Railway Traction Supply with PV integration for Power Quality

Issues

Mohamed Rageh, Auguste Ndtoungou, Abdelhamid Hamadi and Kamal Al-Haddad

(1)
Canada Research Chair in Energy Conversion and Power Electronics CRC-ECPE
École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec H3C 1K3, Canada
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: This paper investigates Power-quality improvement of the harmonics on TPSS [7-11]. Yet another crucial issue affecting HSR
traction power-supply system (TPSS) of the trains. The integration of systems is the unbalance which occurs naturally in traction loads. For
renewable energy and distributed generation to railway trains supply traction transformers which are characterized as three-phase to two-
systems combined to the power quality constitutes technically a major phase or three-phase to single-phase, the traction current’s unbalance
contribution in the paper. The present work deals with the design and results in negative-sequencing components that are similar to positive-
control of PV solar and two single-phase five level inverters associated sequence components. A proposed configuration in figure 1 combining
with LeBlanc transformer to supply two single phases’ loads and a three-phase grid, LeBlanc transformer, two single phases five levels
generate a 750 V for utilities for the train. The supply of railway inverters and a PV solar for multitasking use was proposed
system from three-phase grid to two phases constitutes a challenge Therefore, this study aims to fill the research gap by addressing PQ
when the loads in the train side are unbalanced. The proposed issues across TPSS for HSR systems. A configuration is developed as
configuration ensures complete compensation of unbalanced loads, the a means to enhance PQ on the grid side by using compensators for
reactive power, and the current harmonics in three phase grid system. currents imbalance, power factor corrections, and current harmonics.
The control of both inverters uses a sliding mode and an indirect To validate our proposed configuration’s compensation, we will use
control respectively. The first inverter control regulates the dc bus nonlinear and sliding control as well as multi-level inverters [12-16],
voltage, compensates the reactive and the current harmonics for the demonstrating that Scott/LeBlanc methods that transition from three-
correspondent phase. The second indirect control applied to the second phase to two-phase transforms can be successfully employed in
inverter compensates the reactive, the unbalance secondary current and railway systems.
the current harmonics for the correspondent phase. The current II. System Configurations
balance between the two single-phase sources ensures a balance of
three phase’s current in the grid side. The proposed system is modeled; The system configuration shown in Figure 1 is dedicated to supply
simulated using Matlab Simulink/Power Systems and the performance through three phase’s grid two single-phase five level inverters
of the proposed system is analyzed and discussed. associated with LeBlanc transformer two single phases’ loads and
generating a 750 V for utilities for the train. A PV solar is
Index Terms— LeBlanc transformer, Concordia transformation, interconnected in dc side to share the supply power or to inject the
Active filter, Inverter, PV solar, sliding mode control, indirect control. excess power not used in the loads to the main grid. This configuration
helps to balance the current in grid side when the secondary loads are
I. Introduction unbalanced.
The use a LeBlanc transformer alters three-phase systems either to two
A power supply system which has enjoyed relative popularity over the single-phase power supplies or to two-phase power supplies as a result
years is the single-phase, AC traction power supply system (TPSS). of the transformer’s asymmetrical winding construction and
However, despite its widespread use, the TPSS is known to have connections. In general, LeBlanc transformers are widely used in two-
numerous problems with power quality (PQ) that involve dynamic phase system power supplies and are considered a more viable
loading fluctuation with more recently manufactured trains as well as approach than Scott transformers with regard to balancing,
nonlinearity. The specific PQ problems, which include low-frequency maintenance, high voltage winding connections and other core
voltage fluctuation, unbalance and harmonics are having a negative features.
impact on utility power systems and traction electrical devices [1-5].
For instance, PQ issues could affect railway communications (e.g., III. DESIGN OF A LEBLAANC TRANSFORMER
signaling) or even an entire high-speed rail (HSR) control system.
Given the potential economic and safety issues inherent in PQ Figure 2 shows a LeBlanc transformer connection, with the three
problems, research needs to be done to develop resolutions that will transformers depicted as A, B and C. As can be seen, the primary
improve both the stability and reliability of the TPSS through better winding and standard three-phase transformer are the same, and both
power quality, particularly in electric and high-speed railway systems. are typically delta-connected as a means to prevent third-harmonic
To date, researchers have been investigating solutions to PQ problems currents from back flowing into the system. Transforming the three-
that apply technologies addressing mitigation, such as active phase to a two-phase system requires five asymmetrical windings on
compensation schemes. Active compensation approaches would focus the secondary one. Equations (1) and (2) formulate the voltages of the
on reactive power, unbalance and harmonics issues. Specifically, windings’ ratios using Kirchhoff’s and Ohm’s laws [17], as follows:
problems around resonance and harmonics can cause an increase in the N2 N
extent of the harmonics being introduced upstream in the power vL1 = (v CA − v AB ) = − 2 Vmax sin(ω t) (1)
3N1 N1
system, leading to overvoltage within the TPSS, including at train
N2 N π
pantographs. Compensation methods involve harmonic analysis, vL 2 = (2vBC − v AB − v CA ) = 2 Vmaxsin(ω t − ) (2)
harmonic modelling, harmonic analysis methods, and the impact of 3 3N 1 N1 2

