Vijaynagar & Provincial Kingdoms

Presented by - Pratik Nayak

About Me
Ten Years Experience online & offline
teaching

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of

Gujarat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Early Medieval-transition period

750 1000
120
0

Rajput Turkish rule

Kingdoms

Period of Provincial
Political Kingdom
Vacuum s-
Kashmir
The fight for Ganga
Kannauj Sena
Hoysala
Kakatiya

Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms –
Vijayanagar, Malwa, Gujarat, Starting of Modernism
Bengal

Bhakti & Sufi

Movement Indo-Islamic Entry of Europeans
Culture (Modern topic)
Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Mughals (1526-1707)

Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century
India

Rise of the Princely States

 Understanding History
Medieval India- 1200 CE Onwards
1192 1206
1526

Delhi Sultanate

September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Movement
Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Vijayanagar Empire,
Khiljis (1290-1320) Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Kingdom, Deccan
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Sultanate

Entry of
Sayyid (1414-1451) Europeans

Lodhi (1451-1526)
 Understanding History
Delhi Sultanate (1200 to 1526)

Slave Dynasty
(1206-1290)

Qutbuddin Aibak

Iltutmish

Razia
Balban

Q. Impact of
the Turkish
Conquest ???
 Understanding History
Delhi Sultanate (1200 to 1526)

Khiljis (1290-1320)

Jalaluddin Khilji

Alauddin Khilji

Q. As a reformer or a
conqueror?
 Understanding History
Delhi Sultanate (1200 to 1526)

Tughlaq (1320-1414)
Political Expansion

Economic Decline??

Q. Foreign Invasions
Rise of the Sayyids (1414-1451)

Rise of the Regional

Kingdoms Vijaynagar
 Sources of History

Literary Archaeological
Sources Sources
Vijayanagar Empire
Literary Sources
Sri Krishna Deva Raya’s Amuktamalyada
polity and political ideas of the Vijayanagar rulers

Allasani Peddans’s Manucharitam

social conditions & the caste system

Muduravijayam of Gangadevi
Kampana’s conquest of Madurai during the reign of Bukka I

Gangadasa Pralapa Vilasam

seige of Vijayanagar city by the Bahmanis & the Gajapatis

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 इबन बतूता बगल में
Vijayanagar Empire जूता कहते तो
करता है फूर
FOREIGN TRAVELLERS’ ACCOUNTS फूर फूर

Ibn Battutah talked about Harihara I.

Nicolo de Conti came from Venice during the

period of Dev Raya I

Domingo Paes both visited during the period of

Krishna Dev Raya
Duarte Edwardo Barbosa

Fernao Nuniz visited during the period of

Achyuta Dev Raya

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Archaeological Sources

Inscriptions
-Bagapellsi Copper Plate Inscription of Harihara I
-Bitragunta grant of Sangama II- genealogy of the five Sangama brothers
-Channarayapateena inscription of Harihara II
-Srirangam copper plates of Deva Raya II

-Devulapalli copper plates of Immadi Narasimha

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Archaeological Sources

Numismatics
large number of gold coins varahas
full varahas , half varahas, quarter varahas

Hindu deities and animals

bull, the elephant and the fabulous
gandaberunda (a double eagle, sometimes holding an elephant in each beak and
claw).

king’s name either in Nagari or Kannada

script Deva Raya II ‘Gajabentakara’

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Ruled by the 4 Dynasties

Sangama dynasty (1336-1486 CE)

Saluva dynasty (1486-1509)
Tuluvas Dynasty (1509-
Araivedu Dynasty

Sangam Dynasty Saluva Dynasty Tuluva Dynasty Araivedu Dynasty

1336-1486 1486-1509

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Origin of Vijaynagar-
Sangama Dynasty
Vijayanagar Empire
Origin ?
- Founder by Harihara & Bukka
- Belonged to a family of five brothers

- Feudatories of Kakatiya
- Prataparudra II got defeated by the Tughlaqs

- Ministers in the Kampili kingdom- Karnataka

- Mohammed Bin Tughlaq invaded Kampili

- two brothers were imprisoned, converted to Islam

- But by the later period of Tughlaq

- Madurai became Independent
- Hoysala became Independent

- Hence both Harihara & Bukka also revolted

- Establishment of Vijaynagar empire took place

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Both brothers also rebelled against the Tughlaqs

Left Islam, accepted Hinduism- saint Vidyaranya

By 1336 founded a new city on the south bank of

the Tungabhadra which was called Vijayanagar (city
of victory) or Vidyanagar (city of learning).

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Hari Hara & Bukka-

1336 established

Vijaynagar Immediate

problems-
contend with the Hoyasala ruler of
Mysore By 1346executed him-
expansion of empire

Sultan of Madurai
1377- end of
conflict

Vijayanagar-Bahmani Conflict
Clash of interests in three areas
Tungabhadra doab- Krishna and Tungabhadra
Krishna-Godavari
delta Marathwada
country
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Sangama dynasty

1336–1377 CE 1377–1406 CE 1406-1422 1425-1446

Harihara and Bukka Harihara-II Devraya-I Devraya-II

Vijayanagar Empire
Sangama dynasty
Harihara and Bukka (c.1336–1377 CE)
Founders of the Sangama dynasty of
Vijayanagar Initially Harihara ruled
1346 brought the whole of the Hoysala kingdom
Cooperative commonwealth at first

By 1356 Bukka succeded his brother

Expansion of empire
1377 Sultanate of Madurai defeated

Harihara II (c.1377–1406 CE)

Eastern expansion of vijaynagar
Reddis of Kondavidu- the Addanki and Srisailam
areas confrontation with the Velamas of
Rachakonda (Telangana)
Fought against the Bahmani–Warangal
alliance wresting Belgaum and Goa

ruler of Warangal had helped Bahmani Sultanate

founder, Hasan Gangu

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Sangama dynasty
Deva Raya I (c.1406–1422 CE)
capable ruler noted for his military exploits
irrigation works
dam across river
Tungabhadra dam on the
river Haridra

Political conflict
Bahmani Sultan
Velamas of
Telangana
Gajapatis of Kalinga
Reddis of
Kondavidu

defeated by the Bahmani ruler Firoz Shah

huge indemnity, marry his daughter to the Sultan

ruler of Warangal sided with Deva Raya I

1420-1422 defeated Feroz Shah of Bahmani

Sultanate Krishna– Tungabhadra doab including
Pangal
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Sangama dynasty
Deva Raya I (c.1406–1422 CE)
modernised the Vijayanagar army
cavalry, employing Turkic archers, and procuring
horses from Arabia and Persia

secular attitude- muslims in the army

Italian traveller, Nicolo Conti

Russian merchant , Nikitin also

mentioned patron of Kannada

literature

Madhura, a noted Jain poet Dharmanathapurana

poem in eulogy of Gommateshvara of Shravanabelagola

Hazare Rama temple @ Hampi

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Sangama dynasty

Deva Raya II (c.1425–46 CE)

administrator, an ambitious warrior &
author
Kannada language (Sobagina Sone and Amaruka)
and Sanskrit language (Mahanataka Sudhanidhi)
commentary on the Brahmasutra

Kannada poets Chamarasa and Kumara

Vyasa Sanskrit poet Gunda Dimdima

South Indian mathematician,

Parameshvara, title of Gajabetegara
Hunter of Elephants visiting Persian
chronicler Abdur Razzak

Nicolo Conti, the king levied tribute on Ceylon, Quilon, Pegu, Pulicat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Sangama dynasty
Deva Raya II (c.1425–46 CE)
Passed away
Resulting into a civil war
king’s minister Saluva Narasimha

Saluva Narasimha
Founded the Saluva founded
Ruled briefly from 1486–1509 CE

Tuluvas Dynasty
Vira Narasimha Raya (c.1505–1509 CE)
Krishna Deva Raya (c.1509–29 CE)

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Tuluvas Dynasty
Vira Narasimha Raya (c.1505–1509 CE)
Krishna Deva Raya (c.1509–29 CE)

1505-1509 1509-29 CE 1529-1542 1542-1570

Vira Narsimha Krishna Deva Raya Achyuta Deva Sada Siva Raya

-Ailya Rama Raya

Decline
Vijayanagar Empire
Tuluvas Dynasty
Krishnadeva Raya (1505-29)

Immediate Problems
Gajapatis of Orissa
Bijapur
Power of the Portuguese
control over the sea routes and the maritime trade

Repulsion of Bahmani Forces- battle of Diwani

1518- decline of the Bahmani- formation of

First Invasion of Bijapuri Kingdom

Raichur Doab
1520 Adil Shahi forces of Bijapur
set free the three Bahmani princes
Helped the Bahmanis

restored the Bahmani Sultanate to Muhammad Shah

title of Yavanarajya sthapanacharya

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Tuluvas Dynasty
Krishnadeva Raya

maintained law and order

Friendship with Portuguese- Albuquerque,

Suppression of Internal Revolt- Ganga Raya

revolts

Orissa Campaign
Gajapati ruler Prataprudra

Abhinava Bhoja’
‘Andhra
Pitamah’
‘Andhra Bhoja’
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Tuluvas Dynasty

Krishnadeva Raya

‘friendly relations with the

Portuguese Albuquerque sent his
ambassadors Domingo Paes and
Duarte Barbosa
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Tuluvas Dynasty Ashtadiggaj ?

1. Allasani Peddanna title Andhrakavita Pitamaga
Krishnadeva Raya
(Manucharitam and Harikathasaram)
Vaishnavaite, 2. Nandi Timmana (Parijatapaharanam),
respected all 3. Madayya (Rajasekharcharitam),
religions 4. Dhurajati (Kalahasti Mahatyam),
5. Ayyalaraju Ramabhadra (Sakaramatasara Sangraham),
Asta Diggaja
6. Pingali Surana (Raghava Pandaviyam and Prabhavari
Personally wrote Pradyumma),
Amukthamalyadha 7. Ramaraja Bhusan and
(Telugu) 8. Tenali Ramalinga (Panduranga Mahatyam)
Jambavati Kalyanam and Ushaparinayam (Sanskrit)
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Tuluvas Dynasty

‘stone temples
Vittalaswamy and Hazara
Ramaswamy Rai gopurams
famous temple of Tirupati
founded a suburban township near Vijayanagar
called Nagalapuram

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Tuluvas Dynasty

‘Achyuta Deva Raya (c.1529 –1542 CE)

younger brother of Krishna Deva Raya
Fernoa Nuniz, visited during his time

patronised the Kannada poet Chatu Vittalanatha

singer and composer Purandaradasa

Tiruvengalanatha temple/ Achyutaraya

temple Passed away  war of sucession

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Tuluvas Dynasty

‘Achyuta Deva Raya (c.1529 –1542

CE) Post death war of sucession ?

- Venkata I Sada Siva Raya

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Weak king -made the king
Got killed in six -regency of Aravidu
months -Aliya Rama Raya
-son-in-law of Krishna Deva
Raya
Venkatadri,
the Aravidu brothers
 Vijayanagar Empire

Tuluvas Dynasty
‘Sada Siva Raya (c.1542–1570 CE)
puppet in the hands of his
minister Aliya Rama Raya  the de
facto king

balance the Deccan powers

Ahmadnagar and Qutabshahi vs. Bijapur
Rama Raya got Raichur doab from Ahmadnagar

1549 CE
Adilshahi of Bijapur and Baridshahi of Bidar Vs.
Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar

Rama Raya helped the Ahmadnagar, got the fort of

Kalyana 1557 CE
Adilshahi of Bijapur and Baridshahi of Bidar VS. Ahmednagar

constantly changing sides

Sultanates to form an alliance
Deccan states (Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Golkonda and Bidar
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Tuluvas Dynasty
Aliya Rama Raya
constantly changing sides
Sultanates to form an alliance
Deccan states (Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Golkonda and Bidar)

battle of Talaikotta in c.1565 CE

Rakshasa Thangadi
Rama Raya executed and the city of Vijayanagar was

destroyed Battle of Bannihatti end of the Vijayanagar

Some foreigners kept visiting

Caesar Fredrick visited Vijaynagar

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Post the battle ?

Decline of Vijaynagar

Aravidu dynasty
ruled from Penukonda
Chandragiri (near
Tirupati)

Thirumala Deva Raya- (1565-1572)

Founder
Younger brother of Aliya Rama
Raya Fled with Sadasiva Raya

Sri

Ranga

Venkata

II

Sri Ranga (till 1646 )

Later on invaded by the Bijapur
End & Decline

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Administration

Central
Provincial
Military

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Administration
Theory of Kingship
well-organised administration
King Raya Absolute Monarch
executive, judicial and legislative Benevolent
powers ensure people’s welfare
highest court of appeal
Succession principle of hereditary
At times war of succession takes place

council of ministers
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Administration
Governors royal princes
administrative
paid a fixed contribution in men and
units Empire
money

Mandalam Mandalewshwara / Nayaka vassals of the ruling families and

Nadus nobles autonomy own courts,

appointed their own officers,
Sthalas
and maintained their own armies
Gramas Gauda, village
headman
issued their own coins

powers to the local authorities Mandal

authorities village self-government were
considerably weakened
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Army and Military

Amara- nayaka

Officials Nayaks or Palaiyagars or Poligars

commander of the forts
Officers were granted land (called
amaram) expanding agricultural activities
Collected taxes
Maintain his own army supply to the raya
sent tribute to the king annually
appeared in the royal court with gifts to
express their loyalty

Tanjore and Madurai separate states

weakened its internal structures

Hence, responsible for the decline and

defeat Soldiers paid in cash

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Army and Military

Conflict with Bahmani Kingdom & regional states

Raichur Doab
Krishna–Godavari delta

continuous wars hence large army

cavalry,
infantry, Horses procured from foreign
traders artillery, and
Elephants

port of Malabar main centre

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Army and Military

familiar with the use of firearms

Turkish and Portuguese experts

walls of the forts

special kinds of door with fortified walls

big holes were made to rest the guns

parapets were constructed resting of

canons small firearms such as rifles and

pistols,

heavy arms such as cannons

Placed on bullock carts & elephants
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Society
Cultural
Religion

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire
Viprulu or Brahmins
Social life profession of teachers and
priests soldiers and
4 classes/ caste administrators Mentioned by
Dominigo paes
Brahmins,
Rajulu or rachavaru
associated with the ruling dynasty
Kshatriyas*, Allasani Peddanna - Manucharitam rulers as well as generals
were actually Sudras
Vaishyas, and But were called as Rajulu

Sudras Matikaratalu or Vaishyas

Traders & merchantrs

Nalavajativaru or Sudras
Agriculturalist & other professions
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Position of Women
Social Life
Education and learning
Barbosa’s account Royal family women
Villages in the empire were inhabited by Gangadevi Maduraivijayam
Hindus and few Muslims
Employment- mentioned by Nuniz
Kshatriyas, Brahmins and Virasaivas employed in royal palaces as dancers, domestic
servants and palanquin bearers
Polygamy & Sati prevalent Sahagaman Wrestlers
accountants, judges, bailiffs, and watch women
Brahmins were priests
Virshaivas– both had vegetarian meals
Custom of devadasis- mentioned by Dominigo
Paes highly respectable position in society
Land grants, maid servants, jewellery
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Standards of Living
High standards of living
Abdur Razzak
well populated
Kings treasure there are chambers with

excavations molten gold forming one

All sections of the society ear jewels and gilt

ornaments in their ears and around their necks,
arms, wrists and fingers

Other observations ?
prices of articles were low

Agriculturalist inadequate prices for their

produce

burnt of taxation, which was quite heavy

oppressive methods of collection

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Literature
Religion
followers of Saivism
patrons of literature
Virupaksha- family deity
Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada and
influence of Vaishnavism
Tamil Krishna Deva Raya
Srivaishnavism of Ramanuja
Dvaita system of Madhava Andhrabhoja
Epics and Puranas

Religious freedom enjoyed by everyone

Muslims were employed in the
administration Mosque building and
worshipping allowed

Temples were built – Hampi (UNESCO World Heritage Site)

Virupaksha temple in Hampi,
Raghunatha Temple in Hampi etc
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
South Indian Art
Vijayanagar Empire

Economy
Agriculture
Trade & Commerce

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Administration

Source of Income ?
Items of Expenditure Amuktamalyada

Land revenue Charities and personal expenditure of the king,

tributes, and gifts from maintenance of horses,

vassals customs collected military conquests

at the ports taxes on and security of the

various professions empire

houses, markets and licences; fines

inflicted by
courts,
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Vijayanagar Empire

Agriculture Revenue Administration

flourishing condition Collection of Land Revenue

Doab region Assessment and survey
Land grants expansion of Agriculture Nature of land
Basis of crop cultivated
Irrigation- dams and canals Yield produced
Mentioned by Nuniz land revenue 1/6th of the produce

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Vijayanagar Empire
Industries
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
textiles,
mining
and
Metallurg
y

Perfumery

Controlled by the Guilds

Same profession people lived in same Its king has much treasure and many soldiers and many
quarter of the city elephants … In this city (Vijayanagar) one will find men
Mentioned by Abdur belonging to every nation and people, because of the great
Razzak trade which it has and the many precious stones there,
principally diamonds … This is the best provided city
in the world and is stocked with provisions, such as rice,
wheat, grains, corn, barley, beans, pulses, horses, etc… The
Abdur Razzak 300 sea ports
Malabar Cannore port streets and markets are full of laden oxen without count …
‘For inland trade the chief means of transport were
kavadis, carts, asses and pack-horses
Trade and Commerce
inland,
coastal and
overseas trade

