•

•
•
 Chapter 4
.
 `
• `
•
 Chapter 4 Contents
• Phonology ( definition)
• Phonemes
• allophones
• Minimal pairs
• minimal sets
• Complementary distribution
• Free variation
• Assimilation
• Elision
• Phonotactic
 Chapter 4 Contents

• Syllables
 Closed syllables
 Open syllables
 Consonant clusters
• onset
• Rhyme ( rime)
• Rime= Nucleus (vowel)+ coda ( final cons.)
• Coarticulation effects
 Lesson 1
.
 Lesson 1 Content
• Linguistics Areas

• Phonology and Phonetics ( in Arabic and English)

• Differences between Phonology and Phonetics

• Phonetics Areas

• Phonology Areas
 Linguistics

Linguistics

pragmatics

Semantics
Phonetics

Syntax

Phonology
Morphology

12
 Phonetics

Phonetics

Articulatory Acoustics
‫نطق األصوات‬ Auditory ‫ذبذبات الصوت‬
‫سماع األصوات‬ ‫وموجاته وشدته‬

13
 Phonetics
Three Areas of Phonetics ‫ثالثة مجاالت‬
.
Articulatory: the branch of phonetics dealing with the production of the sounds of speech

Auditory: the branch of phonetics dealing with the reception of speech.

Acoustics: the branch of phonetics dealing with the sounds of speech in terms of
their frequency, duration, intensity, etc.,

14
‫أٌن نجد الفونتكس فً اللغة العربٌة؟‬

‫مخارج‬
‫الحروف‬
‫مخارج الحروف‪Phonetics /‬‬
‫أٌن نجد الفونولجً فً اللغة العربٌة؟‬

‫أحكام‬
‫التجويد‬
‫أحكام التجوٌد ‪Phonolgy‬‬
 ‫أمثلة على أحكام التجوٌد‪Phonology /‬‬
‫إدغام‬ ‫• من ٌشاء= مٌشاء‬
‫إدغام بغنة‬ ‫• من مسد = ممسد‬
‫إخفاء‬ ‫• عن صالتهم‬
‫هنا نتكلم عن تأثٌر األصوات على بعضها‪ ،‬وهل ٌؤثر النطق على المعنى؟‬
‫هنا ال ٌؤثر على المعنى ولكن فقط اختالف فً النطق لجعل القراءة أجمل وأجود‪.‬‬
‫العلم الذي ٌدرس عالقة األصوات ببعضها وهل ٌتأثر المعنى أم ال‪ ،‬هذا العلم ٌسمى‬
‫فً اللغة االنجلٌزٌة ‪Phonology‬‬
‫أمثلة على اختالف المعنى‪Phonology /‬‬
‫• ٌسجد‬
‫• نسجد‬
‫• تسجد‬
‫هنا بدلنا صوتا ً مكان صوت‪ ،‬وهل تأثر المعنى؟‬
‫نعم‪ ،‬تأثر المعنى‪ ،‬لماذا؟ ألن الٌاء والنون والتاء أصوات‬
‫مختلفة عن بعضها البعض‪.‬‬
‫وهذا ٌدخل أٌضا ً فً باب الفونولوجً ‪Phonology‬‬
 Phonetics Vs Phonology
‫تذكروا أننا نتعامل مع أصوات ولٌس مع حروف‬
http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/PHONOLOGY1.htm

Articulatory Phonetics Phonology

Articulatory Phonetics is "the Phonology analyzes the sound

study of the production of system of a particular language by
speech sounds by humans, determining which phonetic sounds
are significant.
regardless of language.

Phonetics is about the physical Phonology is about the abstract (in

aspect of sounds, which are mind) aspect of sounds and it
called phones studies phonemes make difference
in meaning.

Phonetic transcriptions of Phonemic transcriptions

sounds are done using the adopt the slashes, / /
square brackets, [ ] /p/, /b/
[ p ], [ b ].
 Examples on
Phonetics and Phonology
I want to know how to pronounce/produce the sounds/ phones [ b ] and [p]. I
go to phonetics. It tells me:
 [ b ] sound is bilabial, plosive/stop and voiced
 [ p ] sound is bilabial, plosive/stop and voiceless

However, I go to phonology (not phonetics) if I want to know whether the

sounds / b / and /p/ change the meaning in words like:
bray: pray in English Yes (/p/, /b/= two distinctive phonemes)
bebsi: Pepsi in Arabic No ([ p ] allophone for phoneme /b/)
Phonology Areas ً‫مجاالت الفونولوج‬

Phonology
Assimilation
Phonemes
Elision

Allophones
Intonation
Minimal
Stress Syllables
pairs

23
 Phonology Definitions
• Phonology is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds
in a language.
• Phonology tells us what sounds are in a language, how they do and can
combine into words, and explains why certain phonetic features are
important to identifying a word.
 Phonology is concerned with the abstract set of sounds in a language that
allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and
hear.

