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The document outlines the concept of Secondary Energy Storage (SES), which is designed to store excess energy generated by power systems for later use when demand exceeds generation. It discusses various types of energy storage systems, their components, and their roles in improving power system efficiency, reliability, and load management. Additionally, it highlights the static and dynamic duties of energy storage plants, including load leveling, emergency support, and integration with renewable energy sources.

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52 views43 pages

EET438 M1 Ktunotes - in

The document outlines the concept of Secondary Energy Storage (SES), which is designed to store excess energy generated by power systems for later use when demand exceeds generation. It discusses various types of energy storage systems, their components, and their roles in improving power system efficiency, reliability, and load management. Additionally, it highlights the static and dynamic duties of energy storage plants, including load leveling, emergency support, and integration with renewable energy sources.

Uploaded by

hindhu.thiru70
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Energy Storage Systems

Module 1
Syllabus
Secondary Energy Storage (SES)

SES is defined as an installation specially designed to accept energy


generated by the power system, convert it into a form suitable for
storage, keep it for a certain time and return as much of the energy as
possible back to the power system, converting it into a form required by
the consumer.
Energy is stored at times when the available means of generation
exceed demand and is returned when demand exceeds generation.

 Energy storage is a net consumer of electric energy.


Energy storage could be deployed for one or more
of the following reasons:
• to secure power system generating capacities optimal remix;
• to improve the efficiency of a power system operation;
• to reduce primary fuel use by energy conservation;
• no alternative energy source available and
• to provide security of energy supply.
• Energy storage may be used in a power system in three different
regimes:
Charge;
 Store and
 Discharge.
Any complete energy storage unit must contain three parts:
• Power transformation system (PTS);
• Central store (CS) and
• Charge–discharge control system (CDCS).

The PTS has to couple the power system and the CS.
The CS comprises two parts: storage medium and storage container
(vessel).
Coupling Energy Storage to Power system
Types of CS (Central Store)
• There are following types of CS
• Thermal, using sensible or latent heat of the relevant storage medium;
• Mechanical, using gravitational, kinetic or elastic forms of energy;
• Chemical, using chemically bound energy of the storage medium and
• Electrical, using electromagnetic or electrostatic energy of the relevant
storage media.
Types of energy systems
• Hybrid and Combined systems.
• We shall define a hybrid energy system as a system with one kind of
energy output and two or more energy sources as input. The hybrid
system has been used in the transport sector.
• The combined system, in contrast, has one primary source as input
and two or more different kinds of energy output. The combined
system has been widely used in combined heat and power
generation, where a power station utilises the waste heat from
electricity production as district heating. Energy storage usage is
possible in both these systems.
Static duty of storage plant
• Static duty that energy storage could perform under normal system
conditions is the ability of taking electricity from the grid at night and
returning it during peak periods.
• This will reduce the need for generation capacity in the system.
• Capital cost of a storage unit may be compensated by savings on the
additional generating capacities of conventional power stations
• The most typical longer term duty is the storage of energy generated
at low incremental cost during low-load hours, and the return of this
energy to the load during high-load hours, thus replacing the energy
generated at high incremental cost. This duty, which we may call
‘energy transfer duty’.
Static duty of storage plant…contd
• Smoothing of the daily load curve also leads to reduced stresses of
load following operation by the thermal plant, and consequently
reduces maintenance costs.
• The other static duty is that of making generating power available
when it is needed for matching load demand.
Dynamic duty of storage plant
• There is also the possibility to use storage device or methods for
operation under transient conditions, the so-called dynamic duties.
• Any sudden loss of generation in the power system or a sudden
increment in load (which was not planned in advance) can be met by
energy storage switching provided there is adequate storage rated
power and energy capacity.
• So if energy storage participates in the supply side of the power
system it can perform the spinning reserve duty, avoiding fuel
wastage and increasing overall efficiency.
Dynamic duty of storage plant
• In the case of emergency loss of generation or load, the intervention of the
spinning reserve within a few seconds may not be sufficient to maintain the
so-called dynamic or transient stability so as to avoid, during the first
moments of the transition, dangerous frequency drops.
• In such a case, in order to avoid the collapse of the system, a sudden power
input may be necessary, together with a sudden load shedding. This gives a
clear advantage to those types of energy storage which are able to make
available, instantaneously, their rated power capacity and can therefore be
used for improvement of stability, frequency regulation and as a
countermeasure against blackout. Incidentally most storage types can
perform these duties during the charging regime because it is always
possible to drop them off instantaneously.
Duties of ESS
• One can consider discharge ranges of hours, minutes, seconds and
milliseconds. In the following areas, energy storage will work as a buffer
compensating any load fluctuations of the range of hours:

• Utility load levelling: to improve load factors, reduce pollution in


populated urban areas and make better use of available plants and
fuels;
• Storage for combined heat and power systems: to improve overall
efficiency by offering optimum division between heat and power
irrespective of load demands;
• Utilisation of renewable energy in its various forms to relieve the
burden on finite fossil fuel resources and to improve the environment;
• Storage for remote users and
• Storage for electric vehicle (EVs): to replace petrol in the long term,
reduce urban air pollution and improve utility plant factors.
Duties of ESS contd.
• The minutes range will be covered by storage for industrial mobile
power units; to provide better working conditions and as part of
uninterruptible power supply systems to improve the reliability of
supply, especially in confined areas such as warehouses and mines.

• The seconds range will be represented by diesel–wind generators


output smoothing, and storage of necessary energy between pulses
of a high-energy particle accelerator.

• Millisecond range energy storage units will be used for the


improvement of stability, frequency regulation, voltage stabilisation
and as a countermeasure against blackout.
Energy & power balance in a storage unit …contd
Energy & power balance in a storage unit …contd
Energy & power balance in a storage unit …contd
Energy & power balance in a storage unit …contd
Energy & power balance in a storage unit …contd
Energy & power balance in a storage unit …contd
Mathematical model of storage contd..
Mathematical model of storage contd..
Mathematical model of storage contd..
Mathematical model of storage contd..
Econometric model of Storage contd..
Econometric model of Storage contd..
Econometric model of Storage contd..

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