TRAINING ON EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An Internship Report Submitted to
Sri Vasavi Engineering College as a part of Curriculum for award of
B.Tech degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering By
KANTIPUDI JOSHNA SRI
21A81A0281
Under the esteemed guidance of
Asha .v
HR manager
Kaashiv Infotech Chennai
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELCTRONICS ENGINEERING
SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE(AUTONOMOUS)
(Sponsored by Sri Vasavi Educational Society)
(Approved by AICTE,new delhi and Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK,Kakinada
Accredited by NBA &NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
Pedatadepalli , TADEPALLIGUDEM, W.G.Dist , A.P – 534101 Academic
Year:2024-2025
1
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
3. DESIGNING OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
4. DESIGNING STEPS REQUIRED TO DEVELOP EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
5. ARCHITECTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
6. TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
7. APPLICATION AND REAL TIME APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
8. EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROCESSORS
9. TYPES OF PROCESSORS
10.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENERAL PURPOSE PROCESSOR AND
EMBEDDED SYTEM PROCESSOR
11.MICROPROCESSOR
12.MICROCONTROLLER
13.8051 ARCHITECTURE
14.PIN CONFIGURATION OF 8051
15.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROPROCESSOR AND
MICROCONTROLLER
16.PROJECT ON EMBEDDED SYSTEM
16.1. LED BLINKING SYSTEM
16.2. TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM
16.3. POTENTIOMETER SYSTEM
16.4. FOUR WAY TRAFFIC SYSTEM
17.CONCLUSION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey our sincere thanks to our project guide
ASHA .V MADAM , HR manager, kaashiv infotech ,Chennai for his
co operation ,encouragement and permission to complete this
internship.
I am also thankful to the human resource development center
department kaashiv infotech, Chennai for providing us an
opportunity for doing this internship from 5-06-2024 to 5-08-2024.
KANTIPUDI JOSHNA SRI
(21A81A0281)
INTRODUCTION
An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system
having software embedded in it.
It can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system. An
embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system
which is designed to perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is
an embedded system; it will sense only smoke.
It provides high reliability and real-time computation ability.
Embedded system may contain a smaller part within a larger device that
used for serving the more specific application to perform variety of task
using hardware-software intermixing configuration.
An embedded system has three components :
• It has hardware.
• It has application software.
• It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS) though a small scale embedded
system may not have RTOS.
• Hardware: Hardware is physically used component that is physically
connected with an embedded system. It comprises of microcontroller based
integrated circuit, power supply, LCD display etc.
• Application software: Application software allows the user to perform
varieties of application to be run on an embedded system by changing the
code installed in an embedded system.
• Real Time Operating system (RTOS): RTOS supervises the way an
embedded system work. It act as an interface between hardware and
application software which supervises the application software and provide
mechanism to let the processor run on the basis of scheduling for controlling
the effect of latencies.
Characteristics of an Embedded System:
Reactive and Real time :
Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in the
system's environment and must compute certain results in real time without any
delay .For example, a car cruise controller that continually monitors and reacts
to speed and brake sensors. It must compute acceleration or decelerations
repeatedly with in a limited time; a delayed computation can result in failure to
control of the car.
Microprocessors based :
It must be microprocessor or microcontroller based.
Memory :
It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in ROM. Connected
:
It must have connected peripherals to connect input and output devices.
HW-SW systems :
Software is used for more features and flexibility. Hardware is used for
performance and security.
Advantages :
• Small size
• Low power consumption
• Low cost
• Enhanced performance
• Easily customizable
Disadvantages :
• High development effort
• Larger time to market
Embedded Systems Examples
Digital and analog televisions.
Set-top boxes (DVDs, VCRs, Cable boxes). Personal digital assistants
(PDAs).
MP3’s and iPod's.
Kitchen appliances (refrigerators, microwave ovens).
Telephones/cell phones.
Cameras.
Global Positioning Systems And many others.
Designing of an embedded system
Sensor:
Sensor used for sensing the change in environment condition and it generate the
electric signal on the basis of change in environment condition. Therefore it is
also called as transducers for providing electric input signal on the basis of change
in environment condition.
A-D Converter:
An analog-to-digital converter is a device that converts analog electric input
signal into its equivalent digital signal for further processing in an embedded
system.
Processor & ASICs:
Processor used for processing the signal and data to execute desired set of
instructions with high-speed of operation.
Application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is an integrated circuit designed to
perform task specific operation inside an embedded system.
D-A Converter:
A digital-to-analog converter is a device that converts digital electric input signal
into its equivalent analog signal for further processing in an embedded system.
Actuators:
Actuators is a comparator used for comparing the analog input signal level to
desired output signal level for providing the error free output from the system.
Design steps required for the development of Embedded
System
Designing steps required for embedded system are different from the design
process of another electronic system.
