Public Disclosure Authorized

REPUBLIC OF KENYA

MINISTRY OF WATER & IRRIGATION

Public Disclosure Authorized

MOMBASA WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION CO. LTD

(MOWASSCO)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Public Disclosure Authorized

PROJECT REPORT FOR

KIPEVU WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT IMMEDIATE WORKS
AND EXTENSION

Report Prepared by:

Public Disclosure Authorized

Zamconsult Consulting Engineers

FEBRUARY 2017

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Kipevu Waste Water Treatment Plant immediate Works and Extension ESIA Report
DECLARATION

LEAD EXPERT

I …………………………………………… on behalf of Zamconsult Consulting Engineers,

submit this Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Project Report, for
Proposed Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and the sewers in the West
Mainland service area. This Report has been done with reasonable skills, care and diligence
in accordance with the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2003. I hereby certify
that the particulars given in this ESIA Report are correct to the best of my knowledge:

Signature: ______________________________________

Date: __________________________________________

Designation: EIA/Audit Lead Expert Reg. No ……………………..

PROPONENT

I, …………………………………..…….., on behalf of Coast Water Services Board (CWSB),

submit this Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Proposed Kipevu Wastewater
Treatment Plant (WWTP) and the sewers in the West Mainland service area.

Signature: _______________________________________

Date: _______________________________________

Designation: _______________________________________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to register our sincere appreciations to all those who made the entire
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study a success. In this regard we
would first extend our thanks to Mr. Alphonce Okoth – Kipevu Waste Water Treatment
Plant Manager and Jared Mjomba – Technical Officer (Networks Waste Water), for the
support they gave us during the study period.

Secondly we would like to thank all the Enumerators for the household survey they
undertook on behalf of the team, Chiefs, and Assistant Chiefs whom we worked closely
in the field in the course of the study.

Third, we would like to appreciate the contribution of all the government officers from all
the relevant departments that we interacted with in the course of the ESIA study for
Proposed Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and the sewers in the West
Mainland service area.

Fourth, the tireless efforts of the community representative committee members in the
process went a long way in making this process a success.

Fifth is the appreciation of the commitment and tolerance exhibited by all the community
members within and outside the project area.

Our sincere appreciations finally go to Coast Water Services Board, the project proponent
for having offered us the chance to carry out this Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment project report.

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MINISTRY OF WATER & IRRIGATION

COAST WATER SERVICES BOARD (CWSB)

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) PROJECT

REPORT

CONTENTS

DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................................. i
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ......................................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... vii
1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 General .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Goals and Objectives of this Study ........................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Project Description ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3.1 Summary Description of the Main Project Components ............................................................... 2
1.3.1.1 Chaani Upgrading Scheme ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1.2 Chaani Trunk Sewer ................................................................................................................ 3
1.3.1.3 Changamwe Site and Service Scheme ................................................................................... 3
1.3.1.4 Changamwe Trunk Sewer ....................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1.5 Hamisi Municipal Estate .......................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1.6 Export Processing Zone (EPZ) Area ....................................................................................... 3
1.3.1.7 Mikindani Site and Service Scheme ........................................................................................ 4
1.3.1.8 Mikindani Pumping Station and Rising Main ......................................................................... 4
1.3.1.9 Mikindani Trunk Sewer ........................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1.10 Miritini Site and Service Scheme ............................................................................................ 4
1.3.1.11 Miritini Trunk Sewer ................................................................................................................ 4
1.3.1.12 Miritini Pumping Stations ....................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1.13 Port Reitz Trunk Sewer ........................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1.14 Port Reitz Pumping Station .................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant ............................................................................................ 5
1.3.3 Preconstruction Phase................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.4 Construction and Operation& Maintenance Phase ....................................................................... 7
1.4 Scope of the Services ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.5 Study Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.5.1 Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................................... 7
1.5.1.1 Direct Observation .................................................................................................................. 7
1.5.1.2 Interview of Key Informants ................................................................................................... 8
1.5.1.3 Questionnaires ........................................................................................................................ 8
1.5.1.4 Review of Available Information ............................................................................................ 8
1.5.1.5 Screening and Scoping ............................................................................................................ 9
1.5.2 Sampling Technique ...................................................................................................................... 9
1.5.3 Data Analysis and Discussion ......................................................................................................... 9
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA...................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Project Location .................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 The Background of Proposed Project ................................................................................................. 10
2.3 Project Overview .................................................................................................................................. 12
2.4 The Physical Environment .................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 Climate ......................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2 Topography ................................................................................................................................. 16
2.4.3 Geology and Soils ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.4 Hydrology and Drainage and Water Resource ............................................................................ 17

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2.4.5 Biodiversity .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.5 Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................................ 17
2.5.1 Housing Types and Population .................................................................................................... 17
2.5.2 Commerce and Industry .............................................................................................................. 17
2.5.3 Sanitation Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 18
2.5.4 Power Supply ............................................................................................................................... 19
2.5.5 Transport and Communication ................................................................................................... 19
2.6 The Socio-economic Situation ............................................................................................................. 19
2.6.1 Population Dynamics and Household Characteristics ................................................................. 19
2.6.2 Socio-economic Activities and Land Use Patterns ....................................................................... 21
2.6.3 Water Sources and Availability ................................................................................................... 22
2.6.4 Sanitation .................................................................................................................................... 22
2.6.5 Health Status ............................................................................................................................... 24
2.6.6 Knowledge on the Project and its Environmental Impacts ......................................................... 26
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................ 27
3.1 General .................................................................................................................................................. 27
3.2 Existing Sewerage System ................................................................................................................... 27
3.3 Affordability of Tariffs ......................................................................................................................... 27
3.4 Improvement of Existing Sewerage System and Sewage Treatment Plant .................................... 28
3.4.1 Rehabilitation of Existing Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant ................................................ 28
3.4.2 Rehabilitation of Trunk Sewers and Main Secondary Sewers ..................................................... 28
3.4.2.1 Chaani Upgrading Scheme .................................................................................................... 29
3.4.2.2 Chaani Trunk Sewer .............................................................................................................. 29
3.4.2.3 Changamwe Site and Service Scheme ................................................................................. 29
3.4.2.4 Changamwe Trunk Sewer ..................................................................................................... 29
3.4.2.5 Hamisi Municipal Estate ........................................................................................................ 30
3.4.2.6 Export Processing Zone (EPZ) Area ..................................................................................... 30
3.4.2.7 Mikindani Site and Service Scheme ...................................................................................... 30
3.4.2.8 Mikindani Pumping Station and Rising Main ....................................................................... 30
3.4.2.9 Mikindani Trunk Sewer ......................................................................................................... 30
3.4.2.10 Miritini Site and Service Scheme .......................................................................................... 31
3.4.2.11 Miritini Trunk Sewer .............................................................................................................. 31
3.4.2.12 Miritini Pumping Stations ..................................................................................................... 31
3.4.2.13 Port Reitz Trunk Sewer ......................................................................................................... 31
3.4.2.14 Port Reitz Pumping Station .................................................................................................. 32
3.4.3 Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant .......................................................................................... 32
3.4.4 Immediate Measures for Improvement of Sanitation Systems...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.5 Project Preliminary Cost....................................................................................................................... 32
4 RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ......................................................... 34
4.1 General Overview ................................................................................................................................. 34
4.2 Policy Framework ................................................................................................................................. 34
4.2.1 Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Sustainable Development .......................... 34
4.2.2 Vision 2030................................................................................................................................... 34
4.2.3 Constitution of Kenya .................................................................................................................. 34
4.2.3.1 Environmental Obligations and Rights ................................................................................ 35
4.2.3.2 Classification of Land ............................................................................................................ 36
4.2.4 The National Poverty Eradication Plan (NPEP) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)
37
4.2.5 National Policy on Water Resources Management ..................................................................... 37
4.3 Regulatory Framework ........................................................................................................................ 37
4.3.1 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) ............................................................. 37
4.3.2 International Conventions and Protocols .................................................................................... 38
4.3.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies .................................................................................................... 38
4.3.3.1 Operational Policy (OP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment, 2001 ........................................ 38
4.3.3.2 Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats, 2001 .................................................................. 38
4.3.3.3 The Bank's Operational Policy 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement .......................................... 39
4.3.3.4 Bank Operational Policy 4.11-Physical Cultural Resources ................................................... 39
4.3.3.5 Operational Policy (OP) 4.10 - Indigenous Peoples ............................................................. 40
4.3.3.6 World Bank Policy on Access to Information, 2010 ............................................................. 40
4.4 Legal Framework .................................................................................................................................. 40
4.4.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 2015 (EMCA) and Related Regulations
41
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4.4.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Water Quality Regulations), 2006 (Legal
Notice 121) ................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.4.3 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Waste Management Regulations), 2006
(Legal Notice 121) ......................................................................................................................................... 44
4.4.4 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution
Control Regulations, 2009) ......................................................................................................................... 44
4.4.5 Draft Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations, 2008 .............. 45
4.4.6 The Water Act of 2002 Cap 372 .................................................................................................... 45
4.4.7 Water Rules 2002 ......................................................................................................................... 46
4.4.8 Land Act, No. 6 of 2012................................................................................................................. 46
4.4.9 Land Registration under Land Act, 2012 ...................................................................................... 47
4.4.10 Land Acquisition under Land Acts 2012 ....................................................................................... 48
4.4.11 The Surveys Act Cap 299 .............................................................................................................. 49
4.4.12 The Public Roads and Roads Access Act (Cap 399) ...................................................................... 49
4.4.13 The Public Health Act Cap 24 ....................................................................................................... 50
4.4.14 Physical Planning Act (Cap 286) ................................................................................................... 50
4.4.15 The County Government Act (Cap 265) ....................................................................................... 51
4.4.16 The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2007 ........................................................................... 51
4.4.17 The Antiquities and Monuments Act, Cap.251 ............................................................................. 52
4.4.18 Limitations of Actions Act Cap 22 ................................................................................................ 52
4.4.19 The Building Code 2000 ............................................................................................................... 52
4.4.20 The Conservation of Biological Diversity (BD) Regulations 2006 ................................................ 52
4.4.21 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and
Sea shore Management) Regulations 2009 ................................................................................................ 53
4.4.22 The Factories and Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules L.N 25 Of 2005 . 53
4.4.23 The Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA) 2007 ................................................................................. 53
4.4.24 The National Construction Authority (NCA) Act, 2011 ................................................................. 53
4.4.25 The HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act ............................................................................ 54
4.4.26 Kenya National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan, KNASP 2005/06-2009/10 .............................................. 57
4.4.27 Gender Frameworks .................................................................................................................... 58
4.4.28 The Sexual Offences Act (NO 3 of 2006) ...................................................................................... 61
4.5 Wastewater Guidelines ........................................................................................................................ 62
5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ............................................................................................................................ 63
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 63
5.2 Legal Requirements .............................................................................................................................. 63
5.2.1 Government Policy on Public Consultation ................................................................................. 63
5.2.2 Persons or Agencies Consulted .................................................................................................... 64
5.3 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 64
5.3.1 Direct Interviews ......................................................................................................................... 64
5.3.2 Questionnaire Administration ..................................................................................................... 65
5.3.3 Community Consultative Meetings.............................................................................................. 65
5.4 Comments from Public Consultation .................................................................................................. 66
5.4.1 Acceptance of the Project ........................................................................................................... 66
5.4.2 Resettlement ............................................................................................................................... 66
5.4.3 Infrastructure .............................................................................................................................. 67
5.4.4 Employment ................................................................................................................................ 67
5.4.5 Operation and Maintenance of the Project ................................................................................. 67
5.4.6 Raw Sewage Draining into Rivers ................................................................................................ 67
5.4.7 Improved Sewerage System ........................................................................................................ 67
6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS ..................................................................................................... 68
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 68
6.2 The Project Design Alternative ............................................................................................................ 68
6.3 The No Action Alternative .................................................................................................................... 69
6.4 Comparison of Alternatives ................................................................................................................. 70
6.5 Materials to be Used, Products and by-Products and Waste Generated .......................................... 70
7 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES .... 72
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 72
7.2 Potential Positive Impacts.................................................................................................................... 73
7.3 Potential Negative Impacts .................................................................................................................. 73
7.3.1 Planning Phase Impacts ............................................................................................................... 74
7.3.2 Construction Phase Impacts ........................................................................................................ 74
7.3.3 Impacts during Operation & Maintenance .................................................................................. 85
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7.3.4 Impacts during De-commissioning .............................................................................................. 87
8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN .......................................... 88
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 88
8.2 Responsibilities of the ESMMP ............................................................................................................ 88
8.3 Environmental Management during Planning ................................................................................... 89
8.4 Environmental Management during Construction ............................................................................ 89
8.5 Environmental Management during Commissioning and Operation ............................................... 89
8.5.1 Management of the Project ......................................................................................................... 89
8.5.2 Maintenance of the Project ......................................................................................................... 90
8.6 Interventions for management of the proposed project .................................................................. 90
8.6.1 Engineering interventions ........................................................................................................... 90
8.7 Monitoring Activities ............................................................................................................................ 94
8.7.1 General......................................................................................................................................... 94
8.7.2 Environmental Monitoring During Construction ......................................................................... 94
8.7.3 Environmental Monitoring During Commissioning and Operation ............................................. 95
8.7.3.1 Management of the Project ................................................................................................. 95
8.7.3.2 Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 95
9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 96
9.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 96
9.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 96
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................... 98
ANNEX 1: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE ............................................................................................................ 99
ANNEX 2: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (CONSULTATIVE FORUMS) .......................................................................... 103
ANNEX 3: STAKEHOLDERS MINUTES ................................................................................................................. 108
ANNEX 4: PICTORIAL PRESENTATION ............................................................................................................... 120
ANNEX 5: GRIEVANCES AND APPEALS ............................................................................................................... 124
ANNEX 6: CHANCE FINDS PROCEDURE .............................................................................................................. 127

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Trunk Sewers that serve Mombasa West Mainland .............................................................................. 10

Table 2: Sample Size ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Table 3: Preliminary Cost Estimates .................................................................................................................... 33
Table 4: Recommended Guidelines on Waste Water Quality ............................................................................ 62
Table 5: Summary of the Consultative Forums .................................................................................................. 65
Table 6: Key stakeholders met ............................................................................................................................ 66
Table 7: Adopted Design Criteria for Mombasa Infill Sewers ............................................................................ 69
Table 8: Environmental Impact Rating ............................................................................................................... 72
Table 9: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan .......................................................................................... 91

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Layout Plan- West Mainland Service Area .............................................................. 11

Figure 2: Age of Population .................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3: Household Literacy Levels ...................................................................................... 20
Figure 4: Religion of Population............................................................................................. 20
Figure 5: Source of Energy ......................................................................................................21
Figure 6: Household Socio-economic Activities .....................................................................21
Figure 7: Average Household Income per Month ..................................................................21
Figure 8: Type of Business Carried Out .................................................................................. 22
Figure 9: Main Sources of Water for Household Use ........................................................... 22
Figure 10: Common Waste Disposal Methods....................................................................... 23
Figure 11: Types of Toilets Respondents Have in Their Compound...................................... 23
Figure 12: Willingness to be connected ................................................................................. 23
Figure 13: Type of Contribution .............................................................................................. 24
Figure 14: Prevalent Diseases in the Area .............................................................................. 24
Figure 15: Ownership Status of Health Facilities ................................................................... 25
Figure 16: Households Affected by HIV/AIDS ........................................................................ 25
Figure 17: Knowledge on Whether HIV/AIDS Can be prevented .......................................... 26
Figure 18: Respondents Who Know Where to go For Voluntary HIV/AIDS Testing ............ 26

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photoplate 1: Some of the Stakeholders Consulted ............................................................................................ 8

Photoplate 3: Raw Sewage flowing into water bodies ..................................................................................... 18
Photoplate 4: A Section of Kipevu Treatment Plant .......................................................................................... 28
Photoplate 5: Consultative Forums .................................................................................................................... 66

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CWSB - Coast Water Services Board

DWF - Dry Weather Flow
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
EA - Environmental Audit
ESIA - Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
GoK - Government of Kenya
HASP – Health and Safety Plan
IDA - International Development Association
M&E - Mechanical & Electrical
MEWNR - Ministry of Environment, Water & Natural Resources
MoWI – Ministry of Water and Irrigation
MOWASCO - Mombasa Water and Sanitation Company Ltd.
NEMA - National Environmental Management Authority
O&M – Operation and Maintenance
PAPs – Project Affected Persons
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
RAP – Resettlement Action Plan
ToR - Terms of Reference
SoK - Survey of Kenya
WB - World Bank
WHO – World Health Organization
WRMA - Water Resources Management Authority
WSB - Water Services Board
WSP - Water Service Provider
WSS - Water Supply and Sanitation
WSTF - Water Services Trust Fund
WWTP - Waste Water Treatment Plant

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

Coast Water Services Board (CWSB) intends to rehabilitate the Kipevu Wastewater
Treatment Plant (WWTP) and the sewers in the West Mainland service area.

The Scope of the consultancy services covers the design, and preparation and submission
of ESIA report. The objective of this ESIA Report is to provide information on the current
field environmental and socio-economic status, review and refine as necessary the
methodology and the Work Plan for undertaking this work.

The ESIA team relied on designs provided by the consultant which were based on maps
provided by CWSB, Mombasa County Government, and Survey of Kenya as well as
information obtained from the private map makers, national government and community
leaders. This environmental report aims at addressing the basic environmental concerns
that are likely to be affected by the project.

Project Justification

Most developing countries are coping with serious environmental problems. In sub-
Saharan Africa, meeting basic needs such as sewer collection and treatment system is a
major problem.

The proposed project intends to rehabilitate Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
and the sewers in the West Mainland service area. Implementation of the project is
anticipated to affect certain environmental and social settings in the project area. This
includes loss of ecological services coupled with increased pollution, vegetation clearance,
soil erosion, inappropriate handling of human wastes among others. This report aims at
outlining the environmental and socio-economic potential impacts (positive and negative)
emanating from the project implementation.

Objectives of the ESIA

The objectives of the ESIA include

 Conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment to identify both positive and

negative impacts of the proposed project and propose most appropriate
interventions during construction, operation and decommissioning of the project.
 Collect baseline socio-economic data of the project area and potential impact
expected from project construction, implementation, operation and
decommissioning.
 To provide the required professional guidance on compliance with the legal
frameworks and environmental regulations.
 Develop an Environmental Monitoring Program during construction and operation
and present plans to minimize, mitigate, or eliminate negative effects and impacts.
 Describe Environmental Management Plan implementation mechanisms.
 Provide a platform to stakeholders participating in the mitigation of adverse social
impacts of the project.
 To seek NEMA Approval for the proposed project.

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Scope of Works

Rehabilitation of Existing Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant and Rehabilitation of Trunk

Sewers and Main Secondary Sewers:

 Chaani Upgrading Scheme

 Chaani Trunk Sewer
 Changamwe Site and Service Scheme
 Changamwe Trunk Sewer
 Hamisi Municipal Estate
 Export Processing Zone (EPZ) Area
 Mikindani Site and Service Scheme
 Mikindani Pumping Station and Rising Main
 Mikindani Trunk Sewer
 Miritini Site and Service Scheme
 Miritini Trunk Sewer
 Miritini Pumping Stations
 Port Reitz Trunk Sewer
 Port Reitz Pumping Station

Project Area Description

The project area is located within the Mombasa West Mainland within Port Reitz,
Mikindani, Chaani and Miritini Locations. The Kipevu Treatment Plant is located at GPS co-
ordinates 4° 2’ 25”S and 39° 37’ 49” E, in Mombasa County.

Methodology

Following preliminary visits to the project site, the ESIA was commissioned based on
documentary review, field assessments and discussions with the project beneficiaries and
major stakeholders.

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The field assessments involved public participation and bio-physical environment including
the following activities;

 Reconnaissance visits.
 Public consultations and stakeholders meetings.
 Review of the proposed project designs.
 Physical investigation of the site.
 Documentary review of the existing project.
 Socio-economic survey

Legal Framework

The ESIA team has taken into consideration various legal requirements so as to guide the
operation of various activities that are carried out on the environment. Section 58 of the
EMCA, 1999 provides for the proper management of various environmental resources to
promote their integrity and that of the people dependent upon them. In addition, there
are various international multilateral agreements that seek to promote the wellbeing of
the environment key among them the polluter pays principle, the Kyoto protocol, the
principal of inter-generational and intra-generational equity that promotes the
sustainability of the environmental resources. Some of the national legal resolutions
governing this project include:-

 The Constitution of Kenya

 The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA, 1999)
 The Water Act (2002)
 The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulation (LN 101 of June
2003)
 The Conservation of Biological Diversity (BD) Regulations 2006
 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management)
Regulations 2006
 The Water Resources Management Rules 2007
 The Environmental Management and Coordination, (Water Quality) Regulations
2006
 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake
Shores and Sea shore Management) Regulations 2009
 The Occupational Safety and Health Act, (OSHA) 2007
 The Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA) 2007
 Land Acquisition Act, CAP 295
 The Physical Planning Act
 The Kenya Roads Board Act
 The National Construction Authority (NCA) Act, 2011

Public Participation and Consultations

Public consultations are useful in gathering information from the people most affected by
the implementation of project, understanding the likely impacts, determining the local
communities norms, preferences and fears, proposing alternatives and designing viable
and sustainable mitigation measures and compensations where due. Four public
consultations took place on 11th December 2016 at different locations, data collection place
between 10th to 15th December 2016.

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Potential Impacts and the Proposed Mitigation Measures

The project is set to have both positive and negative impacts with most being the positive.
i). Positive Impacts
Some of the positive impacts identified include:-
 Connection to the sewer line of areas with permissible densities which have not
been served by the existing sewer line;
 The proposed activities will avert pollution of the Indian Ocean since all waste
water will be adequately treated before allowing it to flow to the ocean.
 Untreated waste water flows to the environment will be reduced as blockages in
the existing sewer system will be removed and more waste water will flow to the
treatment works.
 Ponding of waste water causing mosquito and other disease carrying vector
habitats will be eliminated as blockages in the sewers will be removed.
 The proposed activities will permit new connections to the sewer system to cater
for projected increase in volume of waste water as a result of increased population
in the future.
 Provision of employment opportunities during construction and operation phases-
Labour is a must therefore residents will have ready opportunities which shall boost
their daily income.
 The rehabilitation will protect the sewer lines from being surcharged with storm
water by replacing manhole covers. The sewer lines shall be protected from
exposure and breakages.
 Flushing, cleaning and De silting of the existing sewer line will address the problem
of blockages being experienced this will improve the carrying capacity of the
existing sewer network.
 The proposed project will centralize wastewater treatment system in West
Mainland which will make pollution monitoring easy.
 There shall be improved aesthetic value of the area of the area due to cleaning up
of the mess that is currently experienced in Storm water drains in the areas of
blocked drains.
 Sludge from the Extended Aeration waste water treatment system is stable for use
as a fertilizer. It can be utilized as fertilizer
 Installation of electrical/mechanical equipment ranging from blowers, scrappers,
compressors, sludge pumps etc which were either vandalized, broken or out of use
will play a huge role in achieving acceptable sewerage design standards.
 If the WWTP is established, the pollution created by the current practice of
wastewater discharge into the river will stop hence reduction in spread of water
borne disease.
 Quality of surface and ground water will improve on public health, and on socio-
economic development of the project area, taking into consideration that the
current treatment process that discharges untreated raw sewage into rivers and
the ocean will have stopped.
 The public health of the community will be upgraded due to improved standard of
wastewater management.
 A cleaner environment will encourage the development of eco-tourism and other
projects in the project area

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ii). Potential Negative Impacts

The following are some of the identified potential negative impacts

Key Identified Negative Mitigation Measures

Impacts
Planning Phase Impacts  The sewer lines will be located within existing roads and paths
 Project affected persons to be identified by type of loss through a
detailed resettlement action plan.
 The affected persons to be compensated for loss of houses and
ancillary buildings, trees, livelihood productivity, affected cultural sites
and land improvements
 CWSB to agree with the local community on the form of compensation
for loss of structures, trees, crops, cultural sites and livelihood (such as
free connection to the sewer lines etc.).
 On construction completion, all roads will be reinstated to their pre-
project conditions for both people and animals.
Traffic Congestion  The Contractor should provide temporary road signs or notices to
indicate ongoing works;
 Contractor to hire traffic controller to ensure no traffic build up along
the roads
 The Contractor together with the Resident Engineer should Plan
itineraries for site traffic on a daily basis and avoid peak traffic periods;
 The Contractor should effect traffic controls and cleanliness to avoid
congestion and truck accidents on roads;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that transportation vehicles are
operated during night-time and off-peak hours to avoid peak traffic.
 The Resident Engineer and Contractor should choose traffic routes to
reduce the impact in the neighborhood avoiding, as far as practical any
sensitive areas;
 Introduces segregated pedestrian walkways;
 Introduces speed limits;
 Reduces the need for reversing vehicles, by introducing a one way
system;
 Uses a qualified BANKSMAN to control deliveries and reversing
vehicles;
 Designates loading/unloading areas.
Soil-Related Impacts  The valuable top soil containing organic material, nutrients as well as
seeds and the soil fauna would be excavated separately and piled in an
adequate manner for re-use;
 In cases where it is identified that during construction there is a danger
of increased run-off or erosion of trenches, temporary drainage
channels or holding ponds can be employed;
 After completion of the construction works, immediate restoration of
spreading piled top soil;
 Plan emergency response measures in case of accidental oil spills.

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Site Related Oil  The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the
Spills company procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks
for the construction machinery;
 In case of spillage the Contractor should isolate the source of oil spill and
contain the spillage using sandbags, sawdust, absorbent material;
 The Resident Engineer and the Contractor should ensure that there is
always a supply of absorbent material such as saw dust on site during
construction;
 All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order, serviced
regularly and stored in an area approved by the Resident Engineer;
 The Contractor should assemble and clearly list the relevant emergency
telephone contact numbers for staff, and brief staff on the required
procedures.
 All vehicle works should be done in one place to avoid chances of spillage
in different parts of the camp.
Impact on Water  Construction materials and other debris (lime, cement and fresh concrete,
Resources etc.) shall be prevented from entering existing drainage infrastructure;
 Ensure protection of the ocean ecosystem by proper handling of cement
during civil works.
Social - Economic  Unskilled construction and skilled (if available) labor to be hired from the
Impacts local population as far as possible to minimize on influx of foreigners into
the community;
 Use of manual labor during trenching works where possible to ensure more
employment of locals and hence ensure project support throughout the
construction process;
 Sensitize workers and the surrounding community on awareness,
prevention and management of HIV / AIDS.
Air Quality  Use protective clothing like helmets and dust masks on construction crew;
 Construction sites and transportation routes will be water-sprayed on
regularly up to three times a day;
 All the vehicles and construction machinery should be operated in
compliance with relevant vehicle emission standards and with proper
maintenance to minimize air pollution;
 Digging of trenches should be done manually so as to avoid too many trucks
and machines in the area;
 Use of other dust palliative measures to reduce dust emissions.
Service Delivery  Provide appropriate signage to warn motorists and other road users of the
Impacts construction activities, diversion routes to ward off traffic accidents;
 The contractor should communicate any intended disruption of the services
to enable the people to prepare e.g. by having emergency water storage
and provision facilities;
 Areas being trenched to be temporarily cordoned off to avoid people and
animals accidentally falling into open trenches;
 In the event that delivery trucks damage parts of the road, repair the spots;
 Notice given to residents in case of any disruption in provision of services.
Gender  Ensure equitable distribution of employment opportunities between men
Empowerment and women;
Impact  Provide toilets and bathrooms for both male and female workers on site.

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Construction Noise  Avoid night time construction when noise is loudest. Avoid night-time
and vibration construction using heavy machinery;
 No discretionary use of noisy machinery within 50m of residential areas
and near institutions such as schools and hospitals;
 Good maintenance and proper operation of construction machinery to
minimize noise generation;
 Installation of temporary sound barriers if necessary;
 Selection of transport routes to minimize noise pollution in sensitive
areas;
 Where possible, ensure non mechanized construction.
Biodiversity and  Re-plant the indigenous vegetation as much as practical once work is
Conservation completed;
Impacts  Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be removed;
 Minimize the amount of destruction caused by machinery by promoting
non-mechanized methods of construction.
Public Health,  Ensure that all construction machines and equipment are in good working
Safety & HIV & AIDS conditions to prevent occupational hazards;
Impacts  Establish a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) for both civil works;
 Appoint a trained health and safety team for the duration of the
construction work;
 Use of dust masks while working in dusty environment;
 Provide workers with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE);
 Provide workers with adequate drinking water and breaks;
 Provide workers training on safety procedures and emergency response;
 Roads passing through population centers will be water sprayed to
reduce dust;
 Sensitize workers and the surrounding communities on awareness,
prevention and management of HIV/AIDS;
 Provide information, education and communication about safe uses of
drinking water;
 Minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito breeding sites;
 Provide appropriate human and solid waste disposal facilities and toilets
for workers;
 Provide crossing points along the trenches to allow people to maintain
their normal activities, also cautionary signage should be provided along
the trenches.
Impacts on  Consultation with other essential service providers prior to construction to
Underground establish location of these infrastructures should be sought to avoid
Infrastructure interference;
 Where it must occur, then prior communication aimed at informing
consumers of such disruption must be planned and effected at less critical
periods and within very short durations;
 Any infrastructural material damaged during project implementation
should be replaced/ repaired.
Impact of Waste  Proper design of the STF will be conducted and the recommended “risk
water and sludge control measures” will be implemented;
 Sludge can be used as fertilizer since the sludge from extended aeration systems
is stable and not hazardous.