• https://www.slideshare.net/simply_kiim/the-sound-patterns-of-language
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 `
• `
 Lesson 2
.
 Lesson 2 Content
• Phonemes

• Minimal Pairs

• Minimal Sets
 `
• `
 Phonemes
• Phoneme is the smallest unit of language which makes difference in
meaning.
• Phoneme is a set of allophones.
• An essential property of a phoneme is that it functions contrastively.
 A phoneme is a distinct speech sound in a language
‫ خذ مثال‬،ً‫والفونٌم هو صوت لو غٌرناه فً كلمة تغٌر معنى الكلمة كلٌا‬
Sat /S/
Cat /K/
‫وفً العربٌة كذلك‬
‫رجل صالح‬
‫رجل طالح‬
 More Examples on Phonemes

Initially Transcription Phonemes

breeze freeze bri:z fri:z /b/ , /f/ Phonemes

Middle
bell bill bel bɪl /e/, /ɪ/ Phonemes

End
had hat had hat /d/, /t/ Phonemes
 `
• `
 Minimal Pairs
.
Minimal pairs are pairs of words which vary in a single speech
sound at a single location in the word (e.g. [sæt] and [kæt]).
‫ هما كلمتان متشابهتان فً كل شًء ما عدا فً صوت واحد فً نفس المكان‬: ‫تعرٌفها‬
‫ التعامل مع الكلمات على أساس األصوات ولٌس على أساس‬: ‫مالحظة مهمة‬
come: /kʌm/ ‫الحروف‬
gum : / ɡʌm/
 Important in Minimal Pairs
‫شروط ٌجب توفرها‬

Remember, the restrictions on minimal pairs are:

1. The two words have different meanings
2. Only one sound is different
3. The words have the same number of sounds
4. The sound that is different is in the same exact environment ( place)
in both words
Example:
“rewind” and “resigned” different number of letters, but same sounds
except one sound :(ri:wajnd, ri:zajnd). This makes them a minimal
pair.
 Minimal Pairs
 pray bray
 park bark
 bell bill
 pen pin
 freeze breeze
 Minimal Pairs and Minimal Sets
Examples on minimal pairs
(bad, mad), ( thick, sick), (bell, bill)

Examples on minimal sets:

(big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig.)
( bad, sad, had, dad,mad)
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 `
• `
 Lesson 3
.
 Lesson 3 Content

• Allophones
 `
• `
 Phonemes and Allophones
What is an allophone?
One of two or more variants of the same phoneme in a language. It
doesn‟t change meaning.

• pen pʰ ( strong puff/aspiration)) P

Phoneme
• Spin P (weak puff )

• Stop p̚ (No puff)

p̚
pʰ
allophone p allophone

allophone
 Phonemes and Allophones
Aspiration changes meaning in Thai, but not in
English.
pʰ en pen (No change in meaning)
ph ai (“danger”) pai (“to go”) Changes meaning

So
/pʰ/ and /p/ are phonemes in Thai, but allophones in
English
 Phonemes and Allophones
A phoneme is a set of allophones
• The words: ten (ten, [tʰ] ), writer (ˈraɪtər, [D)
• eighth (eɪtθ), [t̪] ), bottle (ˈbɒtl , , [?] ) , night (naɪt, [t̚.])

Phoneme /t/ [t̚.]) night

[?]bottle

[tʰ] ten [D]writer [t̪]eighth

Allophone allophone allophone
 Allophones in Arabic
make problems for English Learners
( /P/ and /b/ Phonemes in English, but Allophones in Arabic)
/P/ & /b/ are two distinctive phonemes in English
pary: ً‫ٌُصل‬
bray: ‫ٌُنهق‬
In Arabic
{P} & {b} are allophones for the phoneme /b/
ً‫ بٌبس‬:‫مثال‬
Pepsi bebsi

The problem arises when we pronounce :pray as bray.

Where can I bray? He means “ Where can I pray?
‫ وهنا تحصل‬.(‫ على أنه ألفون ) كما هو عندنا‬،‫إذا ً المشكلة أننا نتعامل مع الفونٌم فً اللغة االنجلٌزٌة‬
.‫المشكلة عندما نكتشف أننا غٌرنا المعنى ووقعنا فً موقف محرج‬
 Allophones in Japanese
make problems for English Learners
( /r/ and /l/ Phonemes in English, but Allophones in Japanese)
/r/ & /l/ are two distinctive phonemes in English
Rice: ‫أرز‬
lice: ‫قمل‬
In Japanese
{r} & {l} are allophones for the phoneme /L/
rice lice
Lice lice
The problem arises when they pronounce :rice as lice.
I eat lice every day. He means “ I eat rice every day”
‫ وهنا‬.(‫ على أنه ألفون ) كما هو عندهم‬،‫إذا ً المشكلة أنهم ٌتعاملون مع الفونٌم فً اللغة االنجلٌزٌة‬
.‫تحصل المشكلة عندما ٌكتشفون أنهم غٌروا المعنى ووقعوا فً موقف محرج‬
 ‫الخالصة بالنسبة لأللفون‬
• Substituting one allophone for another allophone
of the same phoneme doesn't lead to a different
word, just a different pronunciation of the same
word.

