Introductory Chemistry A Foundation 7th Edition

Steven S. Zumdahl pdf download

https://ebookfinal.com/download/introductory-chemistry-a-
foundation-7th-edition-steven-s-zumdahl/

Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks

at ebookfinal.com
We have selected some products that you may be interested in
Click the link to download now or visit ebookfinal.com
for more options!.

Introductory Chemistry A Foundation Fifth Edition Steven

S. Zumdahl

https://ebookfinal.com/download/introductory-chemistry-a-foundation-
fifth-edition-steven-s-zumdahl/

Basic Chemistry 7th Edition Steven S. Zumdahl

https://ebookfinal.com/download/basic-chemistry-7th-edition-steven-s-
zumdahl/

Chemistry 8th Edition Steven S. Zumdahl

https://ebookfinal.com/download/chemistry-8th-edition-steven-s-
zumdahl/

Chemical Principles 6th Edition Steven S. Zumdahl

https://ebookfinal.com/download/chemical-principles-6th-edition-
steven-s-zumdahl/
Goyal s IIT Foundation Course Chemistry for Class 6 1st
Edition A. Ramakrishna

https://ebookfinal.com/download/goyal-s-iit-foundation-course-
chemistry-for-class-6-1st-edition-a-ramakrishna/

The American Congress 7th Edition Steven S. Smith

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-american-congress-7th-edition-
steven-s-smith/

Introductory Chemistry An Active Learning Approach 6th

Edition Mark S. Cracolice

https://ebookfinal.com/download/introductory-chemistry-an-active-
learning-approach-6th-edition-mark-s-cracolice/

Organic Chemistry 7th Edition Francis A. Carey

https://ebookfinal.com/download/organic-chemistry-7th-edition-francis-
a-carey/

General Chemistry 7th Edition Darrell Ebbing

https://ebookfinal.com/download/general-chemistry-7th-edition-darrell-
ebbing/
Introductory Chemistry A Foundation 7th Edition Steven
S. Zumdahl Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
ISBN(s): 9781439049402, 1439049408
Edition: 7th
File Details: PDF, 77.86 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
 Periodic Table of Elements
Noble
gases
Alkaline
1 earth metals Halogens 18
1A 8A

1 2
2 13 14 15 16 17
H 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A He

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Transition metals
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Alkali metals

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 118
Fr Ra Ac† Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuo

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
*Lanthanides
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

†Actinides 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
 Table of Atomic Masses*
Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic
Element Symbol Number Mass Element Symbol Number Mass Element Symbol Number Mass
Actinium Ac 89 [227]§ Gold Au 79 197.0 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
Aluminum Al 13 26.98 Hafnium Hf 72 178.5 Promethium Pm 61 [145]
Americium Am 95 [243] Hassium Hs 108 [265] Protactinium Pa 91 [231]
Antimony Sb 51 121.8 Helium He 2 4.003 Radium Ra 88 226
Argon Ar 18 39.95 Holmium Ho 67 164.9 Radon Rn 86 [222]
Arsenic As 33 74.92 Hydrogen H 1 1.008 Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Astatine At 85 [210] Indium In 49 114.8 Rhodium Rh 45 102.9
Barium Ba 56 137.3 Iodine I 53 126.9 Roentgenium Rg 111 [272]
Berkelium Bk 97 [247] Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Beryllium Be 4 9.012 Iron Fe 26 55.85 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
Bismuth Bi 83 209.0 Krypton Kr 36 83.80 Rutherfordium Rf 104 [261]
Bohrium Bh 107 [264] Lanthanum La 57 138.9 Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Boron B 5 10.81 Lawrencium Lr 103 [260] Scandium Sc 21 44.96
Bromine Br 35 79.90 Lead Pb 82 207.2 Seaborgium Sg 106 [263]
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 Lithium Li 3 6.9419 Selenium Se 34 78.96
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Lutetium Lu 71 175.0 Silicon Si 14 28.09
Californium Cf 98 [251] Magnesium Mg 12 24.31 Silver Ag 47 107.9
Carbon C 6 12.01 Manganese Mn 25 54.94 Sodium Na 11 22.99
Cerium Ce 58 140.1 Meitnerium Mt 109 [268] Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Cesium Cs 55 132.90 Mendelevium Md 101 [258] Sulfur S 16 32.07
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Mercury Hg 80 200.6 Tantalum Ta 73 180.9
Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 Technetium Tc 43 [98]
Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Neodymium Nd 60 144.2 Tellurium Te 52 127.6
Copper Cu 29 63.55 Neon Ne 10 20.18 Terbium Tb 65 158.9
Curium Cm 96 [247] Neptunium Np 93 [237] Thallium Tl 81 204.4
Darmstadtium Ds 110 [271] Nickel Ni 28 58.69 Thorium Th 90 232.0
Dubnium Db 105 [262] Niobium Nb 41 92.91 Thulium Tm 69 168.9
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 Nitrogen N 7 14.01 Tin Sn 50 118.7
Einsteinium Es 99 [252] Nobelium No 102 [259] Titanium Ti 22 47.88
Erbium Er 68 167.3 Osmium Os 76 190.2 Tungsten W 74 183.9
Europium Eu 63 152.0 Oxygen O 8 16.00 Uranium U 92 238.0
Fermium Fm 100 [257] Palladium Pd 46 106.4 Vanadium V 23 50.94
Fluorine F 9 19.00 Phosphorus P 15 30.97 Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Francium Fr 87 [223] Platinum Pt 78 195.1 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.0
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3 Plutonium Pu 94 [244] Yttrium Y 39 88.91
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Polonium Po 84 [209] Zinc Zn 30 65.38
Germanium Ge 32 72.59 Potassium K 19 39.10 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22

*The values given here are to four significant figures where possible. §A value given in parentheses denotes the mass of the longest-lived isotope.
 Study Card to Accompany Zumdahl’s Introductory Chemistry Series
Measurements and Calculations Gases
Table 2.2 The Commonly Used Prefixes in the STP: 0 °C, 1 atm

p.
Volume of 1 mole of ideal gas at STP ⫽ 22.4 L

1
Metric System

9
PV ⫽ nRT (Ideal Gas Law)
Power of 10 for
Prefix Symbol Meaning Scientific Notation R ⫽ 0.08206 L atm/K mol
Process at constant n and T: P1V1 ⫽ P2V2 (Boyle’s law)
mega M 1,000,000.000000001 106 Process at constant n and P: V1/T1 ⫽ V2/T2 (Charles’s law)
kilo k 1000 103 Process at constant T and P: V1/n1 ⫽ V2/n2
deci d 0.1 10⫺1 (Avogadro’s law)
centi c 0.01 10⫺2
milli m 0.001 10⫺3 Types of Crystalline Solids
micro m 0.000001 10⫺6
10⫺9

p.
nano n 0.000000001 Crystalline solids

45
9
Table 2.6 Some Examples of Commonly Used Units

p.
22
length A dime is 1 mm thick.
Ionic solids Molecular solids Atomic solids
A quarter is 2.5 cm in diameter.
The average height of an adult man is 1.8 m.
Components Components Components
mass A nickel has a mass of about 5 g. are ions. are molecules. are atoms.
A 120-lb woman has a mass of about 55 kg.
volume A 12-oz can of soda has a volume of about 360 mL. Figure 14.13 The classes of crystalline solids.
A half gallon of milk is equal to about 2 L of milk.

