EEE-233

Electrical Machines-1
Lecture 5-14

1
 Ideal Transformer
❑Assumptions of an Ideal Transformer
•In order to have better understanding of the behavior of the transformer, initially
certain idealizations are made and the resulting ‘ideal’ transformer is studied. These
idealizations are as follows:
•1. Magnetic circuit is linear and has infinite permeability. The consequence is that a
vanishingly small current is enough to establish the given flux. Hysteresis loss is
negligible. As all the flux generated confines itself to the iron, there is no leakage flux.
•2. Windings do not have resistance. This means that there are no copper losses, nor
there is any ohmic drop in the electric circuit.
•In fact the practical transformers are very close to this model and hence no major
departure is made in making these assumptions.

2
 Ideal Transformer
❑IDEAL TRANSFORMER (Without Load)
•No winding resistance, no leakage flux and no iron losses in the core.

•When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, it draws a small

magnetizing current which lags behind the applied voltage by 90°.
• produces an alternating flux Φ which is proportional to and in phase with it.
•The alternating flux Φ induces e.m.f. in the primary and e.m.f. in the
secondary.
• is equal to and in opposition to V1 (Lenz’s law) and both and lag behind
flux Φ by 90°.

3
𝒎
𝒎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑬
𝑬
𝑬
𝑬
𝑬
 Ideal Transformer
❑E.M.F EQUATION OF AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER

•Let, an alternating voltage V1 of frequency f is applied to the primary

•The sinusoidal flux, produced by the primary can be represented as:
=
•The induced emf in primary winding is:
=− =− = −
Where, N1 is the number of turns in primary winding, Φm, the maximum (peak) flux,
and f the frequency of the supply voltage.
• It is clear from above equation that e.m.f. e1 induced in the primary lags behind
the flux Φ by 90°
•Here, The maximum value of the induced e.m.f in primary winding is:
= =
𝒅
𝒕
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝒎
𝟏
𝒎
𝒆
𝑵
𝑵
𝝓
𝝎
𝒄
𝒐
𝒔
𝝎
𝒕
𝑵
𝝓
𝝎
𝒔
𝒊
𝒏
𝝎
𝒕
𝟗
𝟎
4
𝒎
𝟏
𝒎
𝟏
𝒎
𝟏
𝒎
𝟎
𝝓𝝓
𝒘
𝑬
𝒆
𝒃
𝒆
𝝓
𝒓
𝑵
𝒔
𝒊
𝒏
𝝓
𝝎
𝝎
𝒕
𝟐
𝝅
𝒇
𝑵
𝝓
𝒅
𝝓
 Ideal Transformer
❑E.M.F EQUATION OF AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER (Contd.)
•The r.m.s value of the induced e.m.f in primary winding is:
= = = .

•Similarly, r.m.s value of the induced e.m.f in secondary winding,

= .
Where, is the number of turns in secondary winding.
From the induced e.m.f equations
∴ = = =

If, > ,
< ,
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝑬
𝑵
𝟏
𝟏
𝒎
𝑬
𝟒
𝟒
𝟒
𝑵
𝝓
𝒇
𝒂
𝑻
𝒖
𝒓
𝒏
𝒔
𝑹
𝒂
𝒕
𝒊
𝒐
5
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝒎
𝒎
𝟏
𝟏
𝒎
𝟏
𝟏
𝑬
𝑵
𝒂
𝒂
𝟏
𝟏
𝟒
𝑺
𝑺
𝟒
𝒕
𝒕
𝟒
𝒆
𝒆
𝑵
𝒑
𝒑
𝒖
𝒅
𝝓
𝒑
𝒐
𝒘
𝒕
𝒇
𝒓
𝒏
𝒂
𝒏
𝒕
𝒓
𝒔
𝒂
𝒇
𝒏
𝒐
𝒔
𝒓
𝒇
𝒎
𝒐
𝒆
𝒓
𝒓
𝒎
𝒆
𝒓
𝑬
𝟐
𝝅
𝒇
𝑵
𝝓
𝑬
𝑵
 Ideal Transformer
❑E.M.F EQUATION OF AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER (Contd.)

•For an ideal transformer,

= and =
as there is no voltage drop in the windings
∴ = = =

The constant ‘ ’ is called turns ratio.

•As there are no losses the volt-amperes input

to the primary are equal to the output volt-
amperes
i.e. =
∴ = =
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝑬
𝑰
𝑽
𝑽
𝑵
𝒂
𝒂
6
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝑬
𝑬
𝒂𝑽
𝑰
𝑽
𝑽
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑬
𝑽
𝑽
𝑵
 Winding Polarity
❑THE DOT CONVENTION
•It is not possible to tell the secondary polarity of
ideal transformer unless its windings are
physically examined. To overcome the problem
dot convention of transformer winding is used.
The dot appearing on end of the winding tells the
polarity of voltage and currents of secondary side.
•If the primary voltage is positive at the dotted end
of the winding with respect to the undotted end,
then the secondary voltage will be positive at the
dotted end also. Voltage polarities are the same
with respect to the dots on each side of the core.
•If the primary current of the transformer flows
into the dotted end of the primary winding, the
secondary current will flow out of the dotted end
of the secondary winding.

7
 Power in an Ideal Transformer
❑POWER FACTOR
•The real power supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit is given by
the equation
=
where is the angle between the primary voltage and the primary current.
•The real power supplied by the transformer secondary circuit to its loads is
given by the equation
=
where is the angle between the secondary voltage and the secondary current.
•Since voltage and current angles are unaffected by an ideal transformer,
= =
•The primary and secondary windings of an ideal transformer have the same power
factor.

