Islamiyat

(2058 & 0493)

[Revised Edition 2024 Onwards]

Class: 9
Term-2

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

 The City School
Senior School
Academic Year 2024 Onwards
Term-II Syllabus Class 9
Islamiyat-[2058]

Paper-I

Marks: 50 Time allowed: 01:30 Hours

Topics Details of topics

Major themes of the Quran Surah 6-10

History of Quran • Compilation of the Holy Quran.
Question based on Quran passages 6-10 [Allah in Created world]
Questions based on circumstances of Surahs
Life of Prophet Muhammad All Events of life in Madina,
(PBUH) Relations with other states,
Outstanding Qualities
The Islamic Community The descendants of Holy Prophet (PBUH),
Ten blessed companions,
Emigrants and Helper,

Paper-II

Marks: 50 Time allowed: 01:30 Hours

Major Teachings of Hadith Hadith 6-10

History of Hadith The earliest collections of Hadith,

The main compilers and their activities,
The main features of six collections of Sunni,
And four collections of Shia Hadith.
Question based on Ahadith (6-10)

Hazrat Umar (r.a) as a Election and administrative reforms

Caliph Main Conquests (Persia, Byzantine (Syria), Egypt, Jareslum)
Battles Qadisiya, Nahwand, Yermuk
The Articles of Faith Belief in Prophets and its significance,
Resurrection and,
The Last day and its significance

The Pillars of Islam Prayer Impurities and purification

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

 Paper-I

Topic: History and Importance of Quran

Compilation of Quran S14/12

The Quran was compiled in 23 years from 610 A.D to 632 A.D. When the revelations came to Prophet
(pbuh), they were either remembered by people or they were written on bones, wood, stones, and
leather. After the demise of Holy Prophet (pbuh), Hazrat Abu Bakr (r.a) became the caliph and many
other false prophets arose who declared themselves as prophets. One of them was Mussailma. Army
Expeditions under the leadership of Ikrma, Shurbeil, and Khalid bin Waleed (r.a) including many Huffaz
went to kill him and in that Battle of Yamama 360 Huffaz were martyred while fighting against him. Till
that time, the Quran was not compiled in a book from.

As the battle for Yamama was finished, Hazrat Umar (r.a) suggested Hazrat AbuBakr that Quran needs
to be compiled as a book. Hazrat Abu Bakr (r.a) hesitated as it had not been done in the Prophet (pbuh)’s
time but later, he was convinced of the wisdom of the suggestion. So, he appointed Zayd bin Thabit to
gather what has already been written in the time of Prophet. Zayd ibn Thabit was a scribe of The Prophet
(pbuh) and he was present during the last recitation. However, upon this work, he said, “By Allah, if you
had put the task of taking away a certain mountain through shoulders, it would not have been heavier
to me than what you have ordered”.

Zaid bin Sabit made a committee of 25 people in which he was ordered to invite all those who have
memorized the Quran or have its verses in written form to test the memorization of people. The people
formed committee who compared their memorization from the others and to test the written verses. It
was made necessary for people to bring two witnesses who have watched the one writing the verses of
Quran in the time of Holy Prophet (pbuh).

After the death of Hazrat Abu Bakr, the Quran was handed over to Hazrat Umar. After his death, it was
handed to Hazrat Hafsa (wife of Prophet) and it remained for a long time with her so that’s why Quran
was known as Mushaf Al-Hafsa. In the time of Hazrat Umar (r.a) he built Masjids for people so they could
worship their Lord and the people who memorized the Quran they were given scholarships. The Hufaaz
got promotions in army and this made more Hufaaz to join army in the time of Hazrat Usman, there were
two countries, Armenia & Azherbaijan on which Iraq and Syria were going to attack but the two forces
fought on the way with each other because of the conflicts in the pronunciations of some Quranic Verses.

There were squirmiest between these two forces when Hazrat Huzaifa Abn Yuman & Ans bin Malik went
to Hazrat Usman, and said, “O Leader of the believers! Save this nation before they differ about the
Book, as Jews and Christians did before” (Bukhari). Hazrat Usman made a committee at that moment
in which he joined three people with Zaid-Ibn-Thabit, Saeed, Abdullah and Abdul Rahman who were
Makki people. He asked them to write the Quran in Madni script but following the Makki dialect & he
headed the committee by himself.

After this, he compiled the Quran and ordered to burn the older copies and dispatched new copies of
Quran and this stopped the war of Iraq & Syria because Usman complied the Quran. So, he was given
the title of Jami-ul-Quran and till today we recite the same Quran.

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

 (b) ‘The Qur’an should not have been compiled in written form because it did not take place during
the Prophet’s lifetime.’ Agree or disagree with this statement, giving reasons for your answer. [4]
• Compilation of Quran was perfect decision to keep it safe for future use
• Muslims now could get guidance at all matters
• Expansion of the teachings of Quran could be more effective.

Allah’s relationship with the created world S18/11

Q.29 (a) The holy Quran is a book of guidance revealed by Allah. Quran deals with every aspect of human
life and in those aspect, it talks about Lordship of Allah and His relationship with created world. This
message is delivered through these five Surahs; Fatihah, Alaq, Baqarah, Zilzal, Al-Nas, Allah talks about
Himself and describes His praises and His attributes the make Him the Only One Lord.

Allah talks about Himself as the Creator of the world everything in this universe has been created by
Allah. Quran says, “Adore your Guardian-Lord who created you”. At the same time, it says, “Read in the
name of your Lord, who created man out of a clot of congealed blood”.

When Allah creates, He does not isolate His creations but He sustains their life and fulfills their needs.
Quran says, “Who has made the earth your couch and the heavens your canopy and sent down rain
from the heavens and by it brought to the fruits for your sustenance”. Allah also protects His creations
from all dangers. Quran says, “say I seek refuge from the all mischief of whisper (of Evil) who with
draws (after his whisper) who whispers into hearts of mankind among jinns and among men”. Again,
it says, “you do us worship and your aid we seek”. Allah acts as a safeguard of His creations from all the
evils.

Allah also guides His creations from showing them the right path. Allah says in Quran, “Show of the
straightway. The way of those on whom You have bestowed Your Grace. Those whose portion is not
wrath and who do not get themselves astrayed”. In another place, He says, created you and those who
came before you so that you may have the chance to learn righteousness. And again, He says He who
taught by the pen, taught man what he did not know, Allah gives knowledge to His creations and guides
them in all affairs of life.

Besides all His blessings, Allah judges His creations, Quran says, “Master of the Day of judgment”. At
another place it says, “When the earth is shaken to her utmost convulsion and the earth throws up her
burdens. And man cries out, what is the matter with her”? On that day will she declare her tidings for
that your Lord will have given inspiration on that day will men proceed in companies sorted out to be
shown their deeds, Allah will judge all His creations on the pay of judgment on the basis of their deeds.

Allah’s relations with His creations are very strong and unbroken as He acts as their Lord, creator,
sustainer, cherisher, protector, guide and Judge.

(b) ‘God gave humankind guidance and teachings.’ Why does the Qur’an lay emphasis on the need to
gain knowledge?

Having given guidance (through the Qur’an and Sunnah, etc.), God wants knowledge to be used to learn
about life and to live lives in a good way. Without learning, humans would not know about their rights
and responsibilities or about their potential as human beings. In order to respond to what God wants or

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

what is of benefit to themselves or others, they have to learn how to respond. God is full of mercy and
love, He is guiding people so they benefit in this life and in the next. The most beneficial knowledge
would be that which helps a person fulfil their rights towards God, fellow humans, and to develop
themselves.

Allah’s relationship with His Messengers W15/11 [Attempt with respect to any TWO Messengers]
Q.30 (a) Allah is the creator, Sustainer, Teacher, Owner and Protector of the entire universe. He sent
124000 Prophets to guide the mankind, amongst them the famous are Adam, Nooh, Ibrahim, Dawood,
Musa, Isa and Muhammad (pbuh) from to time to time, and to different states but their message
remained same. Quran says, “Adore your Guardian-Lord who created you and those who came before
you so that you may have the chance to learn righteousness”. Allah chose some pious people from the
humans to guide them whenever the society was sunk in the darkness of ignorance as He said, “And We
have given a guide to every nation”.
Hazrat Adam (r.a) were the first human being and the messenger of Allah about whom He talks in Surah
Baqarah. Allah respected His Prophets, however, He told Angels about Hazrat Adam’s creation as a
vicegerent but they could not understand the reason behind it as some might spread evil, Behold your
Lord, said to the Angels, “I will create a vicegerent on earth”. He said, “Will you place there in one who
will make mischief there in and shed blood while we do celebrate your praises and glorify your holy
name? He said, “I know what you know not” and He taught Adam the nature of all things; Allah created
Adam preferring him to the Angels and blessed him with knowledge which justified that Allah has
provided with knowledge to His Prophets.

Allah commanded Angels to bow down before Adam, everyone did so except Iblis, who was a Jin, “And
behold we said to the Angels, bow down to Adam and they bowed not so Iblis he refused and was
haughty he was one of those who reject faith”. Then Allah created Eve from rib of Adam and for their
examination, He sent them to live in heavens and eat everything except fruit of one tree, “We said, O
Adam! Dwell you and your wife in the garden and eat of the bountiful things there in as you will but
approach not this tree”. Then did Satan made them slip from the garden and get them out of the state
in which they had been. Then upon not fulfilling the command & going against Allah’s will, Adam and
Eve were sent to earth but later forgiven on their mistake which showed that Allah forgives his Prophets
too, “We said, Get you down all you people with enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your
dwelling place and your means of livelihood for a time. Then learnt Adam from his Lord words of
inspiration and his Lord turned towards him, for He is off-forgiving and Most Merciful”.

Allah acted as a guide to His Prophets to make them a perfect guide. It is mentioned in the verses of
Surah Anaam that Allah not only protected Hazrat Ibrahim (r.a) from going on the way of idolatry but he
made him Prophet to restrain His people to prostrate provided knowledge to His Prophets and gave
them the strength to find their God. One night, Hazrat Ibrahim (a.s) saw the people of his nation in search
of God, they looked at the heavenly bodies, the people of time worshipped. When the night covered,
they saw a star, they said, “this is our Lord”, but when it sets in, Hazrat Ibrahim said, “I love not those
that set in” when the people saw the moon rising in splendor, calling it their lord, Hazrat Ibrahim said,”
unless my Lord guide me, I shall surely be among those who go astray”. When they saw the sun rising
in splendor, they said, this is our Lord” but when it also set in, Hazrat Ibrahim (a.s) said, “O my people I
am now free from your guilt of giving partners to Allah, for me I have set my face firmly and truly
towards Him who has created the heavens and the earth and never shall I give partners to Allah”.

Hazrat Ibrahim (r.a) had distinguished between Tauheed and shirk & from the experiment of searching
of God, he clearly told his people that his and their Lord cannot be any of such things which are

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

themselves dependent upon someone else for their existence. Moreever this showed that Allah helped
His Prophet to make his nation find the true God.

(b) God sends humankind messengers from amongst their own communities.
Explain why this is significant. [4] (Oct/Nov-2015)

Candidates could say that prophets sent from amongst a community will be able to understand the needs
and condition of the people which will make it easier for him to teach the message to them in a way that
suits them. Also, if he is from the community the people are more likely to be able to relate to him as
they can see that he is the same as them and he is also able to practise and benefit from the teachings
he is giving. If Angels were sent as opposed to humans, then people may not have been able to see that
they can practise the message in their everyday lives, or they may have started to worship the Angels
instead

Circumstances of Surah Al-Naas

One of the Hadith of Sahih Al-Bukhari and many other Ahadith of other Hadith books say that Surah Al-
Naas was revealed when the Holy Prophet (puh) suffered from the effects of magic spell casted by a Jew
named Labaid ibn Asam. Zayd ibn Arqam reported that he made a magic spell on the Holy Prophet, and
he (pbuh) experienced little effect of it over his humanly aspect of his life like feeling little heavy head or
headache whereas the Prophetic mission of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) was not affected at all. It means,
he (pbuh) was receiving the guidance, commands and instructions spontaneously via revelations from
Allah (swt) as He wills.
Then after few days, Hazrat Jabril came there and revealed both surah Al-Naas and Surah Al-Falaq. Hazrat
Jabreel said that “It was the effects of the magic spell by a Jew, and you are feeling bad due to that
magic certainly.” Then after that, the Holy Prophet told Hazrat Ali to go there and fetch the charm. After
reading that surah, Hazrat Muhammad SAW were feeling good and active.

In this surah, we have got that Allah is the Creator and Lord of humankind. Allah has created all humans,
and now we need help or refuge from him. He can protect us from evil thoughts as well as from the sinful
ways of Shaitan. Shaitan wants to destroy us and also wants to mislead us from the right path.
Furthermore, Allah (swt) has conveyed a loud and clear message to the Ummah (Muslims) of the holy
Prophet (pbuh), if they want to be protected from all calamities, troubles and satanic attacks in the
world, they need to attach with the holy Quran. It means, they need to read, understand and practice in
all disciplines of life such as politics, economics, trade, family, society, state and world affairs. The holy
Quran can only be source of survival in this world and ultimate salvation in hereafter.

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

 Events from life in Madina
Brotherhood, W13/11 (Muhajireen & Ansars)
Q.1 (a) Write about the brotherhood that developed between the new communities of Muslims in
Madina.
When the Muslims were commanded by Holy Prophet (pbuh) to migrate in the way of Allah towards
Yathrib, Muslims without even thinking once acted upon his orders and took their way towards Madinah.
The Muslims of Madinah, the Ansars, also embraced them with love and sincerity. The Muslim
immigrants also settled down in Madinah leaving everything behind just for the sake of Allah and His
apostle. The immigrants were also not familiar with Madinah’s climate, customs and working conditions.
In fact, it was a totally strange place for them. They had migrated empty handed and were in dire need
of basic facilities of life. They had already abandoned their houses, properties, riches and obviously were
needing help from Ansars.

Therefore, the Prophet of Allah after five months of his migration to Madinah, gathered 90 Muslims,
Ansars and 45 Quraish in the house of Annas Bin Malik. There he gave them lesson regarding
brotherhood and developed it between Aus and Khazraj ending Bauth wars which had been in progress
last for 100 years and 1000s of people died from both sides. The Quran says,“And remember with
gratitude Allah’s favour on you; for you were enemies and He joined your hearts in love so that by His
Grace, you became brothers…” (Al-e-Imran-103)

This act of the holy Prophet (pbuh) maintained internal peace and ultimately, both tribes emerged as
Ansars and now he (pbuh) paired an Ansar with Muhajir as brothers. This establishment of brotherhood
in faith is called ‘Mawakhaat’ which itself means brotherhood. Brotherhood in faith was holding
subordinate every distinction of race and kindred and supporting Islamic practices which clearly meant
that no one was superior to the other. This atmosphere of brotherhood created a spirit of selflessness
infused deeply in hearts of followers of Prophet and produced healthy results. For example, Saad bin Ar
Rabi, a helper said to his fellow brother Hazrat Abu Bakar Rehman Bin Auf (r.a), “I am richest man among
helpers I am glad to share half of my property with you. I have two wives; I am ready to divorce one
you like and after her waiting period you may marry her”. However, Hazrat Abdur Rahman bin Auf (r.a)
was not ready to accept anything; neither property nor home. So, he blessed his brother and said,
“Kindly direct me to the market so that I may make my future with my own hand”. And it was Allah’s
blessing on Hazrat Abdur Rehman (r.a) that he started trading and soon got married.
More examples of paired brotherhood are: Abu Bakr with Kharija Bin Zaid, Jafar bin AbiTalib with
Muaaz bin Jabl, Umer bin Khattab with Atban bin Malik, and Abu Obaidah with Sa’ad bin Muaaz.
The helpers (Ansars) were extremely generous to their brothers in faith. Hazrat Abu Huraira (r.a)
reported that they once approached the Prophet (pbuh) with the request that their orchards of palm
trees should be distributed equally between the Muslims of Madinah and their brother from Makkah.
But, the Prophet (pbuh) was hesitant as Makkans did not know anything about agriculture nor did he
wish to cast heavy burdens on the Ansars. It was therefore decided on the request of Ansars that
emigrants would work on orchards along with the helpers and the yield could be then equally divided.

The Prophet (pbuh) attached to that brotherhood a valid contract; it was not just meaningless words but
rather a really valid exercise based on practical caring and sharing. When either of the two persons who
had been paired as brothers had passed away; his property was inherited by brotherhood in faith. This
practice continued till the battle of Badr and the regular rule of inheritance was allowed to take its usual
course. Allah has said in Quran regarding this, “But kindred by blood are nearer to one another
regarding inheritance”. It should be kept in mind that Allah Himself allowed this practice of Mawakhaat.

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

 In fact, it was a part of His mercy that brotherhood amongst Muslims was established. Hazrat Abu Huraira
(r.a) reported, while the Ansars were busy in their usual work, their emigrant brothers were happily busy
in buying products from markets. Brotherhood was despite of all the races and statuses.
As in general, Hazrat Abu Bakar (r.a) was paired with Hazrat Kharija (r.a). Hazrat Umar (r.a) was paired
with Utban Bin Malik. Hazrat Uthman (r.a) was paired with Aws Bin Thabit. Once Hazrat Umar (r.a) was
walking hand in hand with Hazrat Abu Bakar (r.a) and Prophet paired them as brothers. In this occasion,
Hazrat Ali (r.a) started crying and said to Prophet, “You have named brotherhood between all your
companions but not with me”. Tears started rolling from Prophet’s face and he named Hazrat Ali (r.a)
as his own brother. Abu Ayub Ansari was paired with Hazrat Masa’ab bin Umair (r.a).
This brotherhood created a feeling of sacrifice for Ansars whereas the self-respect of emigrants was also
protected.

(b) Explain what do the Muslims of today learn from this Brotherhood? [4]
• Accommodate the refugees in all respects
• Pair with them as brothers
• Help them in settling up their trade and business
• Shares their financial assets with them

1st Year of Hijra’s Events

Q.2 (a) Describe the activities accomplished by the Holy Prophet (pbuh) during first year Hijrat S/13
(Reference & Events based answer)
When Prophet reached Yathrib, the people welcomed him warmly and were happy on his arrival. The
holy Prophet (pbuh) told where ever my camel, Quswa stops, he will stay there. His camel stopped on
an empty plot owned by two orphans (Sahl and Sohail). Prophet bought the plot and started construction
of Masjid. In that time period, he needed a place to live and Abu Ayub welcomed him to live in his house
and Prophet lived at his place until the Masjid was completely constructed.

During the construction, the Prophet (pbuh) initially ignored his own household needs and constructed
two Majids; Quba and Majid-e-Nabwi. Allah has said about both these Masjid that their foundation was
laid on piety. The Prophet (pbuh) took part in the construction as ordinary laborer. The walls were made
of unbaked bricks and mud. Pillars were made of date palm trees. The floor consisted of sand and tiny
pebbles. In the beginning Masjid-e-Nabwi had three doors only and the direction of praying was towards
Masjid Aqsa. Then a few simple Huts were built near Masjid-e-Nabwi and the Prophet (pbuh) moved into
these huts from Ayub’s home. The Prophet (pbuh) knew that a Masjid is not merely offering Salat.
Muslims meet in the Masjid and foster love bonds between them. It is to impart teaching-learning
activities and acts as a university. It is a meeting hall and also an administrative center to run the affairs
of new welfare Islamic state.
After the construction of Masjid, a problem occurs. It was how to call Muslims to Masjid. Many people
gave suggestions like ringing of a bell, blowing horns and trumphet or litting fire. These were refused by
Prophet as these were ways of other faiths. Abdullah bin Zayd heard the wording of Azan in a dream and
the Prophet (pbuh) testified the truth of his dream. Hence with the testimony of The Prophet (pbuh),
Azan became a part of Islamic practice. Prophet said to Abdullah, “Allah has given you this dream for
this purpose (Azan)”. The Prophet (pbuh) said to Bilal (r.a), “You call the Azan since you have the loudest
voice”. Hence, Bilal (r.a) was appointed the first Azan.

