Mood Check

REVIEW
TIME!
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each statement.

A researcher wants to test if the average age of

students in a class is greater than 21 years.

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 21
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 21
One-Tailed test/ Right-Tailed test
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each statement.

A factory claims that the average weight of

bags of flour is 50 kg.

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 50
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 50
Two-Tailed test
State the null and alternative hypotheses for each statement.

Nash, the owner of the Awesome Milk Tea Company,

claims that the average capacity of their medium size
product is less than 250ml. Is the claim true?

𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 250
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 250
One-Tailed test/Left-Tailed Test
Statistics and Probability
▪ REJECTION REGION (critical region) refers to the region
where the value of the test statistic lies, for which we will
reject the null hypothesis.
▪ To separate the area into these regions, we need a specific
value– this value is the critical value.
▪ The critical value determines whether the test statistic is
within the rejection region or acceptance region. If the
test-static falls on the rejection region, we reject
the null hypothesis, otherwise, do not reject the
null hypothesis.
As shown below, the area in the curve is distributed into the rejection region
and acceptance region.

NOTE: Rejection regions start on the critical

value following the direction of the test. That is, it
is always equal to the critical value towards the
direction of the test.
For one-tailed test or directional test
(less than), the critical region is at the
left side of the acceptance region.

For one-tailed test or directional test

(greater than), the critical region is at
the right side of the acceptance
region.

For two-tailed test or non-directional test

(not equal), the critical region is at the left
and right sides of the acceptance region.
Table of Critical Values (Z-Score)
Table of Critical Values (T-Score)
 NOTE: The area under
the normal curve within
the rejection region is
also called the LEVEL
OF SIGNIFICANCE.
• Level of Significance
▪ It is denoted by alpha or α refers to the degree of significance in which
we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
▪ 100% accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a hypothesis.
▪ The significance level is also the probability of making the wrong
decision when the null hypothesis is true.
▪ In public health research alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In
social science, alpha is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or
10% in other studies.

▪ This implies that there is 1%, 5%, or 10%

probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
For one-tailed, in symbol, it is written as:
α = 0.01
α = 0.05
α = 0.10

For two-tailed, alpha will be divided by 2.

In symbol, it is written as:
α
= 0.005
2
α
= 0.025
2
α
= 0.05
2
A manufacturer claims that a new type of light bulb has an
average lifespan of 1000 hours. A consumer group suspects the
lifespan is actually not to 1000 hours. Test the hypothesis at 10%
level of significance.

α
= 0.05
2
The average weight of newborn babies at a certain hospital is 7.5 pounds. A
pediatrician believes that the average weight of newborns at this hospital is
greater than 7.5 pounds. A random sample of 40 newborns is selected, and it
is found that the mean weight is 7.8 pounds with a standard deviation of 1.2
pounds. Test the hypothesis at a 5% level of significance that the average
weight of newborns at this hospital is greater than 7.5 pounds.

α = 0.05
In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not
married. A researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found
out that 18% of them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5%
significance level if the current percentage of unmarried couples is different
from 34%.

α
= 0.025
2
Key Steps in Illustrating the Rejection Region:
a. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
b.Determine the direction of the test.
c. Identify the level of significance.
d.Determine the critical value.
e. Illustrate the rejection region in the normal
curve.
Table of Critical Values (Z-Score)
Table of Critical Values (T-Score)
A sample of 100 students is randomly selected from Diosdado Macapagal
Memorial High School. The average score on a spatial reasoning test for
this sample is 78. Test the hypothesis that the population mean score on the
spatial reasoning test for students at Diosdado Macapagal Memorial High
School is less than 80, using α = 0.05 as the level of significance. Assume
that the population standard deviation is 12.
What to do:
a. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
b. Determine the direction of the test.
c. Identify the level of significance.
d. Determine the critical value.
e. Illustrate the rejection region in the normal curve.
Solution:
a. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis. Ho: µ = 80, Ha: µ < 80
b. Determine the direction of the test. One-tailed (left tailed)
c. Identify the level of significance. 𝛼 = 0.05
d. Determine the critical value. The critical value is – 1.645.

e. Illustrate the rejection region in the normal curve.

From here, you will decide whether
the null hypothesis will be rejected or
not. If the z score fall under the
rejection region, then reject the null
hypothesis, if not, then accept.
In a study at Diosdado Macapagal Memorial High School, a sample of 144
students was chosen and their heights were measured. The average height
for this sample was 150 cm. Test the hypothesis that the population mean
height for students of DMMHS is not 155 cm, using 5% level of
significance. Assume that the population standard deviation is 12 cm.

What to do:
a. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
b. Determine the direction of the test.
c. Identify the level of significance.
d. Determine the critical value.
e. Illustrate the rejection region in the normal curve.
Solution:
a. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis. Ho: µ = 155, Ha: µ ≠ 155
b. Determine the direction of the test. two-tailed (non directional)
c. Identify the level of significance. 𝛼 = 0.05 or α = 0.025
𝟐
d. Determine the critical value. The critical value is ±1.96.

e. Illustrate the rejection region in the normal curve.

From here, you will decide whether the null
hypothesis will be rejected or not. If the z score fall
under the rejection region, then reject the null
hypothesis, if not, then accept.
For example, if the computed z score is 2.96,
should we reject the null or not?
 Illustrate the rejection region of the following scenarios for answering the
key steps.
1. An average of 20 construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines
is Php 62.50. Test the hypothesis that the average of construction worker
hourly rate pay in the Philippines is more that Php 50.00, using 90%
confidence interval. Assume that the population standard deviation is 8.

2. A sample of 30 senior high school students were asked and found out
that the mean number of years to finish their basic education is 12. Test
the hypothesis at 5% level of significance that the average number of
years to finish basic education is less than 14 years with a standard
deviation of 2 years.