• For this reason, allophones are said to be non-

contrastive.
‫• إذا وضعنا األلفون مكان األلفون لنفس الفونٌم فإنه الٌؤدي الى‬
‫ ولهذا‬،‫ لكن التغٌٌر هو فقط فً النطق‬، ‫تغٌٌر فً معنى الكلمة‬
‫السبب فإن األلفون ال ٌغٌر المعنى‬
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 `
• `
 Lesson 4
.
 Lesson 4 Content

• Complementary Distribution
• Free Variation
• Phonotactics
• Co -articulation effects
 Assimilation
 Elision
 Complementary Distribution
‫الصوت ٌتوزع فً أماكن مختلفة وال ٌغٌر المعنى‬

 Complementary distribution: when two or more sounds do not

occur in the same sound environment.
[pʰ en] , [ spin ], [ stop ̚ ]

 Similar phones in complementary distribution are usually

allophones like [pʰ], [p], [p ̚ ] in English.
 The replacement of one sound for the other will not
change the meaning of the word.
 Complementary Distribution
ً‫التوزٌع التكامل‬

a doctor a teacher a bus-driver

pʰ p p̚
Pen Spin Stop
 Free Variation ‫االختالف الحر‬

• Free variation: When two sounds occur in the same

environment but do not change meaning

• Difference in pronunciation due to British/American accents or

dialects with no difference in meaning:
For example:
 Either : /aiðə/ or / i:ðə /
 Data : /ˈdɑːtə/or /ˈdeɪtə/
 Box : /bɒks/or /bɑːks/
 ‫ لبنٌن‬/‫ لبنان‬،‫ رجال‬/‫ّيِر‬
 Phonotactics
(‫ غٌر مسموح‬/‫دمج األصوات (مسموح‬
• Phonotactics: control on the permissible combination of sounds
in a language. (permitted arrangements of sounds in a language)

• There are definite patterns in the types of sound combinations

permitted in a language. In English we have: big/fig/dig, but we
don‟t have lig and vig ( they don‟t look or sound English words). Also
words likes: fsig/ rnig.
 Co-articulation Effects
‫التأثٌرات المرافقة للنطق‬
The process of making one sound at the same time as the next sound.

Examples of co-articulation are:

 assimilation
 elision
 Assimilation
• Assimilation: is the influence of a sound on a neighboring sound so
that the two sounds become similar or the same.
Example1: Consonants:
ten men= temmen, this shop= ði ʃ ʃ p, good girl /gʊg gɜ:l
Example 2: Vowels:
• Vowel sounds[ɪ] and [æ] in pin and pan will be pronounced
nasalized like [ı˜] and [æ˜ ] . “Any vowel becomes nasal, whenever
it immediately precedes a nasal.”
Example 3: his son is not as fully voiced as the s in his daughter, where
it clearly is [z]."
 Dissimilation
• Dissimilation Rule: This type of rule refers to processes whereby two
neighboring sounds become less similar (different).
• An example is the rule of fricative dissimilation. Consider how hard it is for
Germans to produce the th sound... In learning the ordinal numbers, the
numbers fifth and sixth for example present a pronunciation challenge in
this regard. It is difficult to pronounce two fricatives next to one another
when one of them involves the th sound that does not exist in one's
language. Interestingly though, such sound sequences appear to present
challenges for many native speakers, too. Therefore they tend to make one
of the two sounds more different from the other. As a result, fifth is
pronounced as [fIft] and sixth as [sIkst]. The second fricative becomes a
stop, which makes it more dissimilar and easier to pronounce.
The link
http://www.ello.uos.de/field.php/PhoneticsandPhonology/PhonologicalRulesAn
dTheirStructure
 Assimilation
• https://www.slideshare.net/haty3392/assimilation-20371675

