Final: Accession No: Age/Sex: Patient Id: Client Patient Id: Abha No: Drawn: Received: Reported
Final: Accession No: Age/Sex: Patient Id: Client Patient Id: Abha No: Drawn: Received: Reported
HAEMATOLOGY - CBC
LYMPHOCYTES 49 High 20 - 40 %
METHOD : CELL COUNTER+MICROSCOPY
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MONOCYTES 4 2 - 10 %
ABSOLUTE MONOCYTE COUNT 0.1 Low 0.2 - 1.0 thou/µL
METHOD : CELL COUNTER+MICROSCOPY
BASOPHILS 0 <1-2 %
METHOD : CELL COUNTER+MICROSCOPY
Interpretation(s)
BLOOD COUNTS,EDTA WHOLE BLOOD-The cell morphology is well preserved for 24hrs. However after 24-48 hrs a progressive increase in MCV and HCT is observed leading
to a decrease in MCHC. A direct smear is recommended for an accurate differential count and for examination of RBC morphology.
RBC AND PLATELET INDICES-Mentzer index (MCV/RBC) is an automated cell-counter based calculated screen tool to differentiate cases of Iron deficiency anaemia(>13) from
Beta thalassaemia trait
(<13) in patients with microcytic anaemia. This needs to be interpreted in line with clinical correlation and suspicion. Estimation of HbA2 remains the gold standard for
diagnosing a case of beta thalassaemia trait.
WBC DIFFERENTIAL COUNT-The optimal threshold of 3.3 for NLR showed a prognostic possibility of clinical symptoms to change from mild to severe in COVID positive
patients. When age = 49.5 years old and NLR = 3.3, 46.1% COVID-19 patients with mild disease might become severe. By contrast, when age < 49.5 years old and NLR <
3.3, COVID-19 patients tend to show mild disease.
(Reference to - The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients A.-P. Yang, et al. International Immunopharmacology 84 (2020) 106504 This
ratio element is a calculated parameter and out of NABL scope.
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HAEMATOLOGY
Interpretation(s)
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR),WHOLE BLOOD-TEST DESCRIPTION :-
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a test that indirectly measures the degree of inflammation present in the body. The test actually measures the rate of fall
(sedimentation) of erythrocytes in a sample of blood that has been placed into a tall, thin, vertical tube. Results are reported as the millimetres of clear fluid (plasma) that
are present at the top portion of the tube after one hour. Nowadays fully automated instruments are available to measure ESR.
ESR is not diagnostic it is a non-specific test that may be elevated in a number of different conditions. It provides general information about the presence of an
inflammatory condition.CRP is superior to ESR because it is more sensitive and reflects a more rapid change.
TEST INTERPRETATION
Increase in: Infections, Vasculities, Inflammatory arthritis, Renal disease, Anemia, Malignancies and plasma cell dyscrasias, Acute allergy Tissue injury, Pregnancy, Estrogen
medication, Aging.
Finding a very accelerated ESR(>100 mm/hour) in patients with ill-defined symptoms directs the physician to search for a systemic disease (Paraproteinemias,
Disseminated malignancies, connective tissue disease, severe infections such as bacterial endocarditis).
In pregnancy BRI in first trimester is 0-48 mm/hr(62 if anemic) and in second trimester (0-70 mm /hr(95 if anemic). ESR returns to normal 4th week post partum.
Decreased in: Polycythermia vera, Sickle cell anemia
LIMITATIONS
False elevated ESR : Increased fibrinogen, Drugs(Vitamin A, Dextran etc), Hypercholesterolemia
False Decreased : Poikilocytosis,(SickleCells,spherocytes),Microcytosis, Low fibrinogen, Very high WBC counts, Drugs(Quinine,
salicylates)
REFERENCE :
1. Nathan and Oski’s Haematology of Infancy and Childhood, 5th edition 2. Paediatric reference intervals. AACC Press, 7th edition. Edited by S. Soldin 3. The reference for
the adult reference range is “Practical Haematology by Dacie and Lewis,10th edition.
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BIOCHEMISTRY
Comments
VALUE RECHECKED.
PLEASE CORRELATE CLINICALLY.