Domingo Paes
Prosperous society
Vijayanagar Empire
Export Imports
Trade with different regions s horses,
Indian Ocean cloth, elephants,
Burma, spices, pearls,
the Malay Archipelago and rice, copper,
China in the East, and iron, coral,
saltpetre, mercury,
Arabia, sugar China silks and velvets
Persia,
South
Africa,
Abyssinia and
Portugal on the
West.
Barbosa diamonds, rubies from Pegu, silk of China
and
Alexandria, and cinnabar,
camphor, musk, pepper and sandal from
Vijayanagar had its own Malabar Many Ship building from Maldives
ships; the art of ship-building
was known

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bahmani Kingdom
Deccani Sultanate

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bahmani Kingdom

Bahmani Sultanate (c.1347–1527 CE)

Mohammad bin Tughlaq appointed amiran-i-sada

also known as Sada Amir

1337 CE conflict between Delhi & Deccan

1347 establishment of Independent kingdom

Founded by Hasan Gangu,
Raised by a Brahmin- Gangu
title Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah

hero of Iran, Bahman Shah

named the Bahmani Sultanate

control over Dabhol (Dabul- Maharashtra)

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bahmani Kingdom
Bahmani Sultanate (c.1347–1527 CE)

Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (c.1347–58 CE)

general serving under the Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

Nazir Uddin Ismail Shah

revolted Alauddin was given
the power

regular confrontations with the Vijaynagar kingdom &

Warangal

Muhammad Shah I (c.1358–1377 CE)

Taj-ud-din Firoz Shah (c.1397–1422 CE )
Vijaynagar with victories in c.1398 CE
and c.1408 CE, but faced a defeat in c.1420 CE
Inducted a large number of Hindus in his
administration calligraphist and a poet
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bahmani Kingdom
Bahmani Sultanate (c.1347–1527 CE)

Ahmah Shah Wali (c. 1422–35 CE)

called a saint (wali) on account of his association with
the famous Sufi saint Gesu Daraz

capital from Gulbarga to Bidar

Humayun Shah (c.1458–1461 CE)

Mahmud Gawan- military general

Passed away early

minor son came to power

Minor son also passed away
New king Muhammad Shah
III

Mahmud Gawan became the PM- defacto ruler

Expansion of empire
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bahmani Sultanate (c.1347–1527 CE)

Mahmud Gawan (c.1461–1481 CE)

Originally persian merchant  title of Malik-ul-
Tujjar Division of empire Taraf
Official- Tarafdar
Became General Prime Minister one fort/province to each tarafdar

learned person remaining forts Qiladar

Administration- conquered the Vijayanagar
territories- Kanchi region
relations with Iran and Iraq.
Persian scholars invited to court
College @ Bidar- Persian architecture Fought against Vijaynagar
defeated Mahmud Khalji of
Issues nobles Malwa
Deccanis (oldtimers) and Afaqis (new-comers).
use of gunpowder
Deccani plotted against Gawan
Got him executed
Decline of the sultanate started
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bahmani Kingdom
Bahmani Sultanate (c.1347–1527 CE)

By 1518- the Sulatanate collapsed

1. The Nizam Shahis of Ahmadnagar,

2. The Adil Shahis of Bijapur,
3. The Qutb Shahis of Golconda,
4. The Imad Shahis of Berar and
5. The Barid Shahis of Bidar

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bahmani Kingdom
Deccani Sultanate

Adil Shahis –Biajpur

Nizam Shahis -Ahmednagar 1. Yusuf Adil Shah Qutub Shahis of Golconda
Founded by Ahmad Bahri 2.Mohd Adil Shah- Gol Gumbaz -Quli Qutub Shah
Annexed by Shah Jahan 3. Ibrahim Adil Shah-II Golconda fort
(1580-1627) Religious harmony -Mohd. Quli Qutub Shah
Title– Jagadguru badhsha Hyderabad & Charminar
Kitab-e-navras -annexed by Aurangzeb
Imad Shahis of Berar Musicisians- lashkar-e-navras
Fatullah Khan Imad-ul-Mulk - Annexed by Aurangzeb
Conquered by Nizamshahis

Barid Shahis of Bidar

Ali Barid
Annexed by Adil Shahis

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bahmani Kingdom/Deccani Sultanate administration ?

Administration

administrative units called ‘taraf ’ or provinces

Head called as tarafdar/ also subedar

tract of land (Khalisa) kept apart directly to the king

use of firearms
employed Turkish and Portuguese experts

depended for military support on his

amirs(nobles) Afaqis or Pardesis Vs. Deccani

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
THANKS!
 Provincial Kingdoms

Presented by - Pratik Nayak

About Me
Ten Years Experience online & offline
teaching

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of

Gujarat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Early Medieval-transition period

750 1000
120
0

Rajput Turkish rule

Kingdoms

Period of Provincial
Political Kingdom
Vacuum s-
Kashmir
The fight for Ganga
Kannauj Sena
Hoysala
Kakatiya

Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms –
Vijayanagar, Malwa, Gujarat, Starting of Modernism
Bengal

Bhakti & Sufi

Movement Indo-Islamic Entry of Europeans
Culture (Modern topic)
Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Mughals (1526-1707)

Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century
India

Rise of the Princely States

 Understanding History
Medieval India- 1200 CE Onwards
1192 1206
1526

Delhi Sultanate

September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Movement
Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Vijayanagar Empire,
Khiljis (1290-1320) Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Kingdom, Deccan
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Sultanate

Entry of
Sayyid (1414-1451) Europeans

Lodhi (1451-1526)
 Understanding History
Delhi Sultanate (1200 to 1526)

Slave Dynasty
(1206-1290)

Qutbuddin Aibak

Iltutmish

Razia
Balban

Q. Impact of
the Turkish
Conquest ???
 Understanding History
Delhi Sultanate (1200 to 1526)

Khiljis (1290-1320)

Jalaluddin Khilji

Alauddin Khilji

Q. As a reformer or a
conqueror?
 Understanding History
Delhi Sultanate (1200 to 1526)

Tughlaq (1320-1414)
Political Expansion

Economic Decline??

Q. Foreign Invasions
Rise of the Sayyids (1414-1451)

Rise of the Regional

Kingdoms Vijaynagar
 हमाल नाम तैमुरवा
Origin of Provincial Kingdoms है मेला वचन ही
शाछन है
Timur’s invasion ?

Disintegration of empire took

place
How ?

Deccan-
Bahmani, Vijaynagar

East –Bengal, Bihar, Jaunpur ,

Odissa
Assam

West- Gujarat, Malwa, Mewar

North- Kashmir
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
West India-
Gujarat
Malwa
Mewar
Marwar

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Gujarat
richest provinces of the Delhi Sultanate
handicrafts, fertile lands, and flourishing
seaports

Alauddin Khalji annexed it in

1297 By the time of Firoz Shah

Tughlaq
The local Governor Zafar Kahn controlled Gujarat

1398 Taimur’s invasion

1408 Zafar Khan proclaimed
independence Took himself the title of
Muzaffar Shah
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Gujarat

Muzzafar Shah Ahmed Shah Mehmud Begarha Bahadur Shah

1407-1411 1411-1441 1459-1511

1526-37
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Gujarat

Muzzafar Shah-1407-1411

Came into conflict with Malwa

defeated and captured Hushang Shah of Malwa

Ahmad Shah I (1411–42)

Grandson of Muzzafar Shah
fought against the Sultans of Malwa and Khandesh
Hindu rulers like those of Idar, Dungarpur, Kotah, and Bundi

persecution of Hindus by
suppressing Hindu
zamindars, destroying
Hindu temples and
imposing jizya for the first time in Gujarat

patron of arts and architecture

founded the city Ahmedabad
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Gujarat

Ahmad Shah I (1411–42)

Jaina architectural traditions

Jami Masjid (c. 1423 CE)
Teen Darwaza
imparting justice son in law executed

Muhammad Shah (1442–51)

Was killed as a part of conspiracy

Ahmad Shah II (1451-59)

invaded Mewar in the reign of Rana
Kumbha

Mahmud Shah I (1458-1511)

Took title Begarha

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Gujarat

Mahmud Shah I (1458-1511)

Took title Begarha
reached its maximum limit

Why Begarha ?
moustaches resembled the horns of a cow

captured two powerful forts or garhs, Girnar (Junagarh) in Saurashtra and

the fort of Champaner from the Rajputs in south Gujarat

Fort @ Girnar controlling Saurashtra strategical

operations against Sindh
New city- Mustafabad
Mentioned by 
fort of Champaner works of Varthema (Italian) as well
control Malwa and Khandesh as Barbosa (Portuguese)
New city – Muhammadabad

sacked Dwarka- pirates attacking the pilgrimage

to mecca 1507 CE fought against the Portuguese
Later on allowed them to built a factory site @ Diu

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Gujarat

Muzaffar Shah II (1511–26)

succeeded in foiling the Portuguese attempts of seizing Diu,
Treaty with Mahmud Khilji II of Malwa

Both fought against Rana Sanga of Mewar

Bahadur Shah (1526–37)

conquered and annexed Malwa
Post Rana Sanga’s death sacked Chittor

Humayun invaded Gujarat

1535 conflict with Portuguese

Later on,
fell into the sea in a scuffle with the
Portuguese on board a ship while conducting
negotiations with them

Later on, weak kings

Akbar annexed the state of Gujarat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Malwa

Became independent during the time of Later Tughlaqs

Dilawar Khan Ghuri, appointed governor of Malwa in

1390–91 Capital @ Dhar, also fortified Mandu

Succeded by son Alp Khan

Alp Khan (1406-35)

Took the title Hosang Shah
Initially defeated and taken prisoner by Muzaffar Shah
made Mandu his new
capital Tolerant king-
Lalitpur temple new
town Hoshangabad
1421- invaded odissa

Muhammad Shah (1435–36)

Son of Hussain Shah
Incapable & Inefficient
Toppled by the Khiljis

Khalji dynasty in 1436

Mahmud Khalji I (1436–
69)
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Malwa
Khalji dynasty in 1436
Mahmud Khalji I (1436–69)
most powerful
advanced towards Delhi
invaded Mewar, Gujarat and the Bahmani kingdom
Fought against Rana Sanga- Victory tower
Seven storeyed tower @ Mandu
Defeated by the Bahmanis
came into conflict with the Sharqi kingdom

agriculture, trade and

commerce great builder

Mahmud Khalji II (1511–31)

Rlast uler of the Khalji dynasty
dependent on the support of his
nobles Hindu and Muslim nobles
Medini Rai- encouraged by Rana Sanga
Babur’s invasion took place
By 1531- Bahadur Shah defeated him

30 years (1531–61)- political crises

1561 Akbar annexed it , later on became the Subah of Mughals

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Malwa
Architecture ?
Jami Masjid, which was planned and begun
by Hoshang Shah and completed by Mahmud Khalji

the Hindola
Mahal, the Jahaz
Mahal,
Hoshang Shah’s tomb,
and Baz Bahadur’s and
Rani Rupamati’s

palaces use of lofty

plinth

largescale use of coloured and glazed tiles

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Rajasthan disintegration of the Delhi
Mewar called Medhpaat sultanate Muslim kingdom in
old principality ruled by the Guhila Malwa and Gujarat
dynasty Capital @ Nagda
Maharana” (Prime Minister or Custodian)
custodians of the Hindu civilization
Eklingji  Shiva Medhpateshwar (Lord of
Medhpath).

Invaded by Iltutmish- ruler Jaitra Singh

Later on Chittor was made the new capital

1301 invasion by Alauddin

Khilji Rawal Ratan Singh

the Sisodia branch came to

power Rana Hammir (1314–78)
extended the frontiers
Annapoorna Mata temple- Chittor fort

Kshetrasimha (1378–1405)
fight against Dilawar Khan Ghuri of Malwa
Got killed in family struggle

Weak kings later on

By 1438 Rana Kumbha came to power
Pratik Nayak-PNLIV E
 Rajasthan

Mewar
Rana Kumbha (1433-
1468) greatest rulers of
Mewar Ekalinga Mahatmya
Victory over Gujarat & Malwa

great patron of arts and learning

Vedas. Upanishads. Smritis. Mimamsa, vyakarna, politics
commentary on Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda

defences of Chittor, built 32 forts

fort at Kumbhalgarh

Kirtistambha (Tower of Fame) victory over malwa

patron of art and literature and a great musician

himself
Title‘Sangeet Shiromani
five forts of Kumbhalgarh, Achalgarh,
great scholars such as Mahesh and Atri- pillar Maddan, Kolana, and Vairat
inscription
Due to family struggle, got killed

Weakness in the dynasty till early 16th Century CE

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Rajasthan

Mewar
Rana Sangram Singh (1509–28)
Rana Sanga
Mewar to the zenith
fragment of a soldier- more than 80 wounds

Mahmud Khalji II of Malwa

Muzaffar Shah II of
Gujarat

Ibrahim Lodhi of Delhi-

1518 Conflict with Babur

Battle of Khanwa-1527

1528- fought with Medni Rai to defeat

Babur Passed away (poisoned)
Meera Bai was daughter in law

Akbar tried to annex

Mewar Battle of
Haldighati-1676

Finally conquered by Jahangir

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Rajasthan

Marwar
descendants of the Gahadvalas of

Kanauj By 1273 Rathada Siha,

Chunda (1384–1423),
power at Mandor
Muslims of Nagaur and the
Bhattis Grandson Jodha came
to power

Jodha (1438–89)
Founded
Jodhpur fought
against
Mewar as an ally of the Sultan of Gujarat

Maldeva or Maldeo (1532–62)

Came into conflict with Shershah Suri
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Rajasthan

Other Rajput States

Amber Ranthambhor
Bikaner
-Kachhavahas-Surya Vanshi - Ruled by the Descendants of
-ruled by the Rathors
Chauhan
-Dhundhar- Dullah Rai 10th - Hammir Deva- conflict
-founded by Bika (1464-
Century CE with Alauddin Khilji
1504) Fifth son of Jodha
-Kakil Deva- captured the fort of
Amber in 1037
-Came into prominence in 14th
Jaisalmer
Century
-ruled by the Bhattis
CE
-Bharamal- relations with Akbar
-Bhagwan Das and Man Singh
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
North India
Kashmir

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
North India- Kashmir
Rajatarangini
Kashmir- named after Rishi Kashyap
cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla (Varaha-mula).
asked Brahmans to settle there
Kashmiri Pandits

Forbidden kingdom
3 dynasties
Karkota
Utpala
Lohar
Attack by the mongols

1339 CE- Shamsuddin captured power

Shahmir Dynasty
Spread of Islam
Hindu+Muslim confluence
Sufi Saint Nooruding Noorani
Also known as Nand Rishi

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 North India- Kashmir

Shamshuddin Shah Mir (c.1339–1342 CE)

Sikandar Shah (c.1389–1413 CE)

imposed taxes on non–
Muslims, forced conversions to
Islam Destroyed temples & idols
Title- But Shikan
Convert or leave

Son Ali shah came to power (1413-19)

Brother Shah khan came to power (1420-70)
Took title of Zain ul Abidin

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 North India- Kashmir
Shah Khan (1420-70)
Title Zainul Abidin
Great sultan- Bud
Shah
Reversed the policy of Sikandar shah
Abolished Jazyiya, prohibited cow
slaughter Temple building started
Hindus allowed in administration

Defeated the Mongols- Ladakh invasion

Annexed the Baltistan area

Art & Culture- artisans & cratsmen

Artists from central asia wood carving, stone-cutting and polishing,
bottle-making, gold-beating, musket-making, art of
Construction of dams & canals manufacturing fireworks, shawl and carpet-weaving
Currency reforms

Zainal lanka- island on wular lake

Jami masjid- Buddhist + Persian architecture Post his Death, weak kings
Mirza Haider captured
scholar of Persian, Sanskrit, Tibetan, and power
Kashmiri 1586Akbar’s conquest of Kashmir
Pen name- Qutb
Mahabharat & Rajtarangini translated into Persian
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
East India
Jaunpur
Bengal
Odissa
Assam

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 East India

Jaunpur
prosperous
province Near
Varanasi
Feroz Shah Tughlaq appointed a governor
Malik Sarwar

1394 By the time of Nasiruddin Tughalq

Title given to Malik Sarwar
Sultanu-Sharq (the master of the east)

1398 Taimur’s invasion

Weakening of Delhi Sultanate
Sarawar declared himself
independent Establishment of
Sharqi dynasty
Expansion of kingdom- Awadh to
Doab Sharqi style of architecture
Shiraz of India
Atala Masjid
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
East India Jaunpur

Malik Sarwar (c.1394–1399 CE)

Founder of the dynasty

Mubarak Shah (c.1399–1402 CE)

Ibrahim (c.1402–1440 CE)

Most important ruler of the Sharqi dynasty
Establishment of Islamic centres of learning

Hashiah-i-Hindi, the Bahar-ul-Mawwaj and

the Fatwa-i-Ibrahim Shahi

Atala Masjid- construction

Mahmud Shah (c.1440 –1457 CE)