Let's see a flow chart represent the design steps required in the development of an
embedded system:
Architechture of Embedded Systems:
The 8051 microcontrollers work with 8-bit data bus. So they can support external
data memoryupto64Kand external program memory of 64k. They can address
128k of external memory. When data and code lie in different memory blocks,
then the architecture is refered as Harvardarchitecture. In case data and code
lie in the same memory block, then the architecture is referred as Von Neumann
architecture.
Von Neumann Architecture: The Von Neumann architecture was first proposed
by a computer scientist John von Neumann. In this architecture, one data path or
bus exists for both instruction and data. As a result, the CPU does one operation
at a time. It either fetches an instruction from memory, or performs read/write
operation on data. So an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur
simultaneously, sharing a common bus. Von-Neumann architecture supports
simple hardware. It allows the use of a single, sequential memory.
Harvard Architecture: The Harvard architecture offers separate storage and
signal buses for instructions and data. This architecture has data storage entirely
contained within the CPU, and there is no access to the instruction storage as data.
Computers have separate memory areas for program instructions and data using
internal data buses, allowing simultaneous access to both instructions and data.
Programs needed to be loaded by an operator; the processor could not boot itself.
In a Harvard architecture, there is no need to make the two memories share
properties.
Von-Neumann Architechture Harvard Architecture
Single memory to be shared by both Separate memories for code and data.
code and data
Higher speed, thus less Slower in speed, thus more
time consuming timeconsuming.
Simple in design Complex in design.
Types of Embedded systems
Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on
performance, functional requirements and performance of the
microcontroller.
Embedded systems are classified into four categories based on their
performance and functional requirements:
Stand alone embedded systems, Real time embedded systems ,Networked
embedded systems and Mobile embedded systems.
Embedded Systems are classified into three types based on the performance of
the microcontroller such as :
Small scale embedded systems, Medium scale embedded systems,
Sophisticated embedded systems.
Stand Alone Embedded Systems:
Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host system like a computer, it
works by itself. It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital
and processes, calculates and converts the data and gives te resulting data
through the connected device-Which either controls, drives and displays the
connected devices. Examples for the stand alone embedded systems are mp3
players, digital cameras, video game consoles, microwave ovens and
temperature measurement systems.
Real Time Embedded Systems :
A real time embedded system is defined as, a system which gives a required o/p
inaparticulartime.These types of embedded systems follow the time deadlines
for completion of a task. Realtimeembedded systems are classified into two
types such as soft and hard real time systems.
Networked Embedded Systems :
These types of embedded systems are related to a network to access the resources.
The connected network can be LAN, WAN or the internet. The connection can be
any wired or wireless. This type of embedded system is the fastest growing area
in embedded system applications. The embedded webserver is a type of system
wherein all embedded devices are connected to a web server and accessed and
controlled by a web browser. Example for the LAN networked embedded system
is a home security system wherein all sensors are connected and run on the
protocol TCP/IP.
Mobile Embedded Systems:
Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell
phones, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players and personal digital assistants, etc
The basic limitation of these devices is the other resources and limitation of
memory.
Small Scale Embedded Systems:
These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8 or 16-bit
microcontroller, that may even be activated by a battery. For developing
embedded software for small scale embedded systems, the main programming
tools are an editor, assembler, cross assembler and integrated development
environment(IDE).
Medium Scale Embedded Systems:
These types of embedded systems design with a single or 16 or 32 bit
microcontroller, RISCs or DSPs. These types of embedded systems have both
hardware and software complexities. For developing embedded software for
medium scale embedded systems, the main programming tools are C, C++,JAVA,
Visual C++, RTOS, debugger, source code engineering tool, simulator and IDE.
Sophisticated Embedded Systems :
These types of embedded systems have enormous hardware and software
complexities, that may need ASIPs, IPs, PLAs, scalable or configurable
processors. They are used for cutting-edge applications that need hardware and
software Co-design and components which have to assemble in the final system.
Applications of Embedded Systems:
Embedded systems are used in different applications like automobiles,
telecommunications, smart cards, missiles, satellites, computer networking and
digital consumer electronics.
Real Life Applications:
• Smart Homes
• Healthcare Devices
• Automotive
• Consumer Electronics
• Industrial
• Automation
• Aerospace
• Military
EMBEDDED SYSTEM PROCESSORS
Processors are the major part in embedded systems that take response from
sensors in digital form and processing of this response to produce output in
realtime processing environment is performed using processors. Processors
inside a system:
Processors inside a system have two essential units:
• Control unit: This unit in processors performed the program flow control
operation inside an embedded system. The control unit also acts as a
fetching unit for fetching the set of instructions stored inside a memory.
• Execution unit: This unit is used for execution the various tasks inside a
processors. It mainly comprises of arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) and
it also include a circuit that executes the instruction sets used to perform
program control operation inside processors.
