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Preface
Purpose
One look at today’s headlines is all it takes to see that every American
citizen needs to be able to think critically about what is going on in the
nation and in the world. Biased reporting slants the news, and it is hard
even to discern what is fact. More than ever, people of conscience need to
be able to take a stand and articulate a position.
College has long been a place where values and beliefs are tested.
Exposure to new ideas and new perspectives is a part of coming of age. A
course in argumentation is a place where students can learn the tools to
critically examine the ideas they come in contact with. It is also a place
where they can learn to construct their own arguments in defense of what
they believe.
In order to get our students really thinking critically about argument,
we have to get them to slow down and practice the art of critical reading
— and listening. We have to provide timely, accessible readings, we have
to get them to analyze sustained argumentative discourse, and we have to
give them a vocabulary to be able to talk about it. The vocabulary we use
in this text incorporates Aristotle’s ancient rhetoric, the stasis theory
questions, Carl Rogers’s notion of common ground, and Stephen
Toulmin’s three principal elements of argument: claim, support, and
assumption (warrant). In addition, we present the concepts of definition,
language, and logic as critical tools for understanding and responding to
arguments.
We also have to get our students to write sustained argumentative
discourse. They have to learn to apply their knowledge of claim, support,
and warrant. They have to learn to define key terms and to recognize,
write, and support claims of fact, value, and policy, or, in the language of
stasis theory, they have to be able to consider Questions of Fact, Questions
of Definition, Questions of Quality, and Questions of Policy. They have to
understand that successful arguments require a blend of logos, pathos, and
ethos.
8
They have to appreciate the significance of audience as a practical
matter. In the rhetorical or audience-centered approach to argument, to
which we subscribe in this text, success is defined as acceptance of the
claim by an audience. Arguers in the real world recognize intuitively that
their primary goal is not to demonstrate the purity of their logic, but to win
the adherence of their audiences.
To do so, students must read critically and think critically about what
others have to say. The Internet has redefined what research means to our
students. A large part of the challenge is not to find sources but to
eliminate the thousands of questionable ones. Faced with the temptation to
cut and paste instead of read and understand, students need more help than
ever with accurate and fair use of sources. We provide that help in the
context of an increasingly digital world.
Organization
Part One of Elements of Argument begins with an introduction to
Aristotelian, Rogerian, and Toulmin approaches to argumentation and to
stasis theory. Next, it addresses the critical reading of written as well as
visual and multimodal arguments. It then provides instruction on writing
responses to arguments and writing arguments, particularly in an academic
context. Part One is rich in selections that both illustrate various arguments
and offer practice for student analysis.
Part Two devotes one chapter apiece to the chief elements of argument
— claim, support, and assumption (warrant). Straightforward explanations
simplify these concepts for students, and examples are drawn from
everyday print and online sources — essays, articles, graphics, reviews,
editorials, and advertisements — by both student and professional writers.
Part Three details important matters of reading and writing effective
argument: definition, language, and logic. Chapter 9 teaches students the
importance of defining key terms as well as the nature of the extended
definition essay. Chapter 10 deals with the power of word choice, and
Chapter 11 covers the various logical fallacies as well as how to identify
and avoid logical errors in arguments.
The first three parts of the book — comprising Chapters 1 through 11
— include four unique feature boxes to enhance and reinforce the text.
“Writer’s Guide” boxes give practical advice on how to write effective
arguments and response essays; “Strategies” boxes provide more in-depth
9
information on important skills such as prereading and annotating texts.
“Essentials” boxes summarize and reinforce basic argument concepts, and
“Research Skills” boxes explain a variety of academic research tasks
Coverage of traditional rhetorical issues such as audience and purpose
spans all chapters, helping students grasp the importance of clear
communication in a variety of situations. And student essays, with
documented sources, serve as models for effective writing and proper
form. This twelfth edition of Elements of Argument shows students how to
apply concepts of rhetoric and logic to spoken, visual, online, and other
multimedia arguments. Throughout the text, an abundance of visual
arguments — including ads, photographs, screen shots, and graphics —
provide visual examples and opportunities for analysis.
Part Four takes up the process of planning, writing, and documenting
arguments based on independent research. Chapter 12 focuses on planning
and research, including how to narrow a topic as well as how to find and
evaluate sources. Chapter 13 addresses drafting and revising written
arguments as well as oral presentations. Chapter 14 covers documentation
and provides two sample research papers, one employing the Modern
Language Association (MLA) documentation system and the other
employing the American Psychological Association (APA) documentation
style.