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Impacts on  There should be adequate PPE to all workers and they should be worn all
Workers’ Health the time;
and Safety  There should be adequate provision of the requisite sanitation facilities for
(Accidents and human waste disposal;
other unforeseen  The workers should receive requisite training especially on the operation
calamities) of the machinery and equipment;
 There should be adequate warning and directional signs;
 Provide clean drinking water for the employees;
 Develop a site safety action plan detailing safety equipment to be used,
emergency procedures, restriction on site, frequency and personnel
responsible for safety inspections and controls;
 A sign board warning on HIV/AIDS and drugs and alcohol abuse be erected
and displayed at the construction camp sites;
 Rehabilitate excavated sites soon as construction is complete;
 Train workers on the use of fire-fighting equipment;
 Provide first Aid kit within the construction site;
 Recording of all injuries that occur on site in the incident register;
 Contractor to ensure compliance with the Workmen’s Compensation Act,
ordinance regulations and union agreements;
 Guide all workers in Safety Health and Environment (SHE).
Impacts on fire  Put “No Smoking Signs” in areas where inflammables are stored;
outbreaks  Guide all workers in Safety Health and Environment (SHE);
 Provide adequate fire fighting equipment;
 Provide first Aid kit within the construction site;
 Label all inflammable materials and store them appropriately;
 Provide PPE to all workers and should be worn all the time;
 Conduct regular fire-fighting drills;
 Develop a fire fighting emergency plan;
 Train one member of staff on fire preparedness.
Impacts on Incomes  Preparation and implementation of livelihood restoration framework and
and Livelihoods compensation.
Sewage Spills,  A program of manhole and sewer inspection to be put in place to identify
overflows and assets for replacement;
blockages.  Sewage Spills, overflows and blockages. to be promptly attended to;
 Constant policing of the sewer network to check for violation of public
health codes.
Child Protection  Ensure no children are employed on site in accordance with national labor
laws;
 Ensure that any child sexual relations offenses among contractors’
workers are promptly reported to the police.
Gender Equity,  The works contractor should be required, under its contract, to prepare
Sexual Harassment and enforce a No Sexual Harassment and Non-Discrimination Policy, in
accordance with national law where applicable;
 The contractor should prepare and implement a gender action plan, which
could be part of the CESMP or a separate instrument.

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Crime  Removing any employee who persists in any conduct which is prejudicial to
Management safety, health, or the protection of the environment;
 Taking all reasonable precautions to prevent unlawful, riotous or disorderly
conduct by or amongst the contractor’s personnel;
 Prohibiting alcohol, drugs, arms, and ammunition on the worksite among
personnel;
 Register in a log all events of a criminal nature that occur at the worksite or
are associated with the civil works activities;
 Report all activities of a criminal nature on the worksite or by the
contractor’s employees to the police.
Violation of Labor  Making arrangements for the engagement of all staff and labor;
Rights  Paying wages and observing conditions of labor;
 Complying with all relevant labor laws;
 Not allowing work on locally recognised days of rest, or outside the normal
working hours;
 Complying with relevant labor laws on workers’ rights to form and join
workers’ organizations;
 Enabling alternative means for the contractor’s personnel to express their
grievances and protect their rights;
 Providing necessary accommodation, food, water, and welfare facilities
for the contractor’s personnel;
 Overtime should be paid according to law;
 There should be no irregular deductions from workers’ pay;
 The contractor should keep proper and full records of all its workers;
 Where permitted by national law, the contractor should have a Workman’s
Compensation Policy in place ;
 Workers’ contracts should permit weekends off for national workers with
allowances to enable them spend time with their families;
 No mistreatment of workers by their superiors is tolerated;
 Expatriate workers must have the proper work authorizations in
accordance with national laws.

Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

The ESMP addresses concerns that are likely to arise from the project activities and
recommend ways to control or mitigate against these throughout the project cycle. The
contractor should prepare work plans for environmental management in line with the
proposed ESMP. Coast Water Services Board will be responsible for reviewing the general
work in accordance with the ESMP, coordinating, and monitoring the implementation of
the ESMP and preparation of the environmental progress reports in collaboration with
NEMA and other stakeholders.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Most of the identified adverse effects associated with the project implementation could
be managed through acceptable levels of implementation of the recommended mitigation
measures for the project so that the positive impacts outweigh the negative effects.

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The proposed project is seen to not only bring about benefits to the local people but also
bring opportunities for development in this area. To ensure the long run sustainability of
the project after completion, the County government and local stakeholders should work
together in addressing the environmental issues, the Contractor and the Consultant must
adhere to the mitigation measures recommended under the ESMP to ensure safety of the
operators and neighbouring communities. Safety rules therefore have to be followed
strictly to the letter as outlined in the ESMP. There is a need to carry out an elaborate RAP
to ascertain the number of Project Affected Persons (PAPs), as this will also go a long way
in promoting the project’s acceptance. The report recommends that Mombasa Water
Supply and Sanitation Company. (MOWASCO) carries out regular annual EA of the project
as required by NEMA.
.
The legislative framework needs to be taken into consideration during and after the
project implementation.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The Government of Kenya (GoK) through the Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural
Resources (MEWNR) has received “credit” from International Development Association
(IDA) to undertake the Waste Water Master Plan for Mombasa and Selected Towns within
the Coast Region.

Coast Water Services Board (CWSB) as part of its mandate intends to improve the
sanitation of the Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and the sewers in the West
Mainland service area.

Zamconsult Consulting Engineers has been contracted to undertake the ESIA and RAP for
the proposed Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and the sewers in the West
Mainland service area as part of the WaSSIP projects with funding from the World Bank.

1.2 Goals and Objectives of this Study

Goals and objectives are defined in the ToR (Paragraph 7.3) as, “The main goal of the
Master Plan is to identify a sound and rational strategy for the development of sewerage
services in Mombasa and selected Towns over the next twenty-five (25) years i.e. up to
Year 2040, to improve the quality of effluent to rivers, Indian Ocean and groundwater and
to safeguard the health of the city’s residents.”

The key objective of the proposed Master Plan is to come up with a phased investment
programme for Immediate / Short Term Plan (2015 – 2020), Medium Term Plan (2021 –
2025), Long Term Plan (2026 – 2040) and recommend a treated effluent disposal / reuse
strategy for the project Towns.

The specific objectives of the EIA carried out by Zamconsult Consulting engineers were;

 To fulfil the legal requirements as outlined in section 58 to 69 of the Act and

Regulation 7 of the EIA Regulations.
 To obtain background biophysical information of the site, legal and regulatory
issues associated with the project;
 To assess and predict the potential Impacts during site preparation, construction
and operational phases of the project;
 To propose mitigation measures for the potential significant adverse
environmental impacts and safety risks;
 To analyse all the Project alternatives;
 To assess the legal and regulatory framework governing the project;
 To allow for public participation;
 To lower project cost in the long term;
 To prepare an Environmental and Social Management and Mitigation Plan
 To prepare an environmental and social monitoring plan; and
 To compile an EIA Project Report for submission to NEMA.

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1.3 Project Description

The proposed project involves physical improvement of existing sewerage system and
Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant including rehabilitation works, rehabilitation of
Existing Pumping Stations (Replacement of 1nr. Pump and Motor at Miritini Pumping
Station and 2nr. Pumps and Motor at Port Reitz Pumping Station) and targeted Trunk
Sewers and Main Secondary Sewers. The sewers to be rehabilitated are:

 Miritini Trunk Sewer and Main Secondary Sewers within Miritini Site and Service
Estate
 Mikindani Trunk Sewer and Main Secondary Sewers within Mikindani Site and
Service Estate
 Chaani Trunk Sewer and Main Secondary Sewers within Chaani Estate
 Changamwe Trunk Sewer and Main Secondary Sewers within Changamwe Site
and Service Estate
 Port Reitz Trunk Sewer and Main Secondary Sewers within Port Reitz Estate
 Main Secondary Sewers within EPZ Estate
 Main Secondary Sewers within Hamisi Estate

The Rehabilitation Works of the Sewers will mainly comprise of the following:

 Unblocking of sections of the sewer lines that are fully blocked

 Replacement of broken manhole cover slabs
 Exposing buried manholes and raising them above the ground level
 Replacement of missing / damaged or corroded step irons
 Replacement of collapsed sections of the sewer lines, mainly pitch fibre sewer
pipes
 Reconstruction of sewer lines prone to blockages as a result of inadequate
slopes
 Replacement of broken / vandalised manhole covers

1.3.1 Summary Description of the Main Project Components

The physical improvement of existing sewerage system and Kipevu Wastewater

Treatment Plant including rehabilitation works comprise the major components of the
project, as further described below.

1.3.1.1 Chaani Upgrading Scheme

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Repair of Benching for all Manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing of
the entire system
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels all buried manholes
 Backfilling eroded sections of the sewer line and protection against erosion

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1.3.1.2 Chaani Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

1.3.1.3 Changamwe Site and Service Scheme

The following Rehabilitation Works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Repair of Manhole Benching in all the manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Backfilling eroded sections of the sewer line and protection against erosion
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

1.3.1.4 Changamwe Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

1.3.1.5 Hamisi Municipal Estate

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Repair of Manhole Benching in all manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Backfilling eroded sections of the sewer line and protection against erosion
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

1.3.1.6 Export Processing Zone (EPZ) Area

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Remove the existing system

 Lay new sewer lines with higher capacities
 Construct new manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

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1.3.1.7 Mikindani Site and Service Scheme

The following rehabilitation works will be carried:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

1.3.1.8 Mikindani Pumping Station and Rising Main

Mikindani Pumping Station is located on a slope. Rains are gradually eroding the soil along
the access road and the northern perimeter wall. Minor rehabilitation works are required
at the Miritini pumping station e.g. repair to leaking roof, replacement of light fittings,
replacement of door locks etc.

1.3.1.9 Mikindani Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

1.3.1.10 Miritini Site and Service Scheme

The following remedial measures will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Repair of Manhole Benching for all Manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Replacement of collapsed sections of the sewer line
 Backfilling eroded sections of the sewer line and protection against erosion

1.3.1.11 Miritini Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

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1.3.1.12 Miritini Pumping Stations

Minor rehabilitation works are required at the Miritini Pumping Station e.g. repair to
leaking roof, replacement of cable ducts cover, replacement of door locks etc. one pump
is reported to be faulty. During the inspection the wet well was full of sewage which was
overflowing to a valley downstream of the Pumping Station.

Minor rehabilitation works are required at the Miritini Pumping Station e.g. repair of
leaking roof, replacement of light bulbs, replacement of door locks etc.

1.3.1.13 Port Reitz Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of Aluminium Telescopic Ladders.

1.3.1.14 Port Reitz Pumping Station

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Supply and install new pumps

 Replace/ repair the blown pump main circuit breaker
 Repair/ replace the automatic level control
 Service the generator and check where the fault is
 Replace generator if necessary
 Replace the gate Provide security at the station at all times.

1.3.2 Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant

The following rehabilitation works are recommended:

 Replace all faulty valves and fittings

 Replace steel works and apply epoxy paint
 Install a new flow measuring device at the Inlet Works
 Repair the gantry at the Inlet Works
 Replace 2Nr. motors of the Final Settlement Tanks
 Replace the scum brushes for one of the differential Settlement Tank
 Install 2Nr. return activated sludge pumps
 Install 1Nr. Surplus sludge pump
 Supply Laboratory Equipment as directed
 Carry out minor repair works to the existing buildings within the Treatment Works
Site e.g. repair to plumbing fittings and electrical works, repainting, fixing of
window panes etc.

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1.3.3 Preconstruction Phase

This phase shall entail the following activities:-

 Preparation of project designs

 Securing of all the necessary approvals by the client from local authorities and all
relevant institutions
 Preparation of the project EIA report and its approval
 Identification of all persons to be affected by the project
 Preparation of the RAP report to identify all PAPs viable for resettlement and
compensation
 Compensation and Resettlement of PAPs

Impact on Land: The Project-Affected Area

The proposed project will have no impact on private land due to the fact that there will be no
acquisition of land from PAPs at all for all components of the project. This being the rehabilitation
of the existing sewer line, this land belongs to the government as it is on the sewer wayleave.

Impact on Other Properties

The land where the works on Kipevu Waste Water Treatment Plant will be carried out is pubic land.
There is no foreseen impact on any private land or property

a) Changamwe and Chaani Trunk Sewers

The sewerage trunk line that is expected to target the waste from Magongo area and the environs
is approximately 6.25 Kms which is 2.7 Kms for Chaani and 3.55Kms for Changamwe. The sewer
trunk line is a linear infrastructure and the rehabilitation works will be done on the existing line
which is public land.

The land is however encroached by 37 PAPs who have carried out various activities such as
construction of walls, residential buildings and temporary business premises hence illegally
inhabiting and or using the land for economic purposes.

b) Miritini Trunk Sewer

This sewerage trunk line will be about 6.27 Kms with 93 manholes. The project intends to use the
land demarcated for the existing sewer line, which is in effect owned by the government, and as
such, there will be no land acquisition other than compensation of PAPs for other properties within
the proposed area. The land is however encroached by 26 PAPs who have carried out various
activities such as construction of walls, residential buildings and temporary business premises
hence illegally inhabiting and or using the land for economic purposes.

c) Mikindani Trunk Sewer

This sewerage trunk line will be about 1.4 Kms with 25 manholes. The project intends to use the
land demarcated for the existing sewer line, which is in effect owned by the government, and as
such, there will be no land acquisition other than compensation of PAPs for other properties within
the proposed area. The land is however encroached by 30 PAPs who have carried out various
activities such as construction of walls, residential buildings and temporary business premises
hence illegally inhabiting and or using the land for economic purposes.

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In summary, these will be the impacts:

Table 1: Summary of the location and PAPs affected by the proposed project

Sewer line Total of PAPs

Chaani Trunk 21
Changamwe Trunk 16
Miritini Trunk 26
Mikindani Trunk 30
Total 93

1.3.4 Construction and Operation& Maintenance Phase

These phases shall entail the following activities

 Contract signing between the client and the contractor

 Procurement by the contractor of a performance bond
 Securing approvals and licenses by the contractor for contractor’s installations
 Mobilization of the Contractor’s machinery, plant and personnel, construction camp
 Identification/familiarization with materials sources and dump sites
 Demolition and site clearance
 Actual rehabilitation work
 Site reinstatement/clean up after completion of rehabilitation works
 Commissioning/handing over of the project to the client
 Routine and period maintenance of the sewer system during its life cycle
 Resettlement of all the project displaced persons.

1.4 Scope of the Services

The scope of work for Physical improvement of existing sewerage system and Kipevu
Wastewater Treatment Plant including rehabilitation works is:
 To carry out Environmental and Social Impact Assessment based on the
government of Kenya regulations and the World Bank Safeguards Operational
policies,
 An assessment of positive and negative impacts,
 Prepare Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).
1.5 Study Methodology
1.5.1 Data Collection Methods

The consultant employed the following methods to carry out the study:

1.5.1.1 Direct Observation

The researchers’ specified in detail what was to be observed and how the measurements
were recorded and monitored all aspects relevant to the study such as the wastewater
treatment plant, the trunk sewers, sources of water and its uses, the water supply systems,
solid waste management, economic activities undertaken, housing patterns, and way of
living.

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1.5.1.2 Interview of Key Informants

The study involved use of resource persons as key informants, representing various groups
such as local chiefs, village elders, Sub County Departmental Heads, opinion leaders and
the community development leaders. The criteria for selection emphasized on gender,
both elderly and youth.

Client Consulting Chief – Chaani Location Client Meeting Chief – Mikindani Location

Client Meeting Chief – Miritini Location Meeting the Kipevu Plant Manager
Photoplate 1: Some of the Stakeholders Consulted

1.5.1.3 Questionnaires

The Consultant administered questionnaires to randomly selected household units within

the project area by use of enumerators who were recruited based on a threshold set by
the consultant. The enumerators had to have completed O level education and were
selected from each village in the project area. Gender balance was observed during their
recruitment. The enumerators were then trained by the Consultant’s socio-economic team
before they were sent to administer the questionnaires.

A total of twelve (12) enumerators were recruited and trained to carry out the fieldwork.
An enumerator was to cover their village of residence. The questionnaires were
interpreted in Swahili to facilitate ease of understanding for the respondents who largely
speak Swahili as the main local language.

1.5.1.4 Review of Available Information

This involved review of various documents which includes; earlier research, reports from
projects done in the region, government documents e.g. the design reports, books and
papers with relevant information. This aims at obtaining as much information as possible
as regards the project area.

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1.5.1.5 Screening and Scoping

Screening of the project: - a process that evaluated whether the project required a full EIA
study under schedule 2 of the EMCA 1999, various environmental components of relevance
were evaluated against the proposed activities to be carried out in the project cycle.

A scoping exercise: - This identified the projects’ key issues of concern to be addressed by
ESIA team, both positive and negative concerns that may require further studies. The
sewage treatment and management being a new component in the area is anticipated to
elicit significant impacts. The ESIA team therefore established that a full study would be
necessary because the scope and extent of the project is extensive.

1.5.2 Sampling Technique

A random sampling technique was employed whereby the researcher carried out a
reconnaissance study of the project area a day before the actual field survey to accurately
determine the distribution of households and determine which households are directly
affected by the project. This was achieved through consultation with chiefs and village
elders to get an idea on how the villages are distributed. This provided guidance on how
the enumerators were to distribute the questionnaires. The enumerators were then
instructed to observe randomness in administering questionnaires through skipping one
homestead and two homesteads alternatively.

1.5.3 Data Analysis and Discussion

Questionnaires were first coded correctly and checked using a code sheet. They were then
captured into the SPSS spreadsheet prepared alongside preparation of the questionnaire.
The keyed in data was analyzed using frequencies and cross tabulation which and be used
to generate outputs in form of graphs and charts on Microsoft Excel for presentation. The
data were analyzed using frequencies and regression analysis.

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2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA

2.1 Project Location

The project area is located within the Mombasa West Mainland within Port Reitz,
Mikindani, Chaani and Miritini Locations.

The Kipevu Treatment Plant is located at GPS co-ordinates 4° 2’ 25”S and 39° 37’ 49” E, in
Mombasa County.

2.2 The Background of Proposed Project

The first Sewerage System constructed in Mombasa was built in 1952 to serve the
Government Housing Estates in the Changamwe area of the West Mainland. In 1957, the
piped Sewerage System was extended to serve the Rail-Served Industrial Area. Later,
extensions to the network were provided to serve the Oil Refinery and Magongo Housing
Estates. The Changamwe Trunk Sewer and the Chaani Trunk Sewer were both built around
this time to connect the various Secondary Sewer Networks to a Wastewater Treatment
Plant located at Kipevu. In the 1980s and 90s, the Sewerage Systems on the West Mainland
was extended to the newly developed areas such as Miritini Site and Service (S&S)
Scheme, Mikindani S&S Scheme, and the Port Reitz. These areas were provided with
sewers and connected into the main Trunk Sewers.

The Chaani Trunk Sewer and Changamwe Trunk Sewer both convey wastewater
separately to the Kipevu Treatment Plant entirely by gravity and no pumping is necessary.
Due of the locations of the Miritini and Mikindani S&S Schemes and the Port Reitz Area,
including Moi International Airport, the Trunk Sewers serving those areas required the
inclusion of Pumping Stations and Rising Mains to transport wastewater to the Kipevu
Treatment Plant. Conventional Pumping Stations with one duty and one standby
centrifugal pump, and associated Rising Mains were provided on the Miritini, the
Mikindani, and the Port Reitz Trunk Sewers. As a result of its length and the flat
topography, an intermediate Low-lift Screw Pump Station was also provided on the Miritini
Trunk Sewer.

The table below is a summary of the five existing trunk sewers in Mombasa West Mainland:

Table 2 Trunk Sewers that serve Mombasa West Mainland

Pipe Diameter Pipe Total Number of

Trunk Sewer
(mm) Material Length (m) Manholes
Miritini Trunk Sewer 400 – 800 Steel 6,270 93
Mikindani Trunk Sewer 400 Steel 1,400 25
Chaani Trunk Sewer 1000 Steel 2,700 41
Changamwe Trunk Sewer 300 Steel 3,550 70
Port Reitz Trunk Sewer 300/400 Steel 3,660 58
Totals 17,580 287

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Figure 2-1: Layout Plan- West Mainland Service Area

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2.3 Project Overview

Mombasa County is one of the 47 Counties of Kenya. Its capital and the only city in the
county is Mombasa. Initially it was one of the former Districts of Kenya but in 2013 it was
reconstituted as a county, on the same boundaries. It is the smallest county in Kenya,
covering an area of 229.7 km2 excluding 65 km2 of water mass. The county is situated in
the South Eastern part of the former Coast Province. It borders Kilifi County to the North,
Kwale County to the South West and the Indian Ocean to the East. The county population
is 939,370 persons, comprising 486,924 males and 452,446 females1. This is spurred by
rapid population growth in Mombasa in the unplanned areas where land and housing is
relatively cheap and characterized by deteriorated or inadequate sanitation
infrastructure2. The rapid growth in population and urbanization in Mombasa City has
exerted relentless pressure on resources and services such as, housing, water supply and
sanitation, education and health facilities. The delivery of essential services in the city has
failed to keep pace with the increased demand.

The nature of the development in the project area is predominantly medium income
residential. Most of the dwellings are single storey traditional Swahili type houses,
although there are a few recently constructed multi-storey blocks of apartments. There is
no industry and only a few Schools exist within the scheme. Commercial activities
common within the project area include small general shops, small furniture and metal
fabrication workshops. Many large plots outside the Re-Pooling Scheme are used as
transport depots for large container trucks.

Wastewater flows will be generated mainly by the residential dwellings. The anticipated
flows will therefore relate to the actual population served with domestic sewage
characteristics.

The area is almost fully developed, with little scope for any additional development.
Additional settlement can only be accommodated if the existing Swahili style houses are
replaced with apartment blocks. However, this is not a prime area for the construction of
apartment blocks and it is likely that this type of redevelopment will take place at a slow
pace. To make allowance for this, the base figure for the design population has been taken
as the 2009 Census population, but the proportion of apartment blocks has been increased
to 20%.

Population data and the associated enumeration maps from the 2009 National Census
were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics in Nairobi. The preliminary sewer
layouts were superimposed on top of the enumeration maps and a specific population
density obtained from the population data for each potential sewer line. The population
densities in the Project Area were found to be relatively high, ranging from 200 persons/ha
to 403 persons /ha, with an average of around 280 persons/ha.

Per capita water consumption figures were adopted from Water Demand Assessment
Study carried out by the Seureca/MIBP Joint Venture for the design of the Mombasa Water
Distribution System.

1
KNBS…Census 2009
2
Mombasa County First County Integrated Development Plan
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West Mainland Sewer Network

The Mombasa County is divided into four main areas namely: South mainland, north
mainland, west mainland and Mombasa Island. This ESIA focuses on the West Mainland.
The first sewers were built here in 1952 to serve the Government housing estates in
Changamwe. In 1957 the piped sewerage was extended to serve the rail served Industrial
area and later extensions were provided to serve the oil refinery and parts of Magongo.
The Old Changamwe trunk sewer gravitates sewage through Kalahari informal settlement
to Kipevu. In the 1980s and 1990s the system was extended to serve the newly developed
site and service schemes of Miritini, Chaani and Mikindani and Port Reitz. Diameters range
from 200 mm to a maximum of 1000 mm and pipe materials being PVC, steel and concrete.
There are over 50Km of main sewers covering nearly 40% of the developed area. The
Chaani and Changamwe trunk sewers both convey wastewater separately to the Kipevu
treatment plant entirely by gravity.

Blockages occur mostly in small size sewers in built up areas. Miritini and Mikindani Site
and Service Schemes and the Port Reitz Area, have pumping stations and rising mains
which discharge to the Chaani trunk sewer. A Low lift pump is also provided after the
Miritini rising main at Jomvu. A Chamber on the Port Reitz gravity line is provided near the
MTC staff houses for screening before sewage reaches Port Reitz pumping station.

Kipevu Sewage Treatment Plant

The Plant is located at Kipevu, adjacent to Kilindini Harbor with an outfall at berth No.14. It
is an extended aeration facility, utilizing an oxidation ditch system, constructed under the
Phase I of Mombasa Sewerage Project to replace the original Biological Filter Plant. The
plant which was commissioned in the Year 2000, consists of pre-treatment, aeration,
clarification, sludge processing and sludge drying units. The plant was designed to serve a
population equivalent of 196,000 with a dry weather flow of 17100m3/day. The inflow is
currently at less than 40% of the Design Average Dry Weather Flow of 17100 m3/day which
is 6,840m3/day.

The inflow characteristics are summarised below:

 Population Equivalent to be served = 196,000

 Average Dry Weather Flow = 17,100 m3/day
 Daily BOD Loading (BOD5) = 9,560 kg/d
 Average Strength of raw sewage BOD5 = 560 mg/l
 Average Strength of Suspended Solids = 898 mg/l
 Peak flow Factor = 2

The Treatment Plant comprises of the following units:

a) Inlet Works (1 Nr.) – made up of 1 coarse screen
b) Aeration Ditches / Tanks (4 Nr.)
c) Final Settlement Tanks (4 Nr.)
d) Return Sludge Pumps (4 Nr.)
e) Surplus Sludge Pumps (2 Nr.)
f) Sludge Thickening Tanks (2 Nr.)
g) Thickened Sludge Pumps (2 Nr.)
h) Wash-water Pumps (2 Nr.)
i) Pressure Effluent Pumps (2 Nr.)
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The schematic for the treatment works is summarised in the figure below:

Figure 2-2: Schematic of Kipevu Treatment Works

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The treatment works is designed to treat the waste water to the acceptable NEMA waste
water quality standards summarised in chapter 4.5 of these report.

The treatment works is currently not functioning at maximum capacity due to the
breakdown of the mechanical components within the treatment works. In addition,
failures at the West Mainland Pumping Stations as well as blockages in the sewer collection
system limits the ability of the system to transport wastewater to the Kipevu WWTP.
Instead, about 4,000 m3/day is discharged into the environment untreated resulting in the
release of 1,200 tonnes BOD5/yr. The proposed investment will reduce the organic load
from domestic wastewater to the environment by about 1,000 tonnes BOD5/yr.

Need for Sewerage Infrastructure

Water-borne sanitation through the use of Sewerage System exist only in Mombasa
County out of all the Project Towns. Most buildings/establishments are not connected to
the sewer lines because of water scarcity and high cost of construction and the current
lines were constructed after the construction and hence no provision for connection.
Mombasa County comprises of four distinct Service Areas that are physically separated by
the creeks that surround Mombasa Island. These Service Areas are Mombasa Island, North
Mainland, South Mainland and West Mainland.

The only Serviced Areas in the County where piped sewerage systems have been built are
on the West Mainland and Mombasa Island. The Service Areas and sewered sub-service
areas on Existing Sewerage System on West Mainland / Mombasa Island including Trunk
Sewers, Pumping Stations, Kipevu and Kizingo Wastewater Treatment Works.

The Sewerage System for West Mainland has been continually expanded since its initial
construction in 1952. At present, the sewered area within West Mainland is approximately
40% of the developed service area. This sewerage system conveys wastewater to a
Wastewater Treatment Plant located at Kipevu (17,000m3/day capacity), adjacent to
Kilindini Harbour.

Sensitive Receptors to the Negative Impacts

The following are key sensitive receptors to the Negative Impacts

 The residents within the project area and more so those ones settling on the sewer
lines;
 The institutions in the project area such as schools, hospitals, mosques, churches
etc;
 Business in the project area;
 Road users
 Industries in the project area

2.4 The Physical Environment

2.4.1 Climate

Mombasa County receives an average annual convectional and bimodal rainfall of about
900mm with a marked decrease in intensity in the north and into the hinterland. The
average annual mean rainfall in the County ranges from 400mm to 1,100mm. The rainfall
pattern is influenced by proximity to the Indian Ocean, relatively low altitudes,
temperature and trade winds with the seasons being more pronounced in the south. Long
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rains occur between the month of April and June (peak in May), while the short rains occur
from October to December.

The annual minimum temperatures in the area range between 22.5˚C and 24.5˚C while the
maximum temperatures vary between 26˚C and 30˚C along the coastal belt. The County is
generally hot and humid all the year round with a relative humidity of about 60% due to the
high evaporation rate and availability of surface water.

2.4.2 Topography

Mombasa County is within coastal lowland rising gently from flat zones of between 6 –
50m above sea level and becoming undulating westwards on the mainland to about 100m
above sea level at Mariakani area. The City of Mombasa Central Business District (CDB) lies
wholly on Mombasa Island with commercial and residential areas extending into the
mainland areas via Likoni (Mombasa – Lungalunga road), Mombasa – Malindi road and
Changamwe (Mombasa – Nairobi road). These areas are fairly developed with commercial
and human settlements effectively affecting the surface topography and interfering with
the surface drainage.