1 cm3 ⫽ 1 mL Solutions
density of H2O(l) ⫽ 1.0 g/mL
density ⫽ mass/volume mass of solute
Mass percent ⫽ ⫻ 100% (p. 481)
Avogadro’s number ⫽ 6.022 ⫻ 1023 mass of solution

Energy moles of solute mol

M ⫽ molarity ⫽ ⫽ (p. 483)
liters of solution L
Heat Required ⫽ Q ⫽ specific heat capacity ⫻ mass ⫻ ⌬T Mass of solute ⫽ (molar mass of solute) ⫻
Specific heat capacity of H2O(l) ⫽ 4.184 J/g °C (L of solution) (Molarity)
Kinetic energy ⫽ mv 2/2
number of equivalents
Exothermic reactions produce heat Normality ⫽ N ⫽
Endothermic reactions absorb heat 1 liter of solution
equivalents equiv
Kinds of Chemical Reactions ⫽ ⫽ (p. 499)
liter L
Chemical
p.
19

reactions
Acids and Bases
1

Common Strong Acids: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HI

Common Weak Acids: HSO4⫺, CH3COOH (often written
Precipitation Oxidation–reduction Acid–base
HC2H3O2), HF
reactions reactions reactions Common Strong Bases: NaOH, KOH
Common Weak Bases: NH3

Kw ⫽ 10⫺14 ⫽ [H⫹][OH⫺] (ion-product constant for water)

(p. 523)
Decomposition
Synthesis reactions
Combustion reactions
reactions
(Reactants are
(Products are pH ⫽ ⫺log[H⫹] (p. 526)
elements.)
elements.)
pOH ⫽ ⫺log[OH⫺] (p. 527)
Figure 7.12 Summary of classes of reactions.
pH ⫹ pOH ⫽ 14.00 (p. 529)
Atomic Structure
c Mass number (A) Equilibrium Constants
(number of protons and neutrons)
23
11Na d Element symbol aA ⫹ bB 4
3 cC ⫹ dD, K ⫽ [C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b (p. 553)
c Atomic number (Z)
(number of protons) 3 2A3⫹(aq) ⫹ 3B2⫺(aq), Ksp ⫽ [A3⫹]2[B2⫺]3
A2B3 (s) 4
A ⫺ Z ⫽ #n0 #p⫹ ⫺ #e⫺ ⫽ charge [X] ⫽ Molarity of X
 Study Card to Accompany Zumdahl’s Introductory Chemistry Series
Chemical Bonding
Table 12.4 Arrangements of Electron Pairs and the Resulting Molecular Structures for Two, Three, and Four Electron Pairs

p.
38
8
Number of Electron Pair Ball-and-Stick Molecular Partial Lewis Ball-and-Stick
Electron Pairs Bonds Arrangement Model Structure Structure Model
2 2 Linear 180˚ Linear AOBOA Cl Be Cl

3 3 Trigonal planar Trigonal planar A F

(triangular) 120˚ (triangular)
B
B F F
A A
4 4 Tetrahedral Tetrahedral A H
109.5˚
C H
A B A H
H
A
4 3 Tetrahedral Trigonal pyramid A B A N H
109.5˚ H
H
A

4 2 Tetrahedral Bent or V-shaped A B A O

109.5˚ H H

Common Lewis Dot Fragments Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

Oxidation is loss of electrons (OIL)
Reduction is gain of electrons (RIG)

H N ⴙ1 O
ⴚ1
Rules for Assigning Oxidation States p.
58
6
1. The oxidation state of an atom in an uncombined element is 0.
2. The oxidation state of a monatomic ion is the same as its
C N O charge.
3. Oxygen is assigned an oxidation state of ⫺2 in most of its
covalent compounds. Important exception: peroxides
(compounds containing the O22⫺ group), in which each oxygen
is assigned an oxidation state of ⫺1.
4. In its covalent compounds with nonmetals, hydrogen is
C O assigned an oxidation state of ⫹1.
N 5. In binary compounds, the element with the greater
electronegativity is assigned a negative oxidation state equal
to its charge as an anion in its ionic compounds.
6. For an electrically neutral compound, the sum of the oxidation
states must be zero.
C N F 7. For an ionic species, the sum of the oxidation states must
equal the overall charge.
Introductory Chemistry
A F O U N D A T I O N
This page intentionally left blank
 SEVENTH EDITION

Introductory Chemistry
A F O U N D A T I O N

Steven S. Zumdahl
University of Illinois

Donald J. DeCoste
University of Illinois

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
 Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, © 2010 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Seventh Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
Steven S. Zumdahl and Donald J. DeCoste
may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means,
Publisher: Charles Hartford graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks,
Development Editor: Alyssa White
or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under
Senior Content Project Manager: Cathy Brooks Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior
Art Directors: Jill Haber, Cate Barr written permission of the publisher.
Senior Marketing Manager: Nicole Hamm
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Senior Technology Project Manager: Rebecca
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Berardy-Schwartz
For permission to use material from this text or product,
Assistant Editor: Stephanie VanCamp submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions
Editorial Assistant: Jon Olafsson Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
[email protected]
Photo Researcher: Sharon Donahue
Senior Marketing Communications Manager:
Linda Yip Library of Congress Control Number: 2009934046
Print Buyer: Judy Inouye ISBN-13: 978-1-4390-4940-2
Permissions Editor: Roberta Broyer ISBN-10: 1-4390-4940-8
Text Designer: Janet Theurer
Production Service: Graphic World Inc.
Brooks/Cole
Production Project Manager, Graphic World: 20 Davis Drive
Megan Greiner Belmont, CA 94002-3098
Copyeditor: Graphic World Inc. USA
Illustrators: Jessica Broekman, Rossi Art, and
Graphic World Inc. Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
Cover Designer: Brian Salisbury with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the
Cover Image: Radius Images/Photo Library United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your
local office at international.cengage.com/region.
OWL Producers: Stephen Battisti, Cindy Stein,
David Hart (Center for Educational Software
Development; University of Massachusetts, Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.
Amherst).
Compositor: Graphic World Inc. For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com.

Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.ichapters.com.

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
 BRIEF CONTENTS

1 Chemistry: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Measurements and Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

4 Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions . . . . . . . . 74

5 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

6 Chemical Reactions: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

7 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

8 Chemical Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

9 Chemical Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

10 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

11 Modern Atomic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

12 Chemical Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

13 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402

14 Liquids and Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

15 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

16 Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

17 Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

18 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Electrochemistry . . . . . 582

19 Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

20 Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

21 Biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

v
CONTENTS

Preface xvi

1 Chemistry: An Introduction 1
1.1 Chemistry: An Introduction 1

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Dr. Ruth—Cotton Hero 4
1.2 What Is Chemistry? 4
1.3 Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach 5

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: A Mystifying Problem 6
1.4 The Scientific Method 8
1.5 ▲ Learning Chemistry 9
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Chemistry: An Important
Component of Your Education 10
Chapter Review 11

2 Measurements and Calculations 14

2.1 Scientific Notation 15
2.2 Units 18
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Critical Units! 19

2.3 Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass 20
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Measurement: Past, Present,

and Future 22
2.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 23
2.5 Significant Figures 24
2.6 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis 30
2.7 Temperature Conversions: An Approach to Problem Solving 34
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Tiny Thermometers 38

2.8 Density 42
Chapter Review 46

3 Matter 56
3.1 Matter 57
3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes 58
3.3 Elements and Compounds 61
3.4 Mixtures and Pure Substances 62
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Concrete—An Ancient Material

Made New 63
3.5 Separation of Mixtures 65
Chapter Review 67
Cumulative Review for Chapters 1–3 72
vii
viii Contents

4 Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms,

and Ions 74
4.1 The Elements 75
4.2 Symbols for the Elements 77

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Trace Elements: Small
but Crucial 78
4.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 80

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: No Laughing Matter 81
4.4 Formulas of Compounds 81
4.5 The Structure of the Atom 82
4.6 Introduction to the Modern Concept of Atomic Structure 85
4.7 Isotopes 86
▲▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: “Whair” Do You Live? 87

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Isotope Tales 89
4.8 Introduction to the Periodic Table 90
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Putting the Brakes on Arsenic 94

4.9 Natural States of the Elements 94
4.10 Ions 98
4.11 Compounds That Contain Ions 101
Chapter Review 105

5 Nomenclature 114
5.1 Naming Compounds 115
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Sugar of Lead 116

5.2 Naming Binary Compounds That Contain a Metal
and a Nonmetal (Types I and II) 116
5.3 Naming Binary Compounds That Contain Only
Nonmetals (Type III) 124
5.4 Naming Binary Compounds: A Review 126
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Chemophilately 127

5.5 Naming Compounds That Contain Polyatomic Ions 129
5.6 Naming Acids 132
5.7 Writing Formulas from Names 134
Chapter Review 135
Cumulative Review for Chapters 4–5 142

6 Chemical Reactions: An Introduction 144

6.1 Evidence for a Chemical Reaction 145
6.2 Chemical Equations 147
6.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 151
 Contents ix

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: The Beetle That Shoots Straight 153
Chapter Review 158

