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Temario de Estudio SPI Panama

Cargado por Vivian Herrera el Mar 05, 2020

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QHGJ[ML AH H^QXAML ^_M.

Ihlirjbj

:. Jutlrmajahs thrrmtlrmjdhs y rhiçghehs hsphnmjdhs

Dj [hpökdmnj ah _jejgê hs ue Hstjal uemtjrml shiöe su Nlestunmþe pldçnj, quh sh lrijemzj thrrmtlrmjdgheth he
prlvmenmjs, amstrmtls, nlrrhimgmhetls y rhiçghehs hsphnmjdhs.:

Jd ;9 ah bhkrhrl ah ;?:3, dj amvmsmþe pldçnl-jagmemstrjvj ah dj [hpökdmnj ah _jejgê nlgprheah :? prlvmenmjs,; 3:

amstrmtls (l guemnmpmls), 8 nlgjrnjs meaçihejs (> ah hddjs j emvhd prlvmenmjd) y 291 nlrrhimgmhetls ah dls nujdhs als sle
nlgjrnjdhs.>1

_rlvmenmjs ah dj [hpökdmnj ah _jejgê, he :=?1.

Nle dj prlndjgjnmþe ah dj [hpökdmnj ah _jejgê he :=?>, hd pjçs buh lrijemzjal he prlvmenmjs, y hstj j su vhz amvmamajs
he guemnmpmls jd thelr ah dl amspuhstl he dj Nlestunmþe pjejghúj ah :=?1.8

Hd jrnudl :=; ah dj Nlestunmþe _ldçnj ah :=12, metrlaufl dj ahelgmejnmþe amstrmtl quh hs nlgl sh dh elgkrjkj jd
thrrmtlrml jd quh sh hxheah dj jnnmþe ahd guemnmpml. Ah hstj gjehrj, thrrmtlrml y ilkmhrel, methirjkje hd amstrmtl. ^me
hgkjril, he hsj nlestunmþe hd amstrmtl el blrgjkj pjrth ah dj lrijemzjnmþe thrrmtlrmjd ahd pjçs, puhstl quh, shiöe dl
hspudjkj su jrnudl 8, hd thrrmtlrml sh amvmaçj he guemnmpmls jutþelgls jirupjals he prlvmenmjs. He sheal nletrjrml,
hd jrnudl ;>; ah dj nlestunmþe pldçnj vmiheth, nlenmkh jd guemnmpml nlgl dj lrijemzjnmþe pldçnj jutþelgj ah dj
nlguemaja hstjkdhnmaj he ue amstrmtl. Hstl hs, quh hd amstrmtl sh ahthrgmej plr dj nlguemaja hstjkdhnmaj he ue thrrmtlrml
sufhtl j dj jnnmþe ahd guemnmpml.

[hsphntl j dls nlrrhimgmhetls, sle metrlaunmals plr prmghrj vhz he dj nlestunmþe pldçnj ah :=1:, he nuyl jrnudl 8,
sh bjnudtjkj j dls jyuetjgmhetls prlvmenmjdhs pjrj sukamvmamr dls amstrmtls he nlrrhimgmhetls. Qrjs cjkhr smal suprmgmals
ah dj nlestunmþe ah :=12, nlkrjrle vmihenmj he hd jrnudl 8 ah dj nlestunmþe ah :=9;, quh dls rhnlelnmþ nlgl dj kjsh
pldçnj ahd Hstjal, nle jgpdmj rhprhshetjnmþe y khdmihrjenmj pldçnj he hd nlethxtl ahd prlpml nlrrhimgmhetl, he hd
guemnmpml, hd nleshfl prlvmenmjd h, mendusl, he hd Þrijel Dhimsdjvl. ^me hgkjril hstj prhpleahrjenmj buh suprmgmaj,
nujeal dj amsplsmnmþe buh lkfhtl ah rhblrgj he :=3>, rhshrvjeal su rhprhshetjnmþe jd êgkmtl dlnjd y prlvmenmjd.

Nle rhdjnmþe j dj nrhjnmþe ah rhiçghehs hsphnmjdhs, sh hstjkdhnmhrle plr prmghrj vhz he hd jntl dhimsdjvl ah :=;3, quh
glamnjeal hd jrnudl 1 ah dj nlestunmþe pjejghúj ah :=?1, ahndjrjkj dj plsmkmdmaja ah nrhjr nlgjrnjs nle
thrrmtlrmls shirhijals ah djs prlvmenmjs yj hxmstheths.

_rlvmenmjs

_rlvmenmjs y nlgjrnjs meaçihejs ah _jejgê

Dj prlvmenmj hs dj gjylr amvmsmþe pldçnj he quh sh amvmah hd thrrmtlrml ahd Hstjal pjejghúl, methirjaj plr dls amstrmtls
quh sh cjyje hstjkdhnmal dhijdgheth.:

_jrj dj nrhjnmþe ah prlvmenmjs sh rhqumhrh

 Zuh hd thrrmtlrml ah dj buturj prlvmenmj theij uej plkdjnmþe gçemgj ah :8% ah dj plkdjnmþe tltjd ahd pjçs ah
jnuhral jd ödgl nhesl.
 Xej hxthesmþe thrrmtlrmjd ah gçemgl ah 1,??? `mdþghtrls nujarjals.
 Dj ahdmgmtjnmþe smnj ahd thrrmtlrml prlvmenmjd.
 Xe meblrgh slnmlhnleþgmnl y ejenmhrl ahd Gmemsthrml ah Hnlelgçj y Bmejezjs.
 Dj ahnmsmþe bjvlrjkdh ah dls nmuajajels y jutlrmajahs ah dls amstrmtls, j trjvís ah nlesudtj plpudjr me smtu.
 Xe meblrgh ahd hstuaml tínemnl rhjdmzjal plr dj Nlgmsmþe Ejnmlejd slkrh dçgmths pldçnl jagmemstrjvls.
 Zuh dj nmrnuesnrmpnmþe thrrmtlrmjd ah aleah sh tlgj hd thrrmtlrml quhah nle uej plkdjnmþe y hxthesmþe
thrrmtlrmjd, plr dl ghels, miujd jd ah dj euhvj prlvmenmj.

He njaj prlvmenmj cjy ue Ilkhrejalr ah dmkrh elgkrjgmhetl y rhglnmþe ahd þrijel hfhnuvl, qumhe hs hd rhprhshetjeth
ah ísth he su nmrnuesnrmpnmþe. Njaj ilkhrejalr heh ue supdheth ahsmiejal tjgkmíe plr hd Þrijel Hfhnuvl.

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He njaj prlvmenmj buenmlej ue nlenhfl prlvmenmjd, methirjal plr tlals d ls rhprhshetjeths ah nlrrhimgmhetls ah dj
rhsphnvj prlvmenmj.

Amstrmtls

Gjpj ah _jejgê, amvmamal he amstrmtls he hd ;?:8.

Hd amstrmtl hs dj amvmsmþe pldçnl-jagmemstrjvj ahd thrrmtlrml ah dj prlvmenmj slghaj j dj furmsamnnmþe ah ue guemnmpml,

nleblrgjal plr nlrrhimgmhetls, slkrh dls nujdhs hfhrnh d j nlgphthenmj hd ilkmhrel guemnmpjd.:

Dj Nlestunmþe pldçnj ah _jejgê rhnlelnh jd guemnmpml nlgl dj lrijemzjnmþe pldçnj jutþelgj ah dj nlguemaja
hstjkdhnmaj he ue amstrmtl. Hs nlesmahrjal nlgl dj heaja bueajghetjd ah dj amvmsmþe pldçnl jagmemstrjvj ahd Hstjal,
nle ilkmhrel prlpml, ahglnrênl y jutþelgl, dh nlrrhspleah prhstjr dls shrvmnmls pökdmnls y nlestrumr djs lkrjs
pökdmnjs quh ahthrgmeh dj dhy, lrahejr hd ahsjrrlddl ah su thrrmtlrml, prlglvhr dj pjrnmpjnmþe nmuajajej, jsç nlgl hd
ghflrjgmhetl slnmjd y nudturjd ah sus cjkmtjeths y nugpdmr djs ahgês buenmlehs quh dh jsmieh dj nlestunmþe y dj dhy.

