# 🧬 Human Digestive System: Structure and Function (NEET Biology Notes) Angular
Quantities
Linear Rotational
Displacement (x) Angular Displacement (θ)
Velocity (v) Angular Velocity (ω)
Acceleration (a) Angular Acceleration (α)
Mass (m) Moment of Inertia (I)
Force (F) Torque (τ)
Linear Momentum (p) Angular Momentum (L)
🧠 2. Angular Kinematics (No Torque, No Friction)
If angular acceleration (α) is constant, we can use the same equations as linear motion:
θ = ω₀t + (1/2)αt²
ω = ω₀ + αt
ω² = ω₀² + 2αθ
θ = (ω + ω₀)/2 × t
Here, θ is in radians, not degrees. (360° = 2π rad)
3. Moment of Inertia (I)
This is the rotational analog of mass. It tells you how hard it is to spin something.
Formula:
I=∑miri2I = \sum m_ir_i^2
Where:
mim_i = mass of a small element
rir_i = distance from axis of rotation
Standard Moment of Inertia Values:
Body Axis Moment of Inertia
Ring Through center MR²
Disc Through center (1/2)MR²
Rod Through center (1/12)ML²
Rod End (1/3)ML²
Sphere Through center (2/5)MR²
Use these like a cheat code. Many MCQs test just formula memory.
Parallel Axis Theorem:
Used when rotation is not through center of mass.
I=Icm+Md2I = I_{\text{cm}} + Md^2
Where:
IcmI_{\text{cm}} = Moment of Inertia about center of mass
dd = distance between axes
Perpendicular Axis Theorem (for planar bodies):
Iz=Ix+IyI_z = I_x + I_y
Useful for discs and plates.
🔁 4. Torque (τ)
Just like force causes acceleration in linear motion, torque causes angular acceleration.
τ=r×F=rFsinθ\tau = r \times F = rF\sin\theta
Formula:
If force is perpendicular to the radius vector: τ=rF\tau = rF
Also:
τ=Iα\tau = I\alpha (Rotational Newton’s Second Law)
🧲 5. Angular Momentum (L)
Defined as:
L=IωL = I\omega
or
L=r×pL = r \times p (for particles)
Conservation of Angular Momentum: If no external torque, then
Linitial=LfinalL_{\text{initial}} = L_{\text{final}}
Example: A ballet dancer spinning faster when pulling hands inward—I decreases, ω
increases.
🔥 6. Rolling Motion
Condition for rolling without slipping:
v=Rωv = R\omega
Total Kinetic Energy = Translational + Rotational
KE=12Mv2+12Iω2KE = \frac{1}{2}Mv^2 + \frac{1}{2}I\omega^2
🧪 7. Common Problems & Tricks
1. Pulley Problems
Treat the pulley’s moment of inertia seriously when it's not massless.
2. Falling Rod
Always analyze torque about the point of contact.
3. Inclined Plane with Rolling Object
Use energy conservation including rotational KE.
📝 8. JEE-Level Problem Example
Q: A solid sphere of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping down an inclined plane of
height h. Find its velocity at the bottom.
Solution:
Energy conservation: mgh=12mv2+12Iω2mgh = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 + \frac{1}{2}I\omega^2
For solid sphere: I=25MR2,v=RωI = \frac{2}{5}MR^2, \quad v = R\omega
mgh=12mv2+12⋅25MR2⋅(vR)2mgh = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{5}MR^2
\cdot \left(\frac{v}{R}\right)^2
mgh=12mv2+15mv2=710mv2mgh = \frac{1}{2}mv^2 + \frac{1}{5}mv^2 = \frac{7}
{10}mv^2
v=10gh7v = \sqrt{\frac{10gh}{7}}
Answer: 10gh7\boxed{\sqrt{\frac{10gh}{7}}}
🧵 9. Important Tips for JEE
Focus on understanding torque intuitively—think of opening a door.
Always check if slipping is happening. Many traps are based on friction conditions.
Know all standard I values by heart.
Practice mixed questions where translational and rotational happen together.
