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SpringBoot IOC Notes

Inversion of Control (IoC) is a key software design principle that shifts the responsibility of managing object creation and dependencies from application code to a framework, such as Spring. It promotes loose coupling, flexibility, and testability, primarily through Dependency Injection (DI). The Spring Framework utilizes IoC to manage the lifecycle of application beans, allowing for cleaner, modular code and centralized configuration.

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Babasaheb Matsagar
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1 views

SpringBoot IOC Notes

Inversion of Control (IoC) is a key software design principle that shifts the responsibility of managing object creation and dependencies from application code to a framework, such as Spring. It promotes loose coupling, flexibility, and testability, primarily through Dependency Injection (DI). The Spring Framework utilizes IoC to manage the lifecycle of application beans, allowing for cleaner, modular code and centralized configuration.

Uploaded by

Babasaheb Matsagar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Inversion of Control (IoC) is a fundamental concept in software design and one of

the core principles behind the Spring Framework. The basic idea of IoC is that it
inverts the flow of control in a program, which means that instead of the
programmer controlling the flow of execution (such as creating objects and invoking
methods), the framework (in this case, Spring) controls the flow.
In simpler terms, IoC transfers the responsibility of managing object creation and
their dependencies to a container or framework, rather than the application code
controlling these aspects. This leads to more flexible, modular, and testable
applications.
How IoC Works:
In a traditional, non-IoC system, you would have the main application code
responsible for creating objects, managing their lifecycle, and linking them
together. With IoC, this responsibility is shifted to an external framework or
container, which takes care of these tasks.
For example, if you want to create an object of class A, in traditional
programming, you might do something like this:

java
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A a = new A(); // You manually create and manage the object
With IoC, the creation and management of objects is handled by an external
container. The container will create the object and inject the necessary
dependencies.
In Spring, for example, this is done through a process called Dependency Injection
(DI), which is one of the common ways of implementing IoC.
Key Aspects of IoC:
1. Control Flow Reversal:
○ Instead of the program explicitly creating and managing the
dependencies of an object, the IoC container manages the creation and injection of
dependencies. This means the IoC container is in charge of managing the lifecycle
of objects.
2. Dependency Injection (DI):
○ This is one of the most common forms of IoC. With DI, objects do not
create their dependencies themselves. Instead, the dependencies are injected into
them by an external entity, such as the Spring container.
3. Loose Coupling:
○ IoC promotes loose coupling between classes. Since objects are not
responsible for creating their own dependencies, their behavior and interactions
become more flexible and decoupled. This decoupling allows components to evolve
independently, making it easier to modify, test, and maintain the system.
4. Configuration Flexibility:
○ Since objects' dependencies are provided externally (instead of being
hardcoded into the class), configurations can be changed at runtime or through
different environments (e.g., different configurations for development and
production).
Types of Inversion of Control:
There are several ways in which IoC can be implemented, and the most common one in
Spring is Dependency Injection (DI). Other forms of IoC include Event-based IoC and
Service Locator Pattern.
1. Dependency Injection (DI):
○ This is the most widely used approach for IoC in Spring. DI allows
objects to be injected into a class, rather than the class creating the objects.
○ There are three main ways to inject dependencies:
§ Constructor Injection: Dependencies are provided via the
constructor of the class.
§ Setter Injection: Dependencies are provided via setter methods.
§ Field Injection: Dependencies are injected directly into fields
using annotations.
Example of Constructor Injection in Spring:

java
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@Component
public class Car {
private Engine engine;

// Constructor injection
@Autowired
public Car(Engine engine) {
this.engine = engine;
}

public void start() {


engine.start();
}
}
2. Service Locator Pattern:
○ Another approach to IoC is the Service Locator pattern, which uses a
central object (the "service locator") to look up services or dependencies.
However, this approach is less preferred than DI because it can create hidden
dependencies, making the system harder to maintain and test.
3. Event-based IoC:
○ In this model, the flow of control is governed by events. Components
register for events they are interested in, and when an event is triggered, the
relevant components are notified and can take action.
Benefits of IoC:
1. Loose Coupling:
○ Classes are not tightly coupled to their dependencies, which makes it
easier to modify and extend the application. For instance, you can change a
dependency without modifying the classes that use it.
2. Flexibility:
○ With IoC, dependencies can be easily replaced or swapped out,
allowing for flexible configurations based on the environment, user preferences, or
other factors.
3. Testability:
○ Since classes do not manage their dependencies, it's easier to inject
mock dependencies during unit testing, which makes testing more isolated and
manageable.
4. Decoupling of Component Instantiation:
○ In IoC, the application does not need to worry about the creation of
objects or their dependencies. This allows for cleaner, more modular code.
5. Reusability and Maintainability:
○ IoC promotes the creation of reusable and maintainable components by
ensuring that each component has a well-defined responsibility. As dependencies are
injected externally, components can be tested and used in different contexts
without modification.
6. Centralized Configuration:
○ In frameworks like Spring, you can manage the configuration of all
your beans (objects) centrally (in XML or annotations), which can be a big
advantage in large applications.
Inversion of Control in Spring:
In the Spring Framework, the IoC container is responsible for managing the
lifecycle of application beans (objects), including creating them, wiring them
together, and managing their dependencies.
Steps in Spring IoC:
1. Defining Beans:
○ You define beans in Spring either through XML configuration or using
annotations (@Component, @Service, @Repository, @Controller).
2. Creating the Application Context:
○ Spring’s ApplicationContext is the IoC container that holds and
manages the beans. It’s an extension of the BeanFactory interface and provides
additional features like internationalization, event propagation, etc.
3. Dependency Injection:
○ Spring manages the dependencies and injects them into beans. For
instance, the Spring container will automatically inject the required dependencies
into a bean using constructor injection, setter injection, or field injection.
Example of IoC in Spring (Using Annotations):

java
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import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class Car {
private Engine engine;
// Constructor injection of dependency
@Autowired
public Car(Engine engine) {
this.engine = engine;
}
public void start() {
engine.start();
}
}
@Component
public class Engine {
public void start() {
System.out.println("Engine started!");
}
}
In the above example, the Car class depends on Engine. Instead of manually creating
an Engine object inside the Car class, Spring will automatically inject the Engine
dependency via the constructor when the Car bean is created.
Conclusion:
Inversion of Control (IoC) is a powerful design principle that allows for greater
flexibility, modularity, and maintainability in software systems. It decouples the
creation and management of dependencies from the business logic, making the
application more testable and easier to scale. The Spring Framework uses IoC
extensively through Dependency Injection (DI), helping developers build clean,
loosely-coupled, and modular applications.

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