_jrj dj nrhjnmþe ah ue amstrmtl sh rhqumhrh

Xej plkdjnmþe
He njaj prlvmenmj

buenmlejrhsmaheth he hdprlvmenmjd,
ue nlenhfl thrrmtlrml methirjal
ah ;8,???plr cjkmtjeths,
tlals d lsahrhprhshetjeths
dls nujdhs, :,8??ah ahkhe rhsmamr heah
nlrrhimgmhetls dj njkhnhrj
dj
rhsphnvjahd amstrmtl.
prlvmenmj.
 dj ahdmgmtjnmþe smnj ahd thrrmtlrml amstrmtjd.
Amstrmtls Xe meblrgh slnmlhnleþgmnl y ejenmhrl ahd Gmemsthrml ah Hnlelgçj y Bmejezjs.


 Xe meblrgh prhvml ah dls ilkmhrels guemnmpjdhs quh sh henuhetrhe mevldunrjals.

Gjpj ah _jejgê, amvmamal he amstrmtls he hd ;?:8.
 Dj ahnmsmþe bjvlrjkdh ah dls nmuajajels y jutlrmajahs ah dls amstrmtls, j trjvís ah nlesudtj plpudjr me smtu.
Hd amstrmtl Xe
 hs djmeblrgh
amvmsmþeahd
pldçnl-jagmemstrjvj
hstuaml tínemnl rhjdmzjal
ahd thrrmtlrml
plr dj Nlgmsmþe
ah dj prlvmenmj
Ejnmlejdslghaj
slkrh dçgmths
j dj furmsamnnmþe
pldçnl jagmemstrjvls.
ah ue guemnmpml,
nleblrgjal
 Zuhplr dj nlrrhimgmhetls, slkrh dls ah
nmrnuesnrmpnmþe thrrmtlrmjd nujdhs
aleahhfhrnh d j nlgphthenmj
sh tlgj hd thrrmtlrmlhdquhah
ilkmhrel
nle guemnmpjd.:
uej plkdjnmþe y hxthesmþe
thrrmtlrmjd, plr dl ghels, miujd jd ahd euhvl amstrmtl.
Dj Nlestunmþe pldçnj ah _jejgê rhnlelnh jd guemnmpml nlgl dj lrijemzjnmþe pldçnj jutþelgj ah dj nlguemaja
hstjkdhnmaj
[hsphntl hejutlrmajahs,
j dj ue amstrmtl. Hs
henlesmahrjal
njaj amstrmtlnlgl
cjy uedj jdnjdah,
heaja fhbhbueajghetjd ah dj amvmsmþe
ah dj jagmemstrjnmþe pldçnl jagmemstrjvj
Guemnmpjd, ahdhdhntls
y ue vmnhjdnjdah, Hstjal,
nle vltjnmþe
plr ilkmhrelplpudjr
prlpml, amrhntj
ahglnrênl
pjrj uey jutþelgl,
phrmlal ahdhnmnlrrhspleah
enl júls. prhstjr dls shrvmnmls pökdmnls y nlestrumr djs lkrjs

pökdmnjs quh ahthrgmeh dj dhy, lrahejr hd ahsjrrlddl ah su thrrmtlrml, prlglvhr dj pjrnmpjnmþe nmuajajej, jsç nlgl hd
He njaj Amstrmtlslnmjd
ghflrjgmhetl hxmsthy uej nlrplrjnmþe
nudturjd quh sh dh yahelgmej
ah sus cjkmtjeths nugpdmr djs nlenhfl
ahgêsguemnmpjd,
buenmlehsmethirjaj plr dj
quh dh jsmieh tlals dls [hprhshetjeths
nlestunmþe y dj dhy.
ah Nlrrhimgmhetls quh cjyje smal hdhimals ahetrl ahd amstrmtl.


_jrj dj nrhjnmþe ah ue amstrmtl sh rhqumhrh



Nlrrhimgmhetls



Xej plkdjnmþe rhsmaheth he hd thrrmtlrml ah ;8,??? cjkmtjeths, ah dls nujdhs, :,8?? ahkhe rhsmamr he dj njkhnhrj
Dls nlrrhimgmhetls
ahd amstrmtl.nlestuyhe nmrnuesnrmpnmlehs thrrmtlrmjdhs quh m ethirje ue amstrmtl quh dhijdgheth dh nlrrhspleaje.


dj ahdmgmtjnmþe smnj ahd thrrmtlrml

_jrj dj nrhjnmþe ah ue nlrrhimgmhetl

amstrmtjd.
sh rhqumhrh6
Xe meblrgh slnmlhnleþgmnl y ejenmhrl ahd Gmemsthrml ah Hnlelgçj y Bmejezjs.
 He
Xe êrhjs
meblrghurkjejs,
prhvmluej plkdjnmþe
ah dls ilkmhrels rhsmaheth el ghelr
guemnmpjdhs quh sh j >,??? cjkmtjeths,
henuhetrhe ah dls nujdhs, plr dl ghels, 8??
mevldunrjals.
ahkhrêe
Dj ahnmsmþe hstjr algmnmdmjals
bjvlrjkdh ah dls he dj njkhnhrj.
nmuajajels He êrhjs rurjdhs,
y jutlrmajahs ah dls uej plkdjnmþe
amstrmtls, el ghelr
j trjvís j :,???
ah nlesudtj cjkmtjeths,
plpudjr me smtu.ah
dls
Xe nujdhs,
meblrghplr ahddlhstuaml
ghels,tínemnl
;8? ahkhrêe hstj
rhjdmzjal algmnmdmjals
plr dj Nlgmsmþehe dj njkhnhrj.
Ejnmlejd slkrh dçgmths pldçnl jagmemstrjvls.
 dj
Zuhahdmgmtjnmþe smnj ahd
dj nmrnuesnrmpnmþe thrrmtlrmlahnlrrhimgmhetl.
thrrmtlrmjd aleah sh tlgj hd thrrmtlrml quhah nle uej plkdjnmþe y hxthesmþe
 Xej prlpuhstj
thrrmtlrmjd, plr dlrgjaj
ghels,plr dl ghels,
miujd hd :?%
jd ahd euhvl ah dls nmuajajels ahd buturl nlrrhimgmh etl, rhnlpmdjajs
amstrmtl.
ghamjeth nlesudtj plpudjr me smtu.
[hsphntl jXe

djmeblrgh
jutlrmajahs, he njaj amstrmtl
slnmlhnleþgmnl cjy ue jdnjdah,
y ejenmhrl fhbh ahah
ahd Gmemsthrml dj jagmemstrjnmþe Guemnmpjd, y ue vmnhjdnjdah, hdhntls
Hnlelgçj y Bmejezjs.
plr vltjnmþe
 Xe plpudjr
meblrgh amrhntj pjrjtínemnl
ahd hstuaml ue phrmlal ah nm enl
rhjdmzjal plr júls.
dj Nlgmsmþe Ejnmlejd slkrh dçgmths pldçnl jagmemstrjvls.
 Zuh djhxmsth
He njaj Amstrmtl nmrnuesnrmpnmþe thrrmtlrmjd
uej nlrplrjnmþe quhahshaleah sh tlgjnlenhfl
dh ahelgmej hd thrrmtlrml quhahmethirjaj
guemnmpjd, nle uej plkdjnmþe
plr tlals ydls
hxthesmþe
[hprhshetjeths
thrrmtlrmjd,quh
ah Nlrrhimgmhetls plrcjyje
dl ghels, miujd jd ahd
smal hdhimals euhvl
ahetrl ahdnlrrhimgmhetl.
amstrmtl.
He hd njsl ah dls nlrrhimgmhetl urkjels ah jdtj ahesmaja ah plkdjnmþe, dj euhvj prlpuhstj ah nrhjnmþe ahd
Nlrrhimgmhetls

nlrrhimgmhetl ahkh nletjr nle ue gçemgl ah ;?,??? cjkmtjeths y uej hxthesmþe thrrmtlrmjd, gês l ghels , miujd j dj ahd
Dls nlrrhimgmhetls
nujd sh shirhij. nlestuyhe nmrnuesnrmpnmlehs thrrmtlrmjdhs quh m ethirje ue amstrmtl quh dhijdgheth dh nlrrhspleaje.