Defeated by Bahlol lodhi

Muhammad Shah (c.1457–1458 CE)

Revolt by brother Hussain

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
East India Jaunpur

Hussain Shah Sharqi (c.1458– 1505 CE)

last ruler
Assumed the title of Gandarva
Contributed in Khayal music
Developed new ragas
Jami masjid
Fight with Bahlol lodhi
Finally annexed by Sikander lodhi

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 East India

Bengal
- Bakhtiyar Khalji- appointed by Mohammed Fakhruddin-
Ghori
- assassination in 1206 by Ali Mardan Khilji Shamsuddin
- Civil war within the Khilji dynasty Ilyas Shahi dynasty
ruled Bengal up to 1538
Ghiyas-ud-din lwaz Khalji (1213–27) Ghiyas-ud-din Mahnud Shah’s reign (1532–38)
Shifted the capital from Devkot to Lakhnauti Sher Shah captured Gaur in 1538
(Gaur) Title of Sultan, securing mansur from
the caliph Conquest by Akbar- 1574

60 years (1227–87)
-political crises- more than 15 sultans ruled

Mughis-Uddin Tughril (1268–

81) Tried to gain
independence- Balban
punished him
Bengal given to son- Bughra Khan
Procalimed independence
Took title Nasir ud din Muhammad

- Dynasty continued till 1328

- Later on conquest by the Tughlaqs
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 East India

Assam- Kamrupa
never a vassal or a colony to an external power

mention of Kamarupa in Samudragupta’s Allahabad pillar

Bhaskarvarman- contemporary of Harsha
Hindu kingdom of Kamarupa in the 13th
century kingdom called Kamata

Bakhtiyar Khalji and his sucessors invaded Kamrupa

Conflict between 2 kingdoms- Kamta & Ahom

Durlabh Narayan- king of

Kamta Ahom invasion of his
kingdom Matrimonial alliance

By 15th Century CE
Khens-kamta made powerful kingdom

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 East India

Assam- Kamrupa

Ahom kingdom in the east

Mongoloid tribe from north
Burma Gradually turned
towards Hinduism

eastern Brahmaputra valley was under

Suhungmung (c.1497–1539 CE)

Hindu title, Svarga Narayana

Kings title Svarga Dev (heaven-lord)

Dihingia Raja, as he
made Bakata on the Dihing river his capital

Spread of Vaishnavism
Shankardev belonged to his
period
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 East India

Odissa
Eastern Gangas
Anantvarman Chodganga- (1076-1148)
Great conquerer
Lingraj temple, Jagganath Temple

Narasimha I
Konark Temple
death came the end of the glory of the Eastern Ganga

Later on invasion from Bengal- Ilyas Khan

Feroz Shah Tughalq- Jajnagar – 1360

Suryavamsi Gajapatis

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 East India

Odissa (1435-1541)
Suryavamsi Gajapatis
Founder- Kapilendra (1435–67),
Minister under Eastern Gangas
recovered for Orissa
Fought against the Bahmani , Bengal & Vijaynagar
Odia became official language

installed his eldest son, Hamvira

Deva Governor of Andhra
territories captured the
Vijaynagar capital, Hampi Rock
edicts of Srirangam temple
Dakshina Kapileswara
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 East India

Odissa (1435-1541)

Prataparudra (1497–1540)
Last famous king
Got defeated at the hands of Bengal Sultan- destroyed the Puri
temple

Also at the hands of Krishnadev raya

Took title Gajapati Saptanga Harana’ (appropriator of Gajapati
‘s seven elephants of royalty),

influenced with Chaitanya and his devotion to

Vaishnavism 1541 CE, Prataparudra Deva’s minister

Govinda Vidyadhara
Established the Bhoi dynasty
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
THANKS!
 Mughals- Babur,
Humayun Afghan
Interregnum

Presented by - Pratik Nayak

About Me
Ten Years Experience online & offline
teaching

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of

Gujarat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Early Medieval-transition period

750 1000
1200 1526

Period of Turkish rule-

Rajput Mughals
Political Delhi Sultanate
Kingdoms
Vacuum
Provincial Provincial
The fight for Kingdom
Kannauj Kingdoms-
s-
Vijaynag
Foreign ar
Invasions Bahmani
-Qasim Gujarat
-Ghazni Mewar
-Ghori Malwa
Bengal
Jaunpur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms –
Vijayanagar, Malwa, Gujarat, Starting of Modernism
Bengal

Bhakti & Sufi

Movement Indo-Islamic Entry of Europeans
Culture (Modern topic)
Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Mughals (1526-1707)

Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century
India

Rise of the Princely States

 Understanding History
Medieval India- 1200 CE Onwards
1192 1206
1526

Delhi Sultanate

September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Movement
Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Vijayanagar Empire,
Khiljis (1290-1320) Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Kingdom, Deccan
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Sultanate

Entry of
Sayyid (1414-1451) Europeans

Lodhi (1451-1526)
 Understanding History

1192 2019
1526 1707 1761

Delhi Mughals The rise of the Marathas

Sultanate (1628-58, 1707-1761)

Babur (1526-30)

Humayun Afghan
(1530-40,1555) Interregnum
Suris (1540- Later Mughals Europeans Struggle
Akbar (1556-1605) 1707-1857 for Supremacy-
1555)
Jehangir (1605-28)

Shahjahan (1628-58)
The rise of the Marathas
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
 Understanding History
Mughal Dynasty (1526-1707)

Babur’s Invasion
(1526-1530)

Geopolitical
Conditions

Why invasion took

place?

Significance ?
Babur- Mughals

Can be studied in 3

Phases Phase-1 Birth-

Afghanistan
Phase-2 Conquest of India -
Panipat Phase 3- Post Panipat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur - Origin ?

- 14th Century CE- Disintegration of Mongol Empire

- Timur formed his own empire-

- Lower Volga- Turkey- Iran-Iraq –Afghanistan-
Part of Punjab
- Timur passed away in 1405
- Empire passed on to Grandson Shahrukh
- Consolidated empire
- Spread of Islam- Samaqand became a major centre

- By the death of Shahrukh- disintegration of empire started

- Timurid princes started fighting among themselves
- Uzbeks started claiming power in central Asia
- New geo political development

- Ottomans (Turkey)- reclaiming Khalifa

- Safavid (Iran)- Shia
- Timurid princes (Central Asia )- considered
themselves as purest
- Uzbeks- uncultured and nomadic tribe
- They conquered Samarqand for sometime

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur - Origin ?

- Born in 1464 @ Andizhan (Ferghana)

- Father- Umar Sheikh Mirza- petty chief of Ferghana
- Passed away in 1494, fell down from a platform

- Was given responsibility at the age of 11

- War of succession within family
- Was driven out of Ferghana by Family members
- Tried to capture Samarqand from his uncle
- Uzbek intervention- Shibani khan conquered Samarqand
- Babur got defeated, decided to move to Kabul
- Again fought against the Uzbeks, but lost

- Wandered in exile Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE

- 1499- again captured ferghana- settled there
- The uzbeks by this period overran Herat
- This brought uzbeks into conflict with the Safavid
empire
- Shaibani khan defeated by the Shah of Iran
- Babur once again captured Samarqand
- But was illtreated by the Iranian generals
- Uzbeks reorganized, Babur once again driven out
- Safavids got defeated at the hands of ottoman
- Hence babur decided to go back to Kabul
- Q. Why India’s Conquest ?
Babur - Origin ?

- Born in 1464 @ Andizhan (Ferghana)

- Father- Umar Sheikh Mirza- petty chief of Ferghana
- Passed away in 1494, fell down from a platform

- Was given responsibility at the age of 11

- War of succession within family
- Was driven out of Ferghana by Family members

- 1499- settled at Ferghana, tried to claim the seat at samarqand

- By 1503 came to know about India, while staying at a village

called Dikhat (Transoxiana)

- By 1504 entered Afghanistan

- Conquered Kabul & Ghazni
- 1507- became title Badshah
- Learnt many things
- Tulguma- Uzbeks laying amubscades- Afghans
- Q. Why India’s Conquest ?
- Fire arms- Persians

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – India’s Conquest ?

- Why ?
- Legacy- Taimur & Chengiz
- Taimur- got money, artisans- built the city at Samarqand
- Punjab became part of the Mughals
- Claimed legitimacy

- Financial conditions-ruled over Qandahar,Kabul & Badkashan

- Not much source of income
- Continous uzbek attack on Kabul
- Indian can be a safe place

- Geopolitics- landlocked
हम करें तो
- Persians in west करें क्या बोले
- Uzbeks in North तो बोले क्या

- Later on invitation from Daulat Khan

- Came to know about the internal conflict of the lodhis
- Took the adavantage of it

- How the conquest on India was made ?

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – India’s Conquest ? हम करें तो करें क्या
बोले तो बोले क्या

- How the conquest on India was

made ?
- January 1519- 1st Attempt
- Exploratroy in nature
- Conequest of Bhira
- Came till Jhelum
- Diplomatic exchange with Daulat
Khan lodhi
- Bad experience

- September 1519 2nd Attempt

- Captured Bhira & Sialkot, wanted to proceed towards Lahore
- But internal revolt in Afghanistan, went back

- 1522 3rd Attempt

- Kandahar issue between Persians & Babur went back

- 1524 4th Attempt

- Welcomed by Daulat Khan lodhi,
- Sent his son Dilawar khan to welcome Babur,
- Alam lodhi (uncle of Ibrahim) also welcomed Babur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – India’s Conquest ?
Aila-Babur…
Daulat…
- Q. Reaction from Ibrahim Lodhi ? गद्दार Babur…..!
- Ibrahim lodhi came to know about this treachery
- Sent army to defeat Daulat khan lodhi
- Daulat ran away, Lahore was taken by Babur

- Daulat came to Babur, paid respect

- But later on tried to act smart
- Babur jailed Daulat
- Daulat once again fled away

- Babur decided to expedite the invasion

- November 1525-265th Attempt - Rana Sanga, sent a message

- 12000 soldiers from Afghanistan - Ibrahim lodhi also
- Mughal troopers form Lahore, Sialkot started preparing for
- Humayun joined from Badakshan the challenge

- Capturing of Daulat Khan lodhi - February 1520

- Jalied and later on died - Humayun defeated
- Alam Khan lodhi initially joined him , later on fled away the shiqdar of
Hissar

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – India’s Conquest ?

- April 1526, the Battle of Panipat

- How it was fought ?
- Q. Lodhi lost and Babur won ?
- Q. Significance- Impact ?

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – India’s Conquest ?

- April 1526, the Battle of Panipat

- Ibrahim lodhi
- Babur’s entry
- Army
- Initially waited at Shahbabad
- Centre
- Came to know about Ibrahim’s prepration – 1 lakh army
- Advance- elephants
- Right
- Waited from 12 to 19 April
- Left
- Selected the place of Panipat (near Yamuna)
- No reserves
- Local villagers fled away
- Raja Bikramjit of Gwalior
- Organised the army
- Centre (Ghul) commanded by him
- Artillery commanders- Ustad Ali & Mustafa
- 18 April, 1st attempt
- Tulghuma made by Babur
- Right side – Humayun - Surgical strike
- Left side- sultan mirz - But failed miserably

- Reserve force in the back - 20 April- Ibrahim’s

army attacked
- Came into the trap of Babur

- Within few hours 15000 dead

- Total 50000 died

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Why he won & Ibrahim lost ?
You can’t beat my
experience….
- Babur- seasoned military general
- Experience from young age
- Where as Ibrahim- no experience

- Use of Artillery by Babur- Tulghuma

- Expert gunners used by Babur

- Ibrahim- huge resources and army

- No experience to fight
- Retired or halted without a plan

- Babur- Master strategist

- Gun fire- provoked elephants खुन्देल-
खुन्देल के
- Elephants crushed the lodhi soldiers मारा
रे.....
- Ibrahim- failed as leader
- Not accepted by nobles
- Troops were fighting half heartedly
- Disunity among ranks

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Impact & Significance ?
पानीपत याद रहेगा
सबको...
Significance/Impact of Panipat ? 1526
1556
1761
- End of turko-Afghan rule
- Starting point of Mughals
- Shed away foreign linkages
- Developing indigenous way of life
- New culture evolved
- Challenge the rising power of the Rajput kings
- Centralising authority over Delhi
- Lesser foreign invasions
- Panipat became the focus centre
- Method of warfare- Tulghuma
- Gunpowder (Popularised)
- Ditch and trench method
- Foreign policy – outside view

- 1588- Abdul Qadir Badayuni- still hear the

voices of the war

- Q. Post Panipat- Role of Babur?

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Post Panipat (1526-30)
I am Shahenshah-e- We want to
Hindustan go back to
April 27- entered Delhi Afghanistan
Khutba was read Shahenshah e Hindustan

Humayun was directed towards Agra

Babur entered Agra fort, presented by Kohinoor

Pardoned off the family and officials of the

Ibrahim lodhi But later on Ibrahim’s mother tired
to poison off Babur
Babur…!!!!
4 years of Baburs’ rule  Problems & Issues

1. Nobles – wanted to go back, culturally alienated

2. Rajputs of North India – relaised the blunder
3. Afghans - wanted to revive their

power Nobles were settled down after

initial resistance

But the Rajput’s of North India decided to take on Babur

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Post Panipat (1526-30)

इतने पैसे में इतना

ज Ji sir….
4 years of Baburs’ rule  Problems & Issues
ममलेगा

1. Nobles – wanted to go back, culturally alienated

People of India gave showed hostile attitude

Memories of Timur’s plundering was still
known

Babur- knew that Indian resources can satisfy his needs and
help him establish the empire

Nobles were given option to go back to Afghanistan if

they like Nobles were settled down after initial

resistance

But the Rajput’s of North India decided to take on Babur

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Post Panipat (1526-30) I am a Ghazi
No way…Babur…

2. Rajput’s of North India

Rana Sanga- initially invited Babur against
Lodhi Thought Babur would go away , but
things changed

Why ?
Babur- while I will fight against lodhi from the north
Rana had promised to attack lodhi from the opp.
Direction But Rana, backtracked
Hence accused Rana of Breach of Agreement

Rana Sanga- already strong

Defeated Mahmud Khilji of
Malwa
Made friendly relations with Medni
Rai All Rajput kings supported
Rana Sanga Mahmud Lodhi also
came in rally Hasan Khan of
Mewat,

Intially success for Rana near Bayana

Demoralising the soldiers of Babur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Post Panipat (1526-30)

2. Rajput’s of North
India Babur- title of
Ghazi
Declaring Jihad to boost the morale of
soldiers Destroyed all the wine stock yards

Feb 1527 Battle of Khanwa (near Agra)

Rana Sanga vs. Babur
2 lakh soldiers Use of Canons- Artillery
10000 cavalry men Side attack and central
Advance Other kings also joined

Slaughtering of Rajput
forces Sanga escaped
Jauhar committed by the Rajputs

Battle of Chanderi (c.1528 CE):

Babur Vs. Medni Rai
Rana sanga again tried to revive- but was poisoned

resistance across Rajputana was completely shattered

Alwar, Rajasthan, Malwa had been controlled
Wanted to continue expansion, but had to stop because of
Afghan problem
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Post Panipat (1526-30)

3. Afghan Problem -
The afghans gave Delhi, but continued the resistance
over Jaunpur

Battle of Ghagra (near Bihar, c.1529 CE):

Babur and Mahmud Lodhi (brother of Ibrahim lodhi &
Nusrat Shah of Bengal- s/l of Ibrahim lodhi )
compelled the Bengal and the Afghan armies to retreat

Passed away in 1530-

Buried in Agra
initially
Later on Body taken to Kabul

Wrote in will no dome or other structure surmounted

his grave.
Was unhappy because of his sons
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Post Panipat (1526-30)
I consolidated…
As a ruler ? Significance ?

Politics- Integration of the empire

Since Kushan- Qandahar and Kabul
were lost Once again became part of
empire
No more foreign invasions

Trade & Commerce increased

India’s share in trans-Asian trade

Breaking up of Rajput Confederacy-All India empire

Cruelty- making towers from the skulls of the opponents

led by example – group task- helping soldiers
prepared to share the hardships of his soldiers

Prestige of crown-
End to internal conflicts among the nobles
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Babur – Post Panipat (1526-30)

As a ruler ? Significance ?

Fond of drinking
wine Health
deteriorated

Orthodox sunni
Follower of Nashqbandi Sufi Silsila
learned in Persian and Arabic
Wrote in Turkish- tuzuk I baburi/ Baburnama & Masnavi

Nature lover- described flora and fauna

Charbagh style of architecture
Mosque at Panipat & Rohilkhand
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Understanding History

1192 1526 1707

Delhi Mughals
Sultanate
Babur (1526-30)

Humayun Afghan
(1530-40,1555)
Interregnum
Suris (1540-
Akbar (1556-1605) 1555)
Jehangir (1605-28)

Shahjahan (1628-58)
The rise of the Marathas
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
Humayun (1530-40, 1555)

Real name- Nasirudin Dum maro Dum….