Part Five, “Debating the Issues,” includes a pair of readings related to
each of five current debatable topics: student evaluation of faculty, gender-
neutral bathrooms, trigger warnings, princess culture, and paying college
athletes. Each pair illustrates contrasting opinions on the same issue and is
followed up with discussion questions and writing suggestions.
Part Six, “Multiple Viewpoints,” expands the concept of debate to
present multiple arguers in action. Each of the six chapters in this part
includes five to six readings on a single controversial issue, presenting that
issue from a range of perspectives. The topics are ones now in the news
and on engaged citizens’ minds: social networking, keeping schools safe
from violence, climate change, the risks of competitive sports, freedom of
speech, and police violence.
Part Seven, “Classic Arguments,” includes such class-tested
arguments as Jonathan Swift’s “A Modest Proposal,” Henry David
Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience,” and Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I a
Woman?”
For instructors who want to apply current events to their argument
10
course, see our blog, “Argument in the Headlines.” In our regularly
updated posts, we use argument concepts to frame issues in the news,
helping students relate the text and the course to their everyday lives.
Students are encouraged to visit the blog at the end of each chapter. You
can find the blog at blogs.bedfordstmartins.com/bits.
Also Available
A briefer edition, The Structure of Argument, Ninth Edition, is available
for instructors who prefer a shorter text with fewer readings. It includes
Chapters 1 through 19, excluding the Multiple Viewpoints and Classic
Arguments. See macmillanhighered.com/structure/catalog for details.
11
Acknowledgments
This book has profited by the critiques and suggestions of instructors who
responded to a questionnaire: John Adrian, University of Virginia; Patricia
Andujo, Azusa Pacific University; Carol Bledsoe, Florida Gulf Coast
University; Rebecca Briley, Midway University; Joe Davis, North Iowa
Area Community College; Hedda Fish, San Diego State University;
Deanna Gabrielson, Morehead State University; Steve Holland,
Community College; Jeffrey Hotz, East Stroudsburg University; Tammy
Jabin, Chemeketa Community College; Jess Koski, Hibbing Community
College; Mark Meritt, University of San Francisco; Steven Mohr, Terra
State Community College; Daniel Powell, Florida State College at
Jacksonville; Jennifer Roscher, De Anza College; Kent Ross, Northeastern
Junior College; and Guy Shebat, Youngstown State University. We also
thank those reviewers who chose to remain anonymous.
We are grateful to those at Bedford/St. Martin’s and Macmillan
Learning who have helped in numerous ways large and small: John
Sullivan, Leasa Burton, Jennifer Prince, Kalina Ingham, Jennifer Kennett,
Angie Boehler, Richard Fox, Kerri Cardone, and, most especially, Alicia
Young.
12
Bedford/St. Martin’s offers a range of formats. Choose what works best
for you and your students:
Popular e-Book formats For details of our e-Book partners, visit
macmillanlearning.com/ebooks.
13
and Writers with Elements of Argument at a significant discount. Students
who rent or buy a used book can purchase access and instructors may
request free access at macmillanlearning.com/readwrite.
Writer’s Help 2.0 is a powerful online writing resource that helps
students find answers, whether they are searching for writing advice on
their own or as part of an assignment.
Smart search. Built on research with more than 1,600 student
writers, the smart search in Writer’s Help provides reliable results
even when students use novice terms, such as flow and unstuck.
Trusted content from our best-selling handbooks. Choose
Writer’s Help 2.0, Hacker Version, or Writer’s Help 2.0, Lunsford
Version, and ensure that students have clear advice and examples for
all of their writing questions.
Diagnostics that help establish a baseline for instruction. Assign
diagnostics to identify areas of strength and areas for improvement
and to help students plan a course of study. Use visual reports to
track performance by topic, class, and student as well as
improvement over time.
Adaptive exercises that engage students. Writer’s Help 2.0
includes LearningCurve, game-like online quizzing that adapts to
what students already know and helps them focus on what they need
to learn.
Student access is packaged with Elements of Argument at a significant
discount. Order ISBN 978-1-319-19254-9 for Writer’s Help 2.0, Hacker
Version, or ISBN 978-1-319-19257-0 for Writer’s Help 2.0, Lunsford
Version, to ensure your students have easy access to online writing
support. Students who rent or buy a used book can purchase access and
instructors may request free access at
macmillanlearning.com/writershelp2.
Instructor Resources
You have a lot to do in your course. We want to make it easy for you to
find the support you need—and to get it quickly.