8
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝒊
𝒊
𝒐
𝒐
𝒏
𝒏
𝒖
𝒖
𝒕
𝒕
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝑷
𝑷
𝜽
𝑷
𝑷
𝜽
𝜽
𝜽
𝑽
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝜽
𝒄
𝒄
𝒐
𝒐
𝒔
𝒔
𝜽
𝜽
 Power in an Ideal Transformer
❑COMPARISON OF INPUT AND OUTPUT POWER

• The output power of a transformer is:

=
•Applying the turns-ratio equations gives = / and = ,
= /
= =
•Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
•The same relationship applies to reactive power Q and apparent power S:
= = =
and
= = =

9
𝟐
𝟐
𝒐
𝒐
𝒐
𝒊
𝒊
𝒏
𝒖
𝒖
𝒖
𝒏
𝒕
𝒕
𝒕
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝒊
𝒏
𝒐
𝟐
𝒖
𝒕
𝒐
𝒖
𝒕
𝑷
𝑽
𝑰
𝑷
𝑷
𝑸
𝑺
𝑰
𝑽
𝑽
𝑽
𝑽
𝑽
𝑽
𝒂
𝑰
𝒂
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝒂
𝒔
𝒄
𝒄
𝑰
𝒊
𝒐
𝒐
𝒏
𝑽
𝒂
𝒔
𝒔
𝜽
𝜽
𝜽
𝒄
𝑰
𝒐
𝒔
𝑽
𝜽
𝑷
𝑺
𝑰
𝒔
𝒊
𝒏
𝜽
𝑸
 Loading of Transformer
❑IDEAL TRANSFORMER ON LOAD

• When load is connected to the transformer, the

secondary e.m.f. will cause a current to flow
through the load.
= =

• sets up an m.m.f. which produces a flux

, in the opposite direction to the main flux
(set up in the primary by the magnetizing current),
changing the main flux in the core and back e.m.f
tends to be reduced.
• Momentarily the gains upper hand over and
causes an additional current ′ to flow in the
primary and the primary develops an m.m.f ′
which exactly counterbalances the secondary
m.m.f. .
𝑳
𝑳
𝒁
𝒁
𝟐
𝑰
10
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝑬
𝑰
𝑰
𝑵
𝝓
𝝓𝑬
𝑽
𝑬
𝑰
𝑵
𝑵

𝑰
𝑰
𝑰

𝑬
𝑽
 Loading of Transformer
❑IDEAL TRANSFORMER ON LOAD (CONTD.)
′=
′
= =

• The current ′ known as load component of

primary current. Now, ¯′ + ¯ = .
• As the secondary current increases, the
primary current ′also increases to keep the
mutual flux constant. The power input
automatically increases with increase in output.
• Hence whatever the load conditions, the net flux
passing through the core is approximately the
same as at no-load. (an important deduction is
that due to the constancy of core flux at all loads,
the core loss is also practically the same under all
load conditions.)
𝟏
𝟐
𝑰
𝑵
𝒂
𝟐
𝒐
𝟏
11
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝑰

𝑰
𝑰
𝑵
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝝓


𝑰

𝑵
𝑰
𝑰

𝑵
 Loading of Transformer
❑IDEAL TRANSFORMER ON LOAD (CONTD.)
Phasor diagram
•When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, it draws a small magnetizing
current which lags behind the applied voltage by 90°.
• produces an alternating flux Φ which is proportional to and in phase with it.
•The alternating flux Φ induces e.m.f. in the primary and e.m.f. in the secondary.
• is equal to and in opposition to V1 (Lenz’s law) and both and lag behind flux
Φ by 90°.
•For lagging load, secondary current lags behind (or ) by . The primary
current ′ = / which is in anti-phase with , neutralizes the demagnetizing effect
of secondary current .
•The phasor sum of ′ and gives the total primary current which lags the input
voltage by .
• Since there are no losses in an ideal transformer, primary input power is equal to
the secondary output power i.e., =
𝟏
𝟐
12
𝒎
𝒎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝒎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑬
𝑬
𝑬
𝑬
𝑰
𝑽
𝑬
𝝋
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝝋
𝑽
𝑬


𝑰
𝒄
𝑰
𝒐
𝒔
𝒂
𝝋
𝑽
𝑰
𝒄
𝒐
𝒔
𝝋
 Loading of Transformer
❑IDEAL TRANSFORMER ON LOAD (CONTD.)
Phasor diagram

Lagging Load Leading Load Unity pf Load

13
 Practical Transformer
•The losses that occur in real transformers have to be accounted for in any accurate
model of transformer behavior. The major items to be considered in the construction
of such a model are
•Iron losses: Iron losses depend upon the supply frequency, core volume and
maximum flux density in the core. Magnitude of iron losses is quite small in a
practical transformer. It has following two components:
i. Eddy current losses. Eddy current losses are resistive heating losses in the core
of the transformer. They are proportional to the square of the voltage applied to
the transformer.
ii. Hysteresis losses. Hysteresis losses are associated with the rearrangement of the
magnetic domains in the core during each half-cycle. They are a complex,
nonlinear function of the voltage applied to the transformer.