Qjgkmíe
_jrj dj nrhjnmþe

plarêeah nrhjrsh
ue nlrrhimgmhetl
nlrrhimgmhetl
sh nle
rhqumhrh6
ghels kjsh plkdjnmlejd plr rjzlehs ah hxthesmþe thrrmtlrmjd, emvhdhs ah
plkrhzj y ah amnmd jnnhsmkmdmaja.


He êrhjs urkjejs, uej plkdjnmþe rhsmaheth el ghelr j >,??? cjkmtjeths, ah dls nujdhs, plr dl ghels, 8??

ahkhrêe hstjr algmnmdmjals he dj njkhnhrj. He êrhjs rurjdhs, uej plkdjnmþe el ghelr j :,??? cjkmtjeths, ah

dls nujdhs, plr dl ghels, ;8? ahkhrêe hstj algmnmdmjals he dj njkhnhrj.

dj ahdmgmtjnmþe smnj ahd thrrmtlrml nlrrhimgmhetl.
Xej prlpuhstj rgjaj plr dl ghels, hd :?% ah dls nmuajajels ahd buturl nlrrhimgmh etl, rhnlpmdjajs
ghamjeth nlesudtj plpudjr me smtu.
Xe meblrgh slnmlhnleþgmnl y ejenmhrl ahd Gmemsthrml ah Hnlelgçj y Bmejezjs.
Xe meblrgh ahd hstuaml tínemnl rhjdmzjal plr dj Nlgmsmþe Ejnmlejd slkrh dçgmths pldçnl jagmemstrjvls.
Zuh dj nmrnuesnrmpnmþe thrrmtlrmjd ah aleah sh tlgj hd thrrmtlrml quhah nle uej plkdjnmþe y hxthesmþe
thrrmtlrmjd, plr dl ghels, miujd jd ahd euhvl nlrrhimgmhetl.

Anuncionlrrhimgmhetl ahkh nletjr nle ue gçemgl ah ;?,??? cjkmtjeths yDescarga para gês lleer sinj djpublicidad
He hd njsl ah dls nlrrhimgmhetl urkjels ah jdtj ahesmaja ah plkdjnmþe, dj euhvj prlpuhstj ah nrhjnmþe ahd
uej hxthesmþe thrrmtlrmjd, ghels , miujd ahd
nujd sh shirhij.

Qjgkmíe plarêe nrhjrsh nlrrhimgmhetl nle ghels kjsh plkdjnmlejd plr rjzlehs ah hxthesmþe thrrmtlrmjd, emvhdhs ah
plkrhzj y ah amnmd jnnhsmkmdmaja.

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Njaj nlrrhimgmhetl hs jagmemstrjal plr ue rhprhshetjeth quh hs hdhim al plr vltjnmþe plpudjr amrhntj, plr ue phrçlal
ah nmenl júls. Dls rhprhshetjeths ah nlrrhimgmhetls puhahe rhhdhimals meahemajgheth.

[hiçghehs hsphnmjdhs O
Nlgjrnjs meaçihejs

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He dj jntujdmaja dj dhy 28 ah ;?:8, hstjkdhnh quh pjrj dj nrhjnmþe ah rhiçghehs hsphnmjdhs sh ahkhe lkshrvjr dls
rhqumsmtls hstjkdhnmals he dj nlestunmþe y dj dhy.
10
Hd prmghr ríimghe hsphnmjd he nrhjrsh buh dj nlgjrnj ah ^je Kdjs (cly Iuej ]jdj) plr ghaml ah dj dhy :2 ahd := ah
amnmhgkrh ah :=8>0 dh smiumþ dj Hgkhrê-Yluejje (dhy ;; ahd 3 ah elvmhgkrh ah :=3>), Gjauijeaç (dhy ;1 ahd :; ah
hehrl ah :==2), Eiákh-Kuidí (dhy :? ah 9 ah gjrzl ah :==9) y dj ah Yjrijeaç (dhy >1 ahd ;8 ah fudml ah ;???).

;. Lrmihe ahd Mstgl shiöe Mestutl ^gmtc ^lemjes _jejgê

Mestutl ^gmtcslemje ah Mevhsijnmlehs Qrlpmnjdhs shújdje quh cjnh :8 gmddlehs ah júls _jejgê surimþ nlgl ue
Njaj nlrrhimgmhetl hs jagmemstrjal plr ue rhprhshetjeth quh hs hdhim al plr vltjnmþe plpudjr amrhntj, plr ue phrçlal
jrncmpmídjil0 cjnh 3 gmddlehs ah júls, hsth sh hxtheamþ cjstj hd ^ur ah Jgírmnj y nujtrl gmddlehs ah júls gês tjrah, hd
ah nmenl júls. Dls rhprhshetjeths ah nlrrhimgmhetls puhahe rhhdhimals meahemajgheth.
mstgl yj cjkçj hghrimal. ^þdl hxmsje trhs nlrrhalrhs gjrmels hetrh hd Lníjel _jnçnl y hd Gjr Njrmkh.
Djs mevhsijnmlehs
[hiçghehs phrgmthe ddhijr j dj nlendusmþe ah quh hd mstgl pjejghúl shpjrþ hd lníjel ahd gjr cjnh sldl trhs
hsphnmjdhs
gmddlehs ah júls.
Nlgjrnjs meaçihejs
>. Dmgmths ah _jejgê
He dj jntujdmaja dj dhy 28 ah ;?:8, hstjkdhnh quh pjrj dj nrhjnmþe ah rhiçghehs hsphnmjdhs sh ahkhe lkshrvjr dls
_jejgê dmgmtj,
rhqumsmtls jd elrth,he
hstjkdhnmals nledj hd gjr Njrmkh0y jd
nlestunmþe sur, nle hd lníjel _jnçnl0 jd hsth, nle d j [hpökdmnj ah Nldlgkmj0 y, jd
dj dhy.
lhsth, nle dj [hpökdmnj ah Nlstj [mnj.
Hd prmghr ríimghe hsphnmjd he nrhjrsh buh dj nlgjrnj ah ^je Kdjs (cly Iuej ]jdj) plr ghaml ah dj dhy :2 ahd := ah
1. Xk
amnmhgkrh ahmnj nmþedhrhsmiumþ
:=8>0 imlejddjshi öe dj zlej ndmgê(dhy
Hgkhrê-Yluejje nj ;; ahd 3 ah elvmhgkrh ah :=3>), Gjauijeaç (dhy ;1 ahd :; ah
hehrl ah :==2), Eiákh-Kuidí (dhy :? ah 9 ah gjrzl ah :==9) y dj ah Yjrijeaç (dhy >1 ahd ;8 ah fudml ah ;???).
_lr su ukmnjnmþe ihlirênj, he dj rhimþe methrtrlpmnjd prþxmgj jd Hnujalr thrrhstrh, y plr su nleiurjnmþe ah brjefj ah
hrrj jeilstj lrmhetjaj ah hsth j lhsth y kjújaj he sus nlstjs plr dls lníjels Jtdêenl y _jnçnl, _jejgê nuhetj
bueajghetjdgheth nle als zlejs ndmgênjs
;. Lrmihe ahd Mstgl shiöe Mestutl ^gmtc ^lemjes _jejgê
Qmheh als hstjnmlehs uej dduvmlsj, ah jkrmd j amnmhgkrh, y ltrj shnj he dls ghshs ah amnmhgkrh, hehrl, bhkrhrl y gjrzl.
Mestutl ^gmtcslemje
El lkstjeth, dj íplnj ahshnjMevhsijnmlehs Qrlpmnjdhs
el hs guy gjrnjaj, shújdje quhhe
hsphnmjdgheth cjnh :8 gmddlehs
d j nlstj ah júls _jejgê surimþ nlgl ue
ahd Njrmkh.
jrncmpmídjil0 cjnh 3 gmddlehs ah júls, hsth sh hxtheamþ cjstj hd ^ur ah Jgírmnj y nujtrl gmddlehs ah júls gês tjrah, hd
Djs thgphrjturjs
mstgl ah dj nlstj
yj cjkçj hghrimal. ^þdlahd _jnçnl
hxmsje sle
trhs jdil mebhrmlr
nlrrhalrhs quh djs
gjrmels ahd Njrmkh.
hetrh Dj thgphrjturj
hd Lníjel hs eltjkdhgheth
_jnçnl y hd Gjr Njrmkh. brhsnj he
djs
Djspjrths gês jdtjsphrgmthe
mevhsijnmlehs ah djs smhrrjs,
ddhijry jgês brçjs he djsah
dj nlendusmþe smhrrjs
quh hdahd lnnmaheth.
mstgl pjejghúlJ phsjr ah dl
shpjrþ hdhstrhncl ahdgjr
lníjel ahd pjçscjnh
hxmsthsldl
uejtrhs
helrgh
gmddlehsamsmghtrçj
ah júls. pduvmlgítrmnj hetrh dj nlstj ahd Njrmkh y dj ahd _jnçnl, aleah dduhvh ghels ah dj gmtja.

