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Neural Funtions of The Retina Dr. Gul

The document outlines the structure and function of the retinal layers, including the roles of various neuronal cells such as rods, cones, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells in visual signal transmission. It describes the physiological mechanisms of neuronal transmission and the biochemical processes involved in vision, particularly the role of rhodopsin and vitamin A. Additionally, it discusses the tricolor mechanism of color detection and the adaptation processes of the eye to light and darkness.

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5 views24 pages

Neural Funtions of The Retina Dr. Gul

The document outlines the structure and function of the retinal layers, including the roles of various neuronal cells such as rods, cones, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells in visual signal transmission. It describes the physiological mechanisms of neuronal transmission and the biochemical processes involved in vision, particularly the role of rhodopsin and vitamin A. Additionally, it discusses the tricolor mechanism of color detection and the adaptation processes of the eye to light and darkness.

Uploaded by

shaistawazir167
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By

Dr Gul Muhammad
Objectives

 Name the neuronal cells in retina


 Name the neuronal layers of retina
 Describe the physiological mechanism of
neuronal transmission
 Through these cells
 Differentiate the functions of every cell
layer in retina.
LAYERS OFRETINA
1. LAYER OF PIGMENT EPITHELIUM

2. LAYERS OF RODS AND CONES


3. EXTERNAL LIMITI N G ME MBRANE
4. OUTER NUCLEAR LAYER
5. OUTER PLEXIFORMLAYER
6. INNER NUCLEAR LAYER
7. INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER
8. GANGLION CELL LAYER
1. The photoreceptors themselves—the rods and cones—which
transmit signals to the outer plexiform layer, where they
synapse with bipolar cells and horizontal cells

2. The horizontal cells, which transmit signals horizontally in the


outer plexiform layer from the rods and cones to bipolar cells

3. The bipolar cells, which transmit signals vertically from the rods,
cones, and horizontal cells to the inner plexiform layer, where
they synapse with ganglion cells and amacrine cells

4. The amacrine cells, which transmit signals in two directions,


either directly from bipolar cells to ganglion cells or horizontally
within the inner plexiform layer from axons of the bipolar cells
to dendrites of the ganglion cells or to other amacrine cells

5. The ganglion cells, which transmit output signals from the retina
through the optic nerve into the brain
 Cones release glutamate at their synapses with
the bipolar cells.
 Amacrine cells secreting;
 gamma-aminobutyric acid
 glycine
 dopamine
 Acetylcholine and
 indolamine

all of which normally function


as inhibitory transmitters.
Horizontal cells connect laterally between the
synaptic bodies of the rods and cones, as well as
connecting with the dendrites of the bipolar
cells. The outputs of the horizontal cells are
always inhibitory.
Two types of bipolar cells
Provide opposing excitatory and inhibitory signals
in the visual pathway:
the depolarizing bipolar cell and
the hyperpolarizing bipolar cell.
That is, some bipolar cells depolarize when the
rods and cones are excited, and others
hyperpolarize when they are inhibited.
Amacrine cell responds strongly at the onset of a
continuing visual signal, but the response dies
rapidly.
 Respond strongly at the offset of visual signals.
 Respond when a light is turned either on or off,
signalling simply a change in illumination.
 Responds to movement of a spot across the
retina in a specific direction; therefore, these
amacrine cells are said to be directional
sensitive.
1. W cell- These ganglion cells receive most of their
excitation from rods, transmitted by way of small bipolar
cells and amacrine cells.
2. X cell- Have small fields because their dendrites do not
spread widely in the retina, so their signals represent
discrete retinal locations. Therefore, it is mainly through
the X cells that the fine details of the visual image are
transmitted.
3. Y cell- transmit their signals to the brain at 50 m/sec or
faster. They are the least numerous of all the ganglion
cells, representing only 5 per cent of the total. Also, they
have broad dendritic fields, so that signals are picked up
by these cells from widespread retinal areas.
The outer segment which are light-sensitive
photochemical.
a.Rhodopsin- occur in the rod cell of the retina which
are responsible for vision in poor light.
b.Color pigment- occur in cones, that function almost
exactly the same as rhodopsin except for differences
in spectral sensitivity.
The inner segment of the rod or cone contains
cytoplasmic organelles. Particularly important are
the mitochondria; play the important role of
providing energy for function of the photoreceptors.
The synaptic body is the portion of the rod or cone
that connects with subsequent neuronal cells
Functional parts of
the rods and cones

1. Outer segment
2. Inner segment
3. Nucleus
4. Synaptic body
1. Central retinal artery
 supply for the internal layers of the retina is derived from
the central retinal artery, which enters the eyeball
through the center of the optic nerve and then divides to
supply the entire inside retinal surface.
2. Choroid artery
 Supply highly vascular tissue lying between the retina and
the sclera. The outer layers of the retina, especially the
outer segments of the rods and cones, depend mainly on
diffusion from the choroid blood vessels for their nutrition,
especially for their oxygen.
Rhodopsin and Its Decomposition by
Light Energy.
When light energy is absorbed by rhodopsin, the
Rhodopsin -----

bathorhodopsin,

lumirhodopsin.

metarhodopsin I,

metarhodopsin II,

scotopsin and all-trans retinal. metarhodopsin II, also


called activated rhodopsin, that excites electrical changes in the
rods, and the rods then transmit the visual image into the central
nervous system in the form of optic nerve action potential.
 Vitamin A is present both in the cytoplasm of the rods and
in the pigment layer of the retina.

 Role in the physiologic mechanism of vision, rhodopsin


occur in the rod cells of the retina, which are responcible
for vision in poor light.

 Large quantities of vitamin A are normally stored in the


liver and can be made available to the eyes to avoid night
blindness to occur
1.The photon activates an electron in the 11-cis retinal
portion of the rhodopsin; this leads to the formation of
metarhodopsin II, which is the active form of rhodopsin.

2. The activated rhodopsin functions as an enzyme to


activate many molecules of transducin, a protein present
in an inactive form in the membranes of the discs and cell
membrane of the rod.

3. The activated transducin activates many more


molecules of phosphodiesterase.
4. Activated phosphodiesterase is another enzyme; it
immediately hydrolyzes many molecules of cyclic
guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), thus destroying it.
Before being destroyed, the cGMP had been bound with
the sodium channel protein of the rod’s outer membrane
in a way that “splints” it in the open state.

5. Within about a second, another enzyme, rhodopsin


kinase, which is always present in the rod, inactivates the
activated rhodopsin (the metarhodopsin II), and the entire
cascade reverses back to the normal state with open
sodium channels
light adaptation. Reduced photosensitive
chemicals remaining in the rods and cones and
reduced sensitivity of the eye to light.
dark adaptation. Conversely, if a person
remains in darkness for a long time, the retinal
and opsins in the rods and cones are converted
back into the light-sensitive pigments.
 Tricolor Mechanism of Color Detection
 Human eye can detect almost all gradations of colors
when only red, green, and blue monochromatic lights
are appropriately mixed in different combinations.
 Interpretation of Color in the Nervous System.
light with a wavelength of 580 nanometers stimulates
the red cones to a stimulus value of about 99 (99 per
cent of the peak stimulation at optimum
wavelength); it stimulates the green cones to a
stimulus value of about 42, but the blue cones not at
all. Thus, the ratios of stimulation of the three types
of cones in this instance are 99:42:0.

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