Moahmmed Title- Humayun- the
fortunate one
But the most unfortunate among the Mughals

Can be studied in 3 Phases

Phase-1 Birth- 1540

Phase-2 1540-1555- Exile
Phase 3- 1555-56- Death
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Humayun (1530-40, 1555)

Real name- Nasirudin Dum maro Dum….

Rehne do beta,
Moahmmed Title- Humayun- the tumse na ho
paega….
fortunate one
But the most unfortunate among the Mughals

Why ?
Birth @ Kabul- 1502
Later on made governor of Badakshan
Joined Babur at Panipat
Welcome him at Agra after Panipat
Again sent to Badakshan – after
Khanwa But retreated due to
internal crises Stayed at sambhal,
didn’t informed Babur Bad habits-
opium and wine
Fell ill- Babur took care of him

Babur passed away in December 1530

Humayun took control
Initially not liked by the nobles but was able to consolidate
Conflict within family
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Bhailog……
Aisa Kaise
Humayun (1530-40, 1555) Hanji…aap
Arey
Sherkhan
Phase -1 (1530-1540) …tum
Struggle to maintain Heritage

1. Struggle with the Afghans

Already controlled Janupur & Bihar

1532- Battle at Daurah

Defeated the Afghans

Took control of the Chunar Fort

Used to be controlled by Sher Khan
Gateway to eastern India
Later on made treaty with Sher Khan
control of area east of Banaras
and also the possession of the fort in lieu of his loyalty
Historians blunder by Humayun, costed his empire

But why this treaty ?

-immediate attack of Bahadurshah
-hence forced to rush back towards Agra

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Humayun (1530-40, 1555)

Phase -1 (1530-1540)
Struggle to maintain Heritage

2, Struggle with the Bahadur Shah

Conquered Malwa
Attacked Chittor
(Rani Karnavati sent a Rakhi to Humayun)
Planning to attack Agra

Hence, Humayun
retreated Lived at
Dinpanah Festivities at
court
Quite inactive- opium &
wine Impressing friends

Sherkhan got a free hand

Bahadurshah also decided to move advance

Bahadurshah- helping Tatarkhan (cousin of

Ibrahim) Tatar killed by Humayun

Humayun captured back to Malwa,

Gujarat Placed brother Mirza Askari as
governor
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Humayun (1530-40, 1555)

Phase -1 (1530-1540)
Struggle to maintain Heritage

2. Struggle with the Bahadur Shah

Q. Askari’s rule in
Gujarat ? Not welcomed
by local people Rebellions
by Bahadur shah Decided
to back to Agra

Humayun- Askari conflict at Agra

Later on reconciled

Malwa
Gujarat
Both lost
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Humayun (1530-40, 1555) Sherkhan.. Ab tumhara
gaddar… number hai
Phase -1 (1530-1540)
Struggle to maintain Heritage

3. Struggle with the Afghans

Sher khan- signed treat with Humyaun in 1532

Later on after the retreat of Humayun
Sher Khan consolidated his position

1535-1537
Master of Bihar
Showed loyalty to Mughals
Planning to oust Mughals
Contact with Bahadur Shah of Gujarat

Hence Humayun decided to take on Eastern Kings

Sherkhan
best efforts by the master gunner, Rumi
Khan, it took Humayun 6 months to
besiege Chunar fort of Rohtas- left his
family
Captured Bengal- capital @ Gaur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Mere pass
Humayun (1530-40, 1555) No plan….
ek plan hai

Phase -1 (1530-1540)
Struggle to maintain Heritage

3. Struggle with the Afghans

Sher khan- he would surrender Bihar and pay 10 lakh dinars if

allowed to retain Bengal

Humayun- Declined the offer

Also Hindal took control of Agra

Result 1539- Battle of Chausa

Bad decision by Humayun
Almost drowned himself in river
7000 Mughal soldiers lost
Got no help from

Agra Post Chausa ?

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Humayun (1530-40, 1555) मेले को बहुत
माला ये शेर
खान ने... Now my
Phase -1 (1530-1540) Dynasty
Struggle to maintain Heritage

3. Struggle with the Afghans

Post the Battle of

Chausa ? Humayun- went

to Agra
Reorganised the Army
Intially brothers were not
cooperative Took help from the
Brothers

May 1540- Battle of Kannauj

Battle of Bilgrama

Humayun + Askari + Hindal Vs. Sher

Shah Mughals were defeated and routed
Humayun lost, Sher Shah pursued Humyaun out of India

Became a prince without a kingdom

Wandered in exile (1540-1555)
Sher khan will establish the Suri Dynasty (1540-1555)

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 तन्हाई. .चारो
Humayun (1530-40, 1555) तरफ कोहरा
ही कोहरा है
Phase -2 (1540-1555)
Struggle to maintain Heritage

4. Exile phase of Humayun

wandered for 15 years (1540-1555)- Suri
Empire was established simultaneously

First two and half years in Sindh

Planning to regain power but no
help Own brothers tried to kill him

Married Hamida Banu Begum (daughter of

Hindal’s teacher) on his way to Sind
Took refuge at Maldeva’s court – Jodhpur

Inbetween stayed at Amarkot

Birth of Akbar- 1542

Warned by his ambassador at Maldeva’s court

of the Raja’s designs to imprison him
Because Maldeva was threatened by Sher
Shah
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 I am khan
Humayun (1530-40, 1555) Some one help baba….
me
Phase -3 (1555-1556)
Struggle to maintain Heritage

5. Come back- phase of Humayun

Went to kabul
Askari also sought to imprison him

Sought shelter in the court of Iranian King

Converted to Shia faith
Got help from Iran-12000
soldiers 1545- Able to
capture Kabul
1555- came back to power @ Delhi

Bairam Khan- helped him

1555- Defeated the
Afghans Breaking up of
Sur Empire

By 1556- died
fall from the staircase of his library
jumbled throughout life and was tumbled
out of life
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Humayun (1530-40, 1555)

As a ruler ?
neither a good general nor an efficient organiser, but was
optimistic and persevering

devoted to the study of astronomy,

Loved painting, and wrote Persian
poetry

Brought 2 painters from Persia-

Mir Saiyad Ali & Khwaja Adbus Samad

half-sister, Gulbadan Begum, wrote Humayun-nama

City of Din Panah

Jamali Mosque, Isa Khan Mosque

Humayun’s tomb- made by wife Haji

begum
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Understanding History

1192 1526 1707

Delhi Mughals
Sultanate
Babur (1526-30)

Humayun Afghan
(1530-40,1555)
Interregnum
Suris (1540-
Akbar (1556-1605) 1555)
Jehangir (1605-28)

Shahjahan (1628-58)
The rise of the Marathas
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
 Mere pass
ek plan hai

The Afghan Interregnum

Suri Dynasty
 The Suris….
The Afghan Interregnum

The Sur Dynasty Origin

From Afghanistan
Roh region
Came to India during the period of Bahlul Lodhi

Founder- Sher
Shah Original
name- Farid
son of Hasan Khan, a jagirdar of Sasaram in Bihar
Went to Jaunpur for Studies
administration of his father
Hasan’s iqta

Went to Ibrahim lodhi for transfer of Iqta in

his name Also started serving Behar Khan
lohani in Bihar Given the title Sher Khan

Took part in 1st Battle of

Panipat- Fought with the
army of Babur Came to the
notice of Babur Ousted from
the army
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interrgnum

The Sur Dynasty

Sher Khan
Welcomed back in the administration of
Lohani Now taking the title- Mohammad
Shah of Bihar Mohammad passed away
in October 1528

Joined Mahmud Lodhi- Battle of Ghagra-

1529 Lodhi lost
Babur went back

Sher Khan became defacto ruler of

Bihar Acquired the fort of Chunar

Came into conflict with Humayun-1532

onwards Later on made peace

Conquest of Bengal
Consolidated his power
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 शेर की ज़ुबानी सुन ये
शहर की कहानी भाग भाग भाग
The Afghan Interregnum (आया शेर आया शेर)

The Sur Dynasty

Sher Khan
1537 onwards
Conflict with
Humayun Tried to
settle Deal But
couldn’t proceed

Hence
1539- Battle of Chausa Maldeva, the ruler of
1540- Battle of Kannauj Marwar Fled away

Emperor of Hindustan chain efforts from Malwa to Marwar

Expulsion of
Humayun Hot Any one who sympathised with
pursuit Humayun, Were to be attacked
Occupied Agra & Delhi Hence attacked- Kalinjar
Captured till Lahore and NW Launched attack on fort
Frontier
1545- Died in a freaky
incident Gun powder blast
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interrgnum

The Sur Dynasty

1545- Death of Sher khan

Son Jalal Khan came to power

Took title- Islam Shah
Tried to consolidate power
But passed away in 1552

Breakdown of the Sur administration

Three rulers ascended the throne

between 1552-1555
Ruler Adil Shah Suri- Ibrahim Shah Suri- Sikandar Suri

Sur domains were partitioned among relatives of Sher

Shah (Punjab, Agra, Delhi, Bihar and eastern region)

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interrgnum

The Sur Dynasty

Three rulers ascended the throne

between 1552-1555
Ruler Adil Shah Suri- Ibrahim Shah Suri- Sikandar Suri

Real power in the hands of General- Hemu

Vikramaditya 1555- Humayun came back

Defeated the Army of Sikandar Shah Suri

End of Suri Dynasty

2nd Battle of Panipat- 1556

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interrgnum

The Sur Empire

Sher Shah-
Reformer but not
innovator Benevolent Administration
Despotism Duty bound
king
Tolerant king
Hindus in administration Central Revenue Military Public welfare
Malik Jaysi stayed in his
court Padmavath Provincial Law Trade & Commerce

Local

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 I am the
The Afghan Interregnum state….

The Sur Dynasty- Administration

Central Administration
Based on autocratic monarchy.
No prime minister
Other department headed by
Diwans No actual powers to the
ministers.
Constant supervision and control by the
Sultan. Code of conduct for the ministers
Its main defect was excessive centralisation.

Provincial Administration
Lack of enough information about provincial
administration. Division- Iqtas- headed by military
governors
Sarkar- District –
Shiqdar Pargana-
Village- Patwari
Mauza
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interregnum

The Sur Dynasty- Administration

Significance of Admin reforms ?

Division of the provinces into sarkars, -shiqdar-ishiqdaran

(in-charge of law and order, general administration and criminal justice) and
munsif-i-munsifan (in-charge of local revenue and civil justice).

Division of the sarkars into parganas, which were under shiqdar (law and
order, criminal justice, etc.) and munsif or amin (land revenue and civil justice).

Division of the parganas into villages, under headmen; responsibility of the local people for
maintaining law and order in their localities.

By appointing two persons of equal rank at pargana and sarkar levels,

Sher Shah divided the executive functions thus ensuring balance of

power. And by assuming the power of appointment and dismissal of

even
pargana and sarkar officials, he effected greater centralisation.
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 I am the
The Afghan Interregnum state….

The Sur Dynasty- Administration

Law & Order-

Sher Shah- God fearing

man King-fountain of
justice

Law as per Islamic principles

Personal laws applied as per
customs

Muqadam and chaudharies given power to investigate at

local level Qazi- chief justice

re-establishment of law and order

son Islam Shah took a big step towards

dispensation of justice as he codified the
laws
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interregnum

The Sur Dynasty- Administration

Revenue Administration- experience beforehand

Zabti-i-har-sal (land assessment every year)

Assessment of land revenue on the basis of measurement of land- patwari,
Muqadam, Qanungo Gaz-i-sikandari, use of rope- Jarib, Bigha (60x60 Sqyd)

Drawing up of schedules of crop rates on the basis of the quality of land.

Classification- based on
yield (good, bad and
middling).

Computation of the produce of three kinds of land and fixing 1/3rd of their average as the land

revenue. Issuing of pattas to the peasants and the acquisition of qabuliyalt from them.

Collection of a cess of two-and-half seers per bigha (unit of land from the peasants for famine relief fund.

Elimination of middle man

Advancing loans- taqqavi
Warning to corrupt
officials
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interregnum
I am the
The Sur Dynasty- Administration
state….

Military Administration

Huge army-
Lakhs of infantry and cavalry

Dispensation of tribal levies

Direct recruitment of

soldiers

Chahra or descriptive rolls of soldiers

and
dagh or the branding of horses personal royal
force called
Setting up of cantonments in Khasa Kail
different places

High position given to the Afghan

youths Muslims from central Asia
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interrgnum

The Sur Dynasty- Administration

Public welfare
Fixed custom duty
National highways-
Grand Trunk Road
Sonargoan to
Attock Agra to
Mandu
Agra to Jodhpur-Chittor
Lahore to Multan

1700 sarais- rest

houses Use of spy
Firman delivery system

development into qasbahs or market

towns; using of sarais as stages for
the news service
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
The Afghan Interrgnum

The Sur Dynasty- Administration

Public welfare

Charity-
Madrasars
Langars
Dispensaries

local headmen and zamindars

responsible for the loss of the goods
of merchants on roads

- Standardization of currency
- Gold coin- Asharfi
- Silver coin –Rupiya
- Copper coin- Dam

- Exchange rate fixation

- Rupiya- 178 grains of silver

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
THANKS!
 Mughals- Akbar

Presented by - Pratik Nayak

About Me
Ten Years Experience online & offline
teaching

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of

Gujarat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Early Medieval-transition period

750 1000
1200 1526

Period of Turkish rule-

Rajput Mughals
Political Delhi Sultanate
Kingdoms
Vacuum
Provincial Provincial
The fight for Kingdom
Kannauj Kingdoms-
s-
Vijaynag
Foreign ar
Invasions Bahmani
-Qasim Gujarat
-Ghazni Mewar
-Ghori Malwa
Bengal
Jaunpur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms –
Vijayanagar, Malwa, Gujarat, Starting of Modernism
Bengal

Bhakti & Sufi

Movement Indo-Islamic Entry of Europeans
Culture (Modern topic)
Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Mughals (1526-1707)

Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century
India

Rise of the Princely States

 Understanding History
Medieval India- 1200 CE Onwards
1192 1206
1526

Delhi Sultanate

September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Movement
Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Vijayanagar Empire,
Khiljis (1290-1320) Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Kingdom, Deccan
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Sultanate

Entry of
Sayyid (1414-1451) Europeans

Lodhi (1451-1526)
 Understanding History

1192 2019
1526 1707 1761

Delhi Mughals The rise of the Marathas

Sultanate (1628-58, 1707-1761)

Babur (1526-30)

Humayun Afghan
(1530-40,1555) Interregnum
Suris (1540- Later Mughals Europeans Struggle
Akbar (1556-1605) 1707-1857 for Supremacy-
1555)
Jehangir (1605-28)

Shahjahan (1628-58)
The rise of the Marathas
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
 Understanding History
Mughal Dynasty (1526-1707)

Babur’s Invasion
(1526-1530)

Geopolitical
Conditions

Why invasion took

place?

Significance ?
 Hum hain Akbar ….
Akbar

Can be studied in 3

Phases Phase-1 Birth in

Exile
Phase-2 Conquest of India -
Panipat Phase 3- Post Panipat –
Consolidation Phase- 4-
Expansion

Q. As a ruler ?
Q. Reformer ?

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar - Origin ?

- Humayun and Hamida Banu Begam

- Birth @ Amarkot- 1542
- In between 1543- Humayun tried to capture
Afghanistan from Kamran
- But Humayun had to take refuge to Iran
- Initially treated well, but later on abused and humiliated पापा का, दादा का,
भाई का, सबका बदला
- His survival was matter of luck हाां बेटा लेगा तेरा
मेले को तुम्हारे अब्बा
- By 1545- Humayun came back बहुत माला जलालुद्दीन
की बहोत पपटाई
ये शेर
- Reunited with family खान ने...
की गई थी ..
- 1555- Humayun came back to
India
- But passed away from falling
off

- At that time Akbar was in

Punjab

- Q. How Akbar came to power ?

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 हाां बेटा
Akbar - Origin ? मेले बेटे तुम्हारे अब्बा
की बहोत पपटाई पापा का, दादा का,
जलालुद्दीन को भाई का, सबका बदला
बुलाओ की गई थी ..
- Humayun and Hamida Banu Begam लेगा तेरा
- Birth @ Amarkot- 1542 जलालुद्दीन

- Initially made governor of Badakshan

- Akbar- based in Punjab
- 1555-Humayun fell down from the stairs
- Crowning at Kalanur by Bairam Khan
- Very young age- 13 years

- Hence Bairam Khan became the regent and wakil

(PM)
- Came to know about the advances of I am khan
Hemachandra baba….
- Already captured the regions of Delhi & Agra
- Drove the Mughal Governor- Tardi Beg
- Hence conflict between Mughals vs.
Hemachandra
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar - Origin ?

