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Chapter 1 Som

The document provides an overview of solid mechanics, focusing on the mechanics of rigid and deformable bodies, types of loading, and stress analysis. It discusses various loading types, stress and strain concepts, elastic constants, and mechanical properties of materials, along with principles like Hooke's Law and Mohr's Circle. Additionally, it covers bending moments, shear forces, and design considerations for shafts under bending and torsional loads.

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ramzuni6
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5 views

Chapter 1 Som

The document provides an overview of solid mechanics, focusing on the mechanics of rigid and deformable bodies, types of loading, and stress analysis. It discusses various loading types, stress and strain concepts, elastic constants, and mechanical properties of materials, along with principles like Hooke's Law and Mohr's Circle. Additionally, it covers bending moments, shear forces, and design considerations for shafts under bending and torsional loads.

Uploaded by

ramzuni6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Prepared by Dr.A.

Vinoth Jebaraj
Solid Mechanics

Mechanics of Rigid
Mechanics of
Bodies
Deformable Bodies

Studying the external effects of Studying the internal effects of


forces on machine components and forces on machine components and
structures structures
Types of Loading

Tensile loading Axial or normal load

Compressive Bending load


loading (out of plane stress)

Torsional shear
Shear loading
(In plane stress)
Transverse shear

Normal loading : Tensile, compressive (out of plane)


Shear loading: tangential loading or parallel loading (in plane
loading)
Bending stresses ( out of
plane stresses)

Torsional shear

Direct shear
Direct Shear

An effect that produces


shifting of horizontal
planes of a material

Torsion
Torsional shear

The twisting and distortion


of a material’s fibers in
response to an applied load
Direct Shear Stress - Examples

Single shear

= =

Double shear

= =
( )
Different types of Loadings

Uniaxial loading Biaxial loading Triaxial loading


Types of stresses ( plane stress,
volumetric stress)
 Normal stresses
 Shear stresses (or) tangential (or)
parallel stresses [τ] Internal resistance

Types of strain (plane strain ,


volumetric strain)
 Longitudinal (or) linear strain
 Transverse (or) lateral strain
Within the elastic limit, lateral strain is directly proportional to longitudinal
strain.

This constant is known as Poisson’s ratio which is denoted by μ (or) 1/m.


Note: Linear strain = - μ × Lateral strain
Plastic
Elastic Region Yielding
Region

Different Stages in Loading


Fracture

Behavior of
material during
loading
Stress Strain Curve

Ductile materials Brittle materials


Hooke’s Law
Its for tensile, compressive and shear stresses

In 1678, Robert Hooke’s found that for many structural materials,


within certain limits, elongation of a bar is directly proportional to
the tensile force acting on it. (Experimental finding)

Statement : Within the elastic limit, stress is directly


proportional to strain.

Where E = Young’s Modulus or Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)


Modulus of Rigidity [or] Shear Modulus

Statement : Within the elastic limit, shear stress is directly


proportional to shear strain.

Where G = Shear Modulus or Modulus of Rigidity (MPa)


Bulk Modulus

When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular stresses,


of equal intensity, then the ratio of the direct stress to the
corresponding volumetric strain is known as bulk modulus.
σy

σz

σx σx

σz

Total stress [σ] = σ x + σy + σ z


σy
Total strain [ε] = ε x + εy + ε z
Analysis of Stresses in varying cross section bar
Stress in an Inclined Plane

 The plane perpendicular to the line of action of the load is a principal plane.
[Because, It is having the maximum stress value and shear stress in this plane
is zero.]
 The plane which is at an angle of 90° will have no normal and tangential
stress.
Max. shear stress = ½ Normal stress
Note to Remember:

 When a component is subjected to a tensile loading, then


both tensile and shear stresses will be induced. Similarly,
when it is subjected to a compressive loading, then both
compressive and shear stresses induced.

 At one particular plane the normal stress (either tensile or


compressive) will be maximum and the shear stress in that
plane will be zero. That plane is known as principal plane.
That particular magnitude of normal stress is known as
principal stress.