8.
>. _uetl
Dmgmthss hxt
ah rhg ls
_jejgêhe quh thrgmej euhstrl thrrmtlrml

_jejgê dmgmtj, jd elrth, nle hd gjr Njrmkh0 jd sur, nle hd lníjel _jnçnl0 jd hsth, nle d j [hpökdmnj ah Nldlgkmj0 y, jd
lhsth, nle dj [hpökdmnj ah Nlstj [mnj.

1. Xkmnjnmþe rhimlejd shiöe dj zlej ndmgênj

_lr su ukmnjnmþe ihlirênj, he dj rhimþe methrtrlpmnjd prþxmgj jd Hnujalr thrrhstrh, y plr su nleiurjnmþe ah brjefj ah
hrrj jeilstj lrmhetjaj ah hsth j lhsth y kjújaj he sus nlstjs plr dls lníjels Jtdêenl y _jnçnl, _jejgê nuhetj
bueajghetjdgheth nle als zlejs ndmgênjs

Qmheh als hstjnmlehs uej dduvmlsj, ah jkrmd j amnmhgkrh, y ltrj shnj he dls ghshs ah amnmhgkrh, hehrl, bhkrhrl y gjrzl.
El lkstjeth, dj íplnj shnj el hs guy gjrnjaj, hsphnmjdgheth he d j nlstj ahd Njrmkh.

Djs thgphrjturjs ah dj nlstj ahd _jnçnl sle jdil mebhrmlr quh djs ahd Njrmkh. Dj thgphrjturj hs eltjkdhgheth brhsnj he
djs pjrths gês jdtjs ah djs smhrrjs, y gês brçjs he djs smhrrjs ahd lnnmaheth. J phsjr ah dl hstrhncl ahd pjçs hxmsth uej
helrgh amsmghtrçj pduvmlgítrmnj hetrh dj nlstj ahd Njrmkh y dj ahd _jnçnl, aleah dduhvh ghels ah dj gmtja.

8. _uetls hxtrhgls he quh thrgmej euhstrl thrrmtlrml

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Xej vlnjd jkmhrtj (j, h, l) y uej nhrrjaj êtlej (m, u), y vmnhvhrsj, tjgkmíe blrgje uej sldj sçdjkj y nlestuyhe ue
amptleil6 pmh, cuh-sl

Xej vlnjd jkmhrtj (j, h, l) hetrh als nhrrjajs êtlejs (m, u) blrgje uej gmsgj sçdjkj y nlestuyhe ue trmptleil6 nle--
euíms, dmg-pmêms.

>. Ndjsmnjnmþe ah djs pjdjkrjs shiöe hd jnhetl

JIXAJ^ Nujeal thrgmeje he e, s y vlnjdhs.

I[JRH^ Nujeal thrgmeje he nujdqumhr nleslejeth ghels he e, s y vlnjdhs.

H^A[XFXDJ^ ^h tmdaje smhgprh.

^LK[H^A[XFXDJ^ ^h tmdaje smhgprh.

1. Amptleil, trmptleil y Cmjtl

Amptleil, trmptleil, cmjtls

Amptleil hs dj rhuemþe ah als vlnjdhs he dj gmsgj sçdjkj quh sh prleuenmje he ue sldl ildph
ah vlz.

Hfhgpdl6 jmrh, njusj, jnhmth, ahuaj, klmej.

Qrmptleil hs dj rhuemþe ah trhs vlnjdhs quh sh prleuenmje he ue sldl ildph ah vlz.

Hfhgpdl6 dmgpmêms, jnjrmnmíms, jvhrmiuêms, kuhy, gmju.

Cmjtl hs nujeal als vlnjdhs vje shiumajs he uej pjdjkrj phrl sh prleuenmje he sçdjkjs
ambhrheths.

Hfhgpdl6 dhþe, jírhl, rjçz, bhl, phjej.

Elrgjs ah jnhetujnmþe ah amptleils, trmptleils h cmjtls6

Dls amptleils y trmptleils smiuhe ihehrjdgheth djs elrgjs ihehrjdhs ah dj jnhetujnmþe y sh

nldlnjrê dj tmdah he dj vlnjd quh suhej gês buhrth.

Hfhgpdls6 amþnhsms, amêbjel, tjgkmíe, ahspuís, cuíspha, eêutmnl, eêubrjil, shpêms, ddhiuíms,
dmgpmíms, jvhrmiuêms, nuçajdl, nuçajgh, bjrgjníutmnl.

Dj "c" guaj hetrh vlnjdhs sh nlesmahrj mehxmstheth nle rhsphntl j dj jnhetujnmþe ah amptleils.

Hfhgpdls6 ahsjcunmjr, rhcmdjr.

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Dj "y" irmhij bmejd blrgj amptleils y trmptleils phrl euenj sh plearê tmdah he dls gmsgls.

Hfhgpdls6 nlevly, Hdly, Xruiujy, _jrjiujy, vmrrhy, Rjdahrjauhy. O

Dls cmjtls smiuhe, njsm smhgprh, djs elrg js ih ehrj dhs ah dj jnhetujnmþe.

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Hfhgpdls6 dhþe, jírhl. página después de un anuncio 6
Cjy ue njsl hsphnmjd quh ddhvj tmdah pjrj rlgphr amptleil quh el smiuh djs elrgjs ihehrjdhs.

Hfhgpdls6 rjçz, köcl, kjöd, [jöd, tçl, rçl, Gjrçj, njetjrçj, rhcösl, jcçenl, njçaj, mrçjms, rhöeh,
jntöj...

Amptleil6 hs dj nlgkmejnmþe ah als vlnjdhs he uej sldj sçdjkj.

Xej ah hsjs vlnjdhs ahkh shr dj M l dj X, phrl sme jnhetl tþemnl (l shj, el ahkh njrijrsh dj
vlz he dj vlnjd jd prleuenmjr nlrrhntjgheth dj pjdjkrj quh dj ddhvj).
Dj
Cjy"y" irmhijnlgkmejnmlehs
njtlrnh bmejd blrgj amptleils y trmptleils
quh blrgje phrl euenj sh plearê tmdah he dls gmsgls.
amptleil6

Hfhgpdls6 nlevly, Hdly, Xruiujy, _jrjiujy, vmrrhy, Rjdahrjauhy.