7 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 166

7.1 Predicting Whether a Reaction Will Occur 167
7.2 Reactions in Which a Solid Forms 167
7.3 Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 177
7.4 Reactions That Form Water: Acids and Bases 179
7.5 Reactions of Metals with Nonmetals (Oxidation–Reduction) 182
7.6 Ways to Classify Reactions 186

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
Launch the Space Shuttle 188
7.7 Other Ways to Classify Reactions 189
Chapter Review 193
Cumulative Review for Chapters 6–7 201

8 Chemical Composition 204

8.1 Counting by Weighing 205
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Plastic That Talks and Listens! 206

8.2 Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing 208
8.3 The Mole 210
8.4 Learning to Solve Problems 215
8.5 Molar Mass 218
8.6 Percent Composition of Compounds 225
8.7 Formulas of Compounds 227
8.8 Calculation of Empirical Formulas 229
8.9 Calculation of Molecular Formulas 236
Chapter Review 238

9 Chemical Quantities 248

9.1 Information Given by Chemical Equations 249
9.2 Mole–Mole Relationships 251
9.3 Mass Calculations 254
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Cars of the Future 262

9.4 The Concept of Limiting Reactants 264
9.5 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant 266
9.6 Percent Yield 273
Chapter Review 275
Cumulative Review for Chapters 8–9 286
x Contents

10 Energy 288
10.1 The Nature of Energy 289
10.2 Temperature and Heat 291
10.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Processes 292
10.4 Thermodynamics 293
10.5 Measuring Energy Changes 294

▲ ▲ ▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Coffee: Hot and Quick(lime) 295
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Nature Has Hot Plants 297
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Firewalking: Magic or Science? 300
10.6 Thermochemistry (Enthalpy) 301
▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Methane: An Important
Energy Source 303
10.7 Hess’s Law 303
10.8 Quality Versus Quantity of Energy 305
10.9 Energy and Our World 306
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Seeing the Light 310

10.10 Energy as a Driving Force 311
Chapter Review 315

11 Modern Atomic Theory 322

11.1 Rutherford’s Atom 323
11.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 324
▲ ▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Light as a Sex Attractant 325

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Atmospheric Effects 326
11.3 Emission of Energy by Atoms 327
11.4 The Energy Levels of Hydrogen 328
11.5 The Bohr Model of the Atom 331
11.6 The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom 331
11.7 The Hydrogen Orbitals 333
11.8 The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development 336
11.9 Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the
Periodic Table 338
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: A Magnetic Moment 341

11.10 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 342
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: The Chemistry of Bohrium 343

11.11 Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table 347
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Fireworks 349

Chapter Review 351
 Contents xi

12 Chemical Bonding 358

12.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 359
12.2 Electronegativity 361
12.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 364
12.4 Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions 365
12.5 Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds 368
12.6 Lewis Structures 370

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: To Bee or Not to Bee 373
12.7 Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds 374

▲ ▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Hiding Carbon Dioxide 375
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Broccoli—Miracle Food? 377
12.8 Molecular Structure 381
12.9 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model 382
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Taste—It’s the Structure That

Counts 383
12.10 Molecular Structure: Molecules with Double Bonds 387
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Minimotor Molecule 389

Chapter Review 391
Cumulative Review for Chapters 10–12 399

13 Gases 402
13.1 Pressure 403
13.2 Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law 407
13.3 Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law 411
13.4 Volume and Moles: Avogadro’s Law 417
13.5 The Ideal Gas Law 419
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Snacks Need Chemistry, Too! 424

13.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 425
13.7 Laws and Models: A Review 429
13.8 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 430
13.9 The Implications of the Kinetic Molecular Theory 431
13.10 Gas Stoichiometry 432
Chapter Review 436

14 Liquids and Solids 446

14.1 Water and Its Phase Changes 448
14.2 Energy Requirements for the Changes of State 450
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Whales Need Changes of State 451

xii Contents

14.3 Intermolecular Forces 454

14.4 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 456
14.5 The Solid State: Types of Solids 458
14.6 Bonding in Solids 460

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Metal with a Memory 464
Chapter Review 466

15 Solutions 474
15.1 Solubility 475
▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Water, Water, Everywhere,
But . . . 478
▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Green Chemistry 480
15.2 Solution Composition: An Introduction 480
15.3 Solution Composition: Mass Percent 481
15.4 Solution Composition: Molarity 483
15.5 Dilution 488
15.6 Stoichiometry of Solution Reactions 491
15.7 Neutralization Reactions 495
15.8 Solution Composition: Normality 497
Chapter Review 501
Cumulative Review for Chapters 13–15 510

16 Acids and Bases 514

16.1 Acids and Bases 515
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Gum That Foams 517

16.2 Acid Strength 518
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Carbonation—A Cool

Trick 521
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Plants Fight Back 522

16.3 Water as an Acid and a Base 523
16.4 The pH Scale 525
▲ ▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Airplane Rash 526

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Garden-Variety Acid–Base
Indicators 532
16.5 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions 532
16.6 Buffered Solutions 534
Chapter Review 535
 Contents xiii

17 Equilibrium 544
17.1 How Chemical Reactions Occur 545
17.2 Conditions That Affect Reaction Rates 546

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Protecting the Ozone 548
17.3 The Equilibrium Condition 549
17.4 Chemical Equilibrium: A Dynamic Condition 551
17.5 The Equilibrium Constant: An Introduction 552
17.6 Heterogeneous Equilibria 556
17.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle 558
17.8 Applications Involving the Equilibrium Constant 566
17.9 Solubility Equilibria 567
Chapter Review 571
Cumulative Review for Chapters 16–17 580

18 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
and Electrochemistry 582
18.1 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 583
18.2 Oxidation States 584
18.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Between Nonmetals 588
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Do We Age by Oxidation? 591

18.4 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions by the
Half-Reaction Method 592
18.5 Electrochemistry: An Introduction 597
18.6 Batteries 600
18.7 Corrosion 602
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Stainless Steel: It’s the Pits 603

18.8 Electrolysis 604
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Water-Powered Fireplace 605

Chapter Review 606

19 Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy 614

19.1 Radioactive Decay 616
19.2 Nuclear Transformations 620
19.3 Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life 621
19.4 Dating by Radioactivity 623
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Dating Diamonds 624

xiv Contents

19.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity 624

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: PET, the Brain’s Best Friend 625
19.6 Nuclear Energy 626
19.7 Nuclear Fission 626
19.8 Nuclear Reactors 628
19.9 Nuclear Fusion 629

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Future Nuclear Power 630
19.10 Effects of Radiation 631

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Nuclear Waste Disposal 632
Chapter Review 634

20 Organic Chemistry 640

20.1 Carbon Bonding 642
20.2 Alkanes 643
20.3 Structural Formulas and Isomerism 646
20.4 Naming Alkanes 648
20.5 Petroleum 654
20.6 Reactions of Alkanes 655
20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes 656
20.8 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 658
20.9 Naming Aromatic Compounds 659
▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Termite Mothballing 663

20.10 Functional Groups 663
20.11 Alcohols 664
20.12 Properties and Uses of Alcohols 666
20.13 Aldehydes and Ketones 668
20.14 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones 669
20.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 671
20.16 Polymers 673
▲ ▲

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: The Chemistry of Music 675

CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Mother of Invention 676
Chapter Review 677

21 Biochemistry 688
21.1 Proteins 691
21.2 Primary Structure of Proteins 691
21.3 Secondary Structure of Proteins 694
21.4 Tertiary Structure of Proteins 695
 Contents xv

21.5 Functions of Proteins 696

21.6 Enzymes 696

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Urine Farming 698
21.7 Carbohydrates 699

▲
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Great Expectations? The Chemistry
of Placebos 702
21.8 Nucleic Acids 702
21.9 Lipids 706
Chapter Review 712

Appendix A1
Using Your Calculator A1
Basic Algebra A3
Scientific (Exponential) Notation A4
Graphing Functions A6
SI Units and Conversion Factors A7