14
 Practical Transformer
• Copper (PR) losses. When current flows through the windings, there will be
resistive heating losses, also known as copper losses, in the primary and
secondary windings of the transformer. They are proportional to the square of the
current in the windings.
• Thus, there will be a loss in voltage due to IR drop in the windings. They are
represented by resistances R1 and R2 in series with the primary and secondary
windings. Hence, E1 will be less than V1 whereas V2 will be less than E2.

• Leakage flux. Primary current produces some flux Φ1 not linked with the secondary
winding. Secondary current produces some flux Φ2 not linked with the primary
winding. The fluxes Φ1, and Φ2 which escape the core and pass through only one
of the transformer windings are leakage fluxes. The primary and secondary leakage
flux Φ1, Φ2 introduce inductive reactance X1 and X2 in series with the primary and
secondary windings. The effects of this leakage reactance must be accounted for.

15
Practical Transformer

16
 Practical Transformer
❑Transformer on No Load
• At no load, the primary draws a small no-load current,
. It has two components:
• Magnetization current (or ): The magnetization
current is a current proportional (in the unsaturated
region) to the voltage applied to the core and lagging
the applied voltage by 90°. It is required to set-up the
magnetic field (or the flux in the iron core, Φ). This can
be modeled by a reactance (or ) connected
across the primary voltage source.
• Active (working) or core loss component, (or ):
This component of current is in phase with the applied
voltage and it mainly accounts for iron loss
(hysteresis and eddy current losses) and small
quantity of primary Cu-loss. This can be modeled by a
resistance (or ) connected across the primary
voltage source.

17
𝒐
𝒎
𝝁
𝒎
𝒘
𝒄
𝟏
𝒄
𝑴
𝒐
𝒐
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑿
𝑿
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑹
𝑹
 Practical Transformer
❑Transformer on No Load (contd,)
• Total No-load current, is phasor sum of and .
• Hence = +
• Where, = ∅ and = ∅

• No load PF, ∅ =

• Hence, primary no load current is not 90° behind the applied voltage but lags it
by an angle ∅ < .
• No load primary copper loss (i.e. ), being very small, may be neglected, hence:
No load input power, = ∅ =
• At no load, there is no secondary current so = and on the primary side, the
drops in and are very small, hence = .
𝒎
𝑰
𝒐
𝒄
𝒐
𝒔
𝒐
𝒎
𝒘
𝒐
𝟏
𝒐
18
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝒐
𝒎
𝒘
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𝒘
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𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
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𝒐
𝒐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
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𝒐
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𝑰
𝑹
𝟗
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𝑰
𝑰
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𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑾
𝑽
𝑹
𝑿
𝑽
𝑬
𝑬
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝒔
𝒄
𝑰
𝒊
𝒐
𝒏
𝒔
𝒄
𝒐
𝒔
𝑰
𝒓
𝒐
𝒏
𝒍
𝒐
𝒔
𝒔
𝑰
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝒐
 Practical Transformer
❑THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
•A c c o r d i n g t o F a r a d a y ’s l a w o f
electromagnetic induction,
=− (1)

Where, = voltage induced in the coil ,

= number of turns of wire in coil, =
flux passing through coil.
•The minus sign in the equations is an
expression of Lenz’s law. Lenz’s law states
that the direction of the voltage buildup in
the coil is such that if the coil ends were
short circuited, it would produce current Figure: The meaning of Lenz’s
that would cause a flux opposing the law: (a) A coil enclosing an
original flux change. Since the induced increasing magnetic flux; (b)
voltage opposes the change that causes it, determining the resulting voltage
polarity.
a minus sign is included in the equation.
𝒅
𝒕
𝒊
𝒏
𝒅
𝒆
𝑵
19
𝒊
𝒏
𝒅
𝒆
𝝓
𝑵
𝒅
𝝓
 Practical Transformer
❑THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS (Countd.)

•Equation (1) assumes that exactly the same flux is present in each turn of the coil.
Unfortunately, the flux leakage out of the core into the surrounding air prevents
this from being true.
•Considering if leakage is quite high or if extreme accuracy is required, the
magnitude of the voltage in the i-th turn of the coil is given by,

= --------(2)
𝒅
𝒕
𝒊
𝒆
20
𝒊
𝒅
𝝓
 Practical Transformer
❑THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS (Countd.)

•If there are turns in the coil of wire, the total voltage on the coil is,

∑ ∑ ∑
= = = --------(3)
= = =

• The term in parentheses in eqn (3) is called the flux linkage of the coil, and
Faraday’s law can be rewritten in terms of flux linkage as,
= -------(4)

∑
Where, = -------(5); the unit of flux linkage is weber-turns.
=

•Now, the average flux per turn is given by

¯
𝒊
𝒊
𝟏
𝟏
𝒊
𝟏
𝒊
𝟏
¯ = -------(6); and -------(7)
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
=
𝑵
𝒅
𝒕
𝒊
𝒏
𝒅
𝒊
𝒏
𝒅
𝒊
𝒊
𝒊
𝒊
𝒏
𝒅
𝒆
𝑵
𝒆
𝝀
𝝓
𝒆
𝝓
𝒆
𝝓
𝒊
21
𝒅
𝝓
𝒅
𝒅
𝝓
𝑵
𝝀
𝝀
𝒅
𝝀
𝑵
𝑵
𝑵
𝑵
 Practical Transformer
❑THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS (Countd.)

