ZOOLOGY LAB TRANSES

Paula Louise Magnaye

LABORATORY 9: PHYLUM • Oocyte – egg cell (from amoebocyte

PORIFERA in mesohyl)
Porifera • Lophocyte/Collenocyte – secretes
- Latin: porus (pore) and fera (bearing) collagen (for gelatinous mesohyl)
- Under metazoa, parazoa
- Multicellular, no tissues, no organs Canal Systems:
- No embryonic germ layers 1. Asconoid – least efficient, bigger
- Asymmetrical spongocoel
- Skeleton can be made of spicules, 2. Syconoid (Type 1 & 2)
spongin, or both 3. Leuconoid – most efficient and
complex, flagellated chambers,
Body Plan:
almost no spongocoel

Water Current (Pathway)

Asconoid:
• Ostia/Ostium – water inlet
• Osculum – water outlet
• Spongocoel – space in the middle
• Mesohyl – jelly-like space

Layers and Cells:

• Pinacoderm – outer covering
• Pinacocytes – form outer covering
Syconoid:
• Pores
• Porocyte – forms pores; controls
water flowing through ostia
• Choanoderm – inner most, flagellated
layer
• Choanocytes – becomes sperm cell;
generates water current
• Amoebocyte – stem cell; delivers
nutriets; found in mesohyl
• Scierocyte – secretes silica spicules
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Leuconoid: 1. Feeding and Nutrition

- Filter feeders

Digestion:
- Water enters the sponge through
ostia.
- Choanocytes create a water current
with their flagella and traps food
particles from the water. Food is
engulfed by choanocytes and
Spongin digested.Nutrients are transported by
- For framework, support, protection amoebocytes to other parts of the
sponge.The filtered water exits
through the osculum.

2. Locomotion
- Attached to substrate/substratum
- Moves only during larval stage
(amphiblastula larva)

3. Gas Exchange, Circulation,

Spicules Excretion
- Can be made out of calcium carbonate - Via diffusion
(calcareous) or silica (siliceous) - Uses water to circulate
- Can be diactine (2 rays) or hexactine
(6 rays) 4. Reproduction
Spicule Axis • Asexual
1. Monoaxon – diactine - budding/fragmentation
2. Triaxon – triactine, hexactine - formation of gemmules: dormant, for
3. Tetraxon – tetracline protection, becomes a sponge once
4. Polyaxon – polyactine environment is in favorable
conditions.
• Sexual – sponges are hermaphroditic,
one sponge will donate a sperm cell
that will fertilize the egg cell within
the mesohyl

Development
1. Meiosis
2. Fertilization (forms zygote)
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3. Cleavage 3. Desmospongiae
4. Hollow sphere – blastula - Largest and most diverse
5. Mobile Stage – amphiblastula larva - Siliceous, spongin fiber, or fibrillar
6. Settles at substrate collagen
7. Develops into collar cells - Leuconoid
(choanocytes) - Only 1 family is freshwater, the rest
8. Sponge grows are marine

4. Desmospongiae
(Order: Poecilosclerida)
- Carnivorous sponges
- Prey on a variety of small
invertebrates (e.g. crustaceans) via
phagocytosis of fragments

5. Homoscleromorpha
- Flagellated pinacocytes
• Kingdom: Animalia - Oval-shaped, large choanocytes
• Phylum: Porifera - Tetraxonic siliceous (if skeleton is
• Class: Calcarea present)
• Order: Leucosolenida - A viviparous cinctoblastula larva
• Family: Grantiidae - Leuconoid
• Genus: Grantia

Classes under Phylum Porifera LABORATORY 10: PHYLUM

1. Calcarea CNIDARIA
- Calcium carbonate spicules Cnidaria
- Needle-shaped spicules, 3 or 4 rays - Under metazoa
- All canal types present (depending on - Eumetazoa: most primitive (oldest
depth of location of species) true animal)
- Marine - Diploblastic (has ectoderm and
endoderm; mesoglea)
2. Hexactinellida - Primary radial symmetry (radiata)
- Glass sponges - Gastrovascular cavity is present for
- Siliceous, 6-rayed digestion and circulation
- United to form networks - Some true skeleton, some hydrostatic
- Cylindrical or funnel-shaped skeleton
- Syconoid or leuconoid canal type - Some polymorphic (exhibits 2 body
- Marine plans)
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• Incomplete digestive system – one

opening

Feeding and Digestion

- Mouth opens into gastrovascular
cavity that has enzymes that catalyze
digestion
Polyp - Nutritive muscluar cells phagocytize
food particles
- Amoeboid cells carry undigested food
back to gastrovascular cavity then
expelled

