VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI
B.L.D.E.A’s V.P.DR.P.G.HALAKATTI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY,VIJAYAPUR-586103
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
2024-25
A Report on NSS Activity
“Water Conservation”
SUBJECT : NSS (21NS83)
SUBMITTED BY:
Name: Anand Metri USN: 2BL21EE009
Course Coordinator Institute Coordinator HOD Principal
Prof.A.T.Patil Prof.S.R.Patil Dr.A.S.Jadhav Dr.V.G.Sangam
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This NSS activity requires guidance, hard work and co-ordination. It gives great pleasure to
acknowledge with thanks to the assistance and contribution of many individuals who had been
actively involved at various stages of our project. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude
to our beloved Principal Dr. V. G. Sangam and Dr . A. S. Jadhav , HOD, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering BLDEA’s CET whose guidance and support was truly invaluable. I express our
gratitude to our guides Prof.A.T.Patil, BLDEA’s CET for their valuable guidance, instance
motivation and constant supervision at all places of study for making this a success. I’m extremely
thankful to people who supported our parents and friends for their unfailing enthusiasm, moral
boosting and encouragement for us in completion of this. Finally, I thank the manager of
mahanagar palike they gave the permission to visiting the water conservation in Vijayapura .
INDEX
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE.NO
1 Introduction 05
2 Objective 06-07
3 Water conservation and goals 08-09
4 Conservation technologies: 10-12
5 Measures Of Water Conservation 13-14
6 Conclusion 15
Water conservation
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION:
Water conservation is a vital approach to address the increasing challenges posed by growing
water scarcity and environmental concerns. In the face of rising global populations and climate
uncertainties, the prudent use of water resources becomes imperative.
This concept extends beyond simple consumption reduction; it encompasses a comprehensive
strategy involving sustainable practices, innovative technologies, and community engagement.
Efforts in water conservation aim not only to preserve water quantity but also to maintain water
quality, ensuring that the available resources meet the needs of diverse ecosystems and human
communities.
This multifaceted approach involves optimizing irrigation systems, promoting efficient water
use in industries and households, and implementing policies to safeguard water ecosystems.
Crucially, water conservation is not merely a responsibility for governments and large
industries; it necessitates the active participation of individuals and communities.
By raising awareness, fostering education, and encouraging responsible water use behaviors, a
collective effort can significantly contribute to the sustainable management of this precious
resource.
In essence, water conservation is a holistic strategy that transcends individual actions,
emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental, social, and economic aspects. As we
navigate a future with heightened water challenges, embracing water conservation becomes
essential for the well-being of both the planet and its inhabitants.
Water conservation is the sustainable use and management of water resources to ensure their
availability for present and future generations.
It involves adopting practices and technologies that reduce water wastage, promote efficiency,
and safeguard the quality of water. With growing global concerns about water scarcity,
conservation efforts play a crucial role in preserving this essential natural resource and
maintaining ecological balance.
Water conservation stands as a cornerstone in the pursuit of a sustainable and resilient
future. As the global population burgeons and climate change amplifies the uncertainties
surrounding water availability, the significance of responsible water management comes
to the forefront.
At its core, water conservation involves a spectrum of strategies and practices designed
to optimize water use, mitigate waste, and protect the integrity of aquatic ecosystems.
Beyond the conventional notion of restricting water usage, this paradigm encompasses
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Chapter-2
Objectives
Certainly! Water conservation objectives aim to reduce water usage and promote
responsible water management. Here are key objectives:
Reduce Water Consumption: Encourage individuals and industries to use water more
efficiently by adopting water-saving technologies and practices.
Promote Public Awareness: Educate communities about the importance of water
conservation through campaigns, workshops, and educational programs to foster a
culture of responsible water use.
Implement Efficient Irrigation: Advocate for the adoption of modern irrigation
techniques, such as drip irrigation, to minimize water wastage in agriculture, a sector that
often consumes significant amounts of water.
Upgrade Water Infrastructure: Invest in and maintain water supply and distribution
systems to prevent leaks and losses, ensuring a more efficient water supply chain.
Harvest Rainwater: Encourage the capture and storage of rainwater for later use in both
residential and industrial settings, reducing dependence on traditional water sources.
Enforce Water Regulations: Establish and enforce policies and regulations that promote
water conservation, including restrictions on water usage during droughts and penalties
for excessive water waste.
Fig.1 water conservation behavior
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Water conservation
Protect Water Sources: Safeguard water bodies and ecosystems by preventing pollution,
deforestation, and unsustainable land use practices that can negatively impact water
quality and availability.
Encourage Reuse and Recycling: Promote the reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable
purposes like irrigation and industrial processes, reducing the demand on freshwater
resources.
Research and Innovation: Invest in research and development of new technologies and
methods for water conservation, aiming to discover innovative solutions to address water
scarcity challenges.