jm pjm-sj-fh jm-rhs kjm-dje-al
ju smiuhe,
Dls cmjtls pju-snjsm j smhgprh, djs elrgfju-jsdj ih ehrj dhs ah dj jnhetujnmþe.
dju-rhd
hm rhme-nm-amr phm-ejr rhm-ejr
Hfhgpdls6
hu dhþe, rhujírhl.
-emþe pjrj
Hu-rrlgphr
l-pj amptleil shu-aþ-em-gl
lm ch-rlm-nls slms pj-rj-elm-nl
Cjy ue njsl hsphnmjd quh ddhvj tmdah quh el smiuh djs elrgjs ihehrjdhs.
lu ^lu-zj klu Nlu-tl
Hfhgpdls6
mj gjkö
rjçz, -icl,
mj kjöd, [jöd, tçl, rçl,
cj-nGj mj rçj, njetjrçj, rhcösl,
ah-sj-bmjjcçenl,
-al njçaj, mrçjms, rhöeh,
jntöj...
Amptleil
mh emh-vh vmhr-th smhg-th
ml vml-dh-tj vm-nml l-aml
6 hs dj nlgkmejnmþe ahMals vlnjdhsX, hesme
uej sldj sçdjkj.
jnhetl tþemnl
mu trmue-bjr nmu-aja vmu-aj
Xej ah
ujhsjs vlnjdhs
nuj-tjsahkh shr dj l djiujrphrl -aj nujg-a (ll shj, el ahkh njrijrsh dj
vlz he
uh
dj vlnjdnujdheprleuenmjr
-tj nlrrhntjgheth
puh-kdldj pjdjkrj quh djrhddhvj).
-suh-ej
um
Cjy njtlrnh rum-al
nlgkmejnmlehs quh blrgje nuamptleil6
m-ajr j-gm-ium-tls
jm
ul je-tm-iul j,-km-iul nles-pm-nul
ju
Dls amptleilspsh jm-amvmahe
sj-fh he nrhnmheths,jmahnrhnmheths
-rhs y clgliíehls.
kjm-dje-al
hm
pju-sj fju-dj dju-rhd
Nrhnmheths6
hu dls quh hgpmhzje plr vlnjd nhrrjaj (m, u), plrquh jd prleuenmjrdls jughetj dj
jkhrturj ah djrhvlnjd
me-nm-ahsah
mr /m/ l /u/ pcjstj
hm-ejdjr smiumheth vlnjrhd,m-sle6
e jr
lm
rhu-emþe Hu-rl-pj shu-aþ-em-gl
lu
mh ch-rlm-nmljs ml slms uj uhpj-rj-elm-nlul
mj
Ahnrhnmheths6 ^ldlsu-zquh
j thrgmeje he vlnjd
klu nhrrjaj y sle6 Nlu-tl
mh
gj-imj cj-nmj ah-sj-bmj-al
ml jm hm lm ju hu lu
Clgliíehls6 edls quh hgpmhzje y thrgmeje plr vlnjd nhrrjaj,mhg
mh -v h vm hr-t h s -th
sle6
mu
vml-dh-tj vm-nml l-aml
uj
trmue-bjr mu nmu-aja um vmu-aj
uh
ELQJ MG_L[QJEQH6
nuj-tjs^m uej ah djs vlnjdhs,
iujr-dj ajM l dj X, vj jnhetujaj,
nujg-al el hxmsth amptleil, sh
um
nuhe-tj puh-kdl rh-suh-ej
ul
rum-al num-ajr j-gm-ium-tls
je-tm-iul j,-km-iul nles-pm-nul
Dls amptleils sh amvmahe he nrhnmheths, ahnrhnmheths y clgliíehls.

Nrhnmheths6 dls quh hgpmhzje plr vlnjd nhrrjaj (m, u), plrquh jd prleuenmjrdls jughetj dj
jkhrturj ah
mh dj vlnjd amhsah
j /m/ l ml/u/ cjstj udjj smiumheth vlnj
uh d, sle6 ul

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Ahnrhnmheths
jm 6 dls quh
hmthrgmeje l
he
m vlnjd nhrjrjaj
u y sle6 hu lu

Clgliíehls6 dls quh hgpmhzje

mu y thrgmeje plr vlnjd
um nhrrjaj, sle6
M X,

ELQJ MG_L[QJEQH6 ^m uej ah djs vlnjdhs, dj l dj vj jnhetujaj, el hxmsth amptleil, sh

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shpjrj he sçdjkjs amstmetjs y hsj dhtrj l blehgj ahkh ddhvjr uej tmdah (l shj, ahkh gjrnjrsh hd
jnhetl tþemnl nle dj tmdah pjrj nlevhrtmrsh he jnhetl hsnrmtl)6

iuç-j cj-nç-j nj-pm-nö-j O

j-ths-tm-iu-þ
j-trm-ku-ç-j rç-l kl-cç-l slg-krç-l
Qrmptleil6 hs dj nlgkmejnmþe, he uej sldj sçdjkj, ah trhs vlnjdhs. Dj [hjd Jnjahgmj ah dj

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Dheiuj, he su "Lrtlirjbçj", ahbmeh hd trmptleil nlgl "hd nlefuetl ah trhs vlnjdhs quh sh
prleuenmje he uej gmsgj sçdjkj. Dls trmptleils hstêe blrgjals plr uej vlnjd jkmhrtj (j, h, l)
quh lnupj dj plsmnmþe methrghamj hetrh als vlnjdhs nhrrjajs (m, u), emeiuej ah djs nujdhs puhah
shr tþemnj".

^hiöe hstj ahbmemnmþe, puhahe ajrsh djs smiumheths nlgkmejnmlehs pjrj blrgjr ue trmptleil6

mju mjm ujm uju mhu mhm

uh m uh u mlu mlm ulm ul u
Jdiuejs ah hddjs el sh aje he emeiuej pjdjkrj, plr hddl, djs gês usjajs he hspjúld sle6

shpjrj hemjmsçdjkjsj-vmêms hx-pmêms

amstmetjs y hsjj-sl-nmêms
dhtrj l blehgj ahkh ddhvjr uej tmdah (l shj, ahkh gjrnjrsh hd
jnhetl tþemnl
mhm nlej-vmíms
dj tmdahhx-pmíms
pjrj nlevhrtmrsh
j-sl-nmíms he jnhetl hsnrmtl)6
ujm j-glr-tm-iuêms j-ths-tm-iuêms j-vh-rm-iuêms
iuç-j j-glr-tm-iôímscjj-ths-tm-iôíms
Qrmptleiluhm -nç-j njj-vh-rm-iôíms
-pm-nö-j j-ths-tm-iu-þ
j-trm-kua-mlm-nl
mlm -ç-j rç-l kl-cç-l slg-krç-l
Cmjtl6 hs hd6 hs dj nlgkmejnmþe,
henuhetrl he uej quh
ah als vlnjdhs sldjel
sçdjkj,
blrgjeah amptleil
trhs vlnjdhs. Dj plr
y quh, [hjdtjetl,
Jnjahgmj ah dj j
phrthehnhe
Dheiuj,
als he amstmetjs.
sçdjkjs su "Lrtlirjbçj", ahbmeh hd trmptleil nlgl "hd nlefuetl ah trhs vlnjdhs quh sh
prleuenmje he uej gmsgj sçdjkj. Dls trmptleils hstêe blrgjals plr uej vlnjd jkmhrtj (j, h, l)
quh lnupj dj plsmnmþe
JNHEQXJNMÞE methrghamj] hetrh
AH AM_QLEIL^ als vlnjdhs nhrrjajs (m, u), emeiuej ah djs nujdhs puhah
Q[M_QLEIL^
shr tþemnj".
^m hd jnhetl tþemnl (hd quh sh —gjrnj njrijeal dj vlz‗) njh he uej sçdjkj quh
^hiöe hstj
mjahbmemnmþe,
u
blrgj amptleil puhahe
mjm
l trmptleil, ajrshuj
djs
m smiumheths
ujunlgkmejnmlehs
mhu pjrj blrgjr
mhm ue trmptleil6
uh m uh u mlu mlm ulm ul u
dj tmdah (quh —gjrnj‗ hd jnhetl hsnrmtl) cj ah hsnrmkmrsh he dj vlnjd gês jkmhrtj6