Definition
● In linguistics, assimilation is a common phonological process by which one
sound becomes more like a nearby sound.Or more easily, assimilation is
when two sounds come together and change or melt into a new sound.
● It can occur either within a word or between words when the final sound of a
word touches the first sound of the next word (because when we speak we
join all the words together)● It varies in extent according to speaking rate
and style, more found in rapid, casual speech and less likely in slow, careful
speech.
● General speaking, the cases that have most often been described are
assimilations affecting consonants.
• 4. Examples Words Transcription After assimilation hand bag /hænd bæg/
/hæm bæg/want to /w nɔ t tu:/ /w n nə/ɔ five pence /faiv pens/ /faif pens/that
girl /ðæt g l/ɜː /ðæk g l/ɜː
 Assimilation
• Assimilation
• 5. ⇒As in these examples, sound segments typically assimilate to a
following sound or to a preceding one.~> One reason for the assimilatory
processes is that several articulators are involved in making a speech
sound, and that they are not capable of moving instantaneously. An easy
process to observe is the position of the lips.
• 6. 2. Types2.1. The direction of changes The diagram below describes the
case where 2 words are combined· · · · ·Cf |Ci· · · · ·wordboundary-Cf: the
first of which ends with a single final consonant-Ci: the second of which
starts with a single initial consonant●
• Regressive: the phoneme that comes first is affected by the one that
comes after it.Ciaffects to CfEx: good bye: /gud bai/ → /gubbai/●
Progressive: the phoneme that follows is affected by the one that comes
before it.Cfaffects to CiEx: read this: /ri:d ðis/ → /ri:ddis/
• 7. 2.2. The way phoneme changes2.2. The way phoneme changes.The way
phoneme changes. Assimilation of place Assimilation of manner
Assimilation of voicing.The way phoneme changes. Assimilation
of place Assimilation of manner Assimilation of voice .
 Assimilation
• Assimilation
• 8. 2.2.1. ASSIMILATION OF PLACE
• 9. Notes:-/s/ stands before /ʃ/ and /j/ → / /ʃ/ Ex: nice shoe /nais ʃu:/ → /nai
u:/ʃ ʃ-/z/ stands before /ʃ/ and /j/ →/Ʒ/Ex: those years /ðəuz jiəz/ → /ðəu
Ʒjiəz/
• 10. 2.2.2. ASSIMILATION OF MANNER●
• Assimilation of manner is typical of the most rapid and casual speech, in
which case one sound changes the manner of its articulation to become
similar in manner to a neighbouring sound.
• ● Rules-plosive+final plosive → fricative when it stands before a fricativeEx:
good song /gud s ηͻ / → /gus s ηͻ /+plosive → nasal when it stands
before a nasalEx: good night /gud nait/ → /gun nait/that night /ðæt nait/
→ / ðæn nait/>However, most unlikely that a final fricative or nasal would
become aplosive.-dentalized: when a word initial /ð/ follows a plosive or
nasal at the end of apreceding word, it is very common to find that the
Cibecomes identical inmanner to the Cfbutwith the dental place of
articulation.Ex: in the /in ðə/ → /in n ə/̪ ̪get them /get ðəm/ → /get təm/̪ ̪
 Assimilation
• Assimilation
• 11. 2.2.3. ASSIMILATION OF VOICE This may refer to assimilation
involving the feature [+/- voice]. In a certain environment we can
consequently observe the voicing or devoicing of a segment. If Cf is
voiced and Ci is voiceless, the voiced consonant often has no voicing.
voiced + voiceless → voiceless (regressive)(b,d,g) (p,t,k) => b,d,g →
p,t,k- b + p → p e.g: rob Peter /rͻb pi:tə/ → /rͻp pi:tə/- d + t → t e.g: bad
tongue /bæd tʌη/ → /bat tʌη/- g + k → k e.g: big car /big ka:/ → /bik ka:/
When Cfisvoiceless and Ciis voiced, a context in which in many
languages,Cfwould become “voiced”, assimilation of voice never takes
place.voiceless (A) + voiced → no assimilation (A0)E.g: sit down
/sit0daun/black dog /blæk0dͻg/
• 12. 3. ExercisesExercise 1:What is the pronunciation of these words after
assimilation?1. Should win A. /∫ubwin/ B. /∫udwin/ C. /∫utwin/ D.
/∫upwin/2.Bad gateA. /bækgeit/ B. /bædgeit/ C. /bægeit/ D. /bætgeit/3. This
shopA. /ðis∫ p/ B. /ði∫∫ p/ C. /ði∫ p/ D. /ðiɔ ɔ ɔ t∫ p/ɔ4. seen BillA. /si:bil/ B.
/si:nbil/ C. /si:mbil/ D. /si:ɳbil/
 Assimilation
• Assimilation
• 13. * Answer1, A. /∫ubwin//d/ → /b/ when it stands before bilabial consonant
/w/2, A. /bækgeit//d/ → /g/ when it stands before /k/ and /g/3, B. /ði∫∫ p/ɔ/s/
→ /∫/ when it stands before /∫/ and /j/4, C. /si:mbil//n/ → /m/ if it stands
before bilabial /b/
• 14. Exercise 2Find out the rules of assimilatlion in thesesentences 1.He‟s a
rather fat boy. 2.He is a very good boy. 3.There are ten men in the
class. 4.Can you see that girl over there?
• 15. Answer 1.He‟s a rather fat boy./fæt b i/ → /fæɔ pb i/ɔBecause of the
rule /t/ stands before bilabial consonants/b,p,m,w/ → /p/ 2.He is a very
good boy./gud b i/ → /guɔ bb i/ɔBecause of the rule /d/ stands before
bilabial consonants/b,p,m,w/ → /b/ 3.There are ten men in the class./ten
mæn/ → /temmæn/Because of the rule /n/ stands before bilabial
consonants/b,p,m,w/ → /m/ 4.Can you see that girl over there?/ðæt gə:l/
→ /ðækgə:l/Because of the rule /t/ stands before velar consonants/k, g/ →
/k/
• 16. We hope they areuseful to you!
 Assimilation
• Assimilation
• 13. * Answer1, A. /∫ubwin//d/ → /b/ when it stands before bilabial consonant
/w/2, A. /bækgeit//d/ → /g/ when it stands before /k/ and /g/3, B. /ði∫∫ p/ɔ/s/
→ /∫/ when it stands before /∫/ and /j/4, C. /si:mbil//n/ → /m/ if it stands
before bilabial /b/
• 14. Exercise 2Find out the rules of assimilatlion in thesesentences 1.He‟s a
rather fat boy. 2.He is a very good boy. 3.There are ten men in the
class. 4.Can you see that girl over there?
• 15. Answer 1.He‟s a rather fat boy./fæt b i/ → /fæɔ pb i/ɔBecause of the
rule /t/ stands before bilabial consonants/b,p,m,w/ → /p/ 2.He is a very
good boy./gud b i/ → /guɔ bb i/ɔBecause of the rule /d/ stands before
bilabial consonants/b,p,m,w/ → /b/ 3.There are ten men in the class./ten
mæn/ → /temmæn/Because of the rule /n/ stands before bilabial
consonants/b,p,m,w/ → /m/ 4.Can you see that girl over there?/ðæt gə:l/
→ /ðækgə:l/Because of the rule /t/ stands before velar consonants/k, g/ →
/k/
 Elision ‫حذف‬
• Elision: deleting a sound
Examples:
When we pronounce “ you and me”, we say “" j ʊ ən mi" ”. We drop the [d]
sound.
• friendship= [frɛnʃɪp]. The [d] sound is dropped.
• he must be = [himəsbi]. The [t] sound is dropped.
• every=[ɛvri] . The [e] sound is dropped.
• Aspects = [æspɛks]. The [t] is dropped
 Elision & Assimilation
Example the word 'handbag„
The /d/ is in a site where elision is possible, so the phrase could be
produced as /hænbæg/.
Furthermore, when the /d/ is elided, it leaves /n/ in a position for place
assimilation. So, we frequently hear /hæmbæg
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 `
• `
 TEST 1
.
 Phonology /TEST 1
.
 Questions