Establishing worship place for Muslims, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) planned to made reconcilations
between two importants wings of Muslims known Aus and Khazraj in order to develop internal unity as
they were in war with each other last for 100 years because of the conspiracies of Jewish tribes with a

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

view to weakening other communities in Madina and earning money too by selling swords like materials.
This had disrupted the peace at Madina. Both tribes, Aus and Khazraj were also extremely sick of fighting
each other, ultimate they were in need of a good leader who can lead them. So, the Messenger of Allah
(pbuh) made peace between them. The Quran says, “And remember with gratitude Allah’s favour on you;
for you were enemies and He joined your hearts in love so that by His Grace, you became brothers…” (Al-e-
Imran-103)

The immigrants came to Madinah empty handed known as Mujahireens. Their number was increasing
day by day. In order to solve the complicated problems of this new society, the Prophet (pbuh) took a
step which has no match in the history of mankind. He made every Muhajir a brother of an Ansar (people
already living in Madinah), so much so that he had even the inheritance rights. Allah has said in Quran
regarding this, “But kindred by blood are nearer to one another regarding inheritance”. Prophet made
Abdur Rahman bin Auf (r.a) and Saad bin Rabia the brothers. Saad said to Abdur Rahman, “I am the
richest person in Ansar. You take my half wealth. I have two wives. I shall divorce the one you like.
After her waiting period you can marry her”. However, Abdur Rahman (r.a) was not ready to accept
anything; neither property nor home. So, he blessed his brother and said, “Kindly direct me to the
market so that I make my fortune with my own hands”.

Brotherhood was such a balanced and revolutionary thinking that it solved the intricate problems of this
new society and everybody stood on his own feet in a short time. Prophet (pbuh) made about one
hundred brotherhood bonds according to the nature and disposition of the person; Utban Bin Malik and
Umar bin al-khattab, Ans bin Thabit and Usman bin Affan, Abu Ayub and Musa bin Umair, Kabbin bin
Malik and Talha Bin Ubaidullah. After managing the immigrants, The Prophet (pbuh) turned his
attention towards establishment of good relationship with Jews. So, he made some agreements with
them by which both parties would enjoy complete religious freedom and tolerance, both parties would
be allies with each other. Jews and Muslims constituted civil society and would enjoy equal rights.
Madinah would be city of peace for both of them, the allies of both parties will have some security, in
case of attack on Madinah, both of them will assist each other and defend it. Lastly, Prophet would
decide all disputes and the decisions would be final. The Jews requested that their decisions would be
made according to Jew’s law. This agreement between the Muslims and Jews was known as Madinah
treaty.
After managing all the problems and issues of Madinah (Yathrib), Prophet could now focus on expanding
Muslim territory and develop Muslim rule everywhere.

(b) What lessons can Muslims learn from the brotherhood that was created in Madina? [4]
(i) desperate need to develop brotherhood in Muslim Ummah
(ii) rich muslim countries can serve with finance to under developed countries
(iii) the Muslims countries which are victim of non-Muslim countries can be helped by all other muslim
countries unitedly
(iv) refugees can also be helped by the host countries

Madinah Treaty
Q.12 (a) Give a descriptive account of the Charter of Madina signed by the Holy Prophet (pbuh) during
first year of Hijrat? S/22 (Events based answer)
When The Prophet (pbuh) came to Madinah, there were Muslims, Jews and idolaters. There were three
main tribes of Jews; Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir, Banu Quraiza. The Holy Prophet realized that the
foundation of Islamic Empire would be very weak unless it was based upon the support of all the people
living in Madinah. The situation called for a strong measure of coordination and adjustment, particularly
as the Muslims were seriously threatened by Quraish. Therefore, as soon as the Holy Prophet was settled

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

in Madinah, he called together the Muslims and the Jewish tribes, as well as the idolaters for
consultation. He invited them to consider the possibility of establishing some system of cooperation
where by the safety of Madinah might be secured. In other words, he made a treaty for this city in which
every group had its religious and social freedom and all groups had equal rights.
Firstly, there were conditions set pertaining to Muslims that all Muslims are Ummah (or nation). Every
Muslim tribe will be responsible for its prisoners, slaves, the poor and blood money and they will solve
their problems on their own, according to their laws. All Muslims will unite against a criminal even if he
happens to be from them, this was similar to Half-ul-Fazool. Every Muslim had the right to give protection
to another person.
Secondly, there were conditions set pertaining to Jews which also said that all Jews are Ummah. Every
Jewish tribe will be responsible for its prisoners, slaves, the poor, blood money and they will solve their
problems on their own, according to their laws. If someone violates the terms of his treaty, then Muslims
and Jews will join hands to fight against him and Muslim and Jew will bear the cost of it. No Jew will leave
Madinah without permission. If a Jew intends to embrace Islam, no justice or cruelty will be inflicted
upon him.

Thirdly, there were conditions pertaining to idolaters too. It was that no idolater will give refuge to an
idolater from Quraish or his helpers regarding their life, property or wealth. In other words, idolaters
were not allowed to take sides with others. Lastly, the general conditions were that; according to this
treaty Madinah will be considered Haram or a sacred place where no fighting and killing is allowed, if
there is a dispute between three groups, then Allah and His messenger will be the judge. Allah’s curse
will be inflicted upon those who are criminals. Allah and His messenger will protect the pious people.
There were some important points about the Madinah treaty such as according to this treaty, Muslims
were considered as an Ummah and Jews were considered as an Ummah and both had the equal rights.
Each group had total religious freedom. No one will be punished for what he is, but he will be punished
for what he did. Madinah became an Islamic federation and Prophet was its ruler.
By the end of treaty agreement, Holy Prophet was made the leader and the head of the state of Madinah.
He came to be recognized as the undisputed leader, ruler, judge and the commander of people of
Madinah.

(b) In your opinion, what important lesson(s) can be learned from the Constitution of Madina by
Muslims today? Give reasons to support your answer.

It is important for Muslims to understand that when living with people of other faiths they should try to
live amicably and protect the rights of each other. Whether they are a minority where they live, or the
majority, they should understand the needs of others living with them and ensure they have equal rights
and respect each other’s. Candidates can also share examples of the lessons learned from the
Constitution of Madina being applied in today’s world such as entering into agreements with other
communities and nations to establish common goals. For example, sharing resources through economic
co-operation agreements or establishing peace.

Battle of Badr
Q.13 (a) Give a descriptive account of battle of Badr (624 A.D, 2 A.H) W/16 (Reference & Events based
answer)

Physical and economic developments of Muslims were an eye-sore (intolerable) for the Quraish so they
wrote a letter to the hypocrite, Abdullah bin Ubbey to exile the Muslims from Madinah but Muhammad
(pbuh) convinced him not to do so. This intrigue of the Quraish alerted the Muslims. The Quraish had
also spread rumours in Arab that they were to going to attack Madinah. Therefore, the Muslims had to

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

awake at night to meet any challenge. The Muslims started observing the trade carvans coming from
Nakhla of Quraish which passed by Madinah so that they could not harm the Muslims by their any
movement. In that course of time, Abdullah bin Jahash accidentally killed one leader of Quraish, Amar
Al-Hazrami, who was deputed here by Quraish with his men to spy the activities of Muslims at Madinah.
This murder enraged the Quraish to take revenge.
Meanwhile a man, Zam Zam came to the Quraish with a letter from Abu Sufyan, who was returning from
Syria, in which he wrote to save his trade carvan from the Muslims of Madinah because he felt some
threats. But he changed trade route and wrote to Quraish army to return, but Abu Jahl insisted to attack.
Finally, Allah gave permission to fight, the Quran says, “Fight for the cause of Allah against those who
fight you, but do not transgress limits because Allah does not love transgressors” (Al-Baqarah-190)

The Prophet (pbuh) was continuously trying to impose an economic blockade on the idolaters of Makkah
to break their power and pride. He came to know about a Quraish carvan with one thousand camels and
about fifty thousand dinars worth of goods. On 17 th of Ramadan 2.A.H, the Muslims had prepared an
army, consisted of 313 men (82 Muhajirs and 231 Ansars) with 8 swords, 2 horses and 70 camels. They
shared the rides, for example, the Prophet (pbuh), Ali (r.a) and Abu Lubabah (r.a) shared one camel.

When Abu Sufyan learnt about the advancement of Prophet, he changed his route and saved his caravan
from the Muslims. He sent a person to Makkah to ring the alarm bell according to the custom. Quraish
came to crush the Muslims with an army of 1000 men, 100 horses, 600 armors and lots of camels. Every
day they slaughtered 9/10 camels to feed the army. The Quraish encamped in the ground while Muslims
found the place on an uneven surface but they could control the well of Badr and had allowed the enemy
to take water out of it.
The battle was about to start in the morning, the whole night Prophet kept praying to Allah, “O Allah if
this small band of men perished, there will be no one alive to worship you, and your faith will be
destroyed forever”. There were several blessings and miracles from Allah before the battle. Allah sent
down slumber for the Muslims before battle and it revived the Muslims. He also sent down rainwater
from the sky to enable the Muslims to clean themselves and it made the sandy soil around the Muslim
camp firm, and it made the soil muddy and slippery towards disbelievers’ side.
In the morning, the battle started with instigating poems against Muslims and Muslims replied with the
slogan of ‘Allah-ho-Akbar’. The Holy Prophet ordered not to break the rows, to make circles during the
fight so that none of the Muslims’ back must be towards the enemy, not to make noise and not to waste
the arrows as the enemy was far. To identify each other, they were told to fix a piece of cloth of the
same color in their turbans and determined as slogans of code words.
First of all, Hazrat Hamza (r.a) killed Aswad bin Al Asad. Then champions from both armies emerged to
engage in combat. Ali (r.a) killed Walid bin Utbah. Hamza (r.a) killed Shaibah bin Rabiah. The Prophet
(pbuh) was making dua for help from Allah, “O Allah fulfill what you promised for me, Allah bring about
what you promised for me”. During the battle, the companions witnessed the following miracle; Al-
Anfus, “And remember Allah showed enemy to you few in your eyes and Allah made you appear also
few in enemy’s eyes”. The holy Quran also says, “Remember you implored the assistance of your Lord and
He listened you, I shall assist with a thousand of Angels, ranks on ranks”. (Al-Anfal-9)

The Muslims got the victory with the loss of 14 men, but Quraish had to pay a lot like the loss of their
main leaders such as Abu Lahab, Waleed and of the valuable war booty. It was not only this but they had
to pay 2 lakh 50 thousand dirhams to release their rich captives. They also lost 114 camels. Though
Quraish were invaded, yet the Muslims treated their captives very well. The Poor were set free. Those
who were rich paid 4000 Dirham each to get released. And those who were learned, each of them had
to teach how to read and write to 10 children of Muslims for his freedom.

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

 Through the battle of Badr, Prophet cleared to everyone that the Muslims are a political power and they
have an independent state. Muslims blocked the trade routes of Quraish to Syria and Iraq.

(b) Can those involved in present day conflicts learn any lessons from the way the Prophet treated
prisoners after battles? [4]
• They need to learn to respect the all rights of prisoners
• Prisoners to be respected
• Neither be harmed nor be killed
• Educational services are to be taken
• To be released on the some conditions

Battle of Uhad
Q.14 (a) Describe the main events of two Battle participated by the Holy Prophet (pbuh) while he was
staying in Madina? (Discusss events of Uhad and Trench) S/17 (Reference & Events based answer)

In 3 A.H, Battle of Badr paved the way for the Battle of Uhad as Abu Sufyan had taken an oath to take
the revenge of the Battle of Badr. The Quraish of Makkah also wanted to reopen their routes to Syria
and Iraq which the Muslims had blocked after the Battle of Badr. This act, infact, is to teach a bitter
lesson to the Quraish. In the jealousy of Muslims victory, Kaab bin Ashraf, chief of the Jewish tribe, Banu
Nazir, went to Makkah and persuadded the Quraish to attack the Muslims ensuring their help to them.

After the payment of ransom of the captives of Battle of Badr, the Quraish donated all the profit of trade
cararan of Abu Sufyan for the preparation of the next battle finally. An army of three thousand men,
three thousand camels and two hundred horses marched towards Madinah. There were also eight
women as to cheer leaders and to excite their men for war. The holy Prophet (pbuh) called upon a
meeting to decide whether to fight inside or outside of Madinah. The Prophet (pbuh)’s opinion was that
the Muslims should fight by staying in Madinah & Abdullah bin Ubai had the same opinion but his
intention was completely different.
Some very sincere companions insisted that we should go out of Madinah to fight enemy since they
missed participation in the Battle of Badr. The Muslims marched towards battle field with Prophet. They
consisted of 1000 men, one hundred of them were armored and fifty of them were horsemen. They had
reached near the enemy in battle field. Suddenly, Abdullah bin Ubai went back to Madinah with his 300
followers as his demand to fight inside city was not accepted at this critical moment.

The holy Prophet (pbuh) stationed 50 skillful archers led by Abdullah bin Jubair at a hillock and instructed
them not to move from their position in any situation. When the individual battle started, Tahla bin Abu
Talhah came from the Quraish for the combat. Zubair bin Awwam killed him. Ten persons of the family
of Abd Al-Dar, who carried the Flag, were killed one after the other. In the general battle, Muslims fought
so bravely that the enemy left the hopes and ran away. Some young brave Muslims soldiers went to
chase them. Hamzah killed several flag holders of the idolaters and many other warriors of the idolaters.
However, he was killed treacherously by Wahshi.
Forty of the archers could not resist collecting the booty like other. Muslims and they deserted their post
in spite of the reminder of Jubair. Khalid bin waleed noticed this, took a round and attacked Muslims
from behind. He killed Ibne Jubaier and his remaining nine men and encircled Muslims army from the
rear. The horsemen shouted and the idolaters took notice of the change. Prophet had decided to gather
up the Muslims and try to take shelter in Uhad Mountain. The idolaters attached the Prophet (pbuh)
again and again. Utbah bin Abi waqas hit the Prophet (pbuh) with a stone. The Prophet (pbuh) fell on his
side and one of his teeth was broken and his lip got cut. Abdullah bin shibab injured the Prophet (pbuh)’s

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

forehead. Abdullah bin Abi Qamiah hit the Prophet (pbuh) on his shoulder and then on his cheek. It was
so strong that two rings of his iron ringed helmet penetrated into his holy cheek.

During this Musab bin Umair, who looked like Prophet got killed and a rumor spread that Prophet got
killed. This news disheartened the Muslims and many of them left fighting. Here Allah has said! “If he
died or stain, will you turn back on your heels? Many companions brought Prophet (pbuh) out of the
ditch. Talha was also defending the Prophet (pbuh) gallantly and his fingers were cut and later his hand
became paralyzed. Talha had about thirty-five wounds. Prophet said, anybody want to see a martyr
walking on earth he should see Talha bin Obaidullah.
The Muslims did not leave the battle field it was Quraish who left first, but no doubt that the Muslims
suffered a huge loss of the lives and every house was the house of mourning and cry. In the battle, 70
Muslims were martyred & 22 Quraish were killed. Muslim’s women also participated such as Ayesha,
Umm-e-Salim, and Fatima & Umm-e-Ammara. These ladies made injured Muslims drink water. Umm-e-
Ammara threw away the water bag and held a sword when she saw The Prophet (pbuh) in danger. After
the battle, Prophet realized that the enemy might return to attach the city. So, he left with 70 men again
& encamped at Hamra-ul-Asad & waited for Quraish for 3 days.

(b) ‘Success for Muslims depends on their obedience to the Prophet.’ Discuss this statement in relation
to Muslims today. [4]

Candidates could say that the defeat at Uhud occurred due to the fact that the archers did not obey the
Prophet’s command. They can mention this but should not focus on this point alone, rather should go
on to discuss how Muslims should obey the Prophet now. Candidates could say that the rules and
guidance of Islam is based on the Qur’an and also the Sunnah and so to truly practise Islam the way of
the Prophet has to be followed. In battle, Muslims should stick to the rules that the Prophet gave, like
not harming the environment or women and children, and this can give Muslims success as they are
following the commands of God, which they will be rewarded for. In their everyday lives Muslims can
obey the Prophet’s commands as to how to live their lives, in terms of prayer, being good to people, etc.,
and this will make them successful in their lives as the guidance given is all for their betterment.
Candidates could also say that following the Prophet does not make one successful nowadays because
e.g. success comes from individual’s work or their own thoughts and actions.

Battle of Trench S20/11

Q.15 (a) After the Battle of Uhad, the Quraish of Makkah had challenged the Muslims of Madinah for a
battle in 5 A.H yet they could not carry it out due to the famine in Makkah. They were looking forward
to attacking the Muslims to reopen their trade route to Syria and Iraq. Twenty chiefs of Banu Nadir went
to Makkah and made an alliance with Quraish. Then they approached Ghatfan, Banu saleem and other
tribes and they responded positively. The Jews promised to give them half of the produce of Khyber.
Madina was safe from three sides by the mountains, oasis and the population but it was unsafe from the
Syrian side Salman Farsi (r.a) advised The Prophet (pbuh) to dig a trench as a defensive line. The holy
Prophet (pbuh) assigned more than 1000 Muslims to dig a trench. 5 Meters wide, 5 Meters deep and
3000 Meters long. It took 20 days to accomplish this task. The Prophet (pbuh) was also digging the trench
like his companions and was reciting, “O Allah! The real life is that of Here after. Please forgive
Emigrants and Ansars”. It was for the first time that all of the powerful Arab tribes their strength were
between 10000 to 25000. And the Muslims were just 3000.
When the allied forces reached Madinah, they were astonished to see the Trench and they besieged the
Muslims for almost 30 days so that their food might finish and they would die of hunger and may
surrender. Across the trench, Muslims were shooting arrows at them so that they may not cross the
trench. The trench was so big whoever tried to cross it, fell dead but from place it was bit narrow. Amru

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 bin Adod (abdulwud), Akrama bin Abu jahl & Dirar bin khattab crossed the trench though the narrow
place. Ali killed Amru in the combat and the other two ran away.
Naumon bin Basheer’s sister brought some dates for her brother and maternal uncle to the battle field.
The Prophet (pbuh) borrowed those dates from her and spread them on a piece of cloth and then invited
the participants of this battle to eat from these. When the companion ate those dates, they increased in
number automatically and were even falling outside the edge of the cloth. This helped the Muslims
during the shortage of food but it is also mentioned in Masnad Ahmad that the enemies kept Muslims
so busy that they could not offer Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib & Isha prayers.
Banu Quraiza showed their colours, tried to attack Muslims women, children and old people whom the
holy Prophet (pbuh) escorted in Fort of Hassaan Bin Sabit. However, their plan ended in smoke when
Hazrat Safiya (M/O Zubair bin Awam) (r.a) chopped down the head of the one of the Jew who tried to
attack the Fort. Hypocrites left the battle field excusing that their houses were unsafe. When the Jewish
tried banu Quraish saw misery of the Muslims and the power of allied force they also broke the alliance
with Muslims and promised the Quraish to open their forts for them to attack on the Muslims from back
side. The Prophet (pbuh) was very worried to see the break of promise of Banu Quraiza.

The Prophet (pbuh) thought of making reconciliation with the chiefs of Ghatfan by donating them a third
of Madinah’s fruit crop. At that time, Naim Bin Masud of Banu Ghatfan embraced Islam and the
requested The Prophet (pbuh) to order him to do something that might benefit Muslims. The Prophet
(pbuh) asked him to create differences the various groups of our enemies. The enemies did not know
about the new faith of Naim. He planted mistrust in the hearts of the allied forces in such a way that
everyone thought that the other tribe might betray them any time. Naeem said to Banu Quraiza to ask
from Quriash to entrust 50 people with us lest you should run away leaving us alone here and at the very
next, he conveyed Quraish that Banu Quraiza is going to plot against your 50 people inorder to get them
killed. As a result, they could not interact each other. At last, Allah’s help was there, a chilly wind storm
ran across the desert landscape which uprooted the hopes foothold and the tents of the allied forces
and they returned empty handed once again.

