Chemical Bonding and Nuclear Chemistry
Maximum marks:
1. Fill in the blanks: (9)
a. When a nucleus of deuterium and another of tritium join together, they form _____.
b.
c. 100 kg of natural uranium contains about _____ kg of U-235.
d. The energy produced in the Sun is due to _____ reaction in which _____ is converted
into _____.
e. The age of earth has been estimated using _____.
f. Atoms of the same elements combine through a _____ bond.
g. The valency of nitrogen is _____.
h. _____ compound exist as soft solids, liquids or gases.
2. Answer the followings: (39)
a. Define: (2)
i. Nuclear fission
ii. Nuclear fusion
b. What is the role of atomic bomb to develop a hydrogen bomb based on nuclear fusion
reactions? (1)
c. Compare α-particle, β-particle and γ-rays with respect to: (2)
(i) Nature
(ii) Charge
(iii) Speed, and,
(iv) Ability to penetrate matter
d. If 10 g of cesium – 137 is kept for study in a laboratory, how much of it would be still left
at the end of 60 years? Half-life period of cesium – 137 is 30 years. (2)
e. Compare sodium atom and sodium ion with respect to: (2)
- Atomic structure
- Electrical state
- Chemical action, and,
- toxicity
f. Why is the wall of a nuclear power plant lined with lead? (1)
g. Elements X, Y and Z have atomic number 6, 9 and 12 respectively. Which one: (4)
(i) Forms an anion?
(ii) Forms a cation?
(iii) State the type of bond between Y and Z and give its molecular formula.
h. What are the advantages of nuclear fusion over nuclear fission? (3)
i. Why only slow moving, low-energy neutrons can cause nuclear fission? (3)
Ans:
The neutron is moving slower and spends more time near the
nucleus and is more likely to interact.
The wavelength of the neutron is larger. If you have taken and
remember any physics, subatomic particles can act as particles or
waves (or sometimes both) and neutrons are not exempt from
this. At high speeds (and short wavelength) the neutrons are
attempting to interact with individual nucleons, and this is less
likely to cause fission. At longer wavelengths the neutron is trying
to interact with a whole nucleus and this becomes more likely to
cause a fission due to raising the overall energy of the entire
nucleus.
j. Why is a coordinate bond known as a special covalent bond? (1)
k. Explain nuclear chain reaction. (2)
l. Compare and write the difference between controlled and uncontrolled nuclear chain
reaction. (3)
m. What is the challenge in initiating a nuclear fusion reaction? (2)
n. Write the difference between the valence electrons and valency? (1)
o. Electrovalent compound dissolve in water whereas covalent compound does not. (2)
Ans:
o Electrovalent compounds contains oppositely charged ions. When these
compounds are dissolved in water, water being a polar molecule decreases the
electrostatic forces of attraction resulting in free ions in aqueous solution. Hence
electrovalent compounds are soluble in water.
o While covalent compounds are made up of molecules and so, they do not ionize in
presence of water. Therefore, covalent compounds are insoluble in water.
p. Show the electronic dot structure of: (2)
i. Carbon dioxide molecule
ii. Calcium chloride
iii. Ammonium ion
q. A radioactive element 88X240 emits a few radiations to become 90Y220. Calculate the
number of alpha & beta particles emitted. (3)
r. Explain : (3)
(a) What kind of change takes place in the nucleus, when a β-particle is emitted?
(b) What kind of change takes place in the nucleus, when an alpha particle is emitted?
(c) What kind of change takes place in the nucleus, when gamma radiations are emitted?