Interpretation(s)
LIVER FUNCTION PROFILE, SERUM-LIVER FUNCTION PROFILE
Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile and is a breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Bilirubin is excreted in bile and urine, and elevated levels may give
yellow discoloration in jaundice.Elevated levels results from increased bilirubin production (eg, hemolysis and ineffective erythropoiesis), decreased bilirubin excretion (eg,
obstruction and hepatitis), and abnormal bilirubin metabolism (eg, hereditary and neonatal jaundice). Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is elevated more than unconjugated
(indirect) bilirubin in Viral hepatitis, Drug reactions, Alcoholic liver disease Conjugated (direct) bilirubin is also elevated more than unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin when
there is some kind of blockage of the bile ducts like in Gallstones getting into the bile ducts, tumors &Scarring of the bile ducts. Increased unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin
may be a result of Hemolytic or pernicious anemia, Transfusion reaction & a common metabolic condition termed Gilbert syndrome, due to low levels of the enzyme that
attaches sugar molecules to bilirubin.
AST is an enzyme found in various parts of the body. AST is found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, and red blood cells, and it is commonly measured
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clinically as a marker for liver health. AST levels increase during chronic viral hepatitis, blockage of the bile duct, cirrhosis of the liver,liver cancer,kidney failure,hemolytic
anemia,pancreatitis,hemochromatosis. AST levels may also increase after a heart attack or strenuous activity.ALT test measures the amount of this enzyme in the blood.ALT
is found mainly in the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys,heart,muscles, and pancreas.It is commonly measured as a part of a diagnostic evaluation of
hepatocellular injury, to determine liver health.AST levels increase during acute hepatitis,sometimes due to a viral infection,ischemia to the liver,chronic
hepatitis,obstruction of bile ducts,cirrhosis.
ALP is a protein found in almost all body tissues.Tissues with higher amounts of ALP include the liver,bile ducts and bone.Elevated ALP levels are seen in Biliary obstruction,
Osteoblastic bone tumors, osteomalacia, hepatitis, Hyperparathyroidism, Leukemia, Lymphoma, Paget''s disease,Rickets,Sarcoidosis etc. Lower-than-normal ALP levels seen
in Hypophosphatasia,Malnutrition,Protein deficiency,Wilson''s disease.GGT is an enzyme found in cell membranes of many tissues mainly in the liver,kidney and pancreas.It
is also found in other tissues including intestine,spleen,heart, brain and seminal vesicles.The highest concentration is in the kidney,but the liver is considered the source of
normal enzyme activity.Serum GGT has been widely used as an index of liver dysfunction.Elevated serum GGT activity can be found in diseases of the liver,biliary system
and pancreas.Conditions that increase serum GGT are obstructive liver disease,high alcohol consumption and use of enzyme-inducing drugs etc.Serum total protein,also
known as total protein,is a biochemical test for measuring the total amount of protein in serum.Protein in the plasma is made up of albumin and globulin.Higher-than-normal
levels may be due to:Chronic inflammation or infection,including HIV and hepatitis B or C,Multiple myeloma,Waldenstrom''s disease.Lower-than-normal levels may be due to:
Agammaglobulinemia,Bleeding (hemorrhage),Burns,Glomerulonephritis,Liver disease, Malabsorption,Malnutrition,Nephrotic syndrome,Protein-losing enteropathy etc.Human
serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma.It is produced in the liver.Albumin constitutes about half of the blood serum protein.Low blood albumin
levels (hypoalbuminemia) can be caused by:Liver disease like cirrhosis of the liver, nephrotic syndrome,protein-losing enteropathy,Burns,hemodilution,increased vascular
permeability or decreased lymphatic clearance,malnutrition and wasting etc
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SEROLOGY
Interpretation(s)
MALARIA ANTIGEN DETECTION, WHOLE BLOOD-Four species of the plasmodium parasites are responsible for human malaria infections P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and
P. malariae. P. falciparum and P. vivax are the most prevalent. Early detection and differentiation of malaria is of paramount importance due to incidence of cerebral malaria
and drug resistance associated with P. falciparum malaria causing most of the morbidity and mortality worldwide .As treatment depends on the species, differential diagnosis
of P. falciparum and P. vivax is extremely important for better patient care management and faster recovery.
Test Utility:
The current test is a qualitative test for detection of the P. falciparum specific histidine rich protein-2 (Pf. HRP-2) and P. vivax specific lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) in whole
blood samples. The assay is able to detect and distinguish P. vivax and P. falciparum infections and also identify mixed infections.