TYPES OF PROCESSORS:
Processors inside an embedded system are of the following categories:
• Application Specific System Processor(ASSP): ASSP is
application dependent system processor used for processing signal of
embedded system. Therefore for different application performing task a
unique set of system processors is required.
• Application Specific Instruction Processor(ASIP): ASIP is
application dependent instruction processors. It is used for processing the
various instruction set inside a combinational circuit of an embedded
system.
• General Purpose Processor (GPP): GPP is used for processing
signal from input to output by controlling the operation of system bus,
address bus and data bus inside an embedded system.
Types of general purpose processor are:
• Microprocessor
• Microcontroller
• Digital signal processor
• Analog signal processor.
Difference between General purpose computer and
Embedded systems:
General Purpose Computer Embedded Systems
It is designed using a microprocessor as It is mostly designed
the main processing unit. using a microcontroller as the
main processing unit.
It contains a large memory It uses semiconductor memories but
semiconductor memories like cache does not require secondary memories
and RAM. It also contains secondary like hard disk ,CD. It sometime has
storage like hard disks etc special memory called flash memory.
It is designed such that it can do multiple It is designed such that it can do a
tasks as per requirement. particular predefined task.
It is mostly costlier compared to the It is cheaper compared to a computer.
embedded systems.
It requires huge number of peripheral It is cheaper as it requires less no of
devices and their controllers. peripheral devices and their controllers
are microcontroller chip itself.
MICROPROCESSOR
A central processing unit built into a single VLSI chip is called a microprocessor.
It is a general purpose device and an additional outside circuitry is added to make
it work as a microcomputer.
Operations performed by microprocessor are adding, subtracting, comparing two
numbers and fetching the data from memory for transferring it from one place to
another.
Microprocessors is also called as Basic Input-Output system (BIOS) which used
for processing the input received from sensors and produced the equivalent output
from the system.
The block diagram of microprocessor:
Let's see the basic components of microprocessor:
• Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU):
ALU inside a microprocessor used to perform the arithmetic and logic
operation. It performs the logic operation on the data stored inside a
register.
• Accumulator:
It is a register inside which the intermediate arithmetic and logical
operation data is stored.
• Working registers:
It is a storage device used to store the data inside a microprocessor in
different address location.
• Program counter:
It is used for counting the number of program executed inside a
microprocessor.
• Stack pointer:
Stack pointer act as a pointer to the certain address. It is a register used to
store the address of the last program request made by the processor inside
a stack.
• Clock circuit:
It is used for generate the clock pulse required as a reference signal for the
microprocessor.
• Interrupt circuit:
It is used for generating the interrupt signal when the higher priority
process required to be served first on basis of priority by microprocessor.
MICROCONTROLLER
A microcomputer made on a single semiconductor chip is called single-chip
microcomputer. Since, single chip microcomputers are generally used in control
applications, they are also called microcontrollers.
Microcontroller contains all essential components of a microcomputer such as
CPU, RAM, ROM/EPROM, I/O lines etc. Some single chip microcontrollers
contain devices to perform specific functions such as DMA channels, A/D
converter, serial port, pulse width modulation, etc.
8051 Architecture
In 1980, Intel introduced a powerful 8051 series of 8 -bit microcontrollers. They
are the second generation of 8-bit microcontrollers. The 8051 microcontrollers
are used for a variety of applications involving limited calculations and relatively
some control strategies. They are used for industrial and commercial control
applications, appliances control, instrumentation etc.
The 8051 contains Boolean processor, full duplex serial port and power saving
circuitry in addition to essential components such as 8-bit CPU, RAM,
ROM/EPROM/OTPROM, timer/counter and parallel I/O lines. the following
figure shows block diagram and pin description.
8051 Pins Description
The pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller consists of 40 pins as given below:
Pin 1-8 (Port1):
These are 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-up resisters. It does not
perform any task; it is just an I/O port Pin 9 (RST):
It is a Reset input pin which is used to reset the microcontroller to its initial
position.
Pin 10 to 17 (Port 3):
It is also an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-up resisters.
Additionally, it performs some special functions:
PORT 3 Pin Function Description
P3.0 RXD Serial Input
P3.1 TXD Serial Output
P3.2 INT0 External Interrupt 0
P3.3 INT1 External Interrupt 1
P3.4 T0 Timer 0
P3.5 T1 Timer 1
P3.6 WR External Memory Write
P3.7 RD External Memory Read
Pin 18 and 19:
It is XTAL1 and XTAL1 pins respectively. These pins are used for connecting an
external crystal to get the system clock.
Pin 20 (GND):
It is a ground pin. It provides the power supply to the circuit. Pin
21 to 28 (Port 2):
These pins are bidirectional I/O port. Higher order address bus signals are
multiplexed with this bidirectional port.