Solutions to Self-Check Exercises A9

Answers to Even-Numbered End-of-Chapter Questions and
Exercises A27
Answers to Even-Numbered Cumulative Review Exercises A53
Index/Glossary A61
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 In North America the prickly lettuce is more common than with us,
and from it the American lactucarium is extracted. In Guinea a
species of lettuce is found wild, possessing precisely similar
properties, and applicable to a like use. This plant is largely used by
the negroes as a salad and also as an opiate.
The plants cultivated for the sake of the juice are grown in a rich
soil, with a southern aspect. In such a situation they thrive
vigorously, and send up thick, juicy, flower stems. As soon as these
have attained a considerable height, and before the flowers expand,
a portion of the top is cut off. The milky juice quickly exudes from
the wound, while the heat of the sun renders it so viscid that,
instead of flowing down, it concretes on the stem in a brownish
flake. After it has acquired a proper consistence it is removed. As the
juice closes up the vessels of the plant, another slice is taken off
lower down the stem, and the juice again flows freely and another
flake is formed. The same process is repeated as long as the plant
affords any juice. To the crude juice, thus obtained, the name of
lactucarium has been given.
“This,” says Johnston, “is one of those narcotics in which many of
us unconsciously indulge. The eater of green lettuce as a salad,
takes a portion of it in the juice of the leaves he swallows; and many
of my readers, after this is pointed out to them, will discover that
their heads are not unaffected after indulging copiously in a lettuce
salad. Eaten at night, the lettuce causes sleep; eaten during the day,
it soothes and calms and allays the tendency to nervous irritability.
And yet the lover of lettuce would take it very much amiss if he were
told that he ate his green leaves, partly at least, for the same reason
as the Turk or the Chinaman takes his whiff from the tiny opium
pipe: that, in short, he was little better than an opium-eater, and his
purveyor than the opium smuggler on the coast of China.”
Lest this should occasion some alarm in the breasts of those who
prefer their lobsters with a salad, let us strive to administer a little
consolation. We have seen that the cultivated or garden lettuce does
not contain so much as one third the quantity of lactucarium yielded
by the wild species, ten good lettuces must therefore be eaten
before sufficient extract will have been consumed to have killed a
dog in two days. This is upon the presumption that the lettuces
eaten as salad are in precisely the same condition, and capable of
affording the same amount of the extract as when cultivated
specially for that purpose; but this is not the case, it is not until just
before flowering that the full amount of juice is contained in the
plant, a per centage only of which exists in the younger plants as
gathered for the table. Nor is that quantity of the same narcotic
quality as in the more matured plant, which has collected, at that
period, all its strength properly to produce, and bring to perfection,
its flowers and fruit.
“Nothing hath got so far,
But man hath caught and kept it as his prey.
His eyes dismount the highest star,
He is in little all the sphere.
Herbs gladly cure our flesh, because that they
Find their acquaintance there.

“More servants wait on man

Than he’ll take notice of: in every path
He treads down that which doth befriend him,
When sickness makes him pale and wan.
Oh, mighty love! Man is one world, and hath
Another to attend him.”
The lacticiferous or milk bearing plants are nearly all of them
connected by very important ties with man and civilization. The
phenomena themselves are well worthy of study, and their
association with humanity replete with interest. These plants are by
no means restricted to one genus or family, nor are their properties
of the same character. The one circumstance of their secreting a
white juice resembling milk in appearance is almost all they have in
common. In the poppy it becomes opium, in the lettuce lactucarium.
It constitutes refreshing beverages, obtained in large quantities, in
the sunny climes of Asia, from the cow-tree of South America, the
kiriaghuma and hya-hya of British Guiana, the Euphorbia balsamifera
of the Canary Islands, the juice of which as a sweet milk, or
evaporated to a jelly, is taken as a great delicacy, and the Banyan
tree, all of which, to a certain extent, supply the place of the cow, in
places and conditions wherein cows are not to be found. Similar
juices are collected in the form of India rubber or caoutchouc, a
substance so invaluable in the arts of life. They exude from figs,
euphorbiæ, and cacti, in the East Indies, South America, and Africa,
from all of which places a large quantity of the consolidated juice is
exported to the markets of Europe and North America. The greater
quantity of these lactescent juices are elaborated in the Tropics.
Gutta percha and allied substances are similarly produced, and
indeed, numerous plants are possessed of this kind of secretion,
which have not yet been made available for economical purposes,
but which may become equally well known, and useful, to
succeeding generations. Narcotic properties do not appear to be so
common in these juices as the irritant or acrid, which abound in
some euphorbiaceous plants, and the inert, and when coagulated
and dry, elastic properties found in the siphonias, figs, and
sapotaceous plants.
In St. Domingo, a species of Muracuja is believed to possess
qualities very similar to opium, from which, and from an allied plant,
Dr. Hamilton believes, that the concentrated sap, collected at a
proper time, strained, evaporated, and properly prepared, would
prove an excellent substitute for the expensive opium, at a cheaper
rate. The species indigenous to Jamaica, is known as bull-hoof or
Dutchman’s laudanum. At a time when opium was scarce, from
some accidental cause, in the island of Jamaica, a Dutch surgeon
found in this plant a successful substitute. The plant is common in
Jamaica and some other of the West Indian islands. It is an elegant
climber, bearing bright scarlet blossoms, somewhat resembling a
passion flower. Browne says, that the flowers are principally
employed, and when infused, or mixed in a state of powder with
wine or spirits, are regarded as a safe and effectual narcotic.
 Dr. Landerer states that the Syrian rue is a highly esteemed plant
in Greece. This plant appears to have been known to the ancients,
and mentioned by Dioscorides. Its properties are narcotic,
resembling those of the Indian hemp. The Turks macerate the seeds
in scherbet or boosa, administering the infusion internally. It also
serves in the preparation of a yellow dye. The seeds are sometimes
used by the Turks as a spice, and the same people also resort to
them to produce a species of intoxication. The Emperor Solyman, it
is stated kept himself in a state of intoxication by their use. The
peculiar phenomena of this intoxication has not, that we are aware,
been described, but we are informed that the property of producing
it exists in the husks of the seeds, from which a chemical principle of
a narcotic nature has been obtained.
There is another plant, a native of Arabia, and of the nightshade
family, so prolific in narcotics, the seeds of which are used by some
of the Asiatics to produce those mental reveries and excitement so
much coveted. These seeds, the produce of a plant known to
botanists under the name of Scopolia mutica, are also roasted and
infused to form a sort of drink, in which the Arabs and some others
indulge.
The seeds of a species of Sterculia are said to be used by the
natives of Silhet as a substitute for opium. The Cola nuts, so highly
esteemed by the negroes of Guinea, are the produce of a Sterculia.
The natives attribute very extraordinary properties to these seeds,
somewhat analogous to those claimed by the Peruvians for the leaf
of the coca, stating, that if chewed, they satisfy hunger, and prevent
the natural craving for food, that for this purpose they carry some
with them when undertaking a long journey. They are also affirmed
to improve the flavour of anything that may be subsequently eaten,
if a portion of one of them is taken before meals. Formerly they
were even more esteemed than at the present day. In those times,
fifty of them were sufficient to purchase a wife. These seeds are flat,
and of a brownish colour and bitter taste. Their tonic properties have
been supposed equal to those of the famed Cedron seeds of Guiana
and the more famous Cinchona bark of the Andes. Probably further
and more elaborate investigation will prove that these wonderful
seeds possess slightly beneficial properties as a tonic, it may be even
inferior to those of the roots of Gentian, or other parts of some of
our indigenous plants.
In the Straits, the leaves of the “Beah” tree are used by the
opium-smokers as a substitute for opium, when that drug is not
procurable. These serrated leaves, the produce of we know not
precisely what tree, except under the above native name, are
occasionally sold in the bazaars or markets at a quarter of a rupee
per catty, or at the rate, Anglicised, of fourpence halfpenny per
pound.
In addition to the substances which do duty for opium knowingly
and wittingly, there are others which enter into its composition in the
form of adulteration, to which writers on materia medica have drawn
attention, and ultimately Dr. Hassell. These also deserve, with far
greater appropriateness, the designation of false prophets, since,
promising the glimpses of paradise which opium is believed to give,
they only
Keep the promise to the lip
And break it with the heart.
The first sophistication, says Pereira, which opium receives, is that
practised by the peasants who collect it, and who lightly scrape the
epidermis from the shells or capsules to augment the weight. This
operation adds about one-twelfth of foreign matters, which are
removed by the Chinese in their method of preparing the opium and
forming it into chandu.
 According to Dr. Eatwell, the grosser impurities usually mixed with
the drug to increase its weight are mud, sand, powdered charcoal,
soot, cow dung, pounded poppy petals, and pounded seeds of
various descriptions. All these substances are readily discoverable in
breaking up the drug in cold water, decanting the lighter portion,
and examining the sediment. Flour is a very favourite article of
adulteration, but is readily detected. Opium so adulterated becomes
sour, breaks with a short ragged fracture, the edges of which are
dull, and not pink and translucent as they should be. The farina of
the boiled potato is not unfrequently made use of; ghee and ghour
(an impure treacle) are also occasionally used, as being articles at
the command of most of the cultivators. Their presence is revealed
by the peculiar odour and consistence which they impart to the
drug. In addition to the above, a variety of vegetable juices,
extracts, pulps, and colouring matters are occasionally fraudulently
mixed with the opium, such as the inspissated juice of the prickly
pear, the extracts prepared from the tobacco plant, the thorn apple,
and the Indian hemp. The gummy exudations from various plants
are frequently used; and of pulps, the most commonly employed are
those of the tamarind, and of the Bael fruit. To impart colour to the
drug various substances are employed, as catechu, turmeric, the
powdered flowers of the mowha tree, &c. Here is a list long enough
to satisfy any antiquarian, containing delicacies of all kinds, the
essence of which would improve any soothing syrup or Godfrey’s
cordial, with which, under the name of opium, they may be
incorporated, whether they may consist of tobacco juice, cow dung,
or bad treacle.
Let us still enlarge the collection from the experience of Dr.
Normandy, eminent in chemical analysis—“Opium is often met with
in commerce from which the morphine has been extracted; on the
other hand, this valuable drug is often found adulterated with starch,
water, Spanish liquorice, lactucarium, extract of poppy leaves, of the
sea-side poppy, and other vegetable extracts, mucilage of gum
tragacanth, or other gums, clay, sand, gravel. Often the opium is
mixed in Asia and Egypt, when fresh and soft, with finely bruised
grapes, from which the stones have been removed; sometimes also
a mixture, fabricated by bruising the exterior skins of the capsules
and stalks of the poppy together with the white of eggs, in a stone
mortar, is added in certain proportions to the opium. In fact, this
most valuable drug, certainly one of the most important, and most
frequently used in medicine, is also one of the most extensively
adulterated.”
Dr. Landerer has described an adulteration of a sample of opium
obtained direct from Smyrna; it consisted of salep powder in large
proportions, and he was afterwards informed that this is a very
common adulteration, practised in order to make the opium harder,
and to hasten the process of drying. Dr. Pereira speaks of an opium
which contained a gelatiniform substance, and Mr. Morson met with
opium in which a similar substance was present. Dr. Landerer also
states that the extract obtained by boiling the poppy plants is
commonly added to Smyrna opium.
Dr. Hassell found “that out of twenty-three samples of opium
analysed, nineteen were adulterated, and four only genuine, many
of these as shown by the microscope, being adulterated to a large
extent; the prevailing adulterations being with poppy capsules and
wheat flour,” in addition to which adulteration two samples of
Smyrna opium, and two of Egyptian opium were adulterated with
sand, sugar, and gum.
From the analysis of forty samples of powdered opium, he found
also, “that thirty-three of the samples were adulterated, and one
only genuine; the principal adulterations, as in the previous case,
being with poppy capsule and wheat flour. That four of the samples
were further adulterated by the addition of powdered wood,
introduced, no doubt, in the process of grinding.”
Dr. Thomson stated in his evidence before the Parliamentary
Committee, that he had known extract of opium mixed with extract
of senna, and from thirty to sixty per cent. of water.
 Dr. O’Shaughnessy found from 25 to 21 per cent. of water in
Indian opium (Behar agency), and 13 per cent. in Patna opium.
Dr. Eatwell, the opium examiner in the Benares district, finds that
the proportion of water varies from 30 to 24-5 per cent. in the opium
of that district.
In 1838, a specimen of opium resembling that of Smyrna was
presented to the Société de Pharmacie of Paris, being part of a
considerable quantity which had been introduced into commerce at
Paris and Havre. It did not exhibit the least trace of morphia. It was
in rolls, well covered with leaves, had a blackish section, and a
slightly elastic consistence. It became milky upon contact with water.
Its odour and taste were analogous to opium, but feebler. It was
adulterated with so much skill, that agglutinated tears appeared
even under a magnifier—a character which had hitherto been
regarded as decisive in detecting pure opium, but which with this
occurrence lost its value. The same article appears to have been met
with also in the United States.
A writer from Singapore states, “I lately saw a Chinaman brought
to the police for fabricating opium balls. The imitation balls were
composed of a skin or husk formed from the leaves of Madras
tobacco, inside was sand, which was evidently intended to form the
shape of the balls till the outer covering had sufficiently set, the
whole was neatly sewed with bandages of calico, which would be
removed when the tobacco was able to retain its proper shape, the
sand would then be abstracted, and a mixture of gambier and opium
substituted, while the outside would be rubbed over with a watery
solution of chandu. By these means the native traders are much and
often imposed upon.”
 CHAPTER XV.
NEPENTHES.