•The flux in the primary coil of the transformer can thus be divided into two
components:
i. a mutual flux, which remains in the core and links both windings, and
ii. a small leakage flux, which passes through the primary winding but returns
through the air, bypassing the secondary winding:
¯ = +
•Where, ¯ = total average primary flux, = flux component linking both primary
and secondary coils, = primary leakage flux

Similarly, The flux in the secondary coil of the transformer can be divided as
¯ = +
•Where, ¯ = total average secondary flux, = flux component linking both primary
and secondary coils, = secondary leakage flux
𝑷
𝑷
𝑺
𝑺
𝑴
𝑴
𝑳
𝑳
𝑺
𝑷
22
𝑴
𝑳
𝑴
𝑳
𝑷
𝑺
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
𝝓
 Practical Transformer
❑THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS (Countd.)

•Faraday’s law for the primary circuit can be re-expressed as,

¯
()= = + = ( )+ ()
•The voltage on the secondary coil of the transformer can also be expressed in terms
of Faraday’s law as,
¯
()= = + = ( )+ ()

•From these two relationship,

() ()
= =
()
∴ = =
()
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝑷
𝑺
𝑺
𝑺
𝑵
𝑵
𝒅
𝒕
𝒆
𝒕
𝑵
𝑺
𝑺
𝑺
𝑺
𝑺
𝑳
𝑺
𝒑
𝑷
𝑷
𝑷
𝑷
𝑳
𝑷
𝒗
𝒕
𝑵
𝑵
𝑵
𝒆
𝒕
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𝒕
𝒗
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𝑵
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𝒂
𝑴
𝑷
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𝑴
𝑳
𝑳
𝑷
𝑺
𝒅
𝝓
𝒅
𝝓
𝒅
𝒅
𝝓
𝝓
23
𝑷
𝑴
𝑷
𝑺
𝑷
𝒅
𝒅
𝝓
𝝓
𝒆
𝒕
𝒅
𝝓
𝒆
𝒕
𝒆
𝑵
𝒕
 Practical Transformer
❑THEORY OF OPERATION OF REAL SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS (Countd.)
•Since much of the leakage flux is through air, and since air has a constant
reluctance than the core reluctance, the flux and are directly proportional to
the primary current ( ) and secondary current ( )respectively.
= =

= =
Where, = permeance of flux path
()= = = =

()= = = =
Where, = is the leakage inductance of the primary coil and = is
the leakage inductance of the secondary coil. Therefore, the leakage flux will be
modeled by primary and secondary inductors.
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝒅
𝒕
𝓡
𝓡
𝑺
𝑷
𝑳
𝑺
𝑺
𝑺
𝑺
𝑺
𝑳
𝑷
𝑷
𝑷
𝑷
𝑷
𝑳
𝑺
𝑺
𝑳
𝑷
𝑷
𝑺
𝑷
𝑺
𝑷
𝒆
𝒕
𝑵
𝑵
𝓟
𝑵
𝒊
𝑵
𝓟
𝑳
𝒆
𝒕
𝑵
𝑵
𝓟
𝑵
𝒊
𝑵
𝓟
𝑳
𝝓
𝓟
𝑵
𝒊
𝝓
𝓟
𝑵
𝒊
𝑺
𝑷
𝑷
𝑺
𝟐
𝟐
24
𝑳
𝑳
𝑷
𝑺
𝑳
𝑳
𝑺
𝑷
𝑷
𝑺
𝑺
𝑷
𝑳
𝑳
𝑵
𝑵
𝓟
𝓟
𝑺
𝑺
𝑷
𝑷
𝑷
𝑺
𝝓
𝝓
𝓟
𝒊
𝒊
𝒕
𝒕
𝒅
𝒅
𝒊
𝒅
𝒊
𝒅
𝒅
𝒊
𝒅
𝒊
𝒅
𝒅
𝝓
𝝓
𝑵
𝑵
𝒊
𝒊
𝟐
𝟐
 Loading of Transformer
❑Practical Transformer on Load (Contd.)
•Due to voltage drop in and the primary e.m.f. is less than .
•Due to voltage drop in and the secondary terminal voltage is less than the
secondary e.m.f. .
•The inductive load causes the secondary current to lag behind the secondary
voltage by .

25
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝑹
𝑿
𝑬
𝑽
𝑹
𝑿
𝑽
𝑬
𝑰
𝑽
𝝓
 Loading of Transformer
❑Practical Transformer on Load (Contd.)
•The total primary current must meet two requirements:
a)Supply the no-load current to meet the iron losses in the transformer and to
provide flux in the core.
b)Supply a current ′ to counteract the demagnetizing effect of secondary current .
•The magnitude of I'2 will be such that:
′=
= =
′
•The total primary current will be the phasor sum of ′ and
= ′ + ; where, ′ = − /
=− + + =− + ; where, = +− /
= − + = −
𝟐
𝟐
𝑰

𝑵
𝒂
26
𝟏
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟎
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑵
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑽



𝑰
𝑰
𝑰

𝑬
𝑰

𝑬
𝑵
𝑰
𝒂
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑹
𝒂
𝑹
𝒋
𝑿
𝒋
𝑿
𝑬
𝑬
𝑰
𝒁
𝑰
𝒁
𝑰
𝑵
 Loading of Transformer
❑Practical Transformer on Load (Contd.)
Phasor diagram
•Induced e.m.f. E1 opposes the applied voltage V1.
•Both E1 and E2 lag the mutual flux by 90°.