In this battle, 6 Muslims were martyred and 8 non-Muslims were killed. This battle broke the power of
Quraish forever. Soon after the battle Banu Quraiza were also punished as they had broken the treaty
with the Muslims.

(b) What can Muslims learn from this event about taking advice from others? [4]

Even if you are in a position of authority or power, you should not think that you cannot take advice from
others. There will often be people who know more than you, or have more experience or wisdom about
a subject. Therefore when you are in need, or have a dilemma, it is good to ask others who know, as the
Prophet (pbuh) would also consult and take advice from his companions. It is not necessary to always
follow the advice, but people should be open to receiving it.

(b) What can Muslim leaders today learn from the Prophet’s conduct in their relations with other states? [4]
• Giving them freedom of living and life
• Giving them freedom of education
• Freedom of business, health and wealth

Conquest of Khyber S20/12

Q.16 (a) During Muharram 7 A.H, the conquest of Khyber took place. The Jews of Bani Qainuqa and Nazir
did not forget their exile from Madinah & continued to make conspiracies & mischief against the

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

Muslims. The Jews sought help of some of the Bedouin tribes (Ghatfan and Fizara) and proposed to
launch an attack against the Muslims.

Khyber was 170 km from Madinah. Its land was very fertile and it had many Jewish forts. After the treaty
of Hudabiya, the Prophet (pbuh) went to Khyber to deal with them with 1600 faithful men. The villagers
of Madinah refused to accompany The Prophet (pbuh) and consequently didn’t participate in the treaty
of Hudabiya. When they heard the glad tidings about the booty of Khyber, they requested the Prophet
(pbuh) to permit them to join the Muslim army. On the way Amir bin Akwa was reciting some inspiring
verses and Prophet said, “May Allah’s Mercy be showered on him”. When the Muslims army reached
near Khyber, they offered Fajr salat in darkness and then made a plan for surprised attack early in the
morning. Khyber was spilit into two parts.

The first part had five forts or castles Naim, sa’b, Zubair, Abi, Nizar. The second part had their forts;
Qamus, Wateeh, Salaim. The Prophet (pbuh) announced during the night, “By Allah tomorrow I shall
give the flag to a man who loves Allah and His messenger, and whom Allah and His messenger love”.
Allah will bestow victory upon him. That morning the Muslims wondered who would have the honor of
carrying the flag. In the morning the Prophet (pbuh) called out for Ali. Ali’s eyes were ailing. The Prophet
(pbuh) put his saliva in them and he fully recovered and was granted the flag. In the start, Muslims
headed towards the main fortress. Marhab the leader of the fort, had a combat with Amr bin Akwa.
When Amr struck Marhab, Amr’s sword rebounded and wounded his own knee and he died of that
wound. Then Ali challenged Marhab and killed him. After this, Marhab’s brother Yaser had combat with
Zubair, Zubair killed him on the spot.

Finally, after several battles, Muslims were victorious and the Jews shifted to Sa’b fortress to protect
themselves. Khabbab bin Mundhir and is men laid siege of sa’b fortress for three days. Banu Aslam came
to the Prophet and said, “We are totally exhausted and we have nothing to survive”. The Prophet
(pbuh) made Duaa for the condition of Muslims and after conquering the Sa’b fortress they had plenty
of food supplies. They also captured some tanks. Zubair fortress was up on a hill where cavalry and
infantry could not reach. The Prophet (pbuh) laid siege for three days. Then he cut off their water supply
from the ground. Hence the Jews came out and engaged in a fierce battle with the Muslims during which
some Muslims and ten Jews were killed. Eventually, the fortress was captured. Muslims laid siege on Abi
fortress for 3 days.

A few combats took place then Abu Dujanah broke into the castle and made the Jew to free for their
lives to fort Nizar, Nizar was the Most protected fort upon a hill. Jews were there with their women and
children. It was nearly impossible for the Muslims to reach there since Jews were throwing stones and
shooting arrows at the Muslims. Muslims tried to enter the fort and a fierce battle took place. Finally,
the Jews ran for their lives leaving the women & children at the mercy of Muslims. In this way, the
conquest of the first part of Khbyer was completed and the Jews had taken refuge in second part.

The Prophet (pbuh) laid siege of the fort Qumus for 14 days. Ibn Abi Huqaiq from Jews came to Prophet
to negotiate a treaty. The Prophet (pbuh) agreed to spare their lives on the condition that they will leave
Khyber and hand over the gold, silver and other belongings to the Muslims. If any of the Jews cheated,
then the treaty will become null & void. Jews accepted these conditions, there were 1200 men in infantry
and 200 horsemen. Each horse got two shares and each horseman got one share, during the distribution
of booty.
After the conquest of Khyber, a Jewish lady, Zaynab bin Harith presented Prophet poisoned roasted
lamb. The Prophet (pbuh) put a piece of it in his mouth and then spat it out. Bishr bin Bara died after
eating it. Prophet forgave her but she was killed because of the death of Bishr bin Barat.

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

(b) What lessons can Muslims learn from either of these battles? [4]

There could be various answers given for this part and any relevant and detailed answers should be
credited accordingly. Some suggestions of what candidates could write are, that in times of difficulty to
keep hope like when the Muslims were hungry and weak during the battle of Khandaq and Khaybar
(allowance was made to eat non-halal food if there was no other option); Muslims should remain strong
and patient and work hard for their victory; despite victory, Muslims should remain fair and trustworthy
(keeping their promise to the Jews to allow them to remain in Khaybar); they should have faith in God
at all times; it is important to be open to suggestions from others (e.g. the Prophet taking advice from
Salman al-Farsi).

Battle of Mauta S20/12

The Battle of Mouta was fought in Jumada Al-Ula 8.A.H. It is a city in Jordan near Bolqa at a distance
about 2 days journey of that time from Bait-al-Quds. The Prophet (pbuh) sent Harith Bin Umair Aiezdi
with a letter to the ruler of Basra. On his way to Basra he was captured by Sharabil bin amr ghassani the
Christian governor of balqa and a close ally to Ceaser of the Roman Empire. Harith was tied up and
beheaded by ghassani. Prophet (pbuh) was shocked to near this news. He sent 3000 men to punish those
transgressors. It was the largest Muslims army ever sent except in the battle of trench.
Zayd bin harith was appointed as the commander of the army. Jafar bin abi Talib should be the substitute
if Zayd is martyred and Abdullah bin Rawahah to be the substitute if Jafar is martyred too. When this
was being announced a Jew who was listening to this said,’ All there must die, this is exactly how the
earlier Prophet used to prophesy. It was for the first-time Prophet (pbuh) appointed three commanders
in his life. The Prophet (pbuh) instructed the commanders to invite people to Islam after reaching the
scene of Haris bin Umair‘s murder. If they accept Islam, then do not inguage in any war activity. If they
reject Islam, then seek the help of Allah and fight them. There were also other instructions, no killing of
women, children, disabled people & no cutting of trees.
When the Muslim army reached Ma‘an near Syrian border, they learnt that Heraclius of Rome and his
allied Arab tribes Lahm, Judham and Baqlain had gathered a huge army to infront of Muslims. Romans
were about ten thousand and all Christians were also about ten thousand, while Muslims were only
three thousand men. Muslims didn’t expect to face a huge army like this. Hence they made mutual
consultation for two days in Ma’ an. One opinion was that they should inform The Prophet (pbuh) about
the enemy’s troops. He will send more troops or give some other appropriate command to be followed
zayd very wisely asked Abdullah bin Rewaha about his opinion since he knew that Abdullah is an inspiring
speaker. Everyone agreed to his opinion of facing the enemy, hence the Muslims advanced and camped
at Mauta.
Abu Hurairah also participated in this battle. A bitter fight took place between parties, Zayd displayed
great bravery against the enemy till he became a martyr. Then Jafar took the banner. He dismounted his
horse and fought the enemy until his right hand was cut off. He sized the banner in the left hand until
this was cut off too. He then held the banner with his arms until a roman soldier struck him and cut him
into two pieces. Allah granted him two wings in paradise to fly wherever he desires. And there Abdullah
held the banner and fought bravely until he fell too. At this moment, Thabit Bin Arqam took the banner
and called upon the Muslims to choose a leader. The Muslims chose Khalid bin walid as a new leader. He
had embraced Islam a month before.

The Prophet (pbuh) had not received any news yet from the battle field but he was informed about the
battle by revelation from Allah. The Prophet (pbuh) said. ‘Zayd held the banner till he became martyr.
Then Jafar took the banner till he became martyr, Then Abdullah took the banner till he became a martyr,
finally the banner was held by the sword of Allah and Allah granted him victory. ‘Khalid fought enemy

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for the rest of the day. The next day he reshuffled his army. He changed the left flank with the right and
vice versa. Similarly, he switched the rear flank with the front one. In this way, the enemy got the
impression that new troops have arrived. In doing this he also gradually retreated the Muslims army.
The enemy considered it a tactic to draw them into the heart of the desert.

Hence the enemy didn’t pursue the Muslim army. With this smart strategy, Khalid saved the Muslims
from heavy loss. After this safe retreat, the Muslims army went back to Madinah.

(b) From these battles, what can be learnt about good leadership skills? [4]

Candidates could say that good leaders should be determined and not want to give up, especially when
they are fighting for a cause they believe in. They should not give all the responsibility to others but
should take as much responsibility as they can themselves. They could also say that good leaders should
have strategic skills that would allow them to change tactics in order to win a battle and that it can be
important to save lives rather than carry on fighting. It is also important to stay calm in the face of
adversity.

Q.17 (a) Battle of Hunain S15/12

The ghazwa Hunain took place in 8 A.H just after the conquest of Makkah. When Quraish were defeated
in Makkah the fierce, powerful and proud Hawazin tribes and Banu Thaqif of Taif had two goals in mind;
to defeat the Muslims & became the incharge of Kaabah in place of Quraish, to crush the monotheists
who worshipped Allah alone. Some other tribes like Jashn sad bin Bakr and Banu Hilal joined them also.
Their leader Malik bin Awf gathered an army of twenty thousand men. He ordered them to bring their
women, children and cattle with them too so that it became an all-out war one aged and experienced
commander Duraid bin simmah advised malik to send back women, children and cattle but Malik totally
ignored his advice. Their army camped at Awtas. Taif is situated on a mountain.
It was difficult for the Muslims to reach there. It had fertile land with many fruit trees and gardens.
People of Taif were very rich. They had built a wall around the city for security. They also built strong
forts in the city. They had plenty of food supplies and fruits in the forts to survive there, at least for one
year. They had very good warfare equipments to face any enemy. Malik stationed many archers on the
mountains around this valley in advance to make a surprise attack on Muslims. He also sent some spies
to Muslim area. They returned with their limb cut off. Malik asked them. Woe to you what happened to
you? They said, we saw some white people on spotted horse backs. They cut our limbs and made us
crippled. In fact, Angels did this. After the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet (pbuh) learnt about the
intention of Banu Thaqif.

Then Prophet sent a new Muslim Abu Hidrid Aslami for spying Prophet also sent a few men to place
called Jursh to take training in operating heavy equipment to damage the wall of fort. The Prophet (pbuh)
borrowed one hundred armors and some other war equipment from Safwan bin Omayyad and he
borrowed three thousand dirhams from Abdullah bin Rabiah. Muslim army set out from Makkah on sixth
Shawal 8 A.H. it consisted of 10000 participants of conquest of Makkah and 2000 new Muslims and now
Muslim army in 12000.
The Muslim army reached Hunain on Wednesday the 10th of Shawal. When the Muslims entered the
valley at dawn, the hidden archers of the enemy showered arrows at them. The Muslims army retreated
in disorder and utter confusion. The Prophet (pbuh) was advancing bravely on his mule towards the
enemy even in this critical moment. The Prophet (pbuh) was saying, “I am The Prophet (pbuh), I am
(grand) son of Abdul Mutlib”.

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At that time, Hazrat Abbas was holding the mule of the Prophet. Abu Sufyan bin Harith was defending
The Prophet (pbuh) with his sword. Prophet said to Abbas to call his companions since Abbas had a very
loud voice. Abbas first called people of Bait-ul-Rizwan, then emigrants and ansar and then the various
tribes by name. Muslims came spontaneously to The Prophet (pbuh) and in a short while a fierce battle
took place between the two parties. Then Prophet took handful of earth (dust) and threw it at the
unbelievers and said, “May your face become shameful”. Miraculously this dust entered into their eyes
and they fled. About 70 of their men were killed and the Muslim captured their cattle, women and
children. Muslims took 6000 prisoners and captured 24000 camels, 40000 sheeps and 852 grams silver.
The booty was stored in Jurana and Masud bin Amr was made incharge of it. Among the prisoner was
Sheema bint Harith, the Prophet (pbuh) foster sister. She introduced herself to the Prophet (pbuh) who
recognized her by a mark. The Prophet (pbuh) honored her and she was gracefully sent back to her
people.
After their defeat at Hunain, some of the enemy took refuge in Taif. The Holy Prophet deputed a small
army which defeated them and captured many of them. Thereafter, the Holy Prophet himself proceeded
with his army and laid siege to the fortresses in which the enemy had taken refuge. The siege continued
for 20 days after which it was lifted in 9 A.H the whole Taif embraced Islam.

(b) From these battles, what can be learnt about good leadership skills? [4]
As previous answer.

Tabuk Expedition S15/12

The invasion and the conquest of Makkah was considered a decisive one between the truth & the error.
People started to enter the folds of Islam and all domestic troubles came to an end. Muslims eventually
felt at ease and started setting up the teaching of Allah’s bow’s and intensifying the call of Islam. The
Byzantine Empires considered the greatest military force on face of earth, showed on unjustifiable
opposition towards Muslims. The ruler, Caesar, could not forget the defeat of Mautah and the benefit it
brought to Muslims. He mustered a huge army of byzantine and pro-Roman Ghanssanide tribes to launch
attach against Muslims. He had to do this before the Muslims became too powerful to conquer.
No sooner did news about the Byzantines preparation for a decisive invasion against Muslim reached
Madinah and fear spread among them. The Muslims were aware how powerful Byzantine Empire was
and were mentally ready but soon they got to know that Herculius has also prepared an enormous army
counting over 40000 fighters besides the alliance of tribes Lukham and Judham. This was marred with
the general situation the Muslims were undergoing. Adverse factors of too much hot weather, drought
and the rugged and rough distance also made difficulties. Inspite of this hardship, Prophet was
determined to invade Byzantine and fight them.
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) then ordered to prepare for war and sent messengers to other Arabs tribes
asking for their alliance. He also conveyed, his real intention of invasion was to strike them and fight in
spite of their numerical strength. On the other hand, Allah’s messenger cherished Muslims to pay
charities and to spend the best of their fortunes in way of Allah. No sooner this reached the Muslims and
huge number of people enrolled and participated Hazrat Uthman prepared 200 saddled camels and
presented 200 gold coins. He further brought 1000 dinars & 100 camels. The Holy Prophet said, “From
this day, nothing will harm Uthman regardless of what he does”. Again, and again Hazrat Uthman came
up with charity and topped it to 900 camels, 100 horses and money. Abdur Rehman bin Auf paid 200
silver ounes, Hazrat Abu Baqar paid all household things and Hazrat Umer paid half his fortune. Hazrat
Abbas gifted a lot of money, Talha, saad bin ubadah, Muhammad bin Maslamah gave money for welfare.
Women also shared in this competition by givng the things they owned such as musks, armlets, earring
and rings. Only hypocrites and 3 faithful believers didn’t participate kaab bin Malik, Murara bin Rabi &
Hilal bin Ummayah.

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 On Thursday, The Prophet (pbuh) marched towards Tabuk and left Hazrat Ali behind to secure the
family. But he soon caught up and was sent by Holy Prophet by saying, would it not suffice you to be my
successor in the way that Aaron was to Mosses? 3000 Muslim troops were not very well-trained and not
perfectly equipped on the way, the army stopped at Al-Hijr to drinks water from well, but soonafter, the
holy Prophet (pbuh) announced, nothing to be consume from Al-Hijr, neither water nor food as it’s the
place where Hazrat Sauleh (a.s)’s nation was cursed. The Prophet (pbuh) and all other Muslims left the
place and stayed for rest where Hazrat Sauleh (a.s) took refuge from his astrayed nation before the curse
to fall upon them.

Finally, as they reached Tabuk, Holy Prophet said, severe wind will blow tonight, go none of you should
stand up. Whoever has a camel should tie it up. Later on, when the strong wind blew none of the men
stood up and the wind carried him away to Tai Mountains upon arriving at Tabuk and camping, Holy
Prophet gave them an eloquent speech and cherished them. He cherished their broken spirit. On the
other hand, upon learning the Muslims march.
The Byzantine and their allies got so terrified that none dared to set out to fight. This brought a good
credit to the Muslims forces and gained military reputation. Many tribes made peace with Muslims and
Muslims returned back safely.

(b) Choose one of the four battles mentioned and explain what Muslim leaders now can learn from
it.[4]
• Total obedience to Allah and His Messenger in all circumstances
• Sacrificing health
• Sacrificing wealth

Treaty of Hudabiya W19/12

Allah has said in Quran; indeed, Allah has shown a true dream to His Messenger, Hazrat Muhammad
(pbuh) shard his dream with his companions. Everybody understood from this that Allah has opened the
door of Umrah for Muslims after 6 years.
Hence, they promptly made preparation for this journey. The Prophet (pbuh) started his journey with
his 1400 companions at first of Dhu Al-Qadah 6.A.H. along with his wife Umm Salma. Some villages whose
faith was weak did not join and made lame excuse. The companies carried no weapons with them except
sheathed swords because they had no intention of fighting. Ibn-e-Umm Maktom was made incharge of
Madinah. When The Prophet (pbuh) and his companion reached Dhu Al-Hulaifah, they put on Ihram and
garlanded their animals for the sacrifice to clearly show that the purpose of their journey was nothing
but to perform Ummah.

The Prophet (pbuh) intended to prevent fighting with the enemy. Hence, Muslims started traveling
towards Jeddah instead of Makkah. The Muslims had to pass through a very thorny valley. The Prophet
(pbuh) said, ‘whoever will pass through this thorn, valley his all sins will be forgiven’. All companions
except one Bedouin faced patiently the hardship of this valley. After reaching the highway and passing
through Thaniyat Al-Marar, Muslims reached Hudaibiya. Which is called Al-Shamaise these days. The
Muslims set up their tents near a well which hardly had any water. The Prophet (pbuh) placed one of his
arrows in the well and the water gushed out the Muslims drank it to their fill and used for their needs.

The Prophet (pbuh) was very keen to have peace with the Quraish. In order to achieve this goal, he
intended to send an ambassador of Muslims to them. He chased umar for it but umar said, “If Quraish
tries to harm me, he has no relatives in Makkah who will support him”. Uthman is the best person for
this. Hence the Prophet sent Uthman to negotiate with Quraish and instructed him about what to do.
When Uthman reached Makkah, his relative Saeed bin Aas took him to meet various chiefs of Quraish
Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards
one by one. Uthman conveyed them The Prophet (pbuh)’s message of umrah but they refused to permit
Muslims to perform Ummrah. They however permitted Uthman to perform umrah but Uthman declined
it saying, “It is not befitting for me to perform Umrah when the Prophet (pbuh) is denied to perform
it”.