2.4.3 Geology and Soils

The geology of the Kenyan coast is dominated by rifting and breakup of the Paleozoic
Gondwana continent and the development of the Indian Ocean. The Proterozoic gneisses
of the Mozambique belt form the basement of an intracratonic basin, filled with
continental permo- Triassic classics. The sea level changes, isostatic readjustments and the
tectonic movements contribute to the geomorphology of the Kenyan coast.

The region is divided into three main physiographic belts namely the flat coastal plain
which includes; Island division, Kisauni on the North mainland and Mtongwe to the South.
Next are the broken severely dissected and eroded belts that consist of the Jurassic Shale
overlain in places by residual sandy plateau found in Changamwe Sub-County. Finally there
is the undulating plateau of sand stone that is divided from the Jurassic belt by a scarp
fault.

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2.4.4 Hydrology and Drainage and Water Resource

The Indian Ocean is the largest water mass in the area and influences the general surface
drainage pattern with all land sloping towards the ocean hence all the surface run-off is
expected to drain to the sea through the natural drainage systems. However, due to the
dense human settlements and activities the natural drainage systems have been interfered
with resulting to frequent flooding. The drainage of the coastal zone generally adjusts to
the original slope towards the east that is typical of the general tilt of the Eastern African
margin that has been altered by human activities.

Due to the ragged topographic nature upstream and the relatively high soil porosity,
drainage is efficient with no possibility of flooding during rains. However, due to dense
settlements in the project area, natural drainage systems and channels have been
destroyed or blocked by human settlements, roadside economic activities and waste
materials.

2.4.5 Biodiversity

The project area already has minimal vegetation, due to its highly urban nature, thus little
vegetation may be affected by the proposed construction and rehabilitation works.

2.5 Infrastructure

2.5.1 Housing Types and Population

The area has a variety of housing types, including single storey dwellings, traditional
Swahili houses, double storey dwellings, and 4 storey blocks of apartments. The number
of plots that are available for new buildings is very limited and so there is a noticeable, on-
going trend towards an increase in the building height, i.e. the number of storeys of new
buildings. This will lead to an increase in population density in the future.

The 2009 Population and Housing Census was used to establish the population of the area
as well as predict the population growth for the design year.

2.5.2 Commerce and Industry

The project area is an urban area, housing several businesses associated with residential
estates. The area houses some of the working class in Mombasa with the residents
working in the nearby industries, vehicle yards, the port, the Kenya Pipeline Corporation,
as well as the Mombasa Airport.

The major activities on going in the area include shops, green groceries, bars, barber shops
etc. some of the businesses are shown in the project area

Yamoke Hotel Dairy Shop Business

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A pivate health facility Mixed businesses

Photoplate 2: Businesses along the Road in the Project Area

2.5.3 Sanitation Infrastructure

The project area is located in close proximity with two trunk mains namely the Mikindani
and Miritini Main Sewer Lines. However majority of the area is not sewered, with few
developers opting to have personal sewer lines that connect to the trunk mains. Untreated
wastewater is discharged into the storm water sewers thus ultimately drain into the ocean,
posing environmental hazards and health risks to both the residents of Mombasa and the
marine ecosystem. It impairs economic on recreational use of the beaches, releasing
obnoxious smell, accumulation of toxic substances, pathogenic organisms and debris in
undesirable concentrations at the beaches among other numerous detrimental effects.
Untreated wastewater is also known to carry an array of potentially harmful pathogens
and toxins.

Photoplate 3: Raw Sewage flowing into water bodies

The project area is also plagued with generation of solid waste, with plastic bags and
bottles clogging the existing drainage infrastructure as shown in the photo plate below:

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Photo Plate 1: Dumped Plastics in Stormwater sewers in Mikindani Area

2.5.4 Power Supply

The Project Area is served by the national grid under the Kenya Power and Lighting
Company (KPLC).

2.5.5 Transport and Communication

The project area, being an urban area, is served by an intricate road network. Most of the
roads are to bitumen and cabro standards, with only the foot paths not having any
developments on them. In addition, the area experiences high traffic due to the fact that
the roads are narrow and most of the heavy trucks that come from their yards near the
port make use of the Port Reitz Road while exiting Mombasa.

2.6 The Socio-economic Situation

The socio-economic situation of the area was captured based on findings of a household
survey carried out using a structured questionnaire. A sample group of 300 households
was interviewed for purposes of the analysis.

Table 3: Sample Size

Location Sample Size
Chaani (Kipevu Plant) 60
Port Reitz (Pumping Station) 60
Jomvu (Pumping Station) 60
Miritini (Pumping Station) 60
Mikindani (Pumping Station) 60

Total 300

2.6.1 Population Dynamics and Household Characteristics

The study established that 5-18 and 19-35 years (25% and 46% of those interviewed) were
the dominant age groups in the area as shown in Figure 2. There is an indication that there
are a strong and young people who could provide local and cheap labour on the project
that will affect them in the future because they are residents of these areas.

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50-65Over 65 0-5
36-49 6% 0% 11%
12%
5_18
25%

19-35
46%
Figure 2-3: Age of Population
Source: Survey Data

Most of the residents in the project area have attained basic education as indicated in
figure 3, with just a mere 7% of the population not having attained any level of education.
This is a sign of high literacy levels in the area. The household literacy levels are shown in
the chart below:

7%
18% Primary
39%
Secondary

36% College/University
None

Figure 2-4: Household Literacy Levels

Source: Survey Data

Christianity is the dominant religion in this region as shown in figure 4 (66%) followed by
Islam (32%), while just 2% is traditionalist contrary to the expected norm of most coast
region members being muslims.

2%
32% Christianity

66% Muslim
Traditionalists

Figure 2-5: Religion of Population

Source: Survey Data

Charcoal (72%) and kerosene (17%) are the most used sources of fuel as indicated in figure
5. Although the project area is in an urban environment, the fuels mostly used for cooking
show that the project area is in a low income urban area as shown in the chart below:

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8%
3%
17% Charcoal
Kerosene
72% Firewood
LPG/Gas/Electricity

Figure 2-6: Source of Energy

Source: Survey data.

2.6.2 Socio-economic Activities and Land Use Patterns

Being an urban area, Business (54%) and Formal Employment (39%) are the major economic
activities in the area. Majority of the project area is made up of housing estates, with most
occupants being formally employed in the Mombasa central business district. Other
economic activities are shown in the figure below: agriculture comprises of fishing,
livestock farming and crop farming.

5%2%
Business
39% 54% Formal Employment
Agriculture
Informal Employment

Figure 2-7: Household Socio-economic Activities

Source: Survey data.

Most of the people earn below Kshs.15,000 (49%) and between Kshs.15,001-30,000 (42%)
as indicated in figure 7. Most of these are in formal employment and business.

7%
2%
Below 15,000
49% 15,001-30,000
42%
30,001-50,000
Above 50,000

Figure 2-8: Average Household Income per Month

Source: Survey data.

Although crop and animal farming only makes up of 5% of the economic activities, majority
of the households practicing crop (coconuts, maize, beans and vegetable) and animal
farming (chicken, cows and goats)in their rural homes within the county.

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The type of businesses owned mostly by residents are Jua Kali (39%) and shops (36%) as
indicated in figure 8.

Jua Kali
6%3%
2% Shops
14% 39%
Hotels

36% Agency Banking

Groceries
Boda boda

Figure 2-9: Type of Business Carried Out

Source: Survey data.

2.6.3 Water Sources and Availability

Boreholes and public water points are the main sources of water in the area. 66% of the
households rely on borehole as shown in the figure below. Water Scarcity in the entire
coast region contributes to poor sanitation conditions. The Mombasa County Government
has rolled out various water projects that could be useful in new sewer connections.

11 7
16
66

Public tap Borehole Private tap Water vendors

Figure 2-10: Main Sources of Water for Household Use

Source: Survey data.

Most of the sampled residents feel that the water supply is inadequate (77%) with most of
them opting for a water supply project instead of a sewerage project. Being an urban area,
majority of the residents fetch water daily for use in their houses since it is not adequate.

2.6.4 Sanitation

Majority of the population relies on garbage collection by local youth as a waste disposal
method (36%) while 35% dump in open places. The rest of the population burns or
composts their waste, while others rely on council garbage collection services as shown in
the chart below.

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Composit Pit/Burying

4%
15% Collection by County
36% Government
10%
Burning

35% Dumping

Garbage Collectors
(Youth)

Figure 2-11: Common Waste Disposal Methods

Source: Survey data.

Being an urban set up, 99% of households in the project area have toilets within their
compounds. 50% of the population in the project area use pit latrines while 23% are
connected to the existing sewer lines. The rest of the population relies on septic tanks and
mobile toilets. The number of residents using pit latrines in such an urban area is relatively
high considering its location. The project may improve the sanitation facilities in the area.

Flush System-sewer line

5% 23%
Flush System-septic
50% 22% tank
Pit latrine

Mobile toilet

Figure 2-12: Types of Toilets Respondents Have in Their Compound

Source: Survey data.

The respondents were willing to be connected to the sewer line and are ready to
contribute to through many ways. As indicated in Figure 12 below, majority of the
respondents at 85% are willing to be connected to the improved sewer line whereas 15%
were not willing to be connected due to water insufficiency cases experienced by the
dwellers.

15%

Yes
No
85%

Figure 2-13: Willingness to be connected

Source: Survey data.

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Thirty six percent are wiling to contribute to the project costs, seven percent are willing to
contribute in kind to through provision of manpower, guarding services and maintainance
of the facilities, whereas a larger percentage at fifty seven percent did not respond to this
question as shown in Figure 13 below.

Cash 36%
No
response,
57%

Kind, 7%

Figure 2-14: Type of Contribution

Source: Survey data.

2.6.5 Health Status

The prevalent diseases in the area are malaria, diarrhoea, eye problems, skin rashes
cholera, respiratory infection and others as shown in the figure below.

Figure 2-15: Prevalent Diseases in the Area

Source: Survey data.

Majority of the respondents when sick seek medical attention from a health centre close
to where they stay (1-5km), some take herbs and some seek the help of a witch doctor.
The health facilities where the people in the area seek help are mainly government health
centres (71%) and private hospitals (26%).

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3%
26%
Government
Private ownership
71%
NGO/Mission

Figure 2-16: Ownership Status of Health Facilities

Source: Survey data.

The local hospitals are relatively close with the area being served by the Port Reitz Hospital
(government) and Bomu Hospital (private).

Being an urban centre, HIV/AIDS awareness is extremely high with all the respondents
interviewed being aware of HIV/AIDS. The Information is mainly got from the media and
health workers, taught in schools, informed by friends and relatives or from government
signboards and the newspapers. According to the National AIDS Council Report of 2016,
Mombasa County HIV prevalence stands at 7.4% against the national prevalence of 6%.

14% of the respondents’ families have been affected by the scourge.

Figure 2-17: Households Affected by HIV/AIDS

Source: Survey data.

96% of the respondents feel that HIV/AIDS can be prevented while 3% says it cannot be
prevented. 1% of the respondents have no idea if it can be prevented.

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Figure 2-18: Knowledge on Whether HIV/AIDS Can be prevented

Source: Survey data.

95% of the respondents know where to go for voluntary counselling and testing for
HIV/AIDS, while 5% do not.

Figure 2-19: Respondents Who Know Where to go For Voluntary HIV/AIDS Testing
Source: Survey data.
2.6.6 Knowledge on the Project and its Environmental Impacts
61% of the residents at are aware of the intended rehabilitation works of the project. 83%
of the respondents perceived that the rehabilitation works will bring about positive
impacts while 17% believe the project will bring adverse impacts.

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3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

3.1 General

In order to make best use of the existing infrastructure at Kipevu WWTP, it is

recommended that existing sewers on West Mainland be rehabilitated as per the Contract
Documents drafted for Immediate Urgent Works. The works will also include rehabilitation
of units at existing Kipevu WWTP.

The Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and sewers in the West Mainland service
area are poorly managed but have capacity to handle additional volume of wastewater
generated if additional areas are sewered. The capacity of Kipevu WWTP is 17,000m3/day.

3.2 Existing Sewerage System

Mombasa County comprises of four distinct Service Areas that are physically separated by
the creeks that surround Mombasa Island. These Service Areas are Mombasa Island, North
Mainland, South Mainland and West Mainland.
The only Serviced Areas in the County where piped sewerage systems have been built are
on the West Mainland and Mombasa Island. The Service Areas and sewered sub-service
areas on Existing Sewerage System on West Mainland / Mombasa Island including Trunk
Sewers, Pumping Stations, Kipevu and Kizingo Wastewater Treatment Works.
The Sewerage System for West Mainland has been continually expanded since its initial
construction in 1952. At present, the sewered area within West Mainland is approximately
40% of the developed service area. This sewerage system conveys wastewater to a
Wastewater Treatment Plant located at Kipevu (17,000m3/day capacity), adjacent to
Kilindini Harbour.
3.3 Affordability of Tariffs
MOWSCO’s tariff study has applied WASREB’s tariff policy for providing sustainable and
affordable water supply and sanitation services to the poor to cover basic human need
while at the same time ensuring financial viability of the services provided. The block tariff
structure of MOWASCO incorporates the “pro-poor” policy through the provision of a
lifeline tariff for poor households. This is done by charging for water and wastewater
services way below the cost coverage level for the consumption of up to 6 m³ per month
and connection. MOWASCO’s current social lifeline tariff for the poor households for the
lowest consumption block 0-6 m3 per month is only 53 percent of the weighted average
tariff. This ratio, which is within the range set by WASREB, will be maintained during
project implementation3. MOWASCO’s wastewater tariff is currently 75 percent of the
water supply tariff4. By pegging the wastewater tariff to the water tariff, the cost for
wastewater discharge for the consumption block 0-6 m3 per month is also very low. In
addition it needs to be notices that almost exclusively the middle income and upper middle
income families are connected to the sewage system while low income families use on-site
sanitation.

3
The tariff structure should be used to design a “pro-poor” policy that allows for the provision of a lifeline tariff
for poor households. This can be done by a “social block tariff”, charging a lower percentage of the average tariff
(e.g. 50-70%) for the consumption of up to 6m³. WASREB Tariff Guidelines
4
WASREB Tariff Guidelines
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3.4 Improvement of Existing Sewerage System and Sewage Treatment Plant

Details of the Works to be executed are summarised in the following sub-sections;

3.4.1 Rehabilitation of Existing Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant

Due to the failures at the West Mainland Pumping Stations, a substantial amount of
sewage from the pumping stations flows to the ocean with very little flowing to the Kipevu
Treatment Plant. Most of the operational valves are reported as being faulty and exposed
metalwork e.g. handrails, pipes, etc. are corroding.

Photoplate 4: A Section of Kipevu Treatment Plant

According to the design report, 2016, the following rehabilitation works are
recommended:

 Replace all faulty valves and fittings

 Replace steel works and apply epoxy paint
 Install a new flow measuring device at the Inlet Works
 Repair the gantry at the Inlet Works
 Replace 2Nr. motors of the Final Settlement Tanks
 Replace the scum brushes for one of the differential Settlement Tank
 Install 2Nr. return activated sludge pumps
 Install 1Nr. Surplus sludge pump
 Supply Laboratory Equipment as directed
 Carry out minor repair works to the existing buildings within the Treatment Works
Site e.g. repair to plumbing fittings and electrical works, repainting, fixing of
window panes etc.

3.4.2 Rehabilitation of Trunk Sewers and Main Secondary Sewers

The physical improvement of existing sewerage system and Kipevu Wastewater

Treatment Plant including rehabilitation works comprise the major components of the
project, as further described below.

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3.4.2.1 Chaani Upgrading Scheme

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Repair of Benching for all Manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing of
the entire system
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels all buried manholes
 Backfilling eroded sections of the sewer line and protection against erosion

3.4.2.2 Chaani Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

3.4.2.3 Changamwe Site and Service Scheme

The following Rehabilitation Works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Repair of Manhole Benching in all the manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Backfilling eroded sections of the sewer line and protection against erosion
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

3.4.2.4 Changamwe Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

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3.4.2.5 Hamisi Municipal Estate

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Repair of Manhole Benching in all manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Backfilling eroded sections of the sewer line and protection against erosion
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

3.4.2.6 Export Processing Zone (EPZ) Area

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Remove the existing system

 Lay new sewer lines with higher capacities
 Construct new manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

3.4.2.7 Mikindani Site and Service Scheme

The following rehabilitation works will be carried:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

3.4.2.8 Mikindani Pumping Station and Rising Main

Mikindani Pumping Station is located on a slope. Rains are gradually eroding the soil along
the access road and the northern perimeter wall. Minor rehabilitation works are required
at the Miritini pumping station e.g. repair to leaking roof, replacement of light fittings,
replacement of door locks etc

3.4.2.9 Mikindani Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

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3.4.2.10 Miritini Site and Service Scheme

The following remedial measures will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Repair of Manhole Benching for all Manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Replacement of collapsed sections of the sewer line
 Backfilling eroded sections of the sewer line and protection against erosion

3.4.2.11 Miritini Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of aluminium telescopic ladder.

3.4.2.12 Miritini Pumping Stations

Minor rehabilitation works are required at the Miritini Pumping Station e.g. repair to
leaking roof, replacement of cable ducts cover, replacement of door locks etc. one pump
is reported to be faulty. During the inspection the wet well was full of sewage which was
overflowing to a valley downstream of the Pumping Station.

Minor rehabilitation works are required at the Miritini Pumping Station e.g. repair of
leaking roof, replacement of light bulbs, replacement of door locks etc.

3.4.2.13 Port Reitz Trunk Sewer

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Replacement of missing / vandalised manhole covers

 Repair of broken manholes
 Unblocking of partially / fully blocked sections of the sewer line and flushing
 Identify, expose and raise above ground levels buried manholes
 Supply of Aluminium Telescopic Ladders

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3.4.2.14 Port Reitz Pumping Station

The following rehabilitation works will be carried out:

 Supply and install new pumps

 Replace/ repair the blown pump main circuit breaker
 Repair/ replace the automatic level control
 Service the generator and check where the fault is
 Replace generator if necessary
 Replace the gate Provide security at the station at all times

3.4.3 Kipevu Wastewater Treatment Plant

The following rehabilitation works are recommended:

 Replace all faulty valves and fittings

 Replace steel works and apply epoxy paint
 Install a new flow measuring device at the Inlet Works
 Repair the gantry at the Inlet Works
 Replace 2Nr. motors of the Final Settlement Tanks
 Replace the scum brushes for one of the differential Settlement Tank
 Install 2Nr. return activated sludge pumps
 Install 1Nr. Surplus sludge pump
 Supply Laboratory Equipment as directed
 Carry out minor repair works to the existing buildings within the Treatment Works
Site e.g. repair to plumbing fittings and electrical works, repainting, fixing of
window panes etc.

3.5 Project Preliminary Cost

Cost estimates have been done with prevailing unit rates in the market. The rates take into
account project location, availability of materials, cost of labour, contractor’s profits and
overheads.

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Table 4: Preliminary Cost Estimates

Amount Amount
S/No Description (Kshs) (US$)
Backog of Deferred Maintenance of Sewers, Septic Tanks,
A Pumping
Stations and Treatment Facilities
A1 Rehabilitation of Secondary Sewers
A1.1 Chaani Upgrading Scheme 31, 835,778 341,421
A1.2 Changamwe Site and Service Scheme 30,203,643 323,917
A1.3 Hamisi Municipal Estate 31,926,972 342,399
A1.4 EPZ Area 45,575,622 488,773
A1.5 Mikindani Site and Service Scheme 37,063,870 397,489
A1.6 Miritini Site and Service Scheme 23,655,879 253,696

A2 Rehabilitation of Trunk Sewers

A2.1 Chaani Trunk Sewer 2,200,000 23,594
A2.2 Mikindani Trunk Sewer 4,200,000 45,043
A2.3 Miritini Trunk Sewer 3,100,000 33,246
A2.4 Port Reitz Trunk Sewer 4,000,000 42,898
A2.5 Changamwe Trunk Sewer 2,200,000 23,594

A3 Rehabilitation of Pumping Stations

A3.1 West Mainland
A3.2 Miritini Pumping Station 28,000,000 30,028
A3.3 Miritini Screw Pumping Station 200,000 2,145
A3.4 Port Reitz Pumping Station 2,800,000 30,028
A3.5 Mikindani Pumping Station 750,000 8,043
A4 Kipevu Waste Water Treatment Plant
A4.1 Rehabilitation of Electro-mechanical Works and Ancillary Works 29,000,000 311,009

B Lack of water Borne Sewerage and Treatment for Neighbourhoods

where population densities are greater than 120 persons/ha

B1 Changamwe Re-pooling (AfDB funding) 266,412,824 2,857,127

B2 New Sewersand Infills within West Mainland (Part of EPZ & Chaani) 6,961,000 718,119

C Insufficient Staff and Equipment Resources

C1 Operation and Maintenance Equipment and Tools 47,700,442 511,560
C2 Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building 1,500,000 16,087

Sub-total 1 (Less Changamwe Repooling Scheme) 567,450,252 6,085,584

Add 7.5% of sub-total for Preliminary and General 42,558,769 456,419
Sub-total 2 610,009,021 6,542,002
Add 10% of sub-total for physical contingencies 61,000,902 654,200
Sub-total 3 671,009,923 7,196,203
Add 10% of sub-total for price contingencies 67,100,992 719,620
Sub-total 4 738,110,915 7,915,823
Add 10% of sub-total for Consultancy 73,811,092 791,582

Grand total including preliminary & General, Contingencies, duties 811,922,007 8,707,405
and Taxes & Consultancy/Supervision Fees

The exchange rate adopted is 1US$=93.245

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4 RELEVANT POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

4.1General Overview
According to the Kenya National Environment Action Plan (NEAP, 1994) the Government
recognized the negative impacts on ecosystems emanating from industrial, economic and
social development programmes that disregarded environmental sustainability. Following
this, the establishment of appropriate policies and legal guidelines as well as
harmonization of the existing ones have been accomplished and/or are in the process of
development. The NEAP process recommended environmental assessments in the
country with among the key stakeholders being industrialists, business community and
local authorities. This culminated into the development of the Policy on Environment and
Development under the Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999. The development of this project is
guided and governed by a number of laws, by-laws and policies.

4.2 Policy Framework

4.2.1 Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999 on Environment and Sustainable Development

The aim of this policy is to harmonize environmental and development goals so as to
ensure sustainability. The paper provides comprehensive guidelines and strategies for
government action regarding environment and development. The World Commission on
Environment and development (The Bruntland Commission 1987) recommends
development that produces no lasting damage to the biosphere and to particular
ecosystems. Economic sustainable development is that in which progress towards
environmental and social sustainability occurs within available financial resources.
Similarly, social sustainable development is development that maintains the cohesion of a
society and its ability to help its members to work together to achieve common goals while
at the same time meeting individual needs of the members.
4.2.2 Vision 2030
The Kenya Vision 2030 recognizes the importance of development infrastructure as critical
for socio-economic transformation. The Infrastructure Sector aspires for a country, and
the in near future counties, with infrastructural facilities that meet international standards
to make Kenya a globally competitive and prosperous country.
The strategies and measures to be pursued in the medium term include; supporting the
development of infrastructure initiatives around flagship projects, strengthening the
institutional framework for infrastructure development, raising the efficiency and quality
of infrastructure as well as increasing the pace of infrastructure projects so that they are
completed as envisaged, protecting the environment as a national asset and conserving it
for the benefit of the future generations and the wider international community.
The Kenya Vision 2030 like its predecessor the ERS calls for a considerable shift in the
manner in which the country and county government of Mombasa deploys her resources
to acquire the necessary capacity and access to infrastructure services in their wealth
creation.

4.2.3 Constitution of Kenya

The Constitution underscores the right of every person to a clean and healthy
environment. This includes the right to have the environment protected for the benefit of
both present and future generations through legislation and other measures. It also
includes the rights to have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled as stipulated in
article 69 of the Constitution.
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In order to address such obligations, the state, the County Government of Mombasa and
CWSB shall:-

 ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the

environment and natural resources and ensure equitable sharing of the accruing
benefits;
 protect genetic resources and biological diversity;
 eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment,
among other obligations in respect of the environment; and
 establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring of the environment.

4.2.3.1 Environmental Obligations and Rights

Article 42 states that every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which
includes the right; (a) to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and
future generations through legislative and other measures, particularly those
contemplated in Article 69; and
(b) To have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70.
Section 43 (d) every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities;
Under Article 69 (1) The State shall — (a) ensure sustainable exploitation, utilisation,
management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the
equitable sharing of the accruing benefits;
(b) Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of
Kenya;
(c) Protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge of,
biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities;
(d) Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the
environment;
(e) Protect genetic resources and biological diversity;
(f) Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and
monitoring of the environment;
(g) Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and
(h) Utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
(2) Every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect
and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use
of natural resources.
70. (1) If a person alleges that a right to a clean and healthy environment recognised and
protected under Article 42 has been, is being or is likely to be, denied, violated, infringed
or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress in addition to any other legal
remedies that are available in respect to the same matter.
(2) On application under clause (1), the court may make any order, or give any directions,
it considers appropriate –– (a) to prevent, stop or discontinue any act or omission that is
harmful to the environment;
(b) To compel any public officer to take measures to prevent or discontinue any act or
omission that is harmful to the environment; or
(c) To provide compensation for any victim of a violation of the right to a clean and healthy
environment.
(3) For the purposes of this Article, an applicant does not have to demonstrate that any
person has incurred loss or suffered injury.

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The project must comply to this policy during planning, construction/rehabilitation and
during operation phases of the project.

4.2.3.2 Classification of Land

Under Article 61 (1) all land in Kenya belongs to the people of Kenya collectively as a nation,
as communities and as individuals.
(2) Land in Kenya is classified as public, community or private.
62. (1) Public land is (a) land which at the effective date was unalienated government land
as defined by an Act of Parliament in force at the effective date;
(b) Land lawfully held, used or occupied by any State organ, except any such land that is
occupied by the State organ as lessee under a private lease;
(c) Land transferred to the State by way of sale, reversion or surrender;
(d) Land in respect of which no individual or community ownership can be established by
any legal process;
(e) Land in respect of which no heir can be identified by any legal process
(f) All minerals and mineral oils as defined by law;
(g) government forests other than forests to which Article 63 (2)(d) (i) applies,
government game reserves, water catchment areas, national parks, government animal
sanctuaries, and specially protected areas;
(h) All roads and thoroughfares provided for by an Act of Parliament;
(i) All rivers, lakes and other water bodies as defined by an act of parliament;
(j) The territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone and the sea bed;
(k) The continental shelf;
(l) All land between the high and low water marks;
(m) Any land not classified as private or community land under this Constitution; and
(n) Any other land declared to be public land by an Act of Parliament; (i) in force at the
effective date; or (ii) enacted after the effective date.
(4) Public land shall not be disposed of or otherwise used except in terms of an Act of
Parliament specifying the nature and terms of that disposal or use.
Section 63 (1) Community land shall vest in and be held by communities identified on the
basis of ethnicity, culture or similar community of interest.
(3) Any unregistered community land shall be held in trust by county governments on
behalf of the communities for which it is held.
(4) Community land shall not be disposed of or otherwise used except in terms of
legislation specifying the nature and extent of the rights of members of each community
individually and collectively.
64. Private land consists of; (a) registered land held by any person under any freehold
tenure;
(b) Land held by any person under leasehold tenure; and
(c) Any other land declared private land under an Act of Parliament.

All the land being utilised belongs to the national government in conjunction with the
County Government of Mombasa through CWSB.

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4.2.4 The National Poverty Eradication Plan (NPEP) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy
Paper (PRSP)
The National Poverty Eradication Plan has the objective of reducing the incidence of
poverty in both rural and urban areas by 50% by the year 2015, as well as strengthening the
capabilities of the poor and vulnerable groups to earn income. It also aims to narrow
gender and geographical disparities and create a healthy, better-educated and more
productive population. This plan has been prepared in line with the goals and
commitments of the World Summit for Social Development (WSSD) of 1995.

The WSSD themes include poverty eradication, reduction of unemployment, and social
integration of the disadvantaged people and the creation of an enabling economic political
and cultural environment. The project intends to address the contents of this policy by
creating opportunities for everybody for economic advancement within the project area.

4.2.5 National Policy on Water Resources Management

This policy requires that development projects be subjected to comprehensive EIAs that
will provide suitable measures to be taken to ensure environmental resources and
people’s health in the immediate neighbourhood and further downstream are not
negatively impacted.

The project will require water in all its extents and in large amount for construction
purposes. This policy will ensure the water being utilized is discharged into the receiving
water body or system in accordance with the regulation without adverse effects to the
surrounding environment. Care should be taken during refilling, collecting and disposing
liquid wastes. In relation to this, the National Policy on Water Resources Management and
Development (Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1999) was established with an objective to
preserve, conserve and protect available water resources and allocate them in a
sustainable, rational and economic way. It also desires to supply water of good quality and
in sufficient quantities to meet the various water needs while ensuring safe disposal of
wastewater and environmental protection.

