Definition of Laplace Transform

The Laplace Transform isan integral transformation

of a function f(t) from the time domain into the
complex frequency domain, giving F(s)

Lf(O)]=F(s) = f()e t dt
-st

" S: complex frequency

Called The One-sided or unilateral Laplace
Transform".
ing' In the two-sided or bilateral LT, the lower limit is
-00, We do not use this.
 Definitionof Laplace Transform
Example1
Determine the Laplace transform of each of the
followingfunctions shown below:

e u() 4 S() 4
1
1

t 0

(a) (b) (c)

Definition of Laplace Transform

Solution:

a) The Laplace Transform of unit step, u(t) is given by

1
|Lu()]=F(s)=le"dt = S
Definition of Laplace Transform

Solution:
b) The Laplace Transform of exponential function,
etu(t), >0 is given by

1
|Lu)]= F(s)= |[eedt =S+a
Definition of Laplace Transform

Solution:
c) The Laplace Transform of impulse function,
ö(t) is given by

|L\u)]= Fs) = S()e"dt =1

 TYPE f(0) F(s)

Impulse 8(0) 1

Step u()

Ramp

Exponential
/s+a)
Sine sin ot +o

Presehilht COS O
2+o)
 Laplace Transform Significance to Circuit
analysis
1-Transforms Differential Equations into Algebraic Equations
Many circuits (like RLC circuits) are governed by differential equations due to components like inductors and
capacitors.
The Laplace transform converts these time-domain differential equations into algebraic equations in the s-domain,
making them easier to solve.
2. Handling Initial Conditions
In the s-domain, initial conditions (like initial voltages across capacitors or initial currents through inductors) are
incorporated directly into the transformed equations.
This avoids the need for separate calculations and simplifies solving for circuit responses to initial conditions.
3. Use with Impedance Concept
In the s-domain, components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be treated as complex impedances:
Resistor R: Z=R
InductorL: Z=sL
Capacitor C: Z=l/sC
This allows the use of standard circuit analysis techniques (Ohm's Law, Kirchhoffs laws) directly in the s-domain.
6. Transfer Function Analysis
The Laplace transform allows the derivation of transfer functions, which represent the ratio of output to input in the s
domain.
Transfer functions help determine system behavior, stability, and response to various inputs (like step, impulse, and
sinusoidal inputs).
7. Poles and Zeros for Stability and Frequency Response
The locations of poles and zeros of the transfer function in the s-domain give critical information about circuit stability
and frequency response.
Poles in the left half of the s-plane indicate a stable system, while right-half-plane poles indicate instability.
ntjaicjseful for Circuit Simulation and Design
Many circuit simulation tools use the Laplace transform in their algorithms, allowing for effective computer-aided
design (CAD) and analysis of complex circuits.
 Laplace Transform Vs
Fourier
1. Purpose
"Fourier Transform: Used to analyze the frequency content of signals, particularly in steady-state
(sinusoidal) analysis.
"Laplace Transform: Extends Fourier by providing insight into both transient and steady-state
behaviors, useful for stability and control analysis.
2. Definition
"Fourier Transform: Converts a time-domain signal f(t) into a frequency-domain representation F(0).
"Laplace Transform: Converts f(t) into a complex frequency domain representation F(s), where
s=otjos.
3. Domain
"Fourier Transform: Frequency domain, using o (purely imaginary axis).
"Laplace Transform: Complex frequency domain, using s=otjos, allowing Yeal and imaginary
components.
4. Convergence
Fourier Transform: Requires signals to be absolutely integrable over -o to tao (e.g., periodic or
stable signals).
"Laplace Transform: Can handle a wider range of signals, including those that grow or decay
exponentially.
5. Applications
Fourier Transform: Signal processing, spectral analysis, audio/image processing, communications.
uiplace Transform: Control systems, circuit analysis, stability analysis, diferential equation
solutions.
10
 Transfer Function
"Transfer Function is the ratio of Laplace transform of
the output to the Laplace transform of the input.
Considering all initial conditions to zero.
u(t) y(t)
Plant

lul) = U(S) and

(yli) = Y(S)
resherel is the Laplace operator.
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 Transfer Function
Then the transfer function G(S) of the plant is given
as

G(S)S)
U(S)

U(S) G(S) >Y(S)

resentng
 Why Laplace Transform?
By use of Laplace transform we can convert many
common functions into algebraic function of complex
varjables.
"For example
lsin ot =
Or
leaa 1
S+a
" Wheresis a complex variable (complex frequency) and
is given as
Dresenting
S = ot j0
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 Laplace Transform of Derivatives
Not only common function can be converted into
simple algebraic expressions but calculus operations
can also be converted intoalgebraic expressions.
" For example
deli)
= SX(S)-x{0)
dt

,d'x) =s²x(S)-x(0) d(0)

resenting
dt dt
 Laplace Transform of Integrals

ejx)dt=-x(s)
S

The time domain integral becomes division by

s in frequency domain.

esenting
Calculation of the Transfer Function
" Consider the following ODE where y(t) is input of the system
and x(t) is the output.
A,d'xt) dl) -B.
dlt)
" or dj2 dt dt

Ar"() =C() B:'()

" Taking the Laplace transform on either sides

As?x(s)-sx0) *(0)) =ClsY(s) -yo))-BlsX()-x0)1

presenting
 Calculation of the Transfer Function

As²X(s) -sx(0) x (0)]= C[sY(s) - y(0)] B[sX(s)- x{0)]

" Considering Initial conditions to zero in order to find the transfer
function of the system

As?X(s) = CsY(s)- BsX (s)

Rearranging the above equation
As?X(s) + BsX(s) = CsY(s)
X)[As? + Bs] = CsY(s)
presenttng
X(s) Cs C
YS) As + Bs As + B
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 Transfer Function

YS) b,s +b s + + m-5 + bm (n m)

X(s) a,s" + a,s" t + an-1S t an

. When order of the denominator polynomial is greater

than the numerator polynomial the transfer function is
said to be 'proper.

Otherwise 'improper'

presenting
 How Transfer Functions Help in System
Analysis
Frequency Response: By substituting sjo (where o is the frequency), the
transfer function provides information about how the system responds to
sinusoidal inputs across different frequencies. This is useful in understanding
the circuit's filtering characteristics, resonance, and bandwidth.
Stability Analysis: The poles of the transfer function (values of s that make
the denominator zero) reveal the stability of the system. If any poles have
positive real parts, the system is unstable; otherwise, it is stable.
Time Response Analysis: The transfer function allows for the calculation of
the time-domain response to standard inputs (e.g., step, impulse) by
performing an inverse Laplace transform. It helps predict the system's transient
and steady-state behavior, such as overshoot, settlíng time, and rise time
System Design and Control: In control systems, transfer functions allow
engineers to design controllers that modify the system's behavior. Adjusting
system parameters in the transfer function helps achieve desired performance,
such as faster response or reduced overshoot.

presenting