“Bright Helen mixed a mirth-inspiring bowl,

Tempered with drugs of sovereign use, to assuage
The boiling bosom of tumultuous rage;
To clear the cloudy front of wrinkled care,
And dry the tearful sluices of despair.”

Pope’s Homer.
The influence of climate in modifying the characters of plants is a
circumstance known to all botanical students. The same plant, in
temperate regions and under the tropics, exhibits different
properties, or, we should rather say, in one instance developes more
highly certain properties which in the other lie nearly dormant. The
newly-introduced sorghum, from which we have been promised an
unfailing supply of excellent sugar, fails in the North of France to
reach that degree of maturity, or to develope in such manner its
saccharine secretions as to be available for the manufacture of a
crystallizable sugar. The sweet floating grass (Glyceria fluitans) in
Poland and Russia supplies farinaceous seeds, which, under the
name of manna croup, are consumed as food; but no seeds at all
available for that purpose are produced at home from the same
plant, although it grows freely. The flavour of the onion, as grown in
Egypt, is, we are assured, far milder, and vastly different from the
bulbs cultivated in Britain. The odour of violets and other flowers
grown for perfumery and other purposes at Nice, have a scent more
rich and delicious than when grown in English soil, subject to our
variable climate. But the most extraordinary effect of all, produced
by these influences upon plants, occurs in the case of hemp, which
in Europe developes its fibrous qualities to such an extent as to
produce a material for cordage hitherto unsurpassed; but in India,
while deficient in this respect, developes narcotic secretions to such
an extent as to occupy a prominent position among the chief
narcotics of the world.
It was for some time supposed that the Indian or narcotic hemp
was a different species to that which is cultivated for textile
purposes; and even now it is often characterised by a different
specific name, which would seem to assume that the species are
distinct. This, however, the most celebrated of our botanists deny.
The difference is declared to be, not one of species, but of climate,
and of climate only. The native home of the hemp plant is assigned
by Dr. Lindley to Persia and the hills in the North of India, whence it
has been introduced into other countries. Burnett says, “Hemp seed
is nutritious and not narcotic; it has the very singular property of
changing the plumage of bullfinches and goldfinches from red and
yellow to black, if they are fed on it for too long a time or in too
large a quantity.” Never having tried the experiment, we have no
ground for disputing or authority for verifying these remarks. If such,
however, is the case, hemp seed possesses some property, if not
narcotic, which canary and poppy seeds, we should presume, do
not.
Johnny Englishman, with his usual genius for discovery and
invention, has been discovered filling his pipe on board ship with
oakum, when the stores of tobacco have been exhausted, but not
being satisfied from his own experiments of the superiority of hemp,
in that form, to his brother Jonathan’s tobacco, he therefore adheres
to the latter. He considers hemp an excellent thing when twisted into
a good hawser, but does not like it as “twist” in the masticatory
acceptation of the term; nor does he at all admire the twist of Ben
Battle, when
 “Round his melancholy neck
A rope he did entwine,
And for his second time in life,
Enlisted in the line.

“One end he tied around a beam,

And then removed his pegs;
And as his legs were off, of course
He soon was off his legs.