978-1-5090-6684-1/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 1436

 i s1 iL1
L1

ia vL1 R1

L F1
2 N2
N1 3 N1
vabc
s1 s1
PV SOLAR SINGLE PHASE
s3 s2 s3 s2

ib 1 N2
FIVE LEVEL 1

Boost
3 N1 D2 D1
N1 i pv L
1 N2
Cdc1 C dc2
3 N1 S C DC bus -Vdc

ic 1 N2
D1 D2

3 N1
SINGLE PHASE
N1 1 N2
3 N1 is2 FIVE LEVEL 2 s2
s1
s3 s2
s1
s3

LF2

vL2
L2

i L2 R2

Fig.1 Circuit Topology of the system

Figure 2 illustrates LeBlanc transformer’s validation, showing (from Figure 3 shows tree-phase grid voltage vs(abc), three-phase line
the top down) grid voltages (Vsabc), grid currents (isabc) and two voltage vsL(abc) and two secondary phase voltage VL1 and VL2. The
secondary voltages (VL1 & VL2). As can be seen, LeBlanc transformer simulation results shows that LeBlanc transformer connection validate
has converted the three phase primary voltage to two secondary the transformation of voltage from three-phase to two phase shifted by
voltage shifted by 90°. 90°.
LEBLANC TRANSF ORM ER
LeBlanc transformer can be modeled using Concordia transformation
N2
as shown in Figure 4; the matrix transformation is given by:
3
N1
1 1
N2
1 − − va
MA IN G RID
3
vL1 2 N2 2 2
= vb (3)
vL 2 3 N1 3 3
v L1 0 − vc
2 2
2N2
N1 2 N2 1 1
3
vL1 = (va − vb − vc ) (4)
3 N1 2 2

vL2 2 N2 3 3
vL 2 = ( vb − vc ) (5)
N2
3
3 N1 2 2
N1
N2
3

Fig. 2 Transformer representation of LeBlanc transformer

Fig. 3 Input/output voltage of LeBlanc transformer Fig. 4 Transformer connection based on Concordia transformation

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 • vs1 − d eq v dc di f 1* vs1 − d eq v dc di f 1*
σ = k2 − = − =0 (12)
Lf dt Lf dt

The equivalent control law found is given by:

di f *
−vs + L f
d eq = dt (13)
v dc
The total control law is given by:
d = d eq + k1 sgn (σ ) (14)
The control scheme for the first inverter is shown in figure 7
Comparator

deq
Fig. 5 Input/output voltage of LeBlanc transformer vs Eq.13
vdc
sin t
vdc dc
i f*1
To gating signal

The validation of LeBlanc using Concordia transformation v(abc) to vdc* PI

controller
u if0 k1 dS
ds d Switching of inverter1
Vs1max table
VL1&VL2 is shown in figure 5. vdc
i f1
Load current Discrete iLH
iL Fourier
IV. SLIDING MODE CONTROL OF FIRST INVERTER iL_fundamental
Fig.7 control scheme for the five level inverter1
The modeling of the first inverter uses Kirchhoff’s voltage and current
dynamic equations are given by: [15] Stability analysis
di f 1
Lf = vs1 − d1v (6) To ensure the stability of the sliding mode over the entire state space
dt dc

of the system, let’s choose a Lyapunov function as:

dvdc
Cdc = d1i f 1 (7) 1
dt V = σσ T (15)
2
Where
One must show that a Lyapunov function is strictly positive definite, if
vs1: secondary voltage for phase a
its derivative is negative definite.
if1: inverter current
*
Cdc: capacitor of dc bus voltage V
•
=σσ =σ
•
k2
−d vdc + vs1 di f 1
−
Lf: Inductor of the inverter Lf dt
d1: control law
• • −d eq vdc + vs1 di f 1* k1 sign(σ ) k1 k2
V =σσ =σ k2 − − =− σ .sign(σ ) (16)
Lf dt Lf Lf
Applying a sliding mode approach, the sliding surface is defined as,
Using the inequality: .sign( )<=| |
σ = k2 ( i f 1 − i f 1* ) (8)
• k1 k2 σ
V = − k1 k2 σ . sign (σ ) ≤ − (17)
Lf Lf
The generation of the current reference of the active filter i f 1* is
explained through the equations 9, 10 and 11 and summarized in This inequality (17) will be satisfied by appropriately selecting the
Figure 6. sliding mode parameters k1>0 and k2>0.The convergence rate of the
state variables will depend on this selection. The stability condition is
satisfied.
dv dc dv dc vˆs1
Cdc = di f 1 = if 1 = if 0 (9)
dv v dc v dc V. INDIRECT CONTROL OF THE SECOND ACTIVE
dv vˆ
FILTER
Cdc dc = i f 10 s1 = uv (10)
dt v dc
The indirect control as shown in Figure 8 is chosen for the second
v dc inverter; it ensures a dc bus voltage regulation, a current harmonic
i f 10 = uv (11)
vˆs1 compensation and unbalance load compensation [15].

+ uv vdc if0 sin t

Vdc* PI Controller vdc
*
PI

-
controller
vs
vdc i*s2 To gating signal
is2 PI Current Switching of inverter2
Controller table
vdc is1
is2
Fig.6 control diagram for the current reference
Fig.8 Control scheme for the inverter2
The derivative of the sliding surface gives:

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 VI. SLIDING MODE CONTROL OF DC-DC
CONVERTER

The sliding mode control is applied to the DC-DC Boost converter

shown in Figure 9 to extract a maximum power from the PV solar and
an algorithm perturbation and observation is performed to track an Fig.10 Control scheme for Boost converter
optimal current corresponding to the maximum power in the PV solar
[15].
D VII. SIMULATION RESULTS
iL L vout
The proposed control strategy is validated using MATLAB/Power
S C1 Systems. The specification parameters used for simulation are shown
vPv v dc in Table I.

Fig.9 Boost Converter Table I

Specification Parameters for Stand Load System
The dynamic equation of the boost is given by Primary line voltage and VsL = 600 V (rms); fs=
frequency 60Hz
di L
L = v dc − (1 − d ) v pv (18) Secondary voltage Vs = 370 V (rms)
dt DC bus voltage Vdc=750 V
Applying a sliding mode approach, the sliding surface is defined as,
Single-phase nonlinear load RL=5 Ω, Lf= 50 mH
σ = k1 ( iL − i pv *
) (19) RC filter RL=20 Ω,, Cf=30 F
The derivative of the sliding surface gives,
Figure 11 depicts the system’s dynamic response to the inclusion of
• vdc − d eq v pv di pv*
σ = k1 − =0 (20) PV solar renewable power. As can be seen, MPPT has been performed
Lf dt as a means to obtain maximum power out of PV solar, while the
The equivalent control law is: system has been tested using solar irradiation variations. The dc bus
di pv * voltage is perfectly regulated. Figure 12 illustrates the grid current
L − vdc THD as 2.55% and the load current THD as 30.25%.
d eq = dt (21)
v pv In figure 13, the dynamic response during load variation in one
secondary side, shows good performances of power balance in the
The total control law is defined as follows: secondary side and harmonics compensation.
d = d eq − K1 sgn (σ ) (22) In figure 14, the unbalance loads are also validated by balancing the
The sliding mode control scheme is shown in Figure 10. current in grid side.

Fig 11. Dynamic response during PV solar variation

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 a) b)
Fig.12. Harmonic spectrum for the a) load current in phase 1 and b) the grid current

Fig.13. Dynamic response load variation applied to the phase 2

Fig.14. Simulation results with unbalanced load

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 VIII. CONCLUSION [11] H. Akagi, “Control strategy and site selection of a shunt active
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