The process of visiting chiefs on by one consumed whole day Muslims got worried and rumour spread
that Uthman was killed by the Quraish. Hence the Muslims took a solemn pledge at the hand of the
Prophet (pbuh) that they would sacrifice their lives to avenge the death of Uthman and would stand
firmly with The Prophet (pbuh) under all circumstances. The first to take this pledge were Abu Sinah
Asad and Salama bin Akwa. The Prophet (pbuh) put his one hand over the other hand said, “This is
Uthman’s hand”. After this pledge, Uthman returned from Makkah and he also took the pledge. When
the Quraish saw the firm determination of the Muslims, the sent Suhail bin Amr to negotiate an
agreement with the Muslims, since he was the renounced orator of Quraish.
After heated discussions the following clauses of the treaty were agreed upon by two parties, “The
Muslims shall not enter Makkah this year but they shall be allowed to perform umrah next year and
they shall not staying Makkah for more than 3 days. They shall not bring any arms except sheathed
swords. There will be no war activities for 10 years and both sides will live in security. If anyone from
Quraish goes to the Muslims without his guardian’s permissions, he shall be sent back to the Quraish.
But it any of the Prophet (pbuh)’s followers return to Quraish, he shall not be sent back, whosoever
wishes to join The Prophet (pbuh) or enter into a treaty with him is allowed to do so. Similarly, whosever
wishes to join Quraish, or enter into a treaty, and when he was writing Sohail bin Amr objected on the
wards, “, In the name of Allah, then Muhammad, as Messenger of Allah” and wanted it to be removed.
So, the Prophet himself rubbed it off, wrote treaty with the words, Muhammad bin Abdullah”.
The treaty was not signed yet, when Abu Jandal, son of Sohail bin Amr escaped to Madinah. As per the
terms of treaty, he was returned. The Muslims slaughtered sacrificial animals, got their haircuts, changed
Ihrams and returned home. Although they were unwilling to go, this treaty proved to be very beneficial
for the Muslims as even Allah declared it as a victory. “Verily, We have granted you a manifest victory”.

(b) What in your opinion were the benefits, if any, to the Muslims of signing this treaty? [4]

Some points candidates could give are:

• It brought peace, and Muslims were free to spread Islam, after which it did spread a lot. • Muslims
were recognised as a political entity, a force to be reckoned with.
• It allowed the Companions to see the wisdom of the Prophet’s decisions.
• It emphasised that God is the best of planners

Conquest of Makkah W15/11

Q.18 (a) According to the terms of Treaty of Hudibiya, any tribe could join either side of Quraish or
Muslims consequently Banu Bakr joined Quraish and Banu Khuzza joind Muslims side. On Shaban 8.A.H,
chief of Banu bakr chased men of Banu Khuzza and killed one them Quraish helped them and The
Prophet (pbuh) of Banu Khuzza had not even spared in Holy Kaabah as some of them who took refuge
were also killed Amr bin Salim, chiefs of Banu Khuzza reached Holy Prophet and demanded help. The
Holy Prophet gave Quraish 3 options (1) to pay blood money, (2) finish alliance with Banu Bakr so
Muslims cloud deal with them (3) or consider the treaty as dissolved. After 3 days of consultation, they
arrogantly agreed on the third potion. But they soon realized that they made a mistake.
Therefore, they sent Abu Sufyan to negotiate this with Prophet. He reached his daughter Umm-e-Habiba
& wife of Holy Prophet’s house, he intended to sit on her bed, but she folded up the mattress. He said,
“O daughter I did not know whether I am too good for this bed or this bed is too good for me”. She
replied you are unclean polytheist and this bed is of Allah’s messenger. On this harsh reply, he went to

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Holy Prophet, Hazrat A Abu Bakr, Hazrat Uthman & Hazrat Ali but all of them refused to meditate. Being
disappointed, he returned to Makkah.
Amr bin Salim of Banu Khuzza reached Holy Prophet with 40 foremen and demanded justice. The Holy
Prophet ordered Hazrat Ayesha to prepare for the war. He also sent an 8 men mission to Idem (previously
mentioned) to distract Quraish. Hatib who was one of the trusted companions, wrote a letter to his
family through a lady and explained this situation. Allah told about his letter to Holy Prophet and the
messengers. Prophet had sent Al- Miqdad & Ali to catch and she got caught with the letter. Habib told
Prophet that he did this for his family. Hence the news of attack could not reach Quraish.
On 10th Ramadan 8-A.H, Holy Prophet headed to Makkah with 10000 men and made Abu Rehman bin
Auf incharge of Madinah. The army was divided into 3 parts; Khalid bin waleed commanded right army,
Zubair commanded left while Abu Ubaidiah was in charge of four soldiers as the army reached Al-Jufan,
Hazrat Abbas approached, you are above us and we were sinner. He enforced Islam and Prophet said,
“By Allah indeed Allah has preferred you above us and we were sinner.” He reinforced Islam and
Prophet said no approach to you. May Allah forgive us! Ameen. Then Holy Prophet camped near Makkah
and ordered to light up fire and made Hazart Uhtman incharge of it. Abu Sufyan was spying them with
Abdullah bin Ummah. Hazrat Abbas captured them and brought them to Holy Prophet. Holy Prophet
said, woe to you his time for you to bear witness the oneness of Allah and Prophethood of
Muhammad. He then sought pardon and became Muslims. The Holy Prophet said, “Whoever enters the
house of Abu Sufyan, is safe; who locks his door, is safe. Whoever enters the masjid Al-Haram is also
safe.”
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) laid clear injunctions to his army not to kill anyone or use arms. They were
commanded. The division of Khalid bin waleed was attacked by idol worshippers approaching Makkah
and 12 of them were killed. Holy Prophet then entered Makkah peacefully and his chin almost touched
the hinge of his camel. He went to kaabah and performed prayers & Tawaf. In the last round, he took a
stick and begin to push the 360 idols placed in kaabah while saying, “The truth has come and false hood
had vanished away false hood ever vanishing”. The idols collapsed one by one falling into their faces.
Pictures of Prophet & statues were ordered to remove. He took key of kaabah from Uthman and then
gave the people lesson of tauheed and forgave them by saying, “There shall be no reproachment against
you this day, go, you are free”.

A large crowd gathered in Makkah to accept Islam and to pay homage to Prophet (pbuh). Prophet stayed
in Makkah for 19 days. He sent groups to destroy the remaining idols. 9 criminals were also killed
including Abdul Uzza & Abdullah bin salah Islam. As matters of Makkah were had finished, Prophet
returned back to Madinah.
The Prophet (pbuh) asked them, do you ever thought that the message of Allah is right upon this, Abu
Sufyan said yes. But when Abbas asked do you ever thought that he could be a real Prophet/ upon this
he refused.

(b) The Prophet’s characteristic of mercy was clearly demonstrated in this event. Is it realistic to expect
Muslims today to follow his example? [4]

Candidates could say yes or no, but have to give reasons for their answer. They could agree and say it is
realistic, because they should follow Islam no matter what time or place they are living in and the
Prophet’s example is for all time. Better answers will write about how they can do this in their own
lives/in a current context. They could say it is not possible for Muslims to follow his example, e.g. because
he was the perfect model and other humans are not. Better answers could say how it is difficult to apply
this kind of mercy into their everyday lives.
Final Year Events
Q.19 (a) Describe the final year events of the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) S/16/19

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 (Reference & Events based answer)
During 9-AH after the conquest of Tabuk, the Chief tribes Banu Hawazin and Thakeef from Taif also
entered the fold of Islam. This was marked by of Surah Al-Nasr, as the last Surah of Quran in respect of
revelation. In response to this Surah Hazrat AbuBakr (r.a) had tears in his eyes as he understood about
the completion of the mission of the Holy Prophet (pbuh). As the holy Quran reinforces in these words,
“when comes Allah (swt)’s help and victory is achieved, you saw people entering Deen (Islam) in
groups”. The Prophet (pbuh) announced his intention for Hajj several months in advance so that people
can make preparations for the journey. Large crowds of people came to Madinah for it. This journey
started on 26th Dhual-Qadah, 10.A.H. there were 124 or 144 thousand participants.

Finally, it came 10-AH, and the Holy Prophet (pbuh) announced his first and last Hajj of his life. This was
also evident from the fact that he had a conversation with Maudah (r.a) as he said, “O Maudah! You
may not see after this year. You may even pass by this very Masjid of mine and my grave”. Upon
hearing this, Maudah cried heavily. Invitations sent to all around on behalf of Allah (swt)’s Messenger.
Soon, it was gathering of a large number of companions accompanying the Holy Prophet (pbuh) for
pilgrimage.

On Saturday of the last four days of Dhual-Qadah, the Prophet (pbuh) started his departure as the head
of thousands of people. He combed his hair, had had perfume and when reached Dhul-Qadah, offered
two rakats over there. In the morning, he (pbuh) said, my lord, has called on me tonight and said to pray
in this blessed valley and intend Umrah combined with Hajj. He mounted on his camel, Al Qaswa and
from here, started speaking Talbiyah and said, “O Allah, I am at your service, O Allah, I am at your
service”. As soon as he entered Masjid Al Haram, he circumambulated the holy Kaaba and performed
Sayee between Safa and Marwa.

After performing Sayee, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) left for Mina on eighth of Dhul-Hijjah and stayed there
till the morning of 9th of Dhul-Hijjah. On 8th Zilhajj, he (pbuh) performed Zuhr, Asr and Maghrib Isha and
Fajr next day, 9th Zilhajj over there. Then he reached Arafat where they encamped at Namirah. He sat
inside the camp and ordered that his camel should be prepared. He sat on his camel and in front of
115000 or 122,000 or 144000 people, he (pbuh) delivered his last sermon which can be said to be the
universal charter of humanity. He said, “O people! Listen me carefully, I may not be able to see you
next year. Your blood your property and your honor are as sacred as this day, this month and this city.
He gave people knowledge regarding the known and unknown.
Furthermore, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) explained the rights regarding orphans, children and other
minorities. He said, “O people, Fear Allah (swt) concerning woman verify you have taken then on
security of Allah (swt)” and he said that if your wives refrain from impurity and are faithful to you, cloth
and feed them suitably. He told people to follow the Holy Quran and said “Verily I have left amongst
you the book of Allah (swt), if you hold fast to it, you shall never go astray”. Furthermore, he
commended people to follow his Sunnah exactly in their daily life as he said, “O people I am not
succussed by a Prophet (pbuh) and you are not succussed by any nation. So, I recommend you to obey
your lord and pray five prayers, fast in the month of Ramadan and pay Zakat. After the sermon, Allah
(swt)’s Messenger (pbuh) said, “O Allah (swt), be witness” and repeated it thrice.
Then, the final Divine message, Verse-3 of Surah Al-Maiydah was revealed and Allah (swt) says, “This
day I have perfected your Deen for you, and completed My favors upon you and have chosen Islam
for you as your Deen”. Upon hearing this verse, Hazarat Umar cried hard. The Prophet (pbuh) then
moved to Muzdalfa and offered combined Maghrib and Asr prayer there. He remained there for a while
then left for Mina. He stopped at Jammarat Al Uqba and and threw seven stones. “Allah (swt) is the
Greatest”. Then he set off to the sacrificial place and sacrificed 63 camel and after that Ali sacrificed 37

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 camels. After that, Allah (swt) Messenger spent days in Mina, teaching people about Islam after
performing Tawaf, he left for Madina.

During 11-AH, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) recited Quran two times in Ramazan alongwith Hazrat Jibrael
(a.s) and also observed Aiekaaf of 20 days during Ramzan. As Allah (swt) Almighty wills, he (pbuh) fell ill,
shifted to Hazrat Aiyesh’s (r.a) apartments after getting permission from all his other wives. Meanwhile,
he (pbuh) asked Hazrat AbuBakr (r.a) to lead prayer for a few days. Finally, Allah (swt)’s order came and
he (pbuh) left this mortal world to see his friend, Allah (swt) Almighty, the Creator and Sustainer of the
world.

(b) Which of the Prophet (pbuh)’s teachings from his final sermon do you think is the most important
for Muslims today? Give reasons for your answer. [4]
• Brotherhood

Q.20 (a)Describe how did the Holy Prophet (pbuh) maintain relations with non-muslims states during
from 622 to 632 AD. W19/11 W/16 (Events based answer)
1. Charter of Madina & Expulsion of Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nazir and Banu Quraiza
2. Treaty of Hudaibiya
3. Letters to the kings of the other states (Kings of Bahrain, Omman, Negus)
4. Conquest of Makkah
5. Release to prisoners of battle of Badr and Hunain
6. Treaty with Christians of Najran

(b) How can Muslims now apply the lessons learnt from the Prophet’s interaction with non-
Muslims?[4]
• Treating minorities with justice
• Religious and social freedom
• Economical opportunities
• Internal confidence and unity

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Islamic Community
Descendants of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
S17/11

Q.36 (a) The only wives of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) who bore his children were Hazrat Khadija and Maria
Qibtia. He had two sons and four daughters from his first wife Hazrat Khadija.
The eldest son of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) was Qasim who was born in Makkah, eleven years before the
conferment of Prophethood. The Prophet (pbuh) loved him very much and liked to be called Abdul
Qasim. He lived for two years. The second son was named Tahir also known as Abdullah. He was born in
Makkah after the conferment of Prophethood. He lived for less than two years. After the death of his
second son, the pagans taunted the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and said that he was ‘abtar’ i.e. one without a
male issue to carry on his name. At this, Allah revealed Surah Kausar to console the Prophet (pbuh) that
not he, but his enemies were abtar.

The Holy Prophet’s (pbuh) third son, Ibrahim, was born in Mainah in the 8th year of Hijrat to Maria Qibtia.
The children were given to foster with the nurse mothers. The holy Prophet (pbuh) visited the house to
see him son. Hazrat Ibrahim died while he was still an infant. According to Anas, when Ibrahim was dying,
tears began to fall from Allah’s Messenger eyes, he said, “The eyes weep and the heart grieves, but we
say only what our Lord is pleased with and we are grieved over being separated from you, Ibrahim.”
(Bukhari, Muslim)

It so happened that there was a solar eclipse on the day on which Ibrahim died and some people thought
that it was due to the death of Ibrahim. On hearing this, the Prophet (pbuh) addressed the people and
said that “the eclipses of the sun and the moon do not occur due to the deaths or births of human
beings”. The daughters of the Holy Prophets (pbuh) were all born in Makkah. His eldest daughter and
second child after Qasim were Zainab.

Hazrat Zainab (r.a) was married to her mother’s nephew Abul Aas. She embraced Islam, but was left in
Makkah when the Holy Prophet (pbuh) migrated to Madinah. Her husband was not a Muslim and fought
against the Muslims in the Battle of Badr. He was brought as a captive before the Holy Prophet (pbuh).
For his ransom, Zainab sent a necklace that had been given to her by her mother. The Prophet (pbuh)
(pbuh) returned the necklace and released Abul Aas on the condition that he would send Zainab to
Madinah, which he did. About three years later, he came to Madinah and embraced Islam. Zainab died
in 8 A.H. as a result of a wound inflicted upon her, by an enemy of Islam while she was migrating to
Madinah. The Prophet (pbuh) performed her funeral prayer. She had two children, a son named Ali and
a daughter Umiama, who in later years became the second wife of Hazrat Ali, after the death of Hazrat
Fatima.

The Prophet (pbuh) second daughter Ruqayya was born three years after the birth Zainab. She was
married to Utba, son of Abu Lahab. When the Prophet (pbuh) declared his mission, Abu Lahab became
his enemy and asked his son to divorce Ruqyya, which he did. Ruqayya was then married to Hazrat
Usman. Both of them migrated to Abyssinia where she gave birth to a son, Abullah, who died when he
was six years old. They came back to Makkah in the tenth year of Prophethood. A few years later, she
migrated to Madinah with her husband. She fell ill and died in 2 A.H at the time of Battle of Badr.

Umme-e-Kulsum was the third daughter of the Holy Prophet (pbuh), she was first married to Utaiba son
of Abu Lahab. When the Holy Prophet (pbuh) declared his mission, Abu Lahab became his enemy and
asked his son to divorce Umm-e-Kulsum, which he did. She migrated to Madianh with her step mother

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Hazrat Sawdah. After the death of her sister Ruqayya, she was married to Hazrat Usman. She died in 9
A.H. while her father and Husband were away on the Tabuk expedition. She did not leave behind any
children.
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) youngest daughter was Fatime, who born five years before Prophet Hood. She
migrated to Madinah with her stepmother Hazrat Sawdah. In 2 A.H. she was married to The Prophet
(pbuh)’s (pbuh) cousin, Hazrat Ali who did not marry another woman during her lifetime. Like other
Muhajirin, they too, faced extreme poverty. She had three son, Hasan, who was born in 3 A.H. Hussain
born in 4 A.H. And Mohsin, who died in childhood, and two daughters, Umm-e-Kulsum and Zainab.
During the last days of his illness, Hazrat Fatima visited the Holy Prophet (pbuh). He whispered something
into her ear that made her cry. He again whispered something to her after which she smiled. Later, when
someone asked her the reason of her weeping and smiling, she said that she had wept because The
Prophet (pbuh) (pbuh) told her about his impending death, but when he told her that she would be the
first one from his family to join him in Paradise, she smiled. (Tirmizi). She died in 11 A.H. just six months
after her father’s death, Hazrat Fatima is also known as ‘Zahra’ or the shining one. The Holy Prophet
(pbuh) had special affection for Hazrat Fatima. He always stood up when she came to him. Whenever,
he went on a journey, he parted from her last of all, and when he returned, he would visit her first.

It is reported that the Holy Prophet (pbuh) said, “Fatima is a part of me; whoever hurts her, hurts me
and whoever holds malice against her, holds malice against me.” (Agreed upon) Once, when the Holy
Prophet (pbuh) was sitting with Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Fatima, Hazrat Ali asked him, “O Allah’s
messenger! Is Fatima dearer to you than I or am I dearer to you than her?” The Prophet (pbuh) replied,
“She is dearer to me than you and you are dearer to me than her.” (Allama Shibli Noumani)
Once a person went to Hazrat Aisha and asked her, “Who among the people is dearest to the Messenger
of Allah?” She replied, “Fatima.” And when he asked, “Who among men?” She said, “Her husnand”
(Tirmizi) Hazrat Fatima would often be near her father during his stressful moments. When the people
of Maakha threw dirt at him, she would wash his head. She washed his clothes when his uncle Abu Lahab
threw sheep’s entrails on him while he was praying in the Ka’abah. After the battle of Uhad, she tended
to his wounds.
Some sects among the Muslims hold her in very high respect. They regard her as the model of
womanhood. Her status as the mother of Imam Hassan and Hussain and through them as the ancestor
of the line of Imams is very high.

Q.37 (a) Companions of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) W16/12, W19/12, S15 /11
Hazrat Abu Bakr (r.a) S14/11
Hazrat Abu Bakr was the first, free male adult to become a Muslim. He accepted Islam without any
hesitation, argument or reluctance. Years later, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) recalling the conversion about
Hazrat Abu Bakr said, “Whenever I offered Islam to anyone, he always showed some reluctance and
hesitation and tried to enter into an argument. Abu Bakr was the only person who accepted Islam
without any reluctance or hesitation and without any argument.”

When the Holy Prophet (pbuh) narrated the experience of his Ascension to heaven, Hazrat Abu Bakr
accepted it without any hesitation for which The Prophet (pbuh) gave him the title of ‘Siddiq’ i.e.,
‘Testifier to the Truth’. After the Holy Prophet (pbuh), Hazrat Abu Bakr was the greatest missionary of
Islam. Several people embraced Islam because of his efforts. After his conversion, Hazrat Abu Bakr
dedicated his whole life to the services of Islam. Many slaves including Bilal, who were persecuted and
tortured by their masters for their acceptance of Islam, were purchased and set free by him.

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Hazrat Abu Bakr gave his daughter Hazrat Aisha in marriage to the Holy Prophet (pbuh) which further
strengthened their friendship. He always stood by the side of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) during the most
critical period of his mission and shared all hardships. Whenever the Quraish ill-treated the Holy Prophet
(pbuh), Hazrat Abu Bakr always intervened to protect him. His daughter narrated an incident when he
stopped the people of Makkah from attacking The Prophet (pbuh), he came home with his hairs pulled
out.