•Take the case of inductive load causing the secondary

current to lag the secondary voltage by .
•The primary current ′ neutralizes the demagnetizing effect of
secondary current . ′ = − /
•The phasor sum of ′ and no load current is the total
primary current .
•If (in phase with ) and (90° ahead of ) is added
to − , we get the applied primary voltage .
•The secondary terminal voltage is shown after subtracting
and from .
•Input power to transformer, P1 = V1I1 cos 1

•Output power of transformer, P2 = V2I2 cos 2

27
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝑰
𝑽
𝝓
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑬
𝑬
𝑹
𝑿
𝑹
𝑿



𝑰
𝒂
 Impedance Transformation Through A Transformer

•The impedance of a device or an element is defined as

the ratio of the phasor voltage across it to the phasor
current flowing through it. If the secondary current of a
transformer is and the secondary voltage , then the
impedance of the load is given by =

•The primary voltage of a transformer can be expressed as =

•The primary current of a transformer can be expressed as =

•The apparent impedance of the primary circuit of the transformer is ′
′ = = = =

•With a transformer, it is possible to match the magnitude of a load impedance to a

source impedance simply by picking the proper turns ratio.
𝒂
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝒂
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝟐
𝑰
𝟏
𝑳
𝑳
𝑳
𝒁
𝑰
𝒁

𝒂
𝒂
𝒁
𝟐
𝟐
28
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝑳
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝑰
𝑽
𝑽
𝒁

𝒂
𝑽
𝒂
𝑽
𝑰
𝑽
𝑽
𝑽
 𝒁 𝑹
𝑿 𝒁
𝑰
𝟐
𝒁
𝑽
𝒓
%
%
%
%

=
𝒂
𝟐
𝒕
𝒓
𝑽
𝑽
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝒆
𝑹
𝒁
𝑿
𝒂
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝒅
𝑹
𝒓
𝒓
𝒕
𝒓
𝒓
𝒓
𝒓
=

=
=
𝒂
𝒂
𝒂
𝒂
𝒁
𝒂
𝒆
𝒂
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝒕
𝒕
𝒕
𝒕
𝒕
𝒕
𝒅
𝒆
𝟏
𝒆
𝒆
𝟏
𝒆
𝒆
𝒆
𝟏
𝒅
𝒅
𝒅
𝒅
𝒅
𝒅
𝟎
=%
𝟐
•Similarly,
𝒋
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝑿
𝟏
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
×

×
×
𝟎
×

∴%

+ %
𝒂
𝑽
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑹
𝑿
𝑽
𝑰
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝒁
𝟏
𝒓
𝒓
𝟐
𝒓
𝒓
𝟐
𝒓
𝒓
=

=
=
𝒁
𝒂
𝒂
𝒂
𝒂
𝒓
𝒓
𝒂
𝟎
𝒂
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟎
𝟐
𝟎
𝒕
𝒕
𝒆
𝒆
𝒅
𝒅
𝒂
𝒕
𝒆
𝒕
𝒆
𝒅
𝒕
𝒕
𝒆
𝒆
𝒅
𝒅
𝒂
𝒕
𝒆
𝒕
𝒆
𝒅
=
𝒅
𝒅
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
×
×
𝟎
𝟎
×

𝒂
𝑰
𝒁
=

𝟏
𝑽
𝒓
𝒂
𝟏
=%

𝒓
𝒂
𝒕
𝒂
𝒆
❑PERCENT IMPEDANCE OF A TRANSFORMER

𝒕
𝒆
𝒅
29
𝒅
𝒁
𝟎
𝟐
𝟏
𝟎
𝟎
×

is the same whether referred to primary or secondary.

Percent Impedance of a Transformer
SHIFTING IMPEDANCES IN A TRANSFORMER

•The resistance and reactance of one winding can be transferred to the other to make
the analysis of the transformer simple.

30
 SHIFTING IMPEDANCES IN A TRANSFORMER
❑REFERRED TO PRIMARY

•When secondary resistance / reactance is transferred to primary, called equivalent secondary

resistance / reactance referred to primary and is denoted by ′ or ′, it is multiplied by .

′= ′=

31
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝒂
𝐑
𝐗


𝐚
𝐚
𝐗
𝐑
𝐑
𝐗
𝑹
𝑿


𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
 SHIFTING IMPEDANCES IN A TRANSFORMER
(Contd.)

❑REFERRED TO SECONDARY

•When primary resistance / reactance is transferred to secondary, called equivalent primary

resistance / reactance referred to secondary and is denoted by ′ or ′, it is divided by .

′= ′=
=
𝟐
𝐍
𝒂
𝒂
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝐚
𝑹
𝑿


32
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝒂
𝐑
𝐗
𝑹
𝑿


𝐍
𝑹
𝑿
𝟐
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER
/

•The parallel circuit − is no-load equivalent circuit.

•The resistance represents the core losses supplied by the current .
•The inductive reactance X0 represents a loss-free coil which passes the magnetizing current
.
•The phasor sum of and is the no-load current of the transformer.

33
𝒘
𝒎
𝒘
𝒎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟐
𝑹
𝑹
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑿
𝐈
𝐚
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER
(Contd.)

•Equivalent circuit has created two circuits separated by an ideal transformer whose function is
to change values according to the equation:
= = =
′
•When the transformer is on no-load, there is no current in the secondary winding, however, the
primary draws a small no-load current .
•When load is connected to the secondary circuit the voltage induced in the secondary
by mutual flux will produce a secondary current .
= − + = −
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝑬
𝑵
𝑰

𝒂
34
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝑳
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝑰
𝒁
𝑬
𝑰
𝑽
𝑬
𝑰
𝑹
𝒋
𝑿
𝑬
𝑰
𝒁
𝑬
𝑵
𝑰
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSFORMER
(Contd.)