 The magnitude of maximum principal stress will be higher


when compare with the loads acting.
Elastic Constants ( E, G, K and μ)

Where
E = Young’s Modulus
K = Bulk Modulus
G [or] C = Shear Modulus
μ = Poisson’s Ratio
Principal Stresses

When a combination of axial, bending and shear loading


acts in a machine member , then identifying the plane of
maximum normal stress is difficult . Such a plane is known as
principal plane and the stresses induced in a principal plane is
known as principal stresses. Principal stress is an equivalent
of all stresses acting in a member.

Combined loading
Biaxial and shear
loading

Max principal
normal stresses

Max principal
shear stresses
Mohr’s Circle Diagram
Thermal Stresses

When a body is subjected to heating or cooling, it will try to


expand or contract. If this expansion or contraction is restricted
by some external FORCES, then thermal stresses will be
induced.
Actual Thermal Stresses
Mechanical properties of materials

Strength  ability to resist external forces


Stiffness  ability to resist deformation under stress
Elasticity  property to regain its original shape
Plasticity  property which retains the deformation produced
under load after removing load
Ductility  property of a material to be drawn into wire form
with using tensile force
Brittleness  property of breaking a material without any
deformation
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Contd. . .

Malleability  property of a material to be rolled or


hammered into thin sheets
Toughness  property to resist fracture under impact load
Machinability  property of a material to be cut
Resilience  property of a material to absorb energy
Creep  material undergoes slow and permanent
deformation when subjected to constant stress with high
temperature
Fatigue  failure of material due to cyclic loading
Hardness  resistant to indentation, scratch
Bending Moment

“Bending moment = Force × Perpendicular distance


between the line of the action of the force and the point
about which the moment produced”
Applied Load

Cantilever Beam

Reaction Force

Transverse Shear Force

“Vertical force in a section which is in transverse direction


perpendicular to the axis of a beam is known as transverse shear
force”
Shear Force (S.F)

Applied force

Shear force

Reaction force
Points to remember

 For drawing shear force diagram, consider left or right portion of the
section in a beam.

 Add the forces (including reaction) normal to the beam on one of the
portion. If the right portion is chosen, a force on the right portion acting
downwards is positive while a force acting upwards is negative and vice
versa for left portion.

 Positive value of shear force are plotted above the base line.

 S.F. Diagram will increase or decrease suddenly by a vertical straight line


at a section where there is point vertical load.

 Shear force between two vertical loads will be constant.


“The resultant force acting on any one portion (left or right) normal to the axis of
the beam is called shear force at the section X-X. This shear force is known as
transverse shear force”
Simply Supported Beam carrying 1000 N at its midpoint. The
reactions at the supports will be equal to RA = RB = 500 N
Pure Bending
Assumptions in the Evaluation of Bending stress
Torsional Equation
R = Radius of shaft, L = Length of the shaft
T = Torque applied at the free end
C = Modulus of Rigidity of a shaft material
τ = torsional shear stress induced at the cross section
Ø = shear strain, θ = Angle of twist
Design for Bending

 When a shaft is subjected to pure rotation, then it has to be designed for


bending stress which is induced due to bending moment caused by self
weight of the shaft.

Example: Rotating shaft between two bearings.

Design for Bending & Twisting

 When a gear or pulley is mounted on a shaft by means of a key, then it


has to be designed for bending stress (induced due to bending moment)
and also torsional shear stress which is caused due to torque induced
by the resistance offered by the key .

Example: gearbox shaft (splines)


Shear stress distribution in solid & hollow shafts
Hoop stress (or) Circumferential stress

Circumferential or hoop Stress (σ H) = (p .d)/ 2t


Longitudinal stress = (σ L) = (p .d)/ 4t
Euler’s Formula for Buckling
Both ends pinned Both ends fixed

One end fixed, other free One end fixed and other pinned

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