Hazrat Abu Bakr accompanied the Holy Prophet (pbuh) during his migration to Madinah and is referred
to in the Quran as, “the second of the two” in the cave of Saur. When the Holy Prophet (pbuh) purchased
a plot of Land for the construction of a Masjid in Madina, Hazrat Abu Bakr paid its cost. In the Battle of
Badr, Hazrat Abu Bakr acted as a bodyguard of the Holy Prophet (pbuh). He was the first to join the Holy
Prophet (pbuh) when there was confusion in the Muslim army in the Battle of Uhad.
In the Battle of Hunain, when most of the companions dispersed, Hazrat Abu Bakr was one of those who
continued to attend to the Holy Prophet (PBUH). When the Treaty of Hudabiya was signed and some of
the companions were critical of the terms of the treaty, Hazrat Abu Bakr supported the Holy Prophet
(PBUH). When the Holy Prophet (pbuh) asked for contributions for Tabuk Expedition, Hazrat Abu Bakr
donated all that he had, saying, that for him and his family, Allah and His Prophet (pbuh) are enough.
He was appointed by the Prophet (pbuh) as Ameer-e-Hajj and also to lead the congregational prayers
during while the Prophet (pbuh) was ill.

(b) Why was Abu Bakr given the title ‘Saviour of Islam’? [4]

Candidates in this part should try to show an understanding of the importance and significance of Abu
Bakr to the Prophet and therefore to Islam. They could mention how his loyalty to the Prophet
contributed to keeping the community united, he held the community together when the Prophet died,
and this led to him becoming the first caliph.

Hazrat Umar (r.a) S15/11

After his conversion to Islam, Hazrat Umar, from being one of the bitterest enemies and persecutors of
the Holy Prophet (PBUH), became one of his most devoted followers. His conversion to Islam in Makkah
was of immense value to the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and his followers.

The small number of people who had embraced Islam started to pray openly at Makkah. After his
conversion, Hazrat Umar became the target of enemity and persecution at the hands of the pagans. He
migrated to Madinah shortly before the Holy Prophet (pbuh) own Hijrat. His ties with the Holy Prophet
(pbuh) were strengthened when the Prophet (pbuh) married his daughter, Hafsa. Hazrat Umar took part
in all the battles.

In the Battle of Uhad, he was among those who formed a defensive ring round the Prophet (pbuh). In
the Battle of Trench, he participated in the digging of the trench. He was also present at the treaty of
Hudabiya. He took part in the march on Makkah and the Khyber Expedition. He placed half of his wealth
at the disposal of the Prophet (pbuh) for the Tabuk Expedition. Hazrat Umar was constantly in
attendance on the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and was one of his most trusted companions and advisers. A
number of times, the holy Quran was revealed with the idea of Hazrat Umar (r.a) in order to formulate
a law accordingly. For example, offering two rakats Nafl at place of Hazrat Ibrahim and wearing veil for
women. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) once said about Umar, “If there had been a Prophet after me, it would
have been Umar”.

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

(b) What lessons can Muslims learn from ‘Umar’s conversion? [4]

Candidates could say that ‘Umar had a very staunch character and was open about his idolatry and
opposition to Islam. Yet his conversion meant that the Qur’an was able to affect someone who on the
outside looked like an enemy of Islam, therefore Muslims should still try to convey the good in Islam to
non-Muslims even if they seem against it. His conversion meant Muslims had someone to stand up and
defend them, and he was not afraid of letting people know about his new faith, so Muslims should also
try to be open about their faith and not hide it.

Q.38 (a) Hazrat Usman (r.a) W19/12

Hazrat Usman (r.a) was the first Umayyad to become a Muslim. When his family learnt of his conversion
to Islam, his uncle tied his with ropes and beat him. He was among those early Muslims who suffered
from torture and persecutions at the hands of the pagans of Makkah. Hazrat Usman was a wealthy
trader. He liberated many Muslim slaves from their pagan master.
When the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and his tribe took shelter in the Shoa’ib of Abi Talib because of the social
and economic boycott by the Quraish. Hazrat Usman used his influence among the Quraish to ensure
supply of provisions to the besieged people. Hazrat Usman, along with his wife, migrated first to
Abyssinia and then to Madinah. He was one of those persons who performed Hijrat in the way of Allah
twice.

After the Holy Prophet (pbuh)’s Hijrat to Mainah, Hazrat Usman was in constant attendance on him. He
took part in all the important battles fought during the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) with the exception
of the Battle of Badr. On that occasion, his wife, Hazrat Ruqayya who was the Holy Prophet’s (pbuh)
daughter, was in a critical condition and they were in Abbisinya. After her death, the Prophet (pbuh)
married his other daughter Umm-e-Kulsum to him, for which he came to be known as Zun Nurain, ‘the
Possessor of two lights’.
At the time of treaty of Hudaibiya, when Muslims approached Makkah, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) sent
Hazrat Usman to negotiate with the unbelievers. This shows the confidence and trust with which the
Holy Prophet (pbuh) regarded him. Hazrat Usman earned the title of Ghani by spending his wealth freely
in the service of Islam and the Muslims. In Madinah, Muslims faced scarcity of water. Hazrat Usman
bought a well from a Jew for twenty thousand dirhams and offered it to the Muslims for their use.
After the treaty of Hudaibiya, when many tribes accepted Islam, Masjid-e-Nabwi became too small to
accommodate all Muslims and had to be extended. Usman financed the entire project. He also donated
generously at the time of the Tabuk Expedition. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) is reported to have said about
him, “for every apostle of Allah, there was a constant companion and my companion in paradise will
be Usman.” (Tirmizi).
The Holy Prophet (pbuh) was so pleased with him that after the death of his two daughters who were
married to Hazrat Usman, he would say, had he any other daughter, he would have given her in marriage
to Usman. (Tirmizi)

Hazrat Ali (r.a) W19/12

Hazrat Ali (r.a) was the first among children to convert to Islam. He was the second person to become a
Muslim, the first being Hazrat Khadija, the, but you have not arranged brotherhood between me and
anyone else.” The Holy Prophet (pbuh) said to him, “you are my brother in this world and the
hereafter.” (Tirmizi)

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) gave his youngest daughter, Hazrat Fatima in marriage to him. Hazrat Ali was
an exceptionally brave and fierce warrior and showed great valour in all the battles. Before the Battle of

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Badr, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) had sent him to discover the enemy’s movements. He was also chosen to
carry the Muslim banner. During the Battle of Uhad, he was one of the few Muslims who defended the
Holy Prophet (pbuh). After the battle, he along with his wife, Hazrat Fatima, washed the Prophet (pbuh)
wounds. He was one of the leaders in the siege of the Jewish tribe of Banu Quraizah. He showed great
bravery in the battle of Khyber, using a door as a shield. At Hunain, he defended the Holy Prophet (pbuh).
At the time of the conquest of Makkah, he again carried the Muslims banner.

Hazrat Ali did not take part in the Tabuk Expedition as he remained in Madinah as The Prophet (pbuh)
deputy. On his complaint that he was not going with the army, The Prophet (pbuh) (pbuh) said to him,
“You are to me as Harun was to Musa, except that there will be bot prophet after me.” (Agreed Upon).
Hazrat Ali was one of the scribes of the Divine Revelation. He also wrote letters sent out by The Prophet
(pbuh) (pbuh). He was the scribe for the treaty of Hudabiya and was one of the witnesses to it. Hazrat
Ali was present at the time of the death of the Holy Prophet (pbuh). He washed his dead body and was
one of those who lowered it into the grave.

(b) From ‘Ali’s early life, what lessons can young people learn about their role in the community? [4]

Lessons could be that they should not shy away from the truth and that their age does not mean they
cannot make right and mature decisions. They should follow the guidance of trustworthy people but
know that they also can have the strength to play an important role in the community even at a young
age. They should look to keep themselves in good company to be able to make the right decisions. If a
young person is able to lead the community because he is knowledgeable, whether it be in prayer or
guiding others, then he should not be prevented from doing so due to his age. Young people can also be
role models for others.

Hazrat Talha (r.a)

Hazrat Talha was a grand nephew of Hazrat Abu Bakr. He was born twenty-five years before Hijrat. He
belonged to the family of Quraish. He accepted Islam at the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr and was
amongst the earliest converts. The unbelievers persecuted him upon his acceptance of Islam, but he
bore patiently the pain and suffering of being tested in the path of Allah and His Prophet (pbuh).
Talha was a brave soldier. He took part in all the battles, except Badr, as he had been sent by the Holy
Prophet (pbuh) on a mission outside Madinah. He saved the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) in the Battle
of Uhad, making his own body a shield, to protect him from the swords and spears of his attackers. He
continued to do so until the Quraish attack was beaten off. While saving The Prophet (pbuh), Talha was
so badly injured that he became unconscious. As he regained consciousness, the first question he asked
was about the Holy Prophet (pbuh). For his bravery, he earned the title of ‘Living Martyr’. The Prophet
(pbuh) is reported to have said, “Whosoever is pleased to see a martyr on the surface of the earth let
him look at Talha bin Obaidullah” (Tirirmizi). Talha was present at the time of the Treaty of Hudabiya.
His bravery resulted in victory for the Muslims in the Battle of Hunain. He also helped the Muslims by
providing financial aid during different battles. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) gave him the title of ‘Fayyaz’ i.e.
generous at the time of the Tabuk Expedition. During the Khilafat of both Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat
Umar he was a member of the Islamic Council and advised them on problems of the state.
Talha was one of the six companions who were chosen by Hazrat Umar to be appointed as Khalifa after
his death. He was not present at the time of Hazrat Usman’s election, but swore allegiance to him, after
returning to Madinah. He was killed during the Khilafat of Hazrat Ali. Although, he was a wealthy and
successful tradesman, he led a simple life. He would be so anxious and worried on account of his vast
wealth, that he would distribute it among the poor Muslims. He was also known for helping people who
were in debt, the needy, travelers and widows.

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About Talha and Zubair, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) is reported to have said, “Talha and Zubair are my
neighbors in Paradise.” (Tirmizi)

Hazrat Zubair (r.a)

Hazrat Zubair (r.a) belonged to a family that had accepted Islam in its early stages. His mother was Hazrat
Safiya, an aunt of The Prophet (pbuh). Hazrat Khadija, who was The Prophet (pbuh)’s wife and the first
woman to accept Islam was Zubair’s aunt. When he accepted Islam, his uncle became his enemy. He
would wrap him in a mattress and light a fire around him. In this condition, when he would choke of
smoke, his uncle would ask him to give up the faith. “No never”, Zubair would reply firmly. “It is
impossible for me now to give up the religion of Allah. I must die as a Muslim and not as an
unbeliever”.

Hazrat Zubair was among those who migrated to Abyssinia, but soon returned to Makkah. He was a true
follower of Islam that is why, he attained a prominent position among the earliest companions of The
Prophet (pbuh). He was always ready to face danger and endure any pain for the sake of Islam. He
remained faithful to the Holy Prophet (pbuh) even under great hardship. He took part in almost all battles
fought during the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and was known for his bravery.
Hazrat Zubair was very rich and generous and was respected by his tribe. He was one of the six men
recommended by Hazrat Umar as his successor to the Khilafat. He was killed during the Khilafat of Hazrat
Ali. About Talha and Zubair, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) is reported to have said, “Talha and Zubair are my
neighbors in Paradise.” (Tirmizi)

The Holy Prophet (pbuh) and given him the title of ‘disciple of the Messenger of Allah’. Hazrat Umar
would often call him ‘one of the Pillars of Faith’. According to tradition, he was the fifth person who
recognized Hazrat Muhammad (pbuh) as Allah’s Messenger. He remained faithful to the Holy Prophet
(pbuh) even under great hardship and took part in the two migrations, first to Abyssinia and then to
Madinah. He took part in all the great battles fought during the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and was
known for his faith, courage, bravery and generosity.

Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (r.a)

Hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah (r.a) was one of the most distinguished of The Prophet (pbuh)’s
companions, known for his services to Islam and his loyalty to the Prophet (pbuh). He was born in
Makkah. He accepted Islam at an early age at the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr. After his conversion, he
had to face many hardships at the hands of the Quraish. He took part in the migration to Abyssinia and
later to Madinah.
In Madinah, he remained a sincere companion of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and was always ready to help.
He was a brave solider and commander, took part in most of the battles. In the battle of Badr, he came
face to face with his father. He was greatly upset, but he had to kill him for the sake of his faith. During
the battle of Uhad, he was one of those Muslims who encircled The Prophet (pbuh) when the Quraish
attacked him. When he was hit on the cheek, Abu Ubaidah pulled out the metal links of his helmet straps
out of the wound with his teeth and in the process broke two of his teeth.

At the time of the conquest of Makkah, he was given command of one of the four squadrons into which
the Holy Prophet (pbuh) had divided the army. He also took part in the expedition, which the Holy
Prophet (pbuh) sent to Syria just before his death. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) had so much faith in him
when Christian delegation visited the Holy Prophet (pbuh) and asked him to send with them a
trustworthy person to act as a judge in disputes amongst them, he sent Abu Ubaidah. He was one of the
witnesses of the treaty of Hudaibiya.

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After the death of the Holy Prophet (pbuh), the main issue was the succession to the Khilafat. Abu
Ubaidah was one person besides Hazrat Umar whose name was suggested by Hazrat Abu Bakr to be the
most suitable person for this post. But, both of them declined the offer and then Hazrat Umar followed
by Abu Ubaidah came forward and swore allegiance to Abu Bakr as the first Khalifa of Islam. Other
Muslims followed and thus the solidarity of Islam was maintained.
During the Khilafat of Hazrat Abu Bakr, he commanded successful expeditions to Syria and Iran. During
the Khilafat of Hazrat Umar, he conquered Damascus where he is said to be buried. Abu Ubaidah
distinguished himself by his bravery and un-selfishness, the Holy Prophet (pbuh) gave him the title of
Amin-ul-Ummat that means ‘the honest of the nation.’ He is reported to have said, “For every people,
there is a man of trust and the man of trust for this people is Abu Ubaidah,” (Agreed upon)

Q.39 (a) Hazrat Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas (r.a)

Hazrat Sa’ad (r.a) was a maternal uncle of the Holy Prophet (pbuh). He was born in Makkah. He accepted
Islam at the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr at the age of seventeen. He was one of the earliest companions
of the Holy Prophet (pbuh).
In the early years of Islam, the Muslims used to offer their prayers outside Makkah due to the
persecution of the Quraish. One day, during prayers, the unbelievers interrupted them, which led to a
fight. Sa’ad struck and wounded one of them, so he was the first Muslim to have shed blood for the
cause of Islam.

Hazrat Sa’ad was a great warrior and took part in all the battle fought during the lifetime of the Holy
Prophet (pbuh) at the battle of Uhad, he was one of the defenders of the Holy Prophet (pbuh), trying to
repel the attackers with his arrows. The Holy Prophet (pbuh), himself, handed him the arrows and
declared him to be the best archer along with some other companions. He was present at the Treaty of
Hudabiya and took part in the conquest of Makkah.
Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas was the commander-in-chief of the Muslims army during the Khilafat of Hazrat
Umar in the Battle of Qadisiya that was fought against the Persians, though illness prevented him from
taking part in the battle personally. Hazrat Umar recognized his great military and administrative
services. On his death-bed, Hazrat Umar empowered six of the Holy Prophet’s most trusted companions
to choose a new Khalifa within three days, Hazrat Sa’ad was selected as one of this group.

During the Khilafat of Hazrat Usman (r.a) he was made the Governor of Kufa. After the assassination of
Hazrat Usman, Sa’ad was requested to become Khalifa but he refused. When Hazrat Ali was chosen as
the Khalifa, Sa’ad refused to pay homage to him. He remained away from politics till his death. He was
buried in Madinah. He is said to have left large property behind him.
Hazrat Abdur Rahman bin Auf (r.a)
Abdur Rahman was born in the 10th year of the Elephants. The Holy Prophet (pbuh) and Abdur Rehman
had a common ancestor in Kalab. He accepted Islam at the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr. According to
tradition, he was the thirteenth person to become a Muslim.
Abdur Rehman was among the first batch of fifteen Muslims that migrated to Abyssinia. He returned to
Makkah and later migrated to Madinah. There, he started his own business and soon became a well-to-
do merchant. He took part in all the important battles fought during the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh).
In the Battle of Uhad, he received twenty-one wounds and yet stood by the side of The Prophet (pbuh)
when most of the Muslims had run away from the battlefield.

Hazrat Abdur Rahman bin Auf was one of the respected Companions of the Prophet (pbuh) and a very
generous man. He spent most of his wealth to help the needy and poor Muslims. He was made Ameer-
Haj during the Khilafat of Hazrat Abu Bakr, Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Usman. He was among the

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committee of six persons appointed by Hazrat Umar on his death-bed to choose a Khalifa from amongst
themselves. As he was not willing to shoulder the great responsibility, the choice of selecting the new
Khalifa was left in his hands. He died in 32 A.H.

Saeed bin Zaid (r.a)

Hazrat Saeed bin Zaid was a devoted companion of the Holy Prophet (pbuh). It is reported in Sahih
Bukhari that his father, Zaid bin Amr, who died five years before the first revelation, believed in the faith
of Hazrat Ibrahim and had given up idol worship.
When the Holy Prophet (pbuh) invited people to Islam, Saeed bin Zaid was in the forefront of those who
believed in the Oneness of Allah and who affirmed their faith in the Prophet (pbuh) Hood of Hazrat
Muhammad (pbuh). He is said to be the twenty-eight people to have become a Muslim.
Hazrat Saeed bin Zaid was not yet twenty when he embraced Islam. His wife, Fatima, sister of Hazrat
Umar, also accepted Islam early. Both of them managed to conceal their acceptance of Islam from the
Quraish and especially from Hazrat Umar untill he accepted Islam.
Saeed was one of those people who could read and write. He was a great warrior. He took part in all the
major campaigns during the life of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) except the Battle of Badr. In the battlefield,
he always kept himself ahead of the Holy Prophet (pbuh) to protect him from the enemy.
After the death of the Holy Prophet (pbuh), Saeed continued to play a major role in the Muslim
community. During the Khilafat of Hazrat Umar, when the Muslim army invaded Syria, he was made the
commander of the infantry. In 14 A.H he took part in conquest of Damascus. He was made the Governor
of Damascus, but he resigned due to his love for taking part in Jihad. He died in 50 A.H.

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 Paper -II
Q.1 (a) Comilation of Hadith during lifetime
Hadith literarure was started to be written during 1st year of Hijrat. The Prophet (pbuh) himself would
give instructions about the transmission of what he taught, “Preach what you hear me say. Also let
those who see and hear me, take upon themselves to communicate my words to others and preach to
their children, relatives and friends”. There is another report according to which on the Farewell
Pilgrimage, the Prophet (pbuh) said, “He who is present here should carry this message to him who is
absent.”
The companions considered it their duty to preach the Ahadith to those who had not seen or listened to
him. A party of students called Ashab-e-suffah lived in the Masjid Nabvi (s) itself were entrusted with
the teaching of religion to tribes outside Madinah. From this group, most famous was Abu Hurairah
(8000) who remained in the Prophet (pbuh)’s company at all the times and store up his memory
everything that Prophet said or did. Abu Hurairah’s efforts were from the very beginning directed
towards the preservation of Ahadith. It is related from Abu Hurairah that once one of the companions
told the Prophet of his inability to remember what he heard from him. His reply was: “Take the help
from your right hand” (Tirmizi)

Another report of Abu Hurairah, ‘None of the companions preserved more traditions than myself, but
Abdullah bin Amr is an exception for he used to write and I did not’. Hazrat Ali (r.a) used to write down
Ahadith concerning the orders, instructions issued from Holy Prophet (pbuh). Hazrat Aisha also used to
preserve the sayings of Holy Prophet (pbuh). Her collections are (2210) Ahadith. Abdullah bin umar and
Abdullah bin Abbas were engaged in preserving and transmitting the Ahadith. The Compilation of
Abdullah bin Umar was known as Sahifa Sadiqa. The process of compilation of Hadith started in the Life
of Holy Prophet (pbuh). Hazrat Khadeeja (r.a) collected 64 traditions from the holy Prophet (pbuh).