•When the transformer is loaded to carry the secondary current , the primary current consists
of no-load current to provide
– magnetizing current,
– the current required to supply the core losses
– primary current ′ ( = / ) required to supply the load on the secondary.
•Since the transformer is ideal, the primary induced voltage E1 can be calculated from the
relation:
=

•If we add I1R1 and I1X1 drops to E1 , we get the primary input voltage V1
=− + + =− + ; where, = +− /
𝟐
𝟐
𝑬
𝑵
35
𝟐
𝟎
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟎
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟏
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰

𝑰
𝑰
𝒂
𝑬
𝑰
𝑰
𝒂
𝑹
𝒋
𝑿
𝑬
𝑰
𝒁
𝑬
𝑵
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of A Loaded Transformer

= /

•The no-load current is small as compared to the rated primary current, hence, voltage drops
in and due to can be neglected.
•The equivalent circuit can be simplified by transferring the shunt circuit − to the input
terminals.

36
𝟎
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟎
𝟎
𝟐
𝑰
𝑹
𝑿
𝑰
𝑹
𝑿
𝐈
𝐚
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of A Loaded Transformer
(Contd.)

❑Equivalent circuit referred to primary

•If all the secondary quantities are referred to the primary, we get the simplified / approximate
equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the primary.
•When secondary quantities are referred to primary, impedances are multiplied by , voltages
are multiplied by and currents are divided by .
′= ; ′= ; ′ = ; ′= ; ′= /

′= =

37
𝑳
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝑳
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝒂
𝑹
𝑿
𝒁



𝒂
𝒂
𝒂
𝑿
𝑹
𝒁
𝐋
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝒂𝒂
𝑽
𝑰


𝑰
𝒂
𝑽
𝒂
𝐚
𝐙
𝐈
𝐕

𝐚
𝐚
𝐕
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of A Loaded Transformer
(Contd.)

❑Equivalent circuit referred to primary (Contd.)

•The equivalent circuit of the transformer can be further reduced

Where, = + ′; = + ′; = +

′= =

38
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟎
𝟏
𝐋
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝑹
𝑿
𝒁
𝑹
𝑿
𝑹
𝑿
𝑹
𝒋
𝑿


𝐚
𝐙
𝐈
𝐕

𝐚
𝐚
𝐕
𝟐
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of A Loaded Transformer
(Contd.)

❑Equivalent circuit referred to primary (Contd.)

Phasor diagram
•The referred value of load voltage ′ = is
chosen as the reference.
•The referred value of load current ′ is shown
lagging ′ by angle .
•For a given value of ′ both ′ and are
determined by the load.
•The voltage drop ′ is in phase with ′ and
the voltage drop ′ leads ′ by 90°.

•The vector sum of ′, ′ , and ′ gives the primary voltage .

•Current is in phase with & the current lags behind by 90°
•The sum of and gives the referred value of no-load current .
•The vector sum of and ′gives the referred primary current .

39
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝒘
𝒎
𝒘
𝒎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝑽
𝑰
𝑽
𝝋
𝑽
𝑰
𝝋
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑹
𝑹
𝑿
𝑿













𝒂
𝑽
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of A Loaded Transformer
(Contd.)

❑Equivalent Circuit Referred To Secondary

•If all the secondary quantities are referred to the secondary, we get the simplified /
approximate equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to the secondary.
•When primary quantities are referred to secondary, impedances are divided by , voltages
are divided by and currents are multiplied by .
′= / ; ′= / ; ′= / ; ′= / ;
′= / ; ′=

′= /
𝟏
40
𝟏
𝟎
𝟏
𝟎
𝟏
𝟎
𝟏
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝒂
𝑹
𝑿
𝑹
𝑿




𝑹
𝑿
𝑿
𝑹
𝒂
𝒂
𝒂
𝒂
𝟏
𝟏
𝒂𝒂
𝑽
𝑰


𝒂
𝑽
𝑰
𝒂
𝟏
𝐕
𝐚
𝐈

𝐕
𝐚
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of A Loaded Transformer
(Contd.)

❑Equivalent Circuit Referred To Secondary (Contd.)

•The equivalent circuit of the transformer can be further reduced

Where, = + ′; = + ′; = +

′= /

41
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟎
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝑹
𝑿
𝒁
𝑹
𝑿
𝑹
𝑿
𝑹
𝒋
𝑿


𝟏
𝐕
𝐚
𝐈

𝐕
𝐚
 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of A Loaded Transformer
(Contd.)

❑Equivalent Circuit Referred To Secondary (Contd.)

Phasor diagram
•The load voltage is chosen as reference.
•The load current is shown lagging the load
voltage by angle .
•The voltage drop is in phase with and
the voltage drop leads by 90°.
•The vector sum of , , and gives the
referred primary voltage ′ = / .
•Current ′ is in phase with ′ & the current ′
lags behind ′ by 90°
•The sum of ′ and ′ gives the referred value of
no-load current ′.
•The vector sum of ′ and gives the referred
primary current ′ = .