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SRL Limited
Fortis Hospital, Sector 62, Phase VIII,
Mohali 160062
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NEPHELOMETRY
Interpretation(s)
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, SERUM (QUANTITATIVE)- Test Description:
A CRP test measures the amount of CRP in the blood to detect inflammation due to acute conditions or to monitor the severity of disease in chronic conditions. CRP is one of
the proteins commonly referred to as acute phase reactants. CRP is distinguished by its rapid response to trauma or infection.Synthesis of CRP increases within 4-6 hours of
onset of inflammation, reaching peak values within 1-2 days. CRP levels also fall quickly after resolution of inflammation since its half life is 6 hours.
This standard CRP test is not to be confused with a hs-CRP test. These are two different tests that measure CRP and each test measures a different range of CRP levels in
the blood for different purposes. The standard CRP test measures high levels of protein observed in diseases that cause significant inflammation.
Test Interpretation:
Increased CRP level: Increasing amount of CRP in the blood suggests the presence of inflammation but will not identify its location or the cause.
Suspected bacterial infection: a high CRP level can confirm that you have a serious bacterial infection.
Chronic inflammatory disease: high levels of CRP suggest a flare-up if you have a chronic inflammatory disease or that treatment has not been effective.
Testing for CRP is indicated in the following clinical situations - monitoring recovery from surgery, myocardial infarction, transplantation, inflammatory bowel disease,
rheumatic diseases and infectious diseases. Measuring and charting C-reactive protein values can also prove useful in determining disease progress or the effectiveness of
treatments
CRP levels can be elevated in the later stages of pregnancy as well as with the use of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy (i.e., estrogen). Higher levels of
CRP have also been observed in people who are obese. CRP can also be increased in people who have cancer.
Recommendation: The hs-CRP test precisely detects lower levels of the protein than that measured by the standard CRP test and is also used to evaluate individuals for
risk of cardiovascular disease. It measures CRP in the range from 0.15 to 20 mg/L.
Limitation:
CRP levels in autoimmune diseases may show little or no increase unless infection is present. Levels may not increase in conditions like pregnancy, angina, seizures,
asthma, common cold. The main limitation of CRP is in its non-specific response and should not be interpreted without a complete clinical history and evaluation.
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DIAGNOSTIC
MC-2396
Interpretation(s)
DENGUE NS1 ANTIGEN TEST, SERUM-Dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It belongs to the genus Flavivirus and has four serotypes, DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3,
and DEN-4. Infection with one dengue serotype provides lifelong immunity to that virus, but no cross protective immunity to the other serotypes. Human dengue infection
causes a spectrum of illnesses ranging from inapparent or mild febrile illness to severe to fatal hemorrhagic disease. WHO classifies dengue infections as primary or
secondary. It is believed that patients experiencing a secondary infection with heterologous serotypes have higher risk of complications, including Dengue Haemorrhagic
Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS).
Test Utility:
Dengue NS1 antigen can be detected in serum from day 1 after onset of clinical signs, up to day 9. Dengue specific IgM can be detected as early as 5 days after the onset of
fever and generally persists for 30-90 days, although detectable levels may be present rarely upto 8 months post-infection. IgM antibody is also produced in secondary and
tertiary dengue infections, although the response in some secondary and probably most tertiary infections is low level and transient. Dengue IgG levels usually start rising at
the end of 1st week in primary infection and persists for months and sometimes for life.
Patients with primary dengue infections usually are IgM positive & IgG negative with higher IgM concentrations, whereas patients with secondary infections are usually both
IgG and IgM positive with higher IgG concentrations.
Confirmed diagnosis of Dengue fever can be established in a suspected case with atleast one of the following tests:
1) Demonstration of NS1 antigen by ELISA
2) Demonstration of IgM antibody titre by ELISA in single serum sample,
3) IgG seroconversion in paired sera after 2 weeks with 4 fold rise in titre
4) Demonstration of viral nucleic acid by PCR
Limitations:
• Cross reactivity due to other flaviviruses infections (Tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis etc) can give false positive dengue test.
• Differential diagnoses during the acute phase of illness should include measles, rubella, influenza, typhoid, leptospirosis, malaria, other viral hemorrhagic fevers, and any
other disease that may present as a nonspecific viral syndrome.