The policy focuses on streamlining provision of water for domestic use, rehabilitation of
the treatment plant, agriculture, livestock development and industrial utilization with a
view to realizing the goals of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as well as Vision
2030.

4.3 Regulatory Framework

4.3.1 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

NEMA is the regulatory body charged with management and co-ordination of

environmental issues. The object and purpose for which the Authority was established is
to exercise general supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the
environment and to be the principal instrument of Government in the implementation of
all policies relating to the environment.

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Regulatory function:
i. co-ordinate the various environmental management activities being undertaken by
the lead agencies and promote the integration of environmental considerations
into development policies, plans, programmes and projects;
ii. identify projects and programmes or types of projects and programmes, plans and
policies for which environmental audit or environmental monitoring must be
conducted under this Act;
iii. monitor and assess activities, including activities being carried out by relevant lead
agencies, in order to ensure that the environment is not degraded by such
activities.

This report has to comply with NEMA standards in Kenya.

4.3.2 International Conventions and Protocols

i. The Kyoto Protocol
The goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to lower the overall emissions of green-house gases over
the five-year period between 2008 and 2012. Much as most of the provisions of this
protocol applied to developed countries, emissions of these substances, especially carbon
dioxide would still occur in the airport due to various activities. Kenya, as a signatory to the
Kyoto protocol, is bound to observe its provisions even in the rehabilitation of the
treatment plant.

ii. The Basel Convention

The Basel Convention on the control of trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes

and their disposal is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movement of
hazardous wastes between nations and specifically prevent transfer of hazardous waste
from developed to less developed countries. The convention is also intended to minimize
the amount of toxicity of wastes generated to ensure their environmentally sound
management as closely as possible to the source of generation and to assist the less
developed countries in environmentally sound management of hazardous and other
waste they generate such as sludge in this project.

4.3.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies

4.3.3.1 Operational Policy (OP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment, 2001

Environmental Assessment is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the
potential negative environmental impacts, positive and negative social impacts associated
with Bank lending operations. The purpose of Environmental Assessment is to improve
decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and
sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted. ESIA and
RAP studies have been undertaken in this project.

4.3.3.2 Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats, 2001

The policy seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other
development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the
numerous environmental services and products which natural habitats provide to human
society.

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The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can
damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal
species are still present). Conservation of natural habitats along the sewer line and
biodiversity has been considered and mitigation measures proposed in this study. The
effluent from Kipevu WWTP will not be discharged into natural habitats, but into the
harbor of Mombasa.
4.3.3.3 The Bank's Operational Policy 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement
This is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary
restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas. The policy aims to
avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its
adverse social and economic impacts.
It promotes participation of displaced people in resettlement planning and
implementation, and its key economic objective is to assist displaced persons in their
efforts to improve or at least restore their incomes and standards of living after
displacement.
The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its
objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning
instruments prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects.
RAP studies have been undertaken for this particular study.
4.3.3.4 Bank Operational Policy 4.11-Physical Cultural Resources

The objective of this policy is to assist countries in preserving physical cultural resources
and avoiding their destruction or damage. PCR are defined as movable or immovable
objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that
have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including
graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance. PCR may be located
in urban or rural settings, and may be above ground, underground, or under water. The
cultural interest may be at the local, provincial or national level, or within the international
community. This policy applies to all projects requiring a category A or B environmental
assessment, project located in, or in the vicinity of recognized cultural heritage sites.
Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical
information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a
people’s cultural identity and practices.

Initial Environmental Examination indicates that no physical or cultural resources will be

affected in all the project phases. The Contractor is responsible for familiarizing
themselves with the following “Chance Finds Procedures”, in case culturally valuable
materials are uncovered during excavation, including:
1.Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with
possible archeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value,
announce findings to project manager and notify relevant authorities;
2. Protect artifacts as well as possible using plastic covers, and implement
measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artifacts
3. Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artifacts
4. Restart construction works only upon the authorization of the relevant
authorities.
All contracts should include a Chance Finds Procedure clause.
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4.3.3.5 Operational Policy (OP) 4.10 - Indigenous Peoples

This policy contributes to the Bank's mission of poverty reduction and sustainable
development by ensuring that the development process fully respects the dignity, human
rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous Peoples. For all projects that are proposed
for Bank financing and affect Indigenous peoples the Bank requires the borrower to
engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation.

The provide financing only where free, prior, and informed consultation results in broad
community support to the project by the affected Indigenous Peoples. Such Bank-financed
projects include measures to (a) avoid potentially adverse effects on the Indigenous
Peoples’ communities; or (b) when avoidance is not feasible, minimize, mitigate, or
compensate for such effects. Bank-financed projects are also designed to ensure that the
Indigenous Peoples receive social and economic benefits that are culturally appropriate
and gender and inter-generationally inclusive.

There are no indigenous people in the project area.

4.3.3.6 World Bank Policy on Access to Information, 2010

The World Bank policy on access to information sets out the policy of the World Bank on
public access to information in its possession. This Policy supersedes the World Bank Policy
on Disclosure of Information, and took effect on July 1, 2010.

This Policy is based on five principles:

 Maximizing access to information.

 Setting out a clear list of exceptions.
 Safeguarding the deliberative process.
 Providing clear procedures for making information available.
 Recognizing requesters’ right to an appeals process.

In disclosing information related to member countries/borrower in the case of documents

prepared or commissioned by a member country/borrower (in this instance, safeguards
assessments and plans related to environment, resettlement, and indigenous peoples,
OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessments, OP/BP 4.10, Indigenous Peoples, and OP/BP 4.12
Involuntary Resettlement); the bank takes the approach that the country/borrower
provides such documents to the Bank with the understanding that the Bank will make
them available to the public. The key stakeholders will be involved and consulted in all the
stages of the rehabilitation works.

4.4 Legal Framework

Kenya has approximately 77 statutes that relate to environmental concerns. Most of these
statutes are sector specific, covering issues such as public health; soil erosion; protected
areas; endangered species; water rights and water quality; air quality, noise and vibration;
cultural, historical, scientific and archaeological sites; land use; resettlement; etc.

The key national laws that govern the management of environmental resources in the
country are briefly discussed below. It is noteworthy that wherever any of the laws
contradict each other, the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA)
2015 prevails.

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4.4.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 2015 (EMCA) and Related
Regulations

The most pertinent and overriding statute that will be evoked is the Environmental
Management and Coordination Act (EMCA 2015). EMCA was enacted to harmonize
environmental legislation previously scattered among 77 national laws. As the principal
environmental legislation in Kenya, EMCA sets the legal framework for environmental
management basically as follows:

1. Requirement for Environmental Impact Assessments

Section 58 of the Environmental Law requires that an Environmental Impact Assessment

(EIA) study precede all development activities proposed to be implemented in Kenya. The
Act further requires that EIA studies so designed, be executed in accordance with the
Guidelines for Conduct of EIAs and Environmental Audits (Kenya Gazette Supplement No.
56 of 13th June 2003) as published by the National Environmental Management Authority
(NEMA). It is for this reason that CWSB instructed the consultant to carry out an
environmental and social impact assessment on the project. CWSB ensures that for all
proposed projects an environmental and social impact assessment is carried out.

These regulations stipulate how an EIA should be done and specify all the requirements. It
highlights stages to be followed, information to be made available, role of every
stakeholder and rules to observe during the whole EIA process. The proposed project must
be constructed and operated based on these regulations.

2. Requirement for Annual Environmental Audits

In order to mitigate and control environmental damage from ongoing projects, Sections
68 and 69 of the EMCA require that all ongoing projects be subjected to annual
environmental audits as further expounded in Regulation 35 (1) and (2) of Legal Notice 101
of June 2003. CWSB is committed in ensuring environmental safeguard and requires
consultants to submit quarterly and annual environmental audit reports for all on-going
projects.

It is recommended therefore that the project carries out environmental audits annually. It
should also be maintained and guided by the same regulations and an environmental audit
study will be done periodically to monitor compliance with the set environmental
standards.

4.4.2 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Water Quality Regulations), 2006
(Legal Notice 121)

Parts II, Sections 4 – 5 of these regulations as well as Part V Section 24 are of relevance to
the proposed project. Section 4 states that “Every person shall refrain from any act which
directly or indirectly causes, or may cause immediate or subsequent water pollution”.

Part V Section 24 states that “No person shall discharge or apply any poison, toxic, noxious
or obstructing matter, radioactive wastes, or other pollutants or permit any person to
dump or discharge any such matter into water meant for fisheries, wildlife, recreational
purposes or any other uses.”

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The Regulations provide for the protection of riparian reserves and state that “No person
shall undertake any development activity within full width of a river or a stream to a minimum
of six meters and a maximum of thirty meters on either side based on the highest recorded
flood level.”

The regulations also provide Guidelines/standards for various aspects such as water quality
for discharge into the environment, water for recreating purposes, and drinking water.
They also provide monitoring schedules and parameters for the same.

Priority has been given to the analytical testing capability of MOWASCO to effectively test
and monitor Wastewater Treatment Plants’ effluents and Industrial effluent discharges.
This capacity has been assessed based on the NEMA Environmental Management and
Coordination Water Quality Regulations (Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 68 of 2006) as
shown in the table below:

TUDOR CREEK

Station variable/Year 2010 2011 2013 2014

STDE STDE
Mean V Mean V Mean STDEV Mean STDEV
Water temp 27 29.5 26.06667 0.945163
Sal PSU) 35
Secchi(m) 7.655 0.770746 3.193333 1.700186
DO mg/L 6.65 1.18 4.28 0.06 4.6 6.826667 0.360148
BOD5-mg/L 4.87 0.59 5.15 0.28 3.6 2.746667 0.765106
TSS (mg/l) 32.83 9.97 35.00 35.5 0.057595 0.044895
Fortjesus
Chl-a (mg/l) 5.75 5.62 3.50 3.2
Ammonia
(mg/l) 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.039989 0.001053 15.0856 26.03037
Nitrate+nitrit
e (mg/l) 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.02 0.006191 0.000215 26.11622 22.66855
Phosphate
(mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.119719 0.000211 25.73279 20.46643
pH 8.133333 0.015275
OM mg/L 0.0119 0.009192
Water temp 28 29.5 26.03333 0.929157
Sal PSU) 35
Secchi(m) 0.3 6.8 0.424264 2.1 1.272792
DO mg/L 7.01 1.28 4.45 0.26 3 6.133333 0.413118
BOD5-mg/L 5.52 0.93 5.23 0.39 4.4 3.44 1.101563
TSS (mg/l) 37.83 7.94 53.00 37.6 0.039323 0.008573
Madobeni
Chl-a (mg/l) 5.25 4.77 1.53 10.6
Ammonia
(mg/l) 0.35 0.49 0.18 0.02 0.03984 0.001369 23.36135 34.8523
Nitrate+nitrit
e (mg/l) 0.41 0.41 0.01 0.00 0.006155 0.000398 39.43457 38.22329
Phosphate
(mg/l) 0.19 0.29 0.03 0.01 0.134721 0.006017 38.56285 34.40173
pH 8.183333 0.047258
OM mg/L 0.0085 0.003253

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Water temp 27.5 30 26.13333 1.001665

Sal PSU) 32
Secchi(m) 2.6 6.9 0.282843 2.3 2.262742
DO mg/L 6.86 1.25 4.17 0.08 4.1 5.866667 0.826236
BOD5-mg/L 5.00 0.79 4.96 0.29 3.92 2.853333 0.906039
TSS (mg/l) 30.50 8.26 37.00 22.1 0.038671 0.021734
Coast
General Chl-a (mg/l) 6.50 6.81 1.07 4.4
Ammonia
(mg/l) 0.183 0.273 0.078 0.004 0.038872 0.002317 35.14802 52.75494
Nitrate+nitrit
e (mg/l) 0.297 0.331 0.060 0.007 0.006939 0.00024 87.1171 67.98019
Phosphate
(mg/l) 0.073 0.068 0.007 0.002 0.122107 0.000844 128.0495 256.7897
pH 8.126667 0.055076
OM mg/L 0.0091 0.001556
Water temp 28 29.5 26.06667 1.101514
Sal PSU) 33
Secchi(m) 50 4.05 0.919 4.875 5.834
DO mg/L 6.726 1.465 4.383 0.153 4.1 5.667 0.691
BOD5-mg/L 5.627 0.939 5.147 0.411 3.6 2.227 1.112
28.83
Nyali TSS (mg/l) 3 6.646 90.000 28.7 0.034 0.017
Bridge Chl-a (mg/l) 7.401 7.046 0.883 5.4
Ammonia
(mg/l) 0.086 0.085 0.103 0.022 0.046 0.003 28.661 43.647
Nitrate+nitrit
e (mg/l) 0.163 0.079 0.068 0.018 0.018 0.001 57.304 59.906
Phosphate
(mg/l) 0.036 0.026 0.115 0.005 0.273 0.011 25.744 21.722
pH 8.150 0.069
OM mg/L 0.005 0.000
Water temp 29 30.000 27.500 1.114
Sal PSU) 30
Secchi(m) 0.6 5.65 0.777817 1.096667 0.20502
DO mg/L 6.972 1.115 4.200 0.132 4.2 5.6 0.715542
BOD5-mg/L 5.147 0.983 4.693 0.642 3.92 2.24 1.135887
35.16 6.1779
TSS (mg/l) 667 18 68 19.7 0.037937 0.00722
KMC 6.075 5.3677
Chl-a (mg/l) 9 86 0.8832 3.7
Ammonia
(mg/l) 0.124 0.154 0.068 0.007 0.039 0.001 28.567 42.775
Nitrate+nitrit
e (mg/l) 0.053 0.049 0.023 0.030 0.006 0.000 59.245 62.202
Phosphate
(mg/l) 0.097 0.151 0.022 0.003 0.132 0.000 19.778 23.175
pH 8.09 0.137477
OM mg/L 0.006817 0.002098
Water temp 28 31 26.66667 1.70098
Sal PSU) 29
Secchi(m) 0.2 3.175 0.671751 0.696667 0.170392
7.122 1.0255
DO mg/L 333 03 4.35 0.1 4.3 5.386667 0.676304
Mikindani 1.0476 0.2771
BOD5-mg/L 5.24 64 4.96 28 4.88 1.76 0.743613
17.895
TSS (mg/l) 33.15 67 36.6 0.050553 0.012461
Chl-a (mg/l) 5.252 4.187 6.4
Ammonia 0.0920 0.0174
(mg/l) 0.080 0.070 68 37 0.039 0.001 29.603 44.096

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Nitrate+nitrit 0.0071 0.0006
e (mg/l) 0.094 0.053 66 32 0.014 0.012 69.508 67.187
Phosphate 0.0200 0.0102
(mg/l) 0.035 0.008 85 32 0.134 0.007 23.769 21.418
pH 7.973 0.122
OM mg/L 0.004017 0.000731

It is proposed that MOWASCO should be empowered to carry out requisite analysis of all the
parameters listed in the NEMA Regulations for effluent discharge, which include;

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),
 pH,
 E-coli,
 Total Coliforms,
 Total Dissolved Solids,
 Total Nitrogen,
 Total Phosphorus,
 Oil and Grease and
 Heavy Metals including Lead, Mercury, etc

4.4.3 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Waste Management Regulations),

2006 (Legal Notice 121)
The immediate relevance to proposed project is Part II, Sections 4 (1-2), 5 and 6. Section 4
(1) states that ‘No person shall dispose of any waste on a public highway, street, road,
recreational area or in any public place except in a designated waste receptacle.’ Sections 4
(2) and 6 explains that the waste generator must collect, segregate (hazardous waste from
non-hazardous) and dispose waste in such a facility that shall be provided by the relevant
local authority. Section 5 provides methods of cleaner production (so as to minimize waste
generation) which includes the improvement of production processes through:
conserving raw materials and energy.

4.4.4 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (Noise and Excessive Vibration
Pollution Control Regulations, 2009)
Part II section 3 (I) of these Regulations states that: no person shall make or cause to be
made any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or unusual noise which annoys, disturbs,
injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment
and section 3 (2) states that in determining whether noise is loud, unreasonable,
unnecessary or unusual.
The following factors may be considered;
• time of the day;
• proximity to residential area;
• whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant;
• the level and intensity of the noise;
• whether the noise has been enhanced in level or range by any type of electronic or
mechanical means and;
• whether the noise can be controlled without much effort or expense to the person
making the noise.

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Part II Section 4 states, “Except as otherwise provided in these Regulations, no person shall
(a) make or cause to be made excessive vibrations which annoy, disturb, injure or endanger
the comfort, repose, health or safety of others and the environment; or (b) cause to be made
excessive vibrations which exceed 0.5 centimetres per second beyond any source property
boundary or 30 metres from any moving source.”

Part III, Section 11 (1) states that “any person wishing to (a) operate or repair any machinery,
motor vehicle, construction equipment or other equipment, pump, fan, air-conditioning
apparatus or similar mechanical device; or (b) engage in any commercial or industrial activity,
which is likely to emit noise or excessive vibrations shall carry out the activity or activities
within the relevant levels prescribed in the First Schedule to these Regulations. Any person
who contravenes this Regulation commits an offence”.

Section 13 (1) states that ‘except for the purposes specified in Sub-Regulation (2) hereunder,
no person shall operate construction equipment (including but not limited to any pile driver,
steam shovel, pneumatic hammer, derrick or steam or electric hoist) or perform any outside
construction or repair work so as to emit noise in excess of the permissible levels as set out in
the Second Schedule to these Regulations.’ These purposes include emergencies, those of
a domestic nature and/or public utility construction.

Section 14 relates to noise, excessive vibrations from construction, demolition, mining or

quarrying sites, and states, ‘where defined work of construction, demolition, mining or
quarrying is to be carried out in an area, the Authority may impose requirements on how the
work is to be carried out including but not limited to requirements regarding (a) machinery
that may be used, and (b) the permitted levels of noise as stipulated in the Second and Third
Schedules to these Regulations.’

It further states that, ‘the relevant lead agency shall ensure that mines and quarries where
explosives and machinery used are located in designated areas and not less than two
kilometres away from human settlements and any person carrying out construction,
demolition, mining or quarrying work shall ensure that the vibration levels do not exceed 0.5
centimetres per second beyond any source property boundary or 30 metres from any moving
source.’
This policy will be implemented as proposed in the ESMP.

4.4.5 Draft Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations, 2008

The objective of these Regulations is to provide for prevention, control and abatement of
air pollution to ensure clean and healthy ambient air. The general prohibitions state that
no person shall cause the emission of air pollutants listed under First Schedule (Priority air
pollutants) to exceed the ambient air quality levels as required stipulated under the
provisions of the Seventh Schedule (Emission limits for controlled and non-controlled
facilities) and Second Schedule (Ambient air quality tolerance limits).

4.4.6 The Water Act of 2002 Cap 372

This prohibits the pollution of water. Part II, section 3 states “every water resource is hereby
vested in the state subject to any rights of user granted by or under the Act of any law. In addition
the right to any use of water from any water resources is vested in the Minister for Water
Resources Development and Management except to the extent that it is alienated by or under
the Act or any other written law (Section 5).

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Consequently a water permit must be obtained before using any water resource.” Sections
29 (1), (2) and (3) stipulates the procedure for obtaining a water permit while section (4)
states “except as provided in section 33, an application for a permit shall be the subject of
public consultation and, where applicable, of environmental impact assessment in
accordance with the requirements of Environmental Management and coordination Act
EMCA, 1999.” CWSB has the permit from WRMA to utilise water.

4.4.7 Water Rules 2002

One of the outcomes of the water sector reforms has been improved regulatory
framework for water resource management and use. In addition to the Water Act 2002,
the main document outlining the regulations is the Water Resource Management Rules
2005. The rules set out the procedures for obtaining water use permits and the conditions
placed on permit holders.

Other sections within the rules imply that Water Resources Management Authority
(WRMA) can impose water quality sampling requirements on MoWI from the water
sources and impacts to the hydrology, water chemistry and river morphology downstream
basin. Approval by WRMA is conferred through a Water Permit.

A permit is valid for five years and must be renewed. CWSB will need to obtain a water
permit for the sources from WRMA for the intended use.

Section 104 of the Water Resource Management Rules requires certain water permit
holders to pay water use charges. The intention of the water use charges was to raise
revenue for water resource management, raise revenue for catchment conservation
activities, improve efficiency of water resource abstraction and provide a system of data
collection on water resource usage.

It sets the standard procedures and rules to be followed in the utilization of water
resources including abstraction controls, modes of use and responsibilities in protection
of the resources, including effluent treatment standards. MoWI/CWSB has a direct duty in
complying with this law.

4.4.8 Land Act, No. 6 of 2012

Under section 19. (1) The Commission shall make rules and regulations for the sustainable
conservation of land based natural resources.
(2) Without limiting what the Commission may prescribe under subsection (1), the rules
and regulations may contain;
(a) Measures to protect critical ecosystems and habitats;
(b) Incentives for communities and individuals to invest in income generating natural
resource conservation programmes;
(c) Measures to facilitate the access, use and co- management of forests, water and other
resources by communities who have customary rights to these recourses;
(d) Procedures for the registration of natural resources in an appropriate register;
(e) Procedures on the involvement of stakeholders in the management and utilization of
land- based natural resources; and
(f) Measures to ensure benefit sharing to the affected communities.

This is complied with and catered for in mitigation measures of natural biodiversity.

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4.4.9 Land Registration under Land Act, 2012

Under section 5 (1) of the land act, 2012 there shall be the following forms of land tenure-
(a) Freehold;
(b) Leasehold;
(c) Such forms of partial interest as may be defined under this Act and other law, including
but not limited to easements; and
(d) Customary land rights, where consistent with the Constitution.
(2) There shall be equal recognition and enforcement of land rights arising under all tenure
systems and non-discrimination in ownership of, and access to land under all tenure
systems.

Title to land may be acquired through;

(a) Allocation;
(b) Land adjudication process;
(c) Compulsory acquisition;
(d) Prescription;
(e) Settlement programs;
(f) Transmissions;
(g) Transfers;

(h) long term leases exceeding twenty one years created out of private land; or
(i) Any other manner prescribed in an Act of Parliament.
Under section 8 (a), the Land Commission shall identify public land, prepare and keep a
database of all public land, which shall be geo-referenced and authenticated by the
statutory body responsible for survey;
(d) May require the land to be used for specified purposes and subject to such conditions,
covenants, encumbrances or reservations as are specified in the relevant order or other
instrument.
Section 9 (1) states that any land may be converted from one category to another in
accordance with the provisions of this Act or any other written law.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1);
(a) Public land may be converted to private land by alienation;
(b) Subject to public needs or in the interest of defense, public safety, public order, public
morality, public health, or land use planning, public land may be converted to community
land;
(c) Private land may be converted to public land by;
(i) Compulsory acquisition;
(ii) Reversion of leasehold interest to Government after the expiry of a lease; and
(iii) Transfers; or
(iv) Surrender.
(d) Community land may be converted to either private or public land in accordance with
the law relating to community land enacted pursuant to Article 63(5) of the Constitution.
(3) Any substantial transaction involving the conversion of public land to private land shall
require approval by the National Assembly or county assembly as the case may be.

The land belongs to both the national and county government and hence approved for use
for rehabilitation works.

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4.4.10 Land Acquisition under Land Acts 2012

Under section 110 (1) of Land Acts 2012 Land may be acquired compulsorily under this Part
if the Commission certifies, in writing, that the land is required for public purposes or in
the public interest as related to and necessary for fulfillment of the stated public purpose.

Part 2 of this section states that if, after land has been compulsorily acquired the public
purpose or interest justifying the compulsory acquisition fails or ceases, the Commission
may offer the original owners or their successors in title pre- emptive rights to re-acquire
the land, upon restitution to the acquiring authority the full amount paid as compensation.

Section 111 (1) states that if land is acquired compulsorily under this Act, just compensation
shall be paid promptly in full to all persons whose interests in the land have been
determined. The commission shall make rules to regulate the assessment of just
compensation.

Likewise where land is acquired compulsorily, full compensation shall be paid promptly to
all persons affected in accordance to section 113 (1). (2) Subject to Article 40 (2) of the
Constitution and section 122 and 128 of this Act, an award-

(a) Shall be final and conclusive evidence of-

 The size of the land to be acquired;

 The value, in the opinion of the Commission, of the land;
 The amount of the compensation payable, whether the persons interested in the
land have or have not appeared at the inquiry; and

(b) Shall not be invalidated by reason only of a discrepancy which may thereafter be found
to exist between the area specified in the award and the actual area of the land.

Section 124 of the Act allows for the temporary acquisition of land for public purpose or
public interest; or for, the possession of the land is necessary in the interests of defense,
public safety, public order, public morality, public health, urban planning, or the
development or utilization of any property in such manner as to promote the public
benefit; for utilization in promotion of the public good for periods not exceeding 5 years.
At the expiry of the period, the Commissioner of Land shall vacate the land and undertake
to restore the land to the conditions it was before as per section 125. The compensation to
be paid under section 120 shall be limited to the damage done to trees, plants, growing
crops and permanent improvements on the land, together with a periodical sum for
diminution in the profits of the land and of adjoining land by reason of that use.
148. (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, compensation shall be payable to any
person for the use of land, of which the person is in lawful or actual occupation, as a
communal right of way and, with respect to a way leave, in addition to any compensation
for the use of land for any damage suffered in respect of trees crops and buildings as shall,
in cases of private land, be based on the value of the land as determined by a qualified
valuer.

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(2) Compensation relating to a way leave or communal right of way shall not be paid to a
public body unless there is a demonstrable interference of the use of the land by that
public body.
(3) Damage caused as a result of the creation of a way leave shall include any preliminary
work undertaken in connection with surveying or determining the route of that way leave,
and whether the trees, crops or buildings so damaged were included in the route of the
way leave as delineated in the order of the Cabinet Secretary.

(4) The duty to pay compensation payable under this section shall lie with the State
Department, county government, public authority or corporate body that applied for the
public right of way and that duty shall be complied with promptly.

(5) If the person entitled to compensation under this section and the body under a duty to
pay that compensation are unable to agree on the amount or method of payment of that
compensation or if the person entitled to compensation is dissatisfied with the time taken
to pay compensation, to make, negotiate or process an offer of compensation, that person
may apply to the Court to determine the amount and method of payment of compensation
and the Court in making any award may, make any additional costs and inconvenience
incurred by the person entitled to compensation .
(5) The Commission shall make Regulations prescribing the criteria to be applied in the
payment of compensation under this section and to give effect to this section.

The land belongs to both the national and county government and hence approved for use
for rehabilitation works.

4.4.11 The Surveys Act Cap 299

This is an act of parliament that make provisions in relation to surveys and geographical
names and the licensing of land surveyors.

Surveyors shall carry out surveying in a manner as to ensure that surveys accords in all
respect with the provisions of this Act and regulations made thereunder and shall be
responsible for correctness and completeness of every survey carried out by them or
under their supervision. Boundaries and bench marks for any land or holding should be
shown on the map.

4.4.12 The Public Roads and Roads Access Act (Cap 399)

This is an Act of parliament that provides for public travel and access. The Act provide for
the establishment, powers and functions of the Kenya Roads Board. The Board is
established to oversee the road network and thereby coordinate its development,
rehabilitation and maintenance including advising the Government on all matters related
thereto.

During the construction phase, roads in the area, both tarmac and all weather will
experience heavy traffic due to the presence of construction vehicles ferrying construction
materials to the site. This therefore calls for proper maintenance of routes within the
project area that are likely to experience this.

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4.4.13 The Public Health Act Cap 24

The Public Health Act is the principal instrument for ensuring health and safety of the
people. Its core functions include the prevention of disease, treatment and care of the sick
(curative services) and control of nuisance. The Act therefore makes regulations and lays
standards for a healthy living environment. It specifically deals with building, sanitation;
refuse disposal, water quality for human and industrial use, vector control and many other
aspects that impact on the health of the populace. The Ministry of Health is responsible
for the administration of the Act. However, where a local authority is capable of
discharging responsibilities under the Act, such an authority is designated a local health
authority and the relevant powers under the Act are delegated to it.

Part IX section 115 of the Act states that no person/institution shall cause a nuisance or
condition liable to be injurious or dangerous to human health. Section 116 requires Local
Authorities to take all lawful, necessary and reasonably practicable measures to maintain
their jurisdiction clean and sanitary to prevent occurrence of nuisance or condition liable
for injurious or dangerous to human health. Such nuisance or conditions are defined under
section 118 and include nuisances caused by accumulation of materials or refuse which in
the opinion of the medical officer of health is likely to harbour rats or other vermin.

The project management and the contractor should emphasize on health and safety of the
workers and the community at large during and after construction of the project. During
construction, safety should be ensured to avoid unnecessary accidents. Skilled man power
should be engaged to operate as well as maintained the machines.