1. When a word is pronounced in two different ways such as «either» -

/aiðə/ or / i:ðə /,this is called………
a- complementary distribution
b- minimal pairs
c- free variation
d- minimal sets
2. When two or more sounds do not occur in the same sound
environment, this is called………
a- minimal pairs
b- minimal sets
c- allophone
d- complementary distribution
 Questions
3.Which of the following is a minimal pair?
a. black/white
b. plain/plane
c. tan/ tank
d. pin/bin
4. Which of the following is a minimal pair?
a) bite/ fight b) beef / feed c) say/cry d) doing/ swimming

5. Words that differ by only one phoneme are called ----

a. nominal pairs
b. almost pairs
c. minimal pairs
d. none of the above
 Questions
6. When a speech sound undergoes a change in articulation in connected
speech, becoming more like a neighboring sound, this process is
known as……………
a) assimilation b) aspiration c) adaptation d) articulation

7. /t/, /t/ and /t/ in tuck, hits and slept are called……………..
a. allophones b. allomorphs
c. a minimal set d. a minimal pair
8. In phonology, " cat" and " mat" are known as…………….
a. a minimal pair b. a minimal set c. allophones d. phones
 Questions
9. .………….are the abstractions of a speech unit which separate one meaning from
another.
a. Monophthongs b. Morphemes c. Phonemes d. Segments
10. In phonology, " cat" " mat“, and “rat” are known as…………….
a.a minimal pair b. a minimal set c. allophones d. phones

.
11 Phonology is…………………….
A.the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language
B.the study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear
C.the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air
D.the study of how speech sounds are made or articulated
 Questions
12.The smallest meaning-distinguishing sound in a language is described
as a/an…………
a. sound b. phoneme c. allophone d. phone

13. The initial sounds in the words car and far are two distinctive…………..
a. phonemes b. phones c. sounds d. phones

14. The set of sounds [ tʰ ], [D] and [ t̪ ] in words like ten, writer and eigth
are referred to as…………… for the phone /t/.
a. sounds b. phonemes c. diphthongs d. allophones

15. If two words are identical in form except for a contrast in one
phoneme in the same position, the two words are called……………..
a. a minimal pair b. a minimal set c. allophones d. phonemes
 Questions

16. These words (big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig) are called………………
a. a minimal pair b. a minimal set c. phonotactics d. sounds

17. Constraints on the permissible combination of sounds in a language are

called…………..
a. minimal sets b. co-articulation c. phonotactics d. Sounds

18. Words likes fsig and rnig which don't look or sound English words
are examples on.................
a. phonotactics b. minial pairs c. coarticulation d. allophones
 Questions

19. (Alright =arright, ten men :temmen and bad boy= babboy) are
examples of………
a. elision b. assimilation c. phonemes d. minimal pairs

20. (friendship= [frɛnʃɪp]) is an example of ………………………

a. minimal pairs b. assimilation c. phonemes d. elision

 Answers of
.
 Questions

1. When a word is pronounced in two different ways such as «either» -

/aiðə/ or / i:ðə /,this is called………
a- complementary distribution
b- minimal pairs
c- free variation
d- minimal sets
2. When two or more sounds do not occur in the same sound
environment, this is called………
a- minimal pairs
b- minimal sets
c- allophone
d- complementary distribution
 Questions
3.Which of the following is a minimal pair?
a. black/white
b. plain/plane
c. tan/ tank
d. pin/bin
4. Which of the following is a minimal pair?
a) bite/ fight b) beef / feed c) say/cry d) doing/ swimming

5. Words that differ by only one phoneme are called ----

a. nominal pairs
b. almost pairs
c. minimal pairs
d. none of the above
 Questions
6. When a speech sound undergoes a change in articulation in connected
speech, becoming more like a neighboring sound, this process is
known as……………
a) assimilation b) aspiration c) adaptation d) articulation