Jdiuejs ahp jhddjs

mjm rjkmíel
e sh aje he emeiuej vmêtmnlpjdjkrj, plr hddl, djs
cuígês
rbjeusjajs
l he hspjúld sle6
gmrêms
mhm cuíspha vuídvjsh
hstuamêj-vmêms
ujm ms hx-pmêms j-sl-nmêms
sjetmiuêms jvhrmiuêms
jslnmímsj-vmíms hx-pmíms j-sl-nmíms
uhm amþnhsms glvmíealsh
mlm hs j-glr-tm-iuêms
^m hd amptleil um l mu, dj tmdah j-ths-tm-iuêms
sh nldlnj slkrh j-vh-rm-iuêms
dj ödtmgj vlnjd. ^h hxnhptöje djs pjdjkrjs
ddjejs nlgl bdumal,
Cmjtl6 j-glr-tm-iôíms
rhmej, cumaj, j-ths-tm-iôíms
htn.6 j-vh-rm-iôíms
a-mlm-nl
hs nhduçhenuhetrl
ahsh ah als vlnjdhsjrruquh
çehdlel blrgje amptleil syuquh,
stmtuçplr tjetl, phrthehnhe j
als
El shsçdjkjs
nldlnjamstmetjs.
tmdah he amptleils ah glelsçdjkls vhrkjdhs6

JNHEQXJNMÞE AH AM_QLEIL^
aml] Q[M_QLEIL^
bum buh vml
amptleil trmptleil,
NXJEAL CJ] AL^ RLNJDH^ HE CMJQL
^m hd jnhetl tþemnl (hd quh sh —gjrnj njrijeal dj vlz‗) njh he uej sçdjkj quh
blrgj l vlnjd gês jkmhrtj6
Nujeal hd jnhetl rhnjh he uej vlnjd quh hstê he cmjtl nle ltrj, sh pleh tmdah l el, shiöe djs
rhidjs ihehrjdhs6
dj tmdah (quh —gjrnj‗ hd jnhetl hsnrmtl) cj ah hsnrmkmrsh he dj
phþe plhtj thjtrl plítmnl
pjrjkmíe vmêtmnl cuírbjel
gmrêms cuíspha vuídvjsh
hstuamêms sjetmiuêms jvhrmiuêms
jslbdumal,
nmíms rhmej, cumaj, amþhtn.6
nhsms glvmíealsh
^m hd amptleil hs um l mu, dj tmdah sh nldlnj slkrh dj ödtmgj vlnjd. ^h hxnhptöje djs pjdjkrjs
ddjejs nlgl

nuçahsh jrruçehdl sustmtuç

El sh nldlnj tmdah he amptleils ah glelsçdjkls vhrkjdhs6

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NXJEAL CJ] AL^ RLNJDH^ HE CMJQL

Nujeal hd jnhetl rhnjh he uej vlnjd quh hstê he cmjtl nle ltrj, sh pleh tmdah l el, shiöe djs
rhidjs ihehrjdhs6

phþe plhtj thjtrl plítmnl

^m dj vlnjd tþemnj he cmjtl hs uej m l uej u, smhgprh ddhvjrê tmdah6

vjnçl cjnçj kjöd jtjöa

rjçz rhçr trjevçj njçaj
gjçz Gjrçj brhçr vheçjgls
nletmeöl njpmnöj ijejrçjs ijröj

8. Hd pêrrjl

Cmstlrmj
:. ^mgkldls pjtrmls
KJEAH[J
Dj Mesmiemj khddj, chrglsj y trmnldlr quh rhprhshetj j euhstrj ejnmþe, buh nrhjaj plr Ale Gjeuhd H. Jgjalr y
nlebhnnmlejaj plr Alúj Gjrçj Lssj ah Jgjalr he hd júl :=?>.

Hstls sle dls smiemnjals ah dls nldlrhs y hstrhddjs6

[lfl6 Hd pjral dmkhrjd
Jzud6 Hd pjral Nleshrvjalr
Kdjenl6 dj jesmjaj pjz hetrh dls pjrals cmstþrmnls
Hstrhddj Jzud6 _urhzj y Clehsaja
Hstrhddj [lfj6 Jutlrmaja y Dhy
HD H^NXAL
Buh nrhjal plr hd jrstj Ale Emnjelr Rmddjdjz he hd júl :=?>

Djs pjrths ahd hsnual smiemnje

Dj pjdj y hd pmnl6 sçgkldls ah trjkjfl

Djs jdjs6 sçgkldl ahd prlirhsl
Hd amehrl6 hgkdhgj ah dj rmquhzj

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Hd rmh6 jamþs pjrj smhgprh j djs iuhrrjs nmvmdhs, njusj ah euhstrj rumej
Dls rçls y dj hrrj6 guhstrj jd Mstgl y j dls als lníjels quh kjúje sus nlstjs, hd Jtdêenl y hd _jnçnl
Dj duej y hd sld6 jsç dj clrj vhsphrej he quh sh prlndjgþ dj shnhsmþe ahd Mstgl ah dj [hpökdmnj ah Nldlgkmj, hd trhs ah
elvmhgkrh ah :=?>.

HD CMGEL EJNMLEJD
^u Chrglsj dhtrj, vmkrjeth, hglvj, hs ahd tjdhetlsl plrtj ejnmlejd. Fhrþemgl Lssj y su nlesjirjaj gösmnj y gjhstrl
Ale ^jetls Flrih nujeal sh njetj hd cmgel jeth dj kjeahrj sh dh rmeah clghejfh j hstê y sh dh sjduaj.

Hd cmgel buh nlebhnnmlejal he hd júl :=?>

;. Nrmstþkjd Nldle, ddhijaj jd mstgl ah _jejgê

Hd mstgl ah _jejgê buh vmsmtjal plr prmghrj vhz plr dls nlequmstjalrhs hspjúldhs aurjeth dj hxphamnmþe ahd hsnrmkjel
ah Qrmjej, [larmil ah Kjsajs, he :8?:. Kjsajs ejvhiþ dj nlstj njrmkhúj ah dj jntujd prlvmenmj ah Nldþe y djs msdjs ahd
jrncmpmídjil ah dj Nlgjrnj ah ^je Kdjs. Ahkmal j dj gjdj nleamnmþe ah sus kjrnls, Kjsajs suspheamþ su hxphamnmþe y
rhirhsþ j Hspjúj.

Nrmstþkjd Nldþe

Hd :? ah lntukrh ah :8?;, he su nujrtl vmjfh, Nrmstþkjd Nldþe ddhiþ j dj nlstj jtdêenj ahd mstgl, he djs jntujdhs prlvmenmjs
ah Klnjs Ahd Qlrl y Rhrjiujs. Hd ; ah elvmhgkrh, ddhiþ j uej prhnmlsj kjcçj he dj jntujd prlvmenmj ah Nldþe, j dj quh
kjuzþ nlgl hd elgkrh ah _lrtlkhdl l _uhrtl Khddl.
Ahkmal j su ihlirjj, _jejgê lnupj uej plsmnmþe hstrjtíimnj. Hsl buh ndjvh pjrj tlals dls pjçshs j dls quh phrthehnmþ
aurjeth su cmstlrmj. ^u hskhdtj smduhtj gmah tje sþdl 3? `mdþghtrls he sus êrhjs gês jeilstjs, nlevmrheal hstj hrrj he
dj iurj mahjd pjrj uemr als lníjels. Hsth bjntlr methrhsþ guncl j Hspjúj, quh ahsah memnmls ahd smidl SRM nlevmrþ jd pjçs
he uej vçj ah nrunh hetrh dls gjrhs y he ue nhetrl nlghrnmjd mgplrtjeth ahetrl ah su mgphrml.

Mgphrml hspjúld

Hspjúj trjesplrtjkj sus rmquhzjs plr ghaml ah kjrnls cjstj hd puhrtl ah _lrtþkhdl he dj prlvmenmj ah Nldþe. Ah jddç,
gudjs y njyunls njrijkje dj ghrnjençj j trjvís ahd mstgl cjstj dj Nmuaja ah _jejgê pjrj amstrmkumr j sus nldlemjs he
Jgírmnj.

Hsj nlenhetrjnmþe ah rmquhzjs jtrjfl j pmrjtjs y nlrsjrmls meidhshs nlgl Brjenms Arj`h, quh jsldþ _lrtþkhdl he :8=2 y
Chery Glrije quh menheamþ y sjquhþ dj prmghrj Nmuaja ah _jejgê he :29:. Dj gmsgj buh trjsdjajaj jd jntujd Njsnl
Jeiul ah dj njpmtjd, trjesblrgêealsh he ue blnl ah ahsjrrlddl pjrj dj buturj rhpökdmnj.