4.4.14 Physical Planning Act (Cap 286)

The Physical Planning Act was enacted in 1996 and commenced operation in 1998. The Act
provides for the preparation and implementation of physical development plans and other
related purposes. Its provisions apply to all parts of the country except such areas as the
Minister may specify. Thus the Act directs, regulates and harmonizes development and use
of land all over the country. In addition, the Act provides a vital link with the Environmental
Management and Co-ordination Act.

Section 24 of the Physical Planning Act gives provision for the development of local
physical development plan for guiding and coordinating development of infrastructure
facilities and services within the area of authority of a county, municipal or town council
and for specific control of the use and development of land.

The designs provided by MIBP Patners Consulting Engineers will show the manner in which
the roads will appear during and after construction. Section 29 of physical Planning Act
gives County Councils powers to prohibit and control the use of land, building, and
subdivision of land, in the interest of proper and orderly development of its area. The same
section also allows them to approve all development applications and grant development
permissions as well as to ensure the proper execution and implications of approved
physical development plans. On zoning, the act empowers them to formulate by-laws in
respect of use and density of development.

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Section 30 of the Act states that any person who carries out development within an area
of a local authority without development permission shall be guilty of an offence and the
development shall be invalid. The Act also gives the local authority power to compel the
developer to restore the land on which such development has taken place to its original
conditions within a period of ninety days. If no action is taken, then the Council will restore
the land and recover the cost incurred thereto from the developer. In addition, the same
section also states that no person shall carry out development within the area of a local
authority without development permission granted by the local authority.

The Act provides for the participation of the communities in the planning of their areas
and accords people affected the right of appeal against adverse decisions of planning
authorities. The farmers in the project area have an opportunity to plan and utilize their
plots based on the advice from agro-economist and the extension officers.

4.4.15 The County Government Act (Cap 265)

Sections 163 allows County Governments to prohibit all business, which may be or become
a source of danger, discomfort, or annoyance due to their noxious nature through smoke,
fumes, dust, noise, or vibrations. Section 165 allows the local authority to refuse to grant
or renew any license which is empowered in this act or any other written law on the
grounds that the activity does not conform to the requirements of any by-laws in force in
the area of such local authority the granting of the license would be contrary to the public
interest.

Section 170, allows the right of access to private property at all times by local authorities,
its officers and servants for purposes of inspection, maintenance and alteration or repairs.

4.4.16 The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2007

This is an Act of Parliament to provide for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all
persons lawfully present at workplaces, and provides for the establishment of the National
Council for Occupational Safety and Health and for connected purposes. The Act applies
to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether temporarily or permanently. The
Act seeks to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work and to protect
persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health arising out of, or in
connection with, the activities of persons.

Part 9 states that the occupier or employer shall establish a health and safety committee
where twenty or more people are employed and such an employee shall prepare a written
statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at the work place.
Further, the occupier shall prepare annual safety and health audits by a qualified person.
The Act has the following functions among others:
• secures safety and health for people legally in all workplaces;
• prevents employment of children in workplaces where their safety and health is at
risk;
• encourages entrepreneurs to set achievable safety targets for their enterprises;
• promotes reporting of work-place accidents, dangerous occurrences and ill health
with a view to finding out their causes and preventing similar occurrences in future.

The contractor will adhere to the set proposed mitigation measures to ensure safety of all
the workers.
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4.4.17 The Antiquities and Monuments Act, Cap.251

The Act provides for historical sites and structures, whereby such items and structures are
known, or are unearthed by exploration, are protected. Having no sites or structures in the
area, chances that the Act will be violated are minimal.

4.4.18 Limitations of Actions Act Cap 22

This Act provides for recognition of squatters and the conditions under which they would
have rights for compensation for loss of land. If squatters have been in occupation of
private land for over twelve (12) years, then they would have acquired rights as adverse
possessors of that land as provided under the Limitation of Actions Act, Section 7. In case
of any such incidents the proponent will undertake a survey and develop a Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP) for those who will be affected by the proposed project.

The Proponent shall adhere to the requirements of the Act in dealing with any squatters
that will be displaced by the proposed project.

4.4.19 The Building Code 2000

This by-law recognizes the Local authorities as the leading planning agencies. It compels
the potential developer to submit development application for the approval. The local
authorities are hence empowered to approve or disapprove any plans if they do or don’t
comply with the law respectively.

Any developer who intends to erect a building as herein proposed must give the respective
local authority a notice of inspection before the erection of the structure. On completion
of the structure, a notice of completion shall be issued by the local authority to facilitate
final inspection and approval. No person therefore shall occupy a building whose
certificate of completion has not been issued by the local authority.

Section 194 requires that where a sewer exists, the occupants of the nearby premises shall
apply to the local authority for a permit to connect to the sewer line and that all
wastewater must be discharged into the sewers. The code also prohibits construction of
structures or buildings on sewer lines.

4.4.20 The Conservation of Biological Diversity (BD) Regulations 2006

These regulations are described in Legal Notice No. 160 of the Kenya Gazette Supplement
No. 84 of December 2006. These Regulations apply to conservation of biodiversity which
includes Conservation of threatened species, Inventory and monitoring of BD and
protection of environmentally significant areas, access to genetic resources, benefit
sharing and offences and penalties. The ESMP has a provision for this act in conserving the
biodivesity.

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4.4.21 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake
Shores and Sea shore Management) Regulations 2009

This legislation lays emphasis on management of wetlands resources, river banks, lake
shores and sea shores. The legislations provide guidelines for conservation and sustainable
use of the wetlands and to promote their integrity on any project taking place on the
environment. The current project when in operation will collect more water from the
springs which may reduce water running downstream. It is important this legislation is
clearly adhered to during the planning, construction and operation of the project.

4.4.22 The Factories and Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules L.N 25
Of 2005

The subsidiary legislations make a provision for the noise levels that a worker should be
subjected to at the workplace. Further, the Act provides for Noise prevention program
where noise levels exceed 85 dB (A). The construction phase of the project will involve the
use some noisy machines and equipment. This legislation therefore seeks to guard against
harmful exposure of excessive noise levels.

4.4.23 The Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA) 2007

This is an Act of Parliament to provide for compensation to employees for work related
injuries and diseases contracted in the course of their employment and for connected
purposes. The Act provides for compensation to employees for work related injuries and
diseases contracted in the course of their employment. Employees are compensated for
the loss of their wage earning capacity in the work at which they were employed at the
time of accident. The workers face several challenges to their health, safety and security
from the equipment they use daily. The proposed activities should therefore integrate the
relevant provisions while the project takes place.

4.4.24 The National Construction Authority (NCA) Act, 2011

This act was assented on 2nd December, 2011 and came into effect on 8th June 2012. The
Act provides for the establishment, powers and functions of the NCA and for connected
purposes. The Act is expected to bring sanity to the construction industry in Kenya by
addressing the flaws experienced in the old order. The National Construction Authority is
mandated to oversee the construction industry and coordinate its development.

The NCA will among other things:- i). Accredit and register contractors and regulate their
professional undertakings, ii). Accredit and certify skilled construction workers and
construction site supervisors, iii). Develop and publish a code of conduct for the
construction industry, iv). Promote and ensure quality assurance in the construction
industry, v). Encourage the standardization and improvement of construction techniques
and materials.

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The act requires people carrying out the business of a contractor to be registered under
the act. The Act clearly spells out the requirements for registration as a contractor; it
defines the meaning of the term contractor as a person that carries on business as a
contractor where such person, for reward or other valuable consideration, undertakes the
construction, installation or erection, for any other person, of any structure situated
below, on or above the ground, or other work connected therewith, or the execution, for
any other person, of any alteration or otherwise to any structure or other work connected
therewith, and undertakes to supply:-

 The materials necessary for the work, or is authorized to exercise control over the
type, quality or use of the materials supplied by any other person;
 The labour necessary for the work, or is authorized on behalf of the person for
whom the work is undertaken or any other person, to employ or select workmen
for employment for the purposes of the execution of the work, whether under a
contract of service or otherwise.

Provided that a person shall not be deemed to be a contractor if the work undertaken:-

 Does not incur a cost exceeding such sum or sums as the Board may from time to
time determine; or
 Consists of a residential house for private use, not requiring a structural design. The
act empowers the Board of the authority to register contractors to engage in
contract works according to knowledge and experience and sets out guidelines on
the conduct and punishments for errant contractors.

In the proposed project the contractor is expected to adhere to all the provisions of this
Act in the entire project cycle and especially during the construction of the WWTP and pipe
lines.

4.4.25 The HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control Act

This Act commenced in March of 2009. It is an Act of Parliament to provide measures for
the prevention, management and control of HIV and AIDS, to provide for the protection
and promotion of public health and for the appropriate treatment, counseling, support
and care of persons infected or at risk of HIV and AIDS infection, and for connected
purposes.

The object and purpose of this Act is to-

(a) Promote public awareness about the causes, modes of transmission,

consequences, means of prevention and control of HIV and AIDS;
(b) Extend to every person suspected or known to be infected with HIV and AIDS full
protection of his human rights and civil liberties by-
Prohibiting compulsory HIV testing save as provided in this Act;
Guaranteeing the right to privacy of the individual;
Outlawing discrimination in all its forms and subtleties against persons with or persons
perceived or suspected of having HIV and AIDS;
Ensuring the provision of basic health care and social services for persons infected with
HIV and AIDS;
(c) Promote utmost safety and universal precautions in practices and procedures that
carry the risk of HIV transmission; and

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(d) Positively address and seek to eradicate conditions that aggravate the spread of
HIV infection.
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires-
"Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)" means a condition characterized by a
combination of signs and symptoms, resulting from depletion of the immune system
caused by infection with the Human Immuno- Deficiency Virus (HIV);
"anonymous testing" means an HIV testing procedure whereby the person being tested
does not reveal his true identity but instead, an identifying number or symbol is used
which allows the testing center and the tested person to match the test results with the
identifying number or symbol;
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)" means the virus which causes AIDS;
"Person with HIV and AIDS" means a person whose HIV test indicates, directly or indirectly,
that he is infected with HIV and AIDS;
"Positive", in relation to the result of an HIV test, means a result which shows that the
person who is tested is infected with HIV or which shows evidence of such infection;

"Post exposure prophylaxis" means the administration of one or a combination of anti-

retroviral drugs after probable exposure to HIV, for the purpose of preventing
transmission;
"post-test counseling" refers to the process of providing a person who submitted
themselves for an HIV test with risk-reduction information and emotional support at the
time the test result is released;
"pre-test counseling" means the process of providing a person, before such person
undergoes an HIV test, with information on the biomedical aspects of HIV and AIDS and
emotional support with respect to the psychological implications of undergoing an HIV
test;
"self-testing" in relation to HIV infection, means a prescribed test or series of tests carried
out entirely by a person on self without the involvement of another person, which
determine whether a person is infected with HIV;
"Testing center" means a testing center approved by the Minister under section 16;
Part II of the Act stipulates as follows:
4. (1) The Government shall promote public awareness about the causes, modes of
transmission, consequences, means of prevention and control of HIV and AIDS through a
comprehensive nationwide educational and information campaign conducted by the
Government through its various Ministries, Departments, authorities and other agencies.

(2) The educational and information campaign referred to in subsection (1) shall-
(a) Employ scientifically proven approaches;
(b) Focus on the family as the basic social unit;
(c) Encourage testing of individuals; and
(d) be carried out in schools and other institutions of learning, all prisons, remand homes
and other places of confinement, amongst the disciplined forces, at all places of work and
in all communities throughout Kenya.
In Part IV - Testing, Screening and Access Health Care Services, it states as follows:-
13. (1) Subject to this Act, no person shall compel another to undergo an HIV test.
(2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), no person shall compel another
to undergo an HIV test as a precondition to, or for continued enjoyment of-
(a) Employment;
(b) Marriage;
(c) Admission into any educational institution;
(d) Entry into or travel out of the country; or
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(e) The provision of healthcare, insurance cover or any other service.
(3) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), a person charged with an offence of
a sexual nature under the Sexual Offences Act, 2006 may be compelled to undergo an HIV
test.
(4) A person who contravenes any of the provisions of this section commits an offence.
16. (1) No person shall carry out an HIV test except in a testing center approved by the
Minister under this section or in the manner specified under paragraph (d) of subsection
(4).
(2) No person shall carry out an HIV test unless such person is a healthcare provider
approved by the Minister for that purpose.
(3) No person shall provide pre-test or post-test counseling for the purposes of section 17
unless such person is approved by the Minister under this section.
17. (1) Every testing center shall provide pre-test and post-test counseling to a person
undergoing an HIV test and any other person likely to be affected by the results of such
test.

18. The results of an HIV test shall be confidential and shall only be released-
(a) To the tested person;
(b) In the case of a child, to a parent or legal guardian of such child;
Provided that where any such child consents to an HIV test directly under section 14(1)(b),
the results thereof shall be released to the child; or

(c) In the case of a person with a disability which, in the opinion of the medical practitioner
undertaking the test, renders him incapable of comprehending such result to-
(i) The guardian of that person;
(ii) A partner of that person;
(iii) A parent of that person; or

(iv) An adult offspring of that person

In Part V – Confidentiality,
(2) No person shall record, collect, transmit or store records, information or forms in
respect of HIV tests or related medical assessments of another person otherwise than in
accordance with the privacy guidelines prescribed under this section.
22. (1) No person shall disclose any information concerning the result of an HIV test or any
related assessments to any other person except-

(a) With the written consent of that person;

(b) If that person has died, with the written consent of that person's partner, personal
representative, administrator or executor;
(c) If that person is a child, with the written consent of a parent or legal guardian of that
child:
Part VI - Transmission of HIV
24. (1) A person who is and is aware of being infected with HIV or is carrying and is aware
of carrying the HIV virus shall-
(a) Take all reasonable measures and precautions to prevent the transmission of HIV to
others; and
(b) Inform, in advance, any sexual contact or person with whom needles are shared of that
fact.

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(2) A person who is and is aware of being infected with HIV or who is carrying and is aware
of carrying HIV shall not, knowingly and recklessly, place another person at risk of
becoming infected with HIV unless that other person knew that fact and voluntarily
accepted the risk of being infected.
(3) A person who contravenes the provisions of subsections (1) or (2) commits an offence
and shall be liable upon conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred thousand shillings
or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years, or to both such fine and
imprisonment.
(4) A person referred to in subsection (1) or (2) may request any medical practitioner or
any person approved by the Minister under section 16 to inform and counsel a sexual
contact of the HIV status of that person.
(5) A request under subsection (4) shall be in the prescribed form.
Part VIII - Discriminatory Acts and Policies

31. (1) Subject to subsection (2), no person shall be-

(a) Denied access to any employment for which he is qualified; or
(b) Transferred, denied promotion or have his employment terminated, on the ground
only of his actual, perceived or suspected HIV status.
(2) Subsection (1) shall not apply in any case where an employer can prove, on application
to the Tribunal that the requirements of the employment in question are that a person be
in a particular state of health or medical or clinical condition.
33. (1) A person's freedom of abode, lodging, or travel, within or outside
Kenya shall not be denied or restricted on the grounds only of the person’s actual,
perceived or suspected HIV status.
(2) No person shall be quarantined, placed in isolation, refused lawful entry or deported
from Kenya on the grounds only of the person's actual, perceived or suspected HIV status.
34. No person shall be denied the right to seek an elective or other public office on the
grounds only of the person's actual, perceived or suspected HIV status.
35. (1) Subject to this Act, no person shall be compelled to undergo a HIV test or to disclose
his HIV status for the purpose only of gaining access to any credit or loan services, medical,
accident or life insurance or the extension or continuation of any such services.
(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1), an insurer, re-insurer or health
maintenance organization shall, in the case of life and healthcare service insurance cover,
devise a reasonable limit of cover for which a proposer shall not be required to disclose his
or her HIV status.
(3) Where a proposer seeks a cover exceeding the no test limit prescribed under
subsection (2) the insurer, reinsurer or health maintenance organization may, subject to
this Act, require the proposer to undergo an HIV test.

4.4.26 Kenya National HIV/AIDS Strategic Plan, KNASP 2005/06-2009/10

The plan is linked with the National Development Plan and the National Poverty
Eradication Plan 1999 – 2015. The overarching theme is Social Change to reduce HIV/AIDS
and Poverty. The goal of the KNASP 2005/06-2009/10 is to reduce the spread of HIV,
improve the quality of life of those infected and affected and mitigate the socio-economic
impact of the epidemic at individual, community, sector and national levels. The priority
areas for KNASP 2005/06-2009/10 are three-fold:

Priority Area 1: Prevention of new infections

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The objective of this priority area is to reduce the number of new HIV infections among
both vulnerable groups and the general population.

Priority Area 2: Improve the quality of life of people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS

The objective of this priority area is to improve the treatment and care, protection of rights
and access to effective services for infected and affected people by HIV/AIDS in Kenya.

Priority Area 3: Mitigation of socio-economic impact

The objective of this priority area is to adapt existing programs and develop innovative
responses to reduce the impact of the epidemic on communities, social services and
economic productivity.

Management and prevention of HIV/AIDS has been catered for in the ESMP as it is bound
to occur during the construction/rehabilitation of the project.

4.4.27 Gender Frameworks

1. National Legal Provisions on Gender

Gender issues in the country are institutionalized through: the current newly enacted
Constitution, Vision 2030 Flagship projects, the Presidential Directive of 2006 on 30%
women's’ appointments to all positions of leadership employment and promotions, MTPs
handbook has gender outcome indicators, the National Gender Policy 2000 and Sessional
Paper No.2 of 2006.

Gender Department in the Ministry for Gender Children and Social Development.
The National Commission on Gender and Development enacted through an Act of
Parliament in 2003 is mandated to Monitor Government Implementation of its
Commitments to Women’s Rights and Gender issues
Employment Act, No. 11 of 2007: the Act prohibits discrimination in access to employment
and in employment security on the basis of sex, among others
Guarantees equality of opportunity in employment
Provides for equal pay for work of equal value
Prohibits sexual harassment which the law defines to include use of language, whether
written or spoken, of a sexual nature.
A National Framework on Gender-based Violence. The government through the National
Commission on Gender and Development has developed a National Framework on Gender
Based Violence (February 2009) to form that basis of investigation of instances of sexual
violence and strengthen coordination of responses to stem the vice
Launch of same on 09.11.2009 by Minister for Gender, children and social development
The Sexual Offences Bill
FGM Policy being developed

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2. National Gender and Development Policy (2000)

The National Gender and Development Policy provide a framework for advancement of
women and an approach that would lead to greater efficiency in resource allocation and
utilisation to ensure empowerment of women.

The National Policy on Gender and Development is consistent with the Government’s
efforts of spurring economic growth and thereby reducing poverty and unemployment,
by considering the needs and aspirations of all Kenyan men, women, boys and girls across
economic, social and cultural lines. The policy is also consistent with the Government’s
commitment to implementing the National Plan of Action based on the Beijing Platform
for Action (PFA).

The overall objective of the Gender and Development Policy is to facilitate the
mainstreaming of the needs and concerns of men and women in all areas in the
development process in the country.

The Policy’s concerns cover the following critical areas:

i) The Economy;-To enable men and women to have equal access to economic and
employment opportunities.
ii) Poverty and Sustainable Livelihoods; - To remove obstacles to women’s access to
and control over productive assets, wealth and economic opportunities, shelter,
safe drinking water, and promote measures for conserving the environment.
iii) Law; - To guarantee Kenyan men and women equality before the law, as provided
for in the Constitution and under the obligations of the Kenyan State in
international law.
iv) Political Participation and Decision- Making; - To enhance gender parity in political
participation and decision – making
v) Education and Training; - To enhance and sustain measures to eliminate gender
disparities in access, retention, transition and performance in education for both
boys and girls
vi) Health and Population; - To achieve the highest attainable standard of health for
both men and women through addressing gender inequalities pertaining to access
and use of basic health services and facilities at an affordable cost.
vii) The Media; - To increase the participation of women in the media and
communications sector and promote gender sensitive portrayal of both men and
women in the media
viii)Policy Implementation Framework and Resource Mobilisation- empowering both
men and women to be equal partners in development- It focuses on the elimination
of existing disparities between the two genders. It also advocates for an affirmative
action to address gender disparities.

Management of gender bias has been catered for in the ESMP as it is bound to occur during
the construction/rehabilitation of the project.

3. The New Constitution of August 2010 on Gender

In the New Constitution, Chapter Four––The Bill of Rights, Section 21 (3) All State organs
and all public officers have the duty to address the needs of vulnerable groups within
society, including women, older members of society, persons with disabilities, children,
youth, members of minority or marginalised communities, and members of particular
ethnic, religious or cultural communities

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Section 27 (3) Women and men have the right to equal treatment, including the right to
equal opportunities in political, economic, cultural and social spheres.
Part 2 on the Composition and Membership of Parliament,

Section 97 (1) The National Assembly consists of, a) two hundred and ninety members,
each elected by the registered voters of single member constituencies; (b) forty-seven
women, each elected by the registered voters of the counties, each county constituting a
single member constituency;

Section 98. (1) The Senate consists of— (a) forty-seven members each elected by the
registered voters of the counties, each county constituting a single member constituency;
(b) sixteen women members who shall be nominated by political parties according to their
proportion of members of the Senate elected under clause (a) in accordance with Article
90; (c) two members, being one man and one woman, representing the youth; (d) two
members, being one man and one woman, representing persons with disabilities;

Section 100 Parliament shall enact legislation to promote the representation in Parliament
of—
(a) Women;
Section 127 (1) There is established the Parliamentary Service Commission.
(2) The Commission consists of—
(a) The Speaker of the National Assembly, as chairperson;
(b) A vice-chairperson elected by the Commission from the members appointed under
paragraph (c);
(c) Seven members appointed by Parliament from among its members of whom—
(i) Four shall be nominated equally from both Houses by the party or coalition of parties
forming the national government, of whom at least two shall be women;

In Chapter Thirteen, on the Public Service, Part 1—Values and Principles of Public Service
Section 232 (1) the values and principles of public service include—(i) affording adequate
and equal opportunities for appointment, training and advancement, at all levels of the
public service, of––

(i) Men and women;

(ii) The members of all ethnic groups; and
(iii) Persons with disabilities.

Section 232 (2) the values and principles of public service apply to public service in—
(a) All State organs in both levels of government; and
(b) All State corporations
(3) Parliament shall enact legislation to give full effect to this Article.

In the composition, appointment and terms of office, the new constitution says that the
chairperson and vice-chairperson of a commission shall not be of the same gender. In
addition clause (8) says that the State shall take legislative and other measures to
implement the principle that not more than two-thirds of the members of elective or
appointive bodies shall be of the same gender.

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The new constitution provides for the elimination of gender discrimination in law, customs
and practices related to land and property. Under Kenya's previous law, inheritance was
governed by customary law, often preventing women from inheriting property from their
parents or laying claim to joint assets when their husbands' died.
In summary, the New Constitution provides as follows-
The New Kenyan Constitution ensures that women will be able to pass on citizen ship to
their children regardless of whether or not they are married to Kenyans. Article 14 (1)
The New Kenyan Constitution provides that parties to a marriage will be entitled to equal
rights at the time of marriage, during the marriage and at its dissolution. Article 45 (3)
The New Kenyan Constitution assures that parental responsibility shall be shared between
parents regardless of marital status. Article 53 (1) (e).

The New Kenyan Constitution eliminates gender discrimination in relation to land and
property and gives everyone including women the right to inheritance and unbiased access
to land. Article 60 (1) (f).

The New Kenyan Constitution provides for the enactment of legislation for the protection
of matrimonial property with special interest on the matrimonial home during, and upon
the termination of the marriage. Article 68 (c) (iii).

The New Kenyan Constitution maintains a one third requirement for either gender in
elective bodies giving women of Kenya at least 1/3 minimum in elective public bodies.
Article 81 (b).

The New Kenyan Constitution ensures that gender equality is maintained in political parties
providing a basic requirement for political parties as amongst other to respect and
promote gender equality. Article 91 (f)

The New Kenyan Constitution provides that Parliament shall formulate law to promote the
representation of women, persons of disabilities, ethnic and other minorities and
marginalized communities in Parliament. Article 100.
The New Kenyan Constitution ensures that women and men will have the right to equal
treatment and opportunities in political, economic, cultural and social spheres without
discrimination. Article 27 (3).
The New Kenyan Constitution accords the right to health including reproductive health to
all. Article 43 (1) (a). The New Kenyan Constitution affords adequate and equal
opportunities for appointment, training and advancement for women and men at all levels
within the Public Service Commission. Article 232 (i).
Management of gender bias/inequality has been catered for in the ESMP as it is bound to
occur during the construction/rehabilitation of the project.
4.4.28 The Sexual Offences Act (NO 3 of 2006)
Relevant Sections include:-
24- Sexual offences relating to position of authority and persons in position of trust.
25- Sexual relationship which pre-date position of authority or trust.
26- Deliberate transmission of HIV or any other life threatening sexually transmitted
disease.

The sexual offenders will be punished by the law as it is evidence in any setting.
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4.5 Wastewater Guidelines

Part of the project reporting involves a review of the environmental standards that
provides a basis for monitoring and future audits. The table 5 below presents
recommended guidelines on waste water quality for discharge into the public sewers and
open water bodies, based on the NEMA water quality standards.
Table 5: Recommended Guidelines on Waste Water Quality
Parameter Guiding Value
pH 6.5 – 8.5
BOD5 at 20oC 30mg/l (maximum)
COD 50mg/l (maximum)
Suspended Solids 30mg/l (maximum)
Ammonia, Nitrate and Nitrite 100mg/l (maximum)
Total Dissolved Solids 1200mg/l (maximum)
E.Coli Nil/100ml
Total Coliform 1000/100ml (maximum)

The World Bank EHS guidelines in comparison are summarised in the table below

Table 6: World Bank EHS Guidelines on Waste Water Quality Standards

Parameter Guiding Value
pH 6-9
BOD5 at 20oC 30mg/l (maximum)
COD 125mg/l (maximum)
Total Suspended Solids 50mg/l (maximum)
Total Dissolved Solids 1200mg/l (maximum)

Both guidelines are comparable with the BOD5 for both guidelines is similar and will be
used to ensure that the treatment is functioning to the design regulations. The suspended
solids will be reduced to a maximum value of 30mg/l and E.coli bacteria will be completely
removed.

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5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

5.1 Introduction

Public Participation is a facilitative process of strengthening the organizational and

management capacities of people in such a way that they become self-reliant in solving
their own problems. It connotes the organized action of the people towards the
resolution of issues or acquisition of what they desire and what may benefit them. This,
then, requires that people, as a group, must have proper ownership of actions and highly
organized course of action.

The following objectives were considered:

 to inform the local people, leaders and other stakeholders about the proposed
project and its objectives;
 to initiate public involvement processes, in a bid to induce and cultivate a sense of
peoples’ belongingness to the project;
 to suggest and facilitate the peoples’ roles in the project’s sustainability, in terms
of management, maintenance and productivity;
 to seek views, concerns and opinions of people in the area concerning the project.
 to establish if the local people foresee any positive or negative environmental
effects from the project and if so, how they would wish the perceived impacts to
be addressed;
 to find out if there are issues or places of cultural/or religious importance to the
local communities that could be negatively impacted upon by the project and its
infrastructure.

The specific aims of the consultation process are to:

 Improve project design and thereby minimize conflicts and delays on

implementation,
 Facilitate the development of appropriate and acceptable entitlement options,
 Increase long term project sustainability and ownership,
 Reduce problems of institutional coordination,
 Make the resettlement process transparent,
 Increase the effectiveness and sustainability of income restoration strategies and
improve coping mechanisms.

Effective public participation requires the availability of adequate information in public

inputs. The latter involves various values, critiques, questions, information, suggestions
and other inputs, which are expressed by individuals, groups or organizations among the
general public in an attempt to influence decision-making. Public consultations with
Interested and Affected Parties (IAPs) were done with the following aims:

5.2 Legal Requirements

5.2.1 Government Policy on Public Consultation

The overall objective of the Government is to involve communities in policy formulation

and implementation at the local level. More specifically, the Community Action Planning
Programme objective is to put in place a durable system of intra-community co-operation
through collective action, which creates communal discussion forums for the
implementation of development activities.

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5.2.2 Persons or Agencies Consulted

The key issues associated with the installation of a sewer line network and related works
will often relate to biodiversity, heritage, pollution, disruption of livelihoods, community
safety, traffic management, communicable diseases and employment and trade
opportunities.

Effort was not spared to contact all with information on the following issues:

 Assessment of the baseline environmental and social conditions

 Consideration of feasible and environmentally &socially preferable alternatives
 Requirements under Kenya country laws and regulations, applicable international
treaties and agreements
 Protection of human rights and community health, safety and security (including
risks, impacts and management of project’s use of security personnel)
 Protection of cultural property and heritage
 Protection and conservation of biodiversity, including endangered species and
sensitive ecosystems in modified, natural and critical habitats, and identification of
legally protected areas
 Impacts on affected communities, and disadvantaged or vulnerable groups
 Impacts on project affected persons, and their unique cultural systems and values
 Cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated
future projects
 Consultation and participation of affected parties in the design, review and
implementation of the project.