7. /t/, /t/ and /t/ in tuck, hits and slept are called……………..
a. allophones b. allomorphs
c. a minimal set d. a minimal pair
8. In phonology, " cat" and " mat" are known as…………….
a. a minimal pair b. a minimal set c. allophones d. phones
 Questions
9. .………….are the abstractions of a speech unit which separate one meaning from
another.
a. Monophthongs b. Morphemes c. Phonemes d. Segments
10. In phonology, " cat" " mat“, and “rat” are known as…………….
a.a minimal pair b. a minimal set c. allophones d. phones

.
11 Phonology is…………………….
A.the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language
B.the study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear
C.the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air
D.the study of how speech sounds are made or articulated
 Questions
12.The smallest meaning-distinguishing sound in a language is described
as a/an…………
a. sound b. phoneme c. allophone d. phone

13. The initial sounds in the words car and far are two distinctive…………..
a. phonemes b. phones c. sounds d. phones

14. The set of sounds [ tʰ ], [D] and [ t̪ ] in words like ten, writer and eigth
are referred to as…………… for the phone /t/.
a. sounds b. phonemes c. diphthongs d. allophones

15. If two words are identical in form except for a contrast in one
phoneme in the same position, the two words are called……………..
a. a minimal pair b. a minimal set c. allophones d. phonemes
 Questions

16. These words (big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig) are called………………
a. a minimal pair b. a minimal set c. phonotactics d. sounds

17. Constraints on the permissible combination of sounds in a language are

called…………..
a. minimal sets b. co-articulation c. phonotactics d. Sounds

18. Words likes fsig and rnig which don't look or sound English words
are examples on.................
a. phonotactics b. minial pairs c. coariculation d. allophones
 Questions

19. (Alright =arright, ten men :temmen and bad boy= babboy) are
examples of………
a. elision b. assimilation c. phonemes d. minimal pairs

20. (friendship= [frɛnʃɪp]) is an example of ………………………

a. minimal pairs b. assimilation c. phonemes d. elision

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 `
• `
 Lesson 5
.
 `
• `
 Lesson 5 Content
• Syllables
 Onset
 Rime
 Nucleus
 coda
 Syllables as Parts of Words
We usually divide words into syllables.

A syllable must contain a vowel sound, including diphthongs.

For example : stop= stop ( 1 syllable/ monosyllabic word)

careful= care·ful ( 2 syllables/ bisyllabic/ disyllabic word)
expensive= ex·pen·sive ( 3 syllables/ trisyllabic word)
photographic= pho·to·graph·ic (many syllables /
polysyllabic word)
 Syllables
‫ نتعامل مع أصوات ولٌس حروف‬:‫تذكٌر‬
Onset= initial (at the beginning of the syllable)
Coda= final ( at the end of the syllable)
Nucleus = ( there is a vowel= long/short/ diphthong)

Example:
Cat= /Ka t/

Onset= K
Nucleus= a
Coda= t
Parts of Syllables
 Parts of Syllables
• Onsets. In English the onset can consist of:
zero, one, two or three consonants.
For example "a" /eɪ/, "ray" /reɪ/, "pray" /preɪ/, "spray" /spreɪ/.

• Nucleus. In English, the nucleus is usually a single vowel sound, whether that is a
long, a short vowel or a diphthong.)
For example “sin" as /sɪn̩/, seen / si:n/, pray" /preɪ/,

• Coda. In English, the coda can consist of zero, one, two, three or four consonants.
For example: "lee" /liː/, "lean" /liːn/, "link" /lɪnk/, "length" /leŋkθ/, "lengths" /leŋkθs/.
Parts of Syllables
 Parts of Syllables
 We divide syllables into parts called ( onset/ rime/ coda)

 Onset : one or more consonants sounds at the beginning of the syllable

e.g. sl in ( sleep)
Onset= Sl

 Rime ( rhyme): the part of the syllable containing a vowel sound (the vowel
sound and everything after it)
s-un= onset+ rime
s-unshine= onset+ rime
s-unny= onset+ rime
Coda: a consonant sound at the end of syllable : e.g. p in (sleep)
 Examples on
Parts of Syllables
flounce:
• onset = /fl/
rhyme = /aʊns/
nucleus = /aʊ/
coda = /ns/
free:
• onset /fr/
rhyme = /iː/
nucleus = /iː/
coda zero
each:
• Onset: zero
rhyme = /iːt͡ʃ/
nucleus = /iː/
coda = /t͡ʃ/
http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonology/syllable/syll_structure.html
 Activity
Divide the following syllables:

stop
• Onset=
• Rime=
• Nuleus=
• Coda=
ex. pen.sive
• Onset=
• Rime=
• Nucleus=
• Coda=
 Activity key
Divide the following syllables:
stop = /stop /
• Onset= st
• Rime=op
• Nucleus= o
• Coda= p
expensive= / eks.pen. sɪv/
ex
• Onset= zero
• Rime=eks
• Nucleus= e
• Coda=ks
pen
• Onset=p
• Rime=en
• Nucleus= e
• Coda=n
sɪv Onset=s
• Rime=ɪv
• Nucleus=ɪ
• Coda=v
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 `
• `
 Lesson 6
.
 Lesson 6 Content
• Consonant Clusters in syllables