Q. (a) Write an account of the compilation of Ahadith during the period of the Successors of the
Successors (tabi’ altabi’in) (Main compilers). [10] Marks

Ans: This period is considered as the Golden Age of Hadith compilation and hundreds / thousands of
Ahadith were compiled by the Successors of the Successors (Taba Tabieens). During this period, Hadith
scholars established rules of Matn and Sanad to sift through the Ahadith to categorise them and include
them in their collections.

A large number of jurists combined the two categories of musnad and musannaf in the form of Sunan /
Sahih books. A sunan was organised topic-wise and thus could be easily used as legal reference, and it
focussed on Ahadith-e-Nabavi with full isnads. Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim were the pioneers’ party
in this great work of Hadith compilation at final stage. They broke away from the tradition of using weak
Ahadith in law and their collections were devoted only to Ahadith whose isnads met with the
requirements of authenticity. The collections of Bukhari and Muslim became the most famous books of
Hadith collection called the Sahihayn, means agreed upon, (literally meaning the two Sahihs).

(1) Imam Bukhari born in 194 AH, Uzbakistan, known as Al-Bukhara, devoted sixteen years of his life to
sifting the Ahadith, he included 7563 in his Sahih collection from a pool of 600000 (6 Lac) narrations.
His collection consists of 97 chapters.The finished work was a massive expression of Bukhari’s vision of
Islamic law and belief. Backed with Ahadith, the author felt the most rigorous standards of authenticity

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 were met. (2) Imam Muslim, born on 202 AH in Neshapur. His Sahih contains 7275 narrations out 30000
(30 K) he went through after regourious research. His collections contain in 56 Books. However, fewer
chapters and lacks Bukhari’s legal commentary. Imam Muslim kept all narrations of a certain Hadith in
the same section but without the commentary reports from Companions and later figures. Their work
had a great influence on their students and contemporaries.

(3) Abu Dawood was born in Sijistan in 202 AH. After completing education, he settled in Basra. He was
held in high esteem by the authorities of his time. He investigated almost 500000 (5 Lac) narrations out
of which he selected 4800 that he considered to the rank of Sahih level. His collections are preserved in
43 chapters. He travelled extensively as early as he was 15 and visited Makkah, Kufa, Egypt and Damascus
and learn Ahadith from about 300 teachers. He gained knowledge from Muhmmad bin Hanbal as well
and was greatly influenced by him. Isa Tirmidhi and Imam Nasa’I were amongst his prominent students.
He thought that weak Ahadith was always preferable over a person’s opinion and if it didn’t go against
other authentic Ahadith. He compiled 21 books of Ahadith and was known for piety and worship of Allah
(swt).
(4) Abu Isa al Tirmidhi was born in Tirmidhi in 209 AH and dedicated his life for the field of Ahadith. He
travelled in Hejaz, Egypt, Syria, Kufa, Basra and Baghdad and obtained knowledge from eminent scholars
like Imam Bukhari, Imam Muslim and Imam Abu Dawood. He was known for his piety and abstinence
and wept excessively out of fear of Allah (swt) that he lost eyes towards the end of his life! He had a wide
number of students from all over the world and wrote many books on Ahadith. His total collections are
almost 4400 narrations which can traced into 50 chapters of Ahahdith.
(5) Abu Abdur Rehman Ahmed bin Shoaib bin Bahr AN-Nasai was born in 215 AH in Nasa and used to
attend gatherings of knowledge in his town. He travelled Iraq, Kufa, Hejaz, Syria and Egypt and covered
the whole Arabian Peninsula in the quest of knowledge and collected the treasure of 5700 Ahahdith and
composed in 52 Books. He settled in Egypt where he was one of the most knowledgeable person and
became to be known as Hafizul Hadith. Amongst his teachers was Imam Abu Dawood. He wrote a book
about Ali (R.A) and lectured it in a Masjid of Damascus. He was an extremely pious and truthful person.
His Sunan as Sughra is one of the six most authentic books.
(6) Muhammad ibn Yazeeb Ibn Majah was born in Qazween in 209 AH. He travelled widely in quest of
knowledge and started at age of 22 visiting Khosran, Basra, Kufa, Baghdad, Damascus, Makkah and
Madinah and Egypt. After 15 years, he returned of Qazween and spent his life working for Hadith and
collected 4341 which are available in 32 Books. People came to him from far flung places to seek
knowledge and his Sunan ibn Majah is one of the best works on Ahadith.
All 6 of these compilers worked hard extensively to assure the authenticity of Ahadith and due to their
efforts, the treasure of Hadith is still preserved after 1400 years!

(b) Why do you think the chain of narrators (isnad) of a Hadith is given so much importance in
establishing its genuineness?
• Isnads helped to document that a Hadith had truly come from the Prophet (pbuh).
• Since they helped establish religious practice and Islamic law as well as day to day conduct of an
individual.
• It was important that only the genuine ones were documented for use.

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2(a) Describe the main features of the four authentic Shia collections of Ahadith. [10]

The Four books (Al-Kutab Al-Arbah) is a twelver Shia term referring to their four best known Ahadith
collections. The books are Kitab-al-Kafi by Muhammad Ibn Ya’qub al-kulayni-al-Razi containing 15,176
Ahadith, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih by Muhammad Babuya containing 9,044 Ahadiths, Tahdhib Al-
Ahkam by Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi containing 13,590 Ahadiths and Al-Istibsar by Abu Jafar
Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi containing 5,511 Hadith.

1. The Kitab al-Kafi is a twelver Shiah Hadith collection compiled by Muhammad ibn Yaqub Kulayni. It is
divided into three sections: Usool al-Kafi which is concerned with the principle of religion, Furu-al-Kafi
which is concerned with the details of religion law And Rawadat al-Kafi which is concerned with various
religious aspects and includes some writings of Imams. In total Al-Kafi contains 15,176 narrations.
However, as with all Shiah and Sunni Ahadith books, every single hadith must be individually examined
through the science of hadith.

2. Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih is included among the Four Books of the Twelve Shia Islam. The literal
translation of the title is “For him not in the Presence of a Jurisprudent”. It is mainly concerned with the
religious law. The book is meant to be a reference book to help ordinary Muslims in the practice of the
legal requirements of Islam. Generally, the Isnad (Chains of the narrators) is absent. Thus, the book is a
summary of the study of legal traditions.

3. Tahdhib al-Ahkam could be translated as “The Refinement of the Laws” in terms of the explanation of
the Sufficiency. The original intention of Al-Tusi had been to write a commentary on Al-Muqnia of Al-Mufid.
However, he makes it clear in his introduction that his work would only concern the practical regulations
for carrying out the Shariah, the holy law of Islam. He said, “I went first to the chapter which was concerned
with ritual purity, leaving aside the chapters which preceded it which were about the Unity of God
(Tawhid), justice, Prophet hood and the Imamah because the explanation of these would be too lengthy
and also because it was not the intention of this book to explain the principle of religion (al-usul).

4. Al-Istibsar by Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi containing 5,511 Hadith.

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Hazrat Umar (r.a) as a Caliph
Q.13 (a) Administrative Reforms.
Hazrat Umar not only conquered a vast empire during the ten years of his Khilafat but also consolidated
it by an effective system of administration. As an administrator, he remained a model for all rulers who
followed him. He introduced the following reforms during his caliphate.

Formation of Government. [Political reforms] Hazrat Umar framed the constitution of the state on the
basis of democracy. He established the Majlis e Shura consisting of prominent companions of the Holy
Prophet from both Muhajirin and Ansars. Hazrat Umar consulted this body in all matters. He also
constituted a larger body called the Majlis –e--Aam, consisting of Muhajirin and Ansar and
representatives of various tribes. This was called into session on special occasions. All appointments
were made in consultations with the Majlis e Shura. The appointee was given a regular order of
appointment setting out his duties and emoluments. The person appointed to a high post was required
to give a written undertaking to lead a simple Islamic life. He had to submit particulars of his property
and assets, so that on his retirement, it may be seen whether he had amassed wealth by illegal means.
Hazrat Umar kept a very strict watch on the activities of his officers. He used to receive secret reports
from officers specially appointed for this purpose.

Social and agriculture reforms. He took steps to give the Islamic State a clean and efficient
administration. The State was divided into Provinces and each province was placed under an efficient
Governor called the Wali or Ameer. The wali was not only the ruler of the province but also the military
and religious head. The provinces were furthers divided onto districts and placed under Amils. He also
used to visit streets at night time in order to maintain the well-being of people. He issued scholorships
for new-born babies to cater their need of food, health, costumes and educational expences. He also
introduced awareness programmes for the promotion of agriculture.

Judicial reforms. Judiciary was established under the Qazi. He separated executive from judiciary. In this
way he assured the citizens swift and impartial justice. The judiciary was made completely independent
and impartial. He was displeased when a judge showed some respect to him when he appeared in his
court as a defendant. [Event of the son of Umro bin al aas and his son who returned with lot of business]

Economical/financial reforms. The bait ul maal was created under Amils. After meeting the expenditure
of the State, the surplus money used to be distributed among the Muslims based on three principles:
relationship with the Holy Prophet; priority of conversion to Islam and military services to Islam. In this
way, all Muslim men, women, slaves and children had share in the bait- ul- Maal or the public treasury.
He made the government finances save from misuse and kept corruption out of government. Hazrat
Umar set up a department of finance the Diwan, which was in charge of the revenue of the centre and
the provinces. The function of the Diwan was to regulate the receipt and disbursement of the caliphate’s
revenues which were generated from jizya, zakat, kharaj (tax levied on the land of non-Muslims) and fay
(income from crown lands). A tax called ushr was also levied on the produce of land. It is said that there
was so much economic prosperity during the caliphate of Hazrat Umar that there was hardly any citizen
in need of Zakat.

Religious reforms. Umar established new towns like Basra, Musal and Kufa. He made new highways,
roads and out posts on the roads. The conquered lands were surveyed. Umar made special effort for
construction of Masjids and schools. Teachers were sent to the villages to teach the Holy Quran to the
villagers. He introduced the Muslim era of Hijra, the system of old age pension and census of the

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population of the Muslims State. Thus he laid foundation for the development of modern cities. He also
made Traveeh prayer in congregation during Ramzans.

Military reforms. Hazrat Umar maintained a well-disciplined army which was divided into cavalry and
infantry. He was particularly concerned about welfare of his soldiers. He also forbade them to live with
the settled people in cities and ordered them to live in cantonments. They kept the armed forces content
and happy and they were happy to serve the caliphate.

Right of Minorities. Umar paid special attention to the well-being of Dhimmis (minorities), and settled
their matters in consultation with their representative. He expelled Christians and Jews communities of
Najran and Khayber, when they refused to abide by his order. Hazrat Umar stands unparalleled in every
aspects of administration in the History of Islam.

(b)Which in your opinion was ‘Umar’s greatest quality as caliph? Give reasons for your choice. [4]

Candidates are free to choose any one of ‘Umar’s qualities and say why in their opinion it was his greatest
quality. They could e.g. write about the justice of ‘Umar as being his greatest virtue or his skill as an
efficient administrator or military commander being his greatest virtue. All valid responses to be credited
given that they are backed up with sound reasons.

Q.14 (a) Major expansion

Hazrat Umar bin Khattab succeeded to caliphate in 13 A.H. / 634 A.D. He took the title of “Amir Ul
Momineen” (Commander of the faithful). He was a brave and straightforward person. He continued the
expansion of the Islamic state and during his caliphate the frontiers of Islamic state expanded greatly.
The vast Areas of the Roman and Persian empires were brought under Islamic rule. Muslim armies
conquered Syria, Iraq, Persia and Egypt after fighting a series of decisive battles and 11 Lac Squire KM
empire of Hazrat AbuBakr (r.a)’s time increased upto 22-28 Lac squire KM.

In the Northeast, Persian Empire caused threat for the Islamic state. In October 634 A.D/14 A.H the
battles of Namaraq and Jasr were fought. In the battle of Jasr (Bridge) Muslims were defeated and their
commander was killed. Muslims responded back in November 634 A.D. When they fought against the
Persians at Buwaib under Musanna, Muslims were victorious in this battle and the Persians had to face
heavy losses. After this battle, Persians sent a large army of 60,000 under their famous commander
Rustam. The report of the new situation was sent to Hazrat Umar. He sent Saad bin Abi Waqas with an
army of 30000. After a prolonged battle at Al Qadisiya in 15 AH/636 AD the out-numbered Muslim army
defeated the Persian troops under Rustam and recaptured Hira and other areas in Iraq. It was a decisive
battle which broke down the strength of the Persians.

After this the Muslim army advanced and captured Mada’in and Jalulah one after another and signed a
Treaty of peace with the Persians. Despite the treaty, the Persians continued their conspiracies against
Islamic state. Therefore, Muslims had to fight against them at Nihawand in 21 A.H./ 642 A.D. a battle
took place in which 30,000 Muslims defeated 60,000 Persians. The Persian king Yazdgard fled from the
battle field. It was the last battle against the Persians which sealed the fate of Persian Empire and the
whole of Persia came under Muslim rule. Muslims also had to fight against the Byzantines on the
Northern borders because of their hostility against the Islamic state.The Muslim commanders i.eKhalid
bin Waleed, Amr bin al Aas and Abu Ubaidah bin al Jarrah defeated the Romans and captured areas of
Byzantine empire , which was the Eastern province of Roman empire. Muslim army laid siege to
Damascus till 635AD and then they had to fight against them in the battle of Fihl which resulted in the
conquest of Jordan.

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

Hazrat Amr ibn Aas realized the strategic importance of this region and asked the Caliph for the
permission of an expedition who made him in charge of 4000 men. Amr approached the massive and
well defended fort at Fustat. He requested for reinforcements and Umar sent them with four
commanders. Amr handed over the operation to Zubair who captured the fort after a seven month long
siege. This fort later became the garrison town of Fustat. After Fustat, Amr laid the siege to Alexandria.
There were 50000 Christian forces and Muslims were 12000. The siege lasted for a long time. Umar
wrote a strong worded letter, expressing his displeasure on the pace of events. In the meantime
Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor died. The Muslims then intensified the attacks. After the battle,
Alexandria was conquered and Muslims became the masters of Egypt.

Then Muslims advanced and fought in the battle of Yarmuk in Palestine in 15 A.H/636 A.D. An army of
40,000 Muslims defeated 2, 60,000 Byzantines after a battle which lasted for 6 days. As a result of this
battle, Muslims conquered Syria. In October 636 AD Muslims recaptured Damascus under Abu Ubaidah
bin al Jarrah. Meanwhile, Amr bin Aas laid siege to Jerusalem and later Khalid bin Waleed also joined
him.

The Christian Patriarch Sophronious offered to surrender on the condition that the Caliph himself should
come to Jerusalem. This was accepted and Hazrat Umar signed an agreement that guaranteed safety
and security of the people of Jerusalem. Finally, Muslim army advanced under Amr bin Aas and laid a
siege and after the battle of Alexandria captured Egypt in 18 A.H. /639 A.D.

(b)What do ‘Umar’s actions in his last days after his attack tell you about his character?[4]

Use AO2 Levels of Response. ‘Umar was martyred by Abu Lulu, a Persian slave, who had a grudge against
him. Candidates in answer to the question could say that his response to his attack which took his life
showed: • the strength of his character,
• his love for the Prophet (pbuh) and
• his sense of duty till the very end. He did not take revenge on Abu Lulu, which showed his forgiving
nature, he asked to be buried next to the Prophet (pbuh) showing his deep love for him. Furthermore,
he wanted to fulfil his responsibilities and appointed a committee to elect the next caliph so that the
Islamic empire could continue to run smoothly and in an orderly way. All these examples are a reflection
of his noble character and strength of personality. Candidates could give other reasons than the ones
above

Q.15 (a) Write a detailed account about the Battle of Qadisiya and Yarmuk fought in the caliphate of ‘Umar.
[10]

Battle of Qadisiya: Following the humiliating defeat at Buwayb the Persians once again prepared for
battle against the Muslims. Hazrat Umar in response organised a force of about 30000 and choose Saad
bin Abi Waqas a veteran from Badr to lead them. The Muslims army camped at Qadissiya a little town
among the palm groves on the very edge of the settled lands of Iraq. A contingent which had been called
by the caliph from the Syrian front also reinforced the Muslim army and in 636 the battle of Qadissiya
was fought between the Muslims and the Persians. 3 Despite its enormous importance very little is
known of the course of this battle. Arab accounts begin with the recruitment and dispatch of the army
from Madina, after whose arrival on the borders of Iraq a delegation of Muslim elders was sent to
Yazdegird the Persian emperor inviting him to accept Islam, pay jizya or to arbitrate for war.
The arrogant emperor was contemptuous of the Arabs while the Muslim delegation remained patient
and courteous but to no effect. A stand-off lasting 3 months took place with skirmishes against border

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settlements in which the Muslims were successful and during which time there were desertions and
defections from the Persian side. As a resulted of which Muslim army got increased to 30000 whereas
the Persians lost their strength which came down 60000 from 120000. Finally Rustam attacked the
Muslims by crossing the river. Saad bin Abi waqas employed best strategies making the best use of his
archers to overcome elephant corps and using his force to break the Persians. The battle lasted for three
days, on the third and final day of this battle Rustam was caught and killed while trying to swim to safety
and the Persians were routed Sa’ad chased them to Babal where they sought refuge and then after a 2
month campaign Muslims captured Mada’inthe Persian capital. The emperor and his family and nobles
fled. Two thirds of the Persian army was killed and the Muslims lost a fifth of their men in this battle.
This was a decisive battle in the history of Islam, it shattered the strength of the Persian Empire and
many people of the conquered areas accepted Islam. Following this victory the whole territory between
the Euphrates and the Tigris came under the Muslims.
Battle of Nahawand
Between the years 638-639 Arabia was struck with a great famine and plague but the expansion of the
Islamic territories continued. On the other hand the Persian ruler Yazdegird’s people to incite rebellion
against the Muslims and skirmishes ensued. When Hazrat Umar heard that Yazdgard was determined to
recover his control of the rich plains of Mesopotamia (Iraq) and was trying to rally support and muster
troops at the city of Nihawand he sent letters to Kufa and Basra ordering that the armies should
assembled. The Muslim armies subsequently gathered and marched on to Nihawand. One force was
ordered to station itself on the borders between the provinces of Fars and Isfahan to prevent the
Persians sending reinforcement from the south. The Muslim army of 30000 was much smaller than the
Persian force of 60000.

The Muslim army on reaching Nihawand found the Persian army drawn up on the near side of a ravine
which was later to prove fatal to many of them. They had also fortified themselves behind trenches. The
Muslims tried to storm them out but without success and the disciplined Persian emerged from their
fortified positions only when it suited them. After a few days, the Muslim leader met in a council of war
to decide a better course of action. It was decided that the cavalry would advance and pretend to attack
the trenches and then withdraw to lure the Persian from their positions. However, their commander
Nouman ibn Muqarrin kept the main Muslim army in check until the day was almost over. They finally
attacked the enemy, victory came quickly. The Persians began to flee and surrender of the towns soon
followed the military victory. The victory at Nihawand came to be known as fath al Futuh the victory of
victories.