5.3 Methodology

Public participation was mainly achieved through direct interviews, observations,

questionnaire administration and a public meeting. The ESIA team began the public
consultation process by holding preparatory meetings to strategize on how to engage the
stakeholders in the ESIA process. This was done in consultation with the County Water
Director, who helped in the process of identification of the significant actors/stakeholders
who could provide data relevant to the proposed project. The following is a detailed
discussion of public consultation methodology used by the ESIA team.

5.3.1 Direct Interviews

Direct interviews were conducted with Coast Water Services Board, Mombasa Water and
Sanitation Company, opinion leaders within the community; local politicians; County
leaders, Sub-County commissioners; Sub-County officers; area chiefs and their assistants.
Others include representative from government ministries. Their comments were sought
through engaging them in discussions about the proposed project and the benefits that
are likely to accrue as a result of its implementation. This kind of engagement gave the
respondents the opportunity to give insights and details about the issue at hand.

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5.3.2 Questionnaire Administration

Questionnaires were prepared and administered to the sampled households. The team
then organized visits to meet the representatives of all the stakeholders identified, whom
they met and spent considerable time with, and held discussions with them on their
opinions about the proposed project.

5.3.3 Community Consultative Meetings

Four community consultative meetings were held in four different venues on 11th
December 2016 as a way of reaching as many stakeholders as possible. It was meant to
give more members of the stakeholder community an opportunity to express their views,
fears and expectations, if any, about the proposed project. In attendance were: area chiefs
from Chaani, Mikindani, Jomvu and Miritini locations, opinion leaders and representatives
from project affected persons.

Table 7: Summary of the Consultative Forums

Date and Time Venue Number of Summary of the meeting
Stakeholders
Met
10th December Jomvu Screw 18 The project would help employ their
2016 at 10:00 hrs Pump station youth and conserve the environment
10th December Miritini Pump 18 The PAPs are waiting for the project to
2016 at 12:30 hrs Station start so that they can be relieved from
the bad odour of the raw sewage
12th December Mukupe open 54 The raw sewage drained into the river
2016 from 2:00 hrs ground will be controlled and residents will be in
a position to stay healthier from water
borne diseases
12th December Chaani Social 19 The project will employ most of the
2016 at 15:00 hrs hall youths from the area and the odour
from the treatment plant will be
mitigated.

The following are sample photographs taken during the consultative forum.

A Consultative Forum with Jomvu Pumping A Consultative Forum with Miritini Pumping
Station Stakeholders Station Stakeholders

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A Consultative Forum with Chaani Location A Consultative Forum with Mikindani Pumping
Stakeholders Station Stakeholders
Photoplate 5: Consultative Forums

The following key stakeholders were met:

Table 8: Key stakeholders met

NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION

1) Mr. John Mwaburi Operations Manager Waste Mombasa water and sewerage
water company (MOWASCO)
2) Mr. Jared Mjomba Technical Officer-Waste waterMombasa water and sewerage
company (MOWASCO)-West
Mainland
3) Mr. Alphonse Okoth Technical Manager Kipevu waste water treatment
plant and pump stations
4) Mr. William Opiyo Environment officer- EIA NEMA- Mombasa County
5) Mr. Nasoro Bakari County director of water Mombasa County Government
6) Mr. Mohammed Bilafif County director of Mombasa County Government
Environment
7) Mrs. Ima Matano Mzee Chief Mikindani
8) Mr. Fredrick Shuma Chief Chaani
Momachi
9) Mr .Hussein Matano Chief Miritini & Jomvu
Kombo
10) Mr. Robert Ojwang’ Engineer Coast Water Services Board
(COWASB)

The list of the stakeholders from the community is presented in annex 2.

5.4 Comments from Public Consultation

5.4.1 Acceptance of the Project
75% of the people interviewed during the survey did not have any objection to the
proposed project. The 25% who objected fear being resettled because they are not sure of
compensation and may be displaced completely. Most residents are willing to be
connected to the sewer liner and are ready to contribute in terms of cash or contributions.
5.4.2 Resettlement
The PAPs raised concerned of them being displaced by the project. All the project affected
persons were assured of being resettled according to World Bank standards.

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5.4.3 Infrastructure

The PAPs were informed that only permanent structures constructed on the sewer line
will be subjected to compensation and not land as it belongs to the government.

5.4.4 Employment

The proposed project will present many employment opportunities both during
construction and operation phases and the community members proposed that people
from the households within the affected area should be given priority during recruitment.
It was made clear that during the rehabilitation works non technical work will be given to
the locals as a way of empowering them as it will increase income potential of the people
within the project area.

5.4.5 Operation and Maintenance of the Project

The community was concerned if they will be involved in the construction phase of the
project. They were informed that the community will be involved in all phases of the
project development and this project can be an avenue for youth involvement.

5.4.6 Raw Sewage Draining into Rivers

The PAPs were concerned with the raw sewage being discharged into the rivers/water
bodies as it is the case with the Jomvu, Mikindani and Port reitz pumping stations. They
were informed that once the pumping stations are rehabilitated the raw sewage will be
managed and hence not discharged into water bodies.

5.4.7 Improved Sewerage System

Due to rehabilitated trunk sewers, the four pumping stations and the sewerage plant, the
sewerage system and the sanitation of the project area will be improved greatly.

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6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE DESIGNS

6.1Introduction
This chapter seeks to identify project alternatives that can help achieve the desired
objectives of the Project while at the same time causing minimal damage to the
environment and the natural resource base. Other considerations include project
sustainability in terms of management capabilities and technology used. The purpose of
including alternative in the EIA is to identify and evaluate alternative actions that
accomplish similar goals and promote sustainability development. Alternatives should be
economically feasible with minimal adverse environmental impacts and time delays.
Diverse alternatives to the proposed action must be included in the EIA. Alternatives may
include both design and location options.

In most cases, the EIA process occurs too late in decision- making to consider a full range
of alternatives. This can undermine EIA goals to encourage more environmentally sound
and publically acceptable solutions. Allowing new alternatives and objectives to evolve in
relation to environmental conditions and public preferences may be a solution to most of
the environmental and socio-economic problems associated with the implementation of
new projects.

6.2 The Project Design Alternative

Sewerage collection systems are normally designed as one of three different types:

Separate Systems: Storm water and wastewater from premises are collected and
transported in two separate systems. In theory, no rainwater is allowed into the foul
sewers and the rainwater is collected in a separate surface drainage system of pipes and
open drains

Combined Systems: Storm water and wastewater from premises are collected and
transported in one system. In this system, only one network of pipes is provided and those
pipes are designed to carry both wastewater flows and rainwater.

Partially Separate Systems: With these systems, the sewerage collection system is
designed to carry all of the wastewater together with some rainwater. The bulk of the
rainwater is collected in an independent system of pipes and open drains.

A separate system is recommended in Mombasa because;

i. The land is divided into several natural watersheds facilitating storm water runoff
to nearby streams, creeks or the sea.
ii. Mombasa experiences short, intense rain storms resulting in large quantities of
storm water run-off. These will cause the combined system to be very large and
therefore very expensive.

Rerouting will only be necessary where people have encroached on existing lines and
resettlement cost would exceed the cost of rerouting, and that these are details covered
by the RAP report.

A summary of the design criteria is given in the table below:

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Table 9: Adopted Design Criteria for Mombasa Infill Sewers

Design Element Adopted Criteria

Type of sewerage system Separate system
Sewage contribution factor 80% of the water supplied to the consumers
infiltration Infiltration rate of 0.0025i/s/ha
Splash allowance 5% considering medium income housing
Peak flow factor Babbit formulae adopted
BODs, per capita 50g/c/d
Minimum size of sewer 200mm diameter
Hydraulic design criteria Manning’s equation with the following design
parameters:
 Pipe roughness coefficient, n - 0.013
 Minimum velocity at peak flow – 0.75m/s
 Minimum velocity in exceptional circumstances
– 0.6m/s
 Maximum velocity – 3.0m/s
Depth of sewers Depths range from 0.4m to 4m
Spacing of manholes 60m maximum spacing between manholes
Pipe materials  Upvc pipes, class 41
 Flexible jointed concrete pipes at shallow
sections or at road crossings are where the pipe
diameter is greater than 225mm

6.3 The No Action Alternative

The no action alternative implies that the status quo is maintained. This means that there
will be no interference with the environment, however, the socio-economic problems
facing the residents of the project area will persist worsening the situation at the moment.

This alternative is crucial in the assessment of impact because other alternatives are
weighed with reference to it. This alternative would mean that the project does not
proceed. This scenario is not acceptable on either the social or environmental grounds due
to this option leading to major negative impacts such as loss of productivity and reduced
ability to create wealth.

The proposed project involves rehabilitation of sewer lines and the waste water treatment
plant. The “No Action” alternative model helps the proponent and various decision making
levels to approximate the impacts of project implementation against the non-
implementation thereby making the right decision regarding project implementation.

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Some of the specific impacts that would arise as a result of the “No Action Alternative”
include:
(i) possible outbreak of waterborne diseases emanating from the raw sewage,
(ii) pollution of the environment from raw sewage from filled up septic tanks or
pit latrines,
(iii) contamination of aquatic environment by discharge of untreated raw sewage,
(iv) continued accumulation of persistent contaminants in the environment that
would otherwise have been conveyed and treated in a central plant.

These persistent contaminants over time will surpass the toxic threshold levels and result
in irreversible major environmental, social and health problems, and further reduce
available freshwater and food reserves. In addition economic gains associated with clean
water and lack of diseases will deteriorate.
The effects of adopting this model largely indicate that there will be negative impacts. The
growing town urgently needs a functioning sewer lines and waste water treatment plant
so as to promote the fiscal outputs of the area. The ‘No Action Alternative’ is the least
preferred option since the costs far much outweigh the benefits to be accrued.
6.4 Comparison of Alternatives
The proposed action alternative involves the construction of the project components that
will trigger environmental impacts during construction. These effects will be of short
duration but can adversely affect the environment if not prevented. Mitigation measures
are therefore of fundamental nature to ensure that the project is environmentally friendly.
To minimize or to totally circumvent the negative environmental impacts, mitigation
measures have to be implemented as well as sound construction and management
practices. However, commitment related to development alternative would ensure that
the potential effects are minimized to levels of insignificance as envisaged in the
Environmental and Social Management Plan.

Under no action alternative, there will be no construction at all. There will be no benefits
from the site and on the other hand no insignificant environmental impacts as with the
current status of the environment, there are some noticeable environmental impacts e.g.
soil erosion.
6.5 Materials to be Used, Products and by-Products and Waste Generated
The construction materials to be used will be in accordance with the engineering design of
various sewer structures. The materials therefore are varied and include:
 Cement
 Building sand and stones
 Ballast
 Reinforcement bars
 Pipes and fittings
 Timber
Concrete (cement, sand and ballast), building stones and steel reinforcement bars will be
used in the construction of the weir. Valve chambers will also be constructed using these
materials.

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Pipes and fittings will be used to convey water from the intake through to the farms. The
pipes will vary in size and type but most will be GI (Galvanized Iron) and uPVC for trunk
sewers.
Timber will be used as shuttering material during the casting of the intake structure
whereas building stones will be used in the construction of valve chambers.
Wastes to be generated during the construction phase will include wood chippings, pipe
shavings and used cement bags. It is recommended that the wood shavings be composted
and used as manure, while the pipe shavings and the cement bags are recycled.

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7 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION

MEASURES

7.1 Introduction

Development of this Project is expected to cause some impacts, both positive and
negative. They are generally grouped into those affecting soil, water resources, air quality,
flora and fauna, community and their economic activities, aesthetics and landscape, noise
and human health.

The likely environmental impacts associated with this project will arise from activities
associated with the construction works as well as the operation and maintenance of the
sewerage system. During rehabilitation the impacts arising are of short duration but can
pose a significant impact on the environment if remedial measures are not taken into
account. Lack of effective operation and consistent maintenance of the system is likely
to impact negatively on the project area and its environs.

During construction of tanks and sewage plant and the general piping system; cement,
sand, ballast, gravel, timber, pipes among other materials and their joinery and fittings will
be used in great quantities. Trucks and other machinery will also be used. Large skilled and
unskilled labour will be employed and wastes are likely to be generated. Issues that may
arise will be sanitary waste from workers, spoilt and damaged construction materials, used
containers especially plastic and sand bags. Liquid wastes like oil, grease, paints, sewage
sludge and other solvents, nails, timber remains, Injuries and accidents are anticipated.
Decommissioning of the project may occur as a result of various factors such as lack of
capital to maintain or non-compliance with approved maintenance and monitoring
requirement leading to condemnation and closure. The possible negative aspects
associated with construction be they environmental or socio-economic should be
mitigated for.

The operations of the facility will generate both positive and negative social economic and
environmental impacts. The analysis of these impacts is carried out in this section resulting
in development of mitigation measures that shall enhance the positive impacts and reduce
the effects of the negative impacts. The impacts from this project have been discussed as
those probable during the construction, maintenance and decommissioning phases of the
project. This report encourages implementation of mitigation measures that enhance
positive impacts.

The possible impacts assessed cover the direct and any indirect effects and positive and
negative effects during construction, operation and possible decommissioning. The likely
impacts are based on the identification and prediction of the magnitude of any impact
caused by the project on (i) a receptor (e.g. human beings and community facilities), or (ii)
an environmental resource, and on (iii) any process which is essential to the functioning of
human or natural systems. The identified impacts were classified as positive and the
negative. These impacts were documented and rated as shown in table 5.
Table 10: Environmental Impact Rating
Rating Description
0 Low impact
1 Medium impact (Short term)
2 High impact (Long term)

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7.2 Potential Positive Impacts

The following positive impacts are anticipated during planning, construction and operation
phases of the project:

i. Connection to the sewer line of areas with permissible densities which have not
been served by the existing sewer line;
ii. The proposed activities will avert pollution of the Indian Ocean since all waste
water will be adequately treated before allowing it to flow to the ocean.
iii. The proposed activities will cater for projected increase in volume of waste water
as a result of increased population in the future.
iv. Provision of employment opportunities during construction and operation phases-
Labour is a must for casual labour therefore residents will have ready opportunities
which shall boost their daily income.
v. The rehabilitation will protect the sewer lines from storm water by enhancing
storm drains with concrete. The sewer lines shall be protected from exposure and
breakages.
vi. Flushing, cleaning and De silting of the existing sewer line will address the problem
of blockages being experienced and also expand the size of the pipes ferrying
waste water.
vii. The proposed project will centralize wastewater treatment system in West
Mainland which will make pollution monitoring easy.
viii. There shall be improved aesthetic value of the area of the area due to cleaning up
of the mess that is currently experienced in Storm water drains in the areas of
blocked drains.
ix. Sludge from the Stabilization ponds is a rich resource that can be utilized by the
community around as fertilizers for the farm houses,
x. Installation of electrical/mechanical equipment ranging from blowers, scrappers,
compressors, sludge pumps etc were either vandalized, broken or out of use will
play a huge role in achieving acceptable sewerage design standards.
xi. If the WWTP is established, the pollution created by the current practice of
wastewater discharge into the river will stop hence reduction in spread of water
borne disease.
xii. Quality of surface and ground water will improve on public health, and on socio-
economic development of the project area, taking into consideration that the
current treatment process that discharges untreated raw sewage into rivers and
the ocean will have stopped.
xiii. The public health of the community will be upgraded due to improved standard of
wastewater management.
xiv. A cleaner environment will encourage the development of eco-tourism and other
projects in the project area

7.3 Potential Negative Impacts

Against the background of the above positive impacts, there will be negative impacts
emanating from the construction and subsequent operation activities of the facility.

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7.3.1 Planning Phase Impacts

These are commonly associated resettlement of people along the sewer lines. The design
engineer carried out a conclusive design that ensured a minimal number of people would
be displaced by the sewer lines. All of the sewer lines are located within existing road
reserves and will be placed in the middle of foot paths to avoid resettlement. However
there will be minimal displacement of the following assets:

i) Structures along the sewer line within road reserves

ii) Trees and Crops along the sewer lines routes along the road.
iii) Fences along the sewer line.
iv) Livelihoods along the sewer line routes.

Mitigation measures

 The sewer lines will be located within existing roads and paths in order to avoid
resettlement, however PAPs will be identified in accordance to a Resettlement
action plan report.
 Project affected persons to be identified by type of loss through a detailed
resettlement action plan.
 The affected persons to be compensated for loss of houses and ancillary buildings,
trees, livelihood productivity, affected cultural sites and land improvements
 CWSB to agree with the local community on the form of compensation for loss of
structures, trees, crops, cultural sites and livelihood (such as free connection to the
sewer lines etc.). Once the community is fully compensated the contractor may
move to site
 On construction completion, all roads will be reinstated to their pre-project
conditions for both people and animals.
 The mitigation measures for social impacts are to ensure that the affected persons’
livelihood is at least maintained after implementation of the project.

7.3.2 Construction Phase Impacts

Most of the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the construction
phase will be negative and temporary, and can be mitigated with the use of standard
environmental management procedures. The potential social impacts or nuisance will be
those typically associated with construction activities involving vehicles, equipment, and
workers. The predicted impacts include the following:

1. Traffic Congestion

Traffic congestion is anticipated from site related traffic from Contractor vehicles as well
as interaction with the existing trailer traffic in the area. This may interfere with socio-
economic activities which majorly rely on the transport network affected by the
construction activities. The project area is relatively busy with trailers and matatus using
the several roads within the project area, the area already experiences congestion thus
the construction processes are bound to add to the existing congestion.

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Mitigation measures
 Contractor or client needs to ensure that local authorities are duly advised of
traffic changes and request necessary presence of transit officials if required;
 The Contractor should provide temporary road signs or notices to indicate
ongoing works;
 Contractor to hire traffic controller to ensure no traffic build up along the roads
 The Contractor together with the Resident Engineer should Plan itineraries for
site traffic on a daily basis and avoid peak traffic periods;
 The Contractor should effect traffic controls and cleanliness to avoid
congestion and truck accidents on roads;
 The Resident Engineer has to ensure that transportation vehicles are operated
during night-time and off-peak hours to avoid peak traffic. With proper vehicle
operation control, adverse impacts on the environment and traffic by the
transportation will be minimal;
 The Resident Engineer and Contractor should choose traffic routes to reduce
the impact in the neighborhood avoiding, as far as practical any sensitive areas;
 For the site traffic the Contractor has to ensure that they
i. Only park in designated parking areas;
ii. Don't block pedestrian routes;
iii. Don't block traffic routes;
iv. Obey the speed limit
v. The resident Engineer has to ensure that the Contractor:
 Introduces segregated pedestrian walkways;
 Introduces speed limits;
 Reduces the need for reversing vehicles, by introducing a one way
system;
 Uses a qualified BANKSMAN to control deliveries and reversing
vehicles;
 Designates loading/unloading areas.
2. Site Related Oil Spills
During construction, oil spills may result from construction site equipment and storage.
Mitigation Measures
 The Contractor should ensure that the employees on site are aware of the company
procedures for dealing with spills and leaks from oil storage tanks for the
construction machinery though induction and safety training;
 In case of spillage the Contractor should isolate the source of oil spill and contain
the spillage using sandbags, sawdust, absorbent material and/or other materials
approved by the Resident Engineer;
 The Resident Engineer and the Contractor should ensure that there is always a
supply of absorbent material such as saw dust on site during construction, readily
available to absorb/breakdown spill from machinery or oil storage;
 All vehicles and equipment should be kept in good working order, serviced
regularly and stored in an area approved by the Resident Engineer;
 The Contractor should assemble and clearly list the relevant emergency telephone
contact numbers for staff, and brief staff on the required procedures.

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 All vehicle works should be done in one place to avoid chances of spillage in
different parts of the camp.
 Recovered oil and contaminated sands/soil need to be disposed of in
appropriate landfills or other regulated facilities for
destruction/decontamination if available.

3. Soil-Related Impacts

All construction activities have some minor impacts on the soil. However, these are
localized and restricted locally to the excavation of trenches for the sewer lines. It is
expected that these impacts are also short-lived during construction and mitigation
measures are recommended. The key impacts will revolve around soil erosion,
contamination, disturbance of the natural soil structure, piling of soil along public access
routes, improper replacement of soil to its original position, mixing of layers and
compaction thus reducing the ecological function of the soil.

Mitigation Measures

 The valuable top soil containing organic material, nutrients as well as seeds and
the soil fauna would be excavated separately and piled in an adequate manner
for re-use.
 In cases where it is identified that during construction there is a danger of
increased run-off or erosion of trenches, temporary drainage channels or
holding ponds can be employed
 After completion of the construction works, immediate restoration spreading
piled top soil.
 Plan emergency response measures in case of accidental oil spills

4. Impact on Water Resources

Potential environmental impacts associated with water resources include sedimentation,

foreign material spills, pollution slumping and disturbance to drainage. Solid waste, if
allowed to accumulate in water ways, may cause localized pooling and flooding.

Improper handling of construction wastes and increased waste water production may
cause pollution of area and eventually the Indian Ocean.

Mitigation Measures

 Construction materials and other debris (lime, cement and fresh concrete, etc.)
shall be prevented from entering existing drainage infrastructure.
 Ensure protection of the ocean ecosystem by proper handling of cement during
civil works.

5. Social - Economic Impacts

During construction the project will have clear benefits with regard to local employment
opportunities. The project will additionally require various skills and services which may
not be available on the local level but certainly on the regional level, e.g. pipe fitters,
plumbers, etc. for which appropriate personnel will be contracted.

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The increase in employment will temporarily lead to an overall increase of income directly
and indirectly (through increased demand of other local services). New businesses will
grow such as food vending to construction workers.

Immigration of people from different regions may lead to behavioral influences and this
may increase the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS.

Mitigation Measures

 Unskilled construction and skilled (if available) labor to be hired from the local
population as far as possible to minimize on influx of foreigners into the
community.
 Use of manual labor during trenching works where possible to ensure more
employment of locals and hence ensure project support throughout the
construction process.
 Sensitize workers and the surrounding community on awareness, prevention and
management of HIV / AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns,
multimedia, and workshops or during community Barazas.

6. Air Quality

Construction activities of materials delivery, trench excavation and construction traffic will
generate a lot of noise and dust especially during the dry seasons. The area is
predominantly dry thus dust is already a pre-existing problem.

Vehicular traffic to the proposed sites is expected to increase especially during delivery of
raw materials. Vehicular traffic emissions will bring about air pollution by increasing the
fossil fuel emissions into the atmosphere.

Mitigation Measures

 Use protective clothing like helmets and dust masks on construction crew.
 Construction sites and transportation routes will be water-sprayed on regularly up
to three times a day, especially if these sites are near sensitive receptors, such as
residential areas or institutions.
 All the vehicles and construction machinery should be operated in compliance with
relevant vehicle emission standards and with proper maintenance to minimize air
pollution.
 Digging of trenches should be done manually so as to avoid too many trucks and
machines in the area. The use of manual labor will also benefit the community socio-
economically.
 Use of other dust palliative measures to reduce dust emissions
 Manual digging of trenches should be avoided or limited to shallow depths given
the dangers posed by the indication that sandy soils predominate in the area.

7. Construction Noise and vibration

Noise and vibration generated during construction by heavy construction machinery, such
as excavators, bulldozers, concrete mixers, and transportation vehicles.
Generally, construction noise exceeding a noise level of 70 decibels (dB) has significant
impacts on surrounding sensitive receptors within 50m of the construction site.
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Mitigation Measures

 Avoid night time construction when noise is loudest. Avoid night-time construction
using heavy machinery, from 2200 to 0600hrs near residential areas.
 No discretionary use of noisy machinery within 50 m of residential areas and near
institutions such as schools and hospitals
 Good maintenance and proper operation of construction machinery to minimize
noise generation.
 Installation of temporary sound barriers if necessary.
 Selection of transport routes to minimize noise pollution in sensitive areas.
 Where possible, ensure non mechanized construction. This includes, employing
locals during the trench excavation.
8. Biodiversity and Conservation Impacts
The project area already has minimal vegetation, due to its highly urban nature, thus
whatever little vegetation may be affected by the proposed construction work.

Mitigation Measures
 Re-plant the indigenous vegetation as much as practical once work is completed in
consultation with Kenya Forestry Services (KFS) in order to establish the conditions
for re-vegetation.
 Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be removed such as trees.
 Minimize the amount of destruction caused by machinery by promoting non-
mechanized methods of construction.

9. Public Health and Safety

Construction staff and the general public will be exposed to safety hazards arising from
construction activities. The risk of accidents is bound to increase as a result of the
construction works.

The project works will expose workers to occupational risks due to handling of heavy
machinery, construction noise, electromechanical works etc. Construction activities of
materials delivery, trench excavation and concrete mixing and construction traffic will
generate a lot of dust and this may affect the respiratory system.
The high temperatures in the area will expose the workers to difficult working conditions.
Construction sites may be a source of both liquid and solid wastes. If these wastes are not
well disposed these sites may become a breeding ground for disease causing pests such
as mosquitoes and rodents. At the concrete mixing plant the exposure of human skin to
cement may lead to damage of the skin.
Immigration of people from different regions may lead to behavioral influences which may
increase the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Improper handling of solid wastes
produced during and civil works such as spoil from excavations, scrap metal, mortar,
paper, masonry chips and left over food stuff present a public nuisance due to littering or
smells from rotting. Open trenches during the project duration pose a risk to the general
public as they access the different sides of the trenches.

Improved sanitation to the area will lead to improved public health and quality of life
through reduced risk of waterborne and water-related diseases; and increased public
satisfaction.
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Mitigation Measures
Ensure that all construction machines and equipment are in good working conditions
to prevent occupational hazards.
 Establish a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) for both civil works.
 Appoint a trained health and safety team for the duration of the construction work.
 Use of dust masks while working in dusty environment to avoid respiratory related
sicknesses.
 Provide workers with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
 Provide workers with adequate drinking water and breaks.
 Provide workers training on safety procedures and emergency response such as
fire, oil and chemical spills, pipe bursts and other serious water loss risks.
 Roads passing through population centers will be water sprayed to reduce dust.
 Work to minimize or altogether eliminate mosquito breeding sites.
 Provide appropriate human and solid waste disposal facilities
 Provide crossing points along the trenches to allow people to maintain their normal
activities, also cautionary signage should be provided along the trenches.
 Provide clean toilets for workers
10. HIV & AIDS Impacts
During construction of the irrigation project a significant number of people will be
attracted into the area seeking employment opportunities. The setting up of a camp for
this migrant labour is likely to expose the local population to communicable diseases.

The incidence of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, sexually transmitted

diseases including HIV/AIDS will rise markedly during the construction period.
Mitigation Measures
 Sensitize workers and the surrounding communities on awareness, prevention and
management of HIV/AIDS through staff training, awareness campaigns, multimedia
and workshops or during community Barazas. Provide information, education and
communication about safe uses of drinking water.
 Sensitize workers on HIV/AIDS and develop Information Education and
Communication (IEC) programmes on the projects social impacts including
HIV/AIDS and train community members to conduct awareness and training
programmes in the project area with the help of the project team. Programmes
should include:
 Provision of counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS to incoming construction
personnel;
 Strengthening of advocacy through awareness training in HIV/AIDS and other STDs
including encouraging the use of preventive measures like condoms and
 Avail condom dispensers to construction staff Conducted consultation to ensure
shared resources between construction workers and locals does not lead to
conflict.

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11. Service Delivery Impacts

The construction activities will cause disruption of services such as water supply and
transportation within the project area. Where the sewer lines cross roads, excavation of
trenches and laying down of the sewer lines may cause disruption of transport within the
project area. Trucks with heavy loads of construction materials may damage the various
roads during the construction process.
The current water storage facilities may not be enough to handle emergencies brought on
by the interruption in water supply. Areas of special attention include the learning and
health care institutions.
Mitigation Measures
 Provide appropriate signage to warn motorists and other road users of the
construction activities, diversion routes to ward off traffic accidents.
 The contractor should communicate any intended disruption of the services to
enable the people to prepare e.g. by having emergency water storage and
provision facilities.
 Areas being trenched to be temporarily cordoned off to avoid people and animals
accidentally falling into open trenches.
 In the event that delivery trucks damage parts of the road, repair the spots in
consultation with the local authorities.
 Notice given to residents in case of any disruption in provision of services.

12. Gender Empowerment Impacts

There is need to promote gender equality in all aspects of economic development and
more so in construction. Women roles in construction are mainly confined to supply of
unskilled labor and vending of foodstuffs to the construction workers. Where available
skilled women will be used.

Mitigation Measures

 Ensure equitable distribution of employment opportunities between men and

women
 Provide toilets and bathrooms for both male and female workers on site

13. Child Protection

The laws of Kenya prohibit contractors from “employing children in a manner that is
economically exploitative, hazardous, and detrimental to the child’s education, harmful to
the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social development. It is also
important to be vigilant towards potential sexual exploitation of children, especially young
girls. The contractor should adopt a ‘Child Protection Code of Conduct’; that all staff of the
contractor must sign, committing themselves towards protecting children, which clearly
defines what is and is not acceptable behaviour.

