Read Text A, International Tiger Day, in the insert and then answer Questions 1(a}-(e) on this question paper. Question 1 (a) Give the two aims of International Tiger Day according to the text. (1) (b) Using your own words, explain what the text means by: (i) “brink of extinction’ (line 3): 2) (ii) ‘vowed to act’ (lines 4-5): 2) (c) Re-read paragraph 2 ('Since the beginning ...’ Give two reasons why people may be concemed about the population of tigers. 2] © ucLes 2022 (03_0500_12_2022.1.11(d)_Re-read paragraphs 3 and 4 (‘The dwindling number ... in Asia.’ (i) Identity two factors that have reduced the numbers of tigers in the wild, other than human behaviour. 2) (ii) Explain how human behaviour has had a negative effect on tiger numbers in the wild. B) (e) Re-read paragraph 5 (‘For centuries ... retaliation.’). Using your own words, explain why some people may consider that capturing or killing tigers is acceptable. {3} © UCLES 2022 03_0500_12_2022 1.11 [Turn overRead Text A, and then answer Questions 1(a)-1(e) on the question paper. Text A: International Tiger Day International Tiger Day is celebrated on 29 July every year to raise awareness about the continued decline in the world’s tiger population, and to encourage tiger conservation. With the species on the brink of extinction, International Tiger Day was established in 2010 at a summit meeting where governments of tiger-populated countries vowed to act. This year celebrities ‘disappeared’ on social media by removing their profile photos for a day; they reappeared with a tiger art seffie to help raise awareness of the plight of wild tigers disappearing due to the illegal tiger trade. Since the beginning of the 20th century, over 95 per cent of tigers have been lost. A recent report says that about 100 years ago there might have been more than 100,000 tigers roaming the planet. Now just 3,900 tigers remain in the wild and they are only found in Asia. The larger subspecies of them, such as the Siberian tiger, usually live in more northern, colder areas while the smaller subspecies live in warmer, southern countries. The dwindling number of tigers has been caused by various factors. There are certain diseases, some fatal, that spread like epidemics and genetic diversity is declining alarmingly, making tigers increasingly vulnerable. Health management of wildlife, a relatively new area of study, is badly neglected. There is an urgent need to incorporate this knowledge into wildlife conservation. Meanwhile, as agriculture and cities have expanded, tigers and humans have competed for land and tigers have lost about 93 per cent of their natural habitat. There are now more tigers held in captivity in the United States than there are in the wild in Asia For centuries tigers have been hunted as status symbols and souvenirs, and now climate change is also affecting tigers. For example, rising sea levels in mangrove forest on the coast of the Indian Ocean may steal the habitat of Bengal tigers there in coming decades. Being forced to live in smaller areas of habitat has made them more vulnerable to poaching as well. With the shrinking of their habitat, tigers have less to hunt in the wild, which causes them to hunt domestic livestock instead. In tum, they are killed or captured by humans as retaliation. ‘© uCLES 2022 (03_0500_12_2022.1.11 10 15 20 250500/12 Cambridge IGCSE ~ Mark Scheme February/March 2022 PUBLISHED Question Answer tla) Give the two aims of International Tiger Day according to the text. Award 1 mark for two correct responses. + to raise awareness (about the continued dediine in the world's tiger population) * to encourage tiger conservation 1byti) 4¢b)(i) Using your own words, explain what the text means by: ‘brink of extinction’ (line 3) ‘Award 2 marks for full explanation (both strands). ‘Award 1 mark for partial explanation. Credit altematives explaining the whole phrase (e.9., at a critical point for the survival of the species’; critically endangered). * (onthe) edge / (on the) cusp / under threat of / in danger of / about to / (very) close to / almost / extremely high risk of / nearly + dying out / no longer existing / no more living tigers / loss of the species / wiped off surface of the earth Using your own words, explain what the text means by: ‘vowed to act' (lines 4-5) ‘Award 2 marks for full explanation (both strands). ‘Award 1 mark for partial explanation. Credit alternatives explaining the whole phrase. * promised / undertook / pledged (to) * help tigers / be proactive in tackling the problem / take decisive action / deal with the issue(s) / do something (about the problem) / put things rights / intervene (0) Re-read paragraph 2 (‘Since the beginning ...’). Give two reasons why people may be concerned about the population of tigers. * — (over) 95 per cent of tigers lost since the (beginning of) 20th century / speed of loss so many tigers lost in a hundred years / vast majority of tigers gone in a (relatively) short time * (only / now just) 3900 now remaining in the wild / small number(s) (still) living in ‘the wild ‘* tigers now only found in Asia / only found in one area of the world / only live on one continent ‘Award 1 mark for each idea, up to. a maximum of 2. ‘©UCLES 2022 Page 5 of 220500/12 Cambridge IGCSE - Mark Scheme February/March 2022 PUBLISHED Question Answer Marks 4(d)()_ | Re-read paragraphs 3 and 4 (‘The dwindling number ... in Asi 2 Identify two factors that have reduced the numbers of tigers in the wild, other than human behaviour. + fast spreading disease(s) / fatal disease(s) / certain diseases / epidemics * lack of genetic diversity / declining genetic diversity Award 1 mark for each idea, up to a maximum of 2. 4(d)(i)_| Re-read paragraphs 3 and 4 (‘The dwindling number ... in Asi 3 Explain how human behaviour has had a negative effect on tiger numbers in the wild. © neglected health management of wildlife / not using knowledge we have in conservation efforts expanded agriculture and cities / competed for land / destroy(ed) natural habitat kept them in captivity / taken them from the wild ‘Award 1 mark for each idea, up to a maximum of 3. 1(e) _| Re-read paragraph 5 (‘For centuries ... retaliation.’). 3 Using your own words, explain why some people may consider that capturing or killing tigers is acceptable. Answers which are entirely in the words of the text should not be credited. * tradition (to hunt them) / continuing centuries’ old practice / has been going on for hundreds of years status symbols / souvenirs / curios / (enjoy) showing off make money tigers hunt domestic livestock / worried for safety of their livestock / to protect livestock retaliation / revenge ‘Award 1 mark for each idea, predominantly in own words, up to a maximum of 3. © uctES 2022 Page 6 of 22a 0 @_ | _Comprehynsion "i va) international Tiger Day 4inas tm “raise aur ness about s 1 e ed akon Ss erughen.” eiltnis implies that the tigers om nearly on toc verge off dying i “lout - it The places which are habitats to Gigins have prepai teleen an oat (0 aly someting obouk them igen dying - ) & ninety -F y eactse : 5 _—— t. which used bn be 100/000 on: hi lown ingore tnan 100/000 one Jaunclved Yeung ott hus come clove yo theo e thousand - ning -hunded 4, ay These animals are now only larming_rate . hos ee, Re which % another eee _fachor. _— behavior , ue shang sigheullats eke bo _com pele hu e tock end i henge, dni: habitats e j oued, like the fore the _herlpibeal- ko ive im suction haleitak os ou———_— Janeyare more _vulnerabte poaching. amd have limited nuntig Lgrounds, which resus in Kem speleivg- hunting domes he livestock ___|inSteacl_ end hy orn billed or cuphered by bummcen cin reba li ech oe. 2) Humans might Hinge this, is alright becuse tigins hare already * ____|leen vitted__tor_cenkurjes., ooes i mave_a difference now, ‘ jolso_wors't feel __responsible “for bgyu clying olxeto climate change, because Key _Inetven't clirectly done anything Add iHonally, huhen EQens \all there “animals _forfooc, people will think its ckay by __¢ ~ond_Ahey_durenit_pouy- fade _ 2