Community Engagement: Engage communities in sustainable water management
practices, fostering a sense of responsibility and collective action to address local water
conservation needs.
By actively pursuing these objectives, societies can contribute to the sustainable use of
water resources, ensuring their availability for current and future generations.
These objectives relate to the volume and quality of water to remain in rivers for the
protection of a natural water body and its aquatic environment.
They are flow targets under the first-in-time, first-in-right priority water allocation
system and will apply to all new licences and existing licences with a retrofit provision.
The objectives recommended in the South Saskatchewan River basin's management plan
provide direction on how to increase flows in the highly allocated Bow, Oldman and South
Saskatchewan River sub-basins and permit allocations in the Red Deer River sub-basin.
They are subject to future review and refinement in light of improved knowledge and
information about the aquatic environment and water quality.
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Water conservation
Chapter-3
WATER CONSERVATION
Water conservation can be defined as:
1. Any beneficial deduction in water loss, use, or waste.
2. A reduction in water use accomplished by implementation of water conservation or
water efficiency measures; or,
3. Improved water management practices that reduce or enhance the beneficial use of
water a water conservation measure is an action, behavioral change, device,
technology, or improved design or process implemented to reduce water loss, waste,
or use. Water efficiency is a tool of water conservation. That results in more efficient
water use and thus reduces water demand. The value and cost-effectiveness of a water
efficiency measure must be evaluated in relation to its effects on the use and cost of
other natural resources. ( eg. energy or chemicals)
Fig.2 water conservation
GOALS:
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Water conservation
The goals of water conservation efforts include:
Sustainability-To ensure availability for future generations, the withdrawal of fresh water
from an ecosystem should not exceed its natural replacement rate.
Energy conservation- Water pumping, delivery, and wastewater treatment facilities
consume a significant amount of energy. In some regions (eg. California2) of the world
over 15% of total electricity consumption is devoted to water management
Habitat conservation- Minimizing human water use helps to preserve fresh water habitats
for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as reducing the need to build new dams
and other water diversion infrastructure.
Reduce Personal Water Usage: Set a goal to use water more efficiently in daily activities,
such as shorter showers and turning off the tap while brushing teeth.
Fix Leaks: Regularly check for and promptly repair any leaks in faucets, pipes, or irrigation
systems to prevent unnecessary water wastage.
Collect Rainwater: Consider installing rain barrels to collect rainwater for non-potable
uses like watering plants, reducing the need for tap water.
Choose Water-Efficient Appliances: When upgrading appliances, opt for water-efficient
Educate Others: Share information about water conservation with friends, family, and
community members to raise awareness and encourage collective efforts.
Xeriscaping: If you have a garden, aim to xeriscape by choosing drought-resistant plants
and using water-efficient landscaping techniques.
Support Water-Saving Policies: Advocate for and support policies that promote water
conservation at local, regional, and national levels.
Monitor Water Bills: Keep a close eye on water bills to track usage patterns and identify
opportunities for further conservation.
Participate in Community Initiatives: Join or initiate local water conservation projects,
such as community clean-ups or educational programs.
Conserve Water in Food Choices: Be mindful of the water footprint of your food choices;
consider consuming water-efficient diets by reducing meat consumption and choosing
locally sourced products.
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Water conservation
Chapter- 4
CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES:
Process of conservation may be synonymous of preservation against loss or waste. Briefly
stated it means putting the water resources of the country for the best beneficial use with
all the technologies at our command. Water conservation basically aims at matching
demand and supply. The strategies for water conservation may be demand oriented or
supply oriented and/or management oriented. The strategies may vary depending upon
the field of water use, domestic, irrigation or industrial use.
1) Rainwater harvesting- Rainwater harvesting essentially means collecting
rainwater on the roofs of building and storing it underground for later use. Not
only does this recharging arrest ground water depletion, it also raises the
declining water table and can help augment water supply. Rainwater harvesting
and artificial recharging are becoming very important issues. It is essential to stop
the decline in groundwater levels, arrest seawater ingress, i.e. prevent sea water
from moving landward, and
2) Better Irrigation Practices- Conservation of water in the agricultural sector is
essential since water is necessary for the growth of plants and crops. A depleting
water table and a rise in salinity due to overuse of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides has made matters serious. Various methods of water harvesting and
recharging have been and are being applied all over the world to tackle the
problem. In areas where rainfall is low and water is scarce, the local people have
used simple techniques that are suited to their region and reduce the demand for
water.
For crop irrigation, optimal water efficiency means minimizing losses due to
evaporation, runoff or subsurface drainage. An evaporation pan can be used to determine
how much water is required to irrigate the land. Flood irrigation, the oldest and most
common type, is often very uneven in distribution, as parts of a field may receive excess
water in order to deliver sufficient quantities to other parts. Overhead irrigation, using
center-pivot or lateral-moving sprinklers, gives a much more equal and controlled
distribution pattern. Drip irrigation is the most expensive and least-used type, but
offers the best results in delivering water to plant roots with minimal losses
3) Use of Saline Water for Irrigation- Saline water is widely available but rarely
used for agriculture because it restricts plant growth and yield. Salt resistant
varieties of crops have also been developed in recent times.