“And there he hung till he was dead

As any nail in town;
For though distress had cut him up,
It could not cut him down.”
Hemp is one of those plants which adapts itself well to any
climate: there is scarce a country in Europe where it cannot, or
might not, be cultivated. From Poland and Russia in the North, to
Italy in the South, the fibre is supplied to our markets. In North
America it is grown for its fibre, and in South America for its narcotic
properties. Throughout Africa, it may be found chiefly as an article
for the pipe. In most of Asia it is known, and it has been cultivated
in Australia. Thus, in its distribution, it may now be considered as
almost universal.
Twenty-five centuries ago, Herodotus wrote of its cultivation by
the Scythians:——“They have a sort of hemp growing in this country
very like flax, except in thickness and height; in this respect the
hemp is far superior—it grows both spontaneously and from
cultivation, and from it the Thracians make garments very like linen,
nor would any one who is not well skilled in such matters distinguish
whether they are made of flax or hemp; but a person who has never
seen this hemp, would think the garment was made of flax.” Then
follows a description of the use of the hemp as a narcotic: “The
Scythians, transported with the vapour, shout aloud.” Antiquity is in
favour of this narcotic, and its use for that purpose before any other,
except perhaps the poppy, was known, or at least of those now in
use. The nepenthes of Homer has been supposed to have been this
plant, or one of its products. The use of hemp had become so
general amongst the Romans at the time of Pliny, that they
commonly made ropes and cordage of it. The practice of chewing
the leaves to produce intoxication existed in India in very early ages,
whence it was carried to Persia, and before the middle of the
thirteenth century, this custom was adopted in Egypt, but chiefly by
persons of the lower orders.
The narcotic properties of hemp become concentrated in a
resinous juice, which in certain seasons and in tropical countries
exudes, and concretes on the leaves, slender stems, and flowers.
This constitutes the base of all the hemp preparations, to which all
the powers of the drug are attributable. In Central India, the hemp
resin called churrus, is collected during the hot season in the
following manner. Men clad in leathern dresses run through the
hemp fields, brushing through the plants with all possible violence;
the soft resin adheres to the leather, and is subsequently scraped off
and kneaded into balls, which sell at from five to six rupees the seer,
or about five or six shillings per pound. A still finer kind, the momeca
or waxen churrus, is collected by the hand in Nepaul, and sells for
nearly double the price of the ordinary kind. Dr. McKinnon says—“In
Nepaul, the leathern attire is dispensed with, and the resin is
collected on the skin of naked coolies.” In Persia the churrus is
obtained by pressing the resinous plant on coarse cloths, and then
scraping it from these and melting it in a pot with a little warm
water. Mirza considers the churrus of Herat the most powerful of all
the varieties of the drug. The hemp resin, when pure, is of a
blackish grey colour, with a fragrant narcotic odour, and a slightly
warm, bitterish, acrid taste.
The dried hemp plant which has flowered, and from which the
resin has been removed, is called in India gunjeh. It sells at from
twelve annas to a rupee the seer, or from ninepence to a shilling per
pound, in the Calcutta bazaars. It is sold chiefly for smoking, in
bundles two feet long and three inches in diameter, containing
twenty-four plants. The colour is dusky green, the odour agreeably
narcotic, the whole plant resinous and adhesive to the touch.
The larger leaves and capsules without the stalks, are called Bang,
Subjee, or Sidhee in India, and have been brought into the London
market under the name of Guaza. They are used for making an
intoxicating drink, for smoking, and in the conserve called Majoon.
Bang is cheaper than Gunjeh, and though less powerful, is sold at so
low a price that for one halfpenny enough can be purchased to
intoxicate an habituated person.
The Gunjeh consumed in Bengal comes chiefly from Mirzapore and
Ghazeepur, being extensively cultivated near Gwalior and in Tirhoot.
The natives cut the plant when in flower, allow it to dry for three
days, and then lay it in bundles averaging two pounds each which
are distributed to the licensed dealers. The best kinds are brought
from Gwalior and Bhurtpore, and it is cultivated of good quality in
gardens around Calcutta.
The Majoon or hemp confection, is a compound of sugar, butter,
flour, milk, and bang. The mass is divided into small lozenge-shaped
pieces; one dram will intoxicate a beginner, three drams one
experienced in its use. The taste is sweet and odour agreeable. Most
carnivorous animals will eat it greedily, and very soon become
ludicrously drunk, but seldom suffering any worse consequences.
The confection called el mogen in use amongst the Moors appears
to be similar to, if not identical with, the majoon of India.
The ancient Saracens and modern Arabs in some parts of Turkey
and generally throughout Syria, use preparations of hemp still known
by the name of haschisch or Hashash. M. Adolph Stuze, the court
apothecary at Bucharest, thus describes the haschisch, by which
general name all intoxicating drugs whose chief constituent is hemp,
are well known all over the East. The tops and all the tender part of
the hemp plant are collected after flowering, dried and kept for use.
There are several methods of using it.
I. Boiled in fat, butter, or oil, with a little water; the filtered
product is employed in all kinds of pastry.
II. Powdered for smoking. Five or ten grains of the powder are
smoked from a common pipe with ordinary tobacco, probably the
leaf of a species of Lobelia (Tombuki) possessing strong narcotic
properties.
III. Formed with tragacanth mucilage into pastiles, which are
placed upon a pipe and smoked in similar doses.
IV. Made into an electuary with dates or figs and honey. This
preparation is of a dark brown or almost black colour.
V. Another electuary is prepared of the same ingredients, with the
addition of spices, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, amber, and musk. This
preparation is used as an aphrodisiac.
The confection most in use among the Arabs is called Dawamese.
This is mingled with other stimulating substances, so as to
administer to the sensual gratifications, which appear to be the
summum bonum of oriental existence.
The haschisch extract is about the consistence of syrup, and is of
a dark greenish colour, with a narcotic odour, and a bitter,
unpleasant taste.
A famous heretical sect among the Mahometans bore the name of
Assassins, and settled in Persia in 1090. In Syria they possessed a
large tract of land among the mountains of Lebanon. They
assassinated Lewis of Bavaria in 1213, were conquered by the
Tartars in 1257, and extirpated in 1272. Their chief assumed the title
of “Ancient of the Mountain.” These men, some authorities inform
us, were called Haschischins because the use of the haschish was
common among them in the performance of certain rites, and that
the ancient form has been corrupted into that now in use. M. de
Sacy states that the word “assassin” has been derived from the
Arabic name of hemp. It has also been declared, that during the
wars of the Crusades, certain of the Saracen army while in a state of
intoxication from the use of the drug, rushed madly into the
Christian camp, committing great havoc, without themselves having
any fear of death, and that these men were called Hashasheens,
whence has arose our word “assassin.” The term “hashash,” says Mr.
Lane, signifies “a smoker or an eater of hemp,” and is an appellation
of obloquy; noisy and riotous people are often called “hashasheen,”
which is the plural of that appellation, and the origin of our word
“assassin.”
Benjamin of Tudela says, “In the vicinity of Lebanon reside the
people called Assassins, who do not believe in the tenets of
Mahommedanism, but in those of one whom they consider like unto
the Prophet Kharmath. They fulfil whatever he commands them,
whether it be a matter of life or death. He goes by the name of
Sheikh-al-Hashishin, or, their old man, by whose command all the
acts of these mountaineers are regulated. The Assassins are faithful
to one another, by the command of their old man, and make
themselves the dread of every one, because their devotion leads
them gladly to risk their lives, and to kill even kings, when
commanded.
In the centre of the Persian, as well as the Assyrian territory of the
Assassins, that is to say, both at Alamut and Massiat, were situated,
in a space surrounded by walls, splendid gardens—true eastern
paradises—there were flower-beds, and thickets of fruit trees,
intersected by canals; shady walks and verdant glades, where the
sparkling stream bubbles at every step; bowers of roses and
vineyards; luxurious halls, and porcelain kiosks, adorned with Persian
carpets and Grecian stuffs, where drinking vessels of gold, silver, and
crystal glittered on trays of the same costly materials; charming
maidens and handsome boys, black-eyed and seductive as the houris
and boys of Mahommed’s paradise, soft as the cushions on which
they reposed, and intoxicating as the wine which they presented;
the music of the harp was mingled with the songs of birds, and the
melodious tones of the songstress harmonised with the murmur of
the brooks—everything breathed pleasure, rapture, and sensuality.
A youth who was deemed worthy, by his strength and resolution,
to be initiated into the Assyrian service, was invited to the table and
conversation of the grand master or grand prior; he was then
intoxicated with henbane (haschish) and carried into the garden,
which, on awakening, he believed to be paradise. Everything around
him, the houris in particular, contributed to confirm his delusion.
After he had experienced as much of the pleasures of paradise—
which the prophet has promised to the blessed—as his strength
would admit, after quaffing enervating delight from the eyes of the
houris and intoxicating wine from the glittering goblets, he sank into
the lethargy produced by debility and the opiate, on awakening from
which, after a few hours, he again found himself by the side of his
superior. The latter endeavoured to convince him that corporeally he
had not left his side, but that spiritually he had been wrapped into
paradise, and had then enjoyed a foretaste of the bliss which awaits
the faithful, who devote their lives to the service of the faith and the
obedience of their chief. Thus did these infatuated youths blindly
dedicate themselves as the tools of murder, and eagerly sought an
opportunity to sacrifice their terrestrial, in order to become the
partakers of eternal life.
To this day, Constantinople and Cairo show what an incredible
charm opium with henbane exerts on the drowsy indolence of the
Turk and the fiery imagination of the Arab, and explains the fury
with which those youths the enjoyment of these rich pastiles
(haschish), and the confidence produced in them, that they are able
to undertake anything or everything. From the use of these pastiles
they were called Hashishin (herb-eaters,) which, in the mouths of
Greeks and Crusaders, has been transformed into the word Assassin,
and as synonymous with murder, has immortalized the history of the
order in all the languages of Europe.23
 This is the account given by Marco Polo, as repeated by Von
Hammer in his “History of the Assassins.” To this let us further add
M. Sylvestre de Sacy’s, from a memoir read before the Institute of
France:——“I have no doubt whatever, that denomination was given
to the Ismaelites, on account of their using an intoxicating liquid or
preparation, still known in the East by the name of hashish. Hemp
leaves, and some other parts of the same vegetable, form the basis
of this preparation, which is employed in different ways, either in
liquid or in the form of pastiles, mixed with saccharine substances,
or even in fumigation. The intoxication produced by the haschish,
causes an ecstasy similar to that which the orientals produce by the
use of opium; and from the testimony of a great number of
travellers, we may affirm that those who fall into this state of
delirium, imagine they enjoy the ordinary objects of their desires,
and taste felicity at a cheap rate. It has not been forgotten that
when the French army was in Egypt the General-in-chief Napoleon,
was obliged to prohibit, under the severest penalties, the sale and
use of these pernicious substances, the habit of which has made an
imperious want in the inhabitants of Egypt, particularly the lower
orders. Those who indulge in this custom are to this day called
Hashishin, and these two different expressions explain why the
Ismaelites were called by the historians of the Crusades sometimes
Assissini and sometimes Assassini.”
As an instance of the blind submission of these devoted followers
to the will of their chief, it is narrated that Jelaleddin Melekshah,
Sultan of the Seljuks, having sent an ambassador to the Sheikh of
the Assassins, to require his obedience and fealty, the son of Sahab
called into his presence several of the initiated. Beckoning to one of
them, he said, “Kill thyself,” and he instantly stabbed himself: to
another, “Throw thyself down from the rampart;” the next instant he