DENGUE VIRUS IGM, SERUM-DENGUE VIRUS IGM, SERUM
Dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It belongs to the genus Flavivirus and has four serotypes, DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Infection with one dengue
serotype provides lifelong immunity to that virus, but no cross protective immunity to the other serotypes. Human dengue infection causes a spectrum of illnesses ranging
from inapparent or mild febrile illness to severe to fatal hemorrhagic disease. WHO classifies dengue infections as primary or secondary. It is believed that patients
experiencing a secondary infection with heterologous serotypes have higher risk of complications, including Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome
(DSS).
Page 9 Of 10
Dr.Himadri Mondal, MD
Consultant
Microbiologist
PERFORMED AT :
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Tel : 9111591115, Fax :
30203412 CIN -
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MC-2396
Test Utility:
Dengue specific IgM can be detected as early as 3-5 days after the onset of fever and generally persists for 30-90 days, although detectable levels may be present rarely
upto 8 months post-infection. IgM antibody is also produced in secondary and tertiary dengue infections, although the response in some secondary and probably most
tertiary infections is low level and transient. Dengue IgG levels usually start rising at the end of 1st week in primary infection and persists for months and sometimes for
life.
Patients with primary dengue infections usually are IgM positive & IgG negative with higher IgM concentrations, whereas patients with secondary infections are usually both
IgG and IgM positive with higher IgG concentrations.
Limitations:
Positive results obtained with single serum samples are only provisional and do not necessarily indicate current dengue infection, but point to an infection in the previous 2
to 3 months. Similarly, a negative result with an acute-phase sample may be false-negative if the sample was taken before detectable IgM appeared. Hence accurate
serologic diagnosis depends on demonstration of significant (fourfold or greater) rise in antibody titer between acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples.
Cross reactivity due to other flaviviruses infections (Tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis etc) can give false positive dengue test.
Differential diagnoses during the acute phase of illness should include measles, rubella, influenza, typhoid, leptospirosis, malaria, other viral hemorrhagic fevers, and any
other disease that may present as a nonspecific viral syndrome.
DENGUE VIRUS IGG, SERUM-DENGUE VIRUS IGG, SERUM
Dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It belongs to the genus Flavivirus and has four serotypes, DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. Infection with one dengue
serotype provides lifelong immunity to that virus, but no cross protective immunity to the other serotypes. Human dengue infection causes a spectrum of illnesses ranging
from inapparent or mild febrile illness to severe to fatal hemorrhagic disease. WHO classifies dengue infections as primary or secondary. It is believed that patients
experiencing a secondary infection with heterologous serotypes have higher risk of complications, including Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome
(DSS).
Test Utility:
Dengue specific IgM can be detected as early as 3-5 days after the onset of fever and generally persists for 30-90 days, although detectable levels may be present rarely
upto 8 months post-infection. IgM antibody is also produced in secondary and tertiary dengue infections, although the response in some secondary and probably most
tertiary infections is low level and transient. Dengue IgG levels usually start rising at the end of 1st week in primary infection and persists for months and sometimes for
life.
Patients with primary dengue infections usually are IgM positive & IgG negative with higher IgM concentrations, whereas patients with secondary infections are usually both
IgG and IgM positive with higher IgG concentrations.
Limitations:
Positive results obtained with single serum samples are only provisional and do not necessarily indicate current dengue infection, but point to an infection in the previous 2
to 3 months. Similarly, a negative result with an acute-phase sample may be false-negative if the sample was taken before detectable IgM appeared. Hence accurate
serologic diagnosis depends on demonstration of significant (fourfold or greater) rise in antibody titer between acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples.
Cross reactivity due to other flaviviruses infections (Tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis etc) can give false positive dengue test.
Differential diagnoses during the acute phase of illness should include measles, rubella, influenza, typhoid, leptospirosis, malaria, other viral hemorrhagic fevers, and any
other disease that may present as a nonspecific viral syndrome."
**End Of Report**
Please visit www.srlworld.com for related Test Information for this accession
Page 10 Of 10
Dr.Himadri Mondal, MD
Consultant
Microbiologist
PERFORMED AT :
SRL Ltd
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Tel : 9111591115, Fax :
30203412 CIN -
U74899PB1995PLC045956
DIAGNOSTIC
PERFORMED AT :
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Tel : 9111591115, Fax :
30203412 CIN -
U74899PB1995PLC045956