- 1556-1560- Regency period of Bariam Khan Ji

- Second battle of Panipat Mughals…I am Khan Baba,
Jahanpanah…
coming… please help
- Condition of Akbar don’t worry…
- Brother Mirza Hakim
- Mughals Vs. Hemu Vikramaditya (Wazir of Mohd.
Shah Adil of Bihar- Bengal)

- 2nd Panipat oct-November 1556

- Advancement of Mughal Army from Punjab towards
Delhi
- Both parties confronted at Panipat
- Hemachandra got initial success
- Use of elephants and advancement
- But, later on an arrow pierced the eye of
Hemachandra
- Bairam Khan severed the head of Hemachandra
- Mughals, won the battle

- The starting point of Bairam’s rule (1556-1560)

- warded off other Afghan  Sikander Sur (Punjab)
- Vanquishing Ibrahim Sur Jaunpur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar - Origin ? Mughals…I am
coming… Bhai bahot
- Second battle of Panipat bhari hai…
- Significance ?
- Breaking the back of Indo-Afghan forces
- Igonrance by Hemachandra
- Could have chased out Mughals from India-
already occupied Agra & Delhi
- Mughals were considered as outsiders
- Delayed to throw out Mughals from Punjab
- Commanded support from Indians & Afghan
Nobles and other muslims
- Pride & Overconfidence
- Artillery dispatched in advance to fight
- Lesser number of troops kept back
- The Mughals captured the artillery & then fought
against the Afghans

- Afghans- leader worshipping Army

- The movement Hemachandra got injured, there was no
second in command

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar - Origin ?

- 1556-1560- Regency period of Bariam Khan

Et Tu….
- Second battle of Panipat- After ? khan baba…
- Mughals Vs. Hemu Vikramaditya (Wazir of Now I will be the
Mohd. Shah Adil of Bihar- Bengal) Jahanpanah
- warded off other Afghan  Sikander Sur (Punjab)
- Vanquishing Ibrahim Sur Jaunpur
- Attacking Gwalior- Afghan fort
- Lahore, Multan, Ajmer

- emerged as the most powerful noble

- Appointing son and other family members in important
position
- Old nobles resented, Akbar also came to know
about the intention of Bairam

- Hence, Reaction by Akbar

- Removed Bairam from power revolt took place
- Akbar- able to supress
- Bariam pardoned off given option to take any
state as a governor or retire to Mecca
- Bairam decided to go to Mecca
- On way- killed at Patan
- Akbar appointed son as his noble
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 मैं परेशान परेशान
परेशान परेशान
Akbar - Origin ? रंजिसे है
धुँ¸आ हाुँ
- 1560- assumed power
- 1560-1567- Initial Problems- Petticoat
government
- Simultaneously expansion of empire

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
1556 CE Second Battle of Panipat 1581 CE Kabul

1560 CE Gwalior 1585- Shifting of

capital to Lahore
1561 CE Malwa
1586 CE Kashmir &l
Baluchistan
1564- Gondwana
1591 CE Sindh
1568 CE Chittor

1569 CE Ranthambhor 1592 CE Orissa

1595 Qandahara
1570 CE Marwar, Bikaner, and
Jaisalmer
1593- 1601 CE
Deccan(Ahmadnagar and
1572 CE Gujarat
Khandesh)
1574 CE Bihar and Bengal
1601- campaign against
Asirgarh
1576 CE Battle of Haldighati
Rebellion of Salim

1605- Death

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Beta Akbar…please
Ji…Ammi….
Akbar - Origin ? give some post to
your brother- Adam
Khan
- 1560- assumed power
- Nobles not liking the authority
- Foster mother- Maham Anga
- Her son- Adam Khan wanted to topple Akbar

- Adam Khan- attacked on Malwa

- Defated the last king- Baz Bahadur
- Looting and desecration of malwa
- Roopmati killing herself

- Akbar- Reaction ? Now, I will rule…

- Given only a part of the loot
- Removed Adam Khan from Nobility

- Adam Khan- killed the Wazir of Akbar

- Claimed the position of Wazir

- Finally, Akbar threw him down from the Agra

Fort

- But the nobility problem continued Uzbeks

(Central Asian Nobles)
- Timurids- Mirzas also didn’t like akbar
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Sapne dekho Khan
Akbar - Origin ? baba….

- 1560- assumed power

- 1560-67
- Revolt within Nobility
- 1. Uzbeks
- 2. Timurids

- 1. Uzbeks-
- Traced their origin to Samarqand
- Came to India with Humayun
- Wanted Akbar’s half brother to be King
- Mirza Hakim- the governor of Kabul

- Timurid nobles Mirzas

- Also revolted

- Most serious crises since 2nd Battle of Panipat

- Akbar- use of smart power & luck
- Withdrawal of Mirza Hakim
- By 1567- Supression of the Uzbeks
- End of the revolt

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Sapne dekho Khan
Akbar - Origin ? baba….

- Q. Political Expansion ?
- Expansion of Empire (Multiple Phases ):
- 1. conquered northern India from Agra to Gujarat
- 2. Agra to Bengal
- 3. strengthened the North-West Frontier
- 4.Deccan Expansion

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 1581 CE Kabul
1556 CE Second Battle of
1585- Shifting of
Panipat 1560 CE Gwalior
capital to Lahore
1561 CE Malwa
1586 CE Kashmir &l
Baluchistan
1564- Gondwana

1568 CE Chittor 1591 CE Sindh

1569 CE Ranthambhor
1592 CE Orissa
1570 CE Marwar, Bikaner, and 1595 Qandahara
Jaisalmer
1593- 1601 CE
1572 CE Gujarat Deccan(Ahmadnagar and
Khandesh)
1574 CE Bihar and Bengal
1601- campaign against
1576 CE Battle of Haldighati Asirgarh
Rebellion of Salim

1605- Death

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar - Origin ?
Bhai, ab bahot ho
gaya tera…
- Q. Political Expansion ?
- Agra to Central India
- Conquest of Gwalior, Malwa, and Gondwana
- 1559–60 conquest of Gwalior
- 1561 Adam Khan attacks Malwa- Baz
Bahadur
- Intially Baz Bahadur lost- went to Burhanpur
- Later on- recovered Malwa, due to bad rule of Adam Khan
- Adam Khan executed, Baz Bahadur once again
comes to power

- Akbar sent expedition to Malwa

- Baz Bahadur took refuge in Mewar
- Later on went to Mughal Court, accepted their Ye theek nahi
kiya Akbar
authority tune….
- Made Mansabdar in the administration
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Now, your
Akbar - Origin ? turn
Gondwana….
- Q. Political Expansion ?
- Agra to Central India

- Conquest of Gwalior, Malwa, and

Gondwana

- 1564 Gondwana (Garh-Katanga)

- ruled by Rani Durgavati, the Chandella princess
from Mahoba, and the widow of Dalpat Shah, son
of Sangram Shah

- By 1564 Asaf Khan (governor of Allahbad)

- Attacked Gondwana
- Rani Durgavati stabbed herself to death

- Gondwana annexed to Mughal

- Later on Chandra Shah was made the king by Akbar
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Now turn for
Akbar - Origin ? Rajputana

- Q. Political Expansion ?
- Rajasthan- Most Important
- Conquest of Rajasthan- Akbar’s Rajput policy ?
- Rajputana States- Kingdoms
- Merta- Jodhpur subjugated , came under Authority
- Good relations with Amber- Jaipur- Raja Bharmal

- Mewar (Chittor)
- Main state symbol of resistance
- 1568- siege of Chittor
- Rana Sanga- retired
- Brave fight by Jaimal & Patta
- Akbar recognised their Bravery

- Inbetween
- 1569- Ranthambhore
- 1570-Marwar, Bikaner, Jaisalmer
- Almost all of Rajasthan except,

- Mewar Maharana Pratap

- 1576- Battle of Haldighati

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 हम आपसे बेइंतहा
Akbar - Origin ? मोहब्बत करते हैं

Rajput Policy ?
-Importance of Rajput kingdoms and wanted them as Allies
- inducted them into Mughal service
-matrimonial alliances
- Raja Bharmal of Amber
- Jodha Bai married to to Akbar
- Bhagwan Das, and grandson Man Singh
- Made Mansabdars
- Hereditary and Non-transferable
- territories as Watan Jagir

they were honourably treated by the Mughals, given

their lands (watan) back as assignments (watan
jagir). Mughal marriages with the Rajputs
• The mother of Jahangir was a
Kachhwaha princess, daughter
The careful balance between defeating but not of the Rajput ruler of Amber
humiliating their opponents enabled the Mughals to (modern day Jaipur).
extend their influence over many kings and • The mother of Shah Jahan
chieftains. was a Rathor princess,
daughter of the Rajput ruler
of Marwar (Jodhpur).

- Raja Mansingh played a major role in expansion

hence forwards
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Ab, Gujarat ka
Akbar - Origin ? number aayega…

- Q. Political Expansion ?
- Conquest of Gujarat
- death of Bahadur Shah- 1537
- Going through internal crises
- Mirza’s settled in Gujarat
- Rich province- trade & commerce

- Hence Akbar decided to take on

Gujarat
- 1572 attack on Ahmedabad via
Ajmer
- Ruler of Gujarat Muzzafar Shah
defeated
- Surat also captured

- Mirza Aziz Koka made the governor of Gujarat

- Again rebellion Ikhitiyar ul Mulk and
Mohammad Hussain Mirza

- 1573 final suppression & control of Gujarat

- Muzaffar shah sent to Jail, later on escaped
- Revived the power, took help from other
rulers from Gujarat
- 1591- Akbars attack on Saurashtra/Kathiawar
- Battle of Bhucharmori/Dhrol
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Bihar & Bengal- I
Akbar - Origin ? am coming….

- Q. Political Expansion ?
- East India
- Bihar and Bengal
- Controlled by the Afghans
- Going through internal crises-conflicts within nobles
- New ruler Daud Khan

- 1574- 1st attack

- Hajipur, Patna, and Gaur (Bengal)
- Daud khan signing treaty, later on rebelled

- 1576 final conquest of Bengal

- Thought things were settled, but again rebellions

started
- Gujarat
- Bengal
- Bihar
- Northwest
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar - Origin ? नाक में दम कर रखा है

- Q. Political Expansion ?

- Thought things were settled, but again

rebellions started
- Gujarat
- Bengal
- Bihar
- Northwest

- Why ?
Afghans- main reason
By this time- Akbar had started administrative
reforms

administration of jagirs including strict

enforcement of the dagh system or branding of
horses and strict accounting of their income
religious divines also not happy with liberal
views of
Akbar

resuming the large revenue-free grants of

lands
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Bhai….tu bhi
Akbar - Origin ? revolt karega…

- Q. Political Expansion ?

- Bengal & Bihar

Masum Khan
Kabuli, Roshan
Beg,
Mirza Sharfuddin, and
Arab Bahadur

Declared Mirza Hakim (Kabul)- brother of Akbar as their

leader attacked over Lahore simultaneously

Akbar- 2 fronts
1. Bengal & Bihar Raja Todarmal & Shaikh Farid
Bakshi crushed
2. Lahore Man Singh and Rana Bhagwan Das controlled

1581 Later on Akbar went to Kabul

Coronation took place
Bhaktunisa Begum given the charge
Mansingh made the governor of Kabul
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Chain se jene
Akbar - Origin ? do mujhe…..

- Q. Political Expansion ?

- Punjab & North-west

- Timuird origin princes- ruled over regions of Afghanistan
- Mirza Hakim also controlled certain regions

- By 1584 Abdullah Khan Uzbek attacked and

captured Badakshan
- The Timurids and Mirza Hakim asked for help

- 1585- shifted capital to Lahore

- Mansingh given the charge to control the Uzbek menace

- Decided to block all roads for Uzbeks
- Hence annexation by 1586
- Kashmir, Gilgit- Baltistan & Baluchistan

- Khyber Pass Roshani Sect revolt

- Birbal lost the life in the process to control
- Later on Man Singh & Todarmal were able to supress

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Abe ye kya ho
Akbar - Origin ? raha hai….

- Q. Political Expansion ?

- North-West
- 1590 Abdul Rahim Kahn-i-Khanam
- Appoitnment as the governor of
Multan
- Controlled the Sindh and Bilochi
tribes

- 1598 personally supervision over

Lahore
- Death of Abudlla khan Uzbek- threat
over

- Consolidation of North-west
- Fixing of frontier
- No more foreign attacks
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Bhai thoda Deccan
Akbar - Origin ? mein chalte hain….

- Q. Political Expansion ?

- Eastern, Western India and Deccan

- 1592 Raja Mansingh given charge for Eastern India
- Orissa, Cooch Bihar, and parts of east Bengal,
including Dacca

- 1592 Mirza Aziz Koka

- Conquest of Kathiawar

- 1591 Deccan expedition

- Prince Murad and Abdul Rahim Khan I Khanam
- 1595 attack on Ahmednagar
- Chand Bibi ceding of Berar to Akbar
- Later on Chand Bibi + Adil Shahi revolted

- Abul Fazal sent to Deccan

- 1598 Finally Prince Daniyal and Khan Khanan
captured Ahmednagar

- 1601- Campaign against Asirgarh-

- Rebellion of Salim
- 1605- Death
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Q. How they were able to expand such big
empire
Q. How their relations with the other
states worked?
Q. Their Administration
Q. Land Revenue Q. Akbar’s Policies ?

Abu Fazl gives us the details

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Mughal Administration- Abu Fazl

A closer look–Akbar’s policies

Akbar Nama and Ain- i Akbari
The broad features of administration were laid down by Akbar ordered one of his close friends
Akbar and were elaborately discussed by Abul Fazl in his and courtiers, Abul Fazl, to write a
book the Akbar Nama, in particular in its last volume, the history of his reign. Abul Fazl wrote a
Ain-i Akbari. three volume history of Akbar’s reign
titled, Akbar Nama.
Abul Fazl explained that the empire was divided into
• The first volume dealt with
provinces called subas, governed by a subadar who
carried out both political and military functions. Akbar’s ancestors and
• the second volume recorded the
Each province also had a financial officer or diwan. events of Akbar’s reign.
• The third volume is the Ain-I
Akbari. It deals with Akbar’s
administration, household, army,
the revenues and geography of
his empire.
• It also provides rich details about the
traditions and culture of the people
living in India. The most interesting
aspect about the Ain-i Akbari is its
rich statistical details about things as
diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and
revenues.
Akbar - Origin ? UPSC Aspirants…
हम तलवार नहीां
मरेंगे...
- Q. Akbar as a ruler ? तुम्हारी तो कह
Akbar- Reforms के लेंगे

Administration Land Revenue Mansabdari Socio-Cultural

-Central Jagirdari -Religious Policy

-Provincial
-Local - Architecture

Rajput Policy - Paintings

9 Ratna - Literature
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Administration

Central

Provincial

Local

Nav Ratnas
Akbar – Administration

administrative system of the Sultanate and Sher Shah

Suri’s highly centralised

Central Administration

Emperor
Wazir Mir Saman Qazi

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Administration
I was the
Wazir…
Takleya….

Emperor
Wazir
Abul Fazl introduced a
new dimension Suri didn’t appoint

farri-izadi (divine Revived under the Mughals

effulgence).
Link- Ruler to Admin
Supreme head
All power- judicial Babur- full powers
executive
Legislative Akbar- Bairam enjoyed Wakil-Wazir

Everything on pleasure Later on- took financial powers

of the king no longer the principal adviser
title of diwan or diwan-i-ala
Not recognising any
superior authority like
the caliph

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Administration

Mir Bakshi Qazi/ Sadr us Sadar

Mir Saman
head of the military judicial department
officer in-charge of the royal
administration
household and
royal karkhanas combined with that of the Sadr-us
Finalising- appointment Sudur
to mansabs or for promotions
Only few influencial nobles
Later on sent to the King Protect- shariat laws
were appointed to this post
Charity
head of the intelligence and
Etiquette at the court, the
information agencies Sadar award of revenue free grants
control of the royal body
guard also
Barids (intelligence officers)
and Waqia-navis (news
reporters) Muhtasibs (censors of public morals)

Supervision over mansabdars Examine weights and measures and

enforce fair prices
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Provincial Administraiton

A closer look–Akbar’s policies

Ain-i-Akbari

Abul Fazl explained that the empire was divided into provinces called subas,
governed by a subadar who carried out both political and military

functions. Each province also had a financial officer or diwan.

For the maintenance of peace and order in his province, the subadar was
supported by other officers
• the military paymaster (bakhshi),
• the minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (sadr),
• military commanders (faujdars) and
• the town police commander (kotwal).
Akbar – Administration

Provincial Administration
Akbar divided into twelve
subas or
provinces
Expansion empire 20

provinces Allahabad, Agra,

Awadh, Ajmer, Ahmedabad,

Bihar, Bengal,

Delhi, Kabul, Lahore,

Malwa, and Multan

Ahmednagar, Khandesh , Berar

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Administration

Suba Sarkar Pargana

2 officials
placed under a Subedar Shiqdar- executive official
(provincial governor) Faujdar- law & order
Law & order At times helping in revenue Kotwal- law & order
Rebellions control collection
Agri, trade & commerce Qanungo- land record keeper

Diwan Amalguzar/Amil-
Head of finances in suba Revenue collection
Revenue collection , auditing Report to Diwan
Look after agri expansion Village-
Takkavi loans
Others ?
Muqadam- head men
Bakshi
Qiladar- fort & jagir areas
Head of the provincial army Patwari- land record keeper
Clubbed with Waqa Navis
Port- Mutsadi
Directly under the governor Zamindars- also used to collect
Darogai-i- Dak revenue
Communications Merwars
postal runners

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Administration
Importance of Navratnas
आओ कभी
Akbar- Illiterate ruler हवेली पे

But understood the importance of learned

men Attracted scholars and ablest people
around him Many scholars stayed in his
court
Came from different
regions Had multiple
skills

Author
Musicia
n
Painter
Warrior

Nine of them Nav Ratna / Nine Gems

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Akbar – Administration
Importance of Navratnas

Abul Fazl Maheshda/ Raja-Birbal Tansen

Wrote Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama Minister, Advisor Musician- Dhrupad
Mughal army in deccan Title given by Akbar Given title of Mian
Later – killed by Bir Singh Bundela-
order given by Salim Todarmal Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana
Worked under the Suri’s Poet-translated Babarnama into
Faizi Revenue department Turkish
Persian author Son of Bairam Khan
Translated lilavati Mansingh
Mansabdar- able general Mirza Aziz Koka
Fakir Aziodin Grandson of Bharmal Brother of Akbar
Sufi, advisor to Akbar Subedar of Gujarat

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Huge Empire –
How this empire was created ?
How to set up the Administration ?