Reproduction
• Asexual – polyp drops planula which
Medusa settles at substrate
• Sexual: uses gonozooid or
reproductive polyp; medusa releases
egg or sperm which is then fertilized
and forms a zygote that becomes a
planula

Other Characteristics
• Ectoderm has stinging cells and
sensory cells (single use)
➢ Stinging cells: cnidocytes
➢ Stinger: nematocyst
➢ Barb and thread ➢ Feeding polyp: hydranth or
➢ Uses neurotoxins to paralyze prey gastrozooid

Gas Exchange
- Via diffusion

Classes under Phylum Cnidaria

1. Anthozoa
- Polyp body plan only
- Sea anemones, sea pens, and corals
- Reproduces asexually and sexually
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4. The resulting fertilized eggs develop

into larvae, which attach to the ocean
floor as new polyps.

2. Hydrozoa
- Mostly marine
- Exhibits both polyp and medusa body
plan 3. Cubozoa
- Branched colony with one common - Box-shaped medusa
gastrovascular cavity - Most venomous

4. Scyphozoa
- Dioecious
- nerve cells are scattered all over the
body
- polymorphic
Ex.: Obelia, Physalia physalis (Portuguese - Planula larvae are formed by external
Man O’ War), Velella bae, and Hydra fertilization; they settle on a
substratum in a polypoid form known
as scyphistoma

Coral Bleaching

Obelia Colony
1. Begins as immobile polyp colonies
that contain digestive hydranth and
reproductive gonangium units
2. Gonangium reproduce asexually,
releasing medusa by budding
3. Medusa swim freely and reproduce Impact to biodiversity: coral mortality,
sexually, releasing eggs and sperm habitat loss, and shifts in reef ecosystems,
into the water
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potentially causing declines in fish

populations and other marine life

LABORATORY 11: PHYLUM

PLATYHELMINTHES
Platyhelminthes
- Platy (flat); helminth (worm)
- Eumetazoan
- Has highly specialized tissues
- Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic • Nervous system: two interconnected
- Acoelomates parallel nerve cords run the length of
- Protostomes the body
- Unsegmented bodies • Flame Cells – specialized excretory
- Flattened dorsoventrally cell found in simple freshwater
- Incomplete digestive tract invertebrates; a bundle is called
- Hermaphroditic protonephridia. It functions like a
- No complex respiratory and kidney and removes waste material,
circulatory systems regulates osmotic pressure, and
- Found in fresh, marine water and maintain ionic balance.
damp places; some are ecto- or
endoparasitic with modified Reproduction
structures and complicated life cycle - Asexual: occurs under stress
environment conditions
➢ Budding – grows bud which
forms chains until ready to
separate
➢ Transverse fission - posterior half
of the worm attaches itself to the
substrate, while the anterior half
continues to move forward until
the two halves cool apart. Each
half regenerates to form a
complete worm.
➢ A few species can actually
fragment themselves into several
quizzes, each of which
regenerates to form several small
worms.
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- Sexual: cross-fertilization Cycle/Development:

➢ Egg Stage: Clonorchis sinensis
Classes under Phylum Platyhelminthes eggs are discharged in the biliary
1. Trepaxonemata/Turbellaria ducts and stool in an embryonated
- Mostly free-living marine state.
- 5mm to 50cm ➢ Snail Intermediate Host: Eggs are
- Mouth is on ventral side that leads to ingested by a suitable snail host,
gut where they release miracidia and
- Locomotion via muscular undergo several developmental
contractions and ciliary movement stages, including sporocysts,
- Can regenerate lost parts rediae, and cercariae.
- Hermaphroditic; some asexual fission ➢ Cercariae Stage: Cercariae are
released from the snail and, after
2. Trematoda a short period of free swimming in
- Parasitic flukes that are considered as water, they come into contact with
endoparasites of vertebrates and penetrate the flesh of a
- Has complex life cycle that involves freshwater fish, where they encyst
mollusk as primary host and as metacercariae.
vertebrates as final/secondary host
- Structural adaptation for parasitism: Ingestion:
penetration glands, organs for • Ingestion & Migration: After
adhesion (sucker and hooks) ingestion, the metacercariae excyst in
the duodenum and ascend into the
biliary tract through the ampulla.
• Maturation: Maturation takes
approximately one month. The adult
flukes, measuring around 10–25 mm
by 3–5 mm, reside in the small and
medium-sized biliary ducts.
• Site of Infection: Liver flukes infect
the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts in
humans.
Clonorchis sinenis
• Symptoms & Severity: Most infected
(Chinese Oriental Liver Fluke)
individuals are asymptomatic, but
- Foodborne pathogen
long-term infections can lead to
- Cause of liver disease in Asia via
severe symptoms and serious
ingestion of uncooked, salted,
illnesses.
pickled, or smoked freshwater fish
• Lifespan of Infection: Infections do
- only species in the genus involved in
not last longer than 25–30 years,
human infection
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which corresponds to the parasite’s and reside in blood vessels, where

