Understanding Minimum

phase and All Pass

Systems in Z-Domain.
Created by : 2008010
What Is Minimum Phase System?
A minimum phase system is a system where both the system and its inverse are
stable, and all its poles and zeros lie inside the unit circle in the z-domain. The
key characteristic is that it has the smallest possible group delay for a given
magnitude response. The transfer function of a minimum phase system is:

Click This text and See The magic

where Zi are the zeros and Pi​are the poles, all inside the unit circle. Figure-1:Demostration of Min Phase system (up) and its inverse(down)

What Is All-Pass System?

An all-pass system has a magnitude response of 1 across all frequencies, meaning it passes all
frequencies equally but alters the phase. Its transfer function is given by:

where Zi* are the complex conjugates of the zeros inside the unit circle.
Pole Zero Reflection: For every zero Outside the UNit Circle,There is Corresponding Pole inside the Unit Circle for All Pass System.

These systems are often used to adjust phase without affecting amplitude. Figure-2:Gain and Phase Response of All pass system.

Any System can be defined by the Z-domain MultiplicationOf the Hmin(z) and Hall(z) systems
H(z)=Hmin(z)xHall(z)
 Z -Plane
Z -Plane
x Z -Plane
x x
x

x x

H-min(z) H-all(z)

Bring Corresponding Conjugate pairs(For Poles

Bring Everything inside the Unit
bring zeros and vice-versa.)inside the unit circle
Circle from Outside.
just for the poles and Zeroes That are Outside the
unit circle.
H(z) Notice that The zero on the x-axis is not

x
Z -Plane denoted,because it is already denoted in H-min,
Poles x Repeating here will also repeat 2 Zeroes at the
x same point in H(z)=Hmin(z)xHall(z)
Zeroes
x

x x

H(z)=Hmin(z)xHall(z)
Multiplication of Hmin (z) with Hall(z) in Z-Domain
Retains the Original Function H(z)

Thus any system can be Expressed with Multiplication of Minimum Phase System Hmin(z) and All pass System Hall(z).
Q. Find the Min Phase and All Pass sytem for the System below

Z -Plane Z -Plane
Z -Plane
Solution: x

x x

x
H-all(z)
H-min(z) Bring Corresponding Conjugate pairs(For Poles
bring zeros and vice-versa.)inside the unit circle
Bring Everything inside the Unit Circle from Outside.
just for the poles and Zeroes That are Outside the
unit circle.
H(z) Notice that The zero on the x-axis is not
denoted,because it is already denoted in H-min,
Z -Plane
x
Repeating here will also repeat 2 Zeroes at the
same point in H(z)=Hmin(z)xHall(z)
Poles
Zeroes x

x x
x

H-all(z)
H-min(z)
H(z)=Hmin(z)xHall(z)