Glvjaj plr dls jmrhs ah dmkhrtja ah sus pjçshs vhnmels, _jejgê sh meahpheamzj ah Hspjúj he hd ghs ah elvmhgkrh ah
:3;:. Hd jsuetl el hrj ah slrprheahr yj quh su nlguemnjnmþe nle Hspjúj sh cjkçj ahthrmlrjal. ^me hgkjril, hd prlnhsl
ah meahpheahenmj buh pjnçnl tjetl jsç, quh hd gmsgl ^mgþe Kldçvjr dj nleghglrþ.

Jmrhs ah dmkhrtja

Duhil ah dj meahpheahenmj ah Hspjúj, _jejgê sh uemþ vlduetjrmjgheth j dj Irje Nldlgkmj, hd suhúl ah Kldçvjr. Hsj
euhvj ejnmþe hstjkj nleblrgjaj plr Nldlgkmj, Rhehzuhdj y Hnujalr.
Jd prmenmpml, hsj uemþe cmstþrmnj khehnmþ guncl jd pjçs, ajeal pjsl j uej euhvj vmsmþe ah dçahrhs djeljghrmnjels quh
mgpudsjkje ue irje ahsjrrlddl rhimlejd. Hstj íplnj gjrnþ ue cmtl he hd gueal jd ltlriêrshdh j dls Hstjals Xemals dj
jutlrmzjnmþe pjrj nlestrumr hd prmghr bhrrlnjrrmd trjesçstgmnl.
_hrl hd ahshl pjejghúl ah nlevhrrsh he uej rhpökdmnj dmkrh y slkhrjej y hd jplyl ah dls Hstjals Xemals nleddhvþ j
_jejgê j uej meahpheahenmj tltjd ah Nldlgkmj hd > ah elvmhgkrh ah :=?>.

Hd njejd ah _jejgê „ dj lntjvj gjrjvmddj ahd gueal

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He :=?1 memnmþ dj nlestrunnmþe ahd Njejd ah _jejgê plr dls hstjaluemaheshs, uej lkrj nlesmahrjaj dj lntjvj gjrjvmddj
ahd gueal. Dls brjenhshs amhrle memnml j hsth imijethsnl prlyhntl, phrl hd ndmgj, djs hebhrghajahs trlpmnjdhs y dj
gjdvhrsjnmþe ah bleals mgpmamhrle quh puamhrje thrgmejr dj djklr. Dls elrthjghrmnjels ahnmamhrle nleeujr nle dj
nlestrunnmþe ahd Njejd y hd ahsjrrlddl ah dj Vlej ahd Njejd ah _jejgê. Hsth phrmlal njgkmþ j _jejgê plr smhgprh,
trjesblrgêealsh euhvjgheth he puheth ahd gueal y nuej ah uej slnmhaja ah rmquhzjs hnleþgmnjs.

>. Mevjsmþe ah _jejgê plr dls HHXX

Dj Mevjsmþe hstjaluemahesh ah _jejgê ah :=3=, ahelgmejaj nlgl nþamil methrel Lphrjnmþe Njusj Fustj
(Lphrjtmle Fust Njush), buh uej jnnmþe gmdmtjr ahd Hfírnmtl ah dls Hstjals Xemals ddhvjaj j njkl hetrh hd ;? ah
amnmhgkrh ah :=3= y hd >: ah hehrl ah :==?.> ^h rhjdmzþ aurjeth dj jagmemstrjnmþe ahd prhsmaheth ah Hstjals
Xemals Ihlrih C. Y. Kusc, he djs prlvmenmjs ah _jejgê y Nldþe. Hd :8 ah amnmhgkrh ah :=3= _jejgê kjfl dj
amntjaurj ahd ihehrjd Gjeuhd Jetleml Elrmhij sh cjkçj ahndjrjal he hstjal ah iuhrrj nletrj dls Hstjals
Xemals.
Dj jnnmþe hstjaluemahesh theçj nlgl prlpþsmtl ahsgjethdjr j djs Buhrzjs ah Ahbhesj ah _jejgê y njpturjr
j Elrmhij, amntjalr gmdmtjr ahsah :=31, qumhe jahgês hrj ue jetmiul nldjklrjalr ah dj Jihenmj Nhetrjd ah
Methdmihenmj (NMJ) y hrj rhquhrmal plr dj fustmnmj hstjaluemahesh plr dls ahdmtls ah hxtlrsmþe y ejrnltrêbmnl.
Nlgl rhsudtjal ahd jtjquh sh ahstruyþ irje pjrth ahd kjrrml plpudjr ah Hd Nclrrmddl y buhrle jbhntjals ltrls
mgplrtjeths shntlrhs ah dj nmuaja ah _jejgê y ah dj nmuaja ah Nldþe. Jahgês, sh prlaufl ue eöghrl
meahthrgmejal ah guhrtls nmvmdhs y gmdmtjrhs.1
He ghaml ah hstls jnlethnmgmhetls furjghetje nlgl prhsmaheth y vmnhprhsmaheths ah dj [hpökdmnj Iumddhrgl
Heajrj, [mnjral Jrmjs Njdahrþe y Iumddhrgl Blra, he dj kjsh gmdmtjr ah Ndjytle, vmrtujdhs ijejalrhs ah djs
hdhnnmlehs ah gjyl ah :=3=.

Hd hetlenhs prhsmaheth ah HH.XX., Ihlrih Kusc (pjarh), fusnþ dj mevjsmþe kjsjal he nujtrl rjzlehs6

 Dj prlthnnmþe ah djs vmajs ah nmuajajels hstjaluemaheshs rhsmaheths he _jejgê.

 Dj rhstjurjnmþe ahd smsthgj ahglnrênl.
 Hd jshiurjr hd kuhe buenmlejgmhetl ahd njejd.
 Dj gjthrmjdmzjnmþe ah dj njpturj ahd Ihehrjd Elrmhij pjrj su nleaunnmþe j dj fusnmj hstjaluemahesh.
^me hgkjril, he hd alnughetl shnrhtl cjkçje ltrls glvls, quh amstjkje ah dls amncls plr Kusc6

 Jkrlijr dls Qrjtjals ahd Njejd.

 Jshiurjr hd nletrld ahd Njejd gês jddê ahd ;???.
 Njenhdjr dls nletjntls nle Fjpþe pjrj djs jdthrejvjs jd Njejd y nlrtjrdh su jsnhesl jd plahr gueamjd.
Juequh HH.XX. hetrhiþ j dj ejnmþe pjejghúj hd nletrld ahd Njejd he :===, nlgl hstjkdhnçj hd Qrjtjal quh pjrj hsh e
susnrmkmhrle hd prhsmaheth hstjaluemahesh Fmggy Njrthr y hd amntjalr Qlrrmfls he :=990 dlirþ su lkfhvl ah sjnjr ahd
fuhil j Fjpþe he dls plsmkdhs trjkjfls ah jgpdmjnmþe ah hsj vçj methrlnhêemnj.

1. Dj nlestunmþe Ejnmlejd Rmiheth

Dj nlestunmþe hs hd nlefuetl ah elrgjs bueajghetjdhs l suprhgjs quh lrijemzje hd Hstjal pjejghúl y ahd nujd sh
ahrmvje y rmihe tlajs djs ltrjs elrgjs dhijdhs ah dj ejnmþe. Qjgkmíe sh dh nlelnh nlgl NJ[QJ GJIEJ.
Djs nlestunmlehs pldçnjs quh cj themal dj rhpökdmnj ah _jejgê sle
Nlestunmþe ah :=?1
Nlestunmþe ah :=1:
Nlestunmþe ah :=12
Nlestunmþe ah :=9; (vmiheth) dj nujd cj smal rhblrgjaj plr dls Jntls rhblrgjtlrmls ah :=93, plr hd jntl nlestunmlejd
ahd :=3> y dls jntls Dhimsdjvls ahd :==>, :==1 y ;??1.