Resources for Teaching Elements of Argument is available as a PDF
that can be downloaded from macmillanlearning.com. Visit the instructor
resources tab for Elements of Argument. In addition to chapter overviews
and teaching tips, the instructor’s manual includes sample syllabi,
14
classroom activities, additional research assignments, discussion questions,
teaching tips and ideas, and classroom activities.
Rhetorical Knowledge
Learn and use key rhetorical The organization of Elements of Argument
concepts through analyzing supports students’ understanding of
and composing a variety of rhetorical strategy. Part One (Chapters 1–
texts. 5) introduces students to the Aristotelian,
Rogerian, and Toulmin approaches to
argumentation and to stasis theory. Next, it
addresses the critical reading of written as
well as visual and multimodal arguments. It
then provides instruction on writing
analytical responses to arguments and
writing arguments, particularly in an
academic context. Part Two (Chapters 6–
8) devotes one chapter apiece to the chief
elements of argument: claim, support, and
assumption. Part Three (Chapters 9–11)
details important matters of reading and
writing effective argument: definition,
language, and logic. Part Four (Chapters
12–14) takes up the process of planning,
writing, and documenting arguments based
on independent research, and Parts Five,
Six, and Seven provides a wealth of
selections that show different kinds of
arguments in action.
Coverage of traditional rhetorical issues
such as audience and purpose spans all
15
chapters, helping students grasp the
importance of clear communication in a
variety of rhetorical situations.
Gain experience reading and The 108 readings in the book span a
composing in several genres variety of topics and disciplines. Each
to understand how genre selection features apparatus that gives
conventions shape and are students practice analyzing and writing for
shaped by readers’ and a variety of purposes and in a range of
writers’ practices and styles. Throughout the text chapters,
purposes. Writers’ Guides, Research Skills boxes,
end-of-chapter Assignments, and post-
reading questions prompt students to
compose different kinds of arguments and
responses.
16
communicating in various writing, and composing them effectively. In
rhetorical contexts. particular, Chapters 3 and 4 focus on
critical reading of different kinds of
arguments, and Part Four provides
guidance on researching and crafting
effective arguments using inquiry and
critical thinking.
17
through multiple drafts. planning and research, and Chapters 13
and 14 take students through the process of
drafting, revising, and presenting effective
arguments.
Processes
Develop flexible strategies Part Four offers strategies for reading,
for reading, drafting, drafting, reviewing, revising, and rewriting
reviewing, collaborating, arguments.
revising, rewriting,
rereading, and editing.
Use composing processes Throughout each chapter, the text
and tools as a means to emphasizes the importance of rereading
discover and reconsider and rewriting to discover and reconsider
ideas. ideas. In particular, Chapter 2 provides
strategies for evaluating arguments and
ideas, and Chapter 13 reemphasizes
evaluation as part of the writing process.
Experience the collaborative Writer’s Guides and Research Skills
and social aspects of writing boxes throughout the text provide insights
processes. into the writing and research processes that
can be used as prompts for discussion of
the writing process.
Learn to give and to act on Post-reading questions, as well as the
productive feedback to Writer’s Guides, Research Skills boxes,
works in progress. and end-of-chapter Assignments in
Chapters 1 through 11, can be used as
prompts for peer feedback.
Adapt composing processes Chapter 3 shows students how a variety of
for a variety of technologies technologies and modalities can be used to
and modalities. build persuasive arguments.
Reflect on the development Post-reading questions and end-of-
of composing practices and chapter Assignments often encourage
how those practices students to reflect on their knowledge,
influence their work. assumptions, and writing habits.
Knowledge of Conventions
18
Develop knowledge of Chapter 9 teaches the importance of
linguistic structures, defining key terms to build effective
including grammar, arguments. Chapter 10 focuses on
punctuation, and spelling, language, drawing students’ attention to the
through practice in rhetorical effectiveness of connotation,
composing and revising slanting, concrete and abstract language,
clichés, and figurative language. Chapter
11 helps students to understand logical
linguistic structures. LearningCurve
activities (available in LaunchPad Solo for
Readers and Writers) provide extensive
practice with grammar, punctuation, and
spelling.
Understand why genre The text’s overarching emphasis on
conventions for structure, rhetorical context and situation in the text
paragraphing, tone, and chapters fosters critical thinking about
mechanics vary genre conventions. In particular, Chapter 2
teaches students how to read arguments for
content and structure, and chapter
introductions for Chapters 1 through 11
explain how each element of argument
serves a writer’s purpose.
Gain experience negotiating The variety of formats and genres
variations in genre represented in the 108 selections gives
conventions students plenty of experience negotiating
variations in genre conventions. Post-
reading questions encourage students to
apply the rhetorical strategies to real-world
genres and situations.