lay a mutilated corpse in the moat. On this the grand master, turning
to the envoy, who was unnerved by terror, said—“In this way am I
obeyed by seventy thousand faithful subjects. Be that my answer to
thy master.”
 From comparison of these notes, it will therefore appear that the
order of Hashishans used the haschish, as a means whereby to
induce young men to devote themselves to their cause. That it was
used by the chief for its intoxicating and illusionary properties,
probably without the knowledge of the members of the order, but as
a secret, the divulging of which would have defeated his design, and
that it was not indulged in habitually by the order; but that from its
use in these initiatory rites they came to be called Haschishans,
afterwards corrupted into Assassins. And ultimately, that their
murderous acts procured for all those who in future times imitated
them, the honour of their name.
But to return from this long digression, we still meet with the
name of Haschisch and Hashasheen in Egypt, and also with
preparations of hemp, which are believed as of old to transport
those who indulge therein to scenes such as paradise alone is
supposed to furnish.
“Where’er his eye could reach,
Fair structures, rainbow-hued, arose;
And rich pavilions through the opening woods
Gleamed from their waving curtains sunny gold;
And winding through the verdant vale,
Flowed streams of liquid light,
And fluted cypresses reared up
Their living obelisks,
And broad-leaved plane trees in long colonnades,
O’er arched delightful walks,
Where round their trunks the thousand-tendril’d vine
Wound up, and hung the boughs with greener wreaths,
And clusters not their own.”
M. Rouyer, of the Egyptian Commission, says, with the leaves and
tops, collected before ripening, the Egyptians prepare a conserve,
which serves as the base of the berch, the diasmouk, and the
bernaouy. Hemp leaves reduced to powder and incorporated with
honey or stirred with water, constitute the berch of the poorer
classes.
Dr. Livingstone found hemp in use among the natives of Southern
Africa under the name of mutokuane.
With the Hottentots it is known as Dacha, and another plant used
for similar purposes among them is called the wild Dagga or Dacha.
The use of hemp as a narcotic appears to be very general in all parts
of Africa.
The D’amba possesses numerous native titles, but it is only
understood by those distinctive terms which the negroes give it in
their respective countries. By the people of Ambriz and Musula it is
pronounced as D’yambah, while to the various races in Kaffraria, it is
more generally known under the Hottentot name of Dakka or Dacha.
This plant is extensively cultivated by the Dongós, Damarás, and
other tribes to the southward of Benguela. Among the Ambundas or
aborigines of Angola, the dried plant is duly appreciated, not only for
its narcotic effects, but likewise on account of some medicinal
virtues which it has been reputed to enjoy. The markets of St. Paul
de Loanda are mostly supplied from the Dongós, and other adjacent
tribes, and from St. Salvador, and the towns in the vicinity of Upper
Kongo.
The mode in which it is prepared for sale, consists in carefully
separating from the leaves and seeds, the larger stalks, retaining
only the smaller stems, which are compressed into a conical mass,
varying from two to four inches in diameter, and from one to two
feet in length, the whole being covered by some dried vegetable,
firmly secured by thin withes. The substance thus manufactured is
ordinarily employed for the purpose of smoking, and is endowed
with powerful stimulant and intoxicating principles, consequently it is
proportionately prized by those nations who are familiar with those
peculiar qualities, and is probably viewed more in the light of a
luxury owing to the absence of all other sources of excitement, for
which, perhaps, it was the only available substitute.
 The Zulu Kaffirs and Delagoans of the South Eastern Coast use it
under the same or like names. Amongst the former the herb is
powdered and used as snuff. The true tobacco is known amongst
them, and is grown to a certain extent, but the use of hemp both for
smoking and snuffing, is far more common. Perhaps, requiring less
cultivation, it suits best their indolent habits.
The most eminent of the Persian and Arabian authors refer the
origin of hemp intoxication to the natives of Hindostan. But few
traces, however, of its early use can be found in any part of India.
In the “Rajniguntu,” a treatise on materia medica, the date of
which is vaguely estimated at about six hundred years ago, there is
a clear account of this drug. The names under which it is there
known are, “Bijoya,” “Ujoya,” and “Joya,” meaning promoters of
success; “Brijputta,” or the strengthener; “Chapola,” the causer of a
reeling gait; “Ununda,” or the laughter-moving; “Hursini,” the exciter
of sexual desire.
In another treatise in Sanscrit, of later date, the above is
repeated; and in a religious treatise, called the Hindu Tantra, it is
stated that Sidhee is more intoxicating than wine.
In the fifth chapter of the Institutes of Menu, Brahmins are
prohibited to use Pabandoo or onions, Gunjara or Gunjah, and such
condiments as have strong and pungent scents.
Persian and Arabic writers give, however, a fuller and more
particular account of the early use of this substance. Makrisi treats
of the hemp in his description of the ancient pleasure-grounds in the
vicinity of Cairo. This quarter, after many vicissitudes, is now a mass
of ruins. In it was situated a cultivated valley, named Djoneina,
which was the theatre of all conceivable abominations. It was
famous, above all, for the sale of the Hasheesha or Haschisch, which
is still consumed by certain of the populace, and from the
consumption of which sprung those excesses which gave rise to the
name of “assassin,” in the time of the Crusades. This author states
that the oldest work in which hemp is noticed is a treatise by
Hassan, who states that in the year of the Hegira 658, the Sheikh
Djafar Shirazi, a monk of the order of Haider, learned from his
master, the history of the discovery of hemp. Haider, the chief of
ascetics and self-chasteners, lived in rigid privation on a mountain
between Nishabor and Rama, where he established a monastery of
Fakirs. Ten years he had spent in this retreat, without leaving it for a
moment, till one burning summer’s day, when he departed alone to
the fields. On his return, an air of joy and gaiety was imprinted on
his countenance; he received the visits of his brethren, and
encouraged their conversation. On being questioned, he stated that,
struck by the aspect of a plant which danced in the heat as if with
joy, while all the rest of the vegetable creation was torpid, he had
gathered and eaten of its leaves. He led his companions to the spot
—all ate, and all were similarly excited. A tincture of the hemp-leaf
in wine or spirits, seems to have been the favourite formula in which
the Sheikh Haider indulged himself. An Arab poet sings of Haider’s
emerald cup—an evident allusion to the rich green colour of the
tincture of the drug. The Sheikh survived the discovery ten years,
and subsisted chiefly on this herb, and on his death his disciples, by
his desire, planted an arbour in which it grew about his tomb. From
this saintly sepulchre, the knowledge of the effects of hemp is stated
to have spread into Khorasan. In Chaldea it was unknown until the
Mahommedan year 728, during the reign of the Caliph Mostansir
Billah. The kings of Ormus and Bahrein then introduced it into
Chaldea, Syria, Egypt, and Turkey.
In Khorasan, it seems that the date of the use of hemp is
considered, notwithstanding the foregoing, to be far prior to Haider’s
era. Biraslan, an Indian pilgrim, contemporary with Cosroes
(whoever this same Cosroes may be, for it is a name often
occurring, and applied as Cæsar or Czar to more than one
generation), is stated to have introduced and diffused the custom
through Khorasan and Yemen.
 In 780 m.e. very severe ordinances were passed in Egypt against
this practice of indulging in hemp. The Djoneina garden was rooted
up, and all those convicted of the use of the drug were subjected to
the extraction of their teeth. But in 792 m.e. the custom re-
established itself with more than original vigour. A vivid picture is
given by Makrisi of the vice and its victims:——“As a general
consequence, great corruption of sentiments and manners ensued,
modesty disappeared, every base and evil passion was openly
indulged in, and nobility of external form alone remained to those
infatuated beings.” In the “Sisters of Old,” some further memoranda
will be found of the early history of this extraordinary narcotic.
Not only was its intoxicating power, but many other properties—
some true, some fabulous—were known at the above periods. The
contrary qualities of the plant—its stimulating and sedative effects—
are dwelt on:——“They at first exhilarate the spirits, cause
cheerfulness, give colour to the complexion, bring on intoxication,
excite the imagination into the most rapturous ideas, produce thirst,
increase appetite, excite concupiscence; afterwards, the sedative
effects begin to preside, the spirits sink, the vision darkens and
weakens, and madness, melancholy, fearfulness, dropsy, and such
like distempers are the sequel.” Mirza Abdul Russac says of it: “It
produces a ravenous appetite and constipation, arrests the
secretions, except that of the liver, excites wild imagining, a
sensation of ascending, forgetfulness of all that happens during its
use, and such mental exaltation that the beholders attribute it to
supernatural inspiration.” To which he also adds: “The inexperienced,
on first taking it, are often senseless for a day, some go mad, others
are known to die.”
Whether for the purpose of increasing its power, or for what other
reason we know not, in India the seeds of Datura are mixed with
hemp, in compounding some of the confections, as well as the
powder of nux vomica. This is, however, exceptional, neither of
these substances entering into the composition of the Majoon of
Bengal any more than does corrosive sublimate form a proportion of
the pills in general use by the opium-eater of Constantinople.
It is a custom with some people to blame, without limit, those
who indulge in nervous stimulants of a nature differing from their
own, while serving the same purpose. Thus, one who thinks that
Providence never designed his corporeal frame to become a
perambulating beer-barrel, eschews all alcoholic drinks, but at the
same time eschews not the abuse of those who think fit to indulge
in a little wine for their stomach’s sake, or a draught of porter for
their bodily infirmities. These same abstainers still adhere to their
tea and coffee, and though harmless enough as these dietetics may
be, yet they in part serve the purposes for which others employ
alcoholic stimulants. An eminent chemist states that persons
accustomed to the use of wine, when they take cod liver oil, soon
lose the taste and inclination for wine. The Temperance Societies
should therefore canonise cod liver oil.
It is true that thousands have lived without a knowledge of tea or
coffee; and daily experience teaches, that under certain
circumstances they may be dispensed with without disadvantage to
the merely animal vital functions. “But it is an error,” writes Liebig,
“certainly, to conclude from this that they may be altogether
dispensed with in reference to their effects; and it is a question
whether, if we had no tea and no coffee, the popular instinct would
not seek for and discover the means of replacing them. Science,
which accuses us of so much in these respects, will have, in the first
place, to ascertain whether it depends on the sensual and sinful
inclinations merely, that every people of the globe has appropriated
some such means of acting on the nervous life—from the shore of
the Pacific, where the Indian retires from life for days, in order to
enjoy the bliss of intoxication with coca, to the Arctic regions, where
the Kamtschatdale and Koriakes prepare an intoxicating beverage
from a poisonous mushroom. We think it, on the contrary, highly
probable, not to say certain, that the instinct of man, feeling certain
blanks, certain wants of the intensified life of our times, which
cannot be satisfied or filled up by mere quantity, has discovered, in
these products of vegetable life, the true means of giving to his food
the desired and necessary quality. Every substance, in so far as it
has a share in the vital processes, acts in a certain way on our
nervous system, on the sensual appetites, and the will of man.” So,
although some have no tobacco, they find in the use of hemp or
opium a substitute for that vegetable which nature has denied them.
There can be no doubt that had we never become acquainted with
tobacco or gin, we should have discovered and used some other
narcotic in the place of the one, and a no less fiery and injurious
form of alcohol instead of the other. To talk of the degraded Chinese
as barbarians, indulging to an awful extent in opium, and the
ignorant Hindoo and Arab, as in madness revelling in debauches of
hemp confections, is an evidence of the workings of the same
narrow-minded prejudices under which some who abstain from
alcoholic stimulants rail and rave at those whose feelings and habits
lay in an opposite direction, charging upon the enjoyments of the
many the excesses of the few. Friend Brooklove, drink thy tea, and
re-consider thy verdict!
 CHAPTER XVI.
GUNJA AT HOME.