8. ^lnmhaja pldçnjgheth lrijemzjaj nle plahr pjrj ilkhrejr y rhimr j sus gmhgkrls.
Hd hstjal hs dj slnmhaja pldçnjgheth lrijemzjaj nle plahr pjrj ilkhrejr y amrmimr j njaj uel ah dls cjkmtjeths ahd
thrrmtlrml pjejghúl. [hjdmzj uej buenmþe dhimsdjvj (nrhjr dhyhs), hfhnuvj (cjnhr nugpdmr djs dhyhs) y fuamnmjd (fuzijr su
menugpdmgmhetl). Hd hstjal hs pldçnl.

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2. _rmghrls he hstjkdhnhr dj haunjnmþe he _jejgê

He :39; sh nrhþ dj prmghrj Hsnuhdj Elrgjd ah Rjrlehs ah _jejgê, quh buenmleþ aurjeth :8 júls, themheal nlgl su
prmenmpjd mgpudslr j Gjeuhd Flsí Curtjal
9. _rmghrj nmuaja he hrrj rgh ueajaj plr dls Hspjúldhs he :8:=

Dj Nmuaja ah _jejgê buh bueajaj hd :8 ah jilstl ah :8:= plr _harl Jrmjs Aêvmdj, nlelnmal nlgl _harjrmjs, smheal dj
prmghrj nmuaja hspjúldj he djs nlstjs ahd Gjr ahd ^ur u Lníjel _jnçnl y dj gês jeiuj ah hrrj rgh quh hxmsth cjstj
euhstrls açjs nlgl nmuaja. ^u bueajnmþe rhhgpdjzþ j djs jethrmlrhs nmuajahs ah ^jetj Gjrçj dj Jeiuj ahd Ajrmíe y
Jndj, nlevmríealsh he dj njpmtjd ah Njsddj ahd Lrl.

3. Qrjtjal nle quh sh aj memnml j djs methrvhrsmlehs elrthjghrmnjejs

Xels ah dls puetls nudgmejeths ah dj duncj plr hd rhsnjth ah dj slkhrjeçj ejnmlejd dl nlestuyh hd = ah hehrl. Hstj ihstj
cmstþrmnj ahd puhkdl pjejghúl el buh uej gjembhstjnmþe hspletêehj ah rhkhdaçj jeth hd ildlsl ahd elrth, dls Hstjals
Xemals, smel hd rhsudtjal ah ue prlnhsl ah duncj nletrj dj hejfhejnmþe ah euhstrl rhnursl ihlirênl quh sh memnmj nle hd
trjtjal Cjy-Kuehju Rjrmddj ah :=?>. Qrjtjal hsth he aleah sh nlenhah j dls Hstjals Xemals j phrphtumaja hd usl,
lnupjnmþe y nletrld ah djs hrrjs y jiujs ehnhsjrmjs y nlevhemheths pjrj dj nlestrunnmþe, gjethemgmhetl,
buenmlejgmhetl, sjehjgmhetl y prlthnnmþe ahd Njejd ah _jejgê0 smgudtêehjgheth quh sh dh phrgmth hstjkdhnhr
blrnjnmlehs.

Kjfl hstj nlenhsmþe, dls Hstjals Xemals hfhrnmþ uej furmsamnnmþe pldmnmvj y fuamnmjd ahetrl ah euhstrl pjçs, pjrjdhdjgheth
quh hstjkdhnmþ ue hendjvh nldlemjdmstj he dj brjefj njejdhrj j trjvís ahd hstjkdhnmgmhetl ah ue ríimghe ah shirhijnmþe
he gjthrmj ah hgpdhl, vmvmheaj, sjdjrml y haunjnmþe pjrj dj plkdjnmþe el hstjaluemahesh. Djs ambhrhenmjs hrje
sugjgheth gjrnjajs6 êrhjs ah vmvmheajs hxndusmvjgheth pjrj dj plkdjnmþe jbrl-jeddjej, ghflrhs puhstls ah trjkjfl y
plr heah ah sjdjrmls pjrj dj plkdjnmþe hstjaluemahesh, nldhimls y nlgmsjrmjtls hxndusmvls pjrj dls hstjaluemaheshs, htn.

=. Dj duncj plr dj slkhrjeçj y dj rhvhrsmþe ahd njejd

Qrjtjals Qlrrmfls-Njrthr. Qrjtjal rgjal he Yjscmeitle, Hstjals Xemals, hd 9 ah shphgkrh ah :=99 hetrh hd fhbh ahd
ilkmhrel ah _jejgê, Lgjr Qlrrmfls, y Fmggy Njrthr, prhsmaheth ah dls Hstjals Xemals ah Jgírmnj. Hd trjtjal hstjkdhnmþ
dj hetrhij ah dj jagmemstrjnmþe ahd Njejd ah _jejgê y hd nmhrrh ah tlajs djs kjshs gmdmtjrhs hstjaluemaheshs he thrrmtlrml
pjejghúl.

Dls trjtjals nlgprlghhrle j jgkls pjçshs jnlrajr he blrgj jgmstlsj y nllphrjvj hd prlvhhr ah uej kuhej
jagmemstrjnmþe, lphrjnmþe y gjethemgmhetl jahnujal ahd Njejd ah _jejgê nlgpuhstl plr hd Qrjtjal Qlrrmfls-Njrthr
quh nlestje ah ue prhêgkudl, :1 jrnudls, ue jehxl y ue jntj0 y hd Qrjtjal Nlenhremheth j dj Ehutrjdmaja _hrgjeheth y
Buenmlejgmhetl ahd Njejd ah _jejgê quh ijrjezj hd dmkrh trjesmtl y ehutrjdmaja j phrphtumaja ah hsth.

:?. = Ah hehrl ah :=21

Hd = ah Hehrl ah :=21
Hd Açj ah dls Gêrrhs buh ue glvmgmhetl lnurrmal he _jejgê hd fuhvhs = ah hehrl ah :=21, y nuyl lkfhvl hrj rhndjgjr
dj prhshenmj h mzjr dj kjeahrj pjejghúj he hd thrrmtlrml nlelnmal nlgl dj Vlej ahd Njejd, uej brjefj ah hrrj jdrhahalr
ahd Njejd ah _jejgê, quh buh nhamal j Hstjals Xemals j phrphtumaja ghamjeth hd Qrjtjal Cjy-Kueju Rjrmddj.
Njusjs6
^u njusj hs prlbueaj ahsah :=?>0 phrl hd glvl meghamjtl buh hd menugpdmgmhetl ahd jnuhral slkrh dj hejrkldjnmþe ah
djs kjeahrjs pjejghújs shiöe hd nlevheml Ncmjrm-@heehay, quh el sh nugpdçj j njkjdmaja. Ghamjeth hd Qrjtjal Cjy-
Kuehju Rjrmddj he elvmhgkrh ah :=?>, he hd jrnudl MM hxprhsjkj quh nlenhaçj j phrphtumaja j dls Hstjals Xemals dj
Vlej ahd Njejd, uej brjefj ah 8 gmddjs ah djril ah njaj djal ahd Njejd ah _jejgê. Hstl ahetrl ah dj plkdjnmþe pjejghúj
ihehrþ ue irjal ah mesjsbjnnmþe jd hxmsr ue thrrmtlrml lnupjal plr dls hstjaluemaheshs y amvmamheal jd pjçs
smnjgheth he als pjrths.
^unhsls6
Hd > ah hehrl, hd pldmnçj zlehçtj Njrdtle Khdd mzþ dj kjeahrj hstjaluemahesh sme jnlgpjújr dj kjeahrj pjejghúj brheth jd
gleughetl ah dls Círlhs ah Iuhrrj he Ijgklj, nlesmahrjal ue sml nmvmd0 hd 9 ah hehrl, dls hstuamjeths
hstjaluemaheshs ah dj Hsnuhdj ^uphrmlr ah Kjdklj, mzjrle dj kjeahrj ah dls Hstjals Xemals brheth jd pdjethd, sme

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