Battle of Yarmuk: Fought in the summer of 636 the battle of Yarmuk was a major conflict between the
Byzantines and the Muslims. When the reports of the fall of Damascus, and defeat at Fihl and Hims were
given to Heraclius he was determined to recover Palestine for Christian rule. He issued orders to mobilize
troops from all corners of his empire and it is believed that the Roman emperor sent an army of 260,000
men against the Muslims who were 40000. Khalid ibn al-Walid began to group his forces along the River
Yarmuk. Hazrat Umar was in contact with the commanders and he sent them the message of advice and
encouragement. Negotiations between the two armies were held in which the Romans tried to convince
the Muslims and even offered Muslims large amounts of money if they left Syria and returned to Arabia.
Khalid responded with reasons and declined the Roman’s offer. He elaborated on the positive changes
that Islam had brought about in the Arabs and invited the Romans to accept Islam or else to get
protection by payment of Jizya. But when he was met with a refusal he returned to prepare his Army for
the inevitable conflict. Khalid bin Waleed addressed his men urging them to stick together and fight in
union.
Major battle was fought towards the end of August 636AD when the Muslims pretending to retreat from
their positions lured the Byzantines into the rough terrain, where they were ambushed. During the battle

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the Byzantines cavalry became separated from the infantry enabling the Muslim cavalry to inflict great
damage on them. Khalid had divided his cavalry into small squadrons to make them appear numerous
to the enemy. The Byzantines were also unsettled by a dust storm. Their main army now driven west
was trapped in rugged valleys with the cliffs of the Yarmuk gorge behind them. Khalid captured the old
Roman Bridge across the valley of Ruqqad and Muslims forces stormed the Byzantines camp at Yaqusa.

The Byzantines were further demoralized by rumors that Christian Arabs had defected to the Muslim
side the war strategies of the Muslim commanders paid off and the battle lasted 6 days. By the afternoon
of the 6th day only one third of the Byzantine army remained, the rest had either been killed or had fled.
The Muslim loss of life was 9000 men. The battle of Yarmuk was a great victory for the Muslims. The
power of Byzantine was completely crushed and Syria fell in the hands of the Muslims. Heraclius moved
his capital to Constantinople. The city of Jerusalem, which was besieged by Amr ibn al Aa’s since the
Yarmuk conflict and had withstood surrender, with the arrival of Abu ‘Ubaydah realised the futility of
their position and agreed to surrender but only to the caliph.

Fall of Jerusalem
The event of Fall of Jerusalem in 16AH/637 AD is an example of Umar’s relations with non-Muslims and
other states. After the battle of Yarmuk, the Muslim army advanced and laid siege to Jerusalem which
continued for 7 months. The citizens of Jerusalem offered to surrender on the condition that the Caliph
should himself come to sign the treaty. Hazrat Umar responded to their request. A deputation from
Jerusalem waited on Hazrat Umar and a treaty was drawn up. According to the treaty, security of life
and property were granted to all citizens of Jerusalem. The safety of churches and other religious
buildings was provided for. The citizens were required to pay Jizya. Those who refused to comply were
asked to leave the city. Then the Caliph expressed his desire to be led to some place where he could
offer thanksgiving prayer. He was led to a church. He refused to pray their on the ground that he would
set an example for the Muslims of the following generation to forcibly convert churches into Masjids. He
was then led to a place where Prophet David used to pray.

Conquest of Egypt
Hazrat Amr ibn Aas realized the strategic importance of this region and asked the Caliph for the
permission of an expedition who made him in charge of 4000 men. Amr approached the massive and
well defended fort at Fustat. He requested for reinforcements and Umar sent them with four
commanders. Amr handed over the operation to Zubair who captured the fort after a seven month long
siege. This fort later became the garrison town of Fustat. After Fustat, Amr laid the siege to Alexandria.
There were 50000 Christian forces and Muslims were 12000. The siege lasted for a long time. Umar
wrote a strong worded letter, expressing his displeasure on the pace of events. In the meantime
Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor died. The Muslims then intensified the attacks. After the battle,
Alexandria was conquered and Muslims became the masters of Egypt.

(b) What was the significance of the conquest of Jerusalem in ‘Umar’s caliphate? Give reasons. [4]

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Articles of faith
Q.42 (a) Prophets / Messengers and their messages
Believe in Allah’s Messengers (Prophets) is an article of faith in Islam and for this reason Iman-e-Muffasal
states, “I believe in Allah, His Angels, in His books in His Prophets in the last day and in the fact that
everything good or bad is decided by Allah almighty and in the life after death.”

The word Prophet, Nabi, devotes one who is very near to Allah through the total surrender of His entire
being to him who receives revelations from Him which serves as a source of guidance for men. If the
revelation is in the form of a scripture revealed upon a Nabi, and the same Nabi is sent to a particular
nation, so, that Nabi is now known as Rasool like Hazrat Moosa, Hazrat Daud, Hazrat Esa and Hazrat
Muhammad (pbuh). According to tradition the total number of Prophets is 124000 but Quran mentions
the names of a few of them. It includes Hazrat Adam, Hazrat Nuh, Hazrat Lut, Hazrat Isail, Hazrat
Ibraham, Hazrat Musa, Hazrat Issa, and Hazrat Ismael whose descendant is Holy Prophet. The total
number of prophets mentioned in Quran is 25.

The Muslims believe that all the Prophets were men and just like other ordinary human beings, had
wives and children, earn their livelihood and were mortal. The other thing is that Nabi can be harmed or
martyred by the peopke wheras The Rasool can neither be martyred nor crucified. The Prophets were
helped by Allah through Angels and miracles such as rain and winds and many other ways as He wills.
Furthermore, the Quranic words describe Prophets as, “Before you owe Mohammed (pbuh) also
Prophets we sent but men, to whom we granted inspiration. If you realize this not ask from those who
possess the message, nor did we give them the bodies that ate no food, nor but they exempt from
death.”

Allah bestowed His Prophets with the highest order of intelligence and mental ability. They were men of
great piety, model of good conduct truthful, honest and send less people. The Muslims believe that they
were chosen people who receive divine message and were gifted with the authority as a Prophet. Every
Prophet conveyed the same message of Tauhid or Oneness of Allah and submission before you without
this inspiration. The holy Prophet (pbuh) says, “Nor a Prophet did we send before you without this
inspiration sent by us to him that there is no Allah but I, therefore worship and serve me.” Their
commandments surely related to leading a righteous life, being pious and modest, caring for others as
well as remaining busy in other acts of worship like praying and fasting period Muslims do believe in the
fact that they have to follow the Prophet (pbuh) otherwise severe punishment would be inflicted on
them.

All the Prophets spoke to their people in their own language. Allah sent His Prophets to mankind from
amongst themselves for their guidance and information because a man can serve an example and a
guide for his own race as they were chosen human beings and were honest, so they did not speak
anything of their own. They conveyed a last message as it is. For example, Hazrat Nuh (r.a) spent 950
years in preaching to his nation, the message, the Oneness of Allah (swt). Hazrat Shoiab (r.a) warned his
nation upon giving short measure in their sale and purchase, the Quran says,“Give full measure and do
not be of those who cause loss. And weigh with an even balance” (Al-Shuara-181,182), The Prophet
Luoot (r.a) warned his nation upon vulgarity (homosexuality). Throughout their lives, Prophets remained
steadfast and determined in teaching and preaching Allah (swt)’s mission. Their preaching’s chief aim
was to bring people out from days of ignorance to the world of enlightment.

Allah sent Messengers to every nation but all of them were not accepted easily by unbelievers. The
Quran says, “And for every nation, there is a Messenger” (Al-Younas: 47). The Unbelievers persecuted

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them but they bore it patiently. Allah help his messengers by granting the miracles. Hazrat Musa could
speak to Allah directly, Hazrat Issa spoke in infancy and could heal the lepers and blind, fire was made
cool for Hazrat Ibraham. Hazrat Yousaf could interpret dreams, Hazrat Suleiman understood the
language of animals. Allah says that he always helped his apostles and they will be question about the
response of their people on the Say of judgment.
The Muslims believe that the institution of Prophet wrote that started with Adam came to an end at Holy
Prophet. He is the seal of prophets and the message brought by him is eternal and universal. The Muslims
respect and accept all the Prophets but Holy Prophet’s example is just like a Sun and they are like lamps.
The Sun can enlighten the whole universe and its light cannot be substituted with any other light, so in
this case with Holy Prophet (pbuh). The holy Prophet said, “Whenever a Prophet perished another
Prophet followed him and surely there will be no Prophet after me”.

(b) How are these prophets and their messages important for Muslims? [4]

In answer to this question the candidates need to bring out the importance of all the prophets and the
message they brought. They could in their answers say that the prophets and their message always
taught the unity of God and so reinforce Muslim belief in tawhid. They all spoke of the need to treat
fellow human beings with kindness and taught their communities the importance and need for good
conduct and that was the primary teaching of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as well which makes
Muslims realise that Islam is a continuation of God’s earlier message, his completion of that message
and not a new religion.

Q.41 (a) Belief in Resurrection and Last Day

Belief in Resurrection and the Last Day is the sixth article of faith. Every Muslim must believe in the life
after death, all life will come to an end one day. Mankind will be resurrected and will be presented in
the court of Allah with the record of his deeds. He will be given an account of all his deeds.
According to Muslim belief, upon death a person enters an intermediate phase, the waiting period
between death and resurrection called barzakh. In barzakh starts the lesser judgment where the dead
will be questioned by Angels about their religion, prophets, and their lord, Allah. Depending on how one
fares in this lesser judgment, one’s grave can be reflection of Paradise or Hell. The soul rest in Barzakh
where they will remain till the resurrection, Allah says, “Before them is partition (Burzakh) till the day
they are raised up (Al Muminun23:100)

Day of Judgment can be divided into three stages

Life will come to an end at appointed Day by the will of Allah. Everything of this universe shall be
destroyed. The day is called Qayamah. Qayamah will be the Day of clamour and noise. People will be
running in confusion and bewilderment. Allah says, “(it is) the Day whereon Man will be like moths
scattered about. And the mountains will be like carded wool” (Al Qariah:4-5).

The Mothers will forget their children. Every one will be concerned about his ownself, Allah says, “When
the deafening blast is sounded that day, Man shall flee from his brother, his mother, and his father”
(Abas:33-35). The sun will be folded up, the stars will lose their lights and scatter away. The earth will be
rent asunder. The mountains will set in motion and they will be blown away. “One day, We shall remove
the mountains and you will see the earth as a level” (20:100). The ocean will boil over the burst forth.
All the people will die, Allah says, “Every soul must taste of death” (Al Anbiya 21:35).
The second trumpet will be blown and there will be resurrection not only of men but also of Angels and
Jinns. “Then will a second one be sounded when behold they will be standing and looking on! And the
earth will shine with the glory of its Lord: the Record (of deeds) will be placed (open)” (68-69). A new
world will emerge with a new sky. All human beings who had lived on this earth since its inception will

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come back to life, this is called HASHR. “You were lifeless and He gave you life and He will cause you to
die and will bring you again to life” (Al-Baqarah:28)

Men will be presented in the court of Allah with the record of their deeds and they will be judged
according to their deeds. Allah says, “And the book of (Deeds) will be placed (before you) and you will
see the sinful in great terror because of what is (recorded) therein” (Al Kahf:49). Scales will be set up
and the deeds will be weighted. Furthermore, the Quran tells us that those who have done good deed
will be handed their record in their right hands, and those who have sinned will receive the records in
their left hands. The Quran says,“Those who are given their record in their right hands will read it (with
pleasure)”(17:71). “And he that will be given his record in his left hand will say Ah! Would that my
record had not be given to me.” (69:25)

Pul-As-Sirat will be laid across Hell and Muhammad (pbuh) shall be the first amongst the Apostles to
cross it with the followers. Those who emerge successful in this judgment will go to paradise. Allah says,
“Then he whose Scales are heavy, shall be in state of bliss and he whose scales are light shall have a
deep pit for his dwelling.” (Al Qariah 101:9-10). Paradise and hell are described in the Quran and Hadith
with concrete and material thing of this world. This is to give an idea to human mind about the intensity
of pleasure in paradise and severity of the punishment in Hell.

(b) How does this belief affect the daily living of Muslims? [4]

Candidates need to give their reasons for how they think this belief affects the everyday lives of Muslims.
In the answer they could say that because they know they will be presented before God and will have to
account for their every deed they will lead their lives in a God conscious manner, they could say that in
order to attain a place in paradise they will shun vices and live their lives according to Islamic teachings.

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

 Pillars of Islam

Prayer
Q.21 (a) Method of Prayer

Prayer is the 2nd pillar of Islam. It was the first act of worship that was made obligatory upon believers.
Allah says, “Establish prayer and pay poor due.”
Prayer is performed through a method that has been followed by companions of Holy Prophet (pbuh).
It starts with performing ablution. To perform ablution by washing hands, face and feet, wear pure and
clean clothes and stand on pure place facing Kaaba and say, “I intend to pray Rakaat Salat-
ulFajar/Zuhr/Asr/Maghrib/Isha for Allah by following Mohammed (pbuh) facing al-Kaabah.” Lift both
hands up to ears and say, “Allah-o-Akbar” (Allah is great). Fold hands over the abdomen for men or your
chest in case of women. Say, then Thana in which Allah is praised. One should then recite Tawauz and
Tasmia then Surah al -Fatiha followed by another Surah or any one long verse or 3 short verses, it is
called Qayaam. On finishing the recitation of Quran, one should say, Allah o Akbar and proceed to Roku
where one bows over one of the knees so that he is able to rest his fingertips on his knees and recite a
Tasbih be 3 times which means, “Free from all defects is my sustainer who is great.”

After Roku stand up straight with hands by the side and say a Tasbih which means, “Allah listens to one
who praises Him”. Next say Allah o Akbar, then proceed to go into sajdah. Such the means that one
should place ones forehead on earth in a special manner, with the intention of humility before Allah
while performing such that during prayers it is obligatory that both the palms, the knees and both the
big toes are placed on the ground with the forehead touching the floor and recite us be 3 times, which
means, free from all defects is my sustainer who is the most high.

After the first such the say, “Allah o Akbar” that means Allah is great and sit on your knees and on the
inner aspect of your left foot and hold the right foot vertical with the toes bent forwards. Place your
hands to rest on the thighs and then repeat the Sajda again by saying Allah o Akbar. Then proceed to go
into such the period again recite the same Tasbih of prostration and say Allah o Akbar and stand up. This
completes the first Rakaat, to repeat the second Rakaat. Follow the same steps from recitation of Surah
al Fatiha till the 2nd prostration then sit up on your knees and on the inner aspect of your left foot and
hold the right foot vertical with the toes bent towards Qibla, place your hand to rest on the thighs and
recite the should in which Allah is praised and recite the Darood on Prophet (pbuh) and make a
supplication. At the end look to your right and say Salaam, then look to your left and then say Salaam.
This completes the two Rakaat prayer.

[A bit of translation for Fatiha, Darud, Tasheed and dua is needed for Level 4-Max]

(b) In your opinion why are congregational prayers considered to be beneficial to Muslims? [4]
Here we are looking for the candidates’ views on why they think congregational prayers are beneficial
to Muslims and the community. A variety of views could be put forward in the answer from
congregational prayers promoting brotherhood to earning more rewards for the worshipper and all valid
answers need to be credited.

Q.22 (a) Individual and communal benefits of Prayer

Islamiyat Reading Resource, Term-II, Class-9, Academic Session-2024 Onwards

Prayer is the 2nd pillar of Islam. It was the first act worship that was made obligatory. Allah says,
“Establish prayer and pays Zakah.” The Prophet (pbuh) said, “The head of the matter is Islam, its pillar
is the prayer, and the top of its hump is Jihad in the way of Allah.”
Prayers have great importance in the Muslims life and benefits a person as well as the community. When
a Muslim prays five times a day at fixed times, he learns to be punctual at every prayer, otherwise he
will be late and miss congregation. This is repeated five times a day which instilled habit of regularity.
Prayer makes a person clean and pure both physically and spiritually. A person keeps his body pure from
every kind of major impurity by taking bath and he makes ablution before every prayer. Prayer itself
keeps humans spiritually clean. A Muslim completely submits himself to Allah. He stands in humility in
the presence of Allah with both hands folded he bows, knees and prostrates. He shows his author
dependence on Allah. Allah says, “Successful indeed are the believers who are humble in their prayers.”
Prayer instills self-discipline and self-control in a person. Prayers develop piety and fear of Allah in an
angry screened him from evil deeds. Allah says, “Establish regular praise, for it restrains you from
shameful and unjust deeds.” These also developed patience, endurance calmness, contentment and
perservance in a person.
It is preferable and meritorious to pray in congregation with his fellow Muslims, if possible. This gathering
of all Muslims living in the same locality five times a day is as step forward towards healthy social
relations and bring sense forward toward healthy social relations. It grant sense of peace and tranquility
excuse the demonstration of our obedience to the creator period prior create equality among rich and
poor as they stand together which finishes differences between them and it shows that everyone is equal
in front of Allah e.g, a servant has a different place in house where he eats and sleeps but during prayer,
they stand together. It not only creates equality but also develops unity among them. It also forms of
block which impresses the non-Muslims and shows them that Muslims are one nation.
Prayer also helps in establishing Brotherhood, as Muslims develop the sense of helping one another and
the society becomes aware of the problems associated with one another. All the Muslims offer prayers
and do the same sorts of practices displaying the at most quality of discipline attracting non Muslims
and also motivating them to accept Islam. The people talk to one another and socialize. People meet the
ones who live away in community creating stronger social relations and healthy bond of friendship. The
relations that have been limited to a narrow space i.e. members of the same neighborhood, in daily
service becomes wider when all offer prayer in congregation, becoming even wider at Friday prayers and
Eid prayers.

Salat is the central point of life of a Muslim, without which he could not be able to maintain a strong and
vital link with his Lord or continue his inner struggle against wrong doing all temptations. Thus, prayer
helps a person to maintain a sense of balance and proportion between the needs and claims of this world
and hereafter.

(b) Why is it beneficial for Muslims to pray salat five times a day? [4]

An evaluative response is needed here as in all other Part (b) answers. Answers could say that by praying
five times a day Muslims become God conscious and are therefore less likely to commit sins; it teaches
them punctuality, cleanliness, fosters humility and brotherhood and is a lesson in living righteously. Valid
answers showing understanding and evaluation should be credited

Q.23 (a) Purpose of congregational prayer

Quranic injunctions is to establish prayers in a particular place called Masjid. Prayers should be said
behind the leadership of an Imam. This was the practice of Prophet (pbuh) and his immediate successors
who always led the congregational prayers of the believers five times a day in the Masjid of Medina.

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Islam lays great stress on prayers in congregation. The Quran says, “And bow down your heads with
those who bow down in worship.” The holy Prophet (pbuh) is reported to have said, “A prayer
performed in congregation is 27 times more excellent than the prayer said by a single solitary sheep”.
So Muslims preferably offer prayers in congregation as to follow the injunctions laid by Allah in Quran
and teachings of Prophet (pbuh).

Congregational prayers serve as a strong force in uniting the believers. The gathering of all the people
living in a locality five times daily in a Masjid helps in the establishment of healthy social relations among
different sections of community. This gathering becomes large in the weekly Friday service and still larger
in the two Eid gatherings. This reaches its climax on the occasion of annual pilgrimage when Muslims
from all over the world assemble at Makkah. The Muslims display the utmost qualities of brotherhood
and equality as they stand hand to hand with one another despite their social differences, status, culture
or language.

The person for Imammat is the one who has good understanding of Quran and Hadith. Such that he
understands what he recites with his full heart and however, he is the one to answer the questions of
the locality gathered in congregation prayer and that he can also deliver the Khutbah easily. It brings a
sense of peace and tranquility. Congregational prayers level social differences and promotes an
atmosphere of equality and brotherhood. In the Masjid, a King may stand shoulder to shoulder with his
poorest subject or slaves and the white man with the black man. It is the demonstration of our obedience
to the Creator. It also leads to realization among the worshippers that all men are equal before Allah,
instead of differences among all of them.

Congregational prayer also develops healthy social relations as people meet one another and get to
know each others and rejoice the colours of life and stand with them, supporting them at all time period.
These lessons of equality, fraternity and brotherhood, when put into practice, serve as a foundation for
the unification of human race, ultimate society, state and the world. It would also have been purposeless
without being put into practice through the institution of congregational prayers.

(b) Explain why Muslims believe that personal prayer (du’a) is important? [4]

Du’a is not obligatory but is to express gratitude and when a Muslim is in distress or difficulty to seek
relief and help from Allah. Candidates need to explain why du’a is important and not just describe what
it is.