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Mitigation Measures

 Ensure no children are employed on site in accordance with national labor laws
 Ensure that any child sexual relations offenses among contractors’ workers are
promptly reported to the police

14. Gender Equity, Sexual Harassment

Construction workers are predominantly younger males. Those who are away from home
on the construction job are typically separated from their family and act outside their
normal sphere of social control. This can lead to inappropriate and criminal behavior, such
as sexual harassment of women and girls, exploitative sexual relations, and illicit sexual
relations with minors from the local community. A large influx of male labor may also lead
to an increase in exploitative sexual relationships and human trafficking whereby women
and girls are forced into sex work

Mitigation Measures

 The works contractor should be required, under its contract, to prepare and
enforce a No Sexual Harassment and Non-Discrimination Policy, in accordance with
national law where applicable.
 The contractor should prepare and implement a gender action plan, which could be
part of the CESMP or a separate instrument, to include at minimum:

o Gender mainstreaming in employment at the worksite with opportunities

provided for females to work, in consonance with local laws and customs
o Gender sensitization of workers (this could be done by the HIV/AIDS services
provider; see above)
o Provision of gender disaggregated bathing, changing, sanitation facilities
o Grievance redress mechanisms including non-retaliation.

15. Crime Management

Crimes are bound to occur in the project area during the construction and rehabilitation
works such as stealing of construction materials or individual property, fighting, drug
abuse and alcoholism among others.

Mitigation Measures

The contractor’s responsibility for workers’ conduct within the worksite should include but
not limited to:

 Removing any employee who persists in any misconduct or lack of care, carries out
duties incompetently or negligently, fails to conform with any provisions of the
contract, or persists in any conduct which is prejudicial to safety, health, or the
protection of the environment.
 Taking all reasonable precautions to prevent unlawful, riotous or disorderly
conduct by or amongst the contractor’s personnel, and to preserve peace and
protection of persons and property on and near the site.
 Prohibiting alcohol, drugs, arms, and ammunition on the worksite among
personnel.

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 The contractor and Supervision Consultant should register in a log all events of a
criminal nature that occur at the worksite or are associated with the civil works
activities.
 The contractor and Supervision Consultant should report all activities of a criminal
nature on the worksite or by the contractor’s employees (whether on or off the
worksite) to the police and undertake the necessary follow-up. Crime reports
should include nature of the offense, location, date, time, and all other pertinent
details.

16. Violation of Labor Rights

Most employers tend to violate the rights of the employers and vice versa, during
construction/rehabilitation works it is bound to happen.

Mitigation Measures

The workers’ rights, under which contractors are explicitly responsible for:

 Making arrangements for the engagement of all staff and labor, local or otherwise,
and for their payment, feeding, transport, and, when appropriate, housing.
 Paying wages and observing conditions of labor not lower than those established
or prevailing where the work is carried out.
 Complying with all relevant labor laws, including employment, health, safety, welfare,
immigration and emigration.
 Not allowing work on locally recognised days of rest, or outside the normal working
hours unless otherwise stated in the contract, the engineer gives consent, or the
work is unavoidable or necessary for the protection of life, property or safety.
 Complying with relevant labor laws on workers’ rights to form and join workers’
organizations of their choosing and to bargain collectively, and not discouraging,
discriminating against, or retaliating against the personnel who participate, or seek
to participate, in such organizations and bargain collectively.
 Enabling alternative means for the contractor’s personnel to express their
grievances and protect their rights regarding working conditions and terms of
employment.
 Providing necessary accommodation, food, water, and welfare facilities for the
contractor’s personnel.

Beyond these provisions, the following additional provisions could be adopted:

 Overtime should be paid according to law.

 There should be no irregular deductions from workers’ pay.
 The contractor should keep proper and full records of all its workers, including
nationality, place of origin and address, gender, age, and other relevant
information, with copies provided to the Supervision Consultant.
 Where permitted by national law, the contractor should have a Workman’s
Compensation Policy in place with a reputable insurance firm covering all
obligations.

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 Workers’ contracts should permit weekends off for national workers with
allowances to enable them spend time with their families.
 No mistreatment of workers by their superiors is tolerated, and any cases should
be reported to police for follow-up action and appropriate sanctions of offenders
per laws.
 Expatriate workers must have the proper work authorizations in accordance with
national laws, with documentation provided to the Supervising Engineer.

17. Impacts on Underground Infrastructure

During excavation for laying the trunk sewer there are risks of damaging underground
individual and community water pipes, telecommunication or power lines. This could result
in disruption of essential services especially within the Mombasa Mainland area.

Mitigation measures

 Consultation with other essential service providers prior to construction to

establish location of these infrastructures should be sought to avoid interference.
 Where it must occur, then prior communication aimed at informing consumers of
such disruption must be planned and effected at less critical periods and within very
short durations.
 Any infrastructural material damaged during project implementation should be
replaced/ repaired.

18. Impacts on Workers’ Health and Safety

The noxious gas emissions are likely to be emitted which may have adverse effects on the
health of the population.

Accidents that happen in construction sites could be mild or fatal depending on various
factors. During the implementation of the proposed project, accidents could be due to
negligence on part of the workers, machine failure or breakdown or accidental falls. Cuts
by machines and other tools can also occur during pipes and sewer installations. These
incidents can be reduced through proper work safety procedures.

Mitigation Measures

 There should be adequate PPE to all workers and they should be worn all the time.
 There should be adequate provision of the requisite sanitation facilities for human
waste disposal.
 The workers should receive requisite training especially on the operation of the
machinery and equipment
 There should be adequate warning and directional signs.
 Provide clean drinking water for the employees.
 Develop a site safety action plan detailing safety equipment to be used, emergency
procedures, restriction on site, frequency and personnel responsible for safety
inspections and controls.
 A sign board warning on HIV/AIDS and drugs and alcohol abuse be erected and
displayed at the construction camp sites
 Rehabilitate excavated sites soon as construction is complete.
 Train workers on the use of fire-fighting equipment.
 Provide first Aid kit within the construction site.

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 Recording of all injuries that occur on site in the incident register, corrective actions for
their prevention are instigated as appropriate.
 Contractor to ensure compliance with the Workmen’s Compensation Act, ordinance
regulations and union agreements.
 Guide all workers in Safety Health and Environment (SHE).
19. Impacts on fire outbreaks
During construction and implementation of the project fire outbreaks are anticipated
emanating from machines, smoking and even from domestic use. Such fires may cause
physical and mental damage to the workers. In order to minimize occurrence of such
situations, the contractor and workers should adhere to the following mitigation
measures.
Mitigation measures
 Put “No Smoking Signs” in areas where inflammables are stored.
 Guide all workers in Safety Health and Environment (SHE).
 Provide adequate fire fighting equipment capable of fighting all classes of fire.
 Provide first Aid kit within the construction site.
 Label all inflammable materials and store them appropriately.
 There should be adequate PPE to all workers and should be worn all the time.
 Conduct regular fire-fighting drills.
 Develop a fire fighting emergency plan.
 Train one member of staff on fire preparedness.
20. Impacts on Incomes and Livelihoods
There is potential for economic displacement as some of these projects will be located in
areas that are densely populated and with low incomes.

Mitigation measures

Preparation and implementation of livelihood restoration framework and compensation

in accordance with WB policies which should be provided in the RAP Report.

21. Solid Waste Generation

Solid wastes will be generated from the flushing and de-blocking of the system and from
the construction materials.

Mitigation measures

- The construction waste generated will be properly segregated at its source to

minimize the negative effects of the waste to surrounding areas.
- Collection of the waste through a contracted handler which is then used for
other purposes such as scrap metal recycling.
- Some of the waste will be reused for other construction works or if not
reusable, disposed of appropriately by a licensed waste disposal company.

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22. Vibrations, Noise, Dust and Air Pollution

During excavation of water and sewage conveyance trenches and storage tanks,
vibrations from excavators may affect the stability of some buildings. Other than
vibrations, the proximity of the trenches to the houses has implications on the structural
integrity. Affected buildings may crack and thus impact on their safety. It is also anticipated
that noise will be generated by machinery (e.g. Compressors) and Vehicular Traffic.
Construction is done during the day and therefore those nearby will bear the disturbance.
Noise is also generated by delivery trucks as they bring materials to sites. In addition, the
excavation of top soil when digging trenches for sewerage construction will generate
dust, smoke and gases that will vary according to the soil type, nature of excavation and
the construction trucks and power generators.

Mitigation measures

 Use of equipment that has low noise emissions to workers as stated by the
manufacturer.
 Use of equipment that is fitted with noise reduction devices such as mufflers.
 Construction workers operating equipment that generates noise should be
equipped with noise protection equipment.
 Machines should be maintained at manufacturers’ specifications.
 Site roads should be dampened every 4-6 hours or within reasonable interval to
prevent dust nuisance and on hotter days, this frequency should be increased.
 Cover or wet construction materials such as sand and unpaved areas with gunny
bags to prevent dust nuisance.
 Where unavoidable, construction workers working in dusty areas should be
provided and fitted with respirators.
 Control speed of construction vehicles.
 All trenches and bare areas should be landscaped after construction.
 Conduct air quality analysis regularly.

7.3.3 Impacts during Operation & Maintenance

During the operation of the constructed water supply project no substantial negative
environmental and social impacts and risks are anticipated.
1. Socio - economic potential positive or beneficial impacts
Numerous socio-economic potential positive or beneficial impacts from successful
implementation of the project will include:
 Better access to sewerage facilities thus reduced waste water flowing freely in
the residential area;
 Improvements in domestic hygiene and a reduction in health risks that were
associated with water borne diseases;
 The program will contribute to increase in local development and employment
as the local population are likely to be employed during the construction phase
and after construction due to maintenance;
 Increase in land value due to availability of services

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 Introduction of metering and administrative billing procedures;

 The program is expected to contribute to poor communities well-being
associated with improved services, stability, and health.
 Employment creation will be the key positive environment impact as operation
and maintenance personnel will be required for the rest of the project life.

Other potential impacts typically associated with operation and maintenance activities
are such as:

2. Impact on Biodiversity and Conservation

During construction and rehabilitation works both flora and fauna are likely to be
destroyed, injured or eliminated. The project area already has minimal vegetation, due to
its highly urban nature, thus whatever little vegetation may be affected by the proposed
construction work. In addition a positive impact will be the reduced discharge of raw
sewage into water courses thus affecting ocean biodiversity.

Mitigation Measures

The following measures are recommended:

 Re-plant the indigenous vegetation as much as practical once work is completed.

 Spare the vegetation that must not necessarily be removed such as trees.
 Minimize the amount of destruction caused by machinery by promoting non-
mechanized methods of construction.

3. Noise

Noise nuisance from vehicles and repair equipment. During O&M activities vehicles are
required for inspection of sewer lines to detect any leakage and repair equipment is
required in case need arises and in the process of these activities undesirable noise will be
generated.

Mitigation Measures

 During normal operations the noise generated from vehicles has insignificant
impact. However during major repairs the equipment used can generate
unacceptable levels of noise and mitigation measures similar to those applied
during construction to be used.

4. Socio - Economic Impacts

The expected improvements in metering and administrative billing procedures are likely
to cause social and economic impact as this may result in higher water bills and sewer bills
due to an improvement in the services.

Mitigation Measures

 The project is currently making use of the respective WSP approved rates and this
impact is not foreseen.
 The billing tariffs vary according to the social status of the residents per estates
hence the low income earners considered.

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5. Impact of Sludge
Wastes generated by the operational activities include sludge. These wastes should be
carefully handled to minimize possible outbreaks of diseases.
Mitigation Measures
The sludge from the extended aeration the extended aeration will produce stabilized
sludge which can be used as fertilizer in agriculture and dried in sludge drying beds .

6. Solid Waste Generation

Solid wastes will be generated from the screening facilities at the headworks of the waste
water treatment plant.

Mitigation measures

- Solid waste generated will be properly segregated through enforcement of

public health by-laws at its source to minimize the negative effects of the
waste to surrounding areas.
- The screenings will be compressed on site to reduce volume to improve handling for
disposal off site to a licensed solid waste disposal site.
- Collection of the waste is to be through a contracted licenced handler.
- Some of the waste can be reused if segregated by a licensed solid waste recycling
enterprise.

7.3.4 Impacts during De-commissioning

De-commissioning of the Project is not envisaged. Project components however will be

rehabilitated over time having served their useful life.

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8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

8.1Introduction

Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) of a project

provides a logical framework within which identified negative impacts shall be mitigated
and monitored. ESMMP assigns responsibilities of actions to various actors and provides
timeframe within which mitigation measures are to be carried out. The ESMMP is a vital
output of an Environmental Impact Assessment as it provides a checklist of project
monitoring and evaluation. It assigns responsibilities and allocates costs in prevention,
minimization and monitoring of significant negative impacts and maximization of positive
impacts associated with the construction phase of the proposed project.

At completion of construction, ownership of the wastewater project will be transferred to

the proponent. The proponent will be responsible to implement environmental
management measures associated with operation of the wastewater project.

Table 10 shows the environmental management and monitoring plan. It outlines

corresponding management strategies proposed in earlier chapter that will be employed
to mitigate potential adverse environmental impacts and assigns responsibility for the
implementation of the mitigation measures.

Mitigation measures should be reflected in the Conditions of Contract and Bills of

Quantities. It is the responsibility of the Supervising Consultant to ensure enforcement of
these measures during construction.

The Project Team will comprise of the following:

 Project Manager/Designer/Supervising Consultant;

 Project Engineers
 Project Contractor(s).

Prior to mobilization, the Contractor should include all proposed mitigation and
management measures in his schedule of works, and the Project Manager / Supervising
Consultant should ensure that the schedule and environmental management and
monitoring plan is complied with.

8.2 Responsibilities of the ESMMP

To ensure the effective development and implementation of the ESMP, it will be necessary
to identify and define responsibilities and authorities with various persons and
organizations that will be involved in the project. The following entities should be involved
in the implementation of the ESMMP:

 Coast Water Services Board,

 MOWASCO
 Project manager
 Contractor
 Consultant
 Line Government ministries
 NEMA
 Residents in the project affected areas

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8.3 Environmental Management during Planning

This involves studying the specified environmental concerns and adopting the
environmental management plan (EMMP) to the site. The design consultant should ensure
that the specified mitigation measures in the EMMP are incorporated in the design, and
tender documents.

8.4 Environmental Management during Construction

Environmental due diligence should be incorporated into the project implementation as

follows:

 Control of health and safety risks of the contractor’s workmanship;

 Prevention of negative environmental impacts during construction;
 Control of the residual risk of accidental environmental damage.
 Training and awareness creation on all environmental issues;

As part of the construction progress reports, environmental considerations should be

covered and progress indicated on the implementation of mitigation measures, as outlined
in the EMP.

Upon completion, all temporary buildings, including concrete footings, formwork and
slabs, all construction materials and debris will be removed from the site and the area
rehabilitated as per the decommissioning stage requirements.

Construction aspects to be monitored will include, but will not be limited to the following
issues:

 Construction of intake works

 All erosion and sediment control;
 Handling of hazardous materials as part of construction activities;
 Movement of machinery;
 Occupational health and safety;
 Collection and disposal of wastes;
 Management of pollution incidents.

8.5 Environmental Management during Commissioning and Operation

8.5.1 Management of the Project

During the commissioning and operation of the development, environmental due

diligence will be incorporated into the management procedures to minimize any negative
environmental impacts. The management of the project will have the primary
responsibility for environmental health and safety issues.

Environmental Audit should be carried out annually to ascertain the status of the
environment based on the baseline information presented in the EIA. The management of
the project therefore will have to engage an Environmental Auditor or an Audit Firm to
carry out the exercise.

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The commissioning and operation risks to be monitored will include, but will not be limited
to the following issues:

 Waste handling and disposal;

 Noise management;
 Operation and maintenance;
 Occupational health and safety.
 Societal conflicts of interests.

The following activities will be undertaken after completion of the construction phase:

 Close-down audit to verify that the proposed mitigation measures have been
implemented;
 Inclusion of an environmental monitoring and management programme for
maintenance.

All technical information on materials used, saving and environmental performance should
be outlined and highlighted during hand-over. These will be incorporated into the
environmental management plan for the schemes’ intake works and the entire system.

8.5.2 Maintenance of the Project

It should be demonstrated that all facilities comply with the standards as set out in the
tender documents and technical specification. Furthermore repair materials are available
in the event that a replacement or maintenance works are required. The maintenance
team will develop a programme of regular maintenance and ensure that the relevant skills
are always available.

8.6 Interventions for management of the proposed project

8.6.1 Engineering interventions

i. Incorporate environmental impact considerations in the design, construction and

operation.
ii. Improve maintenance of the wastewater infrastructure
iii. Construct drainage facilities

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Table 11: Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan

Environmental Parameters Frequency Applicable Monitoring Location Oversee Estimated Cost
component regulation and indicator (Ksh)
standards
Air quality Total suspended Daily during NEMA guidelines Suspended Where there are -Contractor 400,000
particles construction particulate settlements -Client
Noise Levels Noise levels on As directed by NEMA guidelines Stress levels Site -Contractor 12,000 per visit
the dB (A) Contractor on noise levels -NEMA officials
Soil quality -Soil pH Quarterly Soils report Soils survey Composite - 120,000 annually
-Soil erosion report samples from -CWSB
levels various mineral MOWASCO
-Exchangeable Soils
Sodium
percentage
-sodium
adsorption level,
-P,K and Ca status
Land repossession Compensation as Monthly until -RAP Resettlements Affected Sites -Local -As per the BQs &
and per the RAP completion of Plans administration Compensation
compensation construction -Contractor Master Roll
- Client
Groundwater -pH, Monthly WRMA Water tests - Sewage site and -Contractor 30,000 annually
quality -Salinity, especially after guidelines results neighbourhood -WRMA
- Nitrates, the rain seasons
-Pesticides
residues
Groundwater Groundwater Monthly During WRMA Water availability At designated -Contractor 50,000 annually
levels depth the dry season guidelines In springs sites -WRMA
Surface water -pH Monthly WRMA Quality of surface Sewage site -Contractor 100,000 annually
quality -Salinity, guidelines water -PHO
- Nitrates,
-Phosphorous,
-Pesticides
residues,
-Coli forms,
BOD, COD

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Soil erosion Water turbidity During and after rains NEMA guidelines Water colour -Sites -Contractor 100,000 annually
-River banks -Agricultural officers
Solid wastes Slag, domestic Quarterly per NEMA guidelines Waste disposal Waste disposal -Contractor 10,000
wastes, metallic Year Sites sites -NEMA
scraps, sludge Regular operation and
educational maintenance programs
programs for in the water company
proper use of
sanitary systems,
trash removal
programs, youth
group
involvement
Vegetation and Vegetation Twice per year ESMP Project areas Vegetation -County 10,000 per year
habitats Structure and prevalence government
biodiversity -Local community
-KFS
Trenches and pits Location At the ESMP Trenches and pits Rehabilitated Contractor As per Contract
rehabilitation completion of locations sites -NEMA
carried out construction
Accidents -Safety training Till completion ESMP Project areas Reported -Contractor As per Contract
for workers, - of construction incidences of
Reported accidents
accident incidents
Health and safety Reported Regularly till ESMP Project’ area Illnesses reports - Contractor 100,000 per year
incidences Completion -NEMA
Traffic congestion Vehicles and Regularly till ESMP Number of Project roads - Contractor As per Contract
instances Completion vehicles Traffic police

Oil spills Seeps and leaks Regularly till NEMA guidelines Water quality in Rivers and the NEMA As per Contract
Completion ESMP bodies oceans CWSB
Local community
Socio –economic Peoples Regularly till ESMP Project areas Reported -Contractor As per Contract
impacts behaviour Completion incidences
Noise and Reported Regularly till NEMA guidelines Project areas Reported -Contractor As per Contract
vibration incidences Completion incidences
Gender Number of Regularly till ESMP Project areas Reported -Contractor As per Contract
empowerment women involved Completion incidences -Local community
impacts in any set up

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Child labour Number of minors Regularly till World Bank Number of Reported -Contractor As per Contract
protection involved in work Completion affected incidences -Local community
places
Gender equity/ Number of Regularly till World Bank Number of Reported -Contractor As per Contract
Gender based discrimination Completion affected incidences -Local community
violence cases
Crime Number of crime Regularly till World Bank Number of Reported -Contractor As per Contract
management cases Completion affected incidences -Local community
Liability for loss of Number of people Regularly till World Bank Number of Reported -Contractor As per Contract
life, injury or injured, died , or Completion affected incidences -Local community
damage to private property
property destroyed
Fire outbreaks Reported At occurrence ESMP Project areas Reported -Contractor As per Contract
incidences incidences

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8.7 Monitoring Activities

8.7.1 General

Environmental monitoring is envisioned as an important process in project management.

It reveals changes and trends brought about by presence and operations of a project.
Such information will be useful in the formulation of sustainable project management,
operation strategies and action plans.

The basic activities for a sound monitoring programme should at least include the
following parameters:

 collection and analysis of relevant environmental data of the project area;

 preparation of periodical reports on the environmental status of the project area
and
 liaison with other agents and stakeholders;
 identification of unexpected environmental impacts;
 formulation of counter-measures to mitigate against the unexpected negative
impacts.

8.7.2 Environmental Monitoring During Construction

Environmental due diligence should be incorporated into the project implementation as

follows:

 control of health and safety risks of the contractor’s work force;

 prevention of negative environmental impacts during construction;
 control of the residual risk of accidental environmental damage;
 training and awareness creation on all environmental issues.

As part of the construction progress reports, environmental considerations should be

covered and progress indicated on the implementation of mitigation measures, as
outlined in the EMMP.

Upon completion, all temporary buildings, all construction materials and debris will be
removed from the site and the area rehabilitated as per the requirements.
Construction aspects to be monitored will include, but will not be limited to the following
issues:

 rehabilitation of the sewer lines;

 soil erosion and sediment control;
 handling of hazardous materials as part of construction activities;
 movement of machinery;
 occupational health and safety;
 collection and disposal of wastes;
 management of pollution incidents.

All relevant technical information, indicating that the construction was undertaken in
compliance with the set design standards and noting any deviations, as well as
environmental conservation measures undertaken should be provided to the property
owner.
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All technical information on materials used, saving and environmental performance

should be outlined and highlighted during hand-over. These will be incorporated into the
environmental management and monitoring plan for the wastewater Project.

8.7.3 Environmental Monitoring During Commissioning and Operation

8.7.3.1 Management of the Project

During the commissioning and operation of the development, an environmental

monitoring plan should be incorporated in the system to minimize any negative
environmental impacts. The management of the project will have the sole responsibility
of ensuring environmental health and safety issues are adhered to.

The risks to be monitored will include, but not limited to the following issues:

 waste handling and disposal;

 noise pollution control;
 operation and maintenance;
 occupational health and safety.

The following activities will be undertaken after completion of the construction phase:

 close-down audit to verify that the proposed mitigation measures have been
implemented;
 inclusion of an environmental monitoring and management programme for
maintenance.

8.7.3.2 Maintenance

It should be demonstrated that all facilities comply with the standards as will be set out
in the tender document and technical specification. The rehabilitation team will develop
a programme of regular maintenance and ensure that the relevant skills are always
available.

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9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

9.1 Conclusions

The project upon completion would realize several positive impacts, most significant of
which being reduction of public health hazard as result of improved drainage and
sewerage conditions in the service area. The project has been planned in full cognizance
of the requirements of the West Mainland where it is to be implemented and all standard
planning considerations have been taken into account and given the attention they
deserve. The following conclusions were arrived at:

 The project does not pose any serious environmental concern, other than those
mentioned with mitigation measures that accompanies any development;
 The positive environmental impacts the project will realize far out-scales the
negative ones, which can be contained by following the prescribed ESMMP;

9.2 Recommendations

This environmental examination process therefore establishes a negative determination

of the impacts on the environment and hence recommends that the proposed
rehabilitation and immediate extension works be implemented with full adherence of the
Environmental and Social Monitoring and Management Plan

Having considered the information collected, collated and analyzed through field study
and literature review, the following recommendations were arrived at:

 The project proponent should commence the project immediately once this report
is approved;
 Ensure that worker’s occupational health and safety standards are maintained
through capacity building, proper training, providing protective clothing and
managing their residential camps up to the required health standards;
 The local community should be sensitized to abate stealing of pipes and metals of
the sewerage system, and;
 Once the project is complete, there is a need to develop plans to recycle waste for
power production;
 The design should ensure comprehensive waste water treatment to allowable
limits by NEMA and WHO standards and the World Bank Environmental Health and
Safety Guidelines, before releasing into the ocean;
 Involvement of all relevant stakeholders is proposed throughout the process to
ensure project acceptability;
 All construction waste will be properly disposed off in a timely manner, the
excavated material wherever possible will be used as raw material for a range of
activities, such as road repair or construction, and for use as building material e.g.
stones, and;
Annual environmental audits should be carried out on the project in order to ensure
compliance of the project with the mitigation measures outlined in the
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMMP);

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There is need to have all the safety measures put in place so as to promote the well-
being of the workers especially at the construction phase and the pipe laying phases.
 The contractor tasked with carrying out the sewerage rehabilitation should use the
local labour during the project cycle to empower the communities financially and
also build their capacity in their general maintenance. These personnel should be
trained to effectively manage the project once construction is completed.
A RAP is necessary so as to ascertain the number of PAPs.

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REFERENCES

1. 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, Volume IA, Population Distribution
by Administrative Areas and Urban Centres.

2. 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, volume IB, Socio-economic Profile
of the population.

3. Central Bureau of Statistics. (2001). 1999 Population and Housing Census (Vol. 1).
Nairobi, Kenya: Ministry of Finance and Planning.

4. Chow, Maidment and Mays, 1998. Applied Hydrology; McGraw-Hill.

5. Fiddes, Area Reduction Factors for East Africa, TRRL supplementary Report 259,
1977.

6. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2003).

7. Kenya Integrated Household Survey (KIBHS) – 2005/06.

8. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Basic Report: Kenya Integrated

Household Budget Survey – 2005/06. Nairobi, Kenya: The Regal Press Ltd.

9. May R. W. P., Bromwich B. C., Gosowski Y, Rickard C. E. 2003. Hydraulic Design of

Side Weirs. HR Wallingford.

10. Ministry of Planning and National Development. (2007). Kenya Vision 2030: A
Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printers.

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ANNEX 1: HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE

PROPOSED WORKS CONTRACTS UNDER COAST WATER SERVICES BOARD

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESMENT SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Survey is being carried out for the
proposed _________________________________________ on behalf of the Coast Water
Services Board (CWSB). The aim of this survey is to form a realistic and up to date picture
of the Environmental and Social situation in the area. We need your honest and accurate
information during this discussion. Your inputs will assist in the understanding of your
needs for improvement. The answers you provide will be kept confidential.

SECTION 1 DETAILS

1.1 Name of the Enumerator: ………………………………………………………………….

1.2 Signature of the Enumerator: ……………………………………………………………
1.3 Name of the Respondent…………………………………………………………………
1.4 Telephone number of the respondent………………..…………………………………
1.5 ID Number of the respondent……………………………………………………………...
1.6 Date: …………………. Time of Interview: ………………………………………………
1.4 Respondent place of resident: (1) Village…………………. (2) Location ……………
(3)Sub-County ………………… (4) County………………………………………….

SECTION 2 BASIC HOUSEHOLD SETUP

2.1 Name of the household head? ……………………………………………………………

2.2 ID Number of the household Head……………… Telephone Number of the Household
Head………………..
2.3 How many members do you have in this household………………………………………
2.4 How many members of your household fall under each of the following age groups?
(1) 0 – 5yrs…………….… (2) 6 – 18yrs…….…….… (3) 19-35yrs……….…… (4) 36-
49yrs….………
(5) 50-65yrs…………..… (6) Over 66yrs ……….…….
2.5 How many of your household members have attained each of the following education
levels?
(1) None …………… (2) Primary …………… (3) Secondary ….………… (4)
College/university ……………..
2.6 What is the occupation /economic activity of the household head
(1) Crop farming ……….……… (2) Livestock farming ……….……… (3) Formal
employment ………………
(4)Business ………….. (5) Fishing ……………. (6) Mining ………….. (7) Others
(specify) ……….…………
2.7 If crop farming what type of crops? (1) Maize……………… (2) Cashew nuts ………..…
(3) Cassava…………… (4) Mangoes ………….. (5) Beans……………… (6)
Coconut……………… (7) Others………………

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2.8 If livestock farming what animals?

(1) Cow………… (2)Sheep ……..… (3)Goats……… (4) Donkeys ………… (5) Others
………………..
2.9 If business what kind of business? (tick) (1) Shop …….…. (2) Bodaboda (bicycle
/motorbike)……….…… (3) M-Pesa…………… (4) Jua kali ………….…… (5) Grocery
…….….……… (6) Others (specify) ……….……
2.10 What is the average combined household income per month? (tick) (1)Less than
15,000….…… (2) 15,000-30,000…….… (3)30,000-50,000…….…. (4) Above 50,000
………..
2.11 What’s the religion of the Household Head? (tick) (1)Christian………….… (2)
Muslim………….….… (3) Hindu……..….…. (4) Traditionalist …………….. (5) Others
Specify ………………….…..
2.12 Type of fuel mostly used for cooking: (tick)
(1)Firewood ……….…… (2)Charcoal ……….…… (3) Kerosene ……….…… (4)
LPG(Gas) ……….…… (5)Electricity ……………… (6) Others (specify)
……….……..