lifespan. females produce eggs.
• Egg Elimination: Some eggs travel to
the bladder or intestines and are
expelled through urine or stool

Signs and symptoms of Schistosomiasis

• Within days after infection, a rash or
itchy skin may develop.
• Fever, chills, cough, and muscle
aches can begin within one to two
months of infection.
• Most people have no symptoms at this
early phase of infection.
• When adult worms are present, the
eggs usually travel to the intestine,
Schistosma species liver, and bladder, causing
• Mode of Infection: Infection occurs inflammation and scarring,
when skin comes into contact with eventually damaging the infected
contaminated freshwater containing organs.
snails that carry schistosomes. • Children who are repeatedly infected
• Contamination Source: Freshwater can develop anemia, malnutrition,
becomes contaminated with and learning difficulties.
Schistosoma eggs when infected • Rarely, eggs are found in the brain or
individuals urinate or defecate in the spinal cord, potentially causing
water. seizures, paralysis, or spinal cord
• Parasite Development: The eggs inflammation.
hatch, and if certain freshwater snails • Symptoms of schistosomiasis are
are present, the parasites develop and caused by the body's reaction to the
multiply inside the snail. eggs produced by the worms, not by
• Parasite Release: The parasites leave the worms themselves.
the snail and enter the water, where
they can survive for about 48 hours. 3. Monogenea
• Human Infection: Schistosoma - Ectoparasitic flatworms found on the
parasites penetrate the skin of skin, gills, or fins of both freshwater
individuals wading, swimming, and salt water fishes
bathing, or washing in contaminated - Have direct lifecycle
water. - Do not require intermediate host
• Maturation: Within several weeks, - Adult = hermaphroditic
the parasites mature into adult worms
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- Some are oviparous (egg-laying) and - Have long flat bodies that are
other viviparous (live-bearing) composed of a scolex (for attachment
- Attachment structures: to the host) followed by many
➢ Anterior structure – prohaptor reproductive units or proglottids.
➢ Poster structure (major - Main body is a chain of proglottids
attachment organ) – opisthaptor called stroblia
(hooks, anchors, clamps) - Hermaphroditic
- Require primary and secondary host
- Do little harm to host

Monogenean Infection in Fish

Freshwater Fish Symptoms: Dipylidium caninum
- Become lethargic and swim toward - commonly infects dogs and cats, so it
the surface of the water. is transmitted by ingestion of an
- May rub their bodies against the infected flea
bottom or sides where the parasite is - occasionally effects human beings,
located. especially children
- Infected skin may show scale loss and
produce a pinkish fluid. Transmission:
- Infected gills may appear swollen or Egg Release:
pale. - Gravid proglottids containing egg
packets are passed in the feces of an
Saltwater Fish Symptoms: infected host.
- Monogeneans can infect the skin and - The proglottids break apart, releasing
gills, causing irritation. egg packets.
- Severe infections may lead to erratic
swimming behavior. Intermediate Host (Fleas):
- Affected gills may become irritated - Dog or cat fleas ingest the egg
and swollen. packets.
- Inside the flea, oncospheres hatch
4. Cestoda from the eggs and develop into
- Tapeworms found in vertebrates infectious larvae (cysticercoids).
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Transmission to Definitive Host:

- Infection occurs when a host (dog,
cat, or human) ingests an infected
flea.
- Inside the small intestine, larvae
develop into adult worms.
- The adult worm attaches to the
intestinal lining using its scolex.

Reproduction:
- Dipylidium caninum is
hermaphroditic (monoecious) and can
self-fertilize. Taenia pisiformis – dogs
- Proglottids break off and are passed in Contamination & Ingestion:
feces. - Transmitted through ingestion of feed
or bedding contaminated with dog
Egg Packet Release: fecal material.
- Proglottids can migrate to the exterior - Rabbits serve as the intermediate host
of the host. for the canine tapeworm.
- They contract and expand vigorously, - Rabbits ingest contaminated feed or
possibly aiding in egg packet release. bedding.
Development in Rabbits:
Taenia species - Eggs develop into their intermediate
form (cysticercus) within the liver or
peritoneal cavity of the rabbit.
Completion of Life Cycle:
- The life cycle is completed when the
definitive host (dog) ingests an
infected rabbit.