Q.24 (a) Pre-Conditions of prayer

Before a prayer is said, certain conditions should be fulfilled and if any one of them is missing, then the
prayer would not be valid.
The first condition is that the person should know that the time for a particular Salat has begun. Prayers
must be offered at the fixed time period Allah says, “Prayers indeed have been enjoined on believers
at fixed times”. Ibn Amr (r.a) reported the holy Prophet (pbuh) saying, “The time of the Zuhr (noon
prayer) is when the sun passes the Meridian and a man’s shadow is the same length as his height. It lasts
until the time or the afternoon prayer. The time of the afternoon is until the yellowing of the sun during
its setting. The time of Maghrib (evening prayer) is as long as twilight. The time of the Isha (night prayer)
is to the middle of night of medium duration and the time of modern clear is from appearance of the
dawn until the time of sunrise. When the sun rises abstained from praying as it rises between the horns
of Satan.”

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It is sufficient to be reasonably certain. After this, the person should make a Niyat. It can be observed in
the heart and is not manadatory to be pronounced by words. The holy Prophet (pbuh) and companions
never set them by their tongue as Prophet said, “Actions are judged by intentions” and also, “Deeds are
also judged according to the intentions and every person will get only what he has intended.” The
person should know Prayer he is going to pray, whether Farz (Obligatory) or Nafel (voluntary) and which
prayer of the day like Zuhr or Asr or any other one.

A person should be in the state of purity, cleaned of major and minor impurity based on instructions of
the holy Prophet (pbuh), Allah will not accept salat without purification. A person can also apply Dry
ablution instead of Wudu as Allah says, “Oh you who believe! that you rise for the prayer, wash your
faces, your hands up to elbows, and lightly rub your hands and wash your feet up to the ankles. If you
are unclean, purify yourselves.” Body and clothes of a person and place of Prayer should be free from
impurities. They should be free from physical impurities like feces and urine. If in such a case, person
bodies in clean he must perform whistle and purify his body.
One should wear proper dress which qualifies the standard Satar. Men should cover body from navel to
knees, while women should be all covered except her face and hands. Allah says, “O children of Adam
take your adornment (by wearing proper clothing) when you go to Masjid (for Prayer)”. It is mandatory
that the clothing screen the body and complete the standard of Satar. Sheer material, which allows the
slain to be seen, Salat is not acceptable in it.
A person must face Masjid Al-Haram in Makkah during every clear. Allah says, “Direct your faces to the
Masjid Al-haram wherever you may be, then turn your faces to it.” One who is close enough to cover
to see it, must look at it before starting the prayers to make sure he’s really facing it and one who cannot
see it must face its direction, since that is the most, he is capable of offering prayer. If a person is a
traveler, mounted owner animal or any convenience, or on held against his will in certain direction or
during battle or if a person is too weak to face Qibla, they can pray in whatever direction they are facing.

If all the conditions of prayers are fulfilled only, then a person can offer prayer and then his spare would
be accepted by Allah.

(b) ‘A Masjid is a focal point in the lives of Muslims.’ Discuss. [4]

Here candidates need to give their views on why they feel a Masjid is of importance in the lives of
Muslims. Candidates could give a range of views saying that it is a place of worship as well as a centre
for political and social gatherings. The call for prayers are given from the minarets of Masjids. Friday
prayers, Eid prayers and funeral prayers can all be held in Masjids. There is a greater reward for praying
in the Masjid. It serves as an educational centre for Muslims and is also a place of retreat etc. A few
reasons could be given and discussed or many reasons could be given without going into too much detail.
Better answers will show clear evaluation. Some candidates may have a different point of view and feel
that a Masjid is not the focal point in the lives of Muslims. All answers should be given due marks if they
answer the question set.

Q.25 (a) Eid festivals

Eid prayers and the Eid festivals were prescribed to Muslims in the first year of Hijra. Allah’s Messenger
said about the two Eids, “Allah has substituted for them something better; the day of sacrifice and the
day of the breaking of fast.”
The Muslim celebrate Eid-ul-fitr on the first of the lunar month of Shawwal an Eid- ul-Azha are on the
10th of the lunar month of Dhu-al-Hajj. The first religious festival is an expression of thanks giving to Allah
for His Grace in enabling His servants to fast during the month of Ramadan besides other good works.

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While the later festival is celebration to commemorate the great sacrifice offered by Prophet Ibrahim
and Ismail to acquire Allah’s pleasure.
On Eid, Muslims wake up and offer Fajr prayer. Then they get themselves ready wearing best possible
dresses for Eid prayer to be offered after sun rising. The Muslims put on fragments. Then according to
time set up in locality, Muslims proceed to the Masjid or an open area where Prayer is to be set. The
time of Eid- ul-Azha prayer is a little before the Eid- ul-Azha prayer. No one should eat garlic, leek or
onion before prayer. If it is Eid-ul-fitr, then the worshippers can eat a sweet dish before going to the
Masjid.
While going to the Masjid, two separate routes should be adopted. The right foot should be entered first
into the Masjid, as right is a sign of good. The Eid Prayer consists of two Rakaats and its validity and
necessity is the same as of Friday prayer, now call to prayer and Iqamat are required before the prayer.
It is observed in the usual manner with six additional Takbeers. Three after Sana in the first a Rakaat and
three just after bending down for Roku in the second Rakaat.
Muslims make straight lines in the ground and make intentions by saying, “I intend to pray two Rakats
Wajib of Eid-ul-fitr or Eid- ul-Azha prayer with six additional takbirs.”
In the first Rakaat, after the recitation of suna, the Imam pronounced Takbeeraat, Allah-o-Akbar, 3 times
raising his hands to the ears and drops them each times to the side ways. The whole congregation also
does the same following the Imam. Then hands are placed below or above the navel after the third
takbeer and Imam recites Surah al-Fatiha followed by a long verse like Ayet ul Kursi or any 3 verses of
Quran or a complete short Surah. In the next Rakaat, after the recitation of Surah al Fatiha and a Quranic
passage, the Imam calls out the three Takbeerat before bending down in the Roku. The rest of the prayer
is completed in usual way.
At the end, Khutba is delivered in two parts. The first part includes sermon is mainly regarding the praise
of Allah and His Messenger. This sermon also contains advice about piety and good deeds. Then a man
sits on the pulpit for awhile and stands again for a second sermon in which current affairs and most
crucial issues of the societies are discussed. After these sermons, 2 Rakaats as mandatory prayer for
Friday are offered in congregation. At the end of 2 Rakaat prayer, especial private supplications are
conducted for individual and general welfare of Ummah. Lastly, people congratulate this happy moment
to everyone around.
After this, if Sadqatul-al- Fitr had not been given before, it is then given on Eid-ul-Fitr but on Eid-ul-Azha,
the animals specified for sacrifice are slaughtered in the name of Allah commemorating the sacrifice of
Hazrat Ismail (a.s) offered by his father Hazrat Ibrahim (a.s) in the way of Allah.

(b) How does the talbiya sum up the relationship between the pilgrim (hajji) and God? [4]

The answer lies in the very lines of the talbiya, God’s oneness and His supremacy is being reaffirmed by
the pilgrims repeatedly and their pledge of obedience to Him is being promised. The talbiya sums up the
relationship between the pilgrim and God comprehensively and beautifully, that there is no God but
Allah and that He has no partners and He is the only sovereign and all power lies with Him and that the
pilgrims are His obedient servants. Some candidates may well write the lines of the talbiya itself in their
answers.

Q.26 (a) Main features of Friday Prayer

Friday is the best day of the week and has special importance for Muslims. The holy Prophet (pbuh) said,
“The best day on which the sun rises, Friday. On Friday Adam was created, and on the day, he entered
the paradise and on that day, he was expelled from paradise and the Hour will come to pass on Friday.”
Friday prayer takes place for the Zuhr Prayer on that day, and can not be offered as Qaza prayer.
Therefore, whoever misses, he cannot make up for it. Friday prayer must be offered in congregation.
The holy Prophet (pbuh) said, “ Whoever misses three Friday prayers in a row out of negligence, (he)

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will have a seal put over his heart by Allah.” and also, “ Anyone who takes a bath on Friday and plans
himself as much as he can and puts oil on his ears or scans himself and then proceeds for the prayer and
does not force his way between the two persons assembled in the Masjid and pray as much as written
for him and remains quiet when the Imam delivers the Khutbah, so, his sins takes between since
previous Friday till today, will be forgiven.”

Friday consists of two Rakaats. It is valid if there are two or more people present as Prophet (pbuh) said,
“Two or more constitute a congregation. It is desirable that worshipper should cut out their nails,
remove unwanted hairs, clean teeth, take bath and put best available clothes.” When Azaan is called,
one should leave of business and when the prayer is finished, then they may disperse and seek bounty
of Allah. It is obligated for all adult males of sound mind, who are healthy and residents. Those exempted
are minors, slave, sick, travelers and women.

The Muslims proceed to Masjid at the time of prayer. On reaching the Masjid, one should first offer two
Rakaats on reaching Masjid as Tahiya-tul-Masjid and then four pre-rakaats Sunnah prayer. Second Azan
is called before Khutbah which is an essential part of Friday prayer. Khutbah is first and it is Wajib upon
believers to listen it. Khutbah is delivered in two parts we did everyone should listen to it quietly. Even
praying, reciting Quran or reciting Darud is forbidden. Prophet (pbuh) said, “When you tell your
companion on Friday to be silent while the Imam is teaching Khutba, you are guilty of it as idle talk.”
Both parts of the Khutbah but start in praising Allah and asking blessings for Prophet (pbuh). In the first
part, some Quranic passages are recited and then explained. After this, Imam sits for a short time and
then stands up to deliver second sermon. In this part, Imam prays for general welfare of public. After
sermon, Iqamat it is pronounced and worshippers arrange themselves in row. Two obligatory Rakaats
are offered under leadership of Imam who recites Thana, Tawwuz and Tasmiya in the first Rakaat in
lower voice then Imam recites another passage of Quran in loud voice in both Rakaats, Muslim Muqtadis
should listen to imam recitation and say,“ Ameen” in low voice. The rest of Rakaat will be completed in
as normal daily prayers. Then the believers offer two rakaats individually as Sunnah and two more as
Nafl prayer.

The holy Prophet (pbuh) said, “The all Muslims to offer Friday prayer, calling people as in congregation
on Friday is a duty laid on those who believe in Allah and the last day except for an invalid, traveler, a
woman, a boy, are insane person or a slave.” Anyone who is unable to join a congregation for Friday
prayer is required to offer regular Zohar prayer instead.

(b)In your opinion, what are the benefits of praying in a Masjid?

Give reasons for your answer. A range of responses can be given. It could be said that it increases unity
and brotherhood, you get to know your fellow Muslims as you meet them five times a day. Issues facing
individuals or the community or even the ummah at large can be discussed. One gets extra reward for
praying at the Masjid. These are some reasons; candidates could give other benefits and all valid reasons
given should be credited.

Q.27 (a) Qaza and Qasr prayers

Muslims are commanded to perform 5 prayers daily aT the prescribed times period in certain
circumstances. One may not be able to perform once prayers within the prescribed time period. In this
case, the prayer must be performed as soon as possible.
When prayer performed after the prescribed time are called Qaza. It is not permissible to deliberately
miss performing the ritual prayer within the time with the intention of making it up afterwards. There
are some category of people who are not supposed to repeat prayers to make up for having missed them

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 at the appointed time are, those below the age of puberty (teens), insane, woman in menstruation and
woman with bleeding after giving birth to a baby. The holy Prophet (pbuh) said, “There’s no expectations
for prayer except the prayer itself”.
This is no fix time for offering missed prayers, but there are moments when Salat is forbidden, at the rise
of the sun, when the sun is overhead at zenith (top) and at the actual moment when the sun is setting.
It is imperative to offer missed farz or Wajib prayer. If due to some reason, it becomes void or
abandoned, it has to be performed as a missed prayer. The missed Sunnah prayer needs not to be offered
later. The two Sunnah rakaat of the Fajr prayer, if missed has to be offered soonafter the Farz prayer has
been offered.

The prayers missed during the journey have to be short and as prescribed, if offered during the stay at a
place and the prayers missed during a stay have to be offered in full, if offered during a journey. Qasr or
shorten prayer is performed when a person is traveling, it is Sunnah to shorten prayers. The Prophet
(pbuh) shorten prayers during all his journeys. Allah says, “When you travel through the earth, there is
no blame on you if you shorten your prayers.” Dhur, Asar and Isha are shortened to two Rakaats, Fajr
and Maghrib remains unchanged and Sunnah Prayer for Maghrib are dropped whereas Sunah prayer for
Fajr are to be offered.

A Traveler may shorten his prayer as long as he is on a journey. Likewise, if he stays at some place for
business or some other affairs, then he may shorten his prayers till a certain time period. If a person
intends to stay in a place for a certain time, but keeps delaying it for some reason, he may keep
shortening his prayers.

There is difference of opinion among Jurist regarding duration of stay. According to some scholars,
Prayers may be shortened if the stay is for 15 days and according to others, it can be shortened till 19
days. Ibn Abbas (r.a) said, The Prophet (pbuh) stayed, during some of his journeys for 19 days and prayed
only two Rakaats. If we stayed in a place for 19 days, we would not pray the complete Salah. However,
if we stayed longer than that, we would perform the whole Salah”. Prayers may be shortened when a
person leaves his house and is outside of the city and he is not required to resume regular prayer until
he reaches the first House of his city.

(b) Explain why are delayed and Qasr prayers as Mercy from Allah? [4]

• Permission to offer even after fixed time of prayer in sense of serious and genuine excuse
• Reducing prayer in journey is also a great favour
• Help in journey

Q.28 (a) Funeral and Combined Prayers

Funeral prayer is called Salah-tul-Janazah. When a Muslim dies, funeral prayers should be performed for
him. It is the duty of every Muslim to attend funeral prayers. Taking part in funeral prayer is Faraz e
Kifaya. If any one person from community offers this prayer, then all are free from the responsibility
otherwise all those who received the news but did not come for prayer are sinful.
Great reward is promised to those who perform funeral prayers. The Prophet (pbuh) said, “whoever
follows her funeral procession and offers the prayers for the disease, will get one Kerat of reward and
whoever follows it and remains with it until the body is buried, will get two Kerats of reward, the last
of which is equal in weight of Mount Uhad.”
Body is washed and shrouded with coffin. Those who take part in a funeral prayer should perform Wudu.
The body is placed in front of congregation in an open place. In case off rain or some reason, it may be
performed in Masjid. Funeral prayer can also be held for absent diseased. The Imam stands in the first
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row, people generally form rows. All face Qibla. Funeral prayers consist of four Takbirs. There are no
Roku or Sujud in the prayer.
Intention it is made. Imam says, takbeer in loud voice, Allah-o-Akbar and people in congregation say it
in lower voice.
After that Sana, Tauwaz Tasmia is recited after which Surah Fatiha is recited silently by an Imam and
people. Talha bin Abdullah narrated, “I offered the funeral prayer behind Ibn-e-Abbas, he recited Surah
al fatiha and said,“You should know that it is tradition of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh).” According to
some jurist, Fatihah needs not to be recited.
Once Second Takbeer is said, without raising hands after which, Drood is offered upon the holy Prophet
(pbuh). Then after reciting Drood upon the holy Prophet (pbuh), the third takbeer is said, after which
prayers for forgiveness for diseased person is made in silence. After which fourth Takbeer is said, this is
followed by the Tasleem (Salam on right ways and left ways), this ends the funeral prayer. The prayer is
finished with supplication for the deceased.

All Muslims Sunni and Shia acknowledge five daily prayers. However, they are allowed to pray them in
three distinct times, Fajar separate, Zuhar and Asr is combined in the evening. Sunnis are allowed to pray
noon and afternoon prayers one after other without a lot of delay between the two periods. Similarly,
they are allowed to pray sunset prayer and night prayer one after the other. It is noted that Sunnis agree
two combining of prayers in the case of rain, travel, fear or other emergencies. Such as going to school
or an important meeting. On 9th of Zilhajj, the Pilgrims combine their Zuhr and Asr prayers in Arafat
whereas Maghrib and Isha in Muzdalfa on 10th of ZilHajj.

Travelers as well as residents can combine prayers under certain circumstances. In case of bad weather,
prayers may be offered in Masjid. Sickness like bad bladder also allows combined prayers as a person
may not be able to keep himself purified for long time period or if a person is afraid for his life, property
or family. Majority of scholars are of opinion that it is allowed for a resident to combine prayers due to
some pressing need. The Messenger of Allah combined the door and answer prayers and then the
Maghrib and Isha prayers in Madina without there being any danger or rain. When Ibn Abbas was
asked,“What did he desire by that action?” He replied, “He did not want any hardship for his Ummah”.

Q.29 (a) Private Prayers/Supplication

Dua (an Arabic term which means to call or to summon) is supplication in Islam. This term is used to call
out to alert to fulfill our needs and to grow list by him. The holy Prophet (pbuh) is reported to have called
Dua, the essence of worship and the weapon of a believer. He also said that only duaas can change man’s
decree. The holy Quran says, “And He (Allah) gives you of all that you have asked for” and also the
Prophet (pbuh) said, “Verily your Lord is ashamed of His servants when they raise up their hand to him
in supplication to return them empty.”

Aside from daily prayers, the Muslims are encouraged to call upon Allah for forgiveness, guidance,
strength and fulfillment of a need or removal of a suffering. Allah is capable of responding to a person’s
request. It is a link between the Creator and Creation. The Holy Qurans says, “and your Lord says call
upon Me, I will answer you.” and also, “say! When my servants question you concerning Me, surely I
am really near. I answer the prayer of the supplicant when he calls on Me.” The Muslims must only
address to Allah by prayers and invocation and not by going to shrines or temples. Quran says, “For Him
alone is prayer.”
The holy Prophet (pbuh) asked his companions to call upon Allah with sincerity and full confidence as
Allah undoubtedly accepts one’s prayers and grants it in his own time, manner or form that he
considered the best. The holy Quran says, “When we bestow favours on man, he turns away and gets
himself remote on his side (instead of coming to us) and when evil seizes him he comes full of

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prolonged prayer.” So, during the time of deep trial and sadness, Muslims should seek comfort and
guidance from the Creator. Instead of falling into despair of helplessness, the Muslims are required to
pray to Allah putting their trust on him, the holy Quran says, “Who answers the distressed one, when
he calls upon Him and who removes the evil?.” About the excellent merit of supplication, the holy
Prophet (pbuh) said, “There is nothing noble in the sight of Allah, then the prayer of supplication. And,
dua is the very essence of worship.”

The secret of having one’s prayer reward, is told by Prophet (pbuh) said, “As a servant is granted an
answer provided he does not ask for something sinful or for breaking the ties of relationship and
provide he does not demand an answer quickly.” Between Azan and Iqamat on Friday prayer, 1/4th
night has paused on day of Arafat. At the time after a month, there comes Ramadan when one is
confident of Allah’s answer, when one’s heart is attentive, when person is in such an excitement and
extascy during 3rd Chad (Ashrah) and during pilgrimage are the favorable times of acceptance of
invocation.

People whose supplications are specially accepted are most slim praying for an isolation. People high
and low, travelers, pilgrims are overwhelmed with grief and sorrow who keeps remembering Allah even
in the times of joy. Allah is Samad, that is, independent and absolute and He does not need our prayers.
It is we who stand in the need of Allah’s help, protection and guidance. The holy Quran says, “My Lord
is not uneasy because off you if you call not on Him.”
The Muslims can make personal supplications in their own words, language, but there are also
recommended examples from Quran and Sunnah.

(b) How does du’a bring a believer closer to God? Personal views will be given by each candidate. [4]
It could be said that du’a is direct communication between the believer and his Creator. When a believer
opens his heart to God and asks for His mercy and bounty there are no barriers between them. All valid
responses to be credited.

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