• Open and Closed syllables

• Basic Structure of Syllables

 Consonant Clusters
• A Cluster is group of consonants which come together in a word for
example /str/ at the beginning of string

• Onset clusters
two : black, bread/trick/flat/throw ( CC)
three : stress/splash, scream, strong(CCC)
• Coda clusters
two : link, sing, ring, post
Three: length" /leŋkθ/,
• ‫ مهم‬Remember that the onset of the syllable that is always described NOT
the beginning of the word.
Take the word street:
• The beginning of the word is s
• The onset of the syllable is str
 Open and Closed Syllables
• Open syllables: a vowel sound at the end of syllable :
e.g.
• me
• to
• no

• Closed syllables: consonant sound at the end of the syllable :

e.g.
• up
• cup
• at
 Basic Structure of Syllables
Basic structure of syllables in English ( sounds not letters)
1. CCVC = GREEN /gri:n/
2. VCC= EGGS /egz/
3. VCC= AND /ənd/
4. CVC= HAM /hæm/
5. V= I /aɪ/
6. CV= DO /duː/
7. CVC=NOT /nɒt/
8. CVC= LIKE /laɪk/
9. CVC=THEM /ðəm/
 Activity
Write the basic structure of syllables in the following words:
1. Cat= cvc ( Example)
2. Clean=
3. Figs=
4. Band
5. I
6. So
7. But
8. Kite
9. This
10. ram
 Activity Key
Write the basic structure of syllables in the following words:
1. Cat= cvc ( Example)
2. Clean=ccvc
3. Figs=cvcc
4. Band= cvcc
5. I=v
6. So =cv
7. But= cvc
8. Kite = cvc
9. This =cvc
10. ram= cvc
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 `
• `
 Syllables
.
 Test- 2
1. ....................... must contain a vowel or vowel-like sound, including
diphthongs.
a. A coda b. A phoneme c. A syllable d. An allophone

2.……….. is one or more consonants at the beginning of the syllable

followed by a rhyme (rime).
a. An onset b. A closed syllable c. A coda d. A syllable

3. These words (me, to and no( are examples on ………………

a. codas b. onsets c. rhymes d. closed syllables

4. ……….is a vowel in the middle and a consonant at the end of a syllable.

a. An onset b. A closed syllable c A rhyme/ rime d. A syllable
 Test- 2
5. The rime consists of.......................
a. a nucleus and a coda b. a coda and an onset
c. an onset or a coda d. a nucleus or a coda

6................is a consosnant or more at the end of a syllable.

a. A coda b. A rime c. A nucleus d. A syllable

7. These words (up, at, ant, and each) are examples of.............
a. codas b. rimes c. onsets d. (a+c)

8. When there is a vowel at the end of a syllable like (me, no and

to) , the syllable is called.........
a. open b. closed c. nucleus d. rime
 Test-2
9. When there is a consonant at the end of a syllable like (up,
cup and at) , the syllable is called........
a. open b. closed c. nucleus d. onset

10. The onset in the word (clean) is..................

a. cl b. ea c. ean d. n

11. The rime (rhyme) in the word (clean) is...............

a. cl b. ea c. ean d. n

12. The nucleus in the word (clean) is...............

a. cl b. ea c. ean d. n

• The coda in the word (clean) is..................

 Test-2

13. The coda in the word (clean) is..................

a. cl b. ea c. ean d. n
14. The structure of syllables in the word (fleet) is................
a. ccvc b. cvc c. vcc d. cvv

15. The structure of syllables in the word (it) is................

a. cc b. vc c. vv d. cvv

16. The structure of syllables in the word (knife) is................

a. cvc b. ccvcv c. ccv d. cvvc
 Test-2
17. The structure of syllables in the word (laugh) is...............
a. cvvcc b. cvcc c. cvc d. cvvc

18. The structure of syllables in the word (sheep) is...............

a. a.cvc b. ccvvc c. cvvc d. ccv

19. The onset consonant cluster in the word (street) is------------------

a. st b. str c. eet d. et

20. The cluster in the word ( post) is................

a. p b. ost c. st d. po
 Test-2
21. The two-sound cluster in the word ( black) is...............
a. bl b. la c. ck d. ac

22. Where is the cluster in the word (scream)?

a. rea b. scr c. eam d. cre
 Test -2 Answers
.
 Test -2 Answers
1. ....................... must contain a vowel or vowel-like sound, including
diphthongs.
a. A coda b. A phoneme c. A syllable d. An allophone

2.……….. is one or more consonants at the beginning of the syllable

followed by a rhyme (rime).
a. An onset b. A closed syllable c. A coda d. A syllable

3. These words (me, to and no( are examples of ………………

a. codas b. onsets c. rhymes d. closed syllables

4. ……….is a vowel in the middle and a consonant at the end of a syllable.

a. An onset b. A closed syllable c. A rhyme/ rime d. A syllable
 Test -2 Answers
5. The rime consists of.......................
a. a nucleus and a coda b. a coda and an onset
c. an onset or a coda d. a nucleus or a coda

6................is a consosnant or more at the end of a syllable.