Mansabdari System

Jagirdari System

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Mughal
Akbar – Territory- Division Sultanate…

territories of the empire were divided into

-Khalisa (income went directly to the royal exchequer), and

-Inam (lands allowed to learned and religious men).

-Jagir

Modification of the Iqta System

Assignment of revenue of a particular territory to the nobles

Eg. Given to Mansabdar

At times paid in cash

all jagirdars were mansabdars

But not all mansabars were jagirdars

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Mansabdari System
How the Empire Empire Expanded Administrative Setup
Steel Frame of the Empire Mansabdars and jagirdars

As the empire expanded to encompass different regions the Mughals recruited diverse bodies
of people.

From a small nucleus of Turkish nobles (Turanis) they expanded

to include Iranians,
Indian
Muslims,
Afghans,
Rajputs,
Marathas and other groups.

Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as mansabdars.

Zat and Sawar

The mansabdar’s military responsibilities required him to maintain a specified number of sawar
or cavalrymen.

The mansabdar brought his cavalrymen for review, got them registered, their
horses branded and then received money to pay them as salary.
Akbar – Mansabdari System
Steel Frame of the Empire
Mansabdars and jagirdars

Zat ranking
Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as mansabdars. Nobles with a zat of 5,000
were ranked higher than
The term mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a mansab, meaning a
those of 1,000.
position or rank.
In Akbar’s reign there were
It was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix 29 mansabdars with a rank of
(1)Rank, 5,000 zat;
(2)Salary and by Aurangzeb’s reign the
(3)military responsibilities. number of mansabdars had
increased to 79.
Rank and salary were determined by a numerical value called zat.
Would this have meant more
The higher the zat, the more prestigious was the noble’s position in expenditure for
court and the larger his salary. the state?
Akbar – Mansabdari System

Steel Frame of the Empire  Mansabdars and jagirdars

Salary of Mansabdars ?

Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments

Name ? called jagirs which were somewhat like iqtas.

Difference between the Iqtadars(muqti ) and Mansabdars)

unlike muqtis, most mansabdars did not actually reside in or

administer their jagirs.

They only had rights to the revenue of their assignments

which was collected for them by their servants while the
mansabdars themselves served in some other part of the
country.

In Akbar’s reign these jagirs were carefully assessed so that

their revenues were roughly equal to the salary of the
mansadar.
Akbar – Mansabdari System
Mansab (or rank) Dagh (branding of horses) and chahra or
position of its holder (mansabdar) in the tashiha (descriptive roll of soldiers)
official hierarchy
-sawar ranks equivalent to their zat ranks
assigned to nobles and commanders -sawar ranks were less than their zat ranks
important administrative positions. -sawar ranks were less than half of their zat ranks

Zat & Sawar - 10–20 rule-

- 10 cavalry- 20 Horses
Zat personal pay and status in the
official
hierarchy

Sawar number of horsemen to mansabs of 5,000 and above only to the

be maintained and the salary princes and members of the royal
for
the maintenance of those horsemen. family; Man Singh and Mirza Aziz

Mansab based on merit Koka- 7000 rank Mughal, Pathan,

Total 66 ranks Hindustani, and Rajput highest paid

Mansabdar assigning him a service in the world

jagir Or cash by the state
Paid salary to his soldiers
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Jagirdari System

Types of Jagir

Tankha- Mashrut Watan Altamgha

Paid for salary On *
Transfarable T&C Hereditary & non Given to Muslim
transferable nobles- place of
Paid to zamindars birth
& kings

Zamindars
hereditary rights over the produce of the
land Claimed 10-25 % from the peasants
Not the owner of the land
Peasants paid to them
Maintained their own Army, lived in the forts- gharai
Helped the state in revenue collection

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Administration

Land Revenue

Abu Fazl gives us the details about the set up

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 THE CREATION OF AN EMPIRE: The Mughal Dynasty

Land Revenue Zabt and zamindars

The main source of income available to Mughal rulers was tax on the produce of
the peasantry.

In most places, peasants paid taxes through the rural elites, that is,
the headman or the local chieftain.

The Mughals used one term – zamindars – to describe all intermediaries,

whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftains.

Akbar’s revenue minister, Todar Mal, carried out a careful survey of crop
yields, prices and areas cultivated for a ten-year period, 1570-1580.

On the basis of this data, tax was fixed on each crop in cash.

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 THE CREATION OF AN EMPIRE: The Mughal Dynasty

Land Revenue

Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule
of revenue rates for individual crops. This revenue system was known
as zabt.

It was prevalent in those areas where Mughal administrators could survey the
land and keep very careful accounts.

This was not possible in provinces such as Gujarat and

Bengal. In some areas the zamindars exercised a great
deal of power.

The exploitation by Mughal administrators could drive them to rebellion.

Sometimes zamindars and peasants of the same caste allied in rebelling

against Mughal authority.

These peasant revolts challenged the stability of the Mughal Empire from the end
of the seventeenth century.
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Land Revenue

Owner ship rights

Q. Method of Calculations ?
Abu Fazl Field belongs to him who
clears
Initially traditional method- followed
away timber
batais or ghallabakhshi
King, zamindars and jagirdars- superior
produce was divided between the peasants and
rights
the state in fixed proportion
Payment was made generally in cash
nasaq or kankut
Kashmir and Orissa- exceptions
rough appraisement on the basis of the inspection of
the crops and past payments made by the village as
Cash payments- hardship to the
a whole
peasants immediately dispose of the
harvested crop even when the prices
Later on, 2 experiments were done under Akbar
were very low

Money lenders-baniya made money out

of this
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 UPSC
Akbar – Land Revenue Walo… keh
ke lunga
Zabti / Bandobast System

largely based on Sher Shah’s system

extension of khalisa land
Improvised and modified by Todarmal Division of Khalisa land into circles
Preparation of new jama (records)
Karoris placed to collect revenue
uniform system of land measurement,
classification of land, tanab made of bamboo sticks joined by iron rings
and fixation of rates
New system of measurement
Revenue- 1/3rd of the average produce But not all land was measured by new system
Paid in cash In old provinces, the batai or qanqat continued to be used

By 1580- further modifications by Akbar

- introduced the Dahsala System
average yield of land assessed on the basis Q. land was divided into four categories
of past ten years (dah years)

local prices were taken into account

separate assessment circles- based on
the revenue

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Land Revenue

land was divided into four categories

Polaj Parati (fallow, Chachar (once in Banjar (once in five or

(cultivated once in two three or four
every year) more years).
years): years)
Assesed at
Assesed at concessional rates
concessional rates

Diwan- main head of finances register Bahi

Karoris were
appointed
Collection of dams
Auditing of the records by
Qanungo
Desai- officials in deccan &

Gujarat Amil (revenue officers)-

takkavi Patwari- kept a

1 h
Century tobacco and maize
7 18th Century Potato and red
t
chillies

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Socio-Cultural :

Religious Policy

Features ?

Sulh-i-kul ?
Akbar – Religious Policy ?
Q. Reflections of this policy ?
Tolerant & liberal compared to
his
-abolished pilgrim tax
predecessors & successors
-Abolished Jaziya
- Land grant to Guru Amardas-
early contacts with the Sufi
saints- - Later on Amritsar
-Teacher Abdul latif
Establishment of Ibadat Khana
-Visited Shrine of Sheikh
Khwaja mere
Muinuddin
Khwaja
Chisti at Ajmer

-Follower of Salim chisti

-Contact with the Rajputs

-Role of Wife

-Shaikh Mubarak- Abul Faizi and

Abul Fazl

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Takleya….
Akbar – Religious Policy ?

Policy of Sulh-i-Kul

1575- Construction of Ibadat Khana

Sunnis were initially allowed to

participate in religious
discussions Had internal
conflicts
Abdul Qadir Badauni Vs. Abul Fazl
-Pursottam Das – Hindu
1576- Battle of Haldighati
-Dastur Maharji Rana – Parsi (of Navsari)
All other religious scholars were
allowed to participate -Hira Vijaya Suri – Jain saint of Kathiawar
-Aquaviva and Monserrate – Christian (sent
Shias, Hindus, Christians and by the Portuguese on Akbar’s request)
Zoroastrians also started participating

August–September 1579, the mahzar

Q. Reaction by the Orthodox was declared
sections- Ulemas ? “Infallibility Decree” by which he
asserted his religious powers
Internal Conflict- how to get solution
Sul-i-kul
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Yaar..don’t
fight
A closer look–Akbar’s policies

While Akbar was at Fatehpur Sikri during the 1570s he started discussions
on religion with
the ulama,
Brahmanas,
Jesuit priests who were Roman Catholics, and Zoroastrians.

These discussions took place in the ibadat khana.

He was interested in the religion and social customs of different people.

It made him realise that religious scholars who emphasised

ritual and dogma were often bigots.

Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst his

subjects.

Akbar What to do ?
A closer look–Akbar’s policies
Shant
Baithie….
This eventually led Akbar to the idea of sulh-i kul or “universal
peace”.

This idea of tolerance did not discriminate between people

of different religions in his realm.

Instead it focused on a system of ethics – honesty, justice,

peace – that was universally applicable.

Abul Fazl helped Akbar in framing a vision of governance

around this idea of sulh-i kul.

This principle of governance was followed by Jahangir and

Shah Jahan as well.
 Akbar – Religious Policy ?

Sulh-i-Kul ? 1582 promulgation of new religion

“peace with all,” “universal Other reforms ?
peace,” or “absolute peace” Din-e-Ilahi
prohibited polygamy
peaceful and harmonious Tauhindi-
relationship among different Ilahi (Divine Monotheism), Allowed a second wife only in
religions exceptional circumstances
which believes in one God and in
not just tolerance, but also a Sul-i- Kul/peace to all prohibited child marriages
sort of balance, civility,
respect, and compromise Mentioned by Prohibition of slaughter of animals
Father Daniel Bartoli
interfaith dialogue
Followers Birbal, Abul Fazl, and
reality of cultural pluralism Abul Faizi

But no mention of new religion

established by contemporary sources

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Akbar – Socio-Cultural :

Architecture

Paintings

Literature
 Akbar – Socio-Cultural ?

Architecture-
Humayn’s tomb-
Mixture of Persian + Built by Haji Begum
Indegeneous style
Own tomb @ Sikandara
-Agra Fort Completed by Jahangir
-Lahore Fort
-Allahbad Fort Temple at Govindpura- Vrindavan

Fatehpur Sikri Jahangiri Mahal- Agra Fort

Gujarat, Deccan & Bengali
influence

Buland Darwaza- commemorate

victory over Gujarat

Jodha Bai Palace

Panch Mahal
Diwan-i-am
Diwan-i-khas
Salim Chisti’s tombe
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Mughal Architecture
Mughal Architecture
Mughal Architecture
 Akbar – Socio-Cultural ?

Literature – Art forms ? Persian language

Illustrations of Persian versions Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Abul Fazl- Ain-i-Akbari
of
Mahabharata and Abul Faizi- translation of lilavati
Ramayana Hamz Nama-
Abdul Qadir Badauni
1200 paintings Akbar
Khwaja Nizamuddin Ahmad
Nama
Harami Naziri (leading Persian
imperial karkhanas- Tasveer
poets) Tulsidas- Ramcharit
Khana
manas
Music

Dhrupad
Tansen
Gave him title of ‘Mian’ Tansen

Performed at Fatehpur Sikri

Abu Fazl gave Rs 2 lakhs

to Tansen for his first
performance in the court
THANKS!
 Mughals- Jehangir
Shahjahan

Presented by - Pratik Nayak

About Me
Ten Years Experience online & offline
teaching

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of

Gujarat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Early Medieval-transition period

750 1000
1200 1526

Period of Turkish rule-

Rajput Mughals
Political Delhi Sultanate
Kingdoms
Vacuum
Provincial Provincial
The fight for Kingdom
Kannauj Kingdoms-
s-
Vijaynag
Foreign ar
Invasions Bahmani
-Qasim Gujarat
-Ghazni Mewar
-Ghori Malwa
Bengal
Jaunpur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms –
Vijayanagar, Malwa, Gujarat, Starting of Modernism
Bengal

Bhakti & Sufi

Movement Indo-Islamic Entry of Europeans
Culture (Modern topic)
Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Mughals (1526-1707)

Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century
India

Rise of the Princely States

 Understanding History
Medieval India- 1200 CE Onwards
1192 1206
1526

Delhi Sultanate

September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Movement
Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Vijayanagar Empire,
Khiljis (1290-1320) Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Kingdom, Deccan
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Sultanate

Entry of
Sayyid (1414-1451) Europeans

Lodhi (1451-1526)
 Understanding History

1192 2019
1526 1707 1761

Delhi Mughals The rise of the Marathas

Sultanate (1628-58, 1707-1761)

Babur (1526-30)

Humayun Afghan
(1530-40,1555) Interregnum
Suris (1540- Later Mughals Europeans Struggle
Akbar (1556-1605) 1707-1857 for Supremacy-
1555)
Jehangir (1605-28)

Shahjahan (1628-58)
The rise of the Marathas
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
 हमार नाम जहाांगीर है
Jehangir

Can be studied in 2 Phases

Phase-1 Birth- During

Akbar Phase-2 As a king

Q. As a ruler ?
Q. Reformer ?

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Jahangir - Career Phases

1569 1622
1601 1605 1606 1611 1627

Expansion of Empire Expansion of Empire

Birth Marriage with

Revolted Khusrau’s Rebellion of Death
Coronation Noor Jahan
rebellion Khurram
Governor of The rule of Padshah Begum
Transoxiana
 Hamara Beta raaj
karega
Jahangir - Origin ?

- Akbar first 2 sons- Hasan & Hussain- died early

- 3rd Son- Salim (Akbar + Jodha Bai (Mariam Us Zamani)

- Birth of Jahangir- 1569
- Called as Sheikhu Baba by Akbar

- Other sons-
- Murad- 1570
- Daniyal – 1572

- Hence 3 sons- survived Hamara Shasan

chalega ab
- Followed debauched life- Wine & Women

- 1599, Murad died

- 1604, Daniyal died

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 अब्बा मेरा नाम
Jahangir - Origin ? Sheikhu Baba सलीम हैं
मेला प्याला बाबा ....
- Jodha Bai (Mariam Us Zamani) and Akbar
- 3rd Son, Birth @ 1569
- Named him  Salim
- After Salim Chisti (Sufi Saint)

- Called as Sheikhu Baba by Akbar

- Revceived education- Persian, turki, Arabic. Turki

- Civil administration, military skills
- Given training by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana

- Made Mansabar-10000 (Dashazari)

- 1581- joined Kabul campaign
- 1585- got married to Man Bai (Amber)
- Birth of Khusrau-1587

- Other Marriages-
- Jagat Gosai
- Birth of Khurram

- Mehrunisa (Noorjahan)

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Papa, I want Et tu Sheikhu Baba
Jahangir - Origin ?
power

- 1591- got posted in Transoxiana

- Ignored duties

- Lived a debauched life style

- More than 800 women in Harem

- 1599- revolted against Akbar

- 1601- @ Allahbad
- Akbar- deputed Abu Fazl to supress
- But Abu Fazl got killed by Bir Bikram Bundela

- -Akbar’s mother, Hamida Banu Begum, and

his aunt, Gulbadan Begum, interceded for the
prince

- By 1604-Akbar softened the stand

- End of revolt

- Simultaneously Danial also died in 1604

- Salim was the only one to claim

- 1605- Death of Akbar

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Jahangir - Origin ? हमार नाम जहाांगीर
है
- 1605- Salim became the King

- Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir Padshah Ghazi

- Read khutba by himself, crown putting on his head

- Struck new coins, general amnesty to the prisoners

- Forgiving the old adversaries

- Initially threat from Khusrau- Helped by Raja Mansingh

- Later revived the administration

- Appointed Mansabars-
- Son of Mansingh- 2000 mansab
- Mirza Aziz koka- retaining of titles
- Bir Singh Bundela- 3000 mansab

- Mirza Ghiyas Beg- title Itamd ud Daula

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Jahangir - Origin ?
Noorjahan Sher
Jahangir - Family Jahangir – Multiple Wives- Childerns Afghani

Daughter
Ladli Begum
1585-
Prince Salim- Jagat Gosai 1611- Brother- Father-
Manbai
Mehrunissa- Asaf Khan Gyas Beg
Jehangir Rajput Princess Itmad-ud-Daula
(Amber)
Noorjahan Khan-i-
Saman Made the Diwan Some Children of Jahangir
(more than 10 )
1. Khusrau Mirza
2. Parviz Mirza
Prince Khusrau 3. Shah Jahan-Khurram
(1587) Prince Khurram Arjumand 4. Shahryar Mirza
Eldest one Bano Begum 5. Jahandar Mirza
Shahjahan- 3rd Son
Daughter of Asaf
Khan
Later on,

Shahryar Khan married to

Matrimonial Alliance-1612 Ladli Begum
But still, the rebellions continued
It’s complicated, issue.
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Jahangir - Rebellions ? हमार नाम जहाांगीर
है
1. Khusurau’s rebellion- 1606
-eldest son Khusrau (son of Jahangir and Man Bai,
-daughter of Bhagwan Das)
-Attempted to claim the throne based on Akbar's will
-Sought refuge @ Punjab- 5th Sikh Guru- Arajan Dev
-Sikh guru, Arjun Dev, was beheaded

-Khusrau shah was handed over to younger brother

Khurram Khurram initially blinded Khusrau & later on
murdered him

Khurram realized now, no more hindrances but…..