4) Mulching, i.e., the application of organic or inorganic material such as plant
debris, compost, etc., slows down the surface run-off, improves the soil moisture,
reduces evaporation losses and improves soil fertility.
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Water conservation
5) Fog and dew contain substantial amounts of water that can be used directly by
adapted plant species. Artificial surfaces such as netting-surfaced traps or
polyethylene sheets can be exposed to fog and dew. The resulting water can be used
for crops.
Fig.3 water conservation
6) Contour farming is adopted in hilly areas and in lowland areas for paddy fields.
Farmers recognize the efficiency of contour-based systems for conserving soil and water.
7) Tippy Tap for water conservation: - Tippy Tap is a simple device which dispenses a
limited amount of water slowly and facilitates a thorough hand wash. In case of
piped water supply, every time the tap is opened for a hand wash, an average of 300
- 500 ml of water is utilized. Using Tippy Tap it is possible to have a good hand wash
with only 60 to 80 ml of water
8) Propagation of Dry Garden / Eco Lawns- As a step towards water conservation
and propagation of native plant species, drought resistant plantation (plants
requiring less water)should be carried out.
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9) Soak pit construction- Water run offs and water logging are combated by
constructing soak pits near water points like hand pumps. This is a sanitation
measure and also helps in recharge of ground water.
10) Tree plantation in water catchments area/riverbanks and clean-up drives near
water bodies are some of the other initiatives taken up to preserve our water
resources.
11) Desalination- To augment the depletion of fresh water resources in coastal areas
due to excessive abstraction, desalination like distillation, electro-dialysis and
reverse osmosis are available. Selection and use of these processes is site specific.
12) Long Distance Transfer of Water- Transfer of water from surplus basins by
creating storage at appropriate locations and inter-linking various systems is yet
another strategy for increasing the benefits considerably
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Water conservation
Chapter- 5
MEASURES OF WATER CONSERVATION :
Water conservation measures in industries should include:
(i) review of alternate production processes and technologies from water
consumption point of view;
(ii) ensuring sound plant maintenance practices and good house keeping,
minimizing spills and leaks; and
(iii) optimization of treatment to achieve maximum recycling. Another established
technique for maximum water recovery is the water pinch analysis technique.
However, this technique only focuses on maximizing freshwater and
wastewater reduction via reuse and regeneration.
WHAT WE CAN DO TO CONSERVE WATER?
Use only as much water as you require. Close the taps well after use.
While brushing or other use, do not leave the tap running, and open it
only when you require it. See that there are no leaking taps.
Use a washing machine that does not consume too much water. Do not
leave the taps running while washing dishes and clothes.
Install small showerheads to reduce the flow of the water. Water
in which the vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the
flowers & plants.
At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not
throw it away, pour it over some plants.
Re-use water as much as possible
Change in attitude & habits for water conservation
Every drop counts IMPROVE WATER MANAGEMENT:
The close link between forests and water, and the traditional relationship
between agriculture and water, need to be recognized and protected to ensure
sustained productivity.
National water management policies should take account of the impact of
trade in water-intensive goods on water availability and ecosystems integrity. For
example, in water scarce regions, people should grow crops with low water
requirements, or of high value compared to the water used. Options for
improving the water balance by importing water intensive goods from
waterrich regions should be explored, where appropriate and cost-effective
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Water conservation
.The potential of rainwater harvesting for augmenting rural and urban water
supply is increasingly becoming recognized. This alternative should be further
explored and utilized.
Fig.4 water storage and filtration
Proper water pricing must be an integral part of water policies. However, care
must be taken to ensure that the poor and socially disadvantaged are not
denied access. Moreover, there must be adequate monitoring and control of
market mechanisms.
It is necessary to study and analyze the impacts of subsidies (on water, energy,
and other relevant inputs) on water use. Subsidies that inhibit water use efficiency
or cause negative effects on the environment should be reduced.
Our traditional water management approaches and systems were both sustainable
and accountable. These need to revived and invigorated. Policies must recognize
and build on these.
Principles of reuse and recycling of water resources must be incorporated into
water management plans and strategies. There must be incentives for water
conservation.
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Water conservation
Fig.5 Seminar topic on the water conservation
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Water conservation
Chapter-6
CONCLUSION
Water problems will not go away by themselves. On the contrary, they will worsen
unless we, as a global community, respond and use water responsibly. So, before it
is too late, let us all, as individuals, families, communities, companies &
institutions, pledge towards using water wisely. Intelligence is not in lavishness
but in conservation, so that our future generations can continue to enjoy the
blissful feeling and touch of water.
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