Learn common formats Annotated selections throughout the text,
and/or design features for including student essays, impart awareness
different kinds of texts of common formats and/or design features
for difference kinds of texts, and Chapter
14 provides specific instruction on
formatting and design, including MLA-
and APA-style student research papers with
annotations highlighting the genre
conventions.
Explore the concepts of Chapter 13 teaches students how to avoid
19
intellectual property (such plagiarism, and Chapter 14 on
as fair use and copyright) documenting sources raises issues of
that motivate documentation different documentation conventions,
conventions specifically MLA and APA formats.
Practice applying citation Chapter 13 offers detailed guidance on
conventions systematically avoiding plagiarism, and Chapter 14
in their own work shows students how to apply citation
conventions of MLA and APA styles in
their own writing.
20
Brief Contents
Preface
PART ONE Understanding Argument
1 Approaches to Argument
2 Critical Reading of Written Arguments
3 Critical Reading of Multimodal Arguments
4 Writing Argument Analysis
5 Writing Arguments
PART TWO Analyzing the Elements
6 Claims
7 Support
8 Assumptions
PART THREE Using the Elements
9 Definition: Clarifying Key Terms
10 Language: Using Words with Care
11 Logic: Understanding Reasoning
PART FOUR Researching and Crafting Arguments
12 Planning and Research
13 Drafting, Revising, and Presenting Arguments
14 Documenting Sources
PART FIVE Debating the Issues
15 Rating Your Professors: Do Course Evaluations Matter?
16 Public Restrooms: Should They Be Gender Neutral?
17 Trigger Warnings: Have Some Schools Gone Too Far?
18 Gender Stereotypes: Is the “Princess” Phenomenon Detrimental to
Girls’ Self-Image?
19 Economics and College Sports: Should College Athletes Be Paid?
PART SIX Multiple Viewpoints
21
20 Social Networking: What Are the Consequences of Becoming an
Online Society?
21 Violence on Campus: How Far Will We Go to Keep Our Schools
Safe?
22 Climate Change: It Exists. What Now?
23 Competitive Sports: What Risks Should Athletes Be Allowed to Take?
24 Freedom of Speech: Are Limitations on Our Rights Ever Justified?
25 Police Violence: Where Do We Go from Here?
PART SEVEN Classic Arguments
Glossary
Index of Subjects
Index of Authors and Titles
22
Contents
Preface
1 Approaches to Argument
What Is Argument?
Aristotelian Rhetoric
Ethos
Logos
Pathos
RESEARCH SKILL Using Databases
Ancient Rhetoric Today
ARGUMENT ESSENTIALS Aristotelian Rhetoric
RICHARD J. DAVIS, In Gun Control Debate, Logic Goes
out the Window
An attorney and former Assistant Treasury Secretary for
Enforcement and Operations argues in favor of a federal
database of firearms transactions.
THE SHELTER PET PROJECT, A Person Is the Best Thing
to Happen to a Shelter Pet (advertisement)
LIZA LONG, I Am Adam Lanza’s Mother
In the context of the 2012 massacre at Sandy Hook
Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, a mother
describes what it is like to live in fear of her mentally ill son.
23
Stasis Theory
The Stasis Questions
Stasis Theory Claims
Rogerian Argument
ARGUMENT ESSENTIALS Rogerian Argument
JULIA BELLUZ AND STEVEN J. HOFFMAN, Katie Couric
and the Celebrity Medicine Syndrome
A health journalist and a professor of clinical epidemiology
and biostatistics analyze why the public take medical advice
from unqualified celebrities.
SARAH SELTZER, Teaching Trigger Warnings: What
Pundits Don’t Understand about the Year’s Most
Controversial Higher-Ed Debate
A journalist defends trigger warnings as more nuanced than a
simple pro-con debate.
The Toulmin Model
The Claim
The Support
The Assumption
Toulmin and the Syllogism
ARGUMENT ESSENTIALS The Toulmin Model
ROBERT J. SAMUELSON, In Health, We’re Not No. 1
A conservative columnist reports that despite Americans’
assumption that, in health as in other areas, the United States
is Number 1, the health of our citizens rates lower than many
other industrialized nations.
STEVEN REINBERG, Embryo Selection May Help Prevent
Some Inherited Disorders
A journalist for a health newsletter explains how, with in vitro
24
fertilization, it is now possible to screen embryos for certain
diseases before they are implanted.
Assignments for Understanding Approaches to
Argument
25
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with Unrelated Content
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Semmoiselta se toisistakin tuntui.
— Saanko minäkin?
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PIETARI PÄIVÄRINTA.
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