An issue sparked up, resulting into a

rebellion Also married Mehrunissa- Noor

Jahan-1611 Simultaneously Jahngir

expanded the empire

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Noor Jahan’s influence in the Mughal Court ?

Nur Jahan’s influence in Jahangir’s court

Mehrunnisa, married the Emperor Jahangir in
1611 and received the title Nur Jahan.

She remained extremely loyal and supportive to the

monarch.  Junta Group

As a mark of honour, Jahangir struck silver coins

bearing his own titles on one side and on the
other the inscription “struck in the name of the Junta Group
Queen Begum, Nur Jahan”.

The adjoining document is an order (farman) of Nur

Jahan.
The square seal states, “Command of her most
Sublime and Elevated Majesty Nur Jahan Padshah
Begum”.

The round seal states, “by the sun of Shah

Jahangir she became as brilliant as the moon; may
Nur Jahan Padshah be the lady of the age”.

Shahjahan became prominent by this period

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
मेरे इतने करीब मत
में बबबाद होनब क्यब सेट ूंग
आओ मैं तुम्हें मुझसे शबदी करोगी
कर दूं चबहतब हूँ ककयब
बबबाद
गी……. है भबई
Jahangir - Expansion ?
Role of Noorjahan
Revolt by Khurram ?
Issue of Mahabat Khan ?
 I will expand the
Jahangir - Expansion ? empire …..

1615- Mewar
Rana Amarsingh accepted the Mughal Suzeranity
His son Karan singh made Mansabdar

1616- Deccan
Khan-i-Khanan + Marathas
Combined forces of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golconda

1620- Qandahara
Capturing by Shah Abbas of Persia
Khurram was deputed to fight against him

Conquest of Deccan- wanted to continue policy of Akbar

Little success

rise of Malik Ambar in Deccan

Helped by Bijapur Ibrahim Adil Shah & marathas

Conflict among nobles

Khurram’s nobles- planning for revolt

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Abba….. Harmonium,,,,
Jahangir - Rebellions ?

2. 1622-1626 Khurram’s rebellion

Why ?
Ladli Begum (by Sher Afghani)
married Jahangir’s youngest son
Shahryar Mirza

Khurram- realized he’s been ousted from

power Also personal ambitions of Khurram Conflict between Jahangir vs. Khurram
was responsible Conflict between Jahangir vs.
Khurram Khurram given order to go to
Qandahar Didn’t wanted to go-
because of isolation Had support from
Gujarat & Deccan wanted the
following things :
Shah Jahan was later on accepted by Jahangir-1626 Demanded- full control over army
Control over Punjab & control of forts
Given the charge of Deccan
Took control of odissa, Bengal & Bihar
But, the one more problem came up- Mahabat Khan Made alliance with Malik Ambar
(Deccan)

Finally defeated by Mahabat Khan &

Parvez
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Mahabat…Gaddar
Jahangir - Rebellions ? .. Chal be………!

Q. The issue of Mahabat Khan?

Helped Jahangir to supress the rebellion of Khurram

After Khurram was the charge of Deccan -1626

Transferred to Bengal as governor

Ordered Mahabat to furnish an account of the large sums
forfeited to the government from the dismissal of disloyal Jagirdars

Mahabat Khan seized the emporer on way to Kabul

Controlled the empire with few nobles
Noor Jahan escaped, later on surrendered

After some time Mahabat Khan, fled away to Deccan

Work with Shah Jahan

Noor Jahan thought now she can rule with Jahangir

But Jahangir passed away in 1627

Noor Jahan became alone

Khurram transformed into Shah Jahan

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Jahangir - Decline ? Beta, Khurram
ab tumhare Jijaji marr
hawale watan…. gaye…..yayay Now, I will be
1627- Death of Jahangir the king…
died at Bhimbar in Kashmir

dead body was sent from Bhimbar to Lahore

for burial in the Dilkusha garden

On the other side,

Asaf Khan- the Diwan had already created
conditions

Initially Shahryar proclaimed himself king but

Asaf Khan defeated him,
Shahryar, and Daniyal’s two sons were
beheaded

Parvez had already died….

Prince Khurram- Shah Jahan
Reached Agra
Got supported by the Nobles
Supported by Asaf Khan

Nur Jahan retired- pensioned off

Lived for the next 18 years
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Papa ko abhi
bhi yaad karte
hai sab….

Jahangir

Reforms ?
Socio-Cultural ?
 Mansabdari
Jahangir - Significance ? Changes

Mansabdari System

Duaspa-sihaspa Rank- related to Sawar

the duaspa-sihaspa (2–3 horses) rank,
literally meaning troopers having 2 or 3 horses;

Its grant by the emperor to those selected nobles as a

special favour.

It was also given to those mansabdars engaged in military operations

and expeditions.

This rank doubled the ordinary sawar rank, and hence

doubled the obligations and the privileges that went
with it.
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Jahangir - Significance ? Papa ko abhi
bhi yaad karte Aise hi thodi
hai sab…. hum Akbar
adhered to Akbar’s ideals of the coexistence of all hain…
religious communities

sulh- i kul

Jahangir, Akbar’s son, described his father’s policy of sulh-i kul in the
following words:

“As in the wide expanse of the divine compassion there is room for
all classes and the followers of all creeds, so … in his Imperial
dominions, which on all sides were limited only the sea, there was
room for the professors of opposite religions,
and for beliefs, good and bad, and the road to intolerance was closed.

Sunnis and Shias met in one mosque and Christians and Jews in one
church to pray.

He consistently followed the principle of ‘universal peace’ (sulh-i kul).”

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 मांगलवार और
गुरूवार को
Jahangir - Significance ? हमारा व्रत
रहने का
adhered to Akbar’s ideals of the coexistence of all
religious communities

Forbading Killings of Animals- Tuesday & Thursday

remitted some local taxes on trade and the

manufacturing of goods

Prohibited the consumption of Tobacco

British Visit
Captian William Hawkins-1608

Battle of Swally

Sir Thomas Roe- 1615

Farmaan to set up factory

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Jahangir - Significance ? हमार नाम जहाांगीर
है
Socio-Cultural

Lived in Lahore
Many monuments were built

Wrote Tuzuk-e-Jehangiri
Mention about the Drinking

Abdul Hamid Lahori- Padshah Nama

Khafi Khan- Muntakhab-i-Lubab

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Jahangir - Significance ?

Art & Culture-

Use of Pietra Dura

Itmad Ud Daula’s tomb

Akbar’s tomb- Sikandara

Jahangir’s tomb- Lahore

Moti Masjid- Lahore

Shalimar & Nishant Garden- Lahore

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Jahangir - Significance ?

Art & Culture-

Painting-

Moving away from illustrated art

Potrait style was more focud

Mughal Painting- climax
Abul Hasan,
Bishan Das
Ustad Mansur

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Understanding History

1192 2019
1526 1707 1761

Delhi Mughals The rise of the Marathas

Sultanate (1628-58, 1707-1761)

Babur (1526-30)

Humayun Afghan
(1530-40,1555) Interregnum
Suris (1540- Later Mughals Europeans Struggle
Akbar (1556-1605) 1707-1857 for Supremacy-
1555)
Jehangir (1605-28)

Shahjahan (1628-58)
The rise of the Marathas
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
 आइये आपका ही
हमार नाम खुररम इांतजार था
उर्फ़े शाहजहााँ
है

ShahJahan
1628-1658

-Origin-Family
-Political Expansion
-As a ruler
 Jahangir - Origin ?
Noorjahan Sher
Jahangir - Family Jahangir – Multiple Wives- Childrens Afghani

Daughter
Ladli Begum
1585- Prince Salim- Jagat Gosai 1611- Brother- Father-
Manbai
Mehrunissa- Asaf Khan Gyas Beg
Jehangir Rajput Princess Itmad-ud-Daula
(Amber)
Noorjahan Khan-i-
Saman Made the Diwan Some Children of Jahangir
(more than 10 )
1. Khusrau Mirza
2. Parviz Mirza
Prince Khusrau 3. Shah Jahan-Khurram
(1587) Prince Khurram Arjumand 4. Shahryar Mirza
Eldest one Bano Begum 5. Jahandar Mirza
Shahjahan- 3rd Son
Daughter of Asaf
Khan
Later on,

Shahryar Khan married to

Matrimonial Alliance -1612 Ladli Begum
But still, the rebellions continued
It’s complicated, issue.
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Origin ?

Son of Jehangir & Jagat Gosain (Marwar)

Prince Khurram- Shahjahan

Married to Arjumand Bano Begum- Mumtaz

Served in the administration of Jehangir

Killed his brother Khusrau

Revolted in the year 1622

Why?
- Noorjahan’s influence in the administration
- Made to serve in Qandahar

- Later on supressed by Mahbat Khan

- Given the charge of Deccan

- 1627- Death of Jehangir

- Captured power, Noorjahan pensioned off

- Era of Shah Jahan

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Career Phases

1605 1628
1622 1657 1666
Expansion of Empire Reign of

Aurangzeb
-Gained Deccan
Birth
Rebellion Coronation -Qandahar lost Fell ill Death
during -Golden Age- Art & Culture 1660-sent to Jail
Jahangir
Shahjahan - Origin ? हमार नाम खुररम
उर्फ़े शाहजहााँ
है
crowned in Agra in c.1628

Thinking of consolidation & expansion

Appointed Mahabat Khan as Governor

Prior experience- as the governor of Deccan
Forced the Nizamshahi’s to cede Balagahat

But later on,

Immediate revolt-
Bundela- Jujhar Singh
Khan Jahan Lodhi- Mughal Governor of Deccan

Issue of Balaghat
Mughals vs. Nizam Shahi
Khan Jahan took sides on the Nizam Shahis

Shahjahan- Aggressive policy started in Deccan

Decided to take revenge with the Nizam Shahis
(Ahmednagar)

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Origin ?

Shahjahan- Aggressive policy started in Deccan

Wanted to take revenge against Ahmednagar
How ?

successfully isolated Ahmadnagar by winning over

Bijapur and the Marathas

Fath Khan, son of Malik Ambar, also made peace with

the Mughals

By 1636- Augrangzeb appointed as the Governor

Ji huzoor

Treaties ?
GO to Deccan…
Bijapur and Golconda

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Origin ?

Shahjahan- Aggressive policy started in Deccan

Wanted to take revenge against Ahmednagar

Treaties ?
Bijapur and Golconda

Bijapur-
Golconda-
Adil Shah accepted the Mughal suzerainty
oath of loyalty towards
Helping Mughals in conflict against the
Mughal emperor
Marathas
Name of Mughal emporer
-pay 20 lakh rupees as indemnity
in the Khutba
-not to interfere in the affairs of Golconda
agreed to pay two lakh
-Mughal emperor – arbitration- dispute
huns
between Bijapur and Golconda

20 lakh huns annually

belonging to
Ahmadnagar was ceded
to Bijapur

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Origin ?

Significance of this treaties ?

Stability in Deccan
Lesser Mughal Influence
Good conditions for the Deccanis to expand their own
empire

By 1650- Situation Changed

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Origin ? Ab humara
number aayega..
By 1650- Situation Changed
Shivaji- trying to expand
Mir Jumla- Golconda- also expanding

By 1652- Aurangzeb appointed as

Governer (2nd Time)

By 1656- Mughal policy changed

Death of Adil Shah (Bijapur)
Too much expansion of these states
has taken place
कदापप नहीां

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Origin ?
Expansion- Other Areas ?

1. Deccan

2. Bengal-1631
Sultan Shuja will be sent towards Bengal
Hugli wrested from the Portuguese

3. Northwest- 1639 Balkh Campaign

Secured Qandahar,
But the Persians took away
1649- Final Campaign towards North-West
But no success, lost the Qandahar region & ancestoral
regions

4. Ruled till 1657

Visit by Europeans
Constructed many monuments
Fell ill by 1657- results into a civil war within Family

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 हमार नाम खुररम
उर्फ़े शाहजहााँ
है

ShahJahan
1628-1658

-Civil War- 1657 ?

Shahjahan - Decline ?

Fell ill by 1657- results into a civil war within Family

Shahjahan

Suleiman Darasikoh Muradbaksh

Sultan Shuja Aurangzeb Jahanara &
Sheikh Roshanara
Crown Prince Governor of
Governor of Governor of
Jai Singh Malwa & Daughter of
Bengal Deccan
Deccan Shahjahan

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Decline ?

Fell ill by 1657- results into a civil war within Family

Haha….
I am the emporer

Let’s do the
Okay Bhai.. treaty...

1st Reaction- Sultan Shuja proclaiming himself as emporer

But, Suleiman Sheikh & Jaising Defeated him

2nd Reaction- Aurnagzeb & Muradbaksh did an agreement of

partitioning the empire
Hence, Aurangzeb moved towards Agra, but Shahjahan jumped in
Shahjahan- sent Jaswant Singh (Jodhpur) & Qasim to stop Aurangzeb
1658- Battle of Dharmatpur, but Jaswant Singh lost

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Shahjahan - Decline ?

Fell ill by 1657- results into a civil war within Family

3rd Reaction- 1658

Now, Aurangzeb marching towards Agra
Darasikoh vs. Aurangzeb
Battle of Samugarh

Imprisoned Murad Baksh- Gwalior Jail

Aurangzeb- title of Alamgir (conquerer of the world)

But, Sultan Shuja came back

Hence Aurangzeb vs. Shuja
Aurangzeb emerged victorious Sab Bhaio ki
Aaaja Let’s do the
keh ke I am Back….
Dikhata hoon treaty...
But, again, Dara Sikoh came back loonga…

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Decline ?

Fell ill by 1657- results into a civil war within Family

Yaar, tujhe maar

Aakhir Baar, khane mein
4th reaction- 1659 Dikhata hoon.. maaza aati hai
Darasikoh came back kya….

Aurangzeb Vs. Darasikoh

Battle of Deorai
Darasikoh and son Suleiman Sheikh fled away towards Afghanistan
Captured inbetween at Bolan pass by local chief
Given to Aurangzeb, both executed

But, Shahjahan didn’t liked it

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan - Decline ?

Fell ill by 1657- results into a civil war within Family

Ye Galat
kiya tune… Nikal Pehli
Fursat mein
Nikal……
Aurangzeb-
Shahjahan sent to Jail- Agra Fort
Looked after by daughter Jahanara
Died in 1666, buried in Tajmahal

Second Coronation of Aurangzeb

1660 Onwards- expansion period of Aurangzeb

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan – Reforms ?

Mansabdari System-
Rule of one-third, one-fourth

It scaled down the obligations of the mansbhdars.

If a mansabdar was serving in a province where his jagir

was,
then his contingent should be equal to at least 1/3rd of his
sawar rank;

if elsewhere then only 1/4th;

for those serving in Balkh, Badakshan and Kabul- 1/5th
Shahjahan – Golden Age ?

Taj Mahal
Commissioned in 1631
Took 22 years
Architect- Ustad Isa, Isa Muhammad Effendi & dome by
Ismail Khan

Mosque Building-
Moti Masjid at Agra

Sheesh Mahal
Mussalaman Burj- was jailed at this place

Jama Masjid- Delhi

Red Fort- Delhi

Rang Mahal, Diwan-i-Am, and Diwan-i-Khas

Shalimar Bagh- Lahore

City of Shahjahanbad

Peacock Throne –built by Bebadal Khan

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Shahjahan – Golden Age ?

Padshah Nama- Abdul Hamid Lahori

written during the time of Shahjahan

Inayat Khan- Shah Jahan Nama

Dara Sikoh- translated Bhagvat Gita & Upanishads into

Persian language
Book- Majhma ul Bahrain, Sainat-ul-Auliya

Foreigners Visit ?

