Lecture 9.

Internet technologies

1. Introduction to internet technologies. Architecture the client -server and peer-to- peer.
2. Structure of Web. Web server and Web applications. Object model of the document. HTTP,
XHTML,CSS, JavaScript, Ajax. CSM.
3. Correlation with databases. Frameworks. XML.. Web services. The service-oriented architecture.
Safety. Injections and cross attacks to the website.
Internet technology is the ability of the Internet to transmit information and data through different
servers and systems. Internet technology is important in many different industries because it allows
people to communicate with each other through means that were not necessarily available

In the client/server model, all end systems are divided into clients and servers each designed for specific
purposes Clients have an active role and initiate a communication session by sending requests to servers
Clients must have knowledge of the available servers and the services they provide Clients can
communicate with servers only; they cannot see each other Servers have a passive role and respond to
their clients by acting on each request and returning results One server generally supports numerous
clients

In the peer-to- peer (P2P) model, all end systems have equivalent capabilities and responsibilities and
either party can initiate a communication session The participants share a part of their own hardware
resources E.g., storage capacity, link capacity, CPU power These shared resources are necessary to
provide the service or content offered by the P2P network Thus, the participants are both resource
providers and resource requestors and use similar networking programs to connect with each other In P2P
networks, downlink and uplink data flows tend to be (but not necessarily) symmetric This is because each
connected host simultaneously operates as both client and server, thus receiving and transmitting on
average the same amount of data.

There are hundreds of ways to configure a web application. That said, most of them follow the same basic
structure: a client, a server, and a database.
The client
The client is what the user interacts with. So “client-side” code is responsible for most of what a user
actually sees. Thisincludes:
 Defining the structure of the web page
 Setting the look and feel of the web page
 Implementing a mechanism for responding to user interactions (clicking buttons, entering text,
etc.)
Structure: The layout and content of your webpage are defined by HTML. HTML stands for Hyper Text
Markup Language. It allows you to describe the basic physical structure of a document using HTML tags.
Each HTML tag describes a specific element on the document.

Look and Feel: To define the look and feel of a webpage, web developers use CSS, which stands for
Cascading Style Sheets. CSS is a language that that lets you describe how the elements defined in your
HTML should be styled, allowing changes in font, color, layout, simple animations, and other superficial
elements.

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used to describe data. The XML standard is a flexible way to
create information formats and electronically share structured data via the public Internet, as well as via
corporate networks.
XML code, a formal recommendation from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), is similar
to Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Both XML and HTML contain markup symbols to describe
page or file contents. HTML code describes Web page content (mainly text and graphic images) only in
terms of how it is to be displayed and interacted with.
XML data is known as self-describing or self-defining, meaning that the structure of the data is embedded
with the data, thus when the data arrives there is no need to pre-build the structure to store the data; it is
dynamically understood within the XML. The XML format can be used by any individual or group of
individuals or companies that want to share information in a consistent way. XML is actually a simpler
and easier-to-use subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), which is the standard to
create a document structure

Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family ofXML markup languages. It
mirrors or extends versions of the widely usedHypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in
which Web pages are formulated.

JavaScript is an interpreted programming or script language from Netscape. In general, script languages
are easier and faster to code in than the more structured and compiled languages such as C and C++.
Script languages generally take longer to process than compiled languages, but are very useful for shorter
programs.

JavaScript is used in Web site development to do such things as:

JavaScript uses some of the same ideas found in Java, the compiled object-oriented programming derived
from C++. JavaScript code can be imbedded in HTML pages and interpreted by the Web browser (or
client). JavaScript can also be run at the server as in Microsoft's Active Server Pages before the page is
sent to the requestor. Both Microsoft and Netscape browsers support JavaScript, but sometimes in slightly
different ways.

Ajax (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a method of building interactive applications for the Web
that process user requests immediately. Ajax combines several programming tools including JavaScript,
dynamic HTML (DHTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), cascading style sheets (CSS), the
Document Object Model (DOM), and the Microsoft object, XMLHttpRequest.
Ajax allows content on Web pages to update immediately when a user performs an action, unlike
an HTTP request, during which users must wait for a whole new page to load. For example, a weather
forecasting site could display local conditions on one side of the page without delay after a user types in a
zip code.