42
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝒘
𝒎
𝒘
𝒎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝑽
𝑰
𝑽
𝝋
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑹
𝑹
𝑿
𝑿










𝑽
𝒂
𝑰
𝒂
 Transformer Voltage Regulation

•The voltage regulation of a transformer is the arithmetic difference between the no-
load secondary voltage and the secondary voltage on full-load expressed as
percentage of full-load voltage.
•It is defined by the equation,
, − ,
= × %
,
•Usually it is a good practice to have as small a voltage regulation as possible. For
an ideal transformer, = percent.
•It is not always a good idea to have a low-voltage regulation. Sometimes high-
impedance and high-voltage regulation transformers (Power transformers) are
deliberately used to reduce the fault currents in a circuit.
𝑺
𝑭
𝑳
𝑽
𝑽
𝑹
𝟏
𝟎
𝟎
43
𝑺
𝑵
𝑳
𝑺
𝑭
𝑳
𝑽
𝑹
𝟎
𝑽
𝑽
 Transformer Voltage Regulation

•To determine the voltage regulation of a

transformer, it is necessary to understand the
voltage drops within it. Consider the simplified
transformer equivalent circuit in Fig. The
effects of the excitation branch on transformer
voltage regulation can be ignored, so only the
series impedances need be considered. The
voltage
•In all the following phasor diagrams, the
phasor voltage Vs is assumed to be at an angle
of 0°, and all other voltages and currents are
compared to that reference. By applying
Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the equivalent circuit
in Fig., the primary voltage can be found as
= + +
𝒂
𝑺
𝑺
𝒆
𝒒
𝒆
𝒒
𝑽
𝑰
𝑹
𝒋
𝑿
44
𝑷
𝑽
 Transformer Voltage Regulation
❑Phasor diagram

Phasor diagram of a transformer operating at lagging, unity, and leading power factor.

45
 Transformer Tests
❑Open-Circuit or No-Load Test

•The rated voltage is applied to the low-voltage (primary) winding while the high voltage
side is left open-circuited.
•The applied primary voltage V1 is measured by the voltmeter, the no load current I0 by
ammeter and no-load input power W0 by wattmeter.
•As the normal rated voltage is applied to the primary, the normal iron losses will occur
in the transformer core.
•Wattmeter will record the iron losses and small copper loss in the primary.
•Since no-load current I0 is very small the Cu losses in the primary under no-load
condition are negligible as compared with iron losses.
•Wattmeter reading practically gives the iron losses in the transformer.

46
 Transformer Tests
❑Open-Circuit or No-Load Test

•Iron losses, Pi = Wattmeter reading = W0

•No load current = Ammeter reading = I0
•Applied voltage = Voltmeter reading = V1
•Input power, W0 = V1 I0 cos Φ0

47
 Transformer Tests
❑Open-Circuit or No-Load Test

•Input power, W0 = V1 I0 cos Φ0

•No load p.f., =

• =
• =

• =

• =

•Thus open-circuit test enables us to determine iron losses and parameters R0 and
X0 of the transformer
𝟏
𝒐
𝒎
𝑾
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝒐
𝒐
𝒐
𝒄
𝒐
𝒔
𝝓
𝑹
𝑿
48
𝒘
𝒎
𝒐
𝒐
𝒐
𝒐
𝟏
𝟏
𝒐
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝑰
𝒔
𝒄
𝒊
𝒐
𝒏
𝒔
𝝓
𝝓
𝑽
𝑽
𝑾
 Transformer Tests
❑Short-Circuit or Impedance Test

•The test is conducted to determine R01 (or R02), X01 (or X02) and full-load copper
losses of the transformer.
•In the test, the secondary (usually low-voltage winding) is short circuited by a thick
conductor and variable low voltage is applied to the primary

49
 Transformer Tests
❑Short-Circuit or Impedance Test

•The input voltage is gradually raised till full-load current I1 flows in the primary then
I2 in the secondary also has full-load value since I1/I2 = N2/N1
•Under this condition, the copper loss in the windings is the same as that on full
load.
•There is no output from the transformer under short-circuit conditions, hence, input
power is all loss and this loss is almost entirely copper loss as iron loss in the core
is negligibly small since the voltage VSC is very small.
•The wattmeter will practically register the full-load copper losses in the transformer
windings.
•The equivalent circuit of a transformer on short circuit has been referred to primary;
the no-load current negligibly small.

50
 Transformer Tests
❑Short-Circuit or Impedance Test

•Full load Cu loss PC (Wattmeter reading) =

•Applied voltage (Voltmeter reading) =
•F.L. primary current (Ammeter reading) =
• = + ′=

•
=

•Where is the total resistance of transformer referred to primary.

•Total impedance referred to primary, =

•Total leakage reactance referred to primary, = −

•Short-circuit p.f, =

•Thus short-circuit test gives full-load Cu loss, R01 and X01.

𝟏
𝟏
𝑺
𝑪
𝟏
𝑰
𝑰
𝑽
𝑰
𝟐
𝟎
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝑹
𝒁
𝒄
𝒐
𝒔
𝝓
𝟎
𝟏
𝟎
𝟏
𝟎
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝑪
𝟏
𝟐
𝟎
𝟏
51
𝑿
𝒁
𝑹
𝟏
𝑺
𝑺
𝟎
𝑺
𝑪
𝑪
𝟏
𝑪
𝑺
𝑪
𝑪
𝑪
𝑷
𝑰
𝑹
𝑰
𝑹

𝑰
𝑹
𝑾
𝑽
𝑰
𝑰
𝑹
𝑽
𝑷
𝑷
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
 Transformer Losses
❑Core or Iron Losses

•The core or iron losses consist of hysteresis and eddy current losses and occur in
the transformer core due to the alternating flux.
•These can be determined by open-circuit test.
•Iron or Core losses, Pi = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss = Constant losses
•The hysteresis loss can be minimized by using steel of high silicon content
•The eddy current loss can be reduced by using core of thin laminations.

52
 Transformer Losses
❑Copper Losses

•These losses occur in both the primary and secondary windings due to their
resistance.
•The losses can be determined by short-circuit test.
•Total Cu losses, = + ′= or
•Copper losses vary as the square of load current, thus, if copper losses are 400 W at
a load current of 10 A, they will be (1/2)2 x 400 = 100 W at a load current of 5A.
•Total losses in a transformer = Pi + PC = Constant losses + Variable losses
•In a transformer, copper losses are about 90% of the total losses.
𝟐
𝟏
𝟏
𝟏
𝑪
𝟎
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐
𝟎
𝟏
53
𝑷
𝑰
𝑹
𝑰
𝑹
𝑰
𝑹

𝑰
𝑹
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
 EFFECIENCY OF TRANSFORMER
•Efficiency of a transformer is defined as:
Output power Output power
Efficiency = =
Input power Output power+Losses
• Efficiency can be determined by directly loading the transformer and measuring the
input power and output power, however, such method has the following drawbacks:
―Since the efficiency of a transformer is very high, even 1% error in each wattmeter
(output and input) may give ridiculous results and the test may give efficiency even
higher than 100%.
―While performing test of transformer on load, considerable amount of power is
wasted.
―It is generally difficult to have a device that can absorb all the output power.
―The test gives no information about the proportion of various losses.
• In practice, open-circuit and short-circuit tests are carried out to find the
efficiency.

54
 EFFECIENCY OF TRANSFORMER

•F.L. Iron loss = Pi ... from open-circuit test

•F.L. Cu loss = PC ... from short-circuit test
•Total F.L. losses = Pi + PC
•We can now find the full-load efficiency of the transformer at any p.f. without
actually loading the transformer.
− .
•F.L. efficiency, . . = ( − . )+ +
•Also for any load equal to x x full-load,
•Corresponding total losses = Pi + x2 PC
( − ) .
• Corresponding ηx =
( − . )+ +
𝒊
𝑪
𝒊
𝑪
𝒙
𝒙
𝑭
𝒖
𝒍
𝒍
𝒍
𝒐
𝒂
𝒅
𝑽
𝑨
𝒙
𝒑
𝒇
𝑷
𝒙
𝑷
𝑭
𝒖
𝒍
𝒍
𝒍
𝒐
𝒂
𝒅
𝑽
𝑨
𝒙
𝒑
𝒇
𝑷
𝑷
𝟐
𝒙
𝑭
𝑳
𝜼
𝜼
55
𝒙
𝒙
𝑭
𝒖
𝒍
𝒍
𝒍
𝒐
𝒂
𝒅
𝑽
𝑨
𝒙
𝒑
𝒇
𝑭
𝒖
𝒍
𝒍
𝒍
𝒐
𝒂
𝒅
𝑽
𝑨
𝒙
𝒑
𝒇
 Selected Problems

1. An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 40 turns on the
secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
(i) full-load primary and secondary currents (ii) the secondary e.m.f. and (iii) the
maximum core flux.

56
 Selected Problems

2. A single-phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net
cross-sectional area of the core is 60 cm2 . If the primary winding be connected to
a 50-Hz supply at 520 V, calculate (i) the peak value of flux density in the core (ii)
the voltage induced in the secondary winding.

57
 Selected Problems

3. A single-phase 2200/250, 50 Hz transformer has a net core area of 36 cm2 and a

maximum flux density of 6 Wb/m2 . Calculate the number of turns of primary and
secondary.

58
 Selected Problems

4. An ideal transformer having 90 turns on the primary and 2250 turns on the
secondary is connected to 200 V, 50 Hz supply. The load across the secondary
draws a current of 2 A at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging. Calculate (i) the value of primary
current and (ii) the peak value of flux linked with the secondary. Draw the phasor
diagram.

59
 Selected Problems

5. A transformer takes a current of 0.6 A, and absorbs 64 W when primary is

connected to its normal supply of 200 V, 50 Hz; the secondary being an open
circuit. Find the magnetizing and iron loss currents.

60
 Selected Problems

6. The following data refer to a single phase transformer:

= . , = , = , = . , = . . No load current
1.25 A is leading flux by . Determine the primary applied voltage, the primary pf
and efficiency. Also draw the vector diagram.

61
𝟏
𝟏
𝟐
𝟐
𝟑
𝟎
𝒂
𝟏
𝟗
𝟓
𝑹
𝟐
𝟓
𝛀
𝑿
𝟏
𝟎
𝟎
𝛀
𝑹
𝟎
𝟎
𝟔
𝛀
𝑿
𝟎
𝟐
𝟓
𝛀
𝟎
 Selected Problems

7. A 250/500V transformer gave the following test results:

S.C. Test: 20V, 12A, 100W – on HT side
O.C. Test: 250V, 1A, 80W – on LT side
Determine the equivalent circuit parameters refer to primary side. Also calculate
applied voltage and efficiency when output is 10A at 500V and 0.8 pf lagging.

62
THANK YOU

63