a. A coda b. A rime c. A nucleus d. A syllable

7. These words (up, at, ant, and each) are examples of.............
a. codas b. rimes c. onsets d. (a+c)

8. When there is a vowel at the end of a syllable like (me, no and

to) , the syllable is called.........
a. open b. closed c. nucleus d. rime
 Test -2 Answers
9. When there is a consonant at the end of a syllable like (up,
cup and at) , the syllable is called........
a. open b. closed c. nucleus d. onset

10. The onset in the word (clean) is..................

a. cl b. ea c. ean d. n

11. The rime (rhyme) in the word (clean) is...............

a. cl b. ea c. ean d. n

12. The nucleus in the word (clean) is...............

a. cl b. ea c. ean d. n
 Test -2 Answers

13. The coda in the word (clean) is..................

a. cl b. ea c. ean d. n
14. The structure of syllables in the word (fleet) is................
a. ccvc b. cvc c. vcc d. cvv

15. The structure of syllables in the word (it) is................

a. cc b. vc c. vv d. cvv

16. The structure of syllables in the word (knife) is................

a. cvc b. ccvcv c. ccv d. cvvc
 Test -2 Answers
17. The structure of syllables in the word (laugh) is...............
a. cvvcc b. cvcc c. cvc d. cvvc

18. The structure of syllables in the word (sheep) is...............

a.cvc b. ccvvc c. cvvc d. ccv

19. The onset consonant cluster in the word (street) is------------------

a. st b. str c. eet d. et

20. The cluster in the word ( post) is................

a. p b. ost c. st d. po
 Test -2 Answers
21. Th two-sound cluster in the word ( black) is...............
a. bl b. la c. ck d. ac

22. Where is the cluster in the word (scream)?

a. rea b. scr c. eam d. cre
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 `
• `
 Lesson 7
.
 Lesson 7 Content
• -ed- pronunciation
Simple past tense
•
•

t
d
-ed
id
 -ed Pronunciation
Verbs
Voiceless sound+ ed= t voiceless (/p/k//ʃ//f/s//ʧ/θ/)
Look=looked =lookt
Finish=finished= finisht
Stop=stopped= stopt

Voiced sound+ed= d voiced ( /b/g/v /l/r/m/n/z/ð/ʤ)

vowels
Live=lived =livd
Plan=planned= pland
Play (pleɪ( = played= pleɪd
t/d+ed= id
Want=wanted= wantid land=landed=landid
 Exercise
Help=helped t
Look=looked t
Live=lived
Want=wanted
Land=landed
Drag=dragged
Laugh=laughed
Welcome=welcomed
Ban=banned
Visit=visited
Wound=wounded
Changed=changed
Raise=raised
Kiss=kissed
 Exercise ‫الحل‬
Help=helped t
Look=looked t
Live=lived d
Want=wanted id
Land=landed id
Drag=dragged d
Laugh=laughed t
Welcome=welcomed d
Ban=banned d
Visit=visited id
Wound=wounded id
Changed=changed d
Raise=raised d
Kiss=kissed t
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 `
• `
 Lesson 8
.
 Lesson 8 Content
• -s/-es pronunciation
 Verb+s = walks
 Plural Nouns= cats
•
•

s
z
-s/-es
iz
 -s/-es Pronunciation
Plural Nouns
Rules:

1. Voiceless sound+ s= s voiceless (/p/,/k/,/t/,/f/,/θ/)

Cat= cats
bank=banks

2. Voiced sound+ s =z
voiced ( /b/,/g/,/d/,v /,/l/,/r/,/m/,/n/,ð/)
vowels
Dog=dogs= dogz
Animal=animals= animalz
 -s/-es Pronunciation
Verbs

Rules:
Hissing sounds ‫األصوات الصفٌرٌة‬
Sibilant + es= iz Sibilant sounds ( /s/, /z/,/ʤ/, /ʒ/, /ʃ/,/ʧ/)
Watch=watches= / wɒtʃiz/

Change=changes= /tʃeɪndʒiz/

Wash= washes = /wɔːʃiz/

 Exercise
• live= lives z
• Walk= walks s
• Drive= drives
• Reach= reaches
• stop=stops
• Play= plays
• Animal=animals
• Eye=eyes
• Question=questions
• City=cities
• House=houses
• Box=boxes
• Quiz=quizzes
• Tree=trees
 Exercise ‫الحل‬
• live= lives z
• Walk= walks s
• read= reads z
• Reach= reaches iz
• Stop=stops s
• Play= plays z
• Animal=animals z
• computer=computers z
• Question=questions z
• Book= books s
• House=houses iz
• Box=boxes iz
• Quiz=quizzes iz
• Tree=trees z
 ‫الشدة ‪Stress‬‬
‫الستكمال دورة الفونولوجً‪،‬أنصحكم بمشاهدة‬
‫الفصل الثالث حول” الشدة ‪ “Stress‬من‬
‫كتابً على قناتً على الٌوتٌوب بعنوان‬
‫”األسرار الخفٌة فً نطق اإلنجلٌزٌة“‬
‫وسوف أضعه لكم فً قائمة دورة الفونولجً‬
‫بعون هللا‬
 ‫نهاٌة الدورة‬
‫نهاٌة دورة الفونولوجً‬
‫والحمد هلل‬
‫‪End of the Phonology‬‬
‫‪Course‬‬
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