SECTION 3 WATER AND SANITATION

3.1 What is the common source of water in this area?

(1) Private tap …………… (2) Public Tap ……….… (3) Bore hole …………. (4)
Shallow well ……….……… (5) Protected spring /river ……….. (6) Water pan
……….… (7) Others (specify) ……….…
3.3 What is the general quality of the water? (Tick)
(1) Good ……….……… (2) Fair ……….……… (3) Bad ……….…….
3.4 How often do you Fetch water?
(1) Every day …………… (2) Every alternate day of the week ………….. (3) Once a
week ……….………
3.5 Do you pay for water (1) Yes……………….. (2)No……………
3.6 If yes how much per 20 litre jerrican in Ksh.
(1) Ksh. 2……………. (2) Ksh. 5 …………….… (3) Ksh. 10…..……….... (4) Above Ksh.
10 ……….………..
3.7 What is the common mode of transporting water in this area?
(1) Carrying on the head ……….……….… (2) Hand driven
carts/wheelbarrow……….…………………… (3) Bodaboda
(bicycle/motorbike)……………….. (4) Pack animals (Donkeys/Camels)
………………….. (5) Animal drawn carts ……….……… (6) Trucks ……….………
(7)Others (specify) ……….………
3.8 How do you dispose of your household waste? (Tick)
(1)Compost pit/burying …………… (2) Collection by the council …….……… (3)
Recycling ……….……… (4) Burning ……….……… (5) Dumping in open areas
……….……… (6) Others (specify) ………..….………
3.9 Does the household have a toilet?
(1)Yes ……….……… (2) No ……….………
3.10 If yes, type of toilet: (tick)
(1) Flush system connected to the sewer line …………...… (2) Flush system with Septic
tank ………….…… (3)Pit latrine ……….……… (4) Mobile toilet ………….………
(5)Any other (Specify) ……….…….…….………
3.11 Are you aware of the proposed Works under Coast Water Services Board?
(1) YES ……….……… (2) NO ……….………

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3.12 How will proposed Works under Coast Water Services Board affect the community
here? (Tick)
(1) Positively …………..……… (2) Adversely (negatively)……….………..
3.13 If positively, in what way? (Tick)
(1) Overall improvement in sanitation due to proper wastewater management
……….………
(2) Reduced cases of waterborne diseases due to reduced contamination of
water……….... (3) Improved hygiene……………..… (4) Improved business
during construction……………..… (5) Improved sanitation will increase land
values …….………….. (6) Employment opportunities during construction and
operation of the plant ….….…. (9) Others (please specify)
……………………………………………
3.14 If negatively, in what ways? (Tick)
(1) Dust and noise during construction……………… (2) Demolition of structures
………..……… (3) Loss of farm land/trees/crops ………. (4) odours during
operation of the plant ………………………… (5) Proliferation of scavenger
species, e.g. birds during operation ……….….… (6) Spread of diseases (STD,
HIV/AIDS)……….…… (7) Interruption of services (road access, electricity, etc.)
during construction (8) Others (specify) ………….
3.15 What do you think should be done to minimize or mitigate these negative impacts?
(1) Inform the public about any interruption of services ……….………
(2) Proper maintenance of treatment works during construction ……….……… (3)
Avoid night time construction …….… (4) Educate the public and the construction
crew on health and safety……..… (5) Compensate the structure/Land /crop/trees
owners………… (6)Others (specify)………………..…

SECTION 4 HEALTH

4.1 Which diseases have members of your household suffered from in the past
six months? (Tick)
(1)Malaria ……….……… (2)Malnutrition ……….……… (3)Measles
……….……… (4)HIV/AIDS ……….……… (5)Eye problems ……….… (6)Diarrhea
……….…… (7) Cholera ……….… (8) Intestinal worms ……….……
(9)Respiratory infections ……….……… (10)Skin rashes ……….……… (11)Others
(specify) ……….………
4.2 What do you do when you are sick?
(1)Seek medical attention from a health centre……….. (2)Prayed for ……………
(3)Take herbs……….. (4) Visit a traditional doctor………………… (5)Others
(specify) ……….…………..…
4.3 What is the ownership status of the health facilities attended by your household
members? (Tick)
(1)Public ………… (2) Private ………… (3) Faith based ……….… (4) NGO
………… (5) Traditional …………
4.4 How far is the health facility visited by your household members in km?
(1) Less than 1km …….……… (2) 1 -3km………..….. (3) 3 – 5km …………….… (4)
Above 5km………………

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SECTION 5 KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON HIV/AIDS

5.1 Have you ever heard of HIV/AIDS? (1) Yes ……….………. (2) No …………….…
5.2 If yes, what source did you hear it from? (Tick)
(1) Radio/TV …………… (2) Billboards ….……… (3) Posters …………… (4)
Religious leaders …….……… (5) Relative/friend ……….….…… (6) Health
worker/Clinic……….……..… (7) NGO/CBOs ……….……….. (8) Newspaper
……….……… (9) Other (Specify) ……….………

5.3 Has any of your household members been affected by HIV/AIDS?

(1)Yes……….…… (2)No ………………
5.4 Do you think HIV (AIDS) can be prevented? (1)Yes ………… (2) No ……….…
(3) Do Not Know …….………
5.5 Do you know where to go for voluntary counseling and testing for HIV/AIDS?
(1)Yes ……….… (2) No …………

SECTION 6 ENVIRONMENTAL

6.1 What environmental issues are of concern to the people of this area?
(1) Water shortage ………….. (2) Invasive species ……….……… (3) Overgrazing
………… (4) Extinction of endangered species ………… (5) Mosquitoes and malaria
spread ……… (6) Solid waste ……..….………
(7) Deforestation …………….…… (8) Drought ………………… (9) Poor
Sanitation (10) others (please specify)……………………
6.2 What are the environmental conservation initiatives in the area?
(1) Tree planting ………… (2) Educating the public …………. (3) Cleaning of mosquito
breeding sites ……
(4) Collection of solid wastes………………………………… (5) Construction of toilets
(6) others (please specify) ………………………………
6.3 Who are carrying out these activities?
(1) Women groups ……….. (2) County council…….… (3) Non-governmental
organization ……….…….… (4) Community based organizations.…..… (5) Youth
groups….…… (6) Others (please specify) ……………
6.4 Will the completion of the proposed Works under Coast Water Services Board help in
the conservation of the environment in the area? (1) Yes ……………… (2) No
……………….
6.5 If yes in what ways? ……………………………………..

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ANNEX 2: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (CONSULTATIVE FORUMS)

List of participants

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ANNEX 3: STAKEHOLDERS MINUTES

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR THE PROPOSED SUBPROJECTS UNDER THE SECOND

WATER & SANITATION SERVICES IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (WaSSIP-2)

MINUTES OF PUBLIC STAKEHOLDER MEETING HELD ON 11TH DECEMBER 2016 FROM 10:00
HRS AT JOMVU SCREW FARM PREMISES.

PRESENT: All members who attended the meeting are annexed to this minutes.
The meeting was called to order by the area chief at 10:30am and prayers were conducted
by Abdul Rahman Ngal.

Minute Deliberation Action By

1. Introduction of Consultant’s Team

The area chief introduced the stakeholders and the consultant team that
2. was present and gave a short brief of the purpose of the meeting.

Opening Remarks

Elijah Kimani gave opening remarks on the project and requested questions
to be directed to the consultant members present. He also emphasized on
3. the importance of community participation and encouraged the
participants to be free and open as their input was very valuable.

Outline of the RAP process

4. Elijah Kimani briefed the stakeholders on the RAP process;

history/background of the project; what necessitated the proposed works,
the follow-up process of RAP process and the measures put in place for the
smooth transition of the process.

Presentation of the proposed project to the stakeholders

5.
Elijah Kimani explained the existing main sewer system of the area and the
problems that had been identified in the trunk system and also in the
pumping stations in the west mainland. He also outlined articulately on the
proposed works that intended to fix the existing problems. He then
encouraged the participants to give their comments, opinions and views on
the proposed works.

Question & Answer session

Q1: Sophia Rada from Rabai Ndogo asked

a. Will the project include the local community in their works?

A: Elijah Kimani assured her that all project work will involve the community
and will be sympathetic to them. The community will be utilized in the non-
technical works so that they can own the project and be responsible in
taking care of it.

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Minute Deliberation Action By

Q2: Ramadhan Ali Ngudi from Mwamlai village asked

a. What environmental impact will the project have on them?

A: Elijah Kimani responded to this and stated that the project had put all
necessary measures to cushion the community on the negative impact of
the project. A comprehensive EIA report was conducted and its
recommendations will be followed to the letter to ensure their safety and
the preservation of their environment.

Q3: Hadija Omari from Mwamlai Village asked

a. Should the community expect air pollution during the project
implementation?
A: Joy Wasirimba assured her that the project intends to bring minimal
damages to the environment and the community at large and stamped on
Elijahs’ earlier comment on the measures put in place to cushion them.

Q4: Abdullahi Mohammed from Jomvi asked

a. When is the project intended to start?
A: Elijah Kimani replied and stated that the project was slated to start early
next year.

Q5: Sidi Charo from Mwamlai village asked

a. Some other projects have discriminated on the community and
favored big companies, will this project be the same?
A: Elijah Kimani replied and said mechanisms are in place to compensate all
project affected persons including home and business owners and further
mechanisms are also employed, influx management plan, that help ensure
that people relocated from the project site are well taken care of.
A: Joy Wasirimba also stated that the project as a whole will affect
companies, communities, farms etc. and the compensation and
resettlement plan will be accurately and justly measured. Discrimination
according to religion, race, education level or any other kind will not be part
of the project. Non-technical works will be done in collaboration with the
community.

Q6: Abdul Rahman Ngal asked

a. How else will the community benefit from this project?
A: Elijah Kimani stated that the community stands to gain a lot from this
project. Except being involved in the non-technical works, the community
will get its good environment back through this project. The community will
have an operational sewer system and the occurrence of diseases will go
down because of this.

Comment 1: Beja Charles Nguta who is a community leader commented:

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Minute Deliberation Action By

He is very satisfied with everything that has been planned and he is very happy
that the community has been involved. He also emphasized that the
community should be given first priority during implementation on the works
to be done.
A: Area chief also assured him that he will personally make that follow up
with the contractor.

AOB
1. Area chief requested all people who attended the meeting to issue
truthful reports to their fellow community members and spread the
word on the project on matters discussed and not issue negative
reports to spark controversy.

The meeting adjourned at 11:50pm with a word of prayer from the area
pastor.

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MINUTES OF PUBLIC STAKEHOLDER MEETING HELD ON 11TH DECEMBER 2016 FROM 12:00
HRS AT MIRITINI PUMP STATION PREMISES.

PRESENT: All members who attended the meeting are annexed to this minutes.

The meeting was called to order by the area chief at 12:00pm and prayers were conducted
by Charles Mwang’ombe.

Minute Deliberation Action

By
1. Introduction of Consultant’s Team & stakeholders

The area chief welcomed all participants the consultant team that was present
2. and gave a short brief of the purpose of the meeting. The other stakeholders
introduced themselves too.

Opening Remarks

Elijah Kimani – the lead consultant gave opening remarks on the project he
3. outlined the current status of the project and the proposed immediate works
needed to restore the sewer system. He also emphasized on the importance of
community participation and encouraged the participants to be free and open
as their input was very valuable.

4. Outline of the RAP process

Elijah Kimani briefed the stakeholders on the RAP process; history/background

of the project; what necessitated the proposed works, the follow-up process of
RAP process and the measures put in place for the smooth transition of the
process.

5. Presentation of the proposed project to the stakeholders

Elijah Kimani explained the existing main sewer system of the area and the
problems that had been identified in the trunk system and also in the pumping
stations in the west mainland. He also outlined articulately on the proposed
works that intended to fix the existing problems. He then encouraged the
participants to give their comments, opinions and views on the proposed
works.

Question & Answer session

Q1: Stephen Katana from Miritini Misufini asked

b. Will the project cause bad odor that will affect them?

A: Elijah Kimani assured her that all project work will cushion all persons
involved from air and general pollution to the environment.
Elijah Kimani further stated that the project had put all necessary measures to
cushion the community on the negative impact of the project. A comprehensive
EIA report was conducted and its recommendations will be followed to the
letter to ensure their safety and the preservation of their environment.
Q2: : Hamisi Harun from World Bank Village asked

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Minute Deliberation Action

By

b. Is the project handling a new line and what happened to previous

rehabilitations?

A: Joy Wasirimba stated that this was not a new project and that it was
rehabilitation of the existing waste water system. There were areas that had
been rehabilitated and those are not going to be in this project since they do
not have any issues. All areas in the main trunks and the pumping stations that
have issues are the ones that are going to be handled by this project.

Comment 1: Rehema Fuwe from Miritini asked

b. Is there going to be compensation for those affected?

A: Elijah Kimani replied and stated that part of his scope of work was identifying
the persons, businesses, houses or any other infrastructure that would be
affected. With this information, a detailed resettlement action plan will be laid
out as well as a compensation roster that will cater for all affected. He also
added that all will be compensated justly according to their damages

Q3: Stephen Ngudi Ndao from World Bank village asked

b. When was the project slated to start?

A: Elijah Kimani replied and stated that the project was slated to start early next
year.

c. How will local communities benefit from the project?

Elijah Kimani stated that the community stands to gain a lot from this project.
Except being involved in the non-technical works, the community will get its
good environment back through this project. The community will have an
operational sewer system and the occurrence of diseases will go down because
of this.

The community level committee will also be involved in the implementation of

the project. The women and youth will also be involved in project
implementation as most of the times they are forgotten.

Comment 1: Stephen Katana commented:

He is very satisfied with everything that has been planned and he is very happy
that the community has been involved. He also emphasized that the community
should be given first priority during implementation on the works to be done.

Comment 2: Area chief was very impressed that the consultant decided to
involve him and the community at large before any process and this will ensure
that the community is receptive of the project.

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Minute Deliberation Action

By
AOB
2. Area chief thanked all participants for their time and requested all
people who attended the meeting to issue truthful reports to their
fellow community members and spread the word on the project on
matters discussed and not issue negative reports to spark controversy.

The meeting adjourned at 01:30pm with a word of prayer from the area pastor.

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MINUTES OF PUBLIC STAKEHOLDER MEETING HELD ON 11TH DECEMBER 2016 FROM 02:00
HRS AT MKUPE-MIKINDANI PUMPING STATION PREMISES.

PRESENT: All members who attended the meeting are annexed to this minutes.
The meeting was called to order by the area chief at 02:00pm and prayers were conducted
by Rashid Juma.

Minute Deliberation Action By

1. Introduction of Consultant’s Team

The area chief –Ima Matano Mzee introduced the stakeholders and the
2. consultant team that was present and gave a short brief of the purpose of
the meeting.

Opening Remarks

3. Elijah Kimani gave opening remarks on the project and requested questions
to be directed to the consultant members present. He also emphasized on
the importance of community participation and encouraged the
participants to be free and open as their input was very valuable.

4. Outline of the RAP process

Elijah Kimani briefed the stakeholders on the RAP process;

history/background of the project; what necessitated the proposed works,
the follow-up process of RAP process and the measures put in place for the
smooth transition of the process.
5.
Presentation of the proposed project to the stakeholders

Elijah Kimani explained the existing main sewer system of the area and the
problems that had been identified in the trunk system and also in the
pumping stations in the west mainland. He also outlined articulately on the
proposed works that intended to fix the existing problems. He then
encouraged the participants to give their comments, opinions and views on
the proposed works.

Question & Answer session

Q1: Anderson Were from Bangladesh settlement asked

c. Some projects take long to be implemented, how long will this

take to start?

A: Elijah Kimani stated that the project works are stated to be ‘immediate’
because they are urgent works hence they will not take long. He further said
that the project works are intended to start by March 2016.

Q2: Paul Simba from Bangaldesh village asked

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Minute Deliberation Action By

b. What impact will the project have on them?

A: Elijah Kimani responded to this and stated that the project had put all
necessary measures to cushion the community on the negative impact of
the project. A comprehensive EIA report was conducted and its
recommendations will be followed to the letter to ensure their safety and
the preservation of their environment.

A: Joy Wasirimba also added that the project will impact those who are on
the trunk sewer lines or just next to the line. What obstructs the works to
the sewer system will be removed. Their infrastructure will be affected but
they will be fairly and justly compensated.

Comment 1: Halima Wanje from Mkupe Darajani Village commented

The Mikindani pumping station has not been operational for a long time and
raw sewage is passing by people’s houses. A bridge used by the community
where the sewage has been passing through has caused the bridge to rust
and be dangerous to all. However small works have been done to
rehabilitate it but they will not hold for a long time because of the passing
sewer. He encouraged the consultants to be hasty with the start of the
project to avoid accidents there.

There are also houses of community members falling down and people
being injures especially during the rainy season as a result of the galleys
created by the raw sewage passing down their houses. They should be
included in the compensation list.

A: Elijah Kimani assured her that the project intends to bring minimal
damages to the environment and the community at large and all to be
affected will be compensated.
Comment 2: Juma Abdallah from Mkupe commented
The raw soil erosion caused by the passing raw sewage has caused massive
soil erosion and deep galleys which cause accidents to people. He suggested
that the contractors pay key considerations to these environmental hazards
and restore the environment back.

A: Joy Wasirimba replied and stated that the project would take into
consideration the restoration of the environment caused by the damages of
the raw sewer passing through surface run off pass ways.
Comment 3: Karisa Kombe who is a community leader-Mkupe
commented:
He is very satisfied with everything that has been planned and he is very happy
that the community has been involved. He also emphasized that the
community should be given first priority during implementation on the works
to be done.

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Minute Deliberation Action By

A: Area chief also assured him that he will personally make that follow up
with the contractor.

AOB

3. The area chief cautioned the community members against conmen

who
Purport to come and extort money from unsuspecting villagers in
the hope that they will be compensated. They should only trust
reliable information given to them by her and other government
officials during public meetings.
4. Area chief requested all people who attended the meeting to issue
truthful reports to their fellow community members and spread the
word on the project on matters discussed and not issue negative
reports to spark controversy.

The meeting adjourned at 02:30pm with a word of prayer from the area
pastor.

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MINUTES OF PUBLIC STAKEHOLDER MEETING HELD ON 11TH DECEMBER 2016 FROM 04:00
HRS AT CHAANI SOCIAL HALL.

PRESENT: All members who attended the meeting are annexed to this minutes.
The meeting was called to order by the area chief at 04:00pm and prayers were conducted
by Kepha Kisingadi.

Minute Deliberation Action By

1. Introduction of Consultant’s Team

The area chief representative-Kepha Kisingadi introduced the stakeholders

2. and the consultant team that was present and gave a short brief of the
purpose of the meeting.

Opening Remarks

3. Elijah Kimani gave opening remarks on the project and requested questions
to be directed to the consultant members present. He also emphasized on
the importance of community participation and encouraged the
participants to be free and open as their input was very valuable.

4. Outline of the RAP process

Elijah Kimani briefed the stakeholders on the RAP process;

history/background of the project; what necessitated the proposed works,
the follow-up process of RAP process and the measures put in place for the
smooth transition of the process. He further explained that the importance
5. of this process to the success of the project.

Presentation of the proposed project to the stakeholders

Elijah Kimani explained the existing main sewer system of the area and the
problems that had been identified in the trunk system and also in the
pumping stations in the west mainland. He also outlined articulately on the
proposed works that intended to fix the existing problems. He then
encouraged the participants to give their comments, opinions and views on
the proposed works.

Question & Answer session

Q1: Richard Mutua from Kalahari asked

d. Compensation is always a source of conflict in many projects,

how will this project compensation scheme be handled.

A: Elijah Kimani explained that part of his assignment was to develop a

resettlement action plan (RAP) to identify who and what was to be affected.
This then would inform and advise the compensation and grievance redress
procedures for the project which would direct the compensation.

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The compensation criteria will be determined by the extent of damage to
the structure, holders of titles among others.

The compensation plan the will include all those affected by the proposed
works and it will be assed and conducted fairly to all affected without
discrimination.

b. What happens to those without legal documents for their land?

A: Those who are squatters will not be compensated for the land because
they do not own it but will be compensated fully for the damages to their
infrastructure. The compensation will also be timely and fast.

Q2: Sharif Juma from Kalahari village asked

c. What environmental impact will the project have on them?

A: Elijah Kimani responded to this and stated that the project had put all
necessary measures to cushion the community on the negative impact of
the project. A comprehensive EIA report was conducted and its
recommendations will be followed to the letter to ensure their safety and
the preservation of their environment.

Comment 1: The compensation claims should include those without legal

land documents and consider their swift resettlement.

Q3: John Makandi from Kalahari Village commented

Comment 2: There should be some sort of compensation on the disturbance

to the communities living along the sewer lines.

There should be compensation for impact on the families living adjacent to

the line as their lives will be affected.

A: Joy Wasirimba assured him that the compensation covers anyone to be

affected. Whether on the line or adjacent to the line.

Suggestion 1: Dismus Alemba from Kalahari commented

There should be no removal of persons that are affected before

compensation is completed to avoid chaos during implementation. They
should also be given enough time to resettle back to their lives.

Suggestion 2: During rehabilitation, the contractor should ensure that the

systems are litter proof so that the sewer system can hold for longer
without any issues.

A: Elijah Kimani reaffirmed to the participants that all their suggestions have
been noted and will be put into consideration.

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Minute Deliberation Action By

Q4: Mwanawiri from Kalahari village asked

d. Some other projects have discriminated on the community will

this project be the same?

A: Elijah Kimani replied and said mechanisms are in place to compensate all
project affected persons including home and business owners and further
mechanisms are also employed, influx management plan, that help ensure
that people relocated from the project site are well taken care of.

A: Joy Wasirimba also stated that the project as a whole will affect
companies, communities, farms etc. and the compensation and
resettlement plan will be accurately and justly measured. Discrimination
according to religion, race, education level or any other kind will not be part
of the project. Non-technical works will be done in collaboration with the
community.

Q6: Nzuki Kimuli suggested

Suggestion 3:

More stakeholder meetings should be held before implementation of the

project to popularize the project so that the community all gets on board
and that they are no setbacks during implementation.

A: Elijah Kimani stated that the community stands to gain a lot from this
project. Except being involved in the non-technical works, the community
will get its good environment back through this project. The community will
have an operational sewer system and the occurrence of diseases will go
down because of this.

There was no AOB.

The meeting adjourned at 05:30pm with a word of prayer from the chief
representative.

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ANNEX 4: PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

Mkupe (MIkindani) Consultative meeting held on 11th December 2016

Figure 9-1 Chaani (Chaani social hall) Consultative meeting held on 11th December 2016

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Figure 9-2 Miritini (Miritini pump station) Consultative meeting held on 12th December 2016

Figure 9-3: Jomvu (Screw pump compound) Consultative meeting held on 12th December 2016

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Figure 9-4 Chaani (Chaani social hall) Consultative meeting held on 11th December 2016

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Figure 9-5 Miritini (Miritini pump station) Consultative meeting held on 12 th December 2016

Figure 9-6: Jomvu (Screw pump compound) Consultative meeting held on 12th December 2016

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ANNEX 5: GRIEVANCES AND APPEALS

Introduction

The proposed project will infringe on peoples’ right to property and/or livelihood and
readjustment to new life conditions as such the resettlement process is bound to elicit
grievances from the PAPs or from other interested parties. It is therefore imperative to
have a workable grievance redress mechanism to take care of any such disputes arising
from the resettlement so that they do not have an adverse effect on the project. This
chapter briefly outlines a mechanism for settling the anticipated disputes.

Possible Sources of Grievances

Some of the issues that may elicit disputes in the resettlement process include:

 Failure to understand the essence of the project and the need for the proposed
resettlement
 Clerical errors in data entry that leads to delays in processing of compensation for
the PAP
 Emerging issues such change in estate administration of affected properties
causing delays to payment of compensation
 Disputed ownership of an affected asset particularly where documentation is not
reliable
 Rejection of a compensation award considered not adequate and representative of
market value
 Handling of cultural issues where there are no clearly agreed precedents such as
relocation of graves or payment for compensation in a polygamous marriage

Role of the Grievance Redress Committee (GRC)

The main function of the Grievance Redress Committee is to provide a forum for the PAPs
to air their dissatisfaction arising from the compensation or implementation process of the
project. This is an informal forum within the Resettlement Committee to fast-track
addressing of emerging issues in a project that can derail a smooth implementation of a
project. The Committee will be receiving complaints from the PAPs through the project
office either verbally or in writing and will then endeavour to address the issue to the
satisfaction of the complainant. If the matter cannot be addressed to the satisfaction of
the complainant within the prescribed period, the complainant then may have recourse to
the Resettlement Committee. Failure to be satisfied, the complainant reserves the right to
seek redress from the Court of law that is lengthy and costly in most cases.

The GRC will compile registers of all complaints received from the PAPs at the project
office, the actions taken and the decisions arrived at. Initially, the Resident Engineer and
his staff with secretariat of the GRC will handle the complaint. Failure to arrive at a
satisfactory answer, then the RE will refer the matter to the GRC that meets periodically.
Whereas the GRC is constituted of people outside the Project Office of the Resident
Engineer, the latter will be a co-opted member together with the Contractors
representative for expeditious resolution of the complaints regarding the project.

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Grievance Redress Sub-Committee

A Grievance Redress Sub–Committee will be formed within the Project Resident Engineers
Office. They shall address the issues in the following manner:

 Register the grievances raised by the PAPs; and

 Address the grievances forwarded by the RC/PAPs representatives.

The Grievance Redress Sub-Committee shall try as much as possible to arrive at a

compromise on complaints raised. This may be obtained through a series of mediation and
negotiation/arbitration exercises conducted with the individual PAP. If the PAP accepts the
recommendations made by the committee, the committee along with a PAP who is willing
to take part in these proceedings may hold mediations at the appointed places.

Dispute Procedure

The filing of grievances for accurate record keeping is important. If the complainant is not
able to express his/her complaint in writing, he/she can be assisted by a local leader
(preferably who is also a member of the Committee) to file the complaint at the complaints
desk in the project office. To ease follow-up, each complaint will be registered and
assigned a unique reference number. The Office will then evaluate the application and
determine whether the issue can be handled administratively or the Committee has to
meet over the matter.

Where the Committee has to be convened, all its proceedings are recorded and minutes
prepared of the deliberations. The minutes have to be confirmed at the next meetings and
authenticated by the full sitting. All the signed minutes and the resolutions of the GRC are
implemented as agreed and without delay so as not to impact negatively on the project
implementation plan. Some issues that arise in-course of the project implementation are
dealt with as they arise.

Initially, it is proposed that the Grievance Redress Committee should meet on scheduled
days per week that the public is aware of to receive and address any complaints that are
filed by the community and the PAPs. The Committee should also receive reports on any
matters that have been dealt with administratively, having been considered not necessary
to receive their participation. The frequency of the meetings will diminish as the issues to
be addressed decrease and the meetings may now be scheduled on periodic basis until the
project is completed.

Failure to Resolve Disputes

If the Grievance Redress Sub-Committee fails to resolve the disputes with the PAPs, an
independent third party will be sought so as to resolve the issue. This party may be an
arbitrator. If the matter is still not resolved, the aggrieved parties may move to court to
settle the matter. However all legal fees for each party must be met by the party members.

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Role of PAP’s Representatives in Grievance Redress Committee

The PAPs officials headed by a chairman elected by the PAPs shall carry out the following
responsibilities as regards redressing grievances:

 Hear the grievances of the PAPs and provide an early solution to those they are able
to;
 Immediately bring any serious matters to the attention of the RC; and
 Inform the aggrieved parties about the progress of their grievances and the
decisions made by the RC.

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ANNEX 6: CHANCE FINDS PROCEDURE

Chance find procedures are an integral part of the project EMMP and civil works contracts.
The following is proposed in this regard:

If the Contractor discovers archeological sites, historical sites, remains and objects,
including graveyards and/or individual graves during excavation or construction, the
Contractor shall:

 Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find;

 Delineate the discovered site or area;
 Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of
removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be arranged until
the responsible local authorities or the Ministry of State for National Heritage
and Culture take over;
 Notify the supervisor, Project Environmental Officer and Project Engineer who
in turn will notify the responsible local authorities and the Ministry of State for
National Heritage and Culture immediately (within 24 hours or less);

Responsible local authorities and the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture
would then be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on
subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the
findings to be performed by the archaeologists of the National Museums of Kenya. The
significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various
criteria relevant to cultural heritage, namely the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research,
social and economic values.

Decisions on how to handle the find shall be taken by the responsible authorities and the
Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture. This could include changes in the layout
(such as when finding irremovable remains of cultural or archaeological importance)
conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage.

Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall
be communicated in writing by relevant local authorities.

Construction work may resume only after permission is given from the responsible local
authorities or the Ministry of State for National Heritage and Culture concerning safeguard
of the heritage.

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