Pin 29 (PSEN):
It is a Program Enable Pin. Using this PSEN pin external program memory can
be read.
Pin 30 (ALE/PROG):
This pin is the Address Latch Enable pin. Using this pin, external address can be
separated from data.
Pin 31 (EA/VPP):
Named as external Access Enable Pin (EA). It is used to enable or disable the
external memory interfacing.
Pin 32 - 39 (Port 0):
These are also a bidirectional I/O pins but without any internal pull-ups. Hence,
it requires external pins in order to use port 0 pins as I/O port. Lower order data
and address bus signals are multiplexed with this port. Pin 40 (VCC):
This pin is used to supply power to the circuit.
Microprocessors Microcontrollers
It is used for big applications. It is used to execute a single task
within an application.
Microprocessor is the heart of It is the heart of the embedded
computer system. system.
It is just a processor. Memory and Microcontroller contains external
I/O components have to be having processor along with internal
to be connected externally. memory and I/O components.
Difference between Microprocessor and
Microcontroller
Since I/O and memory connected Since I/O and memory present
externally, the circuit becomes internally, the circuit is small.
large.
Can't be used in compact systems Can be used in compact systems
and hence inefficient. and microcontroller is an efficient
technique.
Cost of entire system increases. Cost of entire system is low.
Power consumption is high. Power consumption is low.
Most of the microprocessors do not Most of the microcontrollers have
have power saving modes. power saving mode.
Difficult to replace. Easy to replace.
Mainly used in personal Used mainly in washing machine,
computers. MP3 players.
PROJECTS ON EMBEDDED SYSTEM 1. LED
BLINKING
If you want to light an external LED with this sketch, you need to build this
circuit, where you connect one end of the resistor to the digital pin
correspondent to the LED_BUILTIN constant. Connect the long leg of the
LED (the positive leg, called the anode) to the other end of the resistor.
Connect the short leg of the LED (the negative leg, called the cathode) to
the GND. In the diagram below we show an UNO board that has D13 as
the LED_BUILTIN value.
Code
After you build the circuit plug your Arduino board into your computer, start the
Arduino Software (IDE) and enter the code below. You may also load it from the
menu File/Examples/01.Basics/Blink . The first thing you do is to initialize
LED_BUILTIN pin as an output pin with the line
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
In the main loop, you turn the LED on with the line:
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
That takes the LED_BUILTIN pin back to 0 volts, and turns the LED off. In
between the on and the off, you want enough time for a person to see the change,
so the delay() commands tell the board to do nothing for 1000 milliseconds, or
one second. When you use the delay() command, nothing else happens for that
amount of time.
2. TRAFFIC LIGHT
Hookup Hook the GND pin (Negative Pin) of all led to Pin GND of
Arduino. Connect Red LED VCC Pin (Positive Pin) to Pin 9 of Arduino.
Connect Yellow LED VCC Pin (Positive Pin) to Pin 8 of Arduino. Connect
Green LED VCC Pin (Positive Pin) to Pin 7 of Arduino.
3. POTENTIOMETER
The potentiometer is a three-terminal device. It has a rotating contact that
acts as an adjustable voltage divider.
The potentiometer structure consists of a sliding contact (called wiper), a
resistive element, electrical terminals, and a housing.The sliding contact
moves along the resistive element, while the housing consists of the wiper
and the element.
Working: The fixed input voltage is applied across the two ends
terminal of a potentiometer, which further produces the adjustable output
voltage at the wiper or slider.
As the slider moves from one end to another, the divider can vary the output
voltage from maximum to Ground.
The connection of potentiometer with Arduino board is shown below:
4. FOUR WAY TRAFFIC CONTROL
Since the project is a traffic light controller, the circuit consists of many
LEDs (12 as a matter of fact) as we are implementing traffic lights at a 4
way intersection. The project is a simple representation of traffic light
controller and hence no other extra components are used.
We need three LEDs of Red, Yellow and Green colors at each intersection.
The intersection is divided in to four lanes: Lane1, Lane 2 Lane 3 and
Lane 4.
All the LEDs are connected to the Arduino UNO’s digital I/O pins through
respective current limiting resistors of 1KΩ.
All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The complete
wiring diagram of the circuit is shown below
CODE
CONCLUSION:
The internship is the study of the course of embedded system which
understands us to develop the application and security measures of
how to develop the embedded system .I completed my internship on the
study of the embedded system at kaashiv infotech ,Chennai . during this
period I gained the valuable knowledge insights of the development of
the embedded system how effects on the real time applications and the
hands- on experience reinforced my theortical and practical knowledge
and allowed me to contribute the team goals.in the whole period of
training period I am very grateful to the manager of the company for
this opportunity . as I move forward in my career I remain committed
to this field this gives positive impact . this internship depended my
understanding and gaining some practical knowledge in that particular
field and vital role of embedded system plays in the modern equipment.
