew of the great Irish patriot, Daniel
O'Connell.

O'Connell's Seat.
On the back of the seat are inscribed these lines, written by the poet
but ten days before his fatal illness, and prophetic of the long
journey he was so soon to take, where, away from the cares and
turmoil of this world, his soul could solve its remaining problems:

I have a Castle of Silence, flanked by a lofty keep,

And across the drawbridge lieth the lovely chamber of sleep;
Its walls are draped in legends woven in threads of gold.
Legends beloved in dreamland, in the tranquil days of old.

Here lies the Princess sleeping in the palace, solemn and still,
And knight and countess slumber; and even the noisy rill
That flowed by the ancient tower, has passed on its way to the sea,
And the deer are asleep in the forest, and the birds are asleep in the
tree.

And I in my Castle of Silence, in my chamber of sleep, lie down.

Like the far-off murmur of forests come the turbulent echoes of
town.
And the wrangling tongues about me have now no power to keep
My soul from the solace exceeding the blessed Nirvana of sleep.

Lower the portcullis softly, sentries, placed on the wall;

Let shadows of quiet and silence on all my palace fall;
Softly draw the curtains.... Let the world labor and weep—
My soul is safe environed by the walls of my chamber of sleep.

Turning from these verses to rest on the granite seat, we were

confronted with a view of surpassing loveliness. Our attention had
been so engrossed in examining this monument to genius that, until
then, we had failed to perceive the commanding situation it held.
Below us stretched the peaceful waters of the Bay; on the left Angel
Island and the Berkeley hills, with old Diablo dimly seen in the
distance; in front, Alcatraz with its warlike aspect lay basking in the
sun; while to the right the City, with its many hills and pall of smoke,
could be plainly discerned. Truly a fitting spot for this memorial to
genius.

Daniel O'Connell.

Another attractive feature of Sausalito, besides its superb marine

view, is its abundance of flowers. These not only grow in thick
profusion in the quaint hillside gardens, but are planted beside the
roadways, covering many an erstwhile bare and unsightly bank with
trailing vines, gay nasturtiums and bright geraniums. There is
something in the spirit of this hillside gardening, this planting of
sweet blossoms for the public at large, that is very appealing in
these days of monopolistic greed, when everything that is worth
while has a fence around it. Thus it is refreshing to find a little spot
in this dollar-mad America where the citizens disinterestedly beautify
the public streets for the enjoyment of each passer-by.
 A Wind-Blown Tree.

Owing to the hilly surface of Sausalito, driving is rather a precarious

enjoyment, but there is one drive which, with its superb marine
vistas, amply compensates for the apparent lack of level roads. With
the intention of taking this drive we procured a team and were soon
driven rapidly along the boulevard skirting the water front, past the
San Francisco Yacht Club, with its medley of white sailboats and
smaller craft bobbing about in the water, and then through old
Sausalito nestled in the gulch. Thence ascending the hill, the road
wound around bend after bend with the Bay ever below us at a
distance of a few hundred feet.
Arriving at a small, shingled lodge beside a gate through which we
passed into the reservation, we soon came upon the Fort Baker
Barracks in the hollow of the hills. It seems as if Nature, in
anticipation of man's conflict with his brother man, had formed these
hills on purpose for a fortification, so well adapted do they seem for
their present use.
Beyond the Barracks, at the base of a cliff, we spied some small,
white buildings clustered on the rocks extending out into the water.
This proved to be Lime Point, and the buildings we were
approaching belong to the Government, constituting a lighthouse-
and fog-signal station. We found it to be one of the many smaller
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