Bernier – French, stayed in India for 12 years

doctor, political philosopher and historian

Tevernier – French Jewellwer

Manucci- Italy
Doctor, but settled in India

Peter Mundy – England- Talked about Famine in India

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
THANKS!
 Mughals- Aurangzeb

Presented by - Pratik Nayak

About Me
Ten Years Experience online & offline
teaching

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of

Gujarat
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Early Medieval-transition period

750 1000
1200 1526

Period of Turkish rule-

Rajput Mughals
Political Delhi Sultanate
Kingdoms
Vacuum
Provincial Provincial
The fight for Kingdom
Kannauj Kingdoms-
s-
Vijaynag
Foreign ar
Invasions Bahmani
-Qasim Gujarat
-Ghazni Mewar
-Ghori Malwa
Bengal
Jaunpur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms –
Vijayanagar, Malwa, Gujarat, Starting of Modernism
Bengal

Bhakti & Sufi

Movement Indo-Islamic Entry of Europeans
Culture (Modern topic)
Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Mughals (1526-1707)

Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century
India

Rise of the Princely States

 Understanding History
Medieval India- 1200 CE Onwards
1192 1206
1526

Delhi Sultanate

September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Movement
Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Vijayanagar Empire,
Khiljis (1290-1320) Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Kingdom, Deccan
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Sultanate

Entry of
Sayyid (1414-1451) Europeans

Lodhi (1451-1526)
 Understanding History

1192 2019
1526 1707 1761

Delhi Mughals The rise of the Marathas

Sultanate (1628-58, 1707-1761)

Babur (1526-30)

Humayun Afghan
(1530-40,1555) Interregnum
Suris (1540- Later Mughals Europeans Struggle
Akbar (1556-1605) 1707-1857 for Supremacy-
1555)
Jehangir (1605-28)

Shahjahan (1628-58)
The rise of the Marathas
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
Aurangzeb - Career Phases

1618 1636 1645 1647 1652 1658

Expansion & 1707
Rebellion

Birth Governor Fought against

Appointed Governor Reappinted Death
Governor of Gujarat of Balkh @ Deccan Brothers
of Deccan
Aurangzeb हमार नाम Aurangzeb है
Muḥī al-Dīn Muḥammad

Can be studied in 2 Phases

Phase-1 Birth- During

Akbar Phase-2 As a king

Q. As a ruler ?
Q. Reformer ?

Empire Expansion in Multpile Phases-

1. North & East India
2. Deccan

3. Religious Policy
4. Rajput Policy
5. Rebellions

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb

Phase-1 North India- Expansion of

Empire 1662- Expansion in North-

East
Bengal Governor- Mir Jumla
Given charge to conquer
Assam
Ahom Kingdom- fought against the Mughals
Treaty of Ghilajharighat

1663- Death of Mir Jumla while returning to

Dacca By 1667- Lachit Borpukhan occupied

Guwahati Aurangzeb- Appointed Shaista

Khan
Captured Chittagong, Island of Sondip
Tried to control the Arakanese pirates

1671- Battle of Saraighat – Naval Battle

Mughals were humbled, by the Ahoms
Mughals gained Guwahati
But couldn’t capture Assam

1680- Ahoms had captured over Kamrupa

1681- Battle of Itakhuli
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Aurangzeb

Phase- 2 Deccan Policy

1658-68
1668-1684 1686-1687 1687-1707

Phase-3 Phase-4
Phase-1 Phase- 2

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Roger that…..
You go to South

Aurangzeb

Phase I (c.1658–68 CE)

recover from Bijapur the

territories belonging to
the Ahmadnagar state

Why ?
Shahjahan- did a treaty in 1636

Also fought against Shivaji

I won’t allow that
Jai Singh- Deccan

Governor
Getting Kalyani, Bidar, and Parenda
From Bijapur

1665- failed attack on

Bijapur 1667- Death of Jai
Singh 1668- Securing
Sholapur
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb

Phase II (c.1668–84 CE)

Rising period of Shivaji & Sambhaji

Death of Adil Shah- Bijapur

Akhana & Madana controlled Golconda

Hence pressuring decani sultanate

pressurise Bijapur and Golconda
Joining hands with the Mughals
Against Shivaji and then against his son Sambhaji We should do
alliance
But- Shivaji did an Alliance
Bijapur

Shivaji Golconda

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb
Ab bohot ho gaya….
Phase III (c.1686-1687 CE)

Annexation of Deccani States

Bijapur- 1686
Golconda- 1687

Khirki made Capital

Named it
Aurangabad

Shivaji Passed Away

Sambhaji came to power
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb

Phase IV (c. 1687-1707CE)

Rising period of Marathas

Execution of Sambhaji

Problem period
Why- recently annexed Deccani States

The barrier between the Marathas & Mughals was

finished
Direct confrontation started

Continous military campaigns- draining of treasury

Resulted into bad conditions

Jadunath Sarkar- Deccan Ulcer

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb

Rebellions ?

Rebellions of the Jat peasantry at Mathura

1669- Gokla
1685- Rajaram
1691- Charuman

1672-
Satnami Revolt
Bundela- Raja Chatrasal

Sikh-Gurus

Issue with the Rajputs ?

Rajput Policy ?

Deccan- Problematic

Revolt of Son Akbar

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb

Rebellions ?

Rebellions of the Jat peasantry at Mathura

1669- excesses committed by Abd-un-nabi, the faujdar of
Mathura
Leadership of Gokla- peasant leader
Execution of Gokla
Once again revival took place
1685- Rajaram- took the leadership, but crushed

1691- Chura man- son of Rajaram

strengthened the Jat fort of Sinsani
sacked regions around Agra and Delhi
Akbar’s tomb at Sikandara was dug open

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb

Rebellions ?

1672- Satnami revolt

Dispute between Satnmai peasant & Mughal soldier
Hence revolt

1675- Sikh Guru

Execution of 9th Guru- Tegh Bahadur
Orders given by the Qazi of Delhi
10th Guru- Gobind Singh- establishment of the Khalsa
Jaswant Singh-Marwar

1678- Rajput Issue- Jodhpur

Maharaja Jaswant Singh Passed away
Rani Hadi was pregnant- Birth of a son- Ajit Singh Aurangzeb Inder Singh Ajit Singh
Aurangzeb took control of Marwar- Khalisa Gave him the tika Nephew Son
Jaswant Singh’s Nephew was made the king -revolted

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Akbar, we accept
you as Mughal We also accept Akbar…Et Tu….
King you at Marwar

Aurangzeb

Rajput Policy ?

Civil war kind of situation –

Akbar declared himself emperor in 1681
Aurangzeb- decided to capture Ajit Singh & Rani Hadi with the support of the Rajputs
But helped by Duragadas Rathore, all escaped
Aurangzeb counterfeit treacherous letter,
Mewar supporting Ajit Singh addressed to Akbar, delivered to Durgadas’s
camp
1679- Aurangzeb attacks @ Mewar-Marwar
Son Akbar was given the task to conquer Rajasthan Rajputs left Akbar @ Midnight-
Guerilla warfare by Rajputs
Akbar went to seek the support of
By 1698- Ajit Singh recognized as the ruler of Marwar Marathas,
Sambhaji helped him, hence executed
But, all this eventually alienated the Rajput Support for Aurangzeb Akbar- Supressed and departed to Persia

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Bhai, aise
I am the State administration nahi
Aurangzeb chalta

Rajput Policy ?
Alienation of Rajputs
Why?
Akbar- treating Rajput kings in a dignified way
Non interference in the internal affairs of the Rajput Kingdoms

Aurangzeb- religious
bigotry Reimposed Jaziya
Alienation started
Mewar didn’t like interference, hence the breach took place

Marwar- initially ally

King Jaswant Singh passed away
And the politics played by Aurnagzeb deserted them

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb
I am the Ghazi…. Koi Smjhao ise….
Religious Policy ?
Harsh religious policy
Hence many rebellions

Staunch muslim
Wanted to India to be an Islamic state

Banned construction of new temples

Repairing of old temples

Destroyed many temples-

Temples of Keshavar Rai (built by Bir Singh Deo Bundela)
Vishvanath Temple- Kashi
Mosque erected in their place

1679- Remimposed Jaziya & Pilgrim Tax

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb
Kal se sab
Shariat ke hisab
Religious Policy ? se chalega…
Harsh religious policy
Hence many rebellions

Stopped unislamic practices among Muslims

Not liking the other Muslim practices & sects
Muharram was banned

Invasion of Deccani states- as they were Shia

1675- executed 9th Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur

Sikhs also went against him

Moral policing-Muhtasib
Moral code of conduct & enforcement of
Shara

Custom duty1/2 per cent

of their value in the case of Muslim traders
and 5 per cent for Hindus
Later on abolished custom duty for muslims

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb  Religious Policy ?
कल से बाटली बंद

Drinking was prohibited

Cultivation of Bhang & other drugs- Banned

No music – in the court

No Jharoka Darshan

No weighing of emperor in Gold

ददल के झरोके
No Dushera में तुझको
बबठाकर
No advise from Astrologers

No Kalma on the Coins- prevent the holy words

from being defiled by unbelievers or heretics
Abolished Nauroz
Abolished Sati

Issued zawabits to supplement the Shariat

laws
Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 केरम रामवनु ज्यूस
Aurangzeb –Personality and Character पीवनु मजा नई लाइफ

industrious and disciplined.

simple in food and dress.
earned money for his personal expenses by copying
Quran and selling those copies

learned and proficient in Arabic and

Persian languages
conducted prayers five times/day

greatest digest of Muslim law in India, Fatwa-i-Alamgiri

Revenue reforms- appointed Murshid Quli Khan

As the Bengal Naib

Unrealistic deccan policy

Harsh religious policy
Rajputs also alienated
Continuous rebellion
Death in 1707

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Aurangzeb –
Architecture ?

Moti Masjid- Delhi

Badshahi Masjid- Lahore

Mirza Mohd. Qasim: wrote Alamgirnama

Ishwar Das Nagar: wrote Fatuhat-I alamgiri

Shah Alam-I
Biwi ka Maqbara

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Mughal Architecture
Post Aurangzeb- 1707 Onwards ???
New Developments

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 ननक्कमो कहे लड़
रहे हों
Post Aurangzeb- 1707 Onwards ???
New Developments

Death of Aurangzeb- 1707 onwards Aurangzeb

war of succession broke out

among his three surviving sons

Battle of Jajau Muazzam (the Muhammad Azam Shah

governor of Kam Bakhsh (the governor
Muazzam emerged victorious after Kabul), (the governor of Gujarat)
defeating Muhammad Azam Shah of Deccan)

Took title- Bahadur Shah-I

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
Post Aurangzeb- 1707 Onwards ???
New Developments

On one side, Bahadur Shah-I

no position to militarily enforce its regulations on the other

parts of the empire

provincial governors started to assert their authority

c.1707 and 1761 CE

resurgence of regional identities and highlighted a sorry
state of affairs

Mughal Court factions among the nobles

Pratik Nayak-PNLIVE
 Understanding History

1192 2019
1526 1707 1761

Delhi Mughals The rise of the Marathas

Sultanate (1628-58, 1707-1761)

Babur (1526-30)

Humayun Afghan
(1530-40,1555) Interregnum
Suris (1540- Later Mughals Europeans Struggle
Akbar (1556-1605) 1707-1857 for Supremacy-
1555)
Jehangir (1605-28)

Shahjahan (1628-58)
The rise of the Marathas
Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
 Post Aurangzeb-18th Century CE
मुझे पता था, यही
होने वाला हैं....

1700 onwards Period of Mughal Decline

Later Mughals @ Delhi

Disintegration of Mughal Empire

Mercantilism Phase
Expansion of European जहााँपनाह
अब अपना तुसी ग्रेट
Regional States टाइम आएगा नहीं हो...

- Let us first understand the role of later Mughals & Rise of regional states.
- That eventually helped the British.
 India in 18th Century
Later Struggle for Growth of
Mughals European Maratha
(1707-1857) Supremacy Empire

1. 1707-1712 Bahadur Shah-I

(Shah Alam-I)
- Killed own bro came to power
Jats
- Weak ruler Regional states Marathas
- Shah E palam
Rajput
Sikh

- policy of compromise towards the nobles

- Land grants in the form of Jagirs
- Real power- Wazir Zulfiqar Khan
- Tolerant attitude,
- Released Chatrapati Shahu from captivity
- Mansab to Guru Gobind Singh, rebellion of
Banda Bahudar
- Independence of Mewar
- Called as (Shah-I-Bekhabar)
- Constant infighiting
- 1712- Jahandar came to power
Later Mughals (1707-1857) India in 18th Century

2. Jahandar Shah (1712-13)

- Came to power- fight with bro’s

- Helped by zulfiqar khan (wazir)

- reversed many policies of Aurangzeb

- friendly relations with the Rajputs, the Marathas,
- title of Mirza Raj Sawai on Jai Singh of Ambar and
- gave the title of Maharaja to Ajit Singh
- Fought against Banda Bahadur
- Improving finances, controlling Jagirs & mansabdars
- Started revenue farming- Ijarah Growth of Maratha
- Affair with lal kanwar Empire
-Balaji Vishwanath
-Chhatrapati Shahu
- Toppled by nephew/brother - Farruk Siyar
 3. Farruk Siyar (1713- 19)

-Played big role in british conquest

-came to the throne with the help of Saiyyad
brothers

-Saiyyad Abdullah Khan – Wazir

-Hussain Ali Khan – Mir Bakshi

-reconcile with the

Rajputs, the Marathas,
and the Jats
-execution of Banda Bahadur
- Abolished Jaziya & Pilgrim tax

- 1719- treaty with Peshwa

Balajivishanath
- Murder of Farruk Siyar

- Farruk Siyar- Farmaan to East

India company
 - British help to Farruk siyar
- John sermon(fort William
Governor)
3. Farruk Siyar (1713- 19)
- Doctor William hamilton

- 1715- Farruk Siyar- Medical Treatment Needed

- Helped by British official
- 1717- Granted Farman

EIC
- Subahdar will be called nawabs.
- Trade permits (Dastak)
- Hence Enlarged post
- Coins, Fortifying
- Put trade by officials
- Farman- Source of conflict
between Bengal & EIC

By 1719- Farruk Killed by

sayyid Bros.
4. Rafi-us-Darajat (c.1719 CE)

King makers- Sayyid Brothers

Revolt by Grandson of Aurtangzeb- Nikusiyar
Died of Tuberculosis

5. Rafi-us-Daula (c.1719 CE)

Supplanted by Sayyid
Brothers Revolt by a noble-
Hussain Ali Imprisoned –
Nikusiyar
Took title of Shah Jahan-II
Died of TB

6. Mohammed Shah Rangeela (1719-1748)

Son of Jahan Shah
Kathak Dancer
Finally dislodged the Sayyid Brothers
Development of new states
6. Mohammed Shah Rangeela
Development of new states
- Marathas(1737)- Baj Rao-I
- Bengal(1717)- Murshid Quli khan
- Awadh(1722)- Saadat khan
- Hyderabad(1724)- Nizam ul mulk
- Invasion of Nadir shah(1740)
- Europeans

Invasion of Nadir Shah

Q. Why & How ?
-Emperor of Iran- freed Iran from Afghan control
-Rangeela called back his ambassador from Persia, रंगीला, तलवार
snapping of the ties नहीं मारेंगे ,
हम कह के लेंगे
-Helped the Afghan rebels, gave them refugee
-Imprisoned an envoy of Nadir Shah
-Invited by Nizam ul Mulk & Sadat Khan
By 1739- invaded India
-Peshawar- Lahore- Karnal

-Rangeela- defeated, 25 crore to be paid

Territores taken away
Massacre & looting on mass level
Kohinoor Diamond, Peacok throne
9. Aligauhar/Shah Alam II (c.1759–1806 CE)
Empire from Red fort to Palam
‘Shah-e-Palam’
Third Battle of Panipat- 1761
Controlled by the wazir
remained a refugee with Shuja-ud- Daula of Awadh
Battle of Buxar-1764
Treaty of Allahbad
Returned to Delhi-1771
7. Ahmad Shah (c.1748–57 CE)
Son of Rangeela- Kudisya Begum (Dancer)
Invasion of Ahmed Shah Abdali
Treaty with the Marathas- Peshwa- Balaji Baji Rao (Nanasaheb)
Imprisoned by wazir Itmad-ud-Daula

8. Alamgir II (c.1754–59 CE)

Invasions continued- Ahmed Shah
Abdali Murdered by wazir- Itmad ud-
Daula Battle of Plassey (1757)
 आज से तुम आज से तुम
राजा राजा

10. Akbar II (c.1806–1837 CE)

Puppet into the hands of the EIC

Lord Hastings took away the privileges
Gave the title ‘Raja’ to Ram Mohan Roy
Wrote poetry
Hindu+Muslim unity Phoolon ki sair

हम शहंशाह
ए
दहंदुस्ता
11. Bahadur Shah II/Zafar (c.1837–57 CE)

Power limited till Shahjahanbad

Nominal head
Participated in the revolt of 1857 with Bakht Khan
Later on deported to Rangoon
Urdu poetry- title ‘Zafar’
 India in 18th Century

Q. Decline of the Mughals & its outcome

Internal External
- War state – Economic reasons - Constant Invasions
- Rajput & Religion Policy
- Aurangzeb – Deccan Ulcer
- Weak Successors
- No clears line of succession
Afghans Iranian
- Jagirdari crisis
- Feudalism
- Rise of Marathas
- European Ascendancy(Blessing in disguise)
THANKS!