Taenia saginata (cattles) and Taenia solium

(pig)
Disease: Causes an infection known as
taeniasis.
Definitive Host: Humans are the only
definitive host for Taenia saginata and
Taenia solium.
Egg Transmission:
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- Eggs or gravid proglottids are passed - Cellular external cuticle

in fecal material. - also called bristle worms because
- Eggs can survive for days to months most annelids possess tiny chitinous
in the environment. setae.
Intermediate Host (Cattle & Pigs): ➢ Function of setae:
- Infected by ingesting vegetation - Helps anchor segments during
contaminated with eggs or gravid locomotion to prevent backward
proglottids. slipping.
- In the intestine, oncospheres hatch, - In aquatic annelids, it is generally
invade the intestinal wall, and migrate used for swimming.
to striated muscles.
- Develop into cysticerci, which can Organ Systems
survive for several years. • Complexity: More complex organ systems
Human Infection: compared to flatworms.
- Humans become infected by
ingesting raw or undercooked • Nervous System:
• Presence of cerebral ganglia that
infected meat.
serve as the brain.
- In the human intestine, cysticerci • Well-developed nervous system with
develop into adult tapeworms over a nerve ring of fused ganglia around
two months. the pharynx.
- Adult tapeworms attach to the small
intestine using their scolex and reside • Circulatory System:
in the intestinal walls. • Closed circulatory system with
muscular blood vessels.
• Aortic arches function as hearts to
propel blood.
LABORATORY 12: PHYLUM
ANNELIDA • Respiratory System:
Annelida • Cutaneous respiration (gas
- Eumetazoans exchange through the skin).
- Highly specialized tissues and organs • Some use gills, while others use
parapodia for respiration.
- Bilateral symmetry
- Triploblastic
• Excretory System:
- Eucoelomates (making their body • Excretion occurs via metanephridia,
tubular or cylindrical) which function as primitive kidneys.
- Protostomes
- Freshwater, marine, terrestrial, • Reproduction:
parasitic • Some are monoecious
- Metameric (segmented) (hermaphroditic), while others are
dioecious.
- Hydrostatic skeleton (except in
• Some annelids also reproduce
leeches) asexually through budding.
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Structure, Locomotion, and Classes under Phylum Annelida

Reproduction of Annelids 1. Polychaeta
- Poly (many); chaeta (setae)
- Marine
- Body Structure: Elongated and
segmented body, True coelomates
with a body cavity, Bilaterally
symmetrical worms
- Excretion: Through metanephridia
- Fertilization: External fertilization
- Nervous System: Well-developed
• Body Structure: - Circulatory System: Closed type
• Two-part head with prostomium and - Dioecious
peristomium. - Segments have well-developed
• Series of segments called metamers. parapodia with many setae
• Terminal pygidium bears the anus. - Do not possess a clitellum
- Distinct head with eyes, tentacles,
• Locomotion & Movement:
cirri, and palps
• Longitudinal muscle contraction:
Segments shorten and widen.
• Circular muscle contraction:
Segments lengthen and become
thinner.
• Crawling motion occurs via
peristaltic contraction.

• Reproductive Structures:
• Oligochaeta and Hirudinea possess a
clitellum that contains reproductive
structures. Nereis virens
• Clitellum is located about one-third
down the body. 2. Oligochaeta
• Clitellum produces mucus for sperm
- Freshwater and terrestrial
transfer and forms a cocoon for
- Do not show parapodia
fertilization.
- No distinct head
• Reproduction: - Setae are in each segment
• Monoecious (hermaphroditic): - Clitellum is present
Earthworms and leeches. - Hermaphroditic
• Dioecious: Polychaetes. - Exhibit no free larval stage
• Cross-fertilization via reciprocal - Development takes place in cocoons
insemination is preferred in
- External fertilization
hermaphroditic annelids.
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Lumbricus terrestris
(earthworm)

3. Hirudinea
- Freshwater, marine, terrestrial
- Parasitic or predators
- Segmented body
- Flattened dorsoventrally or
cylindrical shape
- No parapodia, hydrostatic skeleton, or
setae
- Possess both anterior and posterior
suckers
- Hermaphroditic (monoecious)
- Internal fertilization

Hirudo medicinalis