“Oh, kind and blissful mockery, when the manacled felon, on

his bed of straw, is transported to the home of his innocent
boyhood, and the pining and forsaken fair, is happy with her
fond and faithful lover—and the poor man hath abundance—and
the dying man is in joyous health—and despair hath hope—and
those that want are as though they wanted not—and they who
weep are as though they wept not.—But the fashion of these
things passeth away.”

“At home” may mean, that quarter-day has passed with all its
terrors, accounts settled, bills filed, tax-collectors satisfied, and the
horizon of finance clear and cloudless. There is no fear of duns or
doctors, and John Thomas announces “at home.” Or it may mean,
that having enrobed oneself in morning gown and slippers, filled and
lighted our pipe, seated ourselves in an easy chair, placed our feet
firmly and contentedly on the hearthrug, and commenced
enveloping ourselves in a cloud like that in which Juno conveyed the
vanquished Paris from the field to the presence of the fairest of the
daughters of Greece, we feel, with reference to ourselves, and in
despite of the rest of the world—“at home.” Or it may mean, that
having made the “grand tour,” crossed the desert on a camel, or
seen the lions of Singapore, Hong-Kong, and Shanghai, we are once
more on our native soil, and no longer fear Italian banditti or Turkish
plague, sandstorms or crocodiles, Chinese poisoners or bow-wow
pie, that we breathe again, and are “at home”. Or it may mean half-
a-dozen things beside. But to see a man at home, is to see him in all
the gradations of light and shade, of sunlight and shadow, brighter
and deeper, than when he